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A study published in the Medical Journal of Australia todays says the increase in the number of malignant mesothelioma cases in Western Australia over the past decade is the result of home renovation and do-it-yourself (DIY) projects involving building products containing asbestos.
This domestic exposure has been described as part of the “third wave” of asbestos-related diseases, the first being in miners, millers and transport workers, and the second in workers who used asbestos products.
Clinical Professor of Respiratory Medicine and senior author of the paper, Bill Musk, discusses the risks to human health posed by asbestos.
When did we first find out about the harmful effect asbestos has on health?
We’ve known about it all for quite a while but it took a painfully long time for action to be taken. Asbestos was finally banned in Australia in 2003. The problem is the stuff that’s still out there.
Tell me about the study you’ve published today.
The West Australian Mesothelioma Registry has recorded every case of mesothelioma that has occurred in the state ever since the start of the epidemic in the early 1960s.
What we’ve been looking at is where asbestos exposure comes from. In the early period, the greatest proportion of the cases was people who were mining asbestos in the Wittenoom Gorge in Western Australia’s Pilbara Region.
With time, the number of cases from Wittenoom has stayed fairly level because the mines in Wittenoom were closed in 1966. They‘re still happening but the number of people at risk is reducing.
The second wave of cases of mesothelioma was in people who’d been using asbestos, such as carpenters and mechanics. Anybody who used asbestos as part of their trade was at risk and those cases have been getting proportionally greater.
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By Bob O'Connor
Special to The Journal
Editor's Note: "Countdown to Statehood" is a weekly series highlighting the historical events that eventually led to West Virginia becoming a state on June 20, 1863. This article is the 25th in the series.
Photo by Bob O’Connor
The birthdate of West Virginia is seen on the grounds of the Jefferson County Courthouse in Charles Town.
One hundred fifty years ago this week, on June 20, 1863, West Virginia became the 35th state of the United States.
In his remarks on that day, West Virginia's first governor, Arthur I. Boreman, reminded the citizens of the long and hard road that they had been down to finally be recognized and treated with the "same rights and immunities as, and upon equal footing with, the other states of the Union."
"West Virginia should long since have had a separate state existence," Boreman said. "The east has always looked upon that portion of the state west of the mountains, as a sort of outside appendage - a territory in a state of pupilage. The unfairness and inequality of legislation is manifest on every page of the statute book; they had an unjust majority in the Legislature by the original constitution of the state, and have clung to it with the utmost tenacity ever since;
they have collected heavy taxes from us, and have spent large sums in the construction of railroads and canals in the east, but have withheld appropriations from the west; they have refused to make any of the modern improvements by which trade and travel could be carried on from the one section to the other, thus treating us as strangers; our people could not get to the capital of their state by any of the usual modes of traveling, without going through the state of Maryland and the District of Columbia. The east and the west have always been two peoples."
"Our state is the child of the rebellion; yet our peace, prosperity and happiness, and, not only ours, but that of the whole country, depends on the speedy suppression of this attempt to overthrow the government of our fathers; and it is my duty, as soon as these ceremonies are closed, to proceed at once to aid the federal authorities in their efforts to stay its destructive hand," Boreman continued.
Granville D. Hall, a stenographer who had recorded in shorthand all the proceedings of the struggle for West Virginia statehood as a reporter for the Wheeling Daily Intelligencer, said of the final outcome: "The dream of generations had 'come true.' Some whose hopes and labors had been crowned were not here to enjoy the fruition. At last we had come to the end of the toilsome road; the close of the fierce, the bitter, the enduring struggle; had triumphed over perils by land and sea, by flood and field-the assaults of open, the snares of secret foes, the timidity of the faint-hearted, the rashness of the bold. At last we were out of the wilderness; not only in sight but in possession of the Promised Land. The past, with its anxieties and bitterness, was to be forgotten save for its lessons of wisdom and patience; and now all faces turned to the future, rosy in the dawn of enfranchisement and progress!"
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Got a sore throat? Your doctor might prescribe you antibiotics. They help right? According to a new Harvard study, the answer is not always.
According to new research from Harvard-affiliated Brigham and Women’s Hospital, though only 10 percent of adults with sore throat have group A Streptococcus, or strep throat—the only cause of sore throat that antibiotics can cure—doctors prescribe antibiotics at 60 percent of sore throat visits. Despite decades of effort by the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention to cut down on inappropriate antibiotic prescribing, the rate has dropped only incrementally.
Jeffrey A. Linder, associate professor of medicine at HMS and co-author of the paper, described four common symptoms of strep throat: fever, absence of cough, tender neck glands, and swollen tonsils. Most sore throat patients show either none or just one of these symptoms, meaning that they can be treated with Tylenol and fluids and without a doctor’s visit.
Antibiotics, which target bacteria, have no positive effect on treating viral sore throats and acute bronchitis, which account for the majority of sore throat cases, according to co-author Michael L. Barnett, medical resident in internal medicine at Brigham and Women’s. In fact, antibiotics aren’t harmless; unnecessary prescription may lead to antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
“You’re taking a medicine that has no chance of helping you, and has a very real chance of hurting you,” said Linder, physician in the Division of General Medicine and Primary Care at Brigmham and Women’s.
The study, published in JAMA Internal Medicine on October 3, examined a sample of 8191 sore throat visits between 1997 and 2010, representing 92 million adult sore throat visits to primary care or emergency departments in the U.S. Research showed that sore throat visits decreased from 7.5 percent of primary care visits in 1997 to 4.3 percent in 2010.
However, the overall national antibiotic prescribing rate remained constant, as physicians continued to prescribe antibiotics at 60 percent of visits. This might be explained by habit—that doctors assume patients want antibiotics, or diagnostic uncertainty—according to Linder.
The authors of the study highlighted that though penicillin remains the most effective antibiotic for treating strep throat, it was only prescribed at 9 percent of visits. Instead, the prescription of more expensive antibiotics such as azithromycin, to which bacteria are sometimes resistant, increased from under 5 percent to 15 percent of sore throat visits.
According to the study, the cost of prescribing unnecessary antibiotics from 1997 to 2010 was conservatively $500 billion. The antibiotic prescription rate dropped from 80 percent to 70 percent around 1993, and has since plateaued at 60 percent of visits.
“This reflects the slow shift to focusing on how we can address the low-hanging fruit of overuse in medical care,” Barnett said.
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Fish eggs are called roe.
An example of roe is the fish eggs that need to be cleaned out of a salmon before grilling it.
- fish eggs, esp. when still massed in the ovarian membrane
- the swollen ovaries or expelled eggs of certain crustaceans, as the coral of a lobster
Origin of roeMiddle English rowe, rowne, akin to (or ; from uncertain or unknown; perhaps ) Old Norse hrogn, akin to Old High German rogo ; from Indo-European base an unverified form krek- from source Latvian ku?kulis, frog's eggs
Origin of roeMiddle English ro ; from Old English ra, akin to Old High German reho, Middle Dutch ree ; from Indo-European an unverified form roiko- ; from base an unverified form rei-, an unverified form roi-, striped, spotted from source Latvian raibs, colorful, striped, Sanskrit ri?ya, male antelope
- The eggs or spawn of a fish, contained within or separated from the ovary, especially when prepared as food. Also called hard roe.
- The milt-containing testes of a fish, especially when prepared as food. Also called soft roe.
- The eggs or gonads of certain marine invertebrates, such as a lobster or a sea urchin.
Origin of roeMiddle English roughe, ro, from Middle Low German or Middle Dutch roge.
- A surname, from a Middle English nickname meaning a roe.
- This is often used as a pseudonymous surname.
- o'er, ore, Ore., öre, øre
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Sautuola a prominent Spanish landowner,
fond of archaeology, discovered Altamira cave (near Santander in the north of
Spain). Together with his daughter Maria he found there picturesque
Palaeolithic depictions. In 1880 Sautuola published "Short notes concerning
some prehistoric subjects in Santander province". But, unfortunately, scientists
accepted the authenticity of the paintings, found by him, only after his death.
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During pregnancy, the placenta makes hormones that can lead to a buildup of sugar in your blood. Usually, your pancreas can make enough insulin to handle that. If not, your blood sugar levels will rise and can cause gestational diabetes.
Are You at Risk?
You are more likely to get gestational diabetes if:
You were overweight before you got pregnant.
You are African-American, Asian, Hispanic, or Native American.
Your blood sugar levels are high, but not high enough to be diabetes.
Diabetes runs in your family.
You’ve had gestational diabetes before.
Your doctor will check to see if you have gestational diabetes ASAP if you’re likely to get it, or between weeks 24 and 28 of your pregnancy if you’re not at high risk.
To test for gestational diabetes, you will quickly drink a sugary drink. This will raise your blood sugar levels. An hour later, you’ll take a blood test to see how your body handled all that sugar. If the result shows that your blood sugar is 140 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or greater, you will fast for a few hours and then take another blood test.
If your results are normal but you have a high risk of getting gestational diabetes, you may need a follow-up test later in your pregnancy to make sure you still don’t have it.
To treat your gestational diabetes, your doctor will ask you to:
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Fire Prevention Program
Reducing the number of fatalities, injuries and property losses due to fire is the primary focus of the Memphis Fire Department' s Fire Prevention Program. The fundamental components of this program include Public Education, Code Enforcement, Arson Investigation and Anti-Neglect. Employees trained in these areas include state-certified Fire Inspectors, Anti-Neglect Field Inspectors, Fire Education Specialists and Fire Investigators. These employees penetrate each segment of the Memphis Community through daily face-to-face contact with the public.
Fire Protection Plan
In order to reduce the rate of fire incidents, the Memphis Fire Department developed the Fire Protection Plan as a mechanism to reach high-risk fire management zones. The concept involves the use of statistical information to identify high-risk areas. Once high-risk areas are identified, one or more companies of firefighters blitz targeted areas to ensure that every occupied residence has a working smoke detector.
During each blitz, firefighters and other Fire Services personnel actually visit each occupied residence within specific fire management zones to check for working smoke detectors. Discrepancies such as the lack of smoke detectors, defective smoke detectors and smoke detectors with dead batteries or no batteries are recorded. Before each project is completed, all discrepancies are corrected by installing new smoke detectors or replacing missing or dead batteries.
One of the keys to fire prevention is educating the public through various programs and activities. One of these programs, the Juvenile Fire Setter Program targets and educates children involved in incidents of fire setting or equipment tampering. This intervention redirects children' s interests, which ultimately decreases fire loss due to juvenile arson.
In between presentations made at schools, nursing homes and other local facilities, Fire Education Specialists lead tours while teaching fire safety at the Fire Museum of Memphis. This unique interactive fire safety facility is one of the most popular educational and historical attractions in Memphis.
In addition to conducting annual inspections of all hospitals, hotels, schools and other structures, Fire Inspectors ensure response to plan reviews and inspect new buildings within 48 hours of notification. View the Smoke Detector informaton to see if you qualify for a free smoke alarm: Smoke Detector Request
Fire Investigators conduct detailed investigations and interrogations to determine the origins of fires. As a result of recently enacted state laws, investigators now have police powers to expedite the process of apprehending individuals involved in arson-related incidents. The acquisition of an accelerant-detecting canine has also helped make conducting arson investigations more efficient.
Anti-Neglect Field Inspectors inspect neglected and/or abandoned buildings that are potentially dangerous. Property owners failing to comply with the City's anti-neglect ordinances are issued citations and subsequently fined if problems are not corrected within the time allotted. Fees collected as a result of fines are used to maintain the operations of this self-supporting office.
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If you want to know more about blood biology, blood circulation, and the importance of blood in our bodies, you’ve come to the right place! My Blood, Your Blood is an award-winning science education program that teaches all about blood's amazing journey through our bodies.
The program, made possible by a grant from The Foundation for America's Blood Centers, was designed by a team of physicians and educators as a low-prep, turnkey package to be used either in the classroom or home-school environment. Through sophisticated microscopy,the My Blood, Your Blood program captures the imagination of students of all ages and helps foster an interest in science. The program also emphasizes the value of community service through blood donation and the importance of a healthy lifestyle.
My Blood, Your Blood Videos
My Blood, Your Blood Supplemental Resources
Posters (Can be printed at 8.5 x 11 page or larger.)
- Blood Facts
- Red Blood Cells and Platelets under the Microscope
- MBYB Poster: Highlights from the Video
Middle and High School
Middle and High School - Spanish
Contact Abbey Nunes at firstname.lastname@example.org with any program-related questions.
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While Swami Vivekananda was in America holding classes and delivering lectures, one of Swami Abhedananda’s students, Miss Minnie C. Boock, offered, as a gift for the work, a tract of land of 160 acres lying in the San Antonio Valley, eighteen miles southeast of Mt. Hamilton, California, the site of the well-known Lick Observatory. Swamiji accepted the offer in the name of the Ramakrishna Mission of Belur Math, the property to be held in trust as a peace retreat where those, seeking rest from the clamor of the world, could go for spiritual rejuvenation.
Situated at the head of the picturesque San Antonio Valley, in Santa Clara County, sparsely wooded with oaks and chaparral, with ranges of bush-covered hills on either side and the Sierra Nevada Mountains in the far distance, and removed from crowds and cities, Shanti Ashrama, as named by Swami Turiyananda who became its founder in August 1900, was an ideal spot for spiritual practice.
Swami Turiyananda, with eight students, traveled to the homestead, the sole building being an old log cabin. As time passed tents were pitched, a kitchen and screened dining room, a log cabin, several outhouses, and three canvas-walled cabins were erected, as well as a small meditation cabin, which stands to this day. Most important, a daily routine was established which blended spiritual life with practical life.
Gurudas, later known as Swami Atulananda, wrote of life at the ashrama with Swami Turiyananda: “To live with the swami was a constant joy and inspiration and it was an education, for one was learning all the time. And we all felt that spiritual help came through him. Sometimes gentle, sometimes the “roaring lion of Vedanta,” the swami was always fully awake. There was not a dull moment in the ashrama. It was a sweet life and it was surprising how soon newcomers imbibed the spirit of the place. There was no idleness ― it was a life of external and internal activity. The swami was full of fire and the fire was communicated to the students. Enthusiastic and sincere, everyone tried his best to realize God.”
Swami Turiyananda returned to India in 1902, and Gurudas continued to live at the ashrama until 1906, when he himself went to India. When Swami Trigunatita, another disciple of Sri Ramakrishna, like Swami Vivekananda and Swami Turiyananda, arrived in San Francisco in 1903, he was very enthusiastic about the ashrama and for many years took groups of students there for monthlong retreats. The swami gave classes under a large, spreading oak tree, which came to be known as the “Om Tree.” The students were also inspired by occasional nightlong vigils around a fire at the top of a nearby hill, where the night was spent in prayer, chanting, and meditation.
During this time many further improvements were made on the property. Several additional cabins were built, as well as a large kitchen-dining hall and a barn. Lack of water has always been the greatest drawback of the ashrama. In the earliest years, water was hauled by the barrel, at seventy-five cents per barrel, from a distant source in the valley. Then, still in Swami Turiyananda’s time, a spring was enlarged by blasting and a pool made in which one could bathe or wash one’s clothes. From there buckets of clear, cool water were carried by the students to the kitchen or the tents and cabins. In 1901 a pipe was laid, which brought running water to the heart of the ashrama, though the carrying of buckets was still needed. Several years later a well was dug, and Swami Trigunatita developed a water scheme which included a windmill and water tank, which were carted in from Livermore over the perilous road. This system finally provided enough water for drinking, cooking, and washing, though there was still not a sufficient amount for the garden.
During the 1920s, Swami Prakashananda regularly brought groups of students to the ashrama. And in later years, individuals occasionally took advantage of the ashrama atmosphere, but organized group retreats, as such, no longer occurred. A caretaker, Mr. Arthur Bryan, lived permanently on the property until August 1952, when a huge brush fire swept through the ashrama, and the surrounding properties, destroying the windmill, water tank, and many of the buildings including the caretaker’s cabin.
At this time the Society was devoting its available resources to developing a retreat at Olema, Marin County, which was more accessible to its members and friends and without such problems as scarcity of water, as well as constructing a new temple, which would accommodate the increasing attendance at the Society’s services. Therefore, after the fire Shanti Ashrama was limited to occasional visits for necessary repairs to its fencing, etc., as well as infrequent day visits by a few members.
Suggestions for Further Reading
Please look at the longer version of the Shanti Ashrama History on the website.
Atulananda,Swami. Atman Alone Abides: Conversations with Swami Atulananda. Madras: Sri Ramakrishna Math, 1978.
Atulananda,Swami. With the Swamis in America and India. Mayavati: Advaita Ashrama, 1988.
Burke, Marie Louise (Sister Gargi),“Early Days at Shanti Ashrama,” Prabuddha Bharata, August 1977 – June 1978.
Burke, Marie Louise (Sister Gargi). Swami Trigunatita: His Life and Work. San Francisco: Vedanta Society of Northern California, 1977.
Ritajananda, Swami. Swami Turiyananda: A Direct Disciple of Sri Ramakrishna. Madras: Sri Ramakrishna Math, 1963.
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Essentials for Constructing Heading for APA Term Papers
Custom Made APA Style Term Papers
The planning, layout and contents of a document are extremely essential elements that form the basic part of term paper writing; however, the key constituent that highlights all these elements is the headings of a paper.
Different editorial manuals follow different rules and formatting, one of the oldest publication manuals is that of the American Psychological Association or the APA style, which is known to have been established in 1929.
An APA term paper format comprised of various stages of formatting which comprises of:
- The term paper title page layout and format
- The abstract formatting
- Content and in text citation rules
- The bibliography page layout
- Heading specifications
Out of all the above mentioned the heading for APA research papers are most essential formatting components for documents.
ProfEssays.com holds one of the elitist panels of writers with the qualification and experience of writing and organizing papers in all types of formats. Some of our certified writers have highlighted below the importance of headings and the specifics to keep in mind while constructing headings for APA term papers:
I. Importance of headings in term papers
- Headings for any paper help in the systematic organization and layout of all the content of the paper.
- Chronological arrangement of data is extremely essential to correctly structure the entire paper and headings of papers play a vital role in defining this.
- Headings are as important as the term paper title page as they illustrate the outline of the content contained in the paper and are also largely responsible for holding the attention of the readers.
- Another essential function of headings and sub headings of papers is that they help in fragmenting data and breaking it into smaller sections, this helps in not constructing elongating paragraphs which divert the attention of readers.
- Headings of the APA style term paper also are largely responsible for displaying the organization skills of the writer.
- Term paper headings also establish the hierarchy and the level of importance of the topics and sub-topics contained within the paper.
II. Steps for constructing headings for APA term papers:
- In this particular term paper format for headings one needs to use Times New Roman font and a font size of 12 points.
- It is of the utmost vitality that the contents of the heading and sub heading should co-relate to the content under the respective headings.
- Headings for APA term papers follow a five tier functionality and the headings in this format need to be formatted as per its level of importance in the below mentioned manner:
- Level – 1 Headings are centre aligned, in Bold, and in upper case and lower case
- Level – 2 Headings should be aligned to the left in upper and lower case.
- Level – 3 Headings should be intended, in bold and in lower case with period.
- Level – 4 Headings ought to be intended, in bold, in italics and in lower case with period.
- Level – 5 Headings should be intended, in italics and in lower case with period.
- The abstract heading of the paper needs to be aligned to the center and positioned below the running header of the page the same is the case with the heading of the citation page.
In addition to the points highlighted above there are a number of other intricate details that need to be kept in mind while formatting headings for APA term papers, and one also need to be familiar with the margin and spacing fundamentals for the proper formatting of the paper.
None the less students can now procure a pre-written term paper which is custom made as per their specification and available at the most competitive market rates.
Custom term papers scripted at ProfEssays.com also are scrutinized by high level electronic scanners of the quality control department for plagiarized content and maintain international standards of writing.
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For further details on our services and facilities contact our customer service desk.
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The Great Barrier Reef may have been spared the indignity of being listed as a World Heritage Area “in danger” this week, but the Reef’s woes are just beginning.
There are 962 properties on the world heritage list. Most of these are protected for their cultural values, while many, like the Great Barrier Reef, are protected for their natural values. Thirty-eight sites have been placed on the world heritage “in danger” list in recognition of the damage they have sustained or risks they face.
The World Heritage Committee agreed to postpone their review of the Great Barrier Reef to 2014, as the Queensland and Federal governments prepare reports into coastal development. But it isn’t just coal and ports that are the problem.
It is only a matter of time before the Australian government and the international community will have to face up to reality. Climate change is fundamentally challenging the way we go about protecting the environment.
To protect the reef, look beyond the coast
Managing the Reef now can buy time while a global response is hammered out to deal with climate change and ocean acidification. But the Federal and Queensland governments don’t seem to recognise time is running out.
In fact, neither does the World Heritage regime itself. It remains based on a somewhat dated view about how natural environmental assets should be protected.
The 1972 World Heritage Convention, which defined how and what can be listed as World Heritage, is built on the premise that sites are best protected by conservation at the site. Historically this made sense. The Convention is one of the earliest environmental treaties, and concluded at a time when the main threats to world heritage were highly localised. It is a bit like a museum, seeking to preserve certain outstanding illustrations of cultural and natural property for future generations.
What it doesn’t do is account for natural change, or the much more serious threat of human-induced change. World heritage properties cannot be frozen in time. In the current geological epoch, which we can think of as the Anthropocene, the greatest single threat to many world heritage properties is climate change.
Back in 2004 a report from University of Sydney found the Howard government’s failure to ratify the Kyoto Protocol and to support international initiatives to curb greenhouse gas emissions was one reason among several why the Great Barrier Reef might be included on the “in danger” list. We mustn’t let the current debate about development hide the reality of climate change.
World Heritage can’t address this. That is for other regimes, chiefly the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, to resolve. What World Heritage can do is draw attention to global threats that major environmental assets face. Its “in danger” listing process is a key mechanism to achieve this.
For well over a decade there has been discussion over whether the Great Barrier Reef should be placed on the “in danger” list. The main reason for this is the dawning realisation the Reef will be severely damaged by rising sea temperatures from climate change.
2012: development the new threat
The recent discussions about the reef have focused on the range of developments proposed for the Queensland coast, such as new or expanded ports to facilitate coal exports.
This is based on a 2012 report from UNESCO and the IUCN. It warned Australia the reef would be placed on the “in danger” list unless this development was curtailed or properly assessed.
The report set out 14 detailed recommendations for getting the protection and management back on track. These included:
- no new port development outside existing port areas
- an independent review of developments at Gladstone and Curtis
- an independent review by internationally recognised and widely respected scientific experts of the overall planning, protection and management of the Reef
With official endorsement by the World Heritage Committee in 2012, it was clear the committee was keeping watch on the Reef, and that a brake had to be placed on coast developments.
On a positive note, the report observed that the actual management of the Reef was world-class, and considered the “gold standard” for conserving large marine areas.
2013: still on the brink
In February 2013 the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority responded to the 2012 report and its recommendations. Several aspects of the Government’s response have been subject to significant criticism, particularly in respect to Gladstone Harbour.
Media reports earlier this week indicated that discussions at the 37th Session of the World Heritage Committee turned on whether Australia was satisfying a host of “priority issues” for protecting the reef. These have been identified by the UNESCO World Heritage Centre and the IUCN, but not yet made public.
At the 2013 World Heritage session officials were satisfied that Australia was meeting some but not all of their recommendations. They gave Australia further opportunity before 2014 to show that it is meeting the Convention obligations. There’s an ultimatum of sorts on development – any new coastal development with an impact on the Reef’s heritage values will be considered a violation.
The June 2013 decision of the World Heritage Committee has, like the 2012 decision, again preserved the status quo for the Reef. While recognising the threats to the Reef, those have not yet risen to a level that would allow the Committee to list the property on the “in danger” list.
Without a move on climate change the reef will remain “in danger”, and not just on the World Heritage list.
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Amphibians around the world are in trouble.
Nearly one-third worldwide are threatened with extinction, according to the Global Amphibian Assessment. And in the face of massive die-offs in the wild, scientists are scrambling to preserve what they can in captivity. A network of zoos and laboratories operating under the moniker "Amphibian Ark" is laboring to save amphibians with the aim of one day reintroducing them to the wild.
Scientists often liken amphibians to the proverbial canary in the coal mine.
Human activity on earth is causing a mass extinction, and amphibians are among the first species to begin disappearing en masse. (The last mass extinction occurred when an asteroid slammed into earth 65 million years ago, ending the dinosaurs' reign.)
That's partially because amphibians, who interface with their surroundings through highly permeable skin, are extremely sensitive to pollutants and to changes in the environment. And so scientists aren't sure which of several possible culprits -- more ultraviolet light from a thinner ozone layer, pesticides, habitat loss, global warming -- is most responsible for the observed amphibian die-offs. Most likely, all of them contribute.
Nonetheless, a prime suspect is a fungus called Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, or chytrid for short.
Scientists aren't sure where it came from exactly, but they suspect that it was accidentally spread around the world from Southern Africa in the early 20th Century. At that time, African clawed frogs were in demand for pharmaceutical uses. Many were captured in Southern Africa and exported.
Perhaps tellingly, South Africa is one of few regions where amphibians haven't recently declined. That suggests that native species tolerate the fungus with no problem. And that, in turn, indicates that amphibians and chytrid co-evolved there.
Elsewhere, especially in the New World, amphibians populations have crashed, experiencing dramatic and rapid reductions in both numbers and species diversity. (Here's a story on the golden toad disappearing in Costa Rica, and a story on efforts to save the Golden Frog in nearby Panama.
In Central America, chytrid has progressed some 28-100 kilometers per year since first appearing in the late 1990s. Scientists estimate that wherever chytrid appears, 50 percent of amphibian species disappear soon thereafter. On average, 80 percent of amphibian individuals disappear within one year of chytrid's first appearance.
Now, a new study in the journal Ecology Letters tells us what happens in the wake of these amphibian disappearances in Central America. As you might predict, the die-offs cause a massive loss of diversity. But the loss is not evenly spread.
The amphibian communities left in chytrid's wake tend to look the same more than before the fungus' arrival. The frogs that made each community unique have a higher chance of succumbing to chytrid.
The fungus thrives in moist and cool conditions. Amphibians that inhabit that niche tend to disappear more than those inhabiting other niches. Relatively speaking, frogs living on dry land have a better chance of making it through. Chytrid, the authors say, is a great ecosystem homogenizer.
In a press release, Kevin Smith, associate director of the Tyson Research Center at Washington University in St. Louis, and a co-author on the study, calls it "the McDonaldization of the frog communities."
Editor’s note: For more articles about the environment, see the Monitor’s main environment page, which offers information on many environment topics. Also, check out our Bright Green blog archive and our RSS feed.
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A Finnish team of researchers was the first in the world to discover a gene mutation in ameloblastoma, which is a tumour of the jaw.
Ameloblastoma is an odontogenic tumour with a high tendency to recur after treatment. Ameloblastoma is most often found in the posterior of the lower jaw. Ameloblastomas are treated by surgery, often resulting in tissue deficiencies in the jaws as well as loss of several teeth. A suitable drug therapy could reduce the need for surgery and the recurrence of ameloblastoma, but finding such a treatment requires a better understanding of the pathogenesis of the tumour.
Researchers have been searching for the mutation that causes ameloblastoma for decades, and this mutation has now been found in a patient living in the eastern part of Finland. The core of the team making the discovery comprises researchers of the University of Turku and the University of Eastern Finland. According to the leaders of the team, Professor of Medical Biochemistry Klaus Elenius of the University of Turku, and Professor of Oral Diagnostic Sciences Kristiina Heikinheimo of the University of Eastern Finland, the finding is a scientific breakthrough. The significance of the finding is further emphasised by the fact that it has direct implications for treatment, because a targeted drug for the mutation in question already exists. The findings were published in Journal of Pathology in March.
Kari J Kurppa, Javier Catón, Peter R Morgan, Ari Ristimäki, Blandine Ruhin, Jari Kellokoski, Klaus Elenius and Kristiina Heikinheimo. High frequency of BRAF V600E mutations in ameloblastoma, J Pathol 2014; 232: 492-498.
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As World Vegetarian Day is recognised (October 1st) around the globe, it seems that more products than ever are showcasing vegetarian credentials. Indeed, new research from Mintel has found that 12% of global food and drink products launched in 2013 carried a vegetarian claim, up from 6% in 2009. Further to this, 2% of global food and drink launches carried a vegan claim in 2013, up from 1% in 2009. Today in Britain, the vegetarian diet is firmly on the map with 12% of UK adults following a vegetarian or vegan diet, rising to 20% of 16 to 24s. In the UK alone, Mintel estimates the meat-free food market to have hit £625 million in 2013 and further forecasts it to rise to £657 in 2014, up from £543 million in 2009. Indeed, Mintel’s research reveals that almost half (48%) of Brits see meat-free products as environmentally friendly and 52% see them as healthy. Laura Jones, Global Food Science Analyst at Mintel, said: “As World Vegetarian Day arrives, our research highlights just how much of an impact vegetarianism has had on the UK food and drink market. Globally, the outlook for the meat alternative market is positive and will continue to be driven by an emerging consumer trend towards meat reduction on a part-time basis, also called flexitarianism, entailing increased consumption of plant-based foods without completely cutting out meat. Indeed, many meat-reducing consumers have adopted a flexible attitude, choosing to limit meat, rather than eliminate it entirely. Launches of vegetarian and vegan products echo manufacturers desire to communicate the suitability of their products to the widest range of consumers.” In addition, whilst it has been a concern for vegetarians that they will miss out on a vital source of protein, just 17% of Brits who are consuming less protein than they were a year ago say this is because they are following more of a vegetarian diet. Moreover, whilst the benefits of protein have been in the spotlight over the past 12 months, many Brits are opting for non-meat protein sources with one in eight (18%) Brits claiming they are eating more non-animal sources of protein (eg dairy, plant, grains) compared to a year ago. Despite this, in 2013 less than 1% of food and drink products launched globally carried both a ‘vegetarian’ and ‘high-protein’ claim. “Plant-based and other vegetarian protein sources align with consumer interest in reducing red meat consumption and growing interest in vegetarian products. Indeed, consumers are shifting towards more plant based diets.” Laura continues. Signifying the rise of the ‘flexitarian’, there seems to be a trend for consumers to embrace more vegetable-based meat dishes. Today, as many as one in eight (13%) UK meat-buyers claim they would be interested in buying half and half products from the supermarket, with 50% red meat and 50% vegetable protein for example. In addition to the rise of vegetarian protein sources, there has also been considerable growth in the number of chocolate and sugar confectionery products launched carrying a ‘vegetarian’ or ‘vegan’ claim. Whilst just 4% of chocolate or sugar products launched in 2009 carried a vegetarian claim, this rose to 9% in 2013. The proportion of these products launched with a vegan claim similarly rose from 1% in 2009 to 2% in 2013. Further to this, the number of chocolate and sugar confectionery products using a glazing agent boasted even larger growth with 32% of these products carrying a ‘vegetarian’ or ‘vegan’ claim in 2013, up from 13% in 2009. “Among chocolate and sugar confectionery products there is increasