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National Book Award–winning biographer Kaplan (Walt Whitman, 1980, etc.) tells a tale of two cousins, William Waldorf Astor and John Jacob Astor IV.
Great-grandsons of America’s first millionaire, and prototypical scions of America’s Gilded Age, the two men left enduring marks on their native New York City’s architecture, high society and especially on the business of luxury hotels that they all but defined. They inherited a family feud along with their fortunes, exacerbated by their divergent temperaments. John Jacob (1854–1912), better known as Jack, was tagged in the newspapers with the sobriquet “Jack Ass,” thanks to his knack for political blunders, social faux pas and a habit of running the family’s mammoth 250-foot yacht aground or into other vessels. William Waldorf (1848–1919) was a rigidly disciplined intellectual and collector of fine art who eventually immigrated to England. Together, they created the original Waldorf=Astoria, which debuted in 1897 as the world’s most opulent hotel, but their fragile alliance soon shattered as the cousins engaged in a continuing struggle of competitive extravagance that produced such luxurious establishments as the Hotel Astor (William) and the St. Regis (Jack). Yet while they helped to transform the very idea of the hotel into an ostentatious showcase for the lifestyles of the extremely wealthy, the Astor scions maintained the tradition of their dynasty’s founder by also serving as the city’s leading slumlords. William and Jack were as much responsible for the invention of conspicuous consumption as they were for the creation of the grand hotel, and long before the likes of Dennis Kozlowski, the Astor cousins were groundbreakers in the discovery that it’s easier to buy crass than class.
A far-reaching portrait of fin de siècle New York, buttressed by the author’s assiduous research—even though one can only gasp so many times at the excesses, indulgences and vanities of these two antiheroes. | <urn:uuid:891be880-c1ce-4416-95d2-1c7d6359bbab> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/justin-kaplan/when-the-astors-owned-new-york/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00116-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961007 | 444 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Hammer-headed fruit bats were the first bats in our collection, on exhibit at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park in 1976. In 1993, the Safari Park welcomed a group of Indian flying foxes, and in 1995, the Zoo became home to 20 Ruwenzori fruit bats.
Today, the Safari Park has a wonderful exhibit for a small breeding colony of Rodrigues fruit bats, an endangered species. Be sure to reserve a little extra time for "hanging around” Nairobi Village and visiting our Bat House! Compactly cute, these little creatures only weigh about 1 pound (0.4 kilograms). Spend some time marveling over their amazing, flexible wings, and 3-foot (1 meter) wingspan, as well as the way they naturally stay suspended by their toes. In fact, upside down is actually "right-side up" for these bats.
Just outside the bat cave is a peek-through photo opportunity where you can pose as a bat. Turn your photo upside down for the finishing touch!
Without active conservation programs, bats face extinction. They have been killed on purpose when people disturbed their caves or hunted them for food or medicine. Bats are the most endangered land mammal in North America. Bats across the eastern US and Canada are losing habitat to human activities and have also fallen prey to a fungal infection called white-nose syndrome. It rousts them during hibernation, leaving them vulnerable to starvation and freezing.
The Rodrigues fruit bat Pteropus rodricensis is also in need of help. This critically endangered species is only found on Rodrigues Island, located about 300 miles east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean. Most of this bat population is found in a single colony at 3 roost sites they have used for more than 50 years. As local people felled tamarind and mango tress to plant other crops, the favored food of these bats dwindled, as did their numbers. Following a cyclone in 2003, which destroyed habitat and swept bats out to sea, they numbered about 4,000.
Caring for them and breeding them in zoos, such as the San Diego Zoo Safari Park, creates a safety net to keep them for extinction. We hope to establish a small breeding colony of this endangered species, and we've partnered with the Rodrigues Environmental Educator Programme, working with school and community groups to support bat conservation.
Bats do more than earn their keep—insect-eating bats prevent diseases like West Nile virus and save crops from pests; fruit-eaters pollinate plants and disperse seeds while they’re at it. Bat droppings support bacteria useful to humans, including the production of antibiotics. The importance of bats to the environment cannot be exaggerated, and you can help them by creating roosts for them.
Contact a local nature center or park to find out if there is a bat club in your area, or join Bat Conservation International. You can start your own club, help protect local caves and other roosting areas, or build a bat house for your yard or neighborhood. | <urn:uuid:3d21d92a-20ee-4570-a719-a6267445ebe3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/bat | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00200-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9486 | 629 | 3.828125 | 4 |
A genius is defined as someone who has an exceptional natural capacity of intellect. They are people whose lives and work have impacted the physical and cultural milieu of the world. NewsOne has put together a list of geniuses who continue the thread and spirit of Black life and culture. Check them out!
1. Ben Carson: In fifth grade, Carson was failing and his class mates called him “dummy.” Since Carson’s mom, Sonja, a third-grade drop-out, didn’t want her two boys to follow in her footsteps, she cracked the whip. The Mom-on-a-mission limited TV-watching and kept her sons from playing outside until all homework was done. The Carson boys had to read two books a week then give their mom two book reports on what they had read, even though she could barely make out what they had written. Within a few weeks, Carson turned his grade average around and realized he was far from stupid. A year later, he topped his class. Carson began to consume books and placed becoming a doctor on his radar. He soon graduated with honors from high school and set his sights on Yale University, earning a Psychology degree from the Ivy League school.
When he attended the University of Michigan’s medical school, he switched from psychiatry to neurosurgery. Upon graduating, Carson completed his residency at the famed Johns Hopkins, and by 32, he became the director of pediatric neurosurgery. In 1987, Carson made medical history with an operation to separate a pair of Siamese twins.
Watch Carson talk about his work here:
Carson has pioneered other successful surgical innovations that have actually cheated death. The man with the gifted hands, who lives by the belief that “no one should ever get too big for God,” has received the nation’s highest civilian honor, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and is greatly in demand as a speaker.
Carson’s other true passion is the state of education in this country. Lamenting the lack of quality in this country’s public education system, Carson has dedicated himself to frequently visiting with Black school children in order to motivate them to strive to become all that they can be. “I tell them about slavery, when it was illegal for Blacks to learn how to read. I say, Now why do you think that was? Do you think that was just arbitrary? No, the reason they didn’t want you to be educated is because education empowers people. So why would you voluntarily do to yourself what was being imposed by an unjust system before?”
2. Brittney Exline: When Exline walked across the stage at the University of Pennsylvania graduating cum laude at age 19, she also walked in to the history books. Exline was the school’s youngest engineer and the nation’s youngest African-American engineer. In 2007, at age 15, Exline made headlines in her hometown when she graduated from her Colorado Springs high school at 15. There is no doubt that the young woman, who speaks Spanish, French, Japanese, Russian, Arabic, and German, was born with a genius gene. Exline was making pyramid designs with blocks at 6 months old, walking at 8 months old, and completing 24- to- 100-piece jigsaw puzzles at 15 months old.
Exline’s stellar academics helped her to secure an internship at a small hedge fund on New York City’s famed Wall Street at 16 and 17. In addition to all of her great academic and professional feats, Exline has won several pageant titles and is an accomplished dancer. Volunteerism has also remained a passion for the now-motivational speaker who during her college years worked with Community School Student Partnerships in Philadelphia to train and mentor 30 tutors.
3. Dr. Ronald Mallet: Physics? Mallet grew up poor and was the oldest of four children, and at 10 years old, he hadn’t even heard of physics until he read the H.G. Wells‘ classic “The Time Machine,” after his father died at age 33. The young Roaring Spring, Penn., native thought that if he built a device, such as the one in the Wells’ book, he could see his father again. This longing to reunite with his dad and travel back in time inspired him to become one of America’s first African-American Ph.D.s in theoretical physics. Ironically, the young Mallett was not terribly enthusiastic about school, but his singular passion to uncover the mysteries of space and time spurred him on to receive his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. in physics from Pennsylvania State University. In 1975, Mallet joined the physics faculty at the University of Connecticut in Storrs, where he has been a professor of theoretical physics ever since.
Dr. Mallet has published numerous papers on black holes and cosmology in professional journals. His breakthrough research on time travel has been featured extensively in the media around the world, including NPR’s “This American Life” and the History Channel, Science Channel, and Learning Channel.
Dr. Ronald Mallett is the personification of brilliance and greatness tempered by a true persevering spirit. He is a man of his own making who has — for the last 50 years — stayed his course, even though he began as a broken-hearted 10-year-old boy whose father was taken away from him much too soon.
Watch Dr. Mallet talk about losing his father and trying to build a real time machine here:
4. Ornette Coleman: Saxophonist extraordinaire Charlie Parker was Coleman’s greatest influence when he picked up the alto sax at age 14 and tenor two years later. The highly respected revolutionary is credited as being among the creators of free jazz. The innovative musician/composer has been hailed a musical genius and visionary while his “haters” have been unable to comprehend his radical, abstract, and highly cerebral work. Coleman began working in R&B bands in Texas, including those of Red Connors and Pee Wee Crayton, but his attempts to play in an original style were consistently met with hostility both by audiences and fellow musicians. Coleman moved to Los Angeles in the early ’50s, where he worked as an elevator operator while studying music books.
Listen to Coleman’s music here:
Finally in 1958, after many failed attempts to sit in with top L.A. musicians, Coleman found a clique of musicians who could do justice to his unique sound. In 1959, Coleman’s radical jazz sound found a home at the Five Spot in New York City, and each night his music filled the house with curious onlookers who would either label him a “genius” or a “fraud.”
Coleman created music that would greatly influence such noted great improvisers of the 1960s, including John Coltrane and Eric Dolphy. In 1962, Coleman decided to take a break to teach himself the trumpet and violin, and three years later, he recorded a few mind-boggling sets on all his instruments with a trio featuring bassist David Izenzon and drummer Charles Moffett.
Watch Coleman play here:
Coleman, a jazz giant, would later go on to form more quartets and perform on recordings, and to this day, he has remained true to his still-controversial sound.
5. Tiya Miles: A scholar and increasingly authoritative voice in reframing and reinterpreting the history of our diverse nation, Miles is a public historian and the country’s foremost expert on the complex interrelationships between African and Cherokee people living and working in colonial America. In her first book “Ties That Bind: The Story of an Afro-Cherokee Family in Slavery and Freedom,” Miles explores Cherokee history with attention to the interrelated nature of slavery, race, kin, citizenship, and community. Miles continues her exploration in to early Afro-Indian relations with a public history project and book centered on the Diamond Hill plantation in Georgia, one of the largest Native-owned plantations in colonial history.
Watch Miles talk about the importance of her work here:
In “The House on Diamond Hill: A Cherokee Plantation Story,” she documents Chief James Vann‘s control of his plantation and abuse of his Cherokee wives and African slaves.
Miles, who received an B.A. from Harvard University, an M.A. from Emory University, and a Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota, is currently at the University of Michigan, where she serves as a professor in the Department of History and professor and chair of the Department of Afro-American and African Studies. She holds additional appointments in the Program in American Culture, the Native American Studies Program, and the Department of Women’s Studies.
Miles’ work collecting and analyzing information from the U.S. Census, oral histories, and newspapers has been recognized by the MacArthur Foundation, which awarded her with a MacArthur Genius grant last year. Regarding Miles’ life work, she says, “I think that history matters so much to who we are as individuals, as communities, as a nation, as a global community. I feel that it’s just so important to bring the meaningful stories of the past into the present, into today, and to allow people to engage with them and to connect them back to their own lives.”
6. Elise Tan: At age 2, Tan who had an IQ of 156, was a card-carrying member of Mensa, the international organization for people with very high scores in IQ tests. Tan was only 5 months old when she looked her dad, Edward (pictured), in the face and called him “Dada.” She was walking by 8 months, running at 10 months, and a year old when she could recognize her written name. At 16 months old, she could count to 10, and by age 2, she knew the capitals of the world and could speak Spanish. Before she began to verbally communicate, her parents noticed that she would stare at people and things as if she were taking everything in and then sorting things out. At a play group, her mom, Louise (pictured), once gave Tan a “rhinoceros” and the little tot corrected her mom by informing her that the toy was actually a triceratops. When Tan was evaluated by a specialist education psychologist, he concluded that the child was indeed “gifted.” Tan’s parents, Edward, a motor consultant and car buyer, and mom Louise, a homemaker, admit that neither side has geniuses in their lineage. The London couple just want their 5-year-old little girl to be happy for now, and as far as what the future holds, perhaps a revision to Albert Einstein’s Theory of Relativity?
Watch Tan’s story here:
Black Presidents Behind Women’s Rights | <urn:uuid:0eaf9f8e-d634-4c38-9c14-893513b38b37> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://newsone.com/2064927/black-geniuses/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396459.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00019-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982755 | 2,295 | 2.6875 | 3 |
- The results indicate a significant quantity of sand and silt in the samples consists of carbonate material, possibly comprising comminuted fossils.
- The ribbon could be used for specialty applications, but is most often comminuted into flake powder for subsequent degassing and consolidation.
- The carbonate component is represented by rounded and polished grains of comminuted molluscs.
- Beneath the muscles, and on the same side, I found an extensive comminuted fracture, the bone being broken into eight or nine different portions, and driven in upon the brain.
- If any instability is noted after reduction or the fracture is comminuted, the patient should be referred to an orthopedist.
- ‘Our club doctor Mark Waller has confirmed that he suffered a comminuted fracture of the tibia and fracture of the fibula in his left leg.’
Early 17th century: past participle of comminute, from Latin comminut- 'broken into pieces', from the verb comminuere, from com- 'together' + minuere 'lessen'.
For editors and proofreaders
Definition of comminuted in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed. | <urn:uuid:24dcfbcc-a70c-4f87-a415-2a63281f9150> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/comminuted | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396887.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00181-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925494 | 275 | 3.34375 | 3 |
by Brother Gregory
June 8, 2014
The Chaos theory as a field of study can apply to philosophy which is highly sensitive to initial conditions—the butterfly effect. A small difference in an initial state yields widely diverging outcomes for an ever-changing system.
The butterfly effect is a sensitive dependency on initial conditions in which a small change at one place in a deterministic nonlinear system can result in large differences in a later state. If there is intelligent design then can any deviation from these deterministic systems produced by an alternative intelligence produce predictable results?
Words are the symbols of ideas. Together those symbols may give us a picture of the truth or deceive us with lies. If you change the meaning of one word you will alter the vision of truth.
There is a war between good and evil throughout the history of mankind which is battling over the heart and mind of man. The tactics are rooted in grafting into man's mind an alternative pattern or image of the original truth. Although the alternative pattern will produce different results it is still a pattern and therefore produces predictable results. This, of course, explains why history does repeat itself.
Like the branches of a tree, if you graft in different branches you will get a different fruit. If you are able to change the meaning of words like religion and faith, jury or judges you will be able to change and control the minds of the people through their perception of those words and what they think they mean.
If the word religion at one time was the performance of your duty to “your fellow man” then under that definition how you perform that duty would be your true religion. At another period of time and among some societies that duty was performed by charity and grassroots institutions like the Church. At other times in history people did not depend on charity but forced contributions through rulers like Cain, Lemech, Nimrod, Pharaoh, Saul, Solomon and Caesar. These men called themselves benefactors but exercised authority one over the other.
The change in meaning of that one word could cause a major shift in the thinking of people and therefore society as a whole. This change would be resisted unless you get people to first imagine that religion was what you think about God and not what you do in the performance of your duty to God and your fellow man. This idea that what you say you believe trumps what you actually do would be the direct opposite of what Christ taught as His doctrine.
So to get the masses to accept or conform to this new definition of religion as what you believe about God you will have to change the meaning of the word faith too.
Faith was not just what you said you believed but was defined as probity. Probity was defined as “Justice, honesty. A man of probity is one who loves justice and honesty, and who dislikes the contrary.” True faith compels action.
If we have real faith we will attend to “the weightier matters of the law, judgment, mercy, and faith” which is why Christ condemned others who failed to do so and he will condemn many calling themselves Christians but through their apathy and avarice are actually workers of iniquity.
If real faith was a conviction that compels one to act then what were early Christians doing and why did they get persecuted for doing it?
If Romans 13 meant then what modern Christian ministers often tell the people it means today, then early Christians should have been considered model citizens by both Romans and their government, yet they were often dragged into courts before judges and accused of contumacy and persecuted merely because they were “Christian.”
Why? What are we missing about early Christianity as Christ taught it and are we willing to hear the truth if someone would have the courage to tell us? There is no easy way to tell you that you have been sold a lie and that much of what you have accepted as true has brought you back into bondage.
Christianity was called the way but what the modern Church or modern Christian doctrines often say to do is not what the early Christians were doing. If a Christian by definition was a follower of Christ, what did it mean to do things according to His Way or in His Name?
Romans had a very open and promiscuous attitude concerning religion and the divine. Religious freedom was actually guaranteed in the original republic. So what was the dispute that brought ridicule and contempt along with bloody persecution? What was the conflict concerning the Christian religion and Rome?
Many put the dispute between those called Christians and Rome upon the deification of men as living Emperor-gods of Rome. This notion is poorly understood because besides not understanding the word religion they also do not understand the word “god” in the Hebrew, Greek and other languages. Even the Sanskrit's Deva, is generally misunderstood today by limiting its ancient meanings to the supreme being of your choice.
Elements of society have ascribed new meanings to words like god, religion and faith in the mind of modern society and have left off the old. Yet, we continue to read ancient documents like the scriptures or historical accounts as if those words meant then what we have come to think or want to think they mean today.
Augustus Caesar, whose real name was Octavius, was the first in Rome to receive the title APOTHEOS. That title and office of power meant he appointed gods. Unknown by most Americans today George Washington was the first to be publicly hailed as holding the “rank of god,” at least that is what a US government website says concerning the painting in the Capitol dome. In the United States all the presidents have had that same power granted to Augustus Caesar.
This apotheosis of presidents was fundamentally no different than the deification of Caesar as god who was also the commander in chief of the military and chief executive officer of the world order of Rome. History does repeat itself if we will not learn from it and if they are going to change our understanding of words we may all be deceived again.
Historians and linguists have known for years that the references to god and gods many found in the Bible in both old and new testaments were references to the magistrates, judges and rulers of governments who exercise authority over the people.
Not only do both Thayer's and Strong’s Concordance verify this but also Calmet's Dictionary of the Bible along with everyone from William Robertson of Edinburgh, to Walter Henry Medhurst, along with a list of Jewish grammarians and even Prof. Madan Mohan Shukla writing in the Vishveshvaran and Indological Journal.
They all say the word god is applied commonly to kings, magistrates, judges, and others to whom reverence is shown, and which are regarded as representatives of the office which manifests that power over their relative subjects. In other words god is anyone who has the power or authority to decide good and evil for you.
The word god is also related to the particular office and prerogative of judges and magistrates to administer oaths as the first principle of judicature or magistracy. These oaths are contracts or covenants that bind the people to the authority of others.
These gods many that Paul speaks of have always been “Kings who have greater power than their subjects: magistrates who have greater power than those who come before them to obtain decision of their suits and application of the laws; and princes or men of rank, whether in office or not...”
Every judge in the imperial courts of the Roman Empire was called a “god” because the word in both Greek and Hebrew meant rulers and judges and was used to address judges and magistrates in courts of law. The right of the emperor to appoint judges throughout the imperial courts as an appointor of these gods was simply a public office enjoyed by many political leaders then - and today.
How could you be a god?
Once you understanding that the word god means ruling judge then you may look at the early court systems of America when juries still decided Fact and Law and comprehend that you were once the ruling judges of your society who were attending to the weightier matters of law judgment mercy and faith, just as Christ said you should.
People often believe that the problem in today's world is the government, but that is not fair. The government did not create itself. It is a product of the people.
The people of America and the several States should know that the constitution granted no rights to them nor were they a party to it. They were to retain their rights. You retain rights by accepting the responsibility correlative to those individual rights. If you neglect your responsibilities, your duty to your fellow man, you will lose your rights especially when you turn your responsibility over to what is often called “the government”. So, the problem is not the corruption of the courts as much as a corruption of the people.
When the people of the republic of ancient Israel chose to give their personal responsibility to keep the courts of their nation honest by electing a ruler who would exercise authority, and hopefully set things right, they were said, by God, to be rejecting Him. That rejection of God is a rejection of the kingdom of God. When Israel decided to elect a man like Cain, Lemech, Nimrod, Pharaoh, Saul, Solomon and Caesar to rule over them instead of having God reign through the hearts and minds of individuals gathered in free assemblies, their free society was doomed.
A central power would grow and its resulting corporate bureaucracy would eat out the substance of the people as described in the Declaration of Independence, 1 Samuel 8, and Thomas Paine's Common Sense. A pure republic requires the people to maintain their rights by daily diligence in preserving freedom by attending to the weightier matters of law, judgment, mercy, and faith.
The only way to bind such a society together to accomplish such a daunting task without incorporating your rights is to bind society together by a true faith, hope and charity, and the perfect law of liberty. This is what loving one another as Christ loved us means. This is why Moses, Paul and James all said the same thing. This is how God sets us free if we will be doers of that word.
Christ appointed men to be the benefactors of the people without exercising authority one over the other. To be His Church His ministers are to facilitate that appointed mission in free religious service. Remember, religion was how you care for the needy of you society and pure religion was doing that without applying to the fathers of the earth.
But the ministers of the modern church no longer provide the services of a free society in pure religion as His Church did in the beginning. They changed the meaning of the word religion and they misdirect minds with great swelling words and fair speeches so the people serve not the Lord.
When Christ and John talked about the kingdom of God being at hand they were talking about going back, Repenting, to a status where God could reign over you instead of men reigning over you or you reigning over others. The kingdom of God is the right to be ruled by God. If you waive your God given rights by binding yourself to rulers and fathers upon the earth, or just neglect your duty to God and your fellow man, you will be bound again and should be bound.
Back in 1820 when Thomas Jefferson said, “The Judiciary of the United States is the subtle corps of sappers and miners constantly working under ground to undermine the foundations of our confederated fabric.” the states were “as foreign to each other as Mexico is to Canada.”
The very next year he prophesied the warning that “...the Federal Judiciary; an irresponsible body (for impeachment is scarcely a scarecrow), working like gravity by night and by day, gaining a little today and a little tomorrow, and advancing its noiseless step like a thief, over the field of jurisdiction, until all shall be usurped from the States, and the government of all be consolidated into one. When all government... in little as in great things, shall be drawn to Washington as the center of all power, it will render powerless the checks provided of one government on another and will become as venal and oppressive as the government from which we separated.”
So is this why Jesus said that we should not omit the weightier [matters] of the law, judgment, mercy, and faith? Is this why amongst free and virtuous people the jury should decide both fact and law? Is this why there are systems of social welfare approved by Christ and system that make the word of God to none effect? So where is our real faith? Is it in God or ruling judges who exercise power and judgment?
Faith is still defined in modern legal dictionaries as “Probity; good faith is the very soul of contracts. Faith also signifies confidence, belief; as, full faith and credit ought to be given to signifies confidence, belief; as, full faith and credit ought to be given to the acts of a magistrate while acting within his jurisdiction. Vide Bona the acts of a magistrate while acting within his jurisdiction.”
“To open their eyes, [and] to turn [them] from darkness to light, and [from] the power of Satan unto God, that they may receive forgiveness of sins, and inheritance among them which are sanctified by faith that is in me.” Acts 26:18
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2. That Word You Use- Part 1- Religion in the constitution?
3. Matthew 7:21 Not every one that saith unto me, Lord, Lord, shall enter into the kingdom of heaven; but he that doeth the will of my Father which is in heaven.
4. John Bouvier, A Law Dictionary Adapted to the Constitution, Volume 2- 1855.
5. That Word You Use - Part 2 – Faith a conviction of Probity.
6. Matthew 23:23 “Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye ... have omitted the weightier [matters] of the law, judgment, mercy, and faith: these ought ye to have done, and not to leave the other undone.” extended footnotes.
8. Contumacy is a stubborn refusal to obey authority or, particularly in law, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911)
9. John 14:6 “Jesus saith unto him, I am the way, the truth, and the life: no man cometh unto the Father, but by me.?”
12. Article II, Section 2, Clause 2.[The President] shall nominate, ... Judges extended footnotes.
13. a•poth•e•o•sis 1. “Exaltation to divine rank or stature; deification.” The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English extended footnotes
14. Emperator, emperatoris m.commander in chief Collins L.E. Dict. ‘62.
17. 2 Timothy 3:13 But evil men and seducers shall wax worse and worse, deceiving, and being deceived. extended footnotes.
18. gods Many SS Video Series 9-10 9:45, and Article.
19. Te?? is used of ...God's representative or vicegerent, of magistrates and judges, THAYER'S GREEK LEXICON
20. Of uncertain affinity; a deity, especially (with ho) the supreme Divinity; figuratively, a magistrate
22. William Robertson (19 September 1721 – 11 June 1793) was a Scottish historian, minister in the Church of Scotland, and Principal of the University of Edinburgh.
23. The Proper Mode of Rendering the Word God Walter Henry Medhurst, the Mission Press 1848.
24. Exodus 23:32 Thou shalt make no covenant with them, nor with their gods. extended footnotes.
26, There are gods many, Who are these gods many and what is a god?
27, The Proper Mode of Rendering the Word God Walter Henry Medhurst, the Mission Press 1848.
29, John 10:34 “Jesus answered them, Is it not written in your law, I said, Ye are gods?”
30, Psalms 82:6 “I have said, Ye [are] gods; and all of you [are] children of the most High.”
31, Matthew 23:23 Woe unto you... have omitted the weightier [matters] of the law, judgment, mercy, and faith:...
32, Covenants Part I, 1. The Party of the first part.
33, Amendment IX. The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
34, 1 Samuel 8:7 And the LORD said ... they have rejected me, that I should not reign over them.
35, Thomas Paine, Common Sense, warnings of Samuel.
36, Leviticus 19:18 “Thou s...shalt love thy neighbour as thyself: I [am] the LORD.” Matthew 5:43 ...Thou shalt love thy neighbour,... extended footnotes James 2:8 If ye fulfil the royal law according to the scripture, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself, ye do well.
37, Pure Religion.
38, Call no man Father upon the earth?
39, 2 Peter 2:18 For when they speak great swelling words of vanity, they allure through the lusts of the flesh, through much wantonness, those that were clean escaped from them who live in error. While they promise them liberty, they themselves are the servants of corruption: for of whom a man is overcome, of the same is he brought in bondage Jude 1:16 These are murmurers, complainers, walking after their own lusts; and their mouth speaketh great swelling words, having men’s persons in admiration because of advantage.
40, Romans 16:18 For they that are such serve not our Lord Jesus Christ, but their own belly; and by good words and fair speeches deceive the hearts of the simple.
41, Proverbs 12:24 The hand of the diligent shall bear rule: but the slothful shall be under tribute.
42, Clark's Summary of American Law, Constitutional Law.
43, Matthew 23:23 Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye pay tithe of mint and anise and cummin, and have omitted the weightier [matters] of the law, judgment, mercy, and faith: these ought ye to have done, and not to leave the other undone.
44, That Word You Use - Part 3 – Jury. What is a jury and are their different kinds of juries?
45, The Corban of the Pharisees
46, exousia e????s??a “power of choice, liberty of doing as one pleases”.
47, Satanas Sata?a?? the Aramaic or adversary and is its meaning in the Greek.
Brother Gregory was born in America in 1948. His father was a practicing attorney and his mother the daughter of Norwegian immigrants. He Married in 1973, and is the Father of 6 children with a growing number of grandchildren. He grew up in southeast Texas, attending private schools, entering the seminary at 13, where he studied Latin, Greek, and theology. In the course of these studies he began to become aware of secrets hidden for centuries within ancient libraries that began to reveal a more fundamental purpose in the gospel of Christ. His quest to understand the “whole truth” has led him down a labyrinth of law and language, history and prophecy, fable and fallacy, in a unique portrait of bondage and betrayal, liberty and freedom, and the solution and salvation.
He is the author of several books, include The Covenants of the gods, Thy Kingdom Comes, and The Free Church Report, dozens of pamphlets, audio, and video recordings. He has appeared on radio and television “preaching the gospel of the kingdom of God” which is at hand, within your reach. His common theme is how are men brought into bondage and how are they made free souls under God. His hope and prayer is to bring man's relationship with the God of creation and his relationship with the gods of the “world” into a new perspective and light. Knowing the truth shall set you free, if we will do the will of our Father in heaven.
He now lives near Summer Lake, Oregon where he continues to care for his family, tending sheep of the Church and overseeing the edification of the Church established by Christ in the hearts and minds of congregations of the people, for the people, by the people who will seek the Kingdom of God and His righteousness. | <urn:uuid:e5e85081-abe8-48e0-8839-ba8bb85af303> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.newswithviews.com/Gregory/williams132.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397636.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00162-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961601 | 4,347 | 2.625 | 3 |
Researchers from Harvard School of Public Health have found that greater consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is linked with a greater genetic susceptibility to high body mass index (BMI) and increased risk of obesity. The study reinforces the view that environmental and genetic factors may act together to shape obesity risk.
The study appears September 21, 2012 in an advance online edition of the New England Journal of Medicine.
"Our study for the first time provides reproducible evidence from three prospective cohorts to show genetic and dietary factors--sugar-sweetened beverages--may mutually influence their effects on body weight and obesity risk. The findings may motivate further research on interactions between genomic variation and environmental factors regarding human health," said Lu Qi, assistant professor in the Department of Nutrition at HSPH and senior author of the study.
In the past three decades, consumption of SSBs has increased dramatically worldwide. Although widespread evidence supports a link between SSBs, obesity and chronic diseases such as diabetes, there has been little research on whether environmental factors, such as drinking sugary beverages, influence genetic predisposition to obesity.
The research was based on data from three large cohorts, 121,700 women in the Nurses' Health Study, 51,529 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study and 25,000 in the Women's Genome Health Study. All of the participants had completed food-frequency questionnaires detailing their food and drink consumption over time.
The researchers analyzed data from 6,934 women from NHS, 4,423 men from HPFS, and 21,740 women from WGHS who were of European ancestry and for whom genotype data based on genome-wide association studies were available. Participants were divided into four groups according to how many sugary drinks they consumed: less than one serving of SSB per month, between 1-4 servings per month, between 2-6 servings per week, and one or more servings per day. To represent the overall genetic predisposition, a genetic predisposition score was calculated on the basis of the 32 single-nucleotide polymorphisms known to be associated with BMI (weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters).
The results showed that the genetic effects on BMI and obesity risk among those who drank one or more SSBs per day were about twice as large as those who consumed less than one serving per month. The findings suggest that regular consumption of sugary beverages may amplify the genetic risk of obesity. In addition, individuals with greater genetic predisposition to obesity appear to be more susceptible to harmful effects of SSBs on BMI. "SSBs are one of the driving forces behind the obesity epidemic," says Frank Hu, professor of nutrition and epidemiology at HSPH and a coauthor of this study. "The implication of our study is that the genetic effects of obesity can be offset by healthier food and beverage choices."
Support for the study was provided by grants DK091718, HL071981, HL073168, CA87969, CA49449, CA055075, HL34594, HL088521, U01HG004399, DK080140, 5P30DK46200, U54CA155626, DK58845, U01HG004728-02, EY015473, DK70756, and DK46200 from the National Institutes of Health (NIH); and Merck Research Laboratories. The WGHS is supported by NIH grants HL043851, HL69757, and CA047988.
"Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Genetic Risk of Obesity," Qibin Qi, Audrey Y. Chu, Jae H. Kang, Majken K. Jensen, Gary C. Curhan, Louis R. Pasquale, Paul M. Ridker, David J. Hunter, Walter C. Willett, Eric B. Rimm, Daniel I. Chasman, Frank B. Hu, Lu Qi, New England Journal of Medicine, online Sept. 21, 2012 | <urn:uuid:24fa9a16-cf0b-436b-8ec7-61048f91061f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-09/hsop-rco091812.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396959.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00052-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948153 | 824 | 3.125 | 3 |
Typically, you run the test suite either from within a source tree
(after MySQL has been built), or on a host where the MySQL server
distribution has been installed. (If you find that the test suite is
not included in your distribution, look for a similar distribution
-test in the name and install that as
To run tests, your current working directory should be the
mysql-test directory of your source tree or
installed distribution. In a source distribution,
mysql-test is under the root of the source
tree. In a binary distribution, the location of
mysql-test depends on the distribution layout.
The program that runs the test suite,
mysql-test-run.pl, will figure out whether you
are in a source tree or an installed directory tree.
To run the test suite, change location into your
mysql-test directory and invoke the
mysql-test-run.pl accepts options on the command line. For example:
./mysql-test-run.pl --force --suite=binlog
By default, mysql-test-run.pl exits if a test
--force causes execution to continue
regardless of test case failure.
For a full list of the supported options, see Section 5.3, “mysql-test-run.pl — Run MySQL Test Suite”.
To run one or more specific test cases, name them on the
mysql-test-run.pl command line. Test case files
have names like
test_name is the name of the test
case, but each name given on the command line should be the test
case name, not the full test case file name. The following command
runs the test case named
rpl_abcd, which has a
test file of
To run a family of test cases for which the names share a common
prefix, use the
For example, the following command runs the events tests (test cases
that have names beginning with
To run a specific named testsuite with all the test cases in it, use
For example, the following command runs the replication tests
located in the
mysql-test-run.pl starts the MySQL server, sets up the environment for calling the mysqltest program, and invokes mysqltest to run the test case. For each test case to be run, mysqltest handles operations such as reading input from the test case file, creating server connections, and sending SQL statements to servers.
The language used in test case files is a mix of commands that the mysqltest program understands and SQL statements. Input that mysqltest doesn't understand is assumed to consist of SQL statements to be sent to the database server. This makes the test case language familiar to those that know how to write SQL and powerful enough to add the control needed to write test cases.
You need not start a MySQL server first before running tests. Instead, the mysql-test-run.pl program will start the server or servers as needed. Any servers started for the test run use ports in the range from 13000 by default. | <urn:uuid:df871639-27b6-493f-abfe-b3cf4dfa2b63> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysqltest/2.0/en/running-tests.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00169-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.801973 | 660 | 2.515625 | 3 |
|A Family Guide to Mars|
This guide is intended for parents and educators in science centers, planetariums, after-school programs, youth groups, and classrooms. It features an innovative collection of puzzles, pictures, poetry, and projects for younger students. The guide's content develops and reinforces three overall themes: comparing Earth and Mars; the importance of water to life; the technology of Mars exploration; and seeing Mars in Earth's sky.
Intended for grade levels:
Type of resource:
Adobe Acrobat reader
Cost / Copyright:
Copyright 2003, MarsQuest Online.
DLESE Catalog ID: DLESE-000-000-005-199
Resource contact / Creator / Publisher:
Author: Dr Cherilynn Morrow
Space Science Institute
Publisher: MarsQuest Online | <urn:uuid:42d1eea8-d14d-4ec0-b726-565e6befff46> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.dlese.org/library/catalog_DLESE-000-000-005-199.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397748.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00124-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.773179 | 163 | 3.9375 | 4 |
Posted 23 March 2012 - 04:42 PM
Posted 24 March 2012 - 12:34 AM
Posted 26 March 2012 - 04:56 AM
Perhaps the ship's name was "The Jolly Roger", and that is how the flag got it's name.
Posted 02 April 2012 - 06:44 PM
Thanks i found this,
"On 18 July 1700, so the official British Admiralty reports, Captain John Cranby discovered his frigate HMS Poole (built) 1696 of Nye in East Cowes, 32 guns
Wynnes ship Adventure when the Cape Verde Island of Brava. For several days, but Wynne escaped pirates, other than two Pirate ships (La Foudre Lussan and treasure under Moore), his support appeared followed Cranby. Cranby's report is, as far as known, the first mention of a flag with the skull and crossed bones on a pirate ship: "a black flag with crossed bones, a skull and an hourglass" ("a sable ensign with cross bones, a death's head, and an hour glass").
very little online about this man,strange.
0 user(s) are reading this topic
0 members, 0 guests, 0 anonymous users | <urn:uuid:d9558bee-b718-4009-bddb-8006aa68d1fc> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.eurobricks.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=67696&st=0&p=1237340 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00096-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953583 | 254 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Asthma is a chronic lung disease that results in the temporary narrowing of the airways that transport air from the nose and mouth to the lungs. Symptoms include difficulty breathing, wheezing, coughing, and tightness in the chest. The severity of asthma varies from individual to individual. Some people have symptoms once in a while and others have symptoms that may interfere with daily life.
No one really knows what causes asthma. Researchers think that it is likely a combination of inherited factors and environmental factors that interact, typically early in life. These factors include:
Asthma cannot be cured, but it can be controlled. Attacks can be avoided by taking medicine exactly as the doctor or other medical professional says and by avoiding triggers that can cause an attack.
An asthma attack can occur when someone with asthma is exposed to things in the environment that “trigger” their asthma. One person’s triggers can be very different from those of another person with asthma. Do what you can to decrease these triggers in the environment. more Triggers may include: | <urn:uuid:65273b54-28cb-436d-9256-0c6b57f1a0e2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://health.ri.gov/asthma/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397748.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00010-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971592 | 213 | 3.78125 | 4 |
When it comes to studying, especially in graduate school, students have to learn and memorize a lot of material. The same goes when they get to write their dissertations as it is a very substantial and volumous work with many chapters, graphs, figures and formulate to keep in mind. Many students have a very hard time keeping such enormous amount of information in their heads which slows down the writing process. However, Dissertation Writing Service professionals agree that there are ways of improving one’s memory and that is by the use of mnemonic techniques.
Dissertation Writing Service Information On Mnemonic Techniques Usage
Mnemonic techniques are memory aids that assist in recalling things or facts. They include acronyms, rhymes, acrostics and loci methods and are specifically designed to imprint information in the long-term memory. Acronyms are helpful when you have to memorize some lists or key words. It is a blend of letters that forms a word you can retain in your mind with each letter being a cue to the information that you needed to remember. Acrostics are similar to acronyms, but instead of attaching the first letter of the blended word you attach a word in a sentence to the information you need to retain. Rhymes are also very helpful when trying to remember some information as the lyrical format helps to better access the key words. Loci method is the final mnemonic technique and is also the most complex one. This method suggests you to visualize a familiar place like a home and take a mental walk through a room in your home while creating a mental route and mark the order of several “stops” that you have to associate with objects or people.
Why Turn To Dissertation Writing Service
Dissertation Writing Service agrees that mnemonic techniques are very good at training your memory and helping you to memorize a lot of information, but you will need a lot more than that to write a great dissertation. Dissertation Writing Service specialists can help you with that, so if you have any difficulties, just contact us and we will take care of the dissertation writing for you. | <urn:uuid:f1f79bfd-94d3-4cfd-b57c-fb97c8eb0321> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.dissertationwritingservice.org/dissertation-writing-guide/dissertation-writing-service-experts-opinion-on-mnemonic-techniques/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00106-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96052 | 436 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The Purloined Letters
Viruses. Spyware. System failure. If not quite biological warfare, cyberterrorism, or weapons of mass destruction, nevertheless they are dangerous threats that recently affected three Poe scholars whose names you know. One found his files paralyzed and inaccessible (spyware). Another suffered a hard disk crash the night before the end of a major project (no backup). A third, whose name will be revealed at the end of this column, suffered a recurring laptop freeze (cause unknown). So while acquiring new Poe information on the internet - the usual theme of these Poe in Cyberspace columns - remains important, protecting the Poe work you already have on your computer can be even more important. The new hazards are more damaging than the well-known older dangers because they are all but unexpected.
Do computers really have malign artificial intelligence to betray us at the worst possible times by Murphy's Law -- or does it just seem that way? While Olympians may continue to believe that they are immune to computer data losses, mere mortals realize that it's not a case of whether but rather of when. According to a Sept. 2005 article in Consumer Reports, even though the public spent $2.9 billion in protection software in the last two years, the national cost of damages caused by software viruses and spyware was still $9 billion in repairs and replacements, suggesting the protection software was not doing it job or was rarely being used correctly. Although spam annoyances seem to be easing somewhat, now viruses are attacking more sensitive data, and spyware is increasing at an explosive rate and becoming more virulent. According to Microsoft, spyware is responsible for up to half of all PC crashes. Chances are that your computer has gone kaput already from one of these several causes -- or will do so in the near future. Realistically speaking, when your computer crashes or freezes, what advance arrangements will you have made to protect your Poe data? When disaster strikes you next - and it will - will your losses in be calamitous, substantial, or minor?
As computers improve and become more reliable, we have come to depend on them more and more, and AS we do so we use networks increasingly for communications and research. Unfortunately with greater network and online use come the greater dangers of contamination by virus, spyware, or spam agents, all of which enter through email attachments, web browsers, or software downloads - elements we have come to depend upon. We know when our computer has crashed, is stolen, or perishes in a flood or fire. We know it soon enough when human error results in deleting or overwriting a vital file. But often we don't know it when viruses, spyware, or Trojans enter our computer, not until they produce some major slowdown or utter catastrophe such as data loss, system collapse, or identity theft. In the meantime we may suspect that something is going wrong but as to what it may be we don't have a clue. In the worst-case scenario, we will have to redo or reconstruct years of Poe research and also buy a new computer and software. But this article is about avoiding the worst-case scenario. Twenty years ago, personal computers had a $5,000 price tag and seemed more valuable than our time, but today simple PC systems are advertised for as little as $300, reminding us that it is our Poe research and other work that is irreplaceable.
Although computer defenses are constantly improving, the public is nevertheless beginning to lose the battles against spam, viruses, and spyware. Spam is the commercial process of sending out tens of millions of email messages at relatively little cost to elicit a few positive responses. (When Congress finally passed the Can-Spam Act of 2003, despite the objections of 44 state attorneys, it required that spam include an opt-out address that actually benefits the spammer by verifying your address: hence the lesson is never to reply to spam.) Spyware is usually a commercial attempt to redirect web browsers to unintended destinations or to gather data on your computer usage, but lately spyware has become more destructive. Viruses are a malicious attempt to overwhelm or damage your computing processes, often producing results far in excess of the expectations of their makers, who may be teenage programmers living in the third world. Phishing, a growing danger, is the attempt to trick you into disclosing confidential financial or identity information. A favorite trap of malware is putting an innocent-looking address on your screen but programming it to a malicious address you probably won't see beneath: the lesson, if you suspect treachery, us to type in the address instead of clicking on it.
Many Poe scholars do little or nothing to defend their computers and data until they encounter a major difficulty, by which time recovery may be inconvenient, expensive, or even impossible. The defensive steps to keep your Poe (and other) data safe are not complicated but require constant vigilance (monthly or weekly) to keep up with the growing sophistication of the attacks. First of all, keep your operating system up to date. If you use Windows XP or another Microsoft operating system, regularly download and install the latest versions, service packs, and upgrades, each of which will contain improved protection features. If you get a security patch notice from Microsoft, install it before the hackers figure out how to exploit the weakness. If you don't get such notices, go to www.microsoft.com and subscribe. (This article will focus on Microsoft Windows because Macintosh users, being fewer, have been targeted less for these attacks.)
Second, install and maintain an anti-virus program from a reputable company such as Norton Symantec or McAfee. Be sure to configure your software to activate a virus scan for each incoming and outgoing file or email, to check your hard disk each week, and to download an upgrade each month or when notified. Keep anti-virus protection up to date: NO COLON because the most recent viruses are the most dangerous. Do not continue to rely on the 90-day trial of the anti-virus software that came with your computer. Do not use more than one anti-virus program at once. Renew the annual subscription of your anti-virus software or purchase updates to your software (with rebates, often free). Don't just own the software: update it regularly and use it thoroughly.
Third, use one or more anti-spyware programs. Again, take the time regularly to download protective software updates, to scan your hard disk, and to examine all incoming active files. Consumer Reports (Sept. 2005) recommends the free anti-spyware program that can be downloaded from the Microsoft web site (it requires a verification process). A second anti-spyware program can be added since no single anti-spyware program does it all.
Fourth, take measures against spam (which accounts for more than half of all email) by using the latest versions of Microsoft Outlook or Apple Email and by activating filters from your internet service or email provider. You may be able to delete suspected spam messages by inspecting message headings. Never reply to spam, especially not to request removal of your address (as mentioned above, it confirms you got the message), never buy or respond to unsolicited offers, and do not open file attachments you do not expect to receive. Beware of "phishing," attempts to elicit financial data and your digital identity - potentially a very costly blunder. And if you have a broadband or wireless connection, acquire and install the appropriate firewall, security, and password protections.
These outer perimeter defenses against damage through spam, viruses, spyware, and phishing are not sufficient without internal defenses against mechanical or software malfunctions (or plain old human error). The main defense against internal threats is the habitual backup made after each major save, session, or day. For serious projects, multiple backups, entailing more than one medium and more than one location, are strongly recommended. Evidently so few users took advantage of the traditional Backup and Restore functions in Microsoft Windows that they have been eliminated in Windows XP Home Edition (the fact that Professional edition still has them tells us something).
So how then do we actually make a backup? What sort of hardware is required? Do we need a special software package? How do we configure the data that needs to be protected? Can we handle the entire process ourselves? Ordinarily your operating system isn't a candidate for backup since to restore it from the system disks will remove all data from your hard disk. Software programs, similarly, aren't software candidates since they must be reinstalled from the original program disks. Keep operating system disks and software program disks in a secure place for use when needed.
First of all, you must understand how your data is structured on your hard disk and which documents and folders (I still call them files and directories) contain your Poe projects and other priorities. In an effort to make data access easier, Microsoft actually has made it much harder. In Windows XP, if you left-click on Start, you'll find My Documents, and links to media-centric places such as My Pictures, My Music, My Computer, My Network Places, etc. But if you right-click on Start to launch Windows Explorer, you'll find a entirely different list of locations, somewhat simplified here as Desktop | My Documents | My Computer | 3 1/2 Floppy A: | Local Disk C: | Documents and Settings | Program Files | D: | Recycle Bin. It's true that you more likely to use Desktop or My Documents than the Recycle Bin, but where in the world is your Poe project? By default Microsoft Word (and other Microsoft Office programs) puts all your files in the My Documents folder. After a while this becomes Fibber McGee's closet, your local junkyard, heaping up word processing, spreadsheet, database, presentation, download, and family picture and music files. If you wish to configure your own backups, you'll have to go beyond Microsoft's marketing to understand how your hard disk is actually structured.
In Microsoft Windows the top level or root of your main hard disk is called C: (because there were once A: and B: floppy disk drives). This is level 1 and you cannot alter it. Beneath it, Level 2 has a folder called Documents and Settings (what in the world do these have to do with each other?), and within this folder at level 3 there are folders for each user (I am "Heyward" on my own machine), as well as All Users, and Owner. Beneath my folder in level 4 there are folders called Desktop, Favorites, and My Documents; and finally in level 5 under My Documents there are sub-folders for My Pictures, My Music, etc. So Desktop, Favorites, and My Documents are four levels down from the top level of the C: Drive. You may be working forever in one document called poe.doc in the My Documents folder, but most of us have several files and more than one project. We may in fact have hundreds of files and dozens of projects. To assure that we backup frequently it is best to do it efficiently - selecting only the recent changes and additions to current projects that we need, assuming we already have backups o folder material. How can you gather all the files together for your current Poe project, and just those files alone, to make such an efficient backup? Few Poe scholars know where their working files are located on their hard disk. Since Microsoft Windows offers no help, we must take matters into our own hands.
The first principle is to separate data from programs and then to separate different projects from each other. If you like Microsoft's configuration with the My Documents at level 4, you can follow it by creating a general Poe folder at level 5 and then several specialized Poe project subfolders at level 6, one for each article, review, course, research interest, or other topic. Or if you find this inconvenient and confusing, as I do, you can make a general Poe folder as high as possible, level 2 (since you cannot alter level 1), and then make project folders in the level immediately below, level 3. Then you can point Windows Explorer or your file manager more readily to the appropriate folder and files to launch your backup procedure. But Microsoft Windows is further unhelpful by persistently showing by default each of your files or documents as visual icons that are ordered alphabetically. This is doubly useless: when you wish to backup only the most recent files you need to know full file information including full names, types, sizes, and dates. And if you suffer as I do from file name amnesia, you want see your files in reverse chronological order - the most recent files shown on top. You must change two things: first, in order to to replace wordless icons with real information: right-click on Start to open Windows Explorer, navigate to your folder and then click on View | Details to display the name, size, type or extension, and date for each file. Second, examine the triangle at "Date Modified" and click on it if necessary to make sure that it faces downward. Now you will see full file names with the most recent files at the top. Then use the Restore to shrink the Windows Explorer panel so that it occupies only a partial screen. Now launch Windows Explorer a second time, and similarly reduce this second iteration in size and then reposition it so that both of these Windows Explorer panels are visible at the same time. Direct one Windows Explorer panel to the folder with the working source files folder and the other to the destination medium drive and folder. Now you are ready to copy and thereby backup only the most recent files. If you find the procedure above complicated and Byzantine, give up on Windows Explorer that came with your computer and use a third party file manager such as Total Commander.
Do incremental backups: do them in small parts each day or session, in larger sections each week or month, and totally each semester or year. The period to be covered in the shortest of these backups is defined by the amount of work you are willing to lose: fifteen minutes, one hour, one session, one day, one week, one month, one year, longer. One further hint: if your project extends over time, don't keep saving your work under the same filename. That obliterates variations in earlier versions that might prove of value later. Instead, use "Save As" to introduce variant names to indicate the different file versions (e.g. review_22sept.doc, review_25sept.doc, review_28sept.doc). Incidentally, if you ever need to upload your files to the internet, don't use spaces in filenames: instead, use underlines or hyphens.
Once you have regrouped your files by project, you can turn to the question of which backup medium to use. The traditional media and methods for backups have changed greatly. The once-universal medium for backups, the floppy disk of 1.44 MB, is now obsolete: new PCs and laptops are delivered without floppy drives. Similarly, Zip disks of 100 MB or larger, once widespread in academic use, are now fading in general acceptance. Although both of these older media were convenient, they were also subject to data failure over time or the hazard of slightly incompatible source and destination drives. Similarly, compression into .zip files (no relation to Zip drives), once essential for large data projects, is limited today mainly to time-saving in file downloads. The two new media for backups that have become standard are small USB memory devices and CD writers, both being fast, cheap, and universal. The USB port on recent computers can accommodate keychain-sized memory devices that can be inserted or removed at any time, typically with capacities of 128 MB to 1 GB, large enough to handle a group of articles or an entire book. The CD drive writer or "burner" handles about 700 MB (DVD writers can manage 4 GB or even much more) and is useful for making unalterable records, doing general backups, and conquering space-hungry media. If you are tempted to install a second internal hard drive as an easy, cheap, and fast way to do backups, keep in mind that both hard disks will depend on the health of the same operating system. A far better solution is to use an external second hard drive with a USB or Firewire connection, which can also serve as a transfer device to share data with a second computer.
Many Poe scholars who synchronize data between their desktop and laptop computers at different locations have unwittingly created a desirable backup system safe from common destruction by flood, fire, or theft. In addition, if a transfer medium is used to synchronize them; an excellent multiple backup system will have been created. It is important, of course, to maintain accurate file dates and times so as never to overwrite newer work unintentionally with older work. If you have an account on a mainframe computer of the type maintained by universities, corporations, and internet providers, backup copies of files may be uploaded for storage and then downloaded from anywhere. I make heavy use of web pages in my teaching and other work, so I have on my hard disk at home a directory called Upload with sub-directories for each class or project. I then customize my upload program to save the configurations of recurring file transfer operations.
The restoration process, alas, can be more hazardous than the backup process, just as it may be trickier to receive a pint of blood than to donate one. File copying is easy - too easy. An older version of a Poe file can accidentally overwrite and thus destroy a newer version of the file. One added protection is to add a date or version code in the name of each important saved file. That will also preserve an archive of older versions that may prove unexpectedly useful. Never "save" files after only inspecting them: it records the last inspection date as though it were the last editing date. Keep an eye on file sizes: newer files usually are larger than older files.
Sadly, user error can be worse than any computer error. In Microsoft Windows programs hitting Ctrl-A by accident (when Shift-A is intended) defines the entire file and thus prepares to replace it with the next keystroke. If that happens to be the space character, as occurs in intending to type the capitalized word "A" in a title or new sentence, the entire file will disappear from the screen. To recover from this potentially destructive maneuver, immediately press Ctrl-Z to return to the previous data state. The Ctrl-Z recovery action can be repeated if needed, and should it be necessary Ctrl-Y can be used in reverse to unrecover any excessive recovery actions. Whatever you do, never save the truncated or obliterated file since to do so will overwrite your real data with nothing, in effect erasing the file. Generally, it's a good idea to set your software to automatically save working files at a fixed interval of about 15 minutes, whether or not power failure is a problem in your locality. In a public place, always save before that nonchalant visitor accidentally steps on your power cord, thereby disconnecting you. Always save before a phone call, before another chore interrupts you, and absolutely before any "print" command: if your printer should freeze up for any reason, you will not be able to get back to your file. When I start work for the day on a continuing project, I often bring up the file of the previous day and save it with a serially altered name, preserving yesterday's version as a fallback.
While we're on the subject of caring for your data, a few words about preventive maintenance are in order. Microsoft Windows has several free system utilities for your hard disk (under Start | All Programs | Accessories | System Tools | see Disk Cleanup, Disk Defragmenter, and System Restore). Supposedly "deleted" files actually stay on the hard disk in the Recycle Bin until you decide to get rid of them permanently. For fuller services, use third party software utilities such as those from Norton Symantec and McAfee. It is not enough to own suites of software utilities: they must be updated often and run regularly (mine are set for 5:00 p.m. Friday).
What can one do in advance to prepare for a data emergency? A bootable floppy disk may get the system started at a primitive DOS level, a rescue disk set can be made of a floppy disk to boot the system with essential drivers, and the Norton CD disk can be used to boot the system and provide some emergency treatment. As you may have suspected, I was the third Poe scholar mentioned at the beginning of this article who suffered a recent computer breakdown. For reasons still undetermined, while away from home my IBM laptop regularly froze a few minutes after bootup. (Heat? Could I work on dry ice?) Although I had copies of all my current data both on my primary desktop computer at home and also on the little USB stick in my pocket, still I lost a week during which I had hoped to work on this very article.
Admittedly, those who neglect maintenance and backup procedures are free to take their chances, waiting for a crisis to develop. If calling friends then fails, and your computer specialist at work cannot help you, it is time to face the commercial services that deal with PC crises - at a price, of course. Before you call for commercial service, try some common sense preliminaries: reboot the machine (if it won't reboot normally, hold down the power button until it does), check all the plugs and connectors, update the operating system, and run anti-virus and anti-spyware software if you can. If your computer is still under warranty, call the vendor - but be sure to make clear that the recovery of your data is an absolute priority. If that does not help, try either of two onlinetelephone services recommended in PC Magazine in August 2005, yourtechonline.com (877-717-7111) or www.pcpinpoint.com (877-434-8697). Of course, if your system is not healthy enough for online or telephone help, you must bring your computer to or call in a computer guru. If possible, find one recommended by friends; that failing, consider names in the phonebook or on a local bulletin board. One service heavily advertised on television and widely available for repair services through local Best Buy stores is Geek Squad, www.geeksquad.com (800-433-5778). If you are fortunate, all your computer may need is a corrective software scan or the replacement of an inexpensive part (plus labor), typically costing about $150. But in the dreaded worst-case scenario, if your computer cannot be repaired, first you must buy a new machine (typically $500 or more) and then reinstall (and perhaps reacquire) all your software. Next you must use a costly commercial data recovery service to extract the data from the dead computer by disassembling the hard disk, taking off the data, and sending it to back to you on some appropriate copy media, costing perhaps $1000. Finally you must put your software and data back on your new machine - assuming of course that your Poe data could be recovered.
For more information, see Consumer Reports, July and September 2005; www.Microsoft.com; The New York Times, September 3, 2005, B5; and PC Magazine, August 31, 2005. Online links to all Poe in Cyberspace articles are at andromeda.rutgers.edu/~ehrlich/poe.
Rutgers University - Newark. | <urn:uuid:17b32c1d-71de-44c2-be7b-8e0d4e3b3a28> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~ehrlich/poe/eap_rev_fa05.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402699.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00004-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938796 | 4,846 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Stories & Legends
The Legend of the Dogwood
Elaine M. Jordan
Legends | Religious |
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A wondrous show of nature begins this time of the year. The American dogwood begins to bloom. The flowering is brief but glorious. The ethereal pink or white flowers float against the backdrop of the bare branches of taller neighbors in the forest landscapes. The beauty of the delicate flowers seems all the more precious and exquisite because of its brevity. |
The dogwood has a long history in the United States. Its name supposedly arises from the extremely hard wood of its slender branches, which made it ideal for making ‘dags’ – daggers or skewers. The North American Indians used its wood for arrows. Other smalls items requiring hard, strong wood like tool handles, wine or fruit presses, loom shuttles, mallets, butcher blocks, even knitting needles – anything requiring extremely durable and dense wood. This and other utilitarian information is what we can read about the dogwood in our science and botanical books.
A stark white dogwood blossoms stand out in the forest
Its past, however, is far more noble and poetic than the mere utilitarian functions it came to serve. Long before the dogwood took its scientific name of cornus florida [flowered horn], in a less utilitarian age when the wonders of nature reminded man first and foremost of the Creator, the dogwood had a different significance. A legend was born that associated the dogwood with the Crucifixion of Christ.
And what could be more natural? When the dogwood began to bloom so brilliantly and delicately in the Spring, the medieval man of Catholic Europe was immersed in the Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ. Everything around him spoke to him of His bitter suffering and marvelous work of redemption.
Each delicate white or pink blossom of the dogwood has the form of a cross – two long and two short petals. Look closely at a dogwood flower and you will see on the center of the outer edge of each petal there are small holes remindful of nail prints, and the tips of the petals are rusty on one side and brown-red on the other. It is not hard to imagine they represent the spikes that pierced the Hands and Feet of Our Lord on the Cross. And in the center of the flower there is a green cluster that recalls the crown of thorns.
And so the legend of the dogwood was born. This is one common version:
The dogwood petal - mindful of the Cross of Our Lord
At the time of Our Lord’s Crucifixion, the dogwood used to have the size of the oak and other forest trees. Because the wood was so firm and strong and there were few trees in the Middle East that were very large, it was chosen to be the wood for the crosses used in crucifixions of criminals.
Thus, the wood of the cross that would bear Our Lord and Savior was made from the dogwood tree. To be used thus for such a cruel purpose, however, greatly distressed the tree. Sensing this, the crucified Christ said to it:
“Because of your compassion and pity for My suffering, never again shall the dogwood tree grow large enough to be used as a cross. Henceforth, you shall be slender and bent and twisted and your blossoms shall be in the form of a cross.
“On the outer edge of each petal there will be nail prints, and the center of the flower will resemble the cruel crown of thorns placed on My head, with bright red clusters once again recalling the blood I shed. Thus, all who see this will remember Me.”
When and where the legend first appeared is unknown. But the “how” of its origin is clear. It was a spontaneous reaction of a people who were deeply familiar with the Life, Death and Resurrection of Our Lord, and who saw imprints of it everywhere in nature. It was a profound love of Christ that inspired the legend.
This beautiful way of viewing the universe has almost disappeared in our own jaded, cynical age supposedly based on science and packed with technology. Sadly, the dogwoods are also withering and fading. There used to be fine dogwood stands throughout Virginia, my octogenarian neighbor tells me. But in the 70s and 80s the disease called Dogwood Anthracnose invaded and has devastated much of the native wild dogwood trees in the forests of the United States. Today’s flowering dogwoods are only a fraction of what they were in the past.
I find this very symbolic. As man removes himself from God and violates the laws of nature, creation itself loses some of its richness and beauty. Think back and remember a time when there were more butterflies, the bluebonnets were thicker and the dogwood blossoms blanketed the first days of spring with a much thicker cover. Will those days return? I believe so.
There will be an invigoration even in nature when man again turns to God and His Blessed Mother with an even greater love and devotion than of old. Then, in the Reign of Mary that Our Lady predicted at Fatima, man will again seek the deeper significance of all things in Creation.
Posted April 16, 2009
Related Topics of Interest
Make your Mary Garden Now
Naivety or a Higher Understanding of Things?
The Middle Ages, a Forest Filled with Symbols
Roses and the Rosary
Gargoyles and Original Sin
Vice and Virtue Symbolized in Animals
The Symbol of the Crown in the Reign of Mary
|Related Works of Interest|
Tradition in Action, Inc. All Rights Reserved | <urn:uuid:37540182-00ab-456c-b10b-ab2cec453776> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.traditioninaction.org/religious/h034rpLegendDogwood.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00100-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954677 | 1,190 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Light Sensitive includes over 100 works, from tiny early daguerreotypes to large-scale contemporary color prints and videos, and is drawn from twelve public and private North Carolina collections. The exhibition is structured to challenge the widespread notion of the photographic medium as a form of mere realism. Understanding of photographic media suffers from the long-standing myth that a camera is an ‘innocent eye’ that transparently records an image of the world as if through an open window. Some of the power of photography comes precisely from faith in this myth, a myth that has been extremely useful in photographic journalism, in courtrooms, on television and on the internet, despite a long history of visual alteration ranging from subtle artistic manipulation to deliberate propagandistic deceit. Though the camera is capable of recording images of the world in astonishing detail, a great variety of photographic tools and techniques can work to take ordinary features of a photograph—light and dark, shape and form, depth and space, size and scale, soft and sharp focus—and transform them into elements that alter our vision.
To emphasize how these aspects of the photographic medium operate, works from across the history of this medium and photography-based media are organized into the following sections, each highlighting the ability of artists to wield the camera as a social and aesthetic tool. Light Magic reveals alterations of light, and its consequences; Intensified Vision ranges through other transformative techniques, such as angle of vision, focus, color and distortions of scale; Metamorphosis presents even bolder manipulations such as long exposures, printing from several negatives and frankly fictional works; Emulations showcases artists’ open engagement with other media, including painting, printmaking, literature and film; and Constructed Identities,focused on portraiture, shows how photographers construct identity for their subjects, or how they convey the subtle ways their subjects are shaped by their society and circumstances. These sections raise questions about how artists use photography as an aesthetic medium, employing their sophisticated arsenal of techniques to persuade us of their unique perceptions.
Light Sensitive is co-organized by guest curator Patricia Leighten, Professor of Art History & Visual Studies at Duke, and Sarah Schroth, Nasher Museum’s Interim Director and Nancy Hanks Senior Curator. | <urn:uuid:6880c579-e5d3-4060-ab76-db7107886cd7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://nasher.duke.edu/lightsensitive/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00109-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942331 | 459 | 2.5625 | 3 |
2) Write out the probability distribution table:
Pr(X = 1) = k
Pr(X = 2) = 2k
Pr(X = 3) = 3k
Pr(X = 6) = 6k.
1 = k + 2k + 3k + .... + 6k => k =
Now that you know the probabilities you can answer the questions.
3) Start by drawing a tree diagram. Can you do this? | <urn:uuid:2cf25523-c591-489e-8e15-98af8939620e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://mathhelpforum.com/statistics/108024-probability-die-coins.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403502.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00189-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907801 | 95 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Shabbat is probably the most well-known holiday in the Jewish religion. It is the one day of the week on which, like God who rested on the seventh day, no work is to be done. Following exhibitions devoted to Pesach, Chanukah, Succoth and Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish Museum is now presenting an exhibition on Shabbat, based on six ritual objects of outstanding artistic and historical significance: six bsamim boxes made in Schwäbisch Gmünd in the first half of the eighteenth century, out of a total of eight examples existing in the world. The exhibits come from top-ranking collections (Gross Family Collection, Tel Aviv; Mainfränkisches Museum Würzburg; The Jewish Museum London; Museé National du Moyen Age, Paris; Jüdisches Museum Frankfurt; Det Mosaiske Troessamfund Kopenhagen).
Apart from the bsamim boxes, other ritual objects used during Shabbat, particularly for kiddush and Havdalah, can be seen. They come from the Museum depot and include many objects from the old Jewish Museum in Vienna. The Museum also owns a magnificent bsamim box from Nuremberg, dating from the same period as the objects from Schwäbisch Gmünd. It belonged to the old Jewish Museum.
Heinrich Heine’s poem Prinzessin Sabbath is the most outstanding commemoration of the Shabbat in German literature. This poem forms the framework for the exhibition, which also features audio extracts from the Shabbat service, ritual objects and explanations. The exhibition is designed in the form of a review of the weekly cycle, reflecting the eternal cycle from Shabbat to Shabbat. It starts with the creation, the six workdays, leading up to the Shabbat, the day of rest on which the week’s work can be contemplated.
Curator: Felicitas Heimann-Jelinek | <urn:uuid:db08d6d0-897a-4c66-a246-7f71e91de91b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.jmw.at/en/exhibitions/princess-shabbat | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00180-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909525 | 414 | 3.453125 | 3 |
2. Verb. (third-person singular of drift) ¹
¹ Source: wiktionary.com
Definition of Drifts
1. drift [v] - See also: drift
Medical Definition of Drifts
1. Slow ocular movements of greater amplitude than flicks, occurring during ocular fixation. Synonym: drift movements. (05 Mar 2000)
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Drifts Images
Lexicographical Neighbors of Drifts
Literary usage of Drifts
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. Report of the Annual Meeting (1862)
"It is here that he would correct the inferences that might be drawn from any correlation of these drifts, which contain the remains of the hippopotamus, ..."
2. Mining Engineers' Handbook by Robert Peele (1918)
"drifts were mostly in footwall, a hard, dense rhyolite breccia, requiring no tí» Crosscuts were timbered where they passed through vein, but not in the foot ..."
3. The Great Ice Age and Its Relation to the Antiquity of Man by James Geikie (1894)
"CAVE-DEPOSITS AND 'VALLEY-drifts.' Prehistoric deposits —Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages—Paleolithic or Old Period—Neolithic or New Stone Period—Universal ..."
4. Ethan Frome by Edith Wharton (1922)
"THE village lay under two feet of snow, with drifts at the windy corners. In a sky of iron the points of the Dipper hung like icicles and Orion flashed his ..."
5. The New England Farmer by Samuel W. Cole (1862)
"The deep snows and driving winds of the present winter have taught us severe lessons as to the great inconveniences of snow-drifts. From Maine to Maryland, ..."
6. Australasia by Alfred Russel Wallace, Augustus Henry Keane (1888)
"Under this term are included the gutter-drifts, the volcanic lava-beds, ... The gutter-drifts occupy well-defined channels in the Silurian bed-rock, ..." | <urn:uuid:c25e024d-b161-4fe2-9d0f-b968c76aa09e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.lexic.us/definition-of/drifts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394414.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00102-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.894663 | 482 | 3.28125 | 3 |
SUMMARY OF EVENTS IN TEXAS FOR THE
The force of the revolution so spread, that it was followed by men who had no news of its progress, who never conspired, and who had no resentment against Spanish domination. When the news of the grito of Dolores arrived in the Internal Provinces, the authorities there issued orders for the exercise of great vigilance to prevent an outbreak in their territory. It seems, says Villaseñor, that the insurgents in the interior of the colony, had no idea of extending the revolutionary influence to the more remote regions. In that the revolution of San Luis Potosí, November 1810, put the authorities in these provinces on their guard, quiet prevailed for some weeks; though in spirit, the people were moved, and with the arrival of Jiménez, realized that the moment for revolt was at hand.
Governor Cordero, of Coahuila, whose jurisdiction was invaded, wishing to counteract the movement, gave battle at Aguanueva on January 6, 1811. He was abandoned by his army, and forced to flee, but was captured and imprisoned. When these facts became known, from Saltillo to the Sabine, and from Mapimí to the Gulf, it was believed that Spanish domination was at an end, because no army remained to oppose the triumphal insurgents; thus, the military were the first to take on the movement for independence. They had co-workers in the religious. Father Gutiérrez offered his services to Jiménez, who instructed him "to incite to revolution in the five cities of the Rio Grande: Laredo, Revilla, Mier, Camargo, and Reynosa." Before long, "revolution and terror raged in the settlements on the Rio Grande." In the Villa Capital San Fernando de Béxar, a conspiracy was discovered on the night of January 15, 1811. It was lead by Antonio Saenz, Lieutenant of Militia, who had escaped from the Guardia, where he had been imprisoned. He was recaptured, however, along with others in the plot. Governor Salcedo had intended to send military aid to Coahuila after Corderos' defeat, but now he countermanded the orders, in fear of local insurrection. A junta was promptly convoked, composed of the religious, municipal, and military bodies of the Texas capital. They elected Governor Salcedo Political Chief of the Province confiding its defense in him, and in Lt. Col. Simon de Herrera. Plans were already under way for an attack against the insurgents on the Rio Grande, and for the works of defense in Béxar.
Juan Bautista de las Casas, a retired army officer, Captain of Militia, in San Antonio at the time, became disgusted with the government, who planned to desert the Texas capital. He assumed leadership of the opposition. On the evening of January 21, he prepared to strike. In agreement with his officers, a coup d'etat was accomplished the following dawn. The governors Salcedo and Herrera (of Nuevo Leon) were taken as prisoners of war, treated with due consideration, and sent to Monclova under escort. Jiménez ratified what Casas had done, and sent him the appointment of governor of Texas. Casas, not accustomed to superior command, committed injustices which caused discontent. "Confiscations, offensive disorders, and the withholding of political rewards for patriotic services in the insurgent cause," says Garrett, "drove wavering loyalists and politically ambitious ones, defeated by Casas, to plot for their deliverance."
Blinded with revolutionary illusions, the government were over confident in their security. Either through stupidity or leniency, the enemy was permitted to work. The insurgent government of Mexico had vague ideas of a great America, with no boundaries or individual sovereign states. To attain it however, they expected aid from the United States. In Saltillo, Ximenez, with authority from Allende, appointed Field Marshal Ignacio Aldama and Father Fray Juan Salazar, as commissioners to negotiate treaties with the United States, for men, money, and every possible aid to promote the revolution. These commissioners and their suite arrived in San Antonio on February 27, 1811, where they were given a friendly reception by Governor Casas. Needless to say, the purpose of the mission was soon known. Aldama's uniform resembled that of a French officer of same rank; he had decorations, or a gold cord on the left shoulder, which reminded one of the French legion of honor. Loyalists saw in him the representative of Napoleon. They spread the idea. Before long the people became suspicious. Then as to American aid; the inhabitants felt that any troops from the United States would mean a repetition of what had taken place in Baton Rouge and Mobile. They had no desires for their Texas to become a second West Florida.
Subdeacon Juan Manuel Sambrano was a very influential citizen. He had various brothers who also wielded political power. He became disgusted with the revolutionary situation; left San Fernando de Béxar for his ranch, La Laguna de las Animas, and let it be known that he would not return to the capital until they were ready to rid themselves of insurgent influences. With thirty-two servants, and many visitors at the ranch, it is easy to imagine conversations there. When the time was ripe, friends served on the subdeacon. He returned to the city. This agent of ex-governor Manuel Salcedo, says Villaseñor, cleverly availed himself of every opportunity to cause discontent with the Casas administration; and even deceived the most decided partisans of independence in Béxar. The first night of March, a junta was called in the Sambrano house. They proceeded to the barracks, which were easily taken, as part of the troops had already been converted. A general junta of military and civilians promptly met. The majority made Sambrano their president. Oath was taken to Religion, the King, and Country. At dawn, Governor Casas was surprised in his dwelling.
To the public, Sambrano did not yet announce the intention of a counter-revolution. Many were deceived. Those suspicious of the return of Spanish rulers petitioned for frequent meetings of the junta, public measures of the government and the forming of a model republic. Prisoners were freed; confiscated properties, returned to their former owners. A cabildo was organized for local muncipal government. The Aldama-Salazar mission were carefully watched. Aldama said he had no credentials, that upon his word of honor, he was on his way to the United States of America to treat upon an offensive and defensive alliance, and to try to obtain men to assist in the independence. Father Salazar had already informed his religious colleagues in Béxar that he wanted mules and provisions to continue his voyage to the United States, as there alone, they would be free from the frightful Calleja who seemed to defeat the insurgents everywhere; indeed, there was nothing left for them to do, but flee. Father Salazar dared to preach in the public streets in favor of insurrection. On the night of March 3, violence was attempted, but frustrated by careful vigilance. The following morning (March 4) the mission were arrested and confined in the Alamo, where the junta had great faith in the zeal of Commander Tarin. Even here the guard was bribed; individuals of the companies of Nuevo Leon and Nuevo Santander were seduced; assault was threatened; but discovered in time by Lieutenant Escamilla who imprisoned four of the leading conspirators. On July 2, Las Casas was sent under escort to Monclova for the continuation of his trial. Aldama and Salazar had proceeded him, sent from Béxar on May 2.
Two deputies Captains Galán and Muñoz, were dispatched from Béxar to ascertain the disposition of the people of Coahuila and to inquire into the situation of the Commandant General. Suspicious of some of the local authorities, and knowing that the deputies (Galán and Muñoz) must pass through insurgent territory, they were to let it be known that they were proceeding to confer with Jiménez, to whom the Governing Junta and its President, Sambrano, addressed an official communication with the proposals for a treaty, but with the statement that Texas would not permit the passage through her territory of armed troops from the United States. "Their true message was verbal," says Garrett, "and for Don Nemesio's ears alone. The deputies were to pledge the loyal support of Texans to legitimate authority of Spanish rulers, even their readiness to rise in mass to sustain the commandant-general."
Lt. Col. Ignacio Elizondo had Royalist prisoners at his hacienda near Santa Rosa, Coahuila. Among them was Ex-Governor Manuel de Salcedo, who was as persistent as Father Salazar in seducing his guard. He availed himself of every opportunity to convert Elizondo to the Royalist cause. Then came the deputies from Béxar, with news of the counter-revolution in Texas. Elizondo decided; he would start a counter-revolution in Coahuila; his place would be in the fold of the loyalists. Through his treason, the insurgents were surprised and captured at the Wells of Baján (March 21, 1811). On receipt of this news, Sambrano openly declared himself against the insurgents, and swore obedience to Don Simon de Herrera, appointed governor of Coahuila. The letter bringing news of the Royalist success came from a religious colleague, Father Ramos, who stated that both Rio Grande and Laredo were without troops, as Capt. Bustamante had taken them to Monclova. In this great enterprise which was under way, it was hoped that the Texas Junta would send aid. Steps were taken immediately for the security of the province of Texas. Five hundred troops were made ready to proceed to the Rio Grande. The Sergeant Major was appointed Lieutenant Governor to assume ad interim command in Béxar, as the entire Governing Junta and their President, had decided to proceed to the Rio Grande with the troops.
In expectation of a rapid succession of events in Coahuila, President Sambrano, the Governing Junta, and the 500 troops, set out from the Texas capital for the Rio Grande, on March 26. Five days later, March 31, 1811, the Junta and advanced guard of 240 men, arrived in Laredo. In this presidio they awaited action. As the insurgents had been taken at Baján, the real danger had passed. The insurgents had fled from Saltillo. Both Coahuila and Nuevo Leon were rid of the perfidious rebels. So the Commander of Arms, Simon de Herrera, informed the President and Members of the Junta, that they should return to their province for its security, as well as that of the frontier. Then came more disheartening news for the Junta: their deputies advised that Don Simon had been appointed ad interim governor, and commander of the arms of the Province of Texas. The Junta had requested the return of Governor Manuel de Salcedo. They failed to understand the motive which prompted the appointment of Herrera. Don Manuel was disappointed and requested the Junta to express their wishes to the Superior Government, as they must verify such appointment if it were to be legal. The Junta replied on April 18, saying they would communicate with the Commandant General; and that they would be glad to deliver over the government to him (Manuel de Salcedo) when he should return to Texas and request it. The Junta also observed that the superior Government had slighted Texas, for they had not even mentioned this province in connection with events in Coahuila. Where would they have been, asked the Junta, if there had been no counter-revolution in Texas?
On April 6, with further orders from Monclova, saying that all was quiet and there was no further need of the Texans in Laredo, the Junta decided to return to their Texas capital. On the 16th they arrived at the rodeo of Mission Espada. A further suggestion from Mexico, as to how the Governing Junta could attend to their own affairs in Texas, came through the deputies, who wrote on April 3, that Nacogdoches, Atascosito (which at the beginning of the year had a detachment of 26 men) and Trinidad should be reinforced. In April the Junta petitioned the Commandant General to grant some distinction to the Villa Capital in recognition of their loyalty and faithful service. Don Nemecio replied that San Fernando de Béxar would be raised in category from villa to that of ciudad. May and part of June, was spent in "fury of loyalists vengeance." ex-governor Salcedo was president of the Military Junta in Chihuahua for the trials of insurgent victims. Texas had rushed to the fore, and with Coahuila had saved the northeastern provinces from revolution. Now, about a month later, the Texas Junta was crying to Don Nemecio for aid; would he please send two hundred troops; the insurgents were inciting the Indians; the Comanches, Tahuacanos, Tancahues, Tehuyaces, and Lipans had all to be dealt with.
The insurgents threatened from Louisiana and the Neutral Ground. Cristóbal Dominguez was returned to Nacogdoches, with Guadiana, next in rank. Dominguez reported his arrival after reconnoitering the Sabine country. Groups of vagrants, he said, had been organized by Mr. Simit, and were in Spanish territory. On May 20, 1311, Father Huerta forwarded a letter he had received from Smith, to the Junta, along with a paper setting forth the plans of Napoleon. Smith wrote from Natchitoches that he was ever ready to help his brethren, the insurgents in their struggle for liberty. He said: "I will raise a thousand men and place them around your banners.You should at once abandon your king, for he is unworthy to rule you because he has submerged his sovereignty beneath the tyranny of Napoleon and because he has spilled so much blood in the heart of his kingdom." Father Sosa, Huerta's religious colleague, was not so faithful; instead of forwarding his correspondence to the Junta, he escaped into the United States. The results of this report were important to Texas. One hundred and fifty troops were sent from Bexar to Nacogdoches; but with the great number of revolutionists in that jurisdiction, these few men soon dwindled away. Béxar, in the meanwhile, was left undefended.
In July Simon de Herrera returned as ad interim governor of Texas. He was faced with the same old troubles: quarrelling with Canary Island descendants; Indian affairs; insurgent and border activities, including contraband. With the Junta's roll of honor before him, Don Nemecio, in October, granted rewards, which however, awaited H. M.'s approval: the subdeacon, Juan Manuel Sambrano was created a lieutenant colonel of cavalry; administrator of mail, Erasmo Seguin, captain of urban militia; alférez of Bexar Militia, José Maria Sambrano, lieutenant of Provincial Militia, with permission to return to his home; distinguished cabo of the Company of Bahia, Francisco Vasquez, and distinguished soldier of the Company of Parras (the Alamo), Miguel Pando, alféreces of cavalry; soldier of the presidial Company of Bexar, Manuel Delgado, sergeant; captain of militia, Ignacio Pérez, was granted a sitio of land on the Medina where he had his cattle ranch; lieutenant of Presidial Company of Bexar, Miguel Musquiz was retired with rank of captain; Alférez Vizente Tarin was to be promoted with the first vacancy in the province, to the rank of lieutenant; sergeant of Presidial Company of Bexar, Patricio Rodriguez, was retired on account of advanced age; sergeants of militia, Pedro Fuentes, Domingo Bustillos, Francisco Montes and José Manuel Castro, were to be promoted, as alféreces, on first vacancies; as the company of militia in which Lt. Francisco Flores had served was extinguished, he was permitted to use his old uniform; José Dario Sambrano, ad interim curate, was recommended for promotion to curate; officers of auxiliary militia, Captains Luciano Garcia, Santiago Tixerina, and José Maria Muñoz, Lt. Antonio Saens, and Alférez Juan Cazo, had been recommended to the viceroy for rewards. Lastly, citizens: Luis Galán, Manuel Barrera, Juan José Sambrano, Gavino Delgado, Vicente Gortari, José Antonio Saucedo, Juan Veramendi, Francisco Ruiz, Angel Navarro, Victor ---, Mariano Rodriguez, and Presbiter José Antonio Valdés were flattered with notes of praise and thanks. For his distinguished services, Lt. Col. Simón de Herrera was promoted to the rank of colonel, ad interim, awaiting royal approval. Manuel de Salcedo, who had rendered valuable services in converting insurgents, who had blindly served H. M. many years, and all of that was conspicuously neglected. He was under suspicion for the Casas activities in Bexar. He would be permitted to return to the governorship of the province; but probably, to his uncle's surprise, he refused that flattering honor, explaining that he would encounter difficulties from the inhabitants if not shown some distinction, and given a clean statement of exoneration. Don Nemecio explained, and finally almost compelled his nephew to assume charge of the "thorny mission" in Texas. Though Manuel de Salcedo arrived in Béxar in September, he did not take over the government from Herrera until mid-December.
Las Casas was convicted of high treason by a war council composed "of five notables, two of whom were Elizondo and Cordero, who had been deposed from the governorship of Coahuila by insurgents." He was demoted and shot, on August 3. To impress Texans with the disagreeable ending of an insurgent, and in truly Mexican fashion, for the heads of Hidalgo, Allende, Aldama, and Jiménez were placed at the four corners of the Castillo de Granaditas, in Guanajuato, where they remained until 1821. It was ordered that the head of Las Casas should be taken to Béxar for public display. "Unluckily Casas, the man," says Garrett, "did not become an heroic figure in the tales of Texas. Unlike Hidalgo, the Texan insurgent has received only a few lines in historical annals. Some modern historians have even stated that Texas had no part in Mexico's struggle for independence." It had. The Casas government proclaimed free commerce between the United States and Texas. Not only the thieves of the Neutral Ground rejoiced and prospered; the press of the United States said "by autumn of 1811 self-government would be exercised by the people from Texas to the Gulf of Darien; and that the profitable results of the revolution for United States citizens would be the establishing of a free and profitable commerce with Texas and Mexico." The Texas revolution, as long as it lasted, kept open communications between the insurgents of Mexico and the United States; hence, it was a safeguard to the revolution. Lic. Ignacio Aldama was shot in Monclova, June 20, 1811. Father Juan Salazar was condemned to death for high treason, and shot in Monclova on the feast day of St. Simon and Judas. Manuel de Salcedo and Simon de Herrera of Texas; Juan Manuel Sambrano with the counter-revolutionists in Texas acting together with those of Coahuila, accomplished the capture of the insurgent chieftains and the destruction of revolution in the northeastern provinces. These leaders ended the first period of the Mexican revolution. So indeed, concludes Garrett: "Texas played a consequential role in the colonial history of Spain and left an ineffacable mark on the history of the Mexican nation." | <urn:uuid:81463a4f-c8f0-46e2-8b23-2270d6f11369> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.tamu.edu/faculty/ccbn/dewitt/events1811.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396100.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00187-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981043 | 4,251 | 3.03125 | 3 |
The buzz out of Beijing is that China's Tiangong 1 space lab may fly sooner than expected, perhaps soaring into space by this month's end.
That might be the case, according to China space watcher Gregory Kulacki, a senior analyst and China Project manager at the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS). The Tiangong 1 module ("Heavenly Palace 1" in Chinese) is not China's actual space station — nor will it be a part of the planned Chinese space station, he said.
Rather, the 8-ton experimental prototype is designed as a test bed for the technologies China will need for its future space station program, including docking technology. [Photos: China's First Space Station]
Over the next two years, China is projected to launch three missions to the Tiangong I space lab. The third — and possibly second — mission is expected to carry Chinese astronauts to live and work on the Earth-orbiting facility.
Kulacki has observed that at 8 tons, China's Tiangong 1 is much smaller than the 80-ton U.S. Skylab launched in 1973, or even the 22-ton core module of Russia's Mir Space Station, which launched in 1986. Right now, the International Space Station has grown to tip the scales at 450 tons.
Looking ahead, China currently plans to complete its 70-ton space station in the early 2020s.
"Coincidentally, that is about the time that the ISS is scheduled to be decommissioned. If both those things happen, China's space station will become the de facto new international space station," Kulacki explained in a recent post on UCS's "All Things Nuclear" website.
China's space ambitions
Just what are the ripple effects stemming from China’s push forward in space station construction? Turns out it may be a bit of a Rorschach test.
There are observers that see China's playbook in space, as on the Earth, as a bid to become a world strategic power, not just a regional power.
Indeed, space for China is one piece — a significant piece, but just one — of the puzzle they are assembling, some observers say. Others contend that, when the puzzle is complete, it has China as No. 1 in the world when it comes to space, with no one else in second place.
Yet other analysts put forward that China’s Tiangong 1 is no big deal, a modest increment in space prowess. And there are those that wager China’s foothold in Earth orbit has military meaning. That’s counteracted by specialists who see a new window for U.S.-China space cooperation.
“Some members of Congress may try to use China’s progress in human space flight as an excuse to criticize the Obama administration’s space policy. Some U.S. defense analysts are likely to claim the orbiting space lab has a military purpose,” said UCS’s Kulacki.
But in reality, Kulacki told SPACE.com, Tiangong 1 is just a small step forward along the same path the United States and the Soviet Union crossed decades ago.
"Neither country discovered any practical military advantage from putting people in space. There is no indication China's human space flight program is motivated by the pursuit of military objectives, but even if it is, space professionals in the United States and Russia already know it is a fool’s errand," Kulacki said.
China's steps in space
The launch of Tiangong 1 is another modest step forward in China’s slow-paced but forward-moving human space flight program. [How China's First Space Station Will Work (Infographic)]
That’s the outlook from John Logsdon, a leading space policy expert and professor emeritus of political science and international affairs at the Space Policy Institute within George Washington University’s Elliott School of International Affairs.
Logsdon said that the Chinese space module will provide the target for gaining rendezvous and docking capabilities. Doing so somewhat mimics what NASA did during the two-seater Gemini program 45 years ago — making use of an Agena target to hone piloting skills, he said.
"But while all of Gemini's rendezvous attempts were controlled by the onboard astronauts, the Chinese are first attempting to do the link up with no crew aboard the Shenzhou 8 spacecraft. If China is successful in demonstrating automated rendezvous and docking, that will be a significant achievement," Logsdon said.
Unlike Agena, Tiangong 1 is also a small pressurized module akin to the Soviet Salyut space station of the 1970s and 1980s, and is scheduled to host at least two crews for several week stays during the Shenzhou 9 and 10 missions.
"So it is also a first step toward the larger space station that China is planning ten years from now," Logsdon said. "So while Tiangong 1 is a meaningful step for the Chinese in their plans to achieve comprehensive human spaceflight capability, it is not a threat to U.S. leadership in on-orbit capability."
The 'so what' factor
Given a new milestone in China’s space program, how best to gauge what this may mean for the United States?
That’s a much harder question to answer, said Joan Johnson-Freese, professor of national security studies at the Naval War College in Newport, R.I.
"Frankly, I don't think it will have much impact in the U.S. beyond the usual core of space enthusiasts and supporters," Johnson-Freese said. "With the U.S. economy in the state that it’s in, people worried about jobs and 401(k)s … and people feeling that Congress is focused more on politics than fixing things … I don't think what the Chinese are doing in space will register or have much impact among those who could make a difference to the U.S. space program."
Johnson-Freese added: "And another question is what difference would space supporters like it to make? Support for the James Webb Telescope? Start of a new exploration program? Expediting the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services program? What are NASA’s priorities?"
Powerful political signal
There are several points to consider regarding the imminent lofting of China's Tiangong 1, suggested Dean Cheng, a research fellow at The Heritage Foundation’s Asian Studies Center in Washington, D.C.
"The most important point is that this is developing docking techniques and technology which, in turn, means precision controls for thrusters and the like, which has obvious military/anti-satellite implications," Cheng said.
In political terms, hurling Tiangong 1 into Earth orbit, Cheng said, is another reminder that China intends to be a space player for the foreseeable future, including the realm of human spaceflight.
Just as China's naval aircraft carrier was launched soon after they criticized the U.S. for spending too much on defense, undertaking the Tiangong/Shenzhou 8 mission at about the same time as the U.S. space shuttle program ends "is a powerful political signal that China is ascendant, and the U.S. is descending," Cheng said.
Asian space race under way?
Yet another reflection is the extent to which China's space station initiative is going to spur intra-Asian space competition, Cheng continued. By launching a Skylab-type vehicle — even if significantly smaller — China is, nonetheless, going to set records for Asians in space, he said.
"In some ways, this will underscore the extent to which China is ahead of India and Japan. This will be layered atop ongoing tensions among them: Beijing-Tokyo (the Senkakus/Diaoyutai incident of last year) and Beijing-New Delhi (ongoing tensions about border demarcations),” Cheng said.
With New Delhi indicating an interest in anti-satellite capabilities, Cheng noted that Beijing's ability to sustain people in space, and associated military technology benefits — not to mention the expansion of their Tianlian data-relay satellite network nominally needed for piloted space telemetry — will be a sign of China’s edge over India in space.
Cheng’s forecast: “I think the next decade, depending on everyone’s economic development, may well see a heating up of the Asian space competition.”
Space race memories
There are those hungry for a walk down memory lane to a 1960s-like "space race" — this time between the U.S. and China — a state of affairs that could fuel America's space esprit de corps.
That idea appears to be a non-starter, suggested Roger Launius, senior curator in the Division of Space History at the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum.
The Chinese have only flown three piloted missions since 2003 "and there are really no aggressive plans that I have seen, although there has been some reporting in the media about the possibility of a piloted Chinese moon mission. How real that is, I think, is an open question," Launius said.
Absent a serious effort by the Chinese, Launius doesn't think too many American leaders will be too concerned about increasing American funding for human spaceflight.
"Of course, having said that, if China landed on the moon, went to Tranquility Base, picked up our flag, brought it back and sold it on eBay, I think Americans would be very excited," Launius suggested.
There seems to be "enormous opportunity," Launius said, and also some "real concern" in the emergence of China as a space power.
"The opportunity comes from an increasingly capable China that might be enjoined in the international effort to create a beachhead in Earth orbit and extend human presence beyond LEO. The cooperative possibilities are intoxicating as we consider a hopeful and peaceful future exploring and using space," Launius said.
"The other side of that coin, of course, is the national security aspects of space technology," he said. "The rising capability of China has made American national security leaders nervous."
Leonard David has been reporting on the space industry for more than five decades. He is a winner of this year's National Space Club Press Award and a past editor-in-chief of the National Space Society's Ad Astra and Space World magazines. He has written for SPACE.com since 1999. | <urn:uuid:a6b8e96f-df39-4b50-946d-e7dfa7ba61c6> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.space.com/12647-china-space-station-tiangong-1-launch.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391634.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00011-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946241 | 2,178 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Written by program assistant Nina Gunther-Segal 13F
On Tuesday, February 25 (after some scheduling issues due to snow!) Asha Kinney and Alana Kumbier shared their reading expertise with a group of interested students. Asha works in IT, specifically with educational technology, and Alana is a research librarian who works mostly with CSI classes. If you’re interested in getting an overview of what happened at this workshop and what resources were introduced — if you, too, would like to learn to tame those reading dragons — read on!
Participating students received a handout with a list of the topics that would be covered at the meeting, their brains fueled by the multitude of delicious snacks provided (seriously, Trader Joe’s has the best snacks). Alana and Asha started off by giving participants the opportunity to ask to focus on specific things with which they might have needed help. They went on to provide participants with tons of helpful information, starting with low-tech options (all-purpose reading and distraction-avoidance strategies) and then ramping up to higher-tech ones (dealing with PDFs, text-to-speech, etc.).
What We Learned–Low-Tech Tips:
- The SQ3R reading method: This is a prescribed process for reading that really helps with retaining and digesting the information you encounter. It’s broken down into five steps:
- Survey – Go over the chapter, looking at headings and its general structure and content, before you dive in more deeply.
- Question – While surveying, ask questions about what you’re seeing (i.e. turn headings into questions).
- Read – This one’s pretty self-explanatory, but basically just do what you’d normally do when reading, structuring your understanding with your prior surveying/questioning.
- Recite – After reading a section, go back over its content and tell it back to yourself (or another person). Reproducing the content in your own words can be especially helpful if you need to write a paper on the topic and want to assimilate the information to avoid reciting it verbatim.
- Review – Step away from the chapter and then come back to it over a period of several days to better assimilate it.
- Reading three times: Don’t worry–this doesn’t mean three times as much work! Instead, try this:
- Skim the reading (look at the headings, intro, and conclusion).
- Read more deeply — add annotations, and attempt to contextualize the information in the overall study of your class to figure out what’s most important to retain.
- Go back and note whatever is most important after class discussion of the reading.
- Pomodoro Technique: This entails working in 25-minute increments (or however long works best for you) to accomplish a task. So many of us don’t even start a task because it’s too daunting, so breaking it down and having an end in sight makes it more psychologically manageable. Here’s how this works:
- Pick a task to accomplish.
- Set a timer for 25 minutes (here’s a helpful one: pomodoro.me).
- Work on the task without any diversion for 25 minutes, until the timer rings (if anything else comes up, ignore it and write it down to do later).
- Also helpful is keeping track of how many increments you’re doing for a task, to get a sense of your general pacing for various tasks (i.e. to read a certain number of pages); this allows you to plan the timing of your future work.
- If you’re reading and you come across words or concepts you don’t know, take note of them and skip them, then return to them later–this helps prevent breaking the flow of your focus.
- A speed-reading technique that helps with visual focus is placing your fingers below the line you’re reading and following along so that only that line is visible. You can increase the speed of your hand’s movement to encourage yourself to read more quickly without losing track of your place on the page.
Higher-Tech Reading Tips:
- Making text in a PDF recognizable to your computer: If you want to be able to select blocks of text or use text-to-speech, your computer needs to recognize it as text — the text in PDFs often appears to your computer as an image (especially if it’s a scanned book), but there’s a way to fix this! Robobraille.org allows you to upload a PDF and change it into recognizable text; you can also pick what kind of file it’s converted into (i.e. document, mp3 audio, Braille, e-book).
- Adobe Reader annotations: Adobe Reader 11 (if you don’t already have it, it’s available for free download) has various tools for annotation. These include sticky notes, highlighting in different colors, recording audio, and drawing shapes. You can also search the text content of your notes for particular terms, making it a lot easier to find your notes on a particular subject. Preview also has similar features for annotation.
- Text to speech: Hearing as well as seeing a reading can be helpful for understanding, and help keep focus. You can do this through robobraille.org, by having the PDF converted to mp3 audio. Mac users can select a block of text in TextEdit and convert it to an iTunes mp3 (and even change the voice and its speed in System Preferences > Speech > Text to speech). You can also download NaturalReader for free. And if you have an iPad/iPhone/Android, there’s the VoiceDream app, which has better voices than usual and a perfectly serviceable free version.
- BeeLine Reader: Go to beelinereader.org to have the color of your text change in a subtle gradation, in such a way as to help keep your eye flowing. It sounds weird, but is actually really helpful.
A Final Note:
Asha and Alana noted the importance of having a backup method for documents. Hard drives die, and as terrible as that is, it’s even more terrible if they contain all your work and you lose that, too. There are several ways to do this, and an added benefit is that they make your work accessible from multiple computers (as well as iPhones and other devices):
- Dropbox: It’s a free service that gives you plenty of remote storage in a folder on your desktop. Sign up and download it here: https://www.dropbox.com.
- Google Drive: Allows you to create documents, presentations, spreadsheets, etc. and keep them all in one place on your Google Drive account, organized by folder. (drive.google.com)
Get In Touch:
If you’d like to reach Alana or Asha, or want more information on the workshop handouts, here’s their contact info:
- Alana Kumbier – firstname.lastname@example.org – 413.559.5704
- Asha Kinney – aakLO@hampshire.edu – 413.559.6238
Questions? Comments? You can reach us at email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:db5ca148-cdcd-44e7-ac54-c60f406c1cee> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://sites.hampshire.edu/newtohamp/2014/02/27/taming-your-reading-dragons/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00101-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924126 | 1,554 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Mixed Phrasal Verb Quiz
Choose the correct synonym of the phrasal verb in the question phrase. Each question has only one correct answer. When you are finished click on the "Next Question" button. There are 24 questions in this quiz. Try to use only 30 seconds per question. At the end of the quiz, you will receive quiz feedback.
Continue Learning Phrasal VerbsIf you are unfamiliar with phrasal verbs, this guide to what are phrasal verbs explains everything. Teachers can use this introducing phrasal verbs lesson plan to help students become more familiar with phrasal verbs and start building phrasal verb vocabulary. Finally, there are a wide variety of phrasal verb resources on the site to help you learn new phrasal verbs and test your understanding with quizzes.
Teachers: Printable version of this Mixed Phrasal Verb Quiz for in-class use. | <urn:uuid:77043a67-d986-4df7-9062-fc688cff7a7c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://esl.about.com/library/quiz/blphrasalmixed1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399425.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00138-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91397 | 192 | 2.640625 | 3 |
These questions are asked during the siemens walk-in held in Gurgaon. Here is some questions and their pattern asked in the interview and written test.
No Negative Marking
1- 20 Questions of Reasoning : The time to complete is 25 minutes Most of the Questions are from Series,Relation,Distance.
2- Java Questions : It incorporates three blocks
(a)- 20 java Questions(Compulsory).
(b)- 10 questions from Swing(It is Optional) .
(c)- 5 questions from fundamentals(compulsory).
This block have to complete within 30 minutes.
Java Questions:-The java Questions based on the concept of classes,Interface,Exception Object States,Threads concepts. Example:
1- How can we save object States?
2-program on class inheritance: what is the output of this program.
3- program on Interface.
Swing Question:- There are 10 swing questions which are optional.
Fundamental Question:- 5 Questions:
1- which layer of OSI is responsible for transportation of data on the network?
2- operating System Question.
3 and 4:- the questions are from DBMS.
5:- In which data structure we can add data from the beginning and at end not from middle?. | <urn:uuid:2c1d1858-2bf4-4d17-a9e9-53ce7e139ebc> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.interviewcity.com/2010/07/siemens-interview-questions-and-written.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396872.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00129-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.900148 | 266 | 2.609375 | 3 |
I am beginning to think about what I am going to say next Saturday at North Carolina State University for their symposium on the Civil War and public history. My talk will focus not only on the challenges surrounding the discussion of slavery and race at our Civil War battlefields, but specifically the difficulty of attracting African Americans to these sites. I will look specifically about the steps taken by the National Park Service at the Petersburg National Battlefield.
I’ve learned a umber of things in the course of my research on the Crater and public history/historical memory. For any number of reasons we’ve underestimated the level of interest in the Civil War within the African American community. In Petersburg public interest could be found in the postwar years in local churches, in black militia units, and in local schools. A heightened awareness of the role of African Americans in the Civil War can be found in the 1950s and 60s in such popular magazines such as Ebony and Jet. Over the course of the past year we’ve seen ample evidence of African Americans embracing the Civil War. The level of interest is directly related to the wide range of events that can be found in museums, historical societies, educational institutions, and other private organizations. Despite what the mainstream media would have us believe, we are witnessing a profound transformation in our collective memory of the war compared with just a few short decades ago.
The National Park Service has led the way in broadening the general public’s understanding of the war and the meaning of our most important historic sites. Consider John Hennessy’s recent tour of Fredericksburg, titled, “Forgotten: Slavery and Slave Places in Fredericksburg”, which attracted roughly 70 members from the area’s historic black churches. John’s optimism is tempered somewhat by the comments he heard from a few people:
“Are you going to get in trouble for doing this? You know…your bosses. I didn’t think you guys were allowed to do things like this.” During the day, I received a number of comments along the same line, suggesting surprise that we, the NPS, would do a tour dealing with slavery.
I have little doubt that the public perception of the NPS among African Americans will continue to improve with continued programming that reaches beyond traditional narrative boundaries. The NPS in Petersburg has also taken steps to reach out to the local black community with, among other things, a series of walking tours of downtown Petersburg. Again, all of these things bode well for the future.
The question that I have, however, is whether we are likely to see these results replicated on the battlefields themselves. The title of my talk is, “When You’re Black, the Great Battlefield Holds Mixed Messages”, which was pulled from a recent New York Times editorial. The editorial was written by a black man, who had visited the Gettysburg battlefield. It’s one thing to be able to offer tours that point out local landmarks relevant to black history, but what about the battlefields themselves? All of our Civil War battlefields connect with the broader story of emancipation and the end of the slavery, especially sites such as the Crater in Petersburg.
Here is the challenge: Regardless of how the issue is framed, African Americans have little patience when it comes to the display of the Confederate flag – even on a Civil War battlefield. I heard this over and over in my discussions within the African American community of Petersburg. This is not simply a matter of working through recent memories of the 1950s and 60s, but with how the war itself is remembered. In other words, there seems to be little tolerance for maintaining a distinction between attempts at historical accuracy on the battlefield and the pain of having to confront this particular symbol. One individual suggested that the display of the flag suggests on some level an implicit approval for what it represented. Others conveyed the feeling that they were not welcomed at these particular sites. This is one of the “mixed messages” that must be understood if we are to see progress here. These perceptions have had a long time to fester and take root and there are no easy solutions.
Courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; flickr user dbking
Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic License. Full details of the license at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en | <urn:uuid:c2e97b99-1991-4a67-aa3f-421ce0f25708> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://cwmemory.com/2011/03/20/but-will-they-come-to-the-battlefields/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00129-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951218 | 919 | 2.546875 | 3 |
THE GIRAFFE: Necklace
Jewelry, designed by Maria Beatriz Alessi, Brazil
The African giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) is an even-toed ungulate mammal, the tallest of all land-living animal species, and the largest ruminant. Fully grown males range from 4.8 to 5.5 meters in height.
The giraffe is a distant relative of deer (its Scandinavian equivalent) and cattle, but belongs to a separate family, the giraffi dae. Giraffes are at home in savanna, grassland, and open woodland. They prefer areas where acacia is abundant. They consume vast quantities of water, which enables them to spend long stretches of time in dry, arid areas. When foraging, they often venture into more densely forested areas in search of food. In art and culture, giraffes can frequently be seen in paintings, including the famous painting of a giraffe which was taken from Africa to China in 1414 by Admiral Zheng he and donated to a Ming dynasty zoo.
The Medici giraffe was a giraffe presented to Lorenzo de Medici in 1486. It caused a great stir on its arrival in Florence, being reputedly the first living giraffe to be seen in Italy since the days of Ancient Rome. Another famous giraffe, Zarafa, was brought from Africa to Paris in the early 1800s and kept in a menagerie for 18 years.
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Roman cavalry helmet found in Iron Age shrine may prove Britons fought with legions
A 2,000-year-old Roman cavalry helmet has shed new light on the conquest of Britain after experts pieced it back together 10 years since its discovery in an Iron Age shrine.
The 'Hallaton Helmet' a 2,000-year-old Roman helmet found at an old Iron Age site at Hallaton in Leciestershire in 2002 is to go on display at the Harborough Museum Photo: Christopher Pledger
Constructed of sheet iron, the helmet, once decorated with gold leaf, is the only one to have been found in Britain with its silver gilt plating intact.
The helmet features scenes of Roman military victory, including the bust of a woman flanked by lions, and a Roman Emperor on horseback with the goddess Victory flying behind and a cowering figure, possibly a native Briton, being trampled under his horse's hooves.
The object is believed to have been buried in the years around Roman Emperor Claudius's invasion of Britain in AD43.
The ''distinct possibility'' that it belonged to a Briton serving in the Roman cavalry before the conquest of Britain raises questions about the relationship between Romans and Britons.
It is thought that the helmet may have been buried at what was a local shrine on the Briton's return to the East Midlands, as a gift to the gods.
It was unearthed in Hallaton, Leicestershire, after a retired design and technology teacher detected coins with his second-hand metal detector, which he had bought for just £260.
After he called in experts, more than 5,000 coins, the remains of a feast of suckling pigs, ingots and the helmet's ear guard were among the treasures discovered.
Coins from both the British Iron Age and the Roman Empire were found together for the first time.
The helmet and its cheek pieces were restored from 1,000 fragments by experts at the British Museum and bought by Leicestershire County Council to go on display at Harborough Museum, just nine miles from where it was buried 2,000 years ago.
Metals conservation expert Marilyn Hockey began unearthing the fragments ''out of a big lump of soil'' at the British Museum three years ago.
She said: ''Working our way down this enormous lump of clay, we discovered at the bottom some amazing finds ... the Emperor cheek piece told us it was something really special.
''To get something straight out of the soil like this is like gold. You can find out so much from it.''
Jeremy Hill, head of research at the British Museum, said his ''mouth dropped'' when he saw the object pieced back together.
He said that the helmet had helped ''change our understanding of what Britain was like just before the Roman conquest''.
He said: ''Every book on the Roman conquest of Britain is going to have a picture of that helmet in it now.''
''Just as we were starting to rethink the importance of East Midlands in the context of the Roman Empire, it says 'bang, you've got to rethink it', the same with the relationship between Romans and Britons.''
The helmet may also have been a diplomatic gift, to a pro-Roman population, or a spoil of war taken during a raid on a Roman camp or during battle.
Ken Wallace, 71, who first detected the treasure, and who was paid £300,000, divided with the landowner, said: ''When this ear (guard) came to the surface we knew it was going to be a Roman cavalry helmet ... But what it would look like was anybody's guess.
''It's amazing, I never thought I would see it like that. I thought I'd get to see a computer-generated impression ... I've been extremely lucky.'' | <urn:uuid:8938f75f-37a3-40a2-8fd6-783c54ceefdb> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.archeolog-home.com/pages/content/hallaton-g-b-roman-helmet-shines-new-light-on-the-conquest-of-britain.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396887.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00172-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973569 | 783 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The obesity epidemic has quickly become one of the greatest health challenges humans have ever faced, and the weight loss industry is now a billion dollar market that provides dieters with supplements, surgeries, and diet plans that promise instant fat loss. However, it hasn’t always been this way. We don’t have to go back more than a couple of decades to understand that the obesity epidemic has evolved over an extremely short period of time. The most recent estimates suggest that the number of overweight and obese people worldwide has risen from 857 million in 1980 to 2.1 billion in 2013, which represents an increase in both adults (28% increase) and children (47% increase) in the past 33 years (1). While it’s often believed that high-income developed nations have the highest obesity rates, several low-income countries actually surpass the stereotypical fat nation United States. Today, about 62% of the world’s obese population live in developing countries which have adopted the western dietary pattern (refined, calorie-dense, and highly palatable food) (1).
A person is considered obese when body mass index is 30 or over, a level of body fat accumulation that has negative effects on health. As excess fat tissue releases many inflammatory mediators and goes hand-in-hand with metabolic disturbances, hormonal dysregulation, and an altered gut microbiota, it’s no surprise that obesity is associated with an increased risk of several types of chronic disorders, such as type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and different types of cancers (2). Besides the obvious individual challenges that come with being obese, the obesity epidemic is also a major economic burden for the society at large.
However, the obesity epidemic hasn’t taken root everywhere. Some traditional populations which are still largely unaffected by the western lifestyle have low obesity rates, and among hunter-gatherers who still eat ancestral diets and live in an environment that closely resembles that of our paleolithic ancestors, obesity is virtually unheard of (3,4,5). This observation has led to the characterization of obesity as a disease of civilization, also sometimes called a mismatch disease.
This label as a mismatch disease is based on the idea that our genome was forged in the ancestral natural environment, an environment that demanded for a physically active lifestyle, periods of food shortage, diets rich in nutritious whole foods, and other factors that are common features of the hunter-gatherer lifestyle. When we divert too far away from this environment, as we’re now seeing in the industrialized world where we have easy access to cheap and palatable food, don’t need to expend a lot of energy to acquire food and shelter, and in general have disconnected ourselves from the natural human environment, disorders such as obesity emerge.
It’s generally accepted that obesity is caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors, and few people with a general understanding of thermodynamics will disagree that the reason we gain fat is because we expend less energy than we consume. This is also consistent with studies which show that the rapid surge in obesity rates goes hand in hand with an increased energy intake (6). However, the fact that we’re now eating more food than we used to doesn’t really provide that many answers. The questions we should really be asking ourselves are; why are we eating more food than before, and why do some people gain more fat on a identical diet than others?
The human microbiome
There are many possible answers to the questions above, but during the last decade, more and more research is starting to show that the human microbiome – the collective genomes of all the microbes that live in and on the human body – plays an important role in regulating food intake, energy expenditure, and fat storage (7,8). This second genome can be considered both a genetic and environmental factor, since we know the microbiome to a certain extent is inherited from our mother, but it’s also shaped by diet, environment, and lifestyle throughout life.
The human microbiome is now one of the hottest research subjects in the scientific community, and thanks to massive science projects, such as the human microbiome projects (U.S.), MetaHit, and other scientific studies around the world, we now know that most of the cells in the human body are microbial and that the genetic repertoire of these microbes it at least hundred times greater than that of the human host (9,10).
The human microbiota – the collection of microorganisms that live in and on the human body – consists of both eukaryotic cells (e.g., fungus), prokaryotic cells (e.g., bacteria), and organisms that have no cellular structure (e.g., viruses). Trillions of microorganisms from thousands of different species are found in and on the human body, and each location has a unique bacterial makeup. (Click the image for larger picture)
The gut microbiome
While the microorganisms associated with the human body are found in various locations, such as the skin, lungs, and vagina, the largest bacterial communities are found in the gastrointestinal tract. Most of these gut microbes are found in the large intestine, but the upper GI tract also harbors complex bacterial communities. This gut microbiome – the collective genomes of all the microbes that live in the gut – plays an especially important role in human health. While it was previously believed that the role of these gut bacteria primarily was to digest indigestible carbohydrates, such as polysaccharides found in plants, we’re now learning that the role of the gut microbiome in human health stretches far beyond the breakdown of non-starch polysaccharides. The gut microbiota regulates our immune system, controls intestinal permeability, and even affects our mood and mental state (11,12).
In a healthy, balanced state, these gut microbes live silently in a mutualistic symbiosis with the human host. We provide the microbial communities with an environment in which they can live, and they provide us with essential functions that we can’t do without. However, if we perturb these microbial ecosystems we can end up changing the community structure, wiping out key species, and promoting a state of dysbiosis (microbial imbalances).
Researchers are now linking alterations in the gut microbiome to all sorts of different diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, acne vulgaris, obesity, and even psychological disorders such as autism and ADHD (11.13,14). While there’s still a way to go in terms of determining cause and effect in a lot of these disorders and the exact role of the microbiome, it’s clear that our microbial inhabitants play an essential role in our health and well-being.
In this series of posts I’ll look into the following question: What role does the human microbiome play in obesity?
Like this article? For more great content, delivered right to your door (and tablet, phone & computer!) subscribe to Paleo Magazine now! | <urn:uuid:42102d5b-6ca5-4551-8e55-a8f87a908f40> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://paleomagonline.com/are-gut-bacteria-making-you-fat-part-i-the-second-genome/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403508.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00187-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945989 | 1,421 | 3.578125 | 4 |
This innovative textbook provides a readable, contemporary and fully integrated introduction to endocrine glands, their hormones and how their function relates to homeostasis. It explores the pathology of endocrine disease by relating the underpinning science through a wealth of clinical scenarios and examples. The book integrates basic and clinical aspects for a range of endocrine glands and their hormones and includes a number of specialist chapters that also address areas of intense research and clinical interest including the regulation of salt, appetite and endocrine-immune interactions.
- Provides a fully-integrated, scientific and clinical introduction to endocrinology.
- Includes a wealth of colour illustrations to reinforce key concepts.
- Introduces clinical scenarios and leading questions to engage interest and illustrate the relevance of the underpinning science.
- Includes key references and suggestions for further reading at the end of each chapter.
Written by a highly respected and experienced author team this new textbook will prove invaluable to students needing an original, integrated introduction to the subject across a variety of disciplines including biomedical science, pharmacology , bioengineering and pre-clinical medicine.
1 The Molecular Basis of Hormones 1
2 The Hypothalamus and the Concept of Neurosecretion 43
3 The Pituitary Gland (1): The Anterior Lobe (Adenohypophysis) 51
4 The Pituitary Gland (2): The Posterior Lobe (Neurohypophysis) 89
5 Diseases of the Pituitary Gland 109
6 The Gonads (1): Testes 133
7 The Gonads (2): Ovaries 155
8 The Endocrine Control of Puberty 189
9 The Hormones of Pregnancy, Parturition and Lactation 199
10 The Adrenal Glands (1): Adrenal Cortex 211
11 The Adrenal Glands (2): Adrenal Medulla 247
12 The Endocrine Control of Salt and Water Balance 259
13 The Thyroid Gland and Its Iodothyronine Hormones 275
14 The Islets of Langerhans and Their Hormones 303
15 Diabetes Mellitus 325
16 The Gut–Brain Axis 337
17 Hormones, Endocrine Tumours and the Gut 343
18 The Parathyroids, the Endocrine Kidney and Calcium Regulation 349
19 The Genetics of Endocrine Tumours 375
20 Future Prospects 383 | <urn:uuid:6e956b32-dbb6-49ac-b5c9-333b1c135a40> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470688122.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400031.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00100-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.791936 | 492 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Manpage of ppddcsum
Section: User Commands (1)
Return to Main Contents
ppddcsum - generates or checks a ppdd checksum
This program allows you to use checksums to protect the data on a ppdd
device from tampering. It can generate checksums on existing data and can
check an existing checksum.
The program works by reading all the data and generating an md5 hash and
then comparing this with an already existing md5 hash in the first 1024
bytes of the file (where it is protected by the key derived from the pass
phrase). The user can choose to check both the cipher and plain text hashes.
Normally the ciphertext hash is adequate and is much quicker.
The program normally operates on the file (or device) while it is not in
use by ppdd (i.e. before a ppddsetup -s or after a ppddsetup -d). However
in the case of root filesystem encryption it has to operate on the ppdd
device even while the filesystem is mounted. This special feature is
invoked by a -r switch and it should not be used for any other purpose.
If any invalid combination of switches and arguments is used the program
displays a primitive help message. The number of arguments depends on the
ppddcsum -g file_or_device
ppddcsum -gp file_or_device
ppddcsum -p file_or_device
Generating root filesystem checksum
ppddcsum -gr ppdd_device
Checking root filesystem checksum
ppddcsum -r ppdd_device
-g means generate
-p means plaintext checksum
-r means root filesystem
The program returns 0 if everything worked as expected.
The program returns 1 if anything has gone wrong.
All ppdd utilities display fairly meaningful errors (mostly on stderr).
In all cases the errors have a unique error number to help locate the
problem in the source code. If an error message is not clear then best
source of explanation at this stage is the source itself.
The program does not use any environment variables.
Files (and devices) are specified as arguments.
(c) 1999 Allan Latham - version 0.9
- Generating checksums
- Checking checksums
- Generating root filesystem checksum
- Checking root filesystem checksum
- RETURN VALUE
- SEE ALSO
This document was created by
using the manual pages.
Time: 16:35:26 GMT, September 14, 1999 | <urn:uuid:b60acc3d-3bb9-418a-a27d-385fcf2a74f1> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://koeln.ccc.de/archiv/drt/crypto/ppddcsum.man.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00161-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.692121 | 539 | 2.9375 | 3 |
India’s supercomputer PARAM Yuva II, developed by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) is now the first most power efficient systems in India, 9th in the Asia Pacific Region and 44th in the world among the most power efficient computer systems as per the Green500 List announced at the Supercomputing Conference (SC`2013) in Denver, Colorado, USA.
Green500 ranks computer systems in the world according to compute performance per watt – Supercomputers, in general, consume a lot of electrical power and produce much heat that necessitates elaborate cooling facilities to ensure proper operation. This adds to increase in the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of a supercomputer. Energy consumed by supercomputers is measured at various Levels – L1, L2, L3 – for purpose of reporting. As the level increases, accuracy and rigor of measurement exercise also increases. It is also a measure of our capability and noteworthy that C-DAC is the second organization worldwide to have carried out the Level 3 measurement of Power versus Performance for the Green500 List.
PARAM Yuva – II uses hybrid technology – processor, co-processor and hardware accelerators – to provide the peak compute power of 520.4 Teraflop/s using 210 kiloWatt power. The interconnect network comprises of homegrown PARAMNet-III and Infiniband FDR System Area Network. This system is designed to solve large and complex computational problems. The system has 200 Terabytes of high performance storage, and requisite system software and utilities for parallel applications development.
The Union Minister for Communications & Information Technology, Kapil Sibal, congratulated C-DAC for this significant achievement. He said that supercomputing is very important for the all round advancements in the country, and the Government is planning a big impetus for capacity building and advanced R&D in this area. He would expect many more contributions from C-DAC, as a key player, in this endeavour.
Top Image Credit : Wikipedia | <urn:uuid:015cbe1e-758d-4cad-b93b-91c57b556c79> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.technology.org/2014/01/06/indias-param-supercomputer-ranked-44th-among-power-efficient-systems-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393442.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00080-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922654 | 416 | 2.578125 | 3 |
How to Convert a Horse's Age to Human Years
The average life expectancy of a well-cared-for horse is about 30 years, while ponies and miniature horses live to 35 years on average. Horses may show signs of aging in their late teens, and ponies within their early twenties. However, with proper feeding and access to veterinary care, horses and ponies can live into their forties.
Horses mature faster than humans in their early years, and then age more slowly once they reach adulthood. Thus, you cannot convert horse years to human years by multiplying the horse's age by a factor. To convert a horse's age to its equivalent human age, use the method outlined below, or use the conversion calculator on the left.
Horse's Age at Birth
At birth, a horse can already walk and run, so a 0 year old horse is equivalent to a 2 year old human.
One Year Old Horse
A 1 year old horse has the equivalent maturity of an 8 year old human.
Two Year Old Horse
At 2 years of age, a horse begins puberty and transitions from being a child to an adult. In terms of physical and emotional maturity, a 2 year old horse is equivalent to a 13 year old human.
Three Year Old Horse
At 3 years of age, a horse or pony can reproduce. The human age equivalent is 17 years. This is the last year that a female horse can be called a filly, or that a male horse can be called a colt.
Four Year Old Horse
A 4 year old horse is equivalent to a 20 year old human. A female horse aged 4 or more is called a mare. A male horse aged 4 or more is called a stallion, unless he has been castrated. Castrated male horses are called geldings.
Older Than Four Years
In the case of horses, for every year after the fourth year, add 2.5 human years. In the case of ponies or miniature horses, add 2 human years for every year after the fourth year.
Chester is a 8 year old horse. In human years, his age is
20 + 2.5 + 2.5 + 2.5 + 2.5 = 30.
Hilda is an 16 year old pony. In human years, her age is
20 + 12(2) = 44.
© Had2Know 2010 | <urn:uuid:5c2f0e9e-7582-43ad-afc0-e69b0d7d49f2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.had2know.com/pets/horse-age-human-age-conversion.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397797.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00092-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936802 | 491 | 3.015625 | 3 |
South Ossetia and “the Will of the People”
With the announcement of a six-point plan for a Georgian cease-fire, attention is shifting to how to construct a durable and equitable peace in the Caucasus. As the parties settle-in for some sort of negotiation, I find it interesting how the ideas about international law and norms are used in the statements of the parties. Here are a couple of examples from a CNN report from this evening:
Sarkozy said he and Medvedev agreed Georgia is an independent country and Russia has no intention of annexing it. But Medvedev also said “sovereignty is based on the will of the people” and “territorial integrity can be demonstrated by the actual facts on the ground.”
Medvedev said, “I think that these are some very good principles in order to resolve the problem which has arisen from this very dramatic situation, and these principles can be used by Georgia and South Ossetia.”
The seemingly innocuous phrase “sovereignty is based on the will of the people” actually has some quite striking implications. (I will leave aside the territorial integrity comment…)
First of all, the key question is “which people?” This has been at the heart of debates over what it means for a “people” to have a right of self-determination. My guess is that Medvedev believes that “people” refers to “South Ossetians” and that Saakashvili would say that it refers to “all the people of Georgia.”
Unfortunately, international law has had a pretty hard time defining what a “people” is for the purposes of self-determination. As the Canadian Supreme Court put it (with admirable understatement) in the Secession of Quebec opinion, the meaning of “peoples” is “somewhat uncertain.” At various points in international legal history, the term “people” has been used to signify citizens of a state, the inhabitants in a specific territory being decolonized by a foreign power, or an ethnic group.
A group of experts convened by the National Assembly of Quebec to provide advice concerning the legal issues implicated by a hypothetical secession of Quebec explained (in Section 3.07) that the right to self-determination is context-dependent:
… the right to self-determination is context-dependent in that it signifies, always and everywhere, that all peoples have the right to participate in the political, economic, social or cultural choices that concern them, though it very rarely gives rise to the right to independence…
Consequently, “peoples” means one thing when applied to decolonization (where it refers to the population of a colonial territory) but it is defined differently in other contexts (where, for example, it may mean the total population of s a state or an ethnographic group within a defined territory). As the right of self-determination is context-dependent, different types of peoples lead to different applications of the right to self-determination. The Quebec Commission wrote that:
the very fact that the right to self-determination, in the sense of “independence”, has been recognized solely in “colonial” peoples is an indication that this right takes on or can take on different meanings for other categories of peoples.
So how would it apply here? For Medvedev’s implied result to be correct (that South Ossetians can choose to secede), two things would need to be true.
First, there would need to be consensus that the South Ossetians meet some sort of recognized definition of “people.”
Second, even if they are a people, one would have to agree that “external self-determination” or secession can be a remedy in other cases besides decolonization. Whether self-determination gives a remedy of secession outside the colonial context is, in the words of Malcolm Shaw, “the subject of much debate.” Even if the concept of a remedy of secession was adopted, at the very least the South Ossetians would need to show they suffer extreme and persistent abuses by the government in Tbilisi and that there is no other option for resolving this crisis.
I will leave that assessment for another time. For now what I want to highlight is this. Medvedev applied a formulation (“sovereignty as the will of the people”) that implied a certain result (South Ossetains should be able to vote for their secession) and clothed it in quasi-legal language even though that result would actually overturn much-accepted international law or at least paper-over some sharp disagreements (see this for an example from another case).
Of course all of this is simply using legalistic language for political ends. Nothing new here, but this shows us the distance that can exist between the role of law in international affairs and the rule of law in international relations. | <urn:uuid:e2b8bddb-f56e-41f1-942e-b790f6822582> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://opiniojuris.org/2008/08/12/south-ossetia-and-the-will-of-the-people/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397797.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00013-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961216 | 1,038 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Inspecting the mirror of the Herschel telescope (Courtesy: ESA).
By Hamish Johnston
If you are not in the UK, you should be able to listen online — or listen later to an archived version.
Here’s what the Beeb says about the series:
“Following the engineers and astronomers who are working on the biggest telescope ever sent to space, in one of the most important missions in the history of European spaceflight. Jonathon Amos joins Professor Matt Griffin of Cardiff University and his international team as they aim to peer through the areas in space that are invisible to other telescopes. This is the story of how the team is aiming to solve the mystery of galaxy and star formation, and how these processes eventually gave rise to life-bearing planets like Earth.
“In this episode, the team approach the biggest milestone in their 20-year project – the launch of their work on a rocket from a spaceport in French Guiana. Will it all go safely?
There’s no mention of the Planck microwave observatory, which was launched at the same time as Herschel — but hopefully Amos will touch on its mission to study the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation – a remnant of the Big Bang | <urn:uuid:2a75c924-6a49-47cd-ad46-1581dc7c7011> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blog.physicsworld.com/2009/11/18/by-hamish-johnston-at-1100/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392069.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00117-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939249 | 255 | 3.125 | 3 |
David Bourget (Western Ontario)
David Chalmers (ANU, NYU)
Rafael De Clercq
Ezio Di Nucci
Jack Alan Reynolds
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OUP Oxford (2000)
Socrates is one of the most important figures in the history of Western philosophy, but also one of the least known, since he wrote nothing himself, and is known to us only via the writings of others. This book examines the relation of these portrayals, especially Plato's, to the historical person, and also discusses the significance of Socrates' thought to the development of Western philosophy as we know it today
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Citations of this work BETA
Christopher Rowe (2012). Socrates on Reason, Appetite and Passion: A Response to Thomas C. Brickhouse and Nicholas D. Smith, Socratic Moral Psychology. [REVIEW] Journal of Ethics 16 (3):305-324.
Thomas C. Brickhouse & Nicholas D. Smith (2012). Response to Critics. Analytic Philosophy 53 (2):234-248.
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Thomas C. Brickhouse (2004). Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Plato and the Trial of Socrates. Routledge.
Sandra Peterson (2011). Socrates and Philosophy in the Dialogues of Plato. Cambridge University Press.
Catherine H. Zuckert (2009). Plato's Philosophers: The Coherence of the Dialogues. The University of Chicago Press.
Emily R. Wilson (2007). The Death of Socrates. Harvard University Press.
A. E. Taylor (1951). Socrates. Boston, Beacon Press.
A. E. Taylor (1933). Socrates. New York, D. Appleton.
Plato (1986). The Dialogues of Plato. Bantam Books.
Gregory Vlastos (1980). The Philosophy of Socrates: A Collection of Critical Essays. University of Notre Dame Press.
Gregory Vlastos (1971). The Philosophy of Socrates. Garden City, N.Y.,Anchor Books.
Donald R. Morrison (ed.) (2010). The Cambridge Companion to Socrates. Cambridge University Press.
Added to index2012-01-31
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>A team of Japanese scientists has developed a device that can transmit odors electronically. Led by Takamichi Nakamoto of the Tokyo Institute of Technology, the group claims that their, as yet unnamed, system can record and replicate a broad range of scents by using chips with sensors that capture the molecular components of a particular fragrance, transmit this formula to a replicator, and reproduce the chemical compound.
"The sensitivity of the human nose is very good," Nakamoto told the Associated Press this week. "But to some extent we can replicate the performance."
Nakamoto, who has been working on the system for 17 years, said the device could one day be implemented in mobile phones, enabling users to transmit the smell of just about anything to anyone, anywhere. For instance, it could let you send the fragrance of fresh flowers to a particularly close friend or relative. Or it could be put to less pleasant uses (the mind boggles).
The big problem for Nakamoto right now, though, is that his device is big, too big. The machine, which uses chips containing 15 discrete sensors to record odors and a blender and vaporizer to mix the 96 chemicals needed to recreate them, takes up about 1 square meter of space. So, it will be quite some time before the researchers come up with a unit that will be practical.
Nonetheless, Nakamoto told the AP that the device has successfully recreated a range of fruit smells, such as oranges, apples, bananas, and lemons, but it can be reprogrammed to produce almost any odor, from old fish to gasoline. He said his team will concentrate on miniaturizing the machine and extending its range of odors in the future. "[T]hen we can think about commercializing the system," he said. The Tokyo Institute team's work has already attracted interest from a perfume company and an electronics firm, according to Nakamoto.
Just think, one day, in the not too distant future, such an invention may allow you to use your personal communicator, while on vacation, to send not only the images and sounds of a tropical paradise but the scents, as well. Or it could simply let you pull off some particularly zany practical jokes. Ah, technology. | <urn:uuid:308fef0b-df5a-499f-b370-8af165519c77> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/semiconductors/devices/the_smellomatic | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396027.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00110-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956335 | 459 | 2.984375 | 3 |
- (archaic) It seems to me.
Etymology: From (term, me thinketh, , seems to me) < (term, me thyncth). In Early Modern English, used at least 150 times by w:William Shakespeare, William Shakespeare; in Middle English by w:Geoffrey Chaucer, Geoffrey Chaucer, (term, me thinketh); and in Old English by w:Alfred the Great, Alfred the Great, (term, me thincth).
- Dutch: (t, nl, me dunkt)
- French: il me semble, il m'apparaí®t, il m"apparaí®t (the latter is unusual, so conveys better the archaic meaning)
- German: mich dí¼nkt, also archaic mir deucht for meseems
- Spanish: parecer(es)alt=me parece
Supplemental Details:Sponsor an extended definition for methinks for as little as $10 per month. Click here to contact us. | <urn:uuid:9c0b511c-49e0-44cb-a2da-95cdc2b294da> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.allwords.com/word-methinks.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396222.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00015-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.842471 | 225 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Many people think that having a small animal such as a gerbil in the house with a dog is asking for trouble. Some dogs are more predatory than others and might want to kill a gerbil or other small animal if introduced. Other dogs are gentle to small animals and can live quite happily in the house with a gerbil. While not all dogs can learn to be kind to gerbils, certain dogs, especially younger ones, are capable of living in harmony with a small fur sibling.
Get your dog used to gerbils while he is still a puppy. A dog that grows up with gerbils is less likely to see them as prey.
Put your dog and gerbil in two separate rooms. Bring the leashed dog into the room with the gerbil and remain by the door. Enlist the help of a friend or family member so one person is supervising an animal at all times.
Sit down next to your dog and try to get the dog's attention by petting or offering treats. Ask for any obedience commands the dog might know and reward the correct behavior.
Ask your helper to entice the gerbil to take a few small steps toward the dog. Try to keep the dog's attention on you and reward her with food treats for calm behavior.
Move slightly closer to the gerbil with your dog. Sit on the floor and pet your dog, encouraging calm behavior for approximately five minutes. Close the gap only if your dog is calm. Take a step back if your dog is getting excited or agitated at having the gerbil in the same room.
Allow the dog to wander the room on-leash only once he is able to remain calm in close proximity to the gerbil. Keep the leash loose but watch carefully in case the dog lunges and you need to pull him back.
Permit the dog and gerbil more freedom to interact under close supervision. Muzzle the dog to be on the safe side, and be prepared to separate them if necessary. Gradually increase the length of time you allow the dog and gerbil to interact until they are comfortable together and you're confident that they will not harm one another.
Items You Will Need
- Gerbil cage
- Feed the dog and gerbil treats when they are in the same room to create a positive association with each other.
- Leave the gerbil in his cage if you do not have a helper.
- Do not leave your dog unsupervised with a small animal such as a gerbil, even if you trust her not to harm the gerbil.
- Never introduce your dog to a gerbil if he has killed a small animal in the past, if he is aggressive over food, treats and toys, if he obsesses over chasing rabbits and squirrels, or if he is not obedient.
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A grand jury indictment is a way to file criminal charges against someone. Here’s an example.
In one sense, an indictment is a form of protection for someone suspected of a crime: That person is entitled to not be prosecuted until a grand jury has determined there is enough evidence to support criminal prosecution. In another sense, though, an indictment offers the prosecution an opportunity to initiate serious criminal proceedings without a judge or defense attorney getting in the way.
The Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution seems to guarantee a grand jury indictment for anyone accused of a felony:
But despite appearances, the Constitution doesn’t actually require that states use grand jury indictments in felony cases. The guarantee of an indictment in a felony prosecution is one of the few rights that hasn’t been extended to the states.
Indictment or Information?
Though the Constitution doesn’t require them to, some states require indictments for prosecution of some or all felony cases. In a state that doesn’t require an indictment for the felony case at hand, the government normally prosecutes through an “information.” Prosecutors list the charges in an information and file the document with the court.
In California, for example, the prosecution can:
- file a written complaint accusing the defendant of a felony
- proceed to a preliminary hearing, at which the judge decides whether there’s probable cause to believe the defendant committed the crime in question, and
- file an information if the judge determines probable cause exits.
In the federal system, the government has to use an indictment in a felony prosecution unless the defendant waives the right to an indictment. (That could happen if the defendant has already agreed to a plea deal with the prosecution.)
The Grand Jury
Grand jurors typically come from the same pool of people as petit (regular) juries. These citizens get together and determine whether there is enough evidence to merit a trial. The grand jurors listen to testimony, evaluate tangible evidence, and have the power to subpoena both. If they decide there’s enough evidence, they issue what’s called a “true bill.”
Grand juries were traditionally made up of 23 members, with a majority having to vote in favor of prosecution for an indictment to issue. The modern trend is for grand juries to be smaller, and for a supermajority vote (two-thirds or more of the jurors) to be required for an indictment.
Unlike typical criminal hearings and trials, grand jury proceedings are closed from the public. They’re also different from your typical proceeding in that the accused (“target”) doesn’t have a right to be present. The grand jury hears only from the prosecutor and witnesses. In most states, the target doesn’t have a right to testify in front of the grand jury. A few states do, however, provide the target with a right to appear.
Grand juries not only hear from just one side—they may normally also consider evidence that would be inadmissible at trial. The exclusionary rule—which keeps inadmissible evidence like a statement resulting from a Miranda violation or an object found through an illegal search—normally doesn’t apply. Nor does the hearsay rule typically block certain kinds of testimony that would be inadmissible in a trial.
Indictment a Given?
As you might have guessed given the system described above, grand juries vote to indict far more often than not. In fact, some in the legal profession joke that a decent prosecutor could convince a grand jury to indict a ham sandwich.
On the other hand, a prosecutor will occasionally go to a grand jury unconvinced that criminal charges are appropriate. In a high-profile case, for example, a district attorney might decide to present evidence to a grand jury and let the jury be the one to determine whether charges are appropriate. And, very rarely, the government will decide not to prosecute after a grand jury has voted to indict, the case against JonBenet Ramsey’s parents being an example.
Taking the Fifth
Witnesses subpoenaed to testify by a grand jury can sometimes invoke the privilege against self-incrimination on the grounds that their potential testimony would incriminate them. (In most jurisdictions, the witness must actually take the stand and assert the right to silence.)
Prosecutors can typically overcome this privilege—and force witnesses in this position to testify—through a grant of immunity from prosecution.
Questions for Your Attorney
- Is the law on grand juries and indictments different in my jurisdiction than in others?
- What kind of errors either in an indictment or the grand jury process will allow me to have the case dismissed or my conviction overturned?
- Under what circumstances can a prosecutor file an information or go back to a grand jury after a grand jury has declined to indict?
- When do prosecutors have to present to a grand jury evidence that’s favorable to the target?
- What kinds of immunity are there? Which one does the prosecution have to offer in order to force a witness to testify?
- Does a witness appearing before a grand jury have a right to a lawyer, whether hired or appointed? Does the witness have a right to have a lawyer present in the grand jury room? How often can a witness consult with a lawyer—regardless of whether the lawyer is in the room—while testifying? | <urn:uuid:21dfa41f-8605-4d13-bce0-af3e65bc993f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://criminal.lawyers.com/criminal-law-basics/what-are-criminal-indictments.html?page=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00170-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944845 | 1,112 | 2.984375 | 3 |
A fun childrens fancy dress dinosaur costume. Dinosaur means "terrible lizard". The first dinosaur remains were discovered in England in the 1820s. Birds are descended from dinosaurs.
Raptors were fast and agile.
Be a dinosaur character from Harry and the Dinosaurs by Ian Whybrow
For a Party play idea - Jurassic park a version of hide and seek with an adult as the scary roaring dinosaur!
book week character dressing up costume Tyrannosaurus drip by julia donaldson a duckbill dinosaur is mistaken for a tyrannosaurus rex.
Charlie Crow has a large range of school curriculum fancy dress costumes for your child including Tudor, Victorian and Egyptian Costumes. We also have and extensive range of book week characters ks1 & KS2
Buy our jurassic classic fancy dress dinosaur costume for boys and girls. This fun kids dinoraptor costume has mittens, hood and long spikey tail.
Why not buy our dinosaur costume for boys and girls to be a book week character from 'Dino FC - Terror on the training ground' by Keith Brumpton. A page turning dinosaur story of a Jurassic football team for readers aged 7 years plus. Be a dinosaur character from Harry and the Dinosaurs by Ian Whybrow | <urn:uuid:1c4e5cf5-d628-482a-bf97-404131540c12> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.charliecrow.com/kids-fancy-dress/dinoraptor_childs_dinosaur_costume.php?reviews=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00162-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916664 | 255 | 2.625 | 3 |
- Dementia Slideshow Pictures
- Take the ADHD Quiz
- Brain Foods Slideshow Pictures
- Patient Comments: Huntington Disease - Experience
- Patient Comments: Huntington&39;s Disease - Age Which Appear
- Patient Comments: Huntington&39;s Disease - Symptoms
- Patient Comments: Huntington&39;s Disease - Family History
- Patient Comments: Huntington&39;s Disease - Treatment
- Introduction to Huntington's disease
- What causes Huntington's disease?
- How is Huntington's disease inherited?
- What are the symptoms and major effects of Huntington's disease?
- At what age does Huntington's disease appear?
- How is Huntington's disease diagnosed?
- What is presymptomatic testing?
- How is the presymptomatic test conducted?
- How does a person decide whether to be tested?
- Is there a treatment for Huntington's disease?
- What kind of care does an individual with Huntington's disease need?
- What community resources are available for Huntington's disease?
- What research is being done on Huntington's disease?
- How can I help?
- What is the role of voluntary organizations?
- Where can I get more information about Huntington's disease?
Quick GuideDementia Pictures Slideshow: Disorders of the Brain
How is the presymptomatic test conducted?
An individual who wishes to be tested should contact the nearest testing center. (A list of such centers can be obtained from the Huntington Disease Society of America at 1-800-345-HDSA.) The testing process should include several components. Most testing programs include a neurological examination, pretest counseling, and follow up. The purpose of the neurological examination is to determine whether or not the person requesting testing is showing any clinical symptoms of HD. It is important to remember that if an individual is showing even slight symptoms of HD, he or she risks being diagnosed with the disease during the neurological examination, even before the genetic test. During pretest counseling, the individual will learn about HD, and about his or her own level of risk, about the testing procedure. The person will be told about the test's limitations, the accuracy of the test, and possible outcomes. He or she can then weigh the risks and benefits of testing and may even decide at that time against pursuing further testing.
If a person decides to be tested, a team of highly trained specialists will be involved, which may include neurologists, genetic counselors, social workers, psychiatrists, and psychologists. This team of professionals helps the at-risk person decide if testing is the right thing to do and carefully prepares the person for a negative, positive, or inconclusive test result.
Individuals who decide to continue the testing process should be accompanied to counseling sessions by a spouse, a friend, or a relative who is not at risk. Other interested family members may participate in the counseling sessions if the individual being tested so desires.
The genetic testing itself involves donating a small sample of blood that is screened in the laboratory for the presence or absence of the HD mutation. Testing may require a sample of DNA from a closely related affected relative, preferably a parent, for the purpose of confirming the diagnosis of HD in the family. This is especially important if the family history for HD is unclear or unusual in some way.
Results of the test should be given only in person and only to the individual being tested. Test results are confidential. Regardless of test results, follow up is recommended.
In order to protect the interests of minors, including confidentiality, testing is not recommended for those under the age of 18 unless there is a compelling medical reason (for example, the child is exhibiting symptoms).
Testing of a fetus (prenatal testing) presents special challenges and risks; in fact some centers do not perform genetic testing on fetuses. Because a positive test result using direct genetic testing means the at-risk parent is also a gene carrier, at-risk individuals who are considering a pregnancy are advised to seek genetic counseling prior to conception.
Some at-risk parents may wish to know the risk to their fetus but not their own. In this situation, parents may opt for prenatal testing using linked DNA markers rather than direct gene testing. In this case, testing does not look for the HD gene itself but instead indicates whether or not the fetus has inherited a chromosome 4 from the affected grandparent or from the unaffected grandparent on the side of the family with HD. If the test shows that the fetus has inherited a chromosome 4 from the affected grandparent, the parents then learn that the fetus's risk is the same as the parent (50-50), but they learn nothing new about the parent's risk. If the test shows that the fetus has inherited a chromosome 4 from the unaffected grandparent, the risk to the fetus is very low in most cases.
Another option open to parents is in vitro fertilization with preimplantation screening. In this procedure, embryos are screened to determine which ones carry the HD mutation. Embryos determined not to have the HD gene mutation are then implanted in the woman's uterus.
In terms of emotional and practical consequences, not only for the individual taking the test but for his or her entire family, testing is enormously complex and has been surrounded by considerable controversy. For example, people with a positive test result may risk losing health and life insurance, suffer loss of employment, and other liabilities. People undergoing testing may wish to cover the cost themselves, since coverage by an insurer may lead to loss of health insurance in the event of a positive result, although this may change in the future.
With the participation of health professionals and people from families with HD, scientists have developed testing guidelines. All individuals seeking a genetic test should obtain a copy of these guidelines, either from their testing center or from the organizations listed on the card in the back of this brochure. These organizations have information on sites that perform testing using the established procedures and they strongly recommend that individuals avoid testing that does not adhere to these guidelines. | <urn:uuid:015ed910-c192-427a-b906-ecf725687cc6> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.medicinenet.com/huntington_disease/page7.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400572.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00112-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936516 | 1,230 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The Government of Canada’s terminology and linguistic data bank.
diverticulum: a circumscribed pouch or sac of variable size occurring normally or created by herniation of the lining mucous membrane through a defect in the muscular coat of a tubular organ. 2, record 1, English, - bronchial%20diverticulum
Cavité en forme de cul-de-sac s'ouvrant dans une bronche principale. 1, record 1, French, - diverticule%20bronchique
© Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2016
TERMIUM Plus®, the Government of Canada's terminology and linguistic data bank
A product of the Translation Bureau
Access to a collection of Canadian resources on all aspects of English and French, including quizzes.
A collection of writing tools that cover the many facets of English and French grammar, style and usage.
Access to Translation Bureau glossaries and vocabularies. | <urn:uuid:a97b3e56-af04-49f9-8a85-bba04c40aabd> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca/tpv2alpha/alpha-eng.html?lang=eng&i=1&index=alt&srchtxt=BRONCHIAL%20DIVERTICULUM | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395992.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00113-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.757304 | 202 | 2.53125 | 3 |
|Appears in Collections:||Biological and Environmental Sciences eTheses|
|Title:||The effect of waste disposal on soils in and around historic small towns|
|Authors:||Golding, Kirsty Ann|
|Supervisor(s):||Davidson, Donald A.|
Simpson, Ian A.
Soils based cultural record
Urban waste composting
|Publisher:||University of Stirling|
|Abstract:||Soils in the urban environment are distinctive in that they are modified through waste amendments. Consideration has been given to how urban soil properties reflect current human influence; however, recent studies highlight their potential as historical archives. The impact of waste disposal on the nature, properties and formation of urban soils is significant, especially in historic small towns where the extent and complexity of refuse management practices is only just emerging. This study uses a multi-method approach to characterise and understand modes of urban anthrosol formation in three Scottish burghs; Lauder, Pittenweem and Wigtown. The objectives of this study are threefold; to establish the nature and diversity of urban anthrosols in and near to historic small towns, to characterise and account for the multiplicity of urban anthrosols in and near to historic small towns, and to elucidate the processes associated with waste management and disposal in historic small towns. Physical, chemical and micromorphological analysis of topsoil deposits indicate sustained addition of past waste materials to soils within and near to historic small towns. Soil characteristics were heterogeneous across burghs; however, distinct patterns according to past functional zones were identified. The burgh core and burgh acres are important areas of interest at all three burghs. Soil modification was most pronounced within burgh cores resulting in the formation of hortic horizons. Soils within burgh cores are characterised by neutral pH, increased organic matter content, enhanced magnetic susceptibility and elevated elemental concentrations such as calcium, phosphorus and potassium. In comparison the nature and extent of soil modification within burgh acres is more varied. At Lauder hortic soils were identified in the burgh acres suggesting pronounced soil modification through cultivation. Deepened topsoil in the burgh acres at Pittenweem provided evidence for application of mineral rich waste materials in the past. Moreover, magnetic and elemental enhancement (barium, phosphorus, lead, zinc) within the burgh acres south of Wigtown revealed historic soils based anthropogenic signal. It is argued that changes in soil characteristics at Lauder, Pittenweem and Wigtown can be explained through processes of waste management and disposal in the past. Evidence from micromorphological analyses suggests that waste in burgh cores typically comprised domestic waste, animal waste, building materials and fuel residues. These materials were also identified within burgh acres, although it is noted that their abundances were significantly lower. Variation in urban anthrosol characteristics between burghs is attributed to differing industries and patterns of resource exploitation, for example marine waste associated with fishing was only identified in coastal burghs. The sustained addition of waste materials to soils within and near to historic small towns was an effective waste management strategy. Waste disposal in burgh cores was likely to be a combination of direct application and midden spreading in back gardens. This led to enhanced soil fertility which was important in the development of urban horticulture; particularly for poorer inhabitants who did not have access to arable farm land adjacent to the burgh. Dunghills acted as temporary stores of waste in the main thoroughfares of Lauder, Pittenweem and Wigtown. These dunghills were systematically transported to the burgh acres for further use as a fertiliser; hence, an early form of urban composting. Processes of waste disposal could not be deduced from soil characteristics alone; however, likely methods include direct waste deposition, storage and redistribution of midden waste, and storage and redistribution of dunghills. The limitations of soil classification systems and mapping are highlighted, for example urban soils are either omitted from soil maps or are misclassified. It is recommended that urban soils in historic towns should be incorporated into future regional soil maps. Urban soils represent a complex archive of past human behaviour not necessarily reflected in archaeological excavation or documentary analysis. It is argued that soil and artefacts are equally important, hence soil should be a consideration in urban heritage and conservation strategies.|
|Type:||Thesis or Dissertation|
|Affiliation:||School of Natural Sciences|
Biological and Environmental Sciences
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If you believe that any material held in STORRE infringes copyright, please contact firstname.lastname@example.org providing details and we will remove the Work from public display in STORRE and investigate your claim. | <urn:uuid:eeda400e-bb68-40b5-a770-adf9945ceee7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://dspace.stir.ac.uk/handle/1893/492 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396455.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00164-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934416 | 1,001 | 2.578125 | 3 |
O ne day last month on the Pacific island of Kauai, Steve Perlman was ready to throw himself off a cliff. In a blue t-shirt and cargo pants, Perlman, a botanist, was preparing to lower himself on a rope into Kalalau Valley Rim, a steep piece of land with neither hiking paths nor access roads. The rim sits inside Na Pali Coast State Park, where tourists come to see the rocky hillsides carved away by the Pacific. Where they don’t come is to the rocky hillsides inland that are covered by plants and, more frequently, hungry goats.
Perlman had fixed his eyes on one plant below, a small green specimen that seems to blend in with the flora around it. It’s known as the ale (pronounced ah-lay) or Plantago priceps, a flowering plant that belongs to the plantain family. Even most Hawaiians have never seen it. That’s mostly because only a few dozen of the plants still exist.
By virtue of its geographic isolation, Hawaii has some of the world’s most unique plants. Plants generally spread across continents over a period of centuries. Hawaii’s took the route less traveled, floating across the ocean or hitching a ride in the droppings of long-migrating birds. The state has 1,200 native species and 90 percent of them are endemic, meaning they’re found nowhere else in the world.
Such an impressive superlative is at the same time a liability. Also because of Hawaii’s isolation, there’s nowhere for endemic species to go when threatened by invaders like goats, rats, or ivies, all of which have been brought to the islands by humans. Of the 1,200 endemic species on Hawaii, 100 have already been driven to extinction by invaders. Hundreds of others are on the endangered species list. Of all the plants listed as endangered by the U.S. Department of Interior, 42 percent of them are Hawaiian.
Perlman is a botanist with the National Tropical Botanical Garden, a research institute created by congressional charter in 1964. The garden sits on one of the most pristine pieces of land imaginable, thriving with tropical shrubs and towering trees, cut apart by a river that leads out to the ocean. In 1992, Steven Spielberg brought his crew to the garden to film Jurassic Park. A decade later, Johnny Depp wandered around the same garden as Jack Sparrow in Pirates of the Caribbean.
Movies are fun when they come through, but most of Perlman’s time goes toward a serious—and sometimes seriously hard to explain—project. He used to tell people he wanted to collect the genetic material of hard-to-find plants that had trouble surviving when pitted against a growing number of invaders. Then he figured it’d be easier if he just changed the name of his research. Now it’s known as Hawaii’s Plant Extinction Prevention Program.
No one knows the backwoods of Hawaii quite like Perlman. By definition, rare plants are hard to find. Many of the surviving 900 or so he’s found on long hikes through canyons or up hillsides. Sometimes he takes kayaks out to remote jetties or hires a helicopter to reach inaccessible canyons.
For only a few weeks a year, Plantago princeps—the plant Perlman saw on the side of the canyon—produces fruit. With its fruit are small seeds that are a sort of insurance policy to keep a plant like Plantago alive—perhaps in the lab, ideally even back in the wild if it can be transplanted. Location doesn’t matter as much as simply having its roots buried somewhere, and keeping it healthy enough to photosynthesize.
Over the course of his career, Perlman has seen plants go extinct (20 by his count). “It can be deeply depressing to watch a species that had evolved over millions of years take its last breath in front of your eyes,” Perlman said one day last month. After episodes like these, he usually takes his hat off for a moment of silence. Other times he has gone to a bar.
There’s a practical reason to save rare plants. Of all of the plants on Earth—an estimated 400,000 species—only about one percent have ever been studied for their biomedical potential. Earlier this year, an Indian plant compound known as gedunin that had long been used to treat malaria and inflammation was found to be a possible antidote to the growth of cancer, too. In Samoa, a plant known as mamala has been analyzed for its potential as a treatment for AIDS. Botany can be a discipline of known unknowns. Researchers know there are keys, clues, and cures in plants that simply haven’t been studied yet.
“We’ll never really know what a lot of these plants can do if they disappear,” Perlman said while behind the wheel of an open-topped SUV near Kauai’s Waimea Canyon. In other words, saving plants now could save human lives later.
The work of preventing extinction never really ends. If anything, it only gets more demanding as Hawaii’s climate changes and local goats get hungrier and hungrier. In the next few months, Perlman and other scientists who work with the extinction program plan to visit the other Hawaiian islands—places like Oahu where thousands of tourists tromp each year, and Molokai, the much more sparsely visited isle to the east.
In a field of work that can be more depressing than full of rewards, there are still occasional moments of genuine surprise. A few years ago, Perlman was hiking near the top of Kauai’s Mt. Kapalaoa. At 2,600 feet above sea level, the peak is unforgiving, covered in places with steep volcanic rocks, many dating back to the early formation of the six-million-year-old island.
As he wandered, Perlman came across a plant he didn’t recognize. It was later named Cyanea kolekoleensis, or simply in Hawaiian, haha. Then he found another called Labordia tinifolia var wahiawaensis, a plant with leaves covered in shiny varnish. In all, the botanist who spends his days trying to convince people that plants are disappearing forever ended up discovering four new species no one had ever heard of before. Death, on occasion, has moments of rebirth. | <urn:uuid:780b88c0-e615-4221-89d8-4e9c5fb93593> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://onward.nationalgeographic.com/2013/12/14/the-race-to-save-the-worlds-rarest-plants/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00091-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964406 | 1,354 | 3.203125 | 3 |
British Forces Commanded by Edward Nicholls Spanish Forces Commanded by Gov. Mateo Gonz�lez Manrique
Conclusion: American Victory
The Battle of Pensacola, was a battle in which the American forces fought against the British, Spanish and Indians allied to the British.
After defeating the Red Stick Creeks at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, Brig. Gen. Andrew Jackson planned to drive the British from the Spanish city of Pensacola, then march to New Orleans to defend the city against any British attack. American forces had diminished and Jackson was forced to wait for volunteers to arrive before moving against the city.
In early November, Jackson assembled an army of up to 4,000 at Fort Montgomery. On November 3, he moved out against Pensacola reaching the city on the 6th. He first sent a messenger under a white flag of truce to the Spanish governor, Mateo Gonzáles Manrique.
The messenger approached the city and was fired upon by the British garrison in Fort St. Michael. Eventually a messenger was sent through and offered the demands that after the British evacuated the forts, Americans would garrison them until relieved by Spanish troops which would serve only to ensure Spain's neutrality in the conflict. Manrique denied these demands even though he had no more than 500 soldiers in Pensacola.
At dawn, Jackson had 3,000 troops marching on the city. The Americans flanked the city from the east to avoid fire from the forts and marched along the beachfront. The sandy beach made it difficult to move up the artillery. The attack went ahead nonetheless and was met with resistance in the center of town by a line of infantry supported by a battery. The Americans charged and captured the battery. At this point, Manrique appeared with a white flag and agreed to any terms Jackson put forwards if only he would spare the town.
Jackson demanded the immediate surrender of all fort surrounding Pensacola. Forts Boyer and St. Michael were surrendered but Fort Barrancas guarding the harbor, remained in British hands. Jackson planned to capture the fort by storm the next day but it was blown up and abandoned before Jackson could move on it, and the remaining British fled Pensacola along with the British fleet.
The Battle of Pensacola had forced the British from Pensacola and left the Spanish in control but angered that the British had fled in such a hurry once Jackson's force had attacked. Andrew Jackson suspected the fleet which had left Pensacola harbor would return to strike at Mobile, Alabama. Jackson sent out to Mobile and upon reaching the town received requests to hurry to the defense of New Orleans. | <urn:uuid:f4f288be-fd90-4cc2-ace6-099928d0e09c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.mywarof1812.com/battles/141107.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403823.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00178-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973468 | 537 | 3.359375 | 3 |
It's always been a challenge for astronomers to record the mass of a star directly, but a new study suggests a novel way to try it as long as the planets (and moons) align.
The new star-measuring method has promise, but it comes with a lot of 'ifs.'
It only works if the star in question has a planet, and that planet has a moon, and both bodies cross in front of the star.
If all those ingredients are present, then astronomers can use the new method to calculate the star's mass directly by measuring the sizes and orbits of the planet and moon, researchers said. [Illustration: Planet and moon cross in front of star.]
"I often get asked how astronomers weigh stars," David Kipping of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics said in a statement. "We've just added a new technique to our toolbox for that purpose."
To date, astronomers have found nearly 500 alien planets, more than 90 of which cross in front of or transit their stars from our perspective. Astronomers can detect such planets by watching for the dips in a star's brightness that transits cause a technique known as the "transit method."
By measuring the amount of starlight a planet blocks, astronomers can also calculate how big it is relative to the star. But researchers can't know exactly how big the planet is unless they know the actual size of the star.
How it works
often give a very good estimate of star sizes, but direct
measurements would be best, researchers said.
Kipping realized that if a transiting planet has a moon big enough to be seen from Earth (by also blocking the star's light), then the planet-moon-star system could be measured in a way that allows scientists to calculate exactly how large and massive all three bodies are.
"Basically, we measure the orbits of the planet around the star and the moon around the planet," Kipping said. "Then through Kepler's laws of motion, it's possible to calculate the mass of the star."
The process isn't easy, and it requires several steps.
By measuring how the
star's light dims when planet and moon transit, astronomers learn
three key things: the orbital periods of the moon and planet; the
size of their orbits relative to the star; and the size of the planet
and moon relative to the star.
Plugging those numbers into Kepler's Third Law which relates a body's orbital period to its orbital distance yields the density of the star and the planet. Since density is mass divided by volume, the relative densities and relative sizes give the relative masses.
measure the star's wobble due to the planet's gravitational tug,
known as the radial velocity. Combining the measured velocity with
the relative masses, they can calculate the mass of the star
"If there was no moon, this whole exercise would be impossible," Kipping said. "No moon means we can't work out the exact density of the planet, so the whole thing grinds to a halt."
Kipping hasn't put his method into practice yet, since no star is known to have both a planet and moon that transit. However, NASA's planet-hunting Kepler mission could discover several such systems, researchers said.
"When they're found, we'll be ready to weigh them," Kipping said.
This research will appear in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
- Gallery: Strangest Alien Planets
- Top 10 Extreme Planet Facts
- 500th Alien Planet Could Be Discovered This Month | <urn:uuid:81bf74fc-67b8-4fbd-a18e-50b9d43b9e28> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.space.com/9344-weigh-star-alien-planet-moon.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396029.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00086-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944606 | 743 | 4.25 | 4 |
THEY have been symbols of Australia for more than a century; they predate the Australian flag by decades and have certainly lasted longer than the green and the gold or any chant of Aussie, Aussie, Aussie, oi, oi, oi. But ask just about any Australian to identify them and they’d be stumped.
They are the Australian state and territory flags and you have five seconds to describe yours — starting NOW. Drawing a blank? You’re not alone.
Vice President of Flags Australia, an organisation dedicated to the study of Australian flags, Tony Burton, said recognition of the state flags was, well, flagging.
“It’s true to say that your average Australian might not focus on the state flag in comparison with the national flag,” he told news.com.au.
“I’ve yet to see anyone wearing the NSW flag on their thongs, cape or underpants.”
A 2011 survey by think tank the Australia Institute found half the population could not identify their own state’s flag.
The flags of Victoria and New South Wales fared particularly badly with only 35 per cent and 44 per cent of people respectively picking the right banner. Neither state government makes widespread use of the flag or the symbols upon it, with Victoria preferring its new ‘big V’ logo and NSW opting for an emblem based on the native lotus, sorry I mean waratah, plant.
University of NSW lecturer in information graphics, and flag fan, Louise Kolff, said the state symbols were past their sell-by date.
“Having lived in NSW for nine years, I have no image in my mind of the state’s flag,” she told news.com.au.
“With their blue backgrounds and the Union Jack in the corner they are too similar to create a distinct visual identity for the states and many of the emblems refer to a colonial past, with symbolism that doesn’t seem relevant.”
The first state flag was Western Australia’s which was adopted in 1870. Featuring a black swan over a yellow disc, it references the foundations of the state at the Swan River Settlement and the sun setting over the ocean. But as Australia didn’t exist as one nation until federation in 1901, it wasn’t a state flag at all but rather that of a British colony directly ruled from London. As such, it made perfect sense to put the emphasis on the Union Flag, the official name for the Union Jack.
“Nobody really thought state flags were that important because there was already a flag — the flag of the motherland and as everyone saw themselves as British why fuss about another flag if we’ve already got one,” said Mr Burton.
The banner of NSW features a lion symbolising the UK and monarchy and the four stars are a version of the Southern Cross constellation.
Queensland has a self-explanatory royal crown but the light blue Maltese cross beneath it is more mysterious. “It may have something to do with the first governor of Queensland, George Bowen, being a member of the Order of St Michael and St George which has a similar cross but another story was that his wife was Maltese,” said Mr Burton, “But I would put this in the realm of folklore.”
With Federation in 1901 the former flags of the colonies neatly slipped into becoming the flags of the states. And when a national flag was needed, and the capital at that time was Melbourne, what could be easier than simply nicking Victoria’s flag, slapping on a big new star beneath the Union Jack and hey presto, job done. To this day Victoria’s flag is almost indistinguishable from Australia’s.
“The similarity to one another of Australia’s state flags speaks to their shared origins as offshoots of the British Empire and egalitarian roots,” says Dr Tony Moore, an expert in national identity at Monash University. “But it fails to recognise that there are distinct differences between the states when it comes to their history, politics and identities perhaps that’s why they haven’t been embraced widely.”
Ms Kolff said to be a success a flag had to contain symbolism that resonated with the people it represented, speak to the outside world, be simple and aesthetically pleasing and easily identifiable. On almost all counts the current state flags were a fail.
“When NSW and Queensland play each other in the State of Origin matches, sports fans pledge their allegiance to the colour of their state, either blue or maroon, an identity absent from the state flags.”
But there are two flags, which have come into being far more recently, which Ms Kolff considers more of a success — those of the Northern and Australian Capital territories. Indeed, the Australian Institute survey revealed 91 per cent of Territorians recognised the NT’s flag. Adopted in 1978, when Canberra devolved day to day running of the state to Darwin, it ditched the Union Jack completely for an ochre, black and white design featuring the Southern Cross and the Sturt’s desert rose flower.
“It is beautiful, simple and easy to recognise,” said Ms Kolff. “To me the black and brown speaks of vast night skies, desert ground, aboriginal culture, of unity, symmetry and flowering life in the midst. If each state adopted a design in line with the NT and ACT flags, with their own existing colours and revised relevant emblems, much stronger identifications with the flags would emerge.”
The basic design of both flags could be used, she said, with the Southern Cross to the left and a distinct emblem to the right but the greater flexibility in terms of colour would ensure they remained unique.
TIME TO CHANGE THE FLAGS?
The states could take the lead in changing their flags, said Ms Kolff, potentially paving the way for a new national flag. “I doubt there would be too many people distraught to see their state flag updated.”
However, in contrast, Mr Burton said with New Zealand and Fiji looking to move away from flags featuring the Union Jack there could be a reason to do nothing.
“If we don’t do anything with our flags we may actually end up with a really distinctive ones.” | <urn:uuid:12090af8-ccd7-4be9-9404-d8ea386347c2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.news.com.au/finance/work/is-now-the-time-to-change-australias-alltoo-similar-state-flags/news-story/986224fb8048184eaef4422cf2823019?from=public_rss | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395992.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00060-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951032 | 1,331 | 2.859375 | 3 |
RNase contamination Commercial mini-prep kits are a useful tool for the preparation of template DNA but are often the source of introducing RNase A to the in vitro protein synthesis reaction. The inclusion of RNase Inhibitor (NEB #M0314S, 20 units/25 μl reaction) often overcomes this problem. Template DNA design is compromised Ensure that the sequence of the template DNA is correct. The coding region as well as the regulatory sequences need to be correct and in-frame to ensure that translation is initiated properly and that a full-length product is made. Non-optimal regulatory sequences and/or spacing may adversely affect translational efficiency. Translation initiation is a key step for successful protein synthesis. Secondary structure or rare codons at the beginning of the mRNA may compromise the initiation process and adversely affect protein synthesis. The addition of a good initiation region (e.g. first ten codons of maltose binding protein) may help, assuming that adding residues to the target sequence can be tolerated. Alternatively, using PCR to modify the 5’ end of the target gene can be a successful strategy to eliminate secondary structural elements or rare codons. Template DNA is contaminated Inhibitors of transcription or translation may be present in the DNA. A simple mixing experiment (control DNA + target DNA, compared to control DNA alone) will reveal whether inhibitors are present. Inhibitors in the target DNA will reduce the yield of the control protein. Do not use DNA purified from agarose gels as they often contain inhibitors of translation (e.g. ethidium bromide). Residual SDS from plasmid preparation protocols is another common contaminant and can be removed by phenol:chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation. When performing ethanol preciptation we recommend the use of sodium acetate rather than ammonium acetate, a known inhibitor of translation. Be careful to remove all traces of ethanol. Templates produced by PCR need to be free of non-specific amplification products. These contaminants may contain transcription signals and thus compete for and titrate out transcription and/or translation components. As a result, yields may suffer and unwanted truncated products may be produced. Template DNA concentration is not optimal The concentration of template DNA is important as in vitro protein synthesis is a balance of transcription and translation. Too little template reduces the amount of actively translated mRNA while too much template results in the overproduction of mRNA and the overwhelming of the translational apparatus. We recommend 250 ng of template DNA for a 25 μl reaction. Optimization with different amounts of template DNA (e.g. 25-1000 ng) may improve yield of a particular target protein. If UV absorbance was used to calculate the concentration of the template DNA, be aware that RNA or chromosomal DNA will also absorb UV light. If your sample has significant amounts of RNA or chromosomal DNA, the actual amount of template DNA may be lower than the calculated amount. The 260 nm/280 nm ratio should be 1.8. Running some of the template DNA on an agarose gel may reveal the presence of other nucleic acids as well as any degradation or incorrect size of the template DNA. | <urn:uuid:9c215ba1-5c3e-4f73-b07f-0229a94bfa2b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://www.neb.com/faqs/1/01/01/when-using-purexpress-nbsp-i-was-able-to-synthesize-the-control-protein-but-the-target-sample-is | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400572.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00075-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.886221 | 644 | 2.734375 | 3 |
I've been studying optimism – and how to teach it to children – for more than 15 years. The research is clear: optimism is a critical skill for happiness, health and success.
When we compare optimists to pessimists, we find that optimists are happier; they're less likely to become depressed or anxious; they do better in school and work. They're more resilient and they live longer! We also know that unlike eye color or how tall a child will be, optimism is something that we can change and also teach.
Now, as a mother of four, I know how hectic life can be. Yesterday I looked in my planner to find that I had a meeting, my son's orthodontist appointment, and a client all scheduled at 4pm! Given the pace of our lives, if someone told me that in addition to everything I am already doing, I also need to set aside time to teach my children how to be optimistic, there is a good chance I would explode. The good news is that as parents, we can easily teach our children how to think optimistically through simple, everyday activities and strategies.
So, what is optimism anyway? Optimism is the belief that good things will happen in the future and that you can help bring about positive change in your life and in the world. Optimism fuels resilience in the face of adversity. It makes us feel happy and confident, and motivates us to keep trying even when we encounter roadblocks to our goals.
Unfortunately, it's not always easy to be optimistic because of what I call "pessimism traps." Pessimism traps are common tendencies that most of us have that heighten pessimism and block optimism. I'll describe two common pessimism traps and will share simple activities and strategies that will keep your child from falling into these traps, and will instead build their optimism.
Pessimism Trap 1: Focusing on the Bad
As a species, we seem to be hard-wired to pay more attention to the bad things that happen in a day than the good things. It's called the negativity bias. The negativity bias leads us to notice, remember and ruminate about the parking spots we couldn't find, the unkind look we received, the quarrel over breakfast. These things stick while the good stuff tends to fade. We find it hard to hold on to the image of the person who smiled as we passed her on the street, or to remember the funny quip our child made while climbing onto the school bus, or to recall the tender way our spouse rubbed our neck while watching TV. The more we focus on the negative, the more worry, frustration, anger and sadness we'll feel.
Optimism Strategy: Hunt the Good Stuff!
Fortunately, the tendency to spend more time thinking about the bad than the good is completely reversible. I'm not suggesting we stick our heads in the sand and deny bad things happen. We can, however, be more balanced in what we focus on. One simple way to build optimism in your children is to help them learn how to hunt the good stuff. Here are two ideas:
Take a Happiness Scavenger Hunt: Next time you are taking a walk with your children, ask them to point out anything they notice that makes them smile: a friend waving to them, a bright red cardinal peeking out from a tree limb, the sight of their favorite ice cream store. This activity teaches your children to notice and share the everyday good things that surround them, and builds optimism and happiness.
Keep a Good Stuff Journal: Another way to counteract the negativity bias is to keep a family journal of the good things that happened in the day. I labeled ours the "Good Stuff Journal" and a couple nights a week, before the kids go to bed, I ask them to share something good that happened that day. I write it down and ask them one question to help them savor the good thing. Sometimes I ask, how did you feel when that happened? Or, how did you contribute to that good thing? Or, what did you like about that good thing?
Pessimism Trap 2: Negative Self-Talk
All of us have an internal radio station that plays "You, You, You – 24/7." I've named mine WKRN and I'm constantly amazed by the creative ways it can cut me down, undermine my mood and deplete my confidence. Here's a sample of what was on the play list when I was about to give a talk recently: "Oh, Karen, You'll Bore Them to Tears," followed by "You're So Unprepared and Everyone Knows It," culminating in my personal favorite, "You're a Fraud and the Gig is Up."
Negative self-talk is common, particularly during moments of stress, and it is toxic! Children, like adults, are often their own worst enemies. Few of us would ever talk as nastily to others as we do to ourselves. The cost of negative self-talk is that it undercuts resilience, breeds pessimism and compromises our performance.
Optimism Strategy: Change the Play List
You can help your child change a negative play list to a positive one by fighting back against these harsh accusations. In fact, I recommend that you practice this yourself so that you increase your own optimism as well.
When we hear our children being overly negative in their thinking, our natural tendency is to try to cheer them up. Recently, one of my sons finished a soccer game and reported, "I'm the worst one out there. I can't do anything right. I totally sucked."
Every cell in my body wanted to shout out, "Don't be silly, it's the World Cup for you one day! You're a star!"
But I didn't. Had I pumped my son up with false praise, all that would have done is erode his trust in me. False praise communicates that we don't want to hear about their struggles or worries. With too much false praise, your children will learn to keep quiet about their fears and disappointments. So instead of World Cupping him, I first listened to him describe how horrible he was and I empathized. Then, after I'd given him time to express himself, I asked him questions that were designed to help him fight back against the overly pessimistic thoughts playing on his internal radio station.
· Fight back with evidence: "What is one thing that you did well in the game?" This question helps children come up with one piece of evidence that proves their negative beliefs are not completely true, and increases their optimism.
· Make a plan: "What is something you can do this week to increase the chances that you'll play better next time?" This question helps children shift from focusing on the problem to focusing on a solution. When kids create a plan for success, their confidence builds and anxiety lessens.
· Practice compassion: "What would you say to your best friend who told you he/she was thinking this way?" This question helps children become more gentle and compassionate toward themselves. When kids practice treating themselves the way they would treat their best friend, they start to focus on their strengths, not just their weaknesses.
KAREN REIVICH, Ph.D., worked with Pepperidge Farm®Goldfish® to develop Fishful ThinkingSM, a program to help keep kids positive. For everyday strategies and activities to enhance your child's optimism, visit www.fishfulthinking.com. | <urn:uuid:330ba81f-c40c-4e90-a929-eb73b91ab5ac> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nymetroparents.com/article/How-to-Raise-an-Optimistic-Child | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398075.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00152-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972906 | 1,530 | 2.9375 | 3 |
In order to make robot building even more efficient, you don't only purchase any multimeter, but you can purchase one with extra features that are not typically included in basic multimeters. Although the price will be higher, it is well worth the purchase.
Previously, I wrote about the required features of multimeters for robot building. In this article, I will cover other nice-to-have recommended features that are worth paying the extra for. However, if you’re budget is limited, you can stick with a more basic multimeter. The recommended features make the task of robot building easier and more efficient.
Capacitance is an indication of how many electrons can be stored, and is measured in farads. For robotic purposes, it is recommended to have a capacitance range of 0.000000000020 f to 0.01 F. Although most multimeters do have the capacitance feature, most do not have as wide a range.
The diode mode is an indication as to how much electrical pressure is needed to turn a semiconductor on, and is measured in volts. For robotic purposes, the diode mode is critical since it can aid us in identifying different types of diodes, and identifying and testing transistors.
Continuity is an indication as to whether or not there is an electrical connection between two different points, and is meas ured in ohms. The continuity feature comes in two forms--audible and inaudible. Audible continuity means that a beep is sounded when an electrical connection exists between two points. Inaudible continuity means that you will have to use the resistance setting, in which you must look at the display instead of listening for a beep.
Frequency is an indication as to how many times something is happening every second, and is measured in hertz. For robotic purposes, it is recommended to have a frequency range of 0.1 Hz to 50,000,000 Hz. Although some multimeters do have a frequency feature, most do not have as wide a range.
Duty cycle is an indication as to how frequently a measurement is high as compared to how frequently a measurement is low, and is measured in percentages. For robotics, the duty cycle measurement is crucial for pulse-width modulation. This feature is usually accessed in the frequency mode. Most multimeters do not have the duty cycle feature.
The transistor mode gives an indication as to the amount of amplification of a transistor by measuring the hFE. By inserting a transistor into the socket holes, you can determine its bipolar nature, whether npn or pnp. If your multimeter does not have a transistor mode, you can use the diode feature to determine the bipolar nature of a transistor. | <urn:uuid:fb0efa78-bbd2-4066-80c1-28c115d0b5a4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.brighthubengineering.com/robotics/60531-recommended-additional-features-for-multimeters-in-robot-building/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399425.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00132-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956235 | 555 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Discrimination is the ability to tell the difference between object/persons and responding to them differently.
In this statement, "discrimination" can be interpreted in more than one way. You want the test to discriminate between potentially capable employees and those that will be inept.
If it is valid, it will "measure what it was intended to measure." To be valid, it has to be relatively reliable. On the other hand, just because it is reliable, does not necessarily mean it is valid. The tests need to be picked to measure the desired qualities for adequate/good job performance.
On the other hand, you do not want it to discriminate on the basis of gender, age, race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation or other factors that will not apply to efficiency in the employment. Differences in the background experiences (e.g., education, informal training) or group characteristics may interfere with test scores, but not job performance. For example, older people typically do not perform as well on speed tests as younger people. However, if speed is not a component of job performance, a speed test will unfairly discriminate against older people.
I hope this helps. Thanks for asking. | <urn:uuid:c6119120-6350-42ea-9d48-f2be70bcfd5a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.jiskha.com/display.cgi?id=1193206936 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396027.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00200-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960236 | 241 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Let us define a regular brackets sequence in the following way:
- Empty sequence is a regular sequence.
- If S is a regular sequence, then (S) and [S] are both regular sequences.
- If A and B are regular sequences, then AB is a regular sequence.
For example, all of the following sequences of characters are regular
(), , (()), (), (), ()[()]
And all of the following character sequences are not:
Some sequence of characters '(', ')', '[', and ']' is given. You are to find
the shortest possible regular brackets sequence, that contains the given
character sequence as a subsequence. Here, a string
a1a2...an is called a subsequence of the string
b1b2...bm, if there exist such indices
1 ≤ i1 < i2 < ... < in ≤ m,
that aj=bij for all 1 ≤ j ≤ n.
The input contains at most 100 brackets (characters '(', ')', '[' and ']')
that are situated on a single line without any other characters among them.
Write a single line that contains some regular brackets sequence
that has the minimal possible length and contains the given sequence as a
Problem Author: Andrew Stankevich
Problem Source: 2001-2002 ACM Northeastern European Regional Programming Contest | <urn:uuid:9dd756a5-6508-4fbe-a554-1990a6f98b9b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://acm.timus.ru/problem.aspx?space=1&num=1183 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397873.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00162-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909821 | 285 | 3.984375 | 4 |
"Unhealthy gums result from an active bacterial infection, so there's probably something else going on in your body that's not good," says Domenick Zero, D.D.S., director of the oral-health research institute at Indiana University. And research has linked diseases of the mouth to problems in the pancreas, stomach, sinuses, and more. Luckily, your mouth is easier to explore than your organs, and symptoms appear early enough for you to stop the damage.
Here's what your mouth is saying, if you'd only lend an ear.
What the fumes are saying: "A lot of cases of bad breath don't originate in the mouth," says Ted Raybould, D.M.D., a professor of dentistry at the University of Kentucky. "One common source is the sinuses." Inflammation of your nasal passages can be caused by allergies or a chronic infection, and can breed bad breath in two ways. First, a stuffy nose forces you to inhale and exhale through your mouth. This dries up saliva that would otherwise kill bacteria, the source of most bad breath. Second, post-nasal drip is a potent producer of halitosis. "Mucus flows down the back of your nose and onto the back of your tongue," says Mel Rosenberg, Ph.D., a microbiologist at Tel Aviv University. This accumulating slime feeds bacteria, which in turn breed volatile sulfur compounds, the chemicals that create foul oral odor.
How to answer back: Start by changing your rinse-and-spit routine. "Gargle with mouthwash before bed, rather than in the morning," says Rosenberg. "At night, your mouth produces less saliva, so the bacteria aren't being washed away as regularly." And the longer bacteria linger, the more sulfurous stink bombs they can create. "Gargle for half a minute and target the back of your tongue," he says. "Tilt your head back and breathe through your nose." If that doesn't do away with the stench, you may actually be harboring a nasty sinus infection that could spread to other body parts. Book an appointment with an ear, nose, and throat specialist for a diagnosis. They may prescribe antibiotics or allergy medication to clear your sinuses for good. (To locate one, go to entnet.org and click on "Find an ENT.")
What those scabby patches are saying: Cold sores feel bad and look worse, but that's minor compared with the heart havoc the herpes virus can wreak. In a study published in the journal Circulation, researchers tested people for an antibody that shows prior infection with herpes simplex 1 (HSV1), then monitored them for 4 years. Those whose blood contained the antibody were twice as likely to have suffered a heart attack. The reason? HSV1 lies dormant in the nervous system until stress, illness, or fatigue causes a cold sore. Researchers suspect that when the virus reactivates, it triggers a nerve response in the coronary artery that may lead to dangerous clotting.
How to answer back: Megadoses of stress can bring on a cold sore and a heart attack, so taming tension could help you avoid both. In a recent German study, 21 cold-sore sufferers were assigned either 5 weeks of hypnosis, in which they were taught to cope with stress, or a placebo treatment. After 6 months, hypnotized subjects reported up to 43 percent fewer cold-sore symptoms and lower levels of stress. Go to asch.net to find a certified clinical hypnotherapist near you. Or consider another method of stress relief, such as yoga, tai chi, or meditation. Research shows these can quell tension and increase immune-system cells.
What your gushing gums are saying: Blood on your toothbrush means a raging infection. "It's the first indicator of an unhealthy mouth," says Dr. Zero. Gums become infected when plaque, a bacteria-laden film that forms on your teeth after you eat, is allowed to harden at the gum line. And tooth loss and heart disease aren't your only risks: Gingivitis has also been linked to a lethal cancer. In a recent Harvard study of more than 52,000 men, those with infected gums were 63 percent more prone to pancreatic cancer than those with inflammation-free mouths. Researchers blame the bacteria, which they think reacts with digestive chemicals to create fertile conditions for cancer-cell growth.
How to answer back: Sugar is an enemy to both your mouth and your pancreas. The sweet stuff worsens gingivitis by feeding the plaque that causes it. And a recent study in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition reveals that people who regularly added sugar to coffee, tea, or cereal were 69 percent more prone to pancreatic cancer than those who didn't. Replace your 2 spoonfuls with an artificial sweetener, such as Splenda, or eat walnuts. They're high in methionine, an amino acid that lowered pancreatic-cancer risk by nearly 70 percent in a Swedish study.
What your teeth are saying: Acid is on the attack. Your stomach is built to contain digestive juices that break down food. But when acid escapes and heads north to sear sensitive structures and cause heartburn, it can keep on moving into your mouth, dissolving enamel and making your teeth sensitive. In fact, when researchers at the University of Valencia, in Spain, examined the mouths of 253 people, those who suffered from acid reflux were three times more likely to have tooth erosion than their heartburn-free peers. And if your reflux is severe enough to wear on your teeth, it may also be causing more deadly damage: Chronic heartburn can lead to esophageal cancer.
How to answer back: Soda puts a hurt on your enamel and worsens heartburn. "The carbonation in soda causes your stomach to expand," says William Chey, M.D., a professor of gastroenterology at the University of Michigan. This can pop the esophageal sphincter—the cork that traps stomach acid inside your gut. And when Medical University of South Carolina scientists measured the amount of acid in people's esophagi after they drank soda, it matched levels found in people with chronic reflux disease. Substitute water for soda and chew sugarless gum to increase saliva, which contains enamel-repairing minerals.
What your scorched lips are saying: "If you don't use adequate protection, you can develop skin cancer on the lips," says Dr. Raybould. Your lower lip is one of the most common sites for squamous-cell carcinoma to set in, according to the Skin Cancer Foundation. Worse, this cancer is most apt to spread when it takes root in your mouth.
How to answer back: Smear on a lip balm that packs an SPF of 30, like Proderma ($3.50, prodermaproducts.com), every time you're outdoors. Keep a tube in your car, too; UVA light crashes through untinted car windows. Also, down one bottle of Pure Green, made by Tea's Tea, every afternoon; it contains the therapeutic two servings of green tea you need to fight back against skin cancer. Studies show that antioxidants in green tea can reduce your risk of the disease by 70 percent to 80 percent.
Decode these changes in the color and texture of your tongue to I.D. impending illness.
A Painless Bump
Feel a bump that didn't come from an inadvertent bite? Stick out your tongue and look for a white or red patch, a yellow-gray ulcer with a red halo, or a thickening of tissue. Each can signal oral cancer. "Just because you don't have pain doesn't mean there isn't a problem," says Craig Miller, D.M.D., a professor of oral medicine at the University of Kentucky. Call your dentist for a cancer screening if the bump doesn't disappear within 10 days.
Dark or Fuzzy Patches
These could be colonies of bacteria stained by coffee, tea, or tobacco. "Use a tongue scraper daily to remove them and stop further growth," says Michele Carr, R.D.H., M.A., an associate professor of dental hygiene at Ohio State University. Your doctor or dentist can prescribe antibiotics to stop the infection.
Redness and Pain
If your tongue is as red as a cherry Popsicle, it could be glossitis, a medical term for a painful or swollen tongue. It's more common in men than in women, and can be a sign of vitamin deficiency, infection, or even a food allergy. Smoking or drinking can also bring it on. See your doctor for a definitive diagnosis. He may prescribe supplements, antibiotics, or allergy meds to clear it up. | <urn:uuid:cdce00c5-eec5-43cc-93e5-f444d4596063> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.menshealth.com/health/watch-your-filthy-mouth | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00156-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948959 | 1,831 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Saint Patrick has been a figure of legend for over one and a half thousand years and the legend is so powerful that the real man has become lost….The real Patrick was a figure of controversy in Britain rather than the perfect saint which is depicted in the legend. One reason for this is that Patrick tells us that at the age of 15 he committed a sin and as he says this was a sin that was committed in ‘a single hour in a single day’ – cue a lot of speculation as to the nature of Patrick’s sin. He tells this sin to his best friend and his best friend shatters Patrick’s confidentiality and makes it widely known among the hierarchy of the British church. As a result of this, British churchmen…seem to have rejected his wish to become a missionary in Ireland with their official sanction. Despite the fact that he is rejected by the British hierarchy he does go to Ireland as a bishop…probably a self-proclaimed bishop and he certainly was not made a bishop by the Pope as the later Irish legend tells us…
Dr Elva Johnston
In a podcast for the History Hub.ie podcast series Dr Elva Johnston (UCD) tries to separate the historical man Patrick from the mythical legend of Ireland’s patron saint.
Dr Johnston lectures on early medieval Ireland in the School of History and Archives, University College Dublin.
To subscribe to the History Hub.ie podcast series just follow the links below (iTunes/RSS).
Image: Saint Patrick stained glass window from Cathedral of Christ the Light, Oakland, California, USA. By Sicarr (Flickr) [CC-BY-2.0], via Wikimedia Commons | <urn:uuid:4cf3f4d7-c00d-4927-9e38-0843b5b88a09> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://historyhub.ie/saint-patrick-historical-man-and-popular-myth | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403508.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00034-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967986 | 343 | 3.03125 | 3 |
The Bruce Murray Space Image Library
The Moon, the Sun, and Venus
Filed under pretty pictures, the Moon, NASA lunar missions before 2005
This is one of the most widely-seen images from the Clementine mission to the moon in the 1990s: the Moon eclipsing the Sun, with the planet Venus shining brightly nearby.
NASA / Naval Research Laboratory
Original image data dated on or about April 1, 1994.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. For uses not allowed by that license, contact us to request publication permission from the copyright holder: Bill Dunford
Other Related Images
Pretty pictures and | <urn:uuid:590d1d6b-bfa7-412b-81a3-c94c714205f0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.planetary.org/multimedia/space-images/earth/20130224_clementine_venusmoon.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391766.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00015-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.782883 | 142 | 2.921875 | 3 |
18.2 Stairs: Wood Riser Stairs
Wood Riser Stairs
Calculating Stair Rise
Use a string and string level to determine the height of the stairs.
- Mark the end of our stairs with a stake driven in at the point where the bottom riser will sit. The distance should be evenly divisible by twice the width of your decking boards. If not, adjust the position of the stake.
- Stretch your string out to the stake and adjust it until the level bubble is centered.
- Measure from the string to ground level at the base of the stake.
- Divide the height of the string by 8. Divide any remainder and add it equally to each step (for example, 33” deck height, equals 4 stairs, 8 ¼” each)
Stringer Stair Construction
Stair stringers are cut from 2x12 lumber. For exposed side stringers, use cedar lumber. Make one stringer for each 16 inches of stair width. Allow for light boxes if riser lights will be installed. Stair risers are cut from 2x8 material. Stair treads are made from deck board material.
- Use a framing square to mark stringers. Use the outside of the “L” to mark for rise and tread.
- Starting from the outside corner of the square, find the mark that indicates the dimension of your tread. Position the square with that mark on one long edge of the 2x12 and the corner of the square on the board.
- Starting from the same point, locate the mark that matches the dimension of your rise on the other “leg” of the square. Position it on the same edge you used for the tread mark.
- Trace along the square’s outside corner to mark a “v” notch with one angle of the V being equal to the tread, and the other equal to the rise.
- Repeat for each step, so that the tread starts where the rise below ended.
- Cut along the marks to remove the “v” sections.
- Cut the ends of your stringer at 90 degrees to the top tread, and the bottom rise, sot that the bottom will set flat on the ground and the stop will rest flat against the drop block.
Attaching Stringers to Deck With Drop Blocks
Stringers must be securely attached to the deck at the top end. The bottom end is typically left free floating, with gravity holding it in place. Work carefully to ensure the stringer height is spaced properly down from the top of the deck and level.
- Attach 2x4 drop blocks at each corner and at least one in the center of your stairs.
- Position them so that the top end rests against the bottom of the deck boards, with one flat face against the inside of the rim joist, or deck face plate.
- Screw them in place.
- Attach a piece of 2x6 horizontally along the bottom edge of the rim joist across the width of the stairs.
- Screw through this stair “ledger” to the drop blocks.
- Fit the Stringers so that the back angle of the top fits flush against the face of the stair stringer you installed. Screw through the ledger into the stringer.
- Attach treads to the top of each step notch on the stringer with screws.
Attach risers to the front of each notch.
Drop blocks for stair support are fastened to the back of the front faceplate or outside joist. The stairs are secured to the drop blocks thru the back frame of the stairs.
DO NOT install drop blocks where rail posts or step lights are to be installed.
Low Maintenance Riser Stairs
To create composite deck stairs, use the same construction techniques described for standard stairs. Replace the treads and risers with composite material. Be sure that stringers are spaced no more than 16 inches apart. Composite material will not support the same weight as PT and other wood lumber. Add blocking as needed below stair treads to prevent sagging.
- Low maintenance stairs are built similar to wood stairs
- A kick plate of decking or trim is used rather than 1 ½ “ Cedar
- A wood filler the same thickness as the maintenance free kick plate supports the front edge of the tread and is covered up by the stair trim
- Stringer cladding may be one or two pieces wide depending on the width of the material
Riser Stairs and Landings
Landings are used to break up the run of the stairs and often to change the stair direction. Landings are supported by their own post, beam, joist structure.
Be sure to off set the centre stair stringer if lights are being installed into the risers of the steps. Stair rail is installed at 32” to 36” in height on the stairs.
A 2x8 cedar trim board is fastened to both outside stringers just above each piece of riser trim. This adds strength to the stringers, boxes in the stairs, and closes in the space under the bottom rail to meet building code. Low maintenance decking and cladding can also be used for almost maintenance free stairs.
This landing has been used to change direction of the stairs. 42” hand rail was required on the landing for this high deck.
Riser Stairs that Finish on a Landing
To calculate number of stairs and stair rise and run:
- Overall rise (35”) divided by maximum rise (8”) = 4.375 = 5 stairs
- Overall rise (35”) divided by 5 stairs = 7” step rise
- Landing is 3 treads/ 4 risers (4x7”) below deck level
- Run is always 2 boards wide on stringer stairs
- Run (11 ¼ ) x 3 stairs = 33 ¾ “ Front faceplate to kick plate of last step
- We recommend that the landing extends 12” under the bottom step
- Total run (33 ¾ “) – 12” support of landing under step = 21 ¾ “
- Front faceplate of deck to back edge of landing = 21 ¾ “
Deduct 1 ½” or thickness of the kick plate off of the top of the back of the stringer which allows for the front kick plate. Deduct the thickness of the decking off of the bottom of the stringer.
Make sure that any riser trim that is added to your steps is positioned flush with the tread to prevent tripping hazards. Use trim at least 3 ½ inches wide and make sure it is completely secure. Smaller trim is likely to work its way loose and cause a hazard. Avoid trim on the sides or rear of treads. The goal should be to keep the surface open and free from possible obstructions.
- 1. Before You Begin
- 2. Deck Layout
- 3. Post Holes
- 4. Deck Ledgers
- 5. Deck Beams
- 6. Deck Joists
- 7. Blocking
- 8. Cut Corners
- 9. Rim Joists
- 10. Level Changes
- 11. High Decks
- 12. Custom Framing
- 13. Hidden Fasteners
- 14. Joist Cap
- 15. Decking
- 16. Railings
- 17. Skirts
- 18. Stairs
- 19. Deck Trim
- 20. Benches
- 21. Planter Boxes
- 22. Privacy Screens
- 23. Outdoor Lighting
- 24. Curved Decks
- 25. Hot Tubs
- 26. Pool Decks | <urn:uuid:95ad6e55-f67b-45ed-985a-f0a3f1d7c16a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.diydeckplans.com/tutorials/stairs/riser-stairs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396887.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00008-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.875659 | 1,608 | 2.625 | 3 |
Structure Of The Chapter
Differences between rapid rural appraisal and other approaches
The principles of rapid rural appraisals
Agricultural issues worth investigation through appraisals
Field operation principles
Field techniques: Mapping agricultural data
Preparation of base maps
Systematic step recording
Recording agricultural data by transects
The Rapid Rural Marketing Appraisal report
Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) methodology owes much of its early development to Farming Systems Research and Extension as promoted by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research Centers (CGIAR). RRA was developed in response to the disadvantages of more traditional research methods, including: the time taken to produce results, the high cost of formal surveys and the low levels of data reliability due to non-sampling errors. RRA is a bridge between formal surveys and unstructured research methods such as depth interviews, focus groups and observation studies. In developing countries, it is sometimes difficult to apply the standard marketing research techniques employed elsewhere. There is often a paucity of baseline data, poor facilities for marketing research (e.g. no sampling frames, relatively low literacy among many populations of interest and few trained enumerators) as well as the lack of appreciation of the need for marketing research. The nature of RRA is such that it holds the promise of overcoming these and other limitations of marketing research.
· To explain the concept of Rapid Rural Appraisal
· To describe the principal tools and techniques of Rapid Rural Appraisal
· To highlight the strengths and weaknesses of Rapid Rural Appraisal in the context of marketing research studies
· To identify the potential applications of Rapid Rural Appraisal in marketing research studies, and
· To outline the principles which should be applied in order to ensure the effective application of RRA.
First, an attempt is made to define Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) and to define the tools upon which the approach depends. The origins of RRA, in Farm Systems Research, are explained and then the principal tools of this research methodology are listed. Definitions and descriptions of RRA are explained before typical applications and potential applications are described. The chapter goes on to discuss the relative advantages of RRA relative to other methods and techniques, and its distinctive characteristics are identified. This is followed by an overview of the principles of RRA as applied within marketing. The final section of the chapter outlines the important contents and preferred orientation of the report of a rapid rural marketing appraisal study.
Unfortunately, there is no generally accepted definition of RRA. RRA is more commonly described as a systematic but semi-structured activity out in the field by a multidisciplinary team and is designed to obtain new information and to formulate new hypotheses about rural life. A central characteristic of RRA is that its research teams are multidisciplinary.
Beyond that, the distinction between RRA and other research methodologies dependents upon its multidisciplinary approach and the particular combination of tools that in employs. A core concept of RRA is that research should be carried out not by individuals, but by a team comprised of members drawn from a variety of appropriate disciplines. Such teams are intended to be comprised of some members with relevant technical backgrounds and others with social science skills, including marketing research skills. In this way, it is thought that the varying perspectives of RRA research team members will provide a more balanced picture. The techniques of RRA include:
· interview and question design techniques for individual, household and key informant interviews
· methods of cross-checking information from different sources
· sampling techniques that can be adapted to a particular objective
· methods of obtaining quantitative data in a short time frame
· group interview techniques, including focus-group interviewing
· methods of direct observation at site level, and
· use of secondary data sources.
McCracken et al1. describe, rather than define, RRA as an approach for conducting action-oriented research in developing countries.
Ellman2 offers a good example to compare the "traditional" rural development research to RRA. He was requested to analyse the achievements of four types of land settlement schemes in Sri Lanka and to recommend a policy for future settlement in one million acres of cultivable land. He was advised, by a statistician, to sample 20% of the settlements in operation. This meant 80 settlements and two and a half years of field survey were carried out by two experienced researchers. Finally, he and his colleague, helped by two assistants, conducted "full social, economic and attitudinal surveys" with a sample of 20 settlements. Nine months were needed to collect the data, and six months to write it up. The result: a two-volume report of 305 pages. By the time the message (Ellman says "quite a simple one") was absorbed by those who needed to know it, the government had changed and suddenly the study had lost much of its relevance. With the idea of RRA in mind, he is "convinced that the same message could have been put across more quickly, cheaply and effectively, with evidence drawn from a smaller, purposively selected and studied sample and with no significant reduction in reliability".
Ellman was later commissioned to carry out another study, and having learnt from that earlier experience, he identified the minimum amount of data that was required and was likely to be effectively used for planning purposes. A team of ten people collected data in six weeks, and produced a 25-page report with clear recommendations, which were broadly accepted by the government and the international agency. The project, concerning integrated rural development, was finally implemented.
The application of RRA has been quite wide as regards rural development, for example in health, nutrition, emergencies and disasters, non-formal education, agroforestry, natural resource assessment and sociology approaches. RRA has also been applied in agricultural marketing, although the marketing orientation of RRA studies has not been very well defined.
Thus the term rapid appraisal does not refer to a single technique but to a range of investigation procedures. Their chief characteristics are that they take only a short time to complete, tend to be relatively cheap to carry out and make use of more 'informal' data collection procedures. The techniques rely primarily on expert observation coupled with semi-structured interviewing of farmers, local leaders and officials. In substance the techniques of RRA have much in common with the social anthropologist's case study approach but are executed over a period of weeks, or at most months, rather than extending over several years. To date RRA has mainly been used in the field of rural development as a short cut method to be employed at the feasibility stage of project planning.
RRA is also useful for supporting decisions towards the improvement of agricultural marketing systems in developing countries. The role that Rapid Rural Marketing Appraisal (RRMA) can play in this broad sense of marketing research lies in the identification and prioritisation of marketing problems, and the evaluation of practical means of improving marketing functions, to meet the needs for expansion coupled with higher performance. The first step is to describe accurately and meaningfully the systems that exist. The next step is the evaluation of structures and performance, and the major forces responsible for changing their relationships. In a broader scope, research must analyse the changing strategic role of marketing in the development process.
A checklist of some general and more specific research activities and topics is suggested in the following, where RRMA seems to be a suitable approach:
· Description, problems of assessment and evaluation of marketing systems for design of improvement projects in production, storage, handling, processing, transportation and distribution, as well as wholesaling and retailing, analysing alternatives
· Analysis of marketing feasibility and social acceptability of performance improvements. Prediction of effects on conduct and structure, as well as social effects
· Monitoring and evaluation of marketing activities
· Design and selection of topics to conduct further or other types of research or trials
· Rural communications design for interventions in nutrition, technology adoption, health, housing, standard of living, education, etc.
· Extension techniques assessment for training and technical assistance
· Design of participatory schemes, like farmer-managed marketing enterprises supported by a development or governmental agency
· Rural organisations assessment
· Understanding of resources use and dependency patterns of local communities
· Design of strategies for reduction of losses and deterioration in quality, and quality improvement of agricultural products
· Design of strategies for reduction in production and marketing activities costs
· Understanding and improvement of price efficiencies
· Evaluation of proposed changes in agricultural marketing systems, in terms of objectives of an efficiency for producers, consumers and intermediaries
· Measurement of performance of the "macro" level in marketing systems, in terms of development goals, such as improvement in nutritional status, proportion of the income spent on food, or increased rural income and standard of living
· Managerial, technical and marketing expertise necessity assessment
· Identification and analysis of existing and potential markets for new food products and processes
· Understanding of the technical, social, and economic constraints of traditional farming systems to define research that will lead to changes of benefit to the farmer
· Development of projects, products and processes having an ex-ante market evaluation
· Facilitation of the commercialisation of socially desirable food products
· Development of pricing, promotion and distribution techniques, using profitability and economic criteria
· Analysis of farmers' perception of farm household risk and uncertainty over practices of production, storage, and distribution, perception of price incentives and other stimuli
· Evaluation of systems using a global perspective: economic requirements of the system, appropriate social values, the interacting institutions, and the flow of final results.
Rapid rural appraisal is a set of techniques that can be applied as a preliminary stage when embarking on surveys of farmers. The technique essentially involves an informal, rapid, exploratory study of a specified geographical area designed to establish an 'understanding' of local agricultural conditions, problems and characteristics. They can provide basic information on the feasibility of beginning a survey project in an area, particularly when one is intending to survey an area about which little is known.
RRMA is also a suitable approach in the commercial sense of marketing and not merely social, that is the research of consumer needs and wants from the viewpoint which looks at rural people as a target market. As in the case of social marketing, the application of RRMA will depend on particular circumstances and research objectives. Some research topics, both general and more particular, to carry out RRMA research having rural communities as target markets are suggested in the following:
· Identification of the needs of communities in rural areas, and of the future direction and strategy of food technology research to satisfy those needs
· Study of the market to discover a target market or a market segment for which producers might develop a product
· To test that a project is "on track", that is according to the wants and needs of the consumer or the end-user
· Appropriate technology design; suitability, acceptability, adoption patterns and impact evaluation of technology changes
Identification of intensity and variety of forms taken by consumers' demands
· Identification of demographic and psychographic characteristics and constraints on consumer behaviour that determine and affect the market performance, e.g. economic status, income, life style, consumption habits
· Knowledge of what consumers would like to do, and what they are able to do
· Identification of stratification criteria within rural communities for market segmentation strategies
· Study of rural people's attitudes and cultural characteristics towards nutritional improvements, selection of target groups and development of product to be supplemented, and selection or design of the delivery system
· Study of individual and organisational decision-making processes concerning purchasing and consumption patterns; leadership impact
· Study of consumer needs by analysing attitudes, motivation, and behaviour, e.g. risk perception, price perception, brand differentiation and consumer's knowledge of the quality and range of goods and services
· Development and selection of product concepts, products testing, experimentation on developing the prototype product, specification of production process and products
· Definition of research priorities, determination of variables to analyse, setting up experimentation criteria, definition of hypotheses
· Design, evaluation and monitoring of nutrition programmes
· Development of advertising strategies: definition, development and testing, and monitoring and evaluation; audience considerations, valuation of performance and effectiveness, support for response measurement
· Development of total propositions for rural requirements: product, packaging, positioning and advertising
· Design of packaging for rural conditions: functional considerations, appeal at the wholesaling and retailer level, packaging screening tests, effect evaluation
· Corporate image research for firms and institutions working in rural communities.
RRMA can be used to quickly obtain basic information specifically to aid the generation of hypotheses and the design of questions for a questionnaire. In particular information can be gathered relating to:
· farming system characteristics (e.g. farm sizes and types)
· farmers' decision-making processes (e.g. how decisions are made concerning the purchase of new equipment, and the criteria considered important)
· issues of concern to farmers (e.g. their major farming problems)
· farmers' equipment ownership (e.g. which type of farmers own which type of equipment, and where they are located).
With a rapid rural appraisal the researcher acts like an explorer, making a brief survey of the horizon before plunging into the depths of the research from which the wider view is no longer possible. If the researcher observes keenly at the start, the remainder of the survey process stands a better chance of success and time will not be wasted. Without a rapid rural appraisal a researcher may find himself surveying the wrong area, collecting the wrong type of information, asking the wrong people, and precious time and funds can be lost back-tracking.
The appraisal can produce, at a minimum cost, a rich description of life in the farming community and an understanding of local agricultural characteristics that will be invaluable in ensuring that the right areas and people are surveyed and that appropriate questions are asked.
Chambers3 describes the orientation of RRA as a "fairly-quick and-fairly-clean" appraisal, and as opposed to the fast and careless studies (he calls them "quick-and-dirty" studies) and the slow and excessively accurate approaches ("long-and-dirty").
On the one hand, the most common form of fast, rough studies - the "quick-and-dirty" approach - is termed rural development tourism, that is the brief rural visit by the urban based "expert". Although Chambers says that it can be cost-effective for the outstanding individual, it is important to be clear that it can be actually low-cost research, but of course not cost-effective. This practitioner, as opposed to the formal academic, wants quick insights and quick results. "Brief rural visits, snatches of information here and there and a few observations, anecdotes and impressions are put together as the basis for time-bound judgements and decisions". Commonly rural development tourism means highly biased results, especially concerning anti-poverty biases. In other words, it has large misperceptions and misinterpretations of the rural reality, and not only due to lack of time to carry out a deeper research.
Chambers cites the main biases of rural development tourism as being: spatial (urban-tarmac-and-roadside biases, that is going only to easily accessible places), project (neglecting non-project areas), personal contact (meeting the less poor and more powerful rural people, men rather than women, users of services rather than non-users, and so on), dry season (travelling in the post-harvest or post-rainy season, when it is easier) and politeness-and-protocol bias (lack of courtesy and convention, lack of adaptation to local conditions, shortage of time, etc.).
On the other hand, formal and accurate studies - the "long-and-dirty" ones Chambers goes on to describe - are longer and more costly solutions preferred by "well-trained" professionals. They are preferred by the academic community, interested more in detail, precise observation and measurement and rigorous and respectable methodology and with a generally rather unhurried concern for knowledge for its own sake in the longer term. Formal studies do not generate information in the early stages, and some, though not all of them, are academically excellent but finally useless, very likely because of the lack of opportunity to induce the desired effects or results. Many are never used: never coded, punched, processed, printed out, examined, written up, read, understood or known to actually change action. Moreover, many studies rarely communicate the knowledge gained; researchers write in a way that makes it unavailable or unintelligible to bureaucrats in the formal planning system. Chambers3 says "... rural surveys must be one of the most inefficient industries in the world...; the longer the research takes, the longer and less usable the report tends to be and the greater the time available for sweeping the dirt under the carpet". The biggest single blockage is the failure to "treat statistics as servant rather than master". Cases to illustrate the fact can be seen all over the world: papers that, if finally written, are too late to induce the change desired (for instance, the case already described in Ellman's2 experience). McCracken et al.1 summarised the main arguments against inefficient formal (traditional) studies demonstrating that these conventional methods have a long duration, fixed and formal structure, limited scope, weak integration, exhaustive depth, "top-down" direction, low integration with local farmers, high cost and inefficient use of time and manpower.
As stated earlier, the point is to determine which information is really relevant, opportune, understandable and actually useful for the decision makers: the middle zone (between both extremes, the short-and-inaccurate and the long-and-excessively-accurate) of greater cost-effectiveness. The task is obviously not easy and requires experience, knowledge, and perhaps, as it has been even suggested to define RRA, a lot of "common sense". It is therefore important to realise that RRA procedures are more and not less demanding of expertise, when compared to the "dirty-short" and "dirty-long" approaches. Optimal ignorance can only be achieved if investigators are both well informed and sensitive to what they may not know.
One of the main characteristics of RRA is to work with a multidisciplinary team. The advantages have been already discussed. Chambers3 is emphatic in pointing out that the argument that it is necessary to have an integrated and coordinated approach to research cannot be used as an argument for having only one well-informed and intelligent person to do it all. Moreover, Beebe4 proposes not using the term Rapid Appraisal to describe studies done by one person.
The question remaining is, "which disciplines have to participate?" The point does not seem to be very critical, since for example Shanner5 et al. think that the disciplinary speciality of team members is not critical as long as "several" disciplines are represented. For agricultural marketing purposes, and of course depending on the objectives of the research, the best solution seems to be to have at least a team of two researchers, one with natural-sciences background (agriculture and related disciplines), and another with social-sciences background (e.g. economist, sociologist), but both with marketing knowledge. This background of course is not definitive, yet the recommendation is still to have at least two researchers. The particular skills of researchers are discussed in the next chapter.
The recommendation is to recruit both men and women to be included on the research team, to overcome the difficulties and take advantage of the situations associated with researcher gender, as well as to provide possible different insights.
Another recommendation is for researchers to have "some" familiarity with aspects of the systems being investigated. Teams should be composed of a mix of insiders and outsiders. Insiders or people very familiar with the area will provide a high-knowledge perspective to the problem. The outsider's participation may be extremely valuable to the insiders in identifying possible options and in noting constraints that might otherwise be overlooked. Outsiders also can gain insights and knowledge that can guide their research activities away from the farm. These considerations are in addition to the points discussed above concerning participation of farmers themselves.
To carry out research with real interaction and participation of all members of the team it is recommended to work with smaller teams rather than larger teams; a ten-member team is probably too large. For example, large teams working in the same interview simultaneously can intimidate rural people.
Opinions differ on how to structure the time of RRMA, but there is almost universal agreement on the importance of dividing time between collecting data and team interactions to make sense out of the collected data4. Interactions between researchers at the end of each day and at the end of the field work seem to be essential in determining the success of the RRMA. Scheduling RRMA time can ensure that time for group interaction will be adequate and that a variety of different activities can be covered in a short period of time. As an initial phase, that is even before deciding on how to structure the plan, it is necessary to decide on whether to invest in a preliminary visit by one or two members of the team, expecting them to explain the forthcoming research, find a place to work (for the team sessions), arrange vehicles, identify local participants, request for information, and so on.
The rapid rural appraisal technique is straight - forward to administer but can be physically demanding. It cannot be accomplished simply by driving along a main road looking at fields (although such a method may be a way to begin). The successful appraisal may require tracking over fields in high temperatures and/or over difficult terrain. Researchers must be prepared to collect information in the fields, market places, or wherever farmers' daily routines take them.
The rapid rural appraisal requires mental and methodological flexibility. It does not proceed like the 'formal questionnaire survey' where predetermined hypotheses are tested. Instead, important questions, issues and the direction of the study emerge as information is collected. This is not to say that the informal survey lacks logic, but that one must be able to accommodate new information and adjust research plans accordingly.
The following are the principles of RRA agreed by its practitioners, in spite of the fact that there are different opinions and criteria concerning them. These are general principles of theory:
1. Optimising trade-offs: relating the costs of learning to the useful truth of information, having tradeoffs between quantity, relevance, accuracy and timeliness of the information acquired, as well as its actual use. Trade-offs in this sense are not merely mathematical ratios, but they also entail, in the context of cost-effectiveness, alertness, observation, imagination and the ability to pursue serendipity.
2. Offsetting biases: through introspection, it is necessary to identify cognitive biases and deliberately offset those biases. The recommendations are: to be relaxed and not rushed; listening not lecturing; probing instead of passing onto the next topic; being unimposing instead of imposing; and seeking out the poorer people and what concerns them.
3. Triangulating: using more than one technique/source of information to cross-check answers, that is comparing and complementing information from different sources or gathered in different ways. It also involves having team - multidisciplinary - members with the ability to approach the same piece of information or the same question from different perspectives.
4. Learning from and with the rural people: this means learning directly, on-site, and face-to-face, gaining from indigenous physical, technical, and social knowledge. Farmers' perceptions and understanding of resource situations and problems are important to learn and comprehend because solutions must be viable and acceptable in the local context, and because local inhabitants possess extensive knowledge about their resource setting.
5. Learning rapidly and progressively: this means the process of learning with conscious exploration, flexible use of methods, opportunism, improvisation, iteration, and cross-checking, not following a blueprint programme but adapting through the learning process. However, this could sound again as a non-systematic way of carrying out research.
A fundamental principle is the making of contact with the rural population in a learning process. This aspect must be one of the focal points.
Before embarking on any appraisal, the research team needs to decide what type of information is needed. The specific objectives of the appraisal should be very clear and a list of important topics for investigation should be drawn up.
In conducting surveys of farmers to establish either demand for, or the acceptability of, new equipment types, the researchers should be looking for information concerning agricultural, farm power and socio-economic issues. Information should be collected oh any related issues in these areas that might affect interest in the equipment being considered. Examples of the types of information that might be collected are outlined below:
Agricultural issues: for RRA
· Main crops grown (by season)
· Land use intensity
· Extent of inter-cropping
· Soil types and soil conditions (degree of salinity, water-logging)
· Farm sizes areas owned and areas cultivated
· Extent of farm fragmentation; size of individual plots, average number of plots owned, and distances from farmstead
· Ground topography: upland/lowland; land slope, field characteristics (average size, obstacles for efficient use of machinery)
· Irrigation supply canal, rainfed, tubewell, time, day and duration of water received
· Crop yields
· Agricultural practices: methods used and timing for:
· Land preparation
· Planting, sowing, transplantation
· Fertilizer application
· Irrigation, drainage
· Crop processing
Farm power issues: for RRA
· Inventory/ownership of equipment (tractors, implements, tools)
· Use of different power sources for each operation (mechanised, animal or hand)
· Problems experienced in conducting different operations (e.g. labour supply, cost, crop quality, conditions)
· Use of hiring/contracting services for different operations (reasons)
· Labour utilisation type (family, hired), labour cost and availability
· Sources of funds used to purchase machines/equipment in past
· Machine requirement priorities
Socio-economic issues: for RRA
· Land tenure systems: tenants, owners, owners-cum-tenants
· Decision making units; extent and influence of social networks on machine/implement/tool purchasing
· Farm incomes: sources and amount
· Availability of resources: sources of funds if required (personal, friends, relatives, agricultural banks, money lenders)
· Age and level of education.
Armed with tentative questions and information objectives, field research can begin. At first everything may seem confusing in the field. However, before long the region will become understandable if researchers follow three simple principles of fieldwork:
Researchers should keenly watch for patterns of crop production, land use, and farm/farmer behaviour.
Researchers should stop and talk to farmers and listen to their concerns and views.
Researchers should write everything down. Complete field-notes are crucial. This is especially essential in the early stages of the appraisal to help organise thinking.
If a large region is to be studied in the rural appraisal and a large research team is to be employed, it is advisable to carefully divide the region into smaller areas and appoint small teams (of 2 or 3 researchers) to cover each area. Specific delineation of the boundaries of each area must be made to ensure that no overlap occurs between teams.
A secondary data review should be conducted before conducting the research in the field. This would involve searching for and studying existing reports and records, and not only published data. Relevant information can be found in government agencies, universities, research centres, marketing bodies and other institutions. Relevant information can be project documents, research papers, annual reports, previous survey results, maps, as well as journals and books and even newspapers.
A convenient way to systematically and accurately record basic agricultural data is to develop agricultural maps of the area whilst in the field, a technique often referred to as 'field plotting'. Field characteristics such as crop types, field sizes, irrigation methods, soil conditions, and so on are identified and base maps are then annotated to illustrate the location and extent of each of the characteristics observed.
The first step is to prepare an outline of the area to be studied. Any available maps of the district should be consulted in the preparations, and the final base map should feature:
· Major and minor communication routes
· Major and minor settlements (towns and villages)
· Major geographical/topographical features (e.g. irrigation canals) which may assist researchers in the field to identify their exact location in relation to the map
· Major roads
· Minor roads'
· Water ways
· Villages/minor settlements; land use
· Field mapping of land use.
Figure 8.1 A rapid rural appraisal base map
One systematic means of ensuring that mapping of land use is evenly spread throughout an area is to record/map the land use which is observed whilst driving along the roads identified on the map. This technique is called a 'windshield survey' and can be conducted in two forms.
All land use within 100 metres of either side of the road (or one side if the road is on the area boundary) is recorded on the base map.
Figure 8.2 Continuous recording
Mapping in this way can give a very accurate reflection of land use types in a region, but it can be very time-consuming.
The alternative method is to record the land use at 'set intervals' along the routes, for example every 1 or 2 km.
Figure 8.3 Systematic step recording
The advantage here is that the mapping process can be completed in a relatively short time, and provided strictly systematic methods are employed a good representation of land use in the area can be obtained.
The ultimate objective here is to produce a map which shows the major land-use types in the area, and colours can be used to improve visual recognition. The map can be further developed by recording (with the use of symbols/colours/notes) other characteristics of farming in the area.
Figure 8.4 RRA base map using systematic step recording
If strict systematic procedures have been followed and the field research has recorded the proportion of different crop types within the 50m area either side of the roads, then it is possible to use this data to calculate approximately the total proportions of different land use in the area. This is achieved by summing the frequency and proportions of each land use type and calculating its percentage share of total land use area.
In certain areas of the region being studied it may be appropriate to record data along 'transects' rather than along communication routes. Roads tend to follow contours and thus land use in an area which includes wide variations in land height may be poorly represented if route-mapping is used. A route-mapping exercise in such an area as this would not record potentially marked differences in land use which may be present at different land heights within the area not traversed by roads.
In such situations 'transect' mapping can be employed where land-use is plotted at different land levels (on foot or by eye in rough terrain areas). A transect map might appear as follows:
Figure 8.5 Recording data by transect
It should be borne in mind that land use mapping and field observations are 'time-frozen' that is they show the agricultural situation at only one specific period in time. To gain a fuller understanding of local agriculture, particularly in respect of seasonal changes in land-use (rotations) and expected future crops, interviews with individuals from within the local community concerned are essential as part of the rapid rural appraisal.
Aerial photographs can be useful too. These are useful in the planning of field research, to identify settlements, for the evaluation of the availability of natural resources, crop-patterns, land-use and physical evidence of land-holding, and the assessment of the existence, distribution and conditions of roads within a defined area of interest.
The key to a successful informal survey, especially in relation to understanding farmers' problems, is a few successful interviews.
Due to the nature of informal surveys it is not essential to select farmers at random using sophisticated random sampling techniques. It is certainly advisable to ensure that interviews are conducted with a variety of farmers who are likely to represent a wide cross-section of interests in the farming community (e.g. small and large farms), but farmers can be selected by either stopping en route at systematic intervals and interviewing farmers who can be obtained, or by selecting 1 or 2 'typical' villages and interviewing a number of farmers in each.
Key informants: One rapid way to learn a great deal about a local farming system is to identify 'key informants' in the villages, i.e. individuals who have great knowledge about the village, the farms, crops and local conditions and problems (for example village elders, heads, large farmers). One should not believe everything key informants say but likewise one should not disregard the old timer who enjoys talking. Usually one will only be able to obtain qualitative data in the sense that most comments made by key informants will be about farmers' problems and conditions. However, if the interviewer asks the right questions, some quantitative data can be collected. For example average farm sizes in the area, or the number of farmers in the village.
Techniques such as ranking exercises are used as a quick means of finding out an individual's or a group's lists of preferences and priorities, and identification of wealth distribution, as well as seasonal changes in the lives of rural people (for example distribution of productive activities, changes in prices, availability of inputs, rainfall periods, etc.).
Recording rapid rural appraisal data: Although data collected through a rapid appraisal is usually for the purposes of one planned survey, it is imperative that the information is recorded in a form which will be useful to subsequent surveys in the longer term. The data should be recorded in such a way that a data-base can be constructed for use as reference material for all future surveys.
1 The results of appraisal field research conducted by each team for each area should be fully written up in a common format. A useful format would be to construct 'data sheets' on which comments are recorded under the headings outlined earlier.
2 The results of each team's appraisal maps and data sheets should be combined into master sheets' to enable subsequent ease of reference and storage.
3 Successive appraisal maps should use common scales, keys, symbols, colours, etc. making comparison between two areas and two appraisals possible.
Figure 8.6 Rapid rural appraisal summary
The entire RRMA research process and particularly the report should be made "transparent" to readers of the research, and that concerns reliability and replicability of findings. It is the responsibility of the researcher to demonstrate how his or her conclusions were derived from the data, and in such a way that someone else can follow and, if necessary, replicate the analysis and achieve the same result or dispute those conclusions. As a result, the researcher has to "defend" the validity of his/her research findings and of the whole process, including the general constraints of the context, and the particular constraints when collecting and analysing the data. All these considerations have to be reflected in the research report.
A framework for the definition of criteria for the characteristics for the validity of the RRMA report might be:
1. Natural History: report of which avenues were followed and which were rejected. Discussion of policy context in which the research was conceived, the original purpose of the study and the initial design; how these developed, and what factors or findings led to major shifts in direction, and how the report relates to the policy context
2. Data collected and techniques: discussion of whether the kind of data collected is that demanded by the research problem. Evaluation of the data quality. Evaluation of procedures followed for data collection.
3. Analysis: suitability of analysis (rigorous, systematic, comprehensive and sensitive) and illumination of policy problem by the data. Evaluation of data analysis procedures.
4. Validity of links between concepts and indicators: considerations of descriptive validity: events and indicators being really what they are though to be; and considerations of conceptual validity: extent to which the concepts and categories used fit the data.
5. Validity of hypotheses or theories: considerations of theoretical validity; way in which concepts are handled and the "coherence" of the resulting theory.
6. Theory kept to the limits imposed by sampling selection: considerations of external validity. Scope and generalisation of the theory dependent on the samples used. Replicability considerations.
7. External theoretical validity of the research: relationship of the study to the wider body of knowledge related. Value placed on the research by those who commissioned it, and value for all the people concerned and involved. Project's impact on the definition, development and understanding of policy. Contribution made to the general body of knowledge.
Rapid Rural Marketing Appraisal (RRMA) emphasises the essential role that marketing plays in the rural development process for Third World countries, and stresses that it is necessary to appreciate the role of "good" rural marketing research to reduce the risk in rural marketing decision making. RRMA (as an agricultural marketing research approach) represents the contextual understanding of agricultural marketing systems, and the application of ad hoc techniques - as well as correct adaptation of techniques by offsetting and to some extent overcoming the difficulties of carrying out research in the rural environment of developing countries. However, the utilisation of RRMA has to overcome a good number of misconceptions about how the ideal marketing research has to be, since decision makers feel themselves more confident when supporting the decisions in "cold" figures rather than in actual understanding. Moreover, they feel it is always required to have formal quantitative surveys, motivated more by avoiding the negative results than by the positive expectations.
First of all, RRMA represents a paradigm to understand rural development and its marketing implications: understanding development as the result of:
a) the complex interaction of variables and context, having multiple and changing relationships, and
b) the necessary involvement and participation of farmers (and rural people in general), since the very research process, perceives research as a mutual learning process, including also the research component in the formulation and monitoring of development projects.
The process implies not only the generation of projects for the improvement of "pure" marketing functions. RRMA is indeed a very powerful tool to understand the final marketing implications of every endeavour; after all, development necessarily depends upon the degree to which the prospective beneficiaries recognise it as useful to them.
RRMA understands marketing systems in all their complexity and final implications. The interaction and sharing of insights by multidisciplinary researchers avoids the biased partial views, by analysing the systems (agro-ecosystems) performance, and understanding that they are the result of the interaction of social and natural elements. RRMA analyses the structure of systems and provides a means of predicting the effects of changes and suggesting improvement actions.
RRMA also considers research as searching for and analysing data in a fast and cost-effective way. Moreover, RRMA does not only consider the requirement of the fair amount and the fair quality of the information to support marketing decisions, but also gives sufficient openness to accept and incorporate unexpected but relevant information in an ongoing process. RRMA links flexible techniques in a coherent form to collect on-site, cross-check, validate and analyse data according to those priorities. Equally important, RRMA considers simplicity, relevance and meaning as basic points in presenting findings and suggesting action.
RRMA takes into account the huge cultural diversity of groups of rural population in developing countries. Secondary data collection, direct observation and semi-structured interviewing are very useful techniques for the full on-site understanding and cultural adaptation required by research, if it is objective. Moreover, the participation of farmers in the research process, as well as the inclusion of local researchers and researchers with knowledge about the site and having multiple disciplines, all contribute towards overcoming the difficulties in adaptation of the research to the local conditions, i.e. the adaptation to cultural values and beliefs, language, perception patterns, productive activities, economies, traditions, religion, ethical features, politics, and so on.
RRMA offers a reasonable contribution towards overcoming the difficulties of sampling in a rural environment. It avoids the biases of "rural-tourism" research, and tries to study the events on-site, just where they occur or where the evidence is. As a result, RRMA information, limited obviously by the scope of the investigation, generates a purposive sampling frame of key and casual informants and geographical unbiased transects, without strict statistical representativeness, but with high natural-objective representativeness. This representativeness is enhanced by the triangulation procedures, resulting in increased validity.
RRMA proposes gaining accessibility to rural people by involving them in the research process, that is in learning, collecting, finding and analysing information in open discussions and total interaction. As a result, this participatory research also increases accessibility to sites. In addition, the use of key indicators and the information provided by key informants allows access to information otherwise hard to gather. Other techniques, and especially the case of aerial photography, provide a means of gathering information otherwise not accessible, or difficult to appreciate in all its magnitude.
RRMA is an emerging approach, evolving and improving, and therefore it is still limited. There are types of research than RRMA cannot do, for example that requiring statistical reliability, strict replicability and quantitatively precise conclusions. However, it seems to be always useful in exploring, complementing, supplementing and validating other types of marketing research - that is to say more formal types - in rural environments. Its usefulness will depend on the particular interests of each piece of research, but it is always a viable alternative.
Rapid Rural Marketing Appraisal
From your knowledge of the material in this chapter, give brief answers to the following questions:
1. Explain the meaning of the term 'systematic step recording'.
2. Explain what is meant by 'a transect'.
3. Who are 'key informants'?
4. What weaknesses did McCracken identify in conventional long-term studies?
5. How is triangulation applied within the context of rapid rural appraisals?
6. What are the 3 core field operating principles mentioned in the textbook?
7. What advice is given regarding the right size of a multidisciplinary team carrying out a rapid appraisal?
8. Up until now what has been the principal application of rapid rural appraisal?
1. McCracken,. A., Pretty,. W. and Conway, G. R. (1988), An Introduction to Rapid Rural Appraisal For Agricultural Development, International Institute For Environment And Development, London.
2. Ellman, A. (1981) "Rapid Appraisal for Rural Project Preparation", Agricultural Administration 8, 463-471.
3. Chambers, R, (1980), Rural Development: Putting the Last First, Harlow, England.
4. Beebe, (1985), Rapid Rural Appraisal: The Critical First Step In a Farming Systems Approach to Research, Networking Paper No. 5, Farming Systems Support Project, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida 32601.
5. Shanner, W. W., Philip, P. F., and Schmehl, W. R. (1982), Farming Systems Research And Development: Guidelines For Developing Countries, Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press. | <urn:uuid:28da24d4-0074-4f08-988a-822cce9d5cfc> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.fao.org/docrep/W3241E/w3241e09.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402516.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00168-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934651 | 9,001 | 3 | 3 |
Soon after the railroad survey expeditions were ordered into the field, the government authorized a number of curiously related actions. In August 1853, the President of the United States, Franklin Pierce, ordered the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, George W. Manypenny, "to visit the Indian country to confer with the various tribes, as a preliminary measure, looking to negotiation with them for the purpose of procuring their assent to a territorial government and the extinguishment of their title, in whole or in part, to the lands owned by them".
Manypenny did not visit the tribes of the far Southwest or the Northwest; he went nowhere near the region favored for transcontinental railroad routes by partisans of the South or North. Instead, he visited the Omaha, Oto, and Missouri, the Sauk and Fox, the Kickapoo, Delaware, and Shawnee - mostly tribes that just a few years earlier had been driven across the Mississippi to new lands that they had been promised were theirs "as long as the grass shall grow or the waters run". With these tribes Commissioner Manypenny made treaties from 1854 to 1857, taking from the Indians vast areas of land for the government of the United States. | <urn:uuid:43e300a1-7fe4-4112-b2ed-0ba37cce2671> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/essays/1801-1900/the-iron-horse/indian-policies.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394605.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00132-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969741 | 245 | 3.8125 | 4 |
Don Luis de Borbón (1727-1785), the younger brother of Charles
III, and a patron of Goya. Destined
by his family for an ecclesiastic career, he was made Cardinal-Archbishop
of Toledo shortly after his eighth birthday in 1735. In 1841, he became
Archbishop of Seville. However, his scandalous behavior forced him to renounce
his ecclesiastical offices at the age of twenty-seven. In 1776, he married
Teresa de Vallabriga y Rozcas against the wishes of his family. Since
the marriage violated the laws specifing that the child of the King was
to marry a person of high noble rank, Don Luis' family was not allowed
to visit Madrid. The family lived in their palace at Arenas de San Pedro
(Avila), where Don Luis invited various artists, including Goya, to live
with them for extended periods. The Infante had two children,
de Borbón y Vallabriga (1777-1823), later the cardinal,
and María Teresa de Borbón y Vallabriga (1780-1828)
later Condesa de Chinchón, wife of Godoy).
See: Francisco de Goya. Equestrian Portrait of Dona Maria Teresa de Vallabriga. Portrait of the Countess of Chinchón. The Family of the Infante Don Luis de Borbón. Cardinal Luis Maria de Borbón y Vallabriga. Portrait of the Countess of Chinchón. | <urn:uuid:4222fdfb-e4ce-407c-9825-5c74cb958952> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.abcgallery.com/bio/infanteluisborbon.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00162-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907621 | 333 | 2.96875 | 3 |
noun, plural: gelatinases
(1) Pepsin B derived from pepsinogen B. It is similar to pepsin A but with more restricted specificity on B chain of insulin than pepsin A.
(2) A proteolytic enzyme in organisms that confer the ability to hydrolyze gelatin into smaller peptides or chains of amino acids.
(3) A group of matrix metalloproteinases, specifically MMP2 and MMP9, with gelatin-binding region in the catalytic domain.
Gelatinases can be found in many bacteria that can hydrolyze gelatin. Examples of organisms that produce gelatinases are Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens.
In humans, MMP2 and MMP9 form a group of gelatinases capable of degrading type IV collagen and gelatin. They are involved in the normal proteolysis of extracellular matrix such as in embryonic development, tissue remodeling, and reproduction. | <urn:uuid:2dc0a736-4650-4c95-b090-82aba78dc835> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/gelatinase | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00054-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.88652 | 205 | 3.015625 | 3 |
One of the highlights of the BSA’s Report to the Nation, an event at which representatives from the BSA traveled to Washington, D.C., to meet with Congress to highlight the BSA’s achievements for previous year, was the STEM presentation.
STEM, the new BSA program that emphasizes science, technology, engineering and mathematics, kicked off in 2011 thanks to a multi-year grant from ExxonMobil. The program is designed to bring a Scouting focus to skills that are relevant and needed in our competitive world.
The STEM program also features the NOVA Awards program presented for understanding the basics of STEM. There are separate NOVA awards for different ages of Scouts. | <urn:uuid:ec55fabd-a5f8-4fba-8c40-48f86e6a773d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://boyslife.org/about-scouts/scouting-around/27520/report-to-the-nation-stem/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398075.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00100-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951115 | 140 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Dionysis the Little
Dionysis the Little was a Roman monk in the sixth century AD. He is famous because he changed the calendar to recognize the birth of Christ. He calculated that Jesus was born the year that King Herod died, and modern historians agree. However, the monk thought that Herod died 753 years after the founding of Rome, instead of the correct 749 years after the founding of Rome. (King Herod is the ruler who ordered all infants in Bethlehem younger than 2 to be killed in his unsuccessful attempt to murder Jesus, whose family fled to Egypt to escape this.) Thus the monk estimated that Jesus was born four years later than He probably was. What was intended to be A.D. 1 was actually 4 B.C.
Note that there is no year "0", as the concept of "0" was unknown to the Greeks and not even discovered until the seventh century by mathematicians in India. The year that follows 1 B.C. is A.D. 1; ie, the year that follows the first year before Christ is the first year of our Lord. | <urn:uuid:a3f839ce-39ba-41a9-af10-4d90b18a82ae> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.conservapedia.com/Dionysis_the_Little | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404405.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00099-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.988179 | 223 | 3.296875 | 3 |
At The School
Health of Green Buildings Questioned
Standards used to certify buildings as environmentally friendly are insufficient to protect human health, according to a report authored by John Wargo, Ph.D. ’84, professor of environmental risk analysis and policy at F&ES.
Wargo said that although the U.S. Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification program has been effective in encouraging energy efficiency, well-insulated buildings often contain chemicals, in high concentrations, released from building materials, cleaning supplies, fuel combustion, pesticides and other hazardous substances. The council’s most prestigious platinum award, he says, does little to ensure that hazardous chemicals are kept out of certified buildings.
“The underlying problem is that thousands of different chemicals, many of them well-recognized to be hazardous, are allowed by the federal government to become components of building materials. Very few of these chemicals have been tested to identify their toxicity, environmental fate or the danger they pose to human health,” he said.
The report, “LEED Certification: Where Energy Efficiency Collides With Human Health,” was sponsored by the nonprofit Environment and Human Health (EHHI), founded by Nancy Alderman ’97. The report can be viewed at http://www.ehhi.org/reports/leed/LEED_report_0510.pdf.
EHHI recommends, among other things, that the board of the Green Building Council, which is composed of developers, engineers, chemical and materials manufacturers and architects, should include more experts in the area of human health and that the government should categorize building products to identify those that contain hazardous compounds, those that have been tested and found to be safe and those that have been insufficiently tested.
Students Awarded Switzer, Compton Fellowships
Three F&ES students were among 21 environmental scholars selected as Switzer Environmental Fellows by the Robert & Patricia Switzer Foundation. And four more students have been named Compton International Fellows for 2010-2011 by F&ES’ Tropical Resources Institute.
The $15,000 Switzer Fellowship—awarded to master’s students Stephen Blackmer ’83, Kyra Busch and Michelle Lewis—is one of the nation’s most prestigious academic awards for environmental leaders.
Over the past 25 years, Blackmer has held leadership positions with the Northern Forest Center, Northern Forest Alliance, Appalachian Mountain Club and Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests. He already holds an F&ES master’s degree and is pursuing another one in religion and ecology. He is interested in the role of religion in social change movements.
Busch wants to make sustainable food more accessible in urban and rural areas and is interested in environmental justice, community development and sustainable food systems. In New Haven she is developing a farm-based education curriculum and is training environmental educators in her role as the public schools program coordinator for the Yale Sustainable Food Project.
Lewis is pursuing a joint degree with the Yale Divinity School and is trying to connect at-risk youth and juvenile offenders to the environment through their religions using popular culture. Before joining Yale, she spent 12 years as a U.S. park ranger.
The Compton Fellows are all first-year candidates for master’s degrees in environmental management. They each received $11,250 from the Compton Foundation, which enables students from developing countries to conduct research on the environment and sustainable development that has a link to the fields of peace and security and population and reproductive health.
Geofrey Mwanjela is conducting research on protected areas and their impact on the livelihoods of local communities in Tanzania. Ana Perea is working on how best to engage local communities in Mexico in the conservation and restoration of natural resources. Giancarlo Raschio is planning a comparative study of climate change mitigation and adaptation initiatives in Ghana and Peru. And Pablo Reed is researching whether the lands of indigenous communities in Ecuador could benefit from Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, a program designed to use financial incentives to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases.
F&ES has had more than 60 Compton Fellows from 28 countries since 1995. “The Compton Fellowship program is a unique resource that helps F&ES attract students from developing countries and supports them in conducting cutting-edge research in and around their home countries,” said Michael Dove, director of the Tropical Resources Institute and Margaret K. Musser Professor of Social Ecology.
Microbes Contributing Less to Climate Warming
The physiology of microbes living underground could determine the amount of carbon dioxide emitted from soils on a warmer Earth, according to a study published online in Nature Geoscience.
Researchers at UC Irvine, Colorado State University and F&ES have found that as global temperatures increase, microbes in soil become less efficient over time in converting carbon in soil into carbon dioxide, which is a key contributor to climate warming.
Microbes, in the form of bacteria and fungi, use carbon for energy to breathe, or respire, and to grow in size and in number. A model developed by the researchers shows microbes exhaling carbon dioxide furiously for a short period of time in a warmer environment, leaving less carbon for growth. As warmer temperatures persist, the less-efficient use of carbon by the microbes causes them to decrease in number, eventually resulting in less carbon dioxide being emitted into the atmosphere.
“Microbes aren’t the destructive agents of global warming that scientists had previously believed,” said Steven Allison, lead author of the study and assistant professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at UC Irvine. “Microbes function like humans; they take in carbon-based fuel and breathe out carbon dioxide. They are the engines that drive carbon cycling in soils. In a balanced environment, plants store carbon in the soil and microbes use that carbon to grow. The microbes then produce enzymes that convert soil carbon into atmospheric carbon dioxide.”
The study, “Soil-Carbon Response to Warming Dependent on Microbial Physiology,” contradicts the results of older models that assume that microbes will continue to spew ever-increasing amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as the climate continues to warm. The new simulations suggest that if microbial efficiency declines in a warmer world, carbon dioxide emissions will fall back to pre-warming levels, a pattern seen in field experiments. But if microbes manage to adapt to the warmth—for instance, through increases in enzyme activity—emissions could intensify.
“When we developed a model based on the actual biology of soil microbes, we found that soil carbon may not be lost to the atmosphere as the climate warms,” said Matthew Wallenstein, of the Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory at Colorado State University. “Conventional ecosystem models that didn’t include enzymes did not make the same predictions.”
Mark Bradford, assistant professor of terrestrial ecosystem ecology at F&ES, said there is intense debate in the scientific community over whether the loss of soil carbon will contribute to global warming. “The challenge we have in predicting this is that the microbial processes causing this loss are poorly understood,” he said. “More research in this area will help reduce uncertainties in climate prediction.”
Doctoral Student Receives Award
Philip Marshall, an F&ES doctoral student, recently received the Emanuel D. Rudolph Award by the Botanical Society of America. The award is given by the historical section of the society for the best student presentation or poster of an historical nature at the annual meetings. Marshall’s presentation was “Pinus strobus L. and the historical utilization and management of southern New England forests, 1600-1938.” | <urn:uuid:f8732be6-c2a0-48a4-8b10-944b7f6a6ad5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.environment.yale.edu/magazine/fall2010/fall-2010-at-the-school/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00194-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944255 | 1,586 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Remember... a child's attention span is short
Find simple tasks for them, which they can successfully accomplish in a short period of time.
If they decide that it is time to take a break, and play with a bug for a while, let them,
they will get back to their gardening soon enough.
Children seem to have an unending source of energy, and have a need to stay busy,
but they will get bored if they do the same thing for too long.
Make sure that you have lots of options available for them, so that when the boredom does set in,
they can easily move on to their next project.
These small successes will show your child that they too, can do 'big people' things, and do them very well!
Let them know what a 'big help' they have been to you.
This will bring about increased self esteem, as well as having them eager to help you the next time.
Adult sized tools are burdensome for a small child to use, and using your garden trowel to do the work you are doing with a full sized shovel, just doesn't seem the same to a child. For about the same price that you will pay for your new rake, you can purchase a full set of kid sized, functional gardening tools. This may be the perfect reward to show them how much you appreciate all of the help they have been....
There are dozens of things that these little people can do to help you out, as you are doing your chores.
With your guidance, this ongoing, 'hands on' participation becomes the best teacher of all.
A child will soon learn that successful gardening is the result of a combination of many different, small steps.
As you begin,
keep in mind that a picture is worth a thousand words. By showing a child how to do something,
they are better able to understand the 'how and why' of what you are doing, and remember!.
Keep your explanations simple, but DO try to explain why you do what you are doing.
Begin with Gardening Basics... the Soil
Most young children love to dig and play in the dirt.
Dig a small planting hole together, to show them how you do it. Discuss why you are digging the hole at that particular size, so that your new plant will fit 'just right' into it's new home. With all you have to do, I'd be willing to bet that if you asked really nicely, your child would be more than happy to dig another hole, just like this one, but over there....
Its just like making MUD PIES.... just not as messy.....
As soon as a child can count, they can learn how to follow a simple recipe.
Show them how to blend together a batch of planting mix. Let's see.......
Under no circumstances, should a young child be allowed access to fertilizers or other chemicals!
- Put 3 scoops of that nice black garden soil from our garden, into our wheelbarrow.
- Then we will put in 1 scoop of peat moss from that pile over there......
(We add this to the soil, to make it fluffier, so the roots will grow better.)
- We should add 1 scoop of compost......
(We put this in our mix because it is a very good, natural food for our plant)
- And 1 'little' scoop of sand......
(This flower we are planting, doesn't like very much water, and the sand will help the water drain away...)
You get the idea....
Raking is another part of gardening that a child can handle, if given the chance. Using their own 'kid size' rake, they can get to the leaves and debris, which are somewhat difficult for us 'larger' people to get to. Ask them if they would mind helping you out with the raking, while you are tending to another project.
Tell them that the purpose of this raking operation is a very important one.
Not only will it make the garden look much nicer, it will also get rid of many of the hiding places of slugs and 'bad' bugs, so they can't attack your plants.
It is difficult for even an adult to navigate through a garden, mindful of where each foot step goes,
to be sure that it doesn't come down on top of a small, newly emerging plant.
If you take the time to explain about the importance of watching out for these 'baby' plants to your child,
they will be very, very careful! Nonetheless, use discretion, and common sense when choosing an area for them to rake. If you have a special area in the garden, where plants are extra fragile, or where you expect bulbs to sprout soon, don't be afraid to designate that area as temporarily off-limits.
Explain to them that no one, except for yourself, is allowed in that part of the garden for now.....
not even other adults, and tell them why. They will understand.
Kid Sized Plants and Flower Gardens
If you have the space, you may want to establish a special garden bed just for your child.
This may be a section of your garden which has been partitioned off with a small fence,
or possibly a circle or other shape, which has been laid out using 'special' rocks.
Another option would be to create an entirely new garden, elsewhere in the yard,
using landscape timbers for the borders. If you opt to start your child's garden from scratch,
keep in mind that all of the initial work of breaking ground will have to be done by yourself.
Which ever the case may be, keep it simple, and keep it relatively small.
You want your joint gardening project to be fun for you and for your child, not a chore!
The whole idea of gardening with your child is mutual enjoyment and quality time.
While you might consider the idea of having your child do the whole, entire project by themselves,
remember that it is EXTREMELY important that their first gardening experiences be positive ones.
To this end, do everything possible to ensure a first time gardening success story.
Help them, as they have been helping you. I'd recommend that you give your child a fertile, developed area of your garden as their gardening space.
Certainly, you have a spot in your garden, where ANYTHING will grow, and EVERYTHING seems to thrive.
Share that area, even if there is only enough space for your child to grow one or two plants...
The glow that will beam from your child's face, and the pride that they will show,
as their very first plant bursts into bloom is absolutely priceless!
When it is time to look through the garden catalog, or go down to the nursery to pick out your new plants,
invite your child's participation. Allow them to choose (with your helpful guidance...) a special plant or two of their own, to be planted alongside your new plants, even if they don't have their own space.
Use your knowledge of plants and gardening to guide them in their choice, but it should be their decision.
Children love fragrance, bright colors (the brighter the better!), size extremes, and different textures.
They are also 'proud as peacocks', when they grow a fruit or vegetable to share with the family at mealtime.
Point out some examples of these types of plants, keeping in mind that you will have to live with their choices too. (More than likely, they will eagerly accept your recommendations.)
Children tend to be slightly impatient at times, and like to see the fruits of their labor as soon as possible.
so it helps to have an 'instant gratification' type plant or two among the selections.
In most cases, I believe that it is far better for your child to utilize plants when possible, rather than seeds.
They are more reliable, and produce more of an 'instant' result.
Of course, it is also important for your child to become familiar with planting and growing seeds as well.
(There will be times that the only way of obtaining and growing a plant is from seed)
Starting seeds indoors is a great project that you can do together on a rainy day.
Gardening with Children Part 2
Choosing Appropriate, Easy to Grow Plants | <urn:uuid:3d26fbd3-7bc7-4900-b487-417148774786> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.thegardenhelper.com/kidgarden.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393518.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00130-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963838 | 1,731 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Most of the 12 major U.S. passenger airlines in operation as of 2001 use a hub-and-spoke network to route their plane traffic. The words "hub" and "spoke" create a pretty vivid image of how this system works. A hub is a central airport that flights are routed through, and spokes are the routes that planes take out of the hub airport. Most major airlines have multiple hubs. They claim that hubs allow them to offer more flights for passengers.
The hub-and-spoke system became the norm for most major airlines after the U.S. federal government deregulated the airlines in 1978. Under the direct-route, or point-to-point, system used prior to deregulation, airlines were forced by the federal government to fly directly between two small markets. This resulted in many flights that were routinely half empty, which resulted in airlines losing money. Today, most airlines have at least one central airport that their flights have to go through. From that hub, the spoke flights take passengers to select destinations.
A good example of a hub-and-spoke system is that of Delta Airlines, which has its hub at Hartsfield Atlanta International Airport. Let's say you are in Charleston, SC, and want to go to Memphis, TN. There's probably not a lot of demand for a Charleston-to-Memphis flight, so the airline flies you from Charleston to Atlanta, and then from Atlanta to Memphis via a connecting flight.
The purpose of the hub-and-spoke system is to save airlines money and give passengers better routes to destinations. Airplanes are an airline's most valuable commodity, and every flight has certain set costs. Each seat on the plane represents a portion of the total flight cost. For each seat that is filled by a passenger, an airline lowers its break-even price, which is the seat price at which an airline stops losing money and begins to show a profit on the flight.
Not all airlines use the hub-and-spoke approach. For example, Southwest Airlines is one of the exceptions to the hub-and-spoke network system. It uses the old-fashioned point-to-point system, hauling people short distances with few connecting flights. However, Southwest offers very few non-stop flights on longer routes. At the end of 2000, Southwest served approximately 306 one-way, non-stop city pairs. It's point-to-point system provides a more direct route than a hub-and-spoke airline can offer. | <urn:uuid:f51c5dba-5285-4773-b9ce-02667de0d546> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/flight/modern/airline3.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395548.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00006-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96786 | 516 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Foreign travel advice
Earthquakes and tsunamis
As Japan is in a major earthquake zone you should familiarise yourself with safety procedures in the event of an earthquake or tsunami, and take note of instructions in hotel rooms. Tsunami warnings are published by the Japan Meteorological Agency.
To learn more about what to do before, during and after an earthquake, see the website of the US Federal Emergency Management Agency.
There are several active volcanoes in Japan. You should monitor local media reports and follow the advice of local authorities. Check latest volcano warnings on the website of the Japanese Meteorological Agency.
The tropical cyclone (typhoon) season runs from June to December with most activity between July and September. Southern parts of the country are particularly at risk. You should monitor the progress of approaching storms on the website of the Japan Meteorological Agency.
Typhoons that hit Japan are often accompanied by damaging high tides. People living in coastal areas are particularly at risk. Landslides and flooding can occur anywhere. The dangers increase when an earthquake occurs shortly after a typhoon has saturated an area.
See our tropical cyclones page for information and advice about what to do if you’re caught up in a storm. | <urn:uuid:0def60e3-8d5f-418a-94e8-23011897b2be> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/japan/natural-disasters | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397873.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00122-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947337 | 253 | 3.15625 | 3 |
At the Paris Air Show, Airbus parent company EADS introduced a new concept hybrid airliner called E-Thrust. Jason Paur, writing for Wired:
The idea behind the E-Thrust is to use several electrically driven fans to provide the thrust, but the power supply will be a gas-turbine engine employed during cruising when it just needs enough juice to stay in the air. When it needs more power — during takeoff and climbing — an “energy storage system,” (aka batteries) will provide an additional source of grunt for the fans.
Most modern commercial aircraft use turbofans, which produce nearly all of their thrust not from jet turbine’s exhaust but from the large fans that surround it. By replacing all but one of the turbines with electric motors, EADS hopes the proposed aircraft will help cut CO2 emissions by 75%. Plus, they would be significantly quieter, creating less disruption for airport neighbors and making for a more pleasant flight for those onboard.
E-Thrust is just a concept so far—meaning it’s a least a decade or more off—but given that EADS and Boeing are both working on hybrid designs suggests that in the not-so-distant future, you may be cruising at 36,000 feet powered by a stream of electrons. | <urn:uuid:bf1c505e-7d7a-401f-a2e4-ba5fff4a0b31> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/next/space/hybrid-airliner-promises-thriftier-and-quieter-future/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00196-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954787 | 268 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Azerbaijan's fresh water basins and the Caspian Sea, which account for 110 fish species and subspecies, have been enriched with two new fish species.
Two new fish species have been discovered in Azerbaijan, senior researcher of Institute of Zoology of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS), Namig Mustafayev, said on January 10.
Stone moroko (Pseudorasbora parva) and Korean sharpbelly (Hemiculter leucisculus) have been discovered in Azerbaijan's fauna.
Evidently, these fishes were by accident introduced to Azerbaijan's fauna in the 1970s during the introduction of herbivorous fishes.
Stone morocco is widespread in almost all inland waters of Azerbaijan and in Azerbaijani part of the Caspian Sea. The five-year old specimen with a length of 94 mm and weight of 10 grams has been seen in Azerbaijani waters.
Korean sharpbelly is common in the rivers of Lankaran region, Mingachevir water reservoir, the lower parts of Kura and Araz rivers, in the Azerbaijani sector of the Caspian Sea from Absheron peninsula to Astara region. The oldest specimen is five years old, and has a length of 150 mm and weighs 25.4 grams.
Most of fish are anadromous or semi-anadromous, the young grow up in salt water and migrate to fresh water to breed after they reach maturity. The most valuable of anadromous fish are salmon, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon and beluga.
Beside, the water basins of Azerbaijan contain such valuable fish species as bream, carps, rutilus, kutum and others.
Construction of a number of hydro technical plants on the Kura River as well as the Caspian water pollution led to the significant reduction in the number of valuable fish species.
Azerbaijan's fish-farming establishments and hatcheries were launched to restore the fish reserves and to increase the number of fish in species, accounting for breeding thousands of sturgeons, salmons, breams, carps, etc.
The Zoology Institute proposed to create an experimental farm for the cultivation of sturgeon fish at the country's Mingachevir laboratory in November 2013.
Sturgeon may be artificially bred in the Caspian Sea and the Kura River as part of this project. Scientists plan to produce 15-20 tons of sturgeon fish annually. | <urn:uuid:6991e2dd-cf33-4012-82b6-102f3d6d6f12> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.today.az/news/society/129929.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00195-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945234 | 527 | 3.125 | 3 |
Who determines the path of new technologies: the engineers in the R&D lab, the decision makers of a company (or at a university or government sponsor), or the consumers and citizens who put that technology to use? For many people, W. Brian Arthur’s theories about complexity and innovation have provided the most effective answer. In the 1980s, as an economist based at Stanford University and the Santa Fe Institute (to which he would move full time in 1996), Arthur began to develop agent-based models of stock market behavior. These showed the extent to which irrational factors such as investors’ subjective expectations could bias the behavior of the whole system.
In the mid-1980s, as the full impact of personal computers on business began to be felt, Arthur put forth the idea that increasing returns — the expanding value of a technology as more people use it — could lead economies in unexpected directions. For example, Microsoft’s Windows operating system, deliberately set up as an open-architecture platform, was increasingly valuable because of the large array of hardware and software components that worked with it. The greater the number who used it, the more companies would fit their products with it, and thus the greater the number who would use it. Such a system would be vulnerable only to another product with an even stronger network effect (such as Google’s search engine, eventually). Arthur’s concepts provided an apt strategic explanation of the ways in which innovative products, surrounded by networks of avid users, came to dominate niches in the technology industry. (See Joel Kurtzman, “An Interview with W. Brian Arthur,” s+b, Second Quarter 1998.)
Arthur’s latest work, The Nature of Technology: What It Is and How It Evolves (Free Press, 2009), delves more deeply into the meaning of innovation over time. He observes that new technologies are put together from existing technologies. Thus, the collective body of technological endeavor evolves by creating new elements from within itself. It forms a system that is constantly changing in ways that nobody can quite predict. This evolutionary process provides the impetus in turn for large-scale changes in science, the economy, and much of human culture.
“We put together pieces of metal alloy and fossil fuel so that we hurtle through the sky at close to the speed of sound; we organize tiny signals from the spins of atomic nuclei to make images of the neural circuits inside our brains; we organize biological objects — enzymes — to snip tiny slivers of molecules from DNA and paste them into bacterial cells,” Arthur writes. “Two or three centuries ago we could not have imagined these powers.”
Recently, s+b spoke to Arthur at his home in Palo Alto about the evolution of technology and how people and companies can harness innovation for their own benefit and the benefit of the world around them.
S+B: You wrote in your new book that an economy is an organizing system for technology. What did you mean by that?
ARTHUR: If you consider what an economy consists of — organizations, laws, markets, banking systems, and so on — you realize that human beings have created an enormous system of means or arrangements to meet our needs. And then when you look closely at all of these arrangements, which have become enormously complicated, incredibly interlinked, hyper-communicative, and very much dependent on each other, you realize that they are made up of a huge panoply of technologies. I find this actually quite marvelous — that one of our primary accomplishments as human beings is to get ourselves organized to meet our needs, and we’ve done it in a brilliant way that’s evolved over centuries.
S+B: By “technologies,” do you mean just machines, or a broader definition?
ARTHUR: There are very recognizable physical technologies, such as radar or gene sequencing or chemical engineering, but I wanted to open up the whole discussion of innovation to a wider class of things beyond the obvious. Because if you view technology as the centerpiece of the arrangements of an economy, of these means to a purpose, then questions must be raised. Are shoelaces technologies? Surely, they are means to a purpose. I’d have to say yes. What about traffic lights, tax laws, university administrations? Are those all means to purposes? Certainly. What about venture capital financing? In a very real sense, in the sense that they were developed by humans as new ways to meet some need, these are all evolving technologies and innovation.
The economy thus isn’t something that contains a few technologies. The economy is its technologies and is an expression of its technologies — in the same way that an ecosystem emerges from its species. And if an economy consists of its technologies, then it automatically changes the moment you change any of the technologies. If a part of the legal system or venture capital financing is altered, changes reverberate throughout the entire economy, and not just in the parts of the economy most directly impacted by what has occurred. Any time a new species comes into the ecosystem, the ecosystem changes.
S+B: How can decision makers use this concept of economies and innovation?
ARTHUR: Most people think of innovation as a specific action done differently than anyone did it before. So, for instance, if you come up with a better way to sequence genes, that’s innovation.
But once you start to see the economy as an evolving system of technologies, you begin to realize that an awful lot of innovation has to do with understanding the new possibilities that exist. For example, starting around the 1960s, the possibility of digitization came along. Someone could take, say, a business process and redesign it inside a computer and get something very different.
The movie business initially used computers just for accounting and bookkeeping and the like. But in the 1980s, moviemakers began to re-express their existing graphic special effects through the new digital languages. In other words, the movie business combined some of its old processes with some of the new possibilities to create completely new technologies. Then it started to use those technologies for new types of filmmaking, and for other things. That’s not the same as just adopting an existing set of tools and techniques; that’s a much more alive and dynamic activity. Call it innovation.
For decision makers, the payoff of this idea occurs when they see some big new technology about to come into the economy and change everything. If you can adopt and adapt this change in some new way, you can be in a very privileged position. Just look at messaging capabilities. In the 19th century, we embedded message sending in the economy within electronics, through technologies such as the telegraph and telephone. Later, we embedded message sending within photonics, through fiber optics. Then computer hardware and software led to the ability to send messages almost instantaneously and for everything to communicate with everything — and this has defined business processes in the economy during the last few decades.
Fifteen years ago, I would have walked into an airport with a piece of paper and somebody at a desk would have looked at the ticket and done certain things to it to show that I was allowed to board the plane. Now, I come in and maybe I put a credit card or a frequent flyer card under a machine and instantaneously there’s a whole conversation from that machine to other devices that say, “Yes, this guy has made a reservation,” and God knows what other things they’re checking on. A whole set of conversations is triggered. It’s all because computers, photonics, and electronics made it possible.
S+B: Does understanding the dynamics of this kind of evolution allow you to foresee innovations that otherwise would not be foreseeable?
ARTHUR: It does give me certain qualitative ideas for the future, and one of them is that there will be absolutely no end to the process of evolution. New technologies become building blocks that get combined to make new technologies. Then whole families of new phenomena get discovered from time to time and we busy ourselves with those phenomena. For example, in the 1700s and 1800s, chemicals were investigated. In the 1800s and 1900s, electricity and electronics were deeply investigated. Since about the 1930s on, we’ve been working on quantum phenomena, and that gave us the laser and the transistor and magnetic resonance imaging. Looking ahead, the key question to ask is, “What new families of phenomena are we investigating in science now, and how will those express themselves in new technologies?”
I’ll give you an example. In 1953, scientists uncovered the structure of DNA. Within 10 years, they’d broken the code for how DNA made proteins and they had begun to understand an awful lot about molecular biology. And within the next 10 or 15 years, they knew how cells create proteins and so on. And then, from the ’70s on, that became translated into technologies like recombinant DNA, which gives us the ability to go into the human genetic system and switch certain genes on and off or insert new genes. So if you want to understand the future, understand what families of phenomena are being uncovered, investigated, and mined at the moment and start to imagine how those are going to translate into useful things or means to purposes.
S+B: Would you agree that when you put these ideas together, they add up to a theory of progress?
ARTHUR: Let’s call it a theory of progression. Basically, what people have done throughout history is to find more and more sophisticated ways to meet their own needs — whether involving clothing, shelter, health care, efficiency, entertainment, or anything else. If we’re lucky, we find new technologies that meet our needs better than they were met before. Our medical needs — say, to bring healthy children into the world or to live longer lives — are far, far better met now than they were 100 years ago. We could say that human beings are getting more and more elaborately organized. Usually that’s seen as a sign of progress. Sometimes, though, I’m skeptical.
S+B: Is the pace of innovation accelerating or is technology just becoming more diverse and complex?
ARTHUR: It’s clearly more sophisticated nowadays. Imagine if we were cave people and had about 20 words to express ourselves, such as “good, bad, yes, no,” and so on. There are only certain things that you can communicate with those words. But we have constantly created new words — new technologies — to expand our old vocabulary. And in so doing we have created new vocabularies for innovation. The result is that we can express sophisticated thoughts because we have lots of words, expressions, phrases, and combinations of them to work with. And in that sense, modern technology has gotten very sophisticated.
But I don’t think human beings are any faster at inventing these days than they were 100 years ago. Maybe more of us are working with technologies — there are more scientists and engineers. Maybe we’re better organized than before. But above all, what has changed is that we have much more to invent with. That creates a certain speed-up in innovation, but I’m not expecting this rate to accelerate to infinity any time.
S+B: Would you characterize innovation as a craft or a science?
ARTHUR: Craft. I’m sitting here in Silicon Valley and I’m saying, “What’s special about this place? It was all prune orchards 40 years ago. Why should it be the hub of innovation now?” It’s because people in this little part of the world understood quite well how to work with certain phenomena in electronics, and then in computation, and then more recently in genetics. They understood the craft, not just the science; they understood innately how to manipulate a technology to produce a newer, better technology. One argument against this would say: “Anybody could have understood that. They could have made recombinant DNA in the ’70s in Estonia. They’ve got good scientists. So did the Soviet Union, or Germany, or Sweden, or Japan.”
But it’s not sufficient to have good scientists or good technical journals or even good universities, any more than it is sufficient to take a recipe book off the shelf to be able to cook Chicken Cordon Bleu. What’s more important is the implicit knowledge of what temperatures to use, and just how much to cook something.
The more advanced the technology, the more craft is required in innovation. Innovation is about shared knowledge: of how to deal with phenomena, of parameter values and what to do when things go wrong — knowing what new pathways to try and what things have already been tried so you don’t have to waste your time on them. And in the computer industry, much of that knowledge resides locally in Silicon Valley.
If you can nurture that kind of craft, it generates innovations like crazy. Akron, Ohio, used to be the headquarters of tire companies. The companies pulled out in the 1980s, but the place had this incredible embedded knowledge about polymer chemistry. And when the tire companies left, people there found that they could innovate wildly in polymer chemistry, doing all kinds of things that nobody had ever thought of. Now the area is known as “Polymer Valley.” You can purposely build up such a craft locally, but it is hard to do. Once you have it going, it’s an enormous asset and shouldn’t be squandered.
- Art Kleiner is editor-in-chief of strategy+business and the author of The Age of Heretics (2nd ed., Jossey-Bass, 2008). | <urn:uuid:91cf22b7-0fbc-4f22-b31a-8f55446e5d5f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.strategy-business.com/article/00014?pg=3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393997.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00060-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962101 | 2,860 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Robot Will Save (Some) Animals From Toxicity Testing
The big yellow robot in the picture above has the potential to save at least some innocent animals from being poisoned, and that's a start. The big yeller' is a high-throughput robot capable of testing thousands of cell-based chemical tests at a time, enabling toxicity results in a matter of hours, as opposed to years of animal testing.
Earlier this month, three divisions of the NIH and EPA -- the National Toxicology Program, the Chemical Genomics Center (both under the NIH) and the National Center for Computational Toxicology (under the EPA) -- agreed to "coordinate their resources to better identify toxicity pathways, select chemicals for testing, analyze and interpret data, and promote their findings to scientific and regulatory communities." (Feds Agree To Toxicity Tests That Cut Animal Testing)
In spite of this agreement, the details of how these research and data-sharing goals will be accomplished have yet to be worked out. In the meantime, animal testing for toxicity will continue in these government agencies, even though the research is expensive, time consuming, and isn't necessarily providing accurate data on how humans will react to the toxins.
Robots and biochips (MetaChips and DataChips), are currently being used in government and private chemical and drug research, to examine the effects of toxicity on animal and human liver and bladder cells, as well as on embryonic cells. Unlike the robots, however, biochips don't have the capacity to test hundreds of thousands of cell samples at one time.
Further efforts to use these innovations will no doubt be stepped up, as the European Union's ban on chemical testing of animals begins one year from now.
That's the mixed buzz for today! | <urn:uuid:82e30402-bd98-49e9-8c9f-eebcf81918f5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://inventorspot.com/articles/animal_testing_11165 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400031.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00062-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942003 | 362 | 3.0625 | 3 |
The Hubble space telescope has taken the most detailed photograph yet of a fading star that’s beaming twin searchlights through its dusty grave.
The Egg Nebula, as astronomers call the object they discovered 37 years ago, is a cocoon of dust and gas illuminated like a lantern by an aging central star.
Slightly larger and hotter than the sun, the star long ago ran out of hydrogen fuel and switched to fusing heavier elements. The change swelled it into a red giant star that ultimately shed most of its outer gases, which are now being blown away by solar winds from the star’s small, remaining core.
The thick shroud of gas and dust make the Egg Nebula faint and extraordinarily difficult for astronomers to see, even though it’s relatively close at roughly 3,000 light-years away from Earth. So NASA and the European Space Agency aimed their space-based Hubble telescope at the object and stared it down.
The new image is an extreme close-up compared to a photo of the Egg Nebula that Hubble took in 2003 (below). That was six years years before spacewalking astronauts installed the Hubble’s Wide Field Camera 3, considered by many to be the telescope’s most technologically advanced instrument.
In the most recent image, a pair of searchlight beams blast from each end of the dusty torus around the central star. Astronomers aren’t certain why the beams take this their peculiar shape, but it may be because the star is actually a double-star system, according to a NASA press release.
Whatever the case, the thick clouds will last for just another 1,000 years or so. In about 10,000 years, the gases of the planetary nebula will be dispersed. After that, the leftover stellar core — a white dwarf — may smolder for trillions of years.Go Back to Top. Skip To: Start of Article. | <urn:uuid:d94c1dba-5231-4ea2-8d0d-9ae13b97658a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.wired.com/2012/04/egg-nebula-hubble/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00185-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925646 | 389 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Coccygeal nerve - Definition
It refers to the 31st nerve of the spinal column that corresponds to the coccyx bone. It is also known by other names like:
This is the lowest and last of the spinal nerve.
Coccygeal nerve - Origin
The nerve has its origin in the sacral plexus.
Coccygeal nerve - Function
The venral ramus of this nerve helps to form the coccygeal plexus.
Coccygeal nerve - Pictures
The images here reveal the location and appearance of this spinal nerve.
Back to Nervous System | <urn:uuid:c06331a2-82cc-445d-b089-1637969b3a23> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://bodterms.weebly.com/coccygeal-nerve.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397842.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00015-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.879741 | 133 | 3.265625 | 3 |
The European Commission is taking Greece to Court over a failure to ensure that waste water is properly treated. In the EU, Member States need adequate collection and treatment systems for urban waste water, as untreated water poses risks to human health, inland waters and the marine environment. Greece was first warned in 2010 about this particular case, which concerns areas with a population in a range between 2000 and 15000. Although many of the original concerns have since been addressed, the scale of the remaining problems has now led the Commission to refer the case to the EU's Court of Justice.
EU legislation on urban waste water treatment dates back to 1991, with long lead times for the implementation deadlines. Member States had until the end of 2000 to ensure appropriate treatment for wastewater from large agglomerations, and until the end of 2005 for discharges from medium-sized agglomerations and discharges to freshwater and estuaries from small agglomerations.
Greece has lagged behind in implementing the legislation, and the latest reports from the Greek authorities show that appropriate treatment facilities are still lacking in five agglomerations (Prosotsani, Doxato, Eleftheroupoli Galatista and Vagia). For three other areas (Polichronou Chanioti and Desfina) the Commission takes the view that the data submitted is either incomplete, or shows a failure to comply with the appropriate standards.
The Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC) requires Member States to ensure that agglomerations (towns, cities, settlements) properly collect and treat their urban waste water. Untreated waste water can be contaminated with harmful bacteria and viruses, presenting a risk to public health. It also contains nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous which can damage freshwaters and the marine environment, promoting excessive algae growth that chokes other living organisms, a process known as eutrophication.
For more information:
On the February infringement package decisions, see MEMO/15/4489
On the general infringement procedure, see MEMO/12/12
For more information on infringement procedures: | <urn:uuid:5db6fc1a-0197-4e81-98e0-9de634dc892a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-15-4491_en.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397695.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00197-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937516 | 431 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Gas and electric ranges and ovens operate fairly simply, and they're usually easy to repair, mainly because the components are designed for quick disassembly.
Most of the malfunctions that affect gas ranges involve the supply and ignition of gas in the burners and the oven. Most malfunctions that affect electric ranges and ovens involve faulty heating elements. In this article, we'll discuss how the main parts should work on gas and electric ranges and ovens and how to service them regularly to avoid larger, more expensive problems. The first step is taking a peek inside to assess the problem.Caution: Before doing any work on a gas range or oven, make sure it's unplugged, or turn off the electric power to the unit by removing a fuse or tripping a circuit breaker at the main entrance panel or at a separate panel. If there is a grounding wire to the range, disconnect it. Also close the gas supply valve to shut off the unit's gas supply. | <urn:uuid:50034ddd-ed0a-48c2-8c9b-2de2d5e72f91> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://home.howstuffworks.com/how-to-repair-an-oven.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397795.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00164-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939756 | 198 | 2.6875 | 3 |
noun[mass noun] Medicine
The use of a ring or loop to bind together the ends of an obliquely fractured bone or encircle the opening of a malfunctioning cervix.
- A Cochrane Collaboration review completed in 2002 identified six relevant trials, four of which studied the effect of cerclage versus no cerclage in preventing preterm delivery.
- Those with a history of multiple gestations, ruptured membranes, history of cervical cerclage, signs of preterm labor or serious medical problems were excluded.
- No randomized studies have shown that use of tocolytic therapy after cerclage is effective.
Early 20th century: from French, literally 'encirclement'.
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: cerc|lage
Definition of cerclage in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed. | <urn:uuid:05510b65-ea07-4210-8025-12e128851d85> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/cerclage | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396887.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00163-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.858443 | 201 | 3.109375 | 3 |
James Fenimore Cooper's The Pioneers, published in 1823, introduced American readers to Natty Bumppo, a.k.a. the Deerslayer, the Pathfinder, the Leatherstocking, or Hawkeye. In the book, Natty is an old man of nearly 70 years, settled on the shore of Lake Otsego in Upstate New York, and he plays only a supporting role among the cast of characters. The books that recount his earlier adventures -- the Leatherstocking Tales -- came later from Cooper's pen, as prequels inspired by the popularity of Natty's character.
In his old age, Natty has become, willy-nilly, something of a philosopher. And mostly what he philosophizes about is the destruction of his beloved wilderness by "the wasty ways" of settlers.
"Ah! the game is becoming hard to find, indeed, Judge, with your clearings and betterments," he tells the principal landowner of the region, upon whose land he squats. With his Pennsylvania long rifle and dead eye, Natty takes his share of game, but it is the farmers, not the hunters, he insists, who make game scarce.
The farmers use long seines to drag fish by the thousands from the waters of the lake, rather than hook or spear. They blaze away with abandon at the great flocks of passenger pigeons that pass overhead, employing even cannon charged with grapeshot, killing 20 birds to eat one. "This comes of settling a country," laments Natty.
The felling of trees frets him most. He imagines the day when the great silent forests will have been reduced to an endless desert of stumps, with no place for game to live. His landlord, Judge Temple, shares his concern, and predicts that if laws against the taking of wood are not enacted, then "20 years hence, we shall want for fuel."
All of this when the population of Boston was less than 20,000.
Natty Bumppo and Judge Temple were not alone in lamenting the wanton destruction of the wilderness. Many early-19th century naturalists warned of the fateful consequences that would follow denudation of the forests.
It is difficult for present-day New Englanders, who find all the necessities of life at WalMart, to imagine the pressures on the forests of 200 years ago. In Natty Bumppo's day, the overwhelming majority of citizens were farmers, and the clearing of land for agriculture proceeded apace. There were also the timber industry, the charcoal industry, the barrel stave industry, and the taking of oak bark for tanning. Drafty fireplaces hungrily consumed what was left of the forest.
As it turned out, the forests of the Northeast not only survived but mostly recovered from early depredations. With the opening of the Erie Canal, farmers moved west to more fertile lands in Ohio and beyond. The railroads brought building timber from the far northern forests of New Hampshire and Maine. Coal, and eventually oil and gas, replaced firewood as domestic fuel. Today, there are more woodlands in southern New England than in Cooper's time.
There are those who will take this as a lesson that technology will solve whatever environmental problems technology creates, and that conservationists are therefore bothersome doomsayers, destined to be as wrong as was Natty Bumppo. They fail to remember that the technological developments that allowed northeastern woodlands to recover simply moved environmental problems into someone else's backyard.
The northeastern woodlands survived, but only at the expense of the soot- covered industrial cities of the Midwest, the strip-mined hills of Appalachia, and ultimately the more vulnerable environments of Third World countries.
The old woodsman of Lake Otsego would not have cared a fig about what happened to distant rain forests or tropic reefs, as long as the dark cathedrals of his own forests remained intact. What is required today, however, is a global conservation that Natty Bumppo could not have imagined -- not NIMBY (not in my backyard), but TPIMBY (the planet is my backyard). | <urn:uuid:2996db51-00d4-433d-8727-3fd4ffd468f1> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blog.sciencemusings.com/2007/10/tpimby.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397213.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00123-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967047 | 856 | 2.75 | 3 |
Pislaru, Crinela (2009) Using blended learning to explain complex scientific notions. In: Teaching and Learning Conference 2009 - Inspire: Delivering inspiring teaching, Monday 14th September 2009, University of Huddersfield, UK. (Unpublished)Metadata only available from this repository.
Downloads per month over past year
Repository Staff Only: item control page | <urn:uuid:db6b4e59-f50d-4274-8ed4-ff52101429eb> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/10285/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00179-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.69851 | 79 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Children in Valladolid, Spain are discovering a love of film-making without using a single camera.
The Asociación Espacio Rojo (Red Space Association) is organizing workshops for children that allow them to make their own movies with simple materials like raw film, markers and a single projector.
WATCH THE VIDEO:
To learn more about the project, visit GlobalVoicesOnline.org or view more of the children's videos and the film-making process on the Red Space Association's vimeo channel. You can also learn more about the organization at http://espaciorojo.com, but be prepared, most of the site's content is in Spanish.
SUBSCRIBE AND FOLLOW
Get top stories and blog posts emailed to me each day. Newsletters may offer personalized content or advertisements.Learn more | <urn:uuid:8a0c4324-0b2b-443c-b29b-84c650204f83> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/01/05/workshop-teaches-kids-how_n_412061.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397744.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00081-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.849309 | 172 | 2.625 | 3 |
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Narratives of transgression, from Jewish folktales to German cinema
Paul Wegener's Der Golem, wie er in die Welt kam (The Golem: How He Came into the World, 1920)
In this astute historical and textual analysis of Paul Wegener's German
Expressionist classic, Cathy Gelbin argues that Der Golem "bears out the tension between the ethical particularities of the Jewish Golem tradition and its universalising employment, which now highlights the Jew as a problematic figure."
Between 1913 and 1923, the renowned stage actor Paul Wegener (1874-1948) directed and performed in a number of pioneering films of German art cinema, including Der Student von Prag (The Student of Prague, 1913), Rübezahls Hochzeit (Rübezahl's Wedding, 1916) and three Golem films.
The first two renditions of the Golem legend, Der Golem (The Golem, 1914) and Der Golem und die Tänzerin (The Golem and the Dancer, 1917) transferred the story into the present. They are less remembered today. It was Wegener's third version of the material—this time recreating Jewish folk tales in a period setting—that became the highlight of his acting career, and that made its mark on cinema internationally.
With its focus on the magical and uncanny, visually translated into the deeply symbolic sets and expressionistic lighting, Wegener's 1920 Golem picture exemplifies the director's conception of film as a medium of art, as well as the thematic and stylistic features of early German cinema at large.
From Jewish Mysticism to German cinema
The term "Golem" first appears in the Hebrew Scriptures. In Psalm 139:16 it connotes a shapeless mass, perhaps an embryo, while a derivative of the root in Isaiah 49:21 refers to female infertility. Medieval Jewish mystics adopted the term to describe an artificial man created via Cabbalistic ritual.
A Polish-Jewish folk-tale tradition centered around the creation of a Golem arose around 1600 and made its way into German literary Romanticism two hundred years later. Writing in the age of Jewish emancipation, Christian authors such as Achim von Arnim, ETA Hoffmann and others used the Golem to reflect the common perception of Jews as uncanny and corrupt. A second Jewish folk-tale tradition attributing the making of a Golem to the sixteenth-century Rabbi Löw of Prague developed around 1750. This tradition came to dominate the German literary imagination at the end of the nineteenth century and has informed most Golem renditions since.
Many fictional accounts, including Gustav Meyrink's Der Golem (The Golem; first published in 1915), bore hardly any resemblance to either the Cabbalistic or the Jewish folk-tale traditions. Wegener's film follows the folk tales around Löw more closely, though some critics cite Meyrink's famous novel as inspiration for the film. However, it is much more likely the case that Wegener's Der Student von Prag and his first Golem film, both released before the publication of Meyrink's novel, inspired Meyrink's novel. The latter certainly bears some interesting similarities with Wegener's Student von Prag, with Prague providing the scenery for the uncanny doppelgänger motif in both works.
Wegener was aware of the city's Jewish history, recreating its old Jewish cemetary for some of the scenes in his 1913 film. The grave of Rabbi Yehuda ben Betsalel, the historic Rabbi Löw, bears one of the few legible and well-preserved tombstones in this cemetary, and has remained a magnet for visitors throughout the centuries.
Working with other famous actors from Max Reinhardt's Deutsches Theater, such as Albert Steinrück as Rabbi Löw and Ernst Deutsch as his Famulus (servant), Wegener's 1920 film portrays Rabbi Löw's creation of a Golem to protect the Jews of Prague from persecution. During an audience with the Emperor (Otto Gebühr), the Rabbi—trying to appease the Christian ruler—projects images from Jewish tradition onto an imaginary screen.
The disrespect shown by the Emperor and members of his court thwart the Rabbi's magic, causing the images and finally the entire palace to collapse in on itself. Only the Golem, played by Wegener himself, is able to save those present by supporting the falling beams with its giant body. Gratefully, the Emperor repeals his order of expulsion. Upon their return to the ghetto, the Rabbi decides to lay the increasingly disobedient and threatening Golem to rest. A love story between the Rabbi's alluring daughter Miriam (Lyda Salmonova) and Florian (Lothar Müthel), the Emperor's messenger, develops alongside the creation and ensuing rebellion of the Golem. Knight Florian bribes his way into the ghetto while the Rabbi is at the palace. Back in the ghetto, the Famulus—who is also in love with Miriam—discovers the presence of the stranger, revives the Golem and tells it to seize the intruder.
An orgy of destruction follows. The Golem kills Florian, drags Miriam away and sets the ghetto aflame. Then its steps outside the dark streets into the sunlight, smiling happily for the first time. A blonde girl playfully offers it an apple. Lifted up by the smiling Golem, the curious girl pulls out the amulet, leaving the Golem defunct at last.
An anti-Semitic film?
Earlier critics focused on the film's universal aspects, such as its aesthetic features, or its socio-historical relevance. Siegfried Kracauer, for example, perceived the resentful Golem as reflecting Germans' grudge against their international ostracism after World War I, and as anticipating the rise of the Nazi dictatorship.
The current critical reception of Wegener's Golem, however, oscillates between praise for the largely empathetic and historically accurate portrayal of medieval Jewish life on the one hand and charges of anti-Semitism on the other. For example, while Dietmar Pertsch discusses the film in its visual context, noting that it largely escapes the anti-Semitic iconography of Jewish figures in concurrent European theater and cinema, Paul Cooke considers the film an example of cinematic anti-Semitism.
It is obvious, however, that Wegener's film largely refrains from the denunciatory visual representation of Jewish difference at the time. Friedrich Murnau's Nosferatu (1922), for instance, highlighted the vampire's profile with its large hooked nose as the unmistakable sign of the racialised Jewish body. Furthermore, money, that powerful signifier of the alleged Jewish dominance over the world, plays practically no role in Wegener's construction of the Jews.
Abstaining from the dominant Shylock tradition of the cruel and money-grubbing Jew, the bribing of the pain-bent and emaciated gatekeeper of the ghetto by the arrogant Knight Florian instead exposes the Christian dominance over Jewish people at the time. In reversing the notion of the Jews' financial hold over the Christian, Der Golem effectively undoes the most dominant anti-Jewish stereotype since the Christian Middle Ages.
While it is true that the Rabbi's wielding of a Pentagramme in the creation scene evokes the negative Christian association of Jews with sorcery, Jewish folktales themselves portray the Golem as a work of magic. Löw's appearance in an embroidered white hat during the animation of the Golem likens the Rabbi to a wonderous magician, indeed a divine creator like the Hebrew deity, rather than the satanic witches present in anti-Semitic discourse. Also tellingly, this is not the pointed infidels' or witches' hat that was historically enforced on medieval Jews and is shown in other scenes together with the discriminatory yellow badge to convey a sense of historical accuracy.
Furthermore, the filmic evocation of Goethe's Faust – that work viewed as the pinnacle of German classical literature – casts Jewish themes as the stuff of high culture. Astaroth, the spirit revealing the secret word that animates the Golem, appears as a Mephistotelian image; and like Faust, Rabbi Löw is assisted by a Famulus. The reversal of the master-servant relationship forged between Faust and Mephisto, and Rabbi Löw and the Golem respectively, further render Löw a Faustian figure.
Wegener's film casts Löw as a symbol of the artist and the unstable implication of his products. The theatrical references of the film, including the performance of accomplished Reinhardt actors and the highly artistic sets, challenged the concurrent dismissal of cinema as a medium of low culture.
The Golem in turn postulates the autonomy of all creation, including the work of art, and warns against its idle uses. Like the Rabbi's moving images, the Golem represents a transgression against the Biblical prohibition to make an image, which necessitates the collapse of both creations in the Jewish Golem tales.
The film bears out the tension between the ethical particularities of the Jewish Golem tradition and its universalising employment, which now highlights the Jew as a problematic figure. According to the anti-Semitic accusation Jews could create only flawed works of art. This charge reverberates in the association of Löw with the challenged medium of film.
In another reversion of traditional anti-Semitic motifs, Löw and his creations signify the positive difference between "authentic" art and its shallow correlatives in the Christian realm. It is the Christian court that epitomises the negatively configured desire for cheap mass entertainment with the jester as its symbol, unable to appreciate the sublimity of Löw's artistic creation.
Crisis of gender
The Golem figure ties together multiple narratives of transgression in the film. The sequential interweaving of the Golem's creation and Miriam's involvement with the Knight suggests a parallelism between the monster and the woman as rebellious children figures of the Rabbi. Itself a transgression against divine decree and of the "natural," the Golem signifies the potential for unlawful "hybrid" creation in Miriam's liason with the Christian.
At the same time, the Golem serves as an ambiguous metaphor for the destructive consequences of untamed male desire and of masculinity as the re-ordering principle. The film's message ultimately is conservative, calling for a reinstatement of the sexual, ethnic-religious and gendered bounds it initially undermines.
Compared to the representation of Löw as an artist, Wegener's gendered images of Jews and Christians fall more along the lines of stereotypical discourses on the Jew. The visual contrasting of gesticulating Jews (appearing as masses of black-clad old men) with young and fair Christians revisits the Christian association of Jews with darkness, and the notion of the Jew as prone to hysteria.
Anti-Jewish stereotypes also mark the portrayal of Miriam as the dark and seductive Jewish woman, while Christian women at the court shy away from the Golem's advances. Even more strongly, the blonde girls at the end of the film signify innocence and virginity, though the apple implies the danger of temptation emanating from all femininity.
Yet the polarity between the images of Jewish and Christian women is blatant. Outside the ghetto walls, the Golem sees a mother and child bringing flowers to a statue of the Virgin Mary and her baby Jesus. Significantly, the name of the Christian Madonna represents the Greek transliteration of the Hebrew name Miriam.
The Jewish woman thus exemplifies the destructive allure of the female sex unless restrained by Christian chastity, domesticity and maternity. The soulless Golem equally contrasts with the naturalised image of mother and child who are bathed in light and aligned with the Christian world. This construction evokes the claim by Tertullian that "the soul is by nature Christian," an assertion still cited in the Twentieth Century.
Whether intended or not, however, the juxtaposition between the motherless Golem and the Christian Messiah also reopens the question of the latter's unclear paternal origins. The visual association between both figures implicitly parodies the assertion of Christianity as "natural," a term hardly descriptive of the immaculate conception.
As Matthew Biro suggests, the cyborg in Weimar art often represents alternative models of masculinity. Although Biro does not include the Golem in his exploration of figures of technology, the Golem can be classed among the wider theme of the artificial anthropoid that dominated the 1920s German screen.
The Golem's monstrous urge for Miriam echoes both the consummated desire of the Christian Knight and the violent frustration of the Famulus which leads to Florian's destruction. In configuring the disintegration of male desire from restraint to enaction and rape, the android represents the crisis of masculinity brought on by the allure of the Jewish woman as the quintessential "New Woman."
Revisiting Miriam's monstrous transgression on her, the Golem finally turns into a tool to reinstate the patriarchal order and its ethnic-religious confines. It is now that the Famulus assures Miriam that he will forgive her and keep the secret of her misdemeanor. The "New Man" thus inadvertently requires a woman whose potential for transgression titillates, but who ultimately is bounded both sexually and ethnically.
The legacy of Der Golem
The imprint of Wegener's Golem can be found in a number of later films with android and monster figures. Fritz Lang's Metropolis (1927) appears as a modernist Christian version of the medieval Jewish theme of the Golem. In Lang's film, the engeneer Rotwang (Rudolf Klein-Rogge), his name bearing Jewish implications, creates a destructive female cyborg as the alluring doppelgänger of the virtuous and Madonna-like Maria (Brigitte Helm).
This narrative construction seems inspired not only by Wegener's contrasting of Jewish and Christian female figures, but also by Achim von Arnim's 1812 story Isabella von Ägypten, the first German literary text to feature a Golem. Other film monsters influenced by Wegener's Golem, namely its physique and racialised love drama, also reappear in James Whale's Frankenstein (1937), and Merian Cooper and Ernest Schoedsack's King Kong (1933).
It is less known that Veit Harlan's anti-Semitic propaganda film Jud Süß (Jew Süß, 1940) invoked Wegener's Golem film, which older German audiences still would have remembered. Where Wegener's film closes with an image of a Star of David, Harlan's film opens with this image as if to present itself as a sequel.
Again, Rabbi Löw is seen star-gazing, this time a morally corrupt and physically deformed man in contrast to his aestheticised potrayal in Wegener's Golem. To create the impression of factual accuracy, Harlan shot key scenes portraying the alleged infamy of the Jews in Prague's Old-New Synagogue, where the historical Löw officiated and is said to have preserved the remains of his Golem.
Despite its slippage into stereotypes, it would not be fair to charge Wegener's film for its exploitation to justify a state-sanctioned genocide. Rather, it foretells the failure of the Jewish dream of assimilation when, in leaving the ghetto walls, the Golem figure signifies the search for an autonomous Jewish self within the Christian-Jewish constellation. Its tragic destruction anticipates the deadly ending of this Jewish dream between 1933 and 1945.
However, in the Jewish folktale tradition the Golem is also a figure of return, awaiting revival in the days to come. Wegener's Der Golem similiarly enjoys renewed popularity among today's German audiences, while a number of post-war Jewish artists are drawing on the Golem to declare the re-emergence of Jewish life in Germany. Undoubtedly, Wegener made a significant contribution to the enduring popularity of the Golem, both in German culture and internationally.
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Information related to the teaching of languages, including specific methods.
Related categories 3
Digests of educational research, originally compiled by the ERIC Clearinghouse and now distributed by the Center for Applied Linguistics.
Center for Advanced Language Proficiency Education and Research (CALPER)
At Pennsylvania State University. Conducts research to improve the environment of advanced-level foreign language teaching, learning and assessment.
Center for the Advancement of Distinguished Language Proficiency
Provides resources for students and teachers who are interested in how language learners reach near-native levels of foreign language proficiency.
E-mail list for foreign language teachers with technical questions. Archives, subscription information, frequently asked questions.
Foreign Language Lesson Plans and Resources for Teachers
Annotated links to resources for teachers of a variety of languages.
Languages Other Than English Center for Educational Development
Works to enhance the skills of LOTE teachers in Texas. Includes online courses, information about products for teachers.
National Foreign Language Resource Center
Operated by the University of Hawaii, United States. Covers projects, publications and professional development.
Reading in a Foreign Language (RFL)
Refereed online journal published at the University of Hawaii. Papers available in PDF and HTML formats.
Why, How, and When Should My Child Learn a Second Language?
Article by Kathleen Marcos on the benefits of early second language education.
From an email list on foreign language learning in Grades K-8. Designed for parents, teachers and administrators.
Other languages 1
Last update:May 20, 2016 at 1:35:11 UTC | <urn:uuid:0e07564c-428d-4ca2-9068-8fd42f7ebdd2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.dmoz.org/Science/Social_Sciences/Linguistics/Languages/Education | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398516.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00201-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.853209 | 331 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Click on the image for the video
This time series, from one year of Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) measurements, shows how powerful the TES data are for understanding emissions, chemistry, and transport in the troposphere.In the Southern Hemisphere (SH), CO and O3 are highly correlated throughout the year. High values indicate active biomass burning, which reaches a maximum during SH spring (Sept., Oct., and Nov.).
In the Northern Hemisphere (NH), CO is produced primarily by fossil fuel consumption and thus its emissions reach a maximum during NH winter (Dec., Jan., Feb.). NH O3, in contrast, is at a minimum in winter, when weak sunlight limits photochemical production. The NH CO-O3 relationship is reversed during the summer, when CO sources are reduced and photochemistry is more active. The summer sunlight produces abundant hydrogen oxides (HOx), critical players in atmospheric chemistry, which act as a sink for CO but are a source of O3 in polluted regions where nitrogen oxides (NOx) are present. The stratosphere also contributes to the spring/summer buildup of O3 in the NH, with the stratosphere-to-troposphere flux of O3 reaching a maximum in NH mid-latitudes in late NH spring (March, Apr. May).
In the tropics, CO sources are small but O3 is produced along the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) as a result of NOx production by lightning. These regional differences in emissions and chemistry are clear, but so is the rapid communication between different regions through long-range transport. Since CO and O3 have relatively long lifetimes compared to the timescales for atmospheric mixing, they act as excellent tracers of atmospheric motion. Much of the rapid transport between regions takes place along the storm tracks in mid-latitudes.
For more information regarding this animation, please contact John Worden or Vincent Realmuto, Jet Propulsion Laboratory. | <urn:uuid:d7993a55-84d2-402a-aaad-3e940b0f955b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA15005 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00143-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932771 | 406 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Study Links Mediterranean Diet to Preserving Memory
A recent study published in the journal Neurology shows a strong correlation between the Mediterranean diet and memory skills.
According to the study, conducted by researchers at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, the Mediterranean diet supports consuming food that has omega 3 fatty acids present in fish, salad dressing and chicken, thereby avoiding saturated fats, dairy food and meat. It is linked with the preservation of memory and thinking abilities. However, the link was absent in people with type II diabetes.
"Since there are no definitive treatments for most dementing illnesses, modifiable activities, such as diet, that may delay the onset of symptoms of dementia, are very important," Georgios Tsivgoulis, M.D., a neurologist with UAB and the University of Athens, Greece, said in a news release.
For the current study, researchers reviewed the dietary information of 17,478 African-Americans and Caucasians who belonged to the age group of 64 in order to check how closely they followed the Mediterranean diet. Nearly 17 percent of the participants suffered from diabetes. Apart from this, they underwent tests that measured their memory and thinking abilities over a period of four years.
The researchers noticed that those who closely maintained a Mediterranean diet were 19 percent less likely to develop problems with their thinking and memory skills.
However, not much difference was noticed in those who suffered from diabetes.
"Diet is an important modifiable activity that could help in preserving cognitive functioning in late life," said Tsivgoulis. "However, it is only one of several important lifestyle activities that might play a role in late-life mental functioning. Exercise, avoiding obesity, not smoking cigarettes and taking medications for conditions like diabetes and hypertension are also important." | <urn:uuid:9dad0001-86a5-4ada-abea-85a8953542f3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.scienceworldreport.com/articles/6584/20130502/study-links-mediterranean-diet-to-preserving-memory.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397795.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00169-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962234 | 358 | 3.203125 | 3 |
We all know that frequently a sketch is more effective and impressive than a
This results in part from the simplification of shape and the absence of distracting detail. The most beautiful and splendid picture may at times leave the beholder unmoved at a superficial glance; he turns away with the feeling that demands are being made on him to concentrate his attention, to give himself up. The sketch holds him more easily, it invites him to linger. This is because a sketch leaves so much open to him; it stimulates him to complete in imagination what is fleeting and unexpressed; it is full of mystery. And mystery, as everyone knows, is always attractive.
The fleeting, interrupted strokes that fade into the plane of the picture are continued in the mind, an activity of which one never tires.
Another charm of the sketch is that one can see how it came into being and can follow the work of its creation. Everyone enjoys watching work being done, whether or not he himself could do it. It is often said that art should conceal art, and it is true enough that signs of the effort of creation can oppress or disturb the beholder's enjoyment. But in most sketches everything seems easy, since it arose without obligation, and everyone prefers a suggestion to a command.
Gradually a new conception was introduced into the visual arts, that of a
work which has the nature of a sketch, which implies rather than formulates precisely, intended not as a sketch or study but as the finished work. This vagueness and evanescence brought yet another quality into the work of art: the idea of Movement.
Until the beginnings of Impressionism it had not been possible, other than in sketches, to represent anything but a fixed moment of movement, like a still from a motion picture. But a strong gesture interrupted and frozen was less and less felt to be satisfactory. It is tolerable only when it is represented just before or after its climax.
Lessing tried to develop from the laocoon group a
theory of the right moment of representation which would give the noblest expression of the inner event, but it had no practical outcome. Lessing's deductions could only be regarded by detached painters as a restriction of theme. The Impressionists, however, found an inspired solution to the problem of movement in the suggestiveness of the sketch. | <urn:uuid:0a016815-1cbc-4f83-9494-7dac48965e07> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.howtodrawit.com/sketching.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403825.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00145-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980426 | 479 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Good learning research helps you improve your practice and make decisions. For example, let’s say you want to know how long you should make the videos in a current eLearning project. The client says 15 minutes is fine. You know that’s way too long but you need research to back you up. But what research should you use to convince her? Well, good research, of course.
This month I’ll begin to help you determine what is good research. A few months ago I added the role of Research Director at The eLearning Guild to my plate. And a large part of my role as Research Director is about bringing you research you can use to improve your practice and make decisions. But I also want to help you become a better user of learning research in general.
So this month, I’ll start by reviewing some of the important things to consider when looking at learning research.
When you read learning (or any other) research, one thing to look at is the number of people who were sampled (surveyed, interviewed, or watched). The sample, or the “n,” is the number of participants or respondents. In general, the larger the sample size, the better. The problem with smaller sample sizes is that it’s easier to have results happen just by chance than it is with larger sample sizes.
For example, if 16 out of 20 people watching a video tuned out after an average of six minutes, you might not be sure you have enough data to make inferences about their attention span. On the other hand, if you had a much larger sample, say 1,600 out of 2,000 tuned out after an average of six minutes, you would feel much more confident in making inferences about their attention span, all other things being equal.
When reviewing research, it’s important to pay attention to the sample sizes and understand that conclusions drawn from smaller samples are often harder to make inferences about than those drawn from larger samples. (There are certainly more things to consider, but let’s not make this short column into a graduate research seminar.)
One problem with much of the research that you read in our field is that most studies are based on “convenience samples.” Convenience samples mean that the participants are convenient to sample! In other words, the participants or respondents chose to be sampled or are easy to sample. This is different than those who were chosen by a random sample, and who truly represent the larger population of potential participants or respondents. Do people who choose to take a survey or answer interviewer questions differ from everyone who could have responded? The truth is that we don’t know because we don’t have information about those who didn’t respond.
From what I have seen, the main players who do research in this area, by surveying practitioners and managers of training, eLearning, human resources, and related disciplines, all use convenience samples, not random samples. Random sampling would be very expensive and difficult to do. So we often have to deal with convenience samples, but be aware that they may not be fully representative. Even more reason to keep an eye on those being sampled.
And so, who are those being sampled? Are they like the people you want to apply the research to? Let’s say you find some great research on video attention span, based on surveys of 4,000 people, but those people were all middle-school children. Does this research apply to adults in workplace settings, too? I would think that the attention spans of middle-schoolers and adults would be different, but perhaps not. If the people that the research was done with aren’t the same as, or similar to, the people you are applying the research to, the research results may not apply in that situation, so you should certainly take that into consideration.
Researchers typically base conclusions in their study on the methodology of the study. For example, in the hypothetical video attention span study, I said that they measured when the participants “tuned out.” In real life, we could do this by observing the participants. But what if, instead of observing participants, we asked participants to write down how long it was before they got bored? Which method would give us a better measure of attention span? We regularly ask people to “self-report” things that we know that they do not accurately self-report (such as how much they ate or how often they lie). So another one of the things you should consider when reviewing research is what they measured and how they measured it. Is it likely to accurately represent the thing being measured? Direct measurement is always better than self-reporting. But when asking people questions, rather than directly measuring, make sure to ask questions they can and will answer! (We too often ask people to answer things they cannot or will not answer.)
These are some of the big things to look at when reviewing research. Much research is poorly done, so using it won’t help you improve your practice and make decisions. Next time I’ll show you some examples of good and not-so-good research. | <urn:uuid:36ff3f48-f64b-4b69-a1d8-972cac8532d8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.learningsolutionsmag.com/articles/967/elearning-guild-research-using-good-research-to-improve-your-practice | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395992.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00047-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967581 | 1,067 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Origins of Life
Abiogenesis article in Wikipedia.
The Origin of Life - Abiogenesis, a youtube video produced by Chuck Kopec.
A Simpler Origin for Life, an article by Robert Shapiro in Scientific American.
The Miller-Urey Experiment article in Wikipedia.
RNA and the RNA World
Exploring the New RNA World, an essay by Thomas Cech published on the Nobel Prize website.
RNA Video Clips from the HHMI website that include demonstrations of catalysis and interviews with Thomas Cech.
A World Apart, an HHMI article about RNA World reseearch and the role of RNAs in medicine.
RNA World article in Wikipedia.
The Emergence of Cells During the Origin of Life, an essay by Irene Chen published in Science.
What Came Before DNA? an article published in Discover featuring Jack Szostak and Steven Benner.
The Szostak Lab
The National Astrobiology Institute, established by NASA to study life in the universe.
The SETI Institute, studying the origins, nature and prevalence of life in the universe.
Astrobiology: The Search for Life, a website hosted by the Exploratorium. | <urn:uuid:ece7adc4-ed0a-4af4-a5ed-6e02615ab720> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://exploringorigins.org/links.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399428.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00091-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.819089 | 243 | 2.75 | 3 |
View Full Version : Basketball Basics
05-14-2002, 03:29 PM
I am a huge basketball fan, but I'm afraid I'm lacking in knowledge about some basic terminology that gets thrown around, and was wondering if someone could help me out. For example, if a player plays the '3' or '4' position, what exactly does that mean? Also, what is the difference between a small forward and a power forward, etc.? Lastly, what or where exactly is the low post? Thanks anyone.
05-14-2002, 04:47 PM
Roles have become blurred over time. It used to be there was a center, two forwards and two guards.
Now the center is called a 5.
The bigger of the two forwards, who is almost center like but usually a little shorter, is called the power forward or 4.
The smaller of the two forwards has guard characteristics and is referred to as a 3.
The off guard, who is less of a ball handler, is called the 2. Sometimes the 2 and the 3 are virtually the same type of player and are close to the same size.
The guard who handles the ball is called the point guard or the 1.
There are all sorts of hybrid players who are too big or too small for the positions they play but play them anyway. Dirk, as an example, is probably a small forward(3) offensively but a 4, size-wise. He is too slow to cover the 3s away from the basket area.
The low post is the area near the basket but just outside the free throw lane. If you look at the lane there is a small square on the edge of the lane that is on each side of the lane. It's used to give the players an idea where to stand when free throws are being shot. It's probably why the position is called the "low blocks", because the squares are like blocks. Players like to set up down there and make a short shot. Usually the defender tries to keep the offensive player from catching the ball that close to the basket since a good player can use the back board to bank the ball into the basket for an easy two points.
05-14-2002, 04:52 PM
05-14-2002, 05:19 PM
you're right david, the roles are/have become blurred.
part of it has to do with there being few legitimate 5's.. more of it has to do with taller, more athletic big men that can play several positions
05-14-2002, 06:40 PM
Good answer though...
vBulletin® v3.8.8, Copyright ©2000-2016, vBulletin Solutions, Inc. | <urn:uuid:2287a206-696f-4d4c-b93d-fd44aad85bff> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.dallas-mavs.com/vb/archive/index.php/t-3660.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396872.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00005-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965638 | 562 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Turkey / Cities and Towns /
City in east-central Turkey with 380,000 inhabitants (2004 estimate), lying on a fertile plain by the Tohma river, a tributary to the Euphrates, on the foot of Malatya Mountains, which is a part of the Taurus Mountains. It is the capital of Malatya Provice with 850,000 inhabitants (2004 estimate).
Malatya's busy industry produce textiles, sugar, cement and wine. Malatya also serves as the economic and administrative centre for the regions agriculture, producing cereals, fruits, vegetables, cotton, tobacco, rice, sugar beets and possibly opium. The region has also got deposits of chrome, lead and copper.
Malatya is a rail and road junction for the Aleppo, Syria-Samsun line. Closer lies Elazig and Diyarbakir.
Modern Malatya is a lively and active city, but with no ancient landmarks. Eski Malatya (corresponding to the Roman city of Melitene) and Aslantepe (corresponding to the Hittite city of Milid) has several landmarks. Eski Malatya's main sights are the Seljuq Great Mosque and the caravansary, both from the 13th century. Aslantepe boasts of a 5,000 year old Hittite palace.
Around 100 CE: Melitene is granted city status by the Roman emperor, and would develop into becoming the Roman capital of Asia Minor.
757: Melitene is razed by the Byzantine, and then rebuilt by the command of the Abbasid caliphs.
12th century: Conquered by Seljuq Turks.
1515: Becomes part of the Ottoman Empire.
1838: The modern Malatya is founded, south of the ancient settlements of the Milid and Melitene.
1893: Malatya is rebuilt following an earthquake.
1895: Local Armenians are massacred by the Turks.
1975: Inönü University is founded. | <urn:uuid:63e51820-35d5-4953-9316-331aea8e5f6c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://lexicorient.com/e.o/malatya.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00170-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940648 | 432 | 2.671875 | 3 |
North Korea country profile
- 6 May 2016
- From the section Asia
For decades North Korea has been one of the world's most secretive societies. It is one of the few countries still under nominally communist rule.
North Korea's nuclear ambitions have exacerbated its rigidly maintained isolation from the rest of the world.
The country emerged in 1948 amid the chaos following the end of the Second World War. Its history is dominated by its Great Leader, Kim Il-sung, who shaped political affairs for almost half a century.
Decades of this rigid state-controlled system have led to stagnation and a leadership dependent on the cult of personality. The totalitarian state also stands accused of systematic human rights abuses.
Supreme leader: Kim Jong-un
Kim Jong-un is the third supreme leader in the Kim dynasty, founded by his grandfather Kim il-Sung, the country's leader at the time of its establishment.
Kim Jong-un took over from his father Kim Jong-il when he died from a heart attack in December 2011.
Under Kim Jong-un, North Korea has continued its policy of promoting the military at home while sending mixed signals to the rest of the world about its nuclear programme.
Radio and TV sets in North Korea are pre-tuned to government stations that pump out a steady stream of propaganda.
The press and broadcasters - all of them under direct state control - serve up a menu of flattering reports about North Korea's leader.
Economic hardship and famines are not reported. North Korea is one of the hardest countries for foreign media to cover.
Some key dates in North Korea's history:
1945 - Japan's colonial rule over Korea ends with its Second World War surrender.
1948 - Korea is divided between the Soviet-backed North and the US-backed South.
1950-1953 - Korean War.
1994 - Founding President Kim Il-sung dies, succeeded by his son Kim Jong-il.
2002 - US names North Korea as part of an "axis of evil" in a stand-off between the West and North Korea which lasts for decades. | <urn:uuid:34f7fe86-0cce-4e05-8e34-fc564443cea2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15256929 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00182-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946978 | 431 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Contrary to popular opinion, AD does not mean "after death". Anno Domini (AD) is Latin and literally means "in the year of our Lord", hence its use by Christians in reference to Christ, both during his lifetime and since his death.
Chris George, Ballina
What is the origin of ampersand?
I remember my father teaching me the handsetting of type, and explaining that the name ampersand is a corruption of "and per se and", the Latin per se meaning by itself.
John Davies, Beverly Hills
If he who hesitates is lost, why should you look before you leap?
When one must leap, it is typically to bridge a gap. Assessing the situation with a precursory look need not be interpreted as a hesitation. After concluding that a leap is required and possible, then yes, if one hesitates as he leaps, he is lost to the gap between.
Greg Gillespie, Narrabeen.
Does a person own a piece of land down to the centre of the Earth?
An old principle of the common law was that a landowner is entitled to ownership of all subsoil, including minerals (except gold and silver which were owned by the Crown) found beneath the land and downward to the Earth's centre. Although the definition of "land" does include mines, minerals and quarries, most Crown grants of land restrict ownership to a depth of 15 metres. These days the common law has been overridden, though not retrospectively, by state legislation reserving all minerals to the Crown.
Michael Costello, Birrong
What is the origin of red-letter days?
If we had an Anglican prayer book in front of us we would find that saints' and other important days in the church calendar are printed in red ink, hence a red-letter day.
Nick Loder, Beecroft
In the Middle Ages, book production was by scribes and rubricators (illuminators) who moved from one patron to another. The rubricator decorated the manuscript with coloured letters, often red and usually in Books of Hours to denote saints' days, which were festivals. The decoration was done last; weather and bad roads often created a time lag in a book's production so that when the rubricator arrived, the patron knew the book was close to being finished. Thus, a red-letter day was a cause for celebration.
Heather Courtis, Killara
What is a huff and why do we go off in one?
When did women start shaving/waxing their legs and why?
Why aren't the Three Musketeers ever seen with muskets?
What is more environmentally friendly: a hand dryer or paper towels?
Straggled along "like Brown's cows". Who was Brown?
What is the biological reason for crying tears when we are sad?
Email your answers, or any questions you want answered, to email@example.com, or write to Big Questions, Spectrum, SMH, GPO Box 506, Sydney 2001. Limit questions to one short sentence and answers to a maximum of 130 words, and state your name and suburb/town. | <urn:uuid:a6bbe9ba-df1a-4bcf-8f30-eb586387d3c5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/05/31/1022569827487.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396875.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966526 | 667 | 2.84375 | 3 |
USC neuroscientists have isolated chills at a cellular level, identifying the sensory network of neurons in the skin that relays the sensation of cold.
David McKemy, associate professor of neurobiology in the USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, and his team managed to selectively shut off the ability to sense cold in mice while still leaving them able to sense heat and touch.
In prior work, McKemy discovered a link between the experience of cold and a protein known as TRPM8 (pronounced trip-em-ate), which a sensor of cold temperatures in neurons in the skin, as well as a receptor for menthol, the cooling component of mint. Now, in a paper appearing in the Journal of Neuroscience on February 13, McKemy and his co-investigators have isolated and ablated the neurons that express TRPM8, giving them the ability to test the function of these cells specifically.
Using mouse-tracking software program developed by one of McKemy's students, the researchers tested control mice and mice without TRPM8 neurons on a multi-temperature surface. The surface temperature ranged from 0 degrees to 50 degrees Celsius (32 to 122 degrees Farenheit), and mice were allowed to move freely among the regions.
The researchers found that mice depleted of TRPM8 neurons could not feel cold, but still responded to heat. Control mice tended to stick to an area around 30 degrees Celsius (86 degrees Fahrenheit) and avoided both colder and hotter areas. But mice without TRPM8 neurons avoided only hotter plates and not cold -- even when the cold should have been painful or was potentially dangerous.
In tests of grip strength, responses to touch, or coordinated movements, such as balancing onto a rod while it rotated, there was no difference between the control mice and the mice without TRPM8-expressing neurons.
By better understanding the specific ways in which we feel sensations, scientists hope to one day develop better pain treatments without knocking out all ability to feel for suffering patients.
"The problem with pain drugs now is that they typically just reduce inflammation, which is just one potential cause of pain, or they knock out all sensation, which often is not desirable," McKemy said. "One of our goals is to pave the way for medications that address the pain directly, in a way that does not leave patients completely numb."
Coauthors on the paper are Wendy Knowlton, Radhika Palkar, Erika Lippoldt, Daniel McCoy, Farhan Baluch and Jessica Chen, all of USC.
Funding for this research came from the National Institutes of Health (grants NS054069 and NS078530). | <urn:uuid:b9818216-86fd-47b2-9123-27502928ecff> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-02/uosc-scu020713.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397797.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00091-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948706 | 548 | 3.078125 | 3 |
No island in these waters will be approached with greater interest and expectancy than the island of St. Lucia. This is not on account of its winsome beauty, although there are many who hold it to be the loveliest spot in this gorgeous crescent. It is not by reason of its size, for it covers an area less than that of the county of Middlesex. It has no natural features to make it remarkable, unless they be certain sulphur springs and the towering rocks known as the Pitons. Yet for centuries little St. Lucia was the most important island in the West Indies. As such it looms majestically in the history of these troubled seas. To the many who strove to find a footing in the archipelago, St. Lucia was ever the key to the attainment In every fresh scheme of conquest the little island was the goal to be reached, the guerdon of the conqueror. Hold St Lucia, and the rest may perish!
There can hardly be a spot that, for its size, has played a more stirring part in the history of arms or in the chronicles of the British navy and army. There is no dot of land that has been so desperately fought over, so savagely wrangled for, as this too fair island. St. Lucia is the Helen of the West Indies, and has been the cause of more blood-shedding than was ever provoked by Helen of Troy. Seven times was it held by the English, and seven times by the French. For no less than one hundred and fifty years it was the arena of the most bitter and deadly strife. Whenever war broke out between England and France, the call that at once rang out in the west was ever the same : “To St. Lucia ! To St Lucia ! ”
The panic-ridden town of Castries has seen more of the storming of heights, of the rushing of trenches and of the battering of forts, than any town across the seas. It has witnessed gladiatorial combats that would have thrilled the Colosseum at Rome. Here at St. Lucia is that spit of land, La Vigie, the look-out, where the watchman, whether French or English, never slumbered nor slept. Here are Gros Islet and Pigeon Island, made memorable by Rodney as the scenes of his dashing sea-story.
Here, too, is that ever famous hill, the Morne Fortune, which for a century or more was the height around which every battle raged. Whoever held the Morne Fortune, the Lucky Hill, held the island. It would be hard to tell how many times it was stormed, how often the English took it, and how often the French. Assuredly can it be said that within no like ring of ground do the grass and the brambles cover a greater company of British dead. It hides the French dead also. Every patriotic Frenchman is proud of the Morne, for the soldiers of that gallant country made the hill as renowned for deeds of valour as did the men they fought with. How many memories, cherished in the hearts of mothers, wives and sweethearts, must have clung about this ” green hill far away ” ! Even yet there must be, hidden away in old bureaus, letters with the faded heading, ” Morne Fortune.” Some of these would narrate, with all the glee of a lad, how the boats landed, how the slopes were rushed, and how, to the cheering of his company, the famous Morne was taken. Lucky Hill ! Other papers in more formal writing would tell how the lad had sickened and grown silent, how he had longed for little more than news from home and an end to his miseries, and how, at last, his company had carried him away and buried him on the side of the Lucky Hill.
As the steamer is nearing the harbour it may be well to scan, in the briefest summary, the remarkable chronicles of this island.
In 1605 some English colonists landed out of the Olive Blossome, which had recently been advancing the empire in simple fashion at Barbados (page 7). In less than two months these enterprising folk were massacred by the Caribs.
In 1635 the king of France generously granted to Messieurs Latine and Du Plessis “all the unoccupied lands in America.” They modestly selected Martinique, leaving St Lucia for the time to the unappeasable natives.
In 1639 the English again attempted to establish a colony on the comely island, but the adventurers were promptly massacred or scattered by the Caribs.
In 1642 the king of France ceded St. Lucia and other islands to the French West Indian Company. The company being composed of needy speculators effected little ; although in 1650 they succeeded in selling St. Lucia and Grenada to Messieurs Houel and Du Parquet for 16601., obtaining in this way some desirable ready money. Du Parquet in the following year erected a fort and in spite of angry opposition from the natives founded an uneasy settlement of forty colonists.
In 1660 the French and English conspired together to wheedle the island from the now confiding Caribs. This noble work accomplished, they fell out between themselves and began that struggle for the possession of the island which lasted for one hundred and fifty years.
In 1664 a party of English from Barbados landed at Anse du Choc and wrested the island from the French. In 1667 by the treaty of Breda it was restored to France again.
In 1722 George I., apparently out of bravado, granted St. Lucia to John, Duke of Montagu. It was an unkind gift. That nobleman tried to possess himself of his property but failed very lamentably.
In 1728 both the British and the French held such strong positions on the place that, in order to save further bloodshed, they agreed to regard St. Lucia as neutral. By the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle it was formally made neutral, but in spite of agreements and treaties the fighting never ceased.
In 1756, on an outbreak of war with France, St. Lucia was captured by the English. In 1763, by the treaty of Paris, it was restored to France. The French now put the island in order and moved the chief fort from La Vigie to the hill which was destined to become so famous as the Morne Fortune.
In 1778, England being again at war with France, the two fleets made for St. Lucia with all press of sail. The British arrived first. The Morne Fortune was stormed and St. Lucia was once more in the hands of the English.
In 1781 the great French fleet under De Grasse bore down upon this unhappy settlement with no less than ” twenty-five sail of the line.” They landed at Gros Islet and made a desperate attempt to seize the island, but the enterprise failed. In 1783, by the treaty of Versailles, St Lucia was handed back once more to the French.
In 1794 the English, under General Grey, landing at various spots, took the Morne Fortune at the point of the bayonet. The British flag was planted on the summit by the Duke of Kent, the father of Queen Victoria. Late in the same year Goyrand made a sudden onslaught and seized St. Lucia for the French, gaining all but two forts. In the following year the English were ignominiously driven out of the island by Victor Hugues, the friend of Robespierre. In their flight they left their women and children behind. These unhappy people were, however, sent to Martinique by the French under a flag of truce.
In 1796 a large British force under Sir Ralph Abercromby and Sir John Moore stormed the Morne Fortune and, after much desperate fighting, captured it. In 1802, by the treaty of Amiens, St. Lucia was again given back to France.
It will be noticed that, throughout these many changes, the English had the better of the fighting and the French of the diplomacy.
Finally in 1803 Commodore Hood came in hot haste to St. Lucia and anchored in Anse du Choc Bay. The island was held at the time by General Nogues. La Vigie and Castries were easily taken by the British, whereupon the French general retired to the Morne Fortune and refused to surrender. The Morne was stormed at 4 A.M. on June 22 and in less than an hour the works were carried at the point of the bayonet with small loss to the attacking force. With the storming-party was the gallant Sir Thomas Picton, the hero of Badajoz.
In 1814 the fair and fickle St. Lucia was finally ceded to Great Britain.
St. Lucia as approached from the sea is as dainty and beautiful an island as the heart could wish. Softly wooded to its highest peaks, there is nothing to suggest that it has been the firebrand of the West Indies, the island of strife, whose glades have been reddened with blood and whose slopes are riddled with the graves of valiant men. At the end of a verdant fiord, which would tempt any lazy holiday-maker, is Castries. This town receives its name from Marshal de Castries, who in 1785 was the French Minister of the Colonies. To the right of the entrance into the harbour of Castries is Cul de Sac Bay where the British fleet hid, in the famous attack of 1778, to the undoing of the French (page 115).
Castries itself is quite at the water’s edge, a squat, shy place, crouching at the feet of the circle of great hills which shuts in the far end of the inlet. The hill ahead is the Morne Duchazeau. It has a saddle-shaped summit with two faint peaks, one representing the pommel and the other the cantle of a rough-rider’s saddle. It was to the top of this height that Abercromby dragged his gunswith what labour heaven knowswhen he made his attempt on the Morne Fortune in 1796. The peak to the left is Morne Chabot, taken by Moore at the time of the same desperate assault. The hill to the right is the most beautiful of the three, as well as the nearest to the town. It is very green, for it is covered with trees to the sky line, with plantain and cocoanut, with mango and bread-fruit.
This is the never-to-be-forgotten Morne Fortune. | <urn:uuid:b46cdbb1-8831-40ff-9724-b912e210e881> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://travel.yodelout.com/tour-of-the-caribbean-st-lucia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395621.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00188-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975008 | 2,229 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Coel Hen or Coel the Old, the son of Tegfan, was a celtic ruler who lived around the turn of the fourth and fifth centuries at the time of the departure of the Roman legions from Britain.
He imposed his power over a large area of the country, Coel's territory extended over the whole of the north of England from a line joining Chester and the Wash and up into what is today southern Scotland. Coel's association with the north of Britain has led to the suggestion that he may actually have been the last of the Roman Duces Brittanniarum with his headquarters at York.
Geoffrey of Monmouth's 'Historia Regum Britanniae' (History of the Kings of Britain) cites Coel as a King of the Britons following the reign of King Asclepiodotus. According to Geoffrey, Coel, annoyed by Asclepiodotus's handling of the Diocletianic Persecution, the last and most severe persecution of Christians in the Roman empire, started a rebellion in Caer Colun (most likely Colchester). He clashed with Asclepiodotus in battle and killing him, assumed his title of high-king of Britain.
According to the Harleian genealogies and the later genealogies known as the Bonedd Gwyr y Gogledd (The Descent of the Men of the North), Coel Hen was married to Ystradwal, the daughter of Cadfan,and was the ancestor of several lines of kings in the Hen Ogledd or "Old North", the Brythonic Celtic speaking part of northern England and southern Scotland. His descendants, known as the Coeling, included Urien of Rheged son of Cynfarch Oer, Urien, a late sixth century warrior king of North Rheged, of whom the Welsh Triads list as as one of the "Three Great Battle-leaders of Britain". Other descendants of Coel include Gwallog, possibly king of Elmet; the brothers Gwrgi and Peredur; and Clydno Eiddin, king of Eidyn or Edinburgh. He was also thought to be the father-in-law of Cunedda, founder of the kingdom of Gwynedd in North Wales, by his daughter Gwawl. The genealogies bestow the epithet Godebog, on Coel meaning the "Protector".
In the fourth century AD, the predominant race in northern Scotland were the Picts, the name was coined by the Romans who referred to them as 'Picti' meaning 'painted ones', which referred to the Pictish custom of either tattooing their bodies or covering themselves with warpaint. The Irish referred to them as Cruithni, meaning "the people of the designs". What they called themselves has gone unrecorded. During Coel's time the Scotti, Gaelic Celts from Ireland under the leadership of Fergus, king of the Dalriada, began to settle the west coast of Scotland around Argyle.
Coel Hen, fearing if the Picts and Scots united they would represent a dangerous threat to the Celts of Britain, dispatched raiding parties across the northern border to cause discord between the two, they stole the cattle of the Scotti and promptly blamed the Picts for the theft. The plan did not, however produce the desired effect, as the Picts and Scots saw through the deception and Coel's efforts seem to have succeeded in uniting them, leading to an invasion of the British Kingdom of Strathclyde (Ystradclud).
Coel marched north to expel the Picts and Scots from Strathclyde, who fled before his advance to the hills of lowland Scotland. He set up a camp at what was later to become Coylton in Ayrshire.
Before long, the starving Picts and Scots made a desperate attack on Coel's camp. Coel was taken by complete surprise, and the British forces fled. Wandering through remote territory after the attack, Coel became trapped in a bog at Coilsfield, in Tarbolton, Ayrshire, and drowned. Coel's death is recorded by Anglo-Saxon chroniclers.
He was first buried in a mound there before his body was translated to the church at Coylton. Following his death, Coel's Northern Kingdom was divided between two of his sons, Ceneu inherited the kingdoms of north-eastern and midland Britain and Gorbanian, became king of Bryneich, which was later conqured by the Angles, who called it Bernicia. Another son was thought to be Meirchawn whose uncle Mor and cousin Morydd were thought to be father and brother of Merlin. By about 616, the Cole dynasty were eventually wiped out by the Vikings and Saxons.
Later medieval legend tells of a Coel, who was the father of Saint Helena and the grandfather of Roman Emperor Constantine the Great. Other similarly named characters may be confused or with the Welsh Coel. Coel Hen may be the 'the merry old soul' for the children's nursery rhyme "Old King Cole". | <urn:uuid:4762aa45-1262-46fe-92ee-8559d867fae9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/celts_26.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400031.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00001-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973675 | 1,067 | 3.09375 | 3 |
||The English used in this article or section may not be easy for everybody to understand. (February 2012)|
Kashmir (Urdu: کشمیر, Kashmiri: کٔشِیر), previously spelled Cashmere, is a region in South-central Asia. Historically, the name Kashmir referred to the valley just to the south of the western end of the Himalayan mountain range. Today, Kashmir refers to a much larger area that includes the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir (which includes the Kashmir Valley, Jammu region and Ladakh), Azad Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan (part of Pakistan), and Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract (part of China). The main "Valley of Kashmir" is a low fertile area surrounded by mountains and fed by many rivers. People like it for its natural beauty and simple lifestyle. The region is part of a border dispute between India and Pakistan.
In total it has an area of 230,166.1 square kilometres or (89,106 square miles). The population of the region is more than the individual populations of 127 UN member nations and its area is larger than that of 97 nations.
History[change | change source]
The Kashmir conflict has existed since India and Pakistan became independent states. At first, the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, Hari Singh, wanted his state to remain independent of both India and Pakistan. On 20 October 1947, tribesmen supported by Pakistan invaded Kashmir. Singh fought back at first, but on 27 October, he asked the Governor-General of India, Louis Mountbatten, for help. He agreed, but made Singh turn over Jammu and Kashmir to India. Once the papers of accession to India were signed, Indian soldiers entered Kashmir with orders to stop any further occupation, but they were not allowed to expel anyone from the state. Pakistan claimed that it was illegal for Singh to give Kashmir to Pakistan, and the First Kashmir War was started. India took the matter to the United Nations. The UN resolution asked Pakistan to vacate the areas it had occupied and asked India to assist the U.N. Plebiscite Commission to organize a plebiscite to determine the will of the people. Pakistan refused to vacate the occupied areas and the plebiscite was never held.
Lines of control[change | change source]
India and Pakistan have fought several wars over Kashmir. In 1949 and 1972 they agreed on a border for most of the Territories (except for the Siachen Glacier). This demarcation line which marks the border between India and Pakistan is known as the Line of Control. It is guarded by Indian and Pakistani troops.
The border between Aksai Chin (held by China) and Jammu and Kashmir (held by India) is known as Line of Actual Control.
The Siachen Glacier and the bordering Saltoro Range first saw military action in 1984 when the Indian Army occupied the glacier and the Saltoro range to prevent Pakistan from occupying the area. This operation was codenamed Operation Meghdoot. There have been several minor changes to the held positions. However, the Indian Armed forces have held onto the heights on the plateau, preventing the Pakistani soldiers from climbing up the Saltoro range.
The Actual Ground Position Line (AGPL) refers to the current position that divides Indian and Pakistani troops in the Siachen Glacier region. The line extends from the northernmost point of the LOC (Line of Control) to Indira Col. This line runs across the edge of the Saltoro Range, which is a mountainous plateau with peaks that are over 8,000 meters tall. The current position of the AGPL follows the general line:
Indira Col - Sia La pass - Saltoro Kangri 1 - Bilafond La pass - K12 - Gyong La pass - NJ9842
Administrative divisions[change | change source]
Today Kashmir is split, as follows:
- The Republic of India controls the state of Jammu and Kashmir. It is made of the Jammu region, the Kashmir Valley, and Ladakh.
- The territories known as Northern Areas and Azad Jammu and Kashmir are administered by Pakistan. The government of Pakistan calls them Pakistan-administered Kashmir.
- The region called Aksai Chin is controlled by China.
- The Trans-Karakoram Tract is an area Pakistan gave to China on 3 March 1963 and is entirely controlled by China since then. This area is claimed by India as part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
- The entire Siachen Glacier is currently under the administration of India since 1984.
The Disputed territory of Kashmir is divided into five administrative Divisions, namely:
- Baltistan Division (Part of Pakistan)
- Gilgit Division (Part of Pakistan)
- Jammu Division (Part of India)
- Kashmir Valley (Part of India)
- Ladakh (region controlled by India)
A group of Districts forms a Division, which is administered by a 'Divisional Commissioner'. Kashmir is now divided in twenty-one districts, grouped under five divisions jointly controlled by Pakistan and India respectively:
Economy[change | change source]
Kashmir's economy is centred around Agriculture, like that of Pakistan. Traditionally the staple crop of the valley was Rice, which formed the chief food of the people. In addition, corn, wheat, barley and oats were also grown. Given its temperate climate, it is suited for crops like Asparagus, Artichoke, seakale, broad beans, scarletrunners, beetroot, cauliflower and cabbage. Fruit trees are common in the valley, and the cultivated orchards yield pears, apples, peaches, and cherries. The chief trees are deodar (National tree of Pakistan), firs and Pines, chenar (State tree) or plane, Maple, birch and Walnut, apple, cherry.
Historically, Kashmir became known worldwide when Cashmere wool was exported to other regions and nations (exports have ceased due to decreased abundance of the cashmere goat and increased competition from Western China). Kashmiris are well adept at Knitting and making Pashmina Shawls, silk carpets, rugs, Kurtas, and Pottery. Saffron, too, is grown in Kashmir. Efforts are on to export the naturally grown fruits and vegetables as Organic foods mainly to the Greater Middle East region which it forms an integral part. Srinagar is known for its silver-work, Papier mache, wood-carving, and the weaving of silk.
The economy was badly damaged by the 2005 Pakistan earthquake which, as of 8 October 2005, resulted in over 70,000 deaths in the Pakistan-controlled part of Kashmir and around 1,500 deaths in Indian controlled kashmir.
Agriculture[change | change source]
The economy of the region is focused on agriculture. People grow rice there. In the Indian part they also grow corn, such as wheat and barley. Its climate is different from that of most of the Indian subcontinent: It is milder. Therefore, crops like artichoke, cauliflower, cabbage and certain kinds of beans are also grown.
Kashmir is home to the finest saffron in the world.
Tourism[change | change source]
Tourism has been important in Kashmir for many years. Many people call the region Paradise on Earth. Tourists from all over the world visit Kashmir. In the last ten years, less people have visited Kashmir because of terrorism, but it still remains one of the most sought after tourist destinations.[source?]
Religion[change | change source]
|Religions in the Kashmir region|
Related pages[change | change source]
References[change | change source]
- "Manning the Siachen Glacier". Bharat Rakshak Monitor. 2003. http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE6-1/Siachen.html. Retrieved 2011=01-27.
- Iftikhar Gilani. "Italian company to pursue oil exploration in Kashmir". Daily Times. http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\10\22\story_22-10-2008_pg7_41. Retrieved 20 November 2009.
- Ishfaq-ul-Hassan. "India, Pakistan to explore oil jointly". Daily News and Analysis. http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_india-pakistan-to-explore-oil-jointly_1152227. Retrieved 20 November 2009.
- Paradise on Earth - October 4, 2007 - The New York Sun | <urn:uuid:f2e52f41-0289-45ce-94ae-8da568f5d43d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393093.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00106-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93629 | 1,838 | 3.53125 | 4 |
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Acne commonly starts in the early teen years, when the oil glands in the body start making more sebum (oil). Some people also have too many “sticky” skin cells. In people who have acne, these cells mix with the oil and plug up the hair follicles in the skin.
A “whitehead” results when the hair follicle is plugged with oil and skin cells. If this plug reaches the surface of the skin and the air touches it, it turns black and is called a “blackhead.” A blackhead isn’t caused by dirt.
If the wall of a plugged follicle breaks, the area swells and turns into a red bump. If the follicle wall breaks near the skin surface, the bump usually becomes a pimple. If the wall breaks deep in the skin, acne nodules or cysts can form. This is called “cystic acne.”
Things that often make acne worse:
- Oil-based makeup, suntan oil, hair gels and sprays
- In girls: menstruation
- Squeezing or picking at blemishes
- Hard scrubbing of the skin
- Too much exposure to the sun
Things that don’t cause acne:
- Foods such as chocolate or French fries
- Sexual activity
Who gets acne?
Both boys and girls get acne. But it may be worse in boys because they have more skin oils.
Heredity also plays a role. If your mother and father had bad acne, you may too.
Your immune system plays a role too. Some people are extra sensitive to the bacteria that get trapped in their hair follicles.
How can acne be treated?
Acne can be treated in different ways. Talk with your doctor about the options.
Can an over-the-counter acne product help?
Yes. Benzoyl peroxide, resorcinol, salicylic acid and sulphur are the most common over-the-counter medications used to treat acne. Each works a little differently. These medications are available in many forms, such as gels, lotions, creams, soaps or pads. (Many have side effects!)
In some people, over-the-counter acne medications may cause side effects such as skin irritation, burning or redness. Tell your doctor if you have side effects that are severe or that don’t go away over time.
Keep in mind that it can take between 4 and 8 weeks before you notice an improvement in your skin. If an over-the-counter acne product doesn’t seem to help after 2 months, get advice from your doctor.
What can my doctor prescribe?
Your doctor may recommend antibiotics, which can be very effective for treating acne. They can be taken by mouth, or used on the skin in a lotion, cream or gel.
Retinoid, such as tretinoin (brand names: Retin-A, Avita, Altinac cream) and adapalene (brand name: Differin), are other medicines for treating acne. They are usually rubbed onto the skin once a day. Be sure not to get them near your eyes, mouth and the area under your nose.
If you use a retinoid, you must avoid the sun or use a strong sunscreen because this medicine increases your risk of getting a very bad sunburn. Girls who are pregnant or may become pregnant should not use a retinoid called tazarotene (brand name: Tazorac) because it can cause birth defects.
How is severe cystic acne treated?
Isotretinoin (brand name: Accutane) may be used to treat severe cystic acne that doesn’t get better with other treatments. It’s a pill that is taken once a day by mouth for 15 to 20 weeks.
In girls, isotretinoin can cause very serious side effects such as birth defects and miscarriages. It should never be taken during pregnancy or even 1 month before pregnancy. Girls must use 2 types of birth control or not have sex while they take isotretinoin, as well as 1 month before they start and 1 month after they stop taking it.
There is a possibility that other side effects may occur, so people taking isotretinoin should be closely monitored by their doctor.
Does acne cause scars?
Acne, especially cystic acne, can cause scars in some people. You can help reduce scarring by not squeezing or picking at blemishes. Also, avoid scrubbing your skin. If you do get scars, acne scar treatments are available. | <urn:uuid:c2a01034-a15d-45ee-9ea0-e9b611eb565f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://www.skinlaboratory.com/faq/expert-tips/acne-in-teens/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393442.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00040-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941084 | 975 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Upper Sandusky Mutual Aid Society 1888 By-Laws
Constitution and By-Laws of the Mutual Aid Society of Upper Sandusky, Ohio. Adopted, February 14, 1888. It shall consist of not more than twentyfive (25) members bound together mutually to assist each other in sickness by good attendance and pecuniary aid.
Names in this online transcription include Beinbrecht, Berg, Braun, Burchardt, Epke, Fritche, Grundtisch, Hart, Hoffman, Hutter, Jonas, Keller, Mossbrugger, Myers, Oesterly, Pagnard, Reth, Stecher, Veith, VonBlon, Walder, Wendler, Wiedeman.
Labels: Ohio, Insurance Records, Mutual Aid Society
This page features a historical book or original document that was transcribed during 2009 as part of the Genealogy Today Subscription Data collection -- a project focused on capturing details about the lives of your ancestors, from their early years in school, through college and then into their careers, hobbies and group activities. The list of family names above represents unique last names of individuals found in these Upper Sandusky Mutual Aid Society 1888 By-Law records.
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The Genealogy Today catalog number for this item is 15476. When inquiring about the information in this resource, please mention the catalog number. | <urn:uuid:a88fefcc-7ee9-4f83-9744-071e90a5566b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://data.genealogytoday.com/search/Upper_Sandusky_Mutual_Aid_Society_1888_By-Laws.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00115-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897745 | 410 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The Oak Tree - Duir - June
Oak Tree - Celtic Moon month June 10th - July 7th
The Oak tree has over 400 species. In mainland Britain Oaks have been seen to grow for over 700 years, they are a member of the Beech (Fagaceae) family of trees. The branches of the Oak are large and form a huge crown. The bark is a dark grey and finely cracked and ridged. The leaves that form from April to November are wave like with four or five lobes on each side and “ears” at the base.
Male and female flowers appear on the Oak tree at the same time, the males are the thin yellowish catkins, and the female flower appears at the tips of the shoots. The fruit of the Oak are the acorns which appear from June to October. These often form in pairs on long stalked scaly appearing cups. In woodlands the open canopies of the Oak maintains a steady amount of sun to shine down on the forest floor. The Oak leaves make excellent mulch for the other trees and plants in the forest, many of which grow near the oak. The Oak is deciduous which means it goes into a dormant stage in winter and loses its leaves.
All parts of the Oak are used the bark, wood, leaves and acorns. The tea made from the oak is said to be good for hemorrhoids, White Oak bark tea is used to treat sinus infections as it is said to relieve congestion. It is used in many homoeopathy treatments for alcoholism, bad breath and constipation. As the Oak wood has many uses from ship and house building to furniture many of our larger trees have gone to the timber mills. This wood is highly prized among carpenters and the bigger the better, which means most of our huge ancient Oaks have been felled. If you’re lucky enough to live near some of these ancient trees go and have a look at them and if you can, sit with your back against their trunk and meditate.
The Oak tree is known as the King of the Forest, the Oak Tree also represents the Summer King in many Pagan, Wicca and Druid rituals. The Oak King rules from Yule to Midsummer and the Holly King from Midsummer to Yule. The Oak and Holly King are twins or two parts of the whole. As the Holly Tree shines out all green in late autumn and winter the Oak King is getting ready to once again bring out his new life and growth as the sun after Yule once again regains its strength.
The Oak Tree is sacred to the Druids; in ancient times they would often sit beneath the tree and give their lessons. Many of the Druids Sacred Groves of Oak trees have sadly gone now but there are a few still around if you search.
There are many myths and legends to do with the Celts and Ancient Britons with the Oak Tree playing a prominent part. One is the Dryad's, these are Oak spirits, and they were often seen as wizened old men. They would have a sense of humour and often would tell riddles in answers to questions. The word Duir is said to come from the Sanskrit word “dwr” meaning door, this is given to mean the door to the Three Worlds of the Shaman.
The Oak tree is often hit by lightening and this wood would be prized for making wands and amulets, it also gives it many associations to the entire God's of Thunder and Lightening.
Every ancient culture has held the Oak Tree as sacred in particular the Ancient Britons and the Norsemen. The Yule Log would be an Oak log; the Druids would have all the fires extinguished and light an Oak log, all the Yule fires would have been lit from this one sacred log.
The wren is associated with the Oak as this is the King of Birds, the legend of the King of the Birds was that given the challenge by the Oak King to fly the highest the winner would be crowned King of the Birds. The Eagle flew upwards higher and higher and just as he began to give a shout of joy at being King the Wren jumped off his back and flew higher.
The Oak Tree is sacred to Brighid, the Dagda, Druids, the Norsemen, Dianus, Janus, Cybele, Rhea, Hecate, Erato and Pan. Also Artemis who in statues is seen wearing a necklace made from acorns, Artemis is said to be eternally youthful. The Acorn was said to be under the protection of the Goddess of Nature Cybele.
If you are interested in Celtic Tree Lore
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Written by SpiritDancer, Designed by Sol © Mystic Familiar 2009
Copyright Notice - The contents of the Mystic Familiar website are copyright and may not be duplicate in any form without prior written permission. © Mystic Familiar 2002 - 2012 All Rights Reserved. For Entertainment Purposes Only | <urn:uuid:ba327d73-48e8-4073-ac48-221744ea973d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.mysticfamiliar.com/library/treelore/oak.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397797.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00109-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97563 | 1,035 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Carter, Jemica M.
This study will examine the impact of cyberbullying on physical and psychosocial outcomes among adolescents. Individuals who experience repeated traditional bullying are at increased risk for experiencing repeated incidents of cyberbullying. Cyberbullying can pose a danger to an adolescent’s emotional development and well-being than traditional bullying because of the power imbalance created by anonymity, transcendence beyond school grounds, and 24 hour availability. The misuse of interactive technologies to bully and harass others is a serious health concern that must be addressed by nurses and other health care professionals. To obtain a representative sample, approximately 270 adolescents attending three schools, four church youth groups, three recreation centers, and one community youth organization in urban and suburban environments will be asked to participate in the study. The inclusion criteria include being in sixth through twelfth grade and between 12 and 18 years of age. Students will not be excluded on the basis of gender or race/ethnicity. Five instruments (The Student Survey; Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment; Depression Self-rating Scale; Children’s Somatization Inventory, and a short demographic survey) will be used to collect data on the dependent and independent variables. Data analysis using the latest version of PASW will include chi-square tests for independence, Pearson product moment correlations, logistic regression, and stepwise multiple linear regression analysis. Given the pervasiveness of cyberbullying among adolescents, nurses are in a key position to address cyberbullying through the use of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. Nurses have a complete understanding of important health issues related to bullying behaviors and receive training on how to deal with these behaviors. The paucity of research studies regarding cyberbullying and health outcomes support the need for additional exploration of this topic. | <urn:uuid:424b3364-5416-4e50-8289-875c2f1b0a72> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://research.udmercy.edu/find/special_collections/digital/csa/showAbstract.php?sub_id=1098 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399106.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00152-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93158 | 362 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Assumptions help us expedite many of our day-to-day errands and tasks. Relying on previous experiences and past evidence provides a context for more informed decision making… most of the time. When it comes to financial planning however, assumptions don’t always serve us well.
One common assumption among young professionals is that salary will always increase. While this may have been a rather safe supposition in the past, the job market and economic climate of the past eight years has proved otherwise.
While income may very well grow for many skilled and determined young professionals over time, counting on future income increases entirely, and always assuming you’ll make more money later on in life, can result in poor financial planning and decision making in the present.
The Consequences of Assuming Future Income Increases
One of the most common mistakes young professionals make when operating under the assumption that they’ll make more money in the future is living beyond their means.
If you bank on a future salary increase to fund the set up of a lavish lifestyle, you’ll have to allocate all that extra income in your future towards paying off your past debt.
Living beyond your means now also puts a lot of pressure on your future self. By pushing your present expenses beyond what you can reasonably afford, you’re essentially taking a gamble by banking on a future pay off.
But what if that pay off never comes? With debt mounting from years of living beyond your means and no savings, you may find yourself much worse off than if you had lived modestly, within the parameters of your initial salary.
The other big downfall of assuming higher earnings in the future is waiting to plan for long term financial goals, like retirement and savings, until bigger paychecks start coming in. Pay increases generally take time, and the more time that passes, the more financial demands tend to increase- weddings, homes, babies, schooling, etc. If you don’t prioritize saving on your current income, you’ll keep finding excuses to put off financial goals – even as your future income increases.
How to Stop Assuming Future Income Increases
To keep yourself from operating on the potentially harmful assumption of higher future earnings, keep yourself grounded in the numbers of the present by budgeting for your current salary.
Create a spending plan using last month’s income to budget for this month’s expenses, i.e. a zero sum budget.
Incorporate your long term savings goals into that monthly budget now, so that you can maintain the habit of funding your emergency and retirement funds at all times – even when challenges like restricted income or increased financial demands arise.
Yes, looking ahead towards the future is an important part of proper financial planning, but operating on assumptions of future realities that might not necessarily come true can prove dangerous- leaving you vulnerable to all kinds of financial pain.
How do you keep yourself grounded in the reality of your financial present while planning for the future? | <urn:uuid:7fcd0f9b-16e2-4319-878d-50e302cd5adf> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://thebrokeandbeautifullife.com/assuming-future-income-increases/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398075.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00155-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939764 | 609 | 2.671875 | 3 |
When anthropologists and other students of culture want to compare different societies in such areas as the organization of land, labor, trade, or barter, they often discover that individual researchers use these concepts inconsistently and from a variety of theoretical approaches, so that data from one society cannot be compared with data from another.
In this book, Rhoda Halperin offers an analytical tool kit for studying economic processes in all societies and at all times. She uniquely organizes the book around key concepts: economy, ecology, equivalencies, householding, storage, and time and the economy. These concepts are designed to facilitate the understanding of similarities, differences, and changes between contemporary and past economies. While this is not only a "how-to" book or handbook, it can be used as such. It will be of great value to scholars and students of archaeology and history, as well as to ethnographers and economists.
Preface and Acknowledgments Introduction One. Methodological Individualism: Structure and Agency in Economic Anthropology Two. Marx’s Institutional Paradigm and Polanyi’s Generic Model of the Economy Three. Economy and Ecology: Basic Concepts, Their History, and Applications Four. Equivalencies in Economic Anthropology Five. Householding: Resistance and Livelihood in Rural Economies Six. Storage as an Economic Process Seven. A Cross-Cultural Treatment of the Informal Economy Eight. Time and the Economy: A Substantive Perspective Nine. Looking Backward and Forward on Concepts of the Economy: The Discourse of Economic Anthropology in Historical and Comparative Perspective Notes Bibliography Index
Rhoda H. Halperin is a professor of anthropology and psychiatry at the University of Cincinnati.
"...an extremely ambitious book ...Halperin attempts to integrate Polanyi and Marx and the ecological and economic traditions in anthropology.... Very impressive." —William P. Mitchell, Freed Professor of Anthropology, Monmouth College | <urn:uuid:dc82fff3-ef76-4eec-92c9-d3dab68382a0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://utpress.utexas.edu/index.php/books/halcul | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00139-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.890582 | 392 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Translator as fulcrum: a point central or essential to an activity, an event, a situation. Clearly the model applies to any bilingual reading that depends on a translator to quarterback the event for an audience with limited or no ability to understand the writer’s original language.
However, this entry takes the notion of the fulcrum differently. Daniel Borzutzky has been developing a fulcrum poetics, one located among the activities & events & situations where poetry and translation balance off, moving against and with each other.
The great Nicanor Parra turned one-hundred years old last September. Obviously, nobody has wanted to miss the opportunity to celebrate and honor the world-renowned anti-poet. Local and foreign media have been publishing extensive biographies, reviews, and special notes on Parra’s life and work (some examples here, here, here, and here). Also different institutions in Chile have organized activities such as exhibitions and collective readings. The Gabriela Mistral Cultural Center (GAM) installed a photo exhibit labeled as his “first visual biography,” organized an international seminar about anti-poetry, and launched the book “Nicanor Parra or the art of demolition” by the British poet and scholar, Niall Binns. The National Council for Culture and Arts organized a collective reading called “National Parra-phrase” where people were invited to simultaneously read the poem “The Imaginary Man” (watch a video here), and Diego Portales University put together a remarkable exhibition of his visual work, installations, and his famous “Artifacts.”
Halfway through the 60s, art in Chile had developed mainly on two fronts: one with a critical and international vocation that included the experiments of conceptual art, and another, more committed to the political context. When the military coup happened in 1973, political art was completely removed from the picture. Pinochet’s dictatorship began to impose a regime of censorship and persecution, which strongly affected the local cultural scene. With many artists and authors imprisoned, tortured, assassinated, and exiled, the national artistic production was practically paralyzed. | <urn:uuid:53b7b963-eb1a-42c5-9868-60d601755f1e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://jacket2.org/category/commentary-tags/raul-zurita | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397795.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00107-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965025 | 449 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Estudio de Conocimientos, Actitudes Prácticas en materia de Patrones de Crianza en Costa Rica. Informe Ejecutivo de la Encuesta Nacional sobre Patrones de Crianza
Costa Rica unquestionably made major strides in the protection and promotion of children's rights to be protected from all corporal punishment, when in 2008 its Legislative Assembly passed the Law on the Rights of Children to Discipline without Physical Punishment, prohibiting corporal punishment of children as a method of discipline by parents and guardians. As a follow-up to the approved law, a national baseline was published in 2010 on Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) on parental patterns of upbringing. The objectives of the KAP survey, which was carried out between November-December 2009, consisted mainly in: measuring the attributions and parents' attitudes about childrearing; determining prior disciplinary expieriences/ effects on behaviour of care staff working with children and adolescents; identifying social support networks available for caregivers and educators; assessing the prevalence of non-violent parenting patterns vs prevalence of corporal punishment; parental/caregiver perceptions of children and adolescents; and estimating the current level of knowledge of the law prohibiting the use of corporal punishment and humiliating treatment. This last section of the report summarizes the main findings and conclusions from the survey. | <urn:uuid:5bae1491-b411-42c1-8dae-e86940ab7fe9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://resourcecentre.savethechildren.se/library/estudio-de-conocimientos-actitudes-practicas-en-materia-de-patrones-de-crianza-en-costa-rica | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00111-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.865535 | 279 | 3 | 3 |
Google’s email service, Gmail, is incorporated in the technique of adopting a whole new feature that notifies the person when it detects that a mail user has brought happen to be sent via an unencrypted connection. Similarly, the sender is notified upon discovery which he plans to send an e-mail on the connection which is not encrypted.
The promises to introduce this feature was announced last November.
Though e-mail might have confidential information, the volume of mail transmitted over connections into a limited extent prevents anyone from accessing data transmitted. This is especially true if you send e-mail into a recipient that utilizes another mail server than oneself.
Since the sender or receiver has normally only treatments for the bond between your own e-mail client and e-mail server that you apply. Such a thing happens often using encrypted e-mail protocols or perhaps a web client which uses HTTPS.
Date with all the outcomes of the e-mail server you have yourself and the server that the recipient uses. Google says that 42 percent of e-mail messages received by Gmail, is transferred from another mail server via non-encrypted connections. In the opposite direction, the proportion of 18 percent.
What this means is less interception of e-mail.
The notification will never be particularly intrusive. It requires a padlock icon that seems with the messages you will get or mean to send.
Incoming mail usually incorporates a great deal of data about how transportation has happened, including the eating habits study email servers have used TLS encryption.
The newest Gmail notification tells of messages has or perhaps is going to be sent over an unencrypted connection. The notification isn’t related to any possible way of end-to-end encryption. Illustration: Google
Google does not specifically, just one can believe that the alert exhibited to Gmail users who’re about to write an e-mail, depending on the e-mail address (es) as per the person and checks the servers being receive email, supports TLS encryption for messages in transit.
Gmail will henceforth be also clearer mark emails that can from non-authenticated senders. If you open a message message in Gmail, it is often images, logo or avatar beside the sender name. But to any extent further this can be substituted with a photo of the question mark when the message cannot be authenticated.
The fact an e-mail message doesn’t contain authentication information, must not imply that nothing is scary over it. But should perhaps be described as a little careful whenever you open these emails. Coming message apparently from the traditional bank or perhaps a large e-mail providers like Google, Microsoft or Yahoo, alternatively a high probability that the message is falsified if it can’t authenticate.
For more information visit this useful net page: website | <urn:uuid:b2c72c18-5fdb-4fbd-87b2-238abfae8d44> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://empireimax.com/2016/02/17/gmail-notifications-whenever-messages-are-delivered-not-really-encoded-a-lot-email-still-delivered-over-open-outlines/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395160.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00102-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928841 | 571 | 2.671875 | 3 |
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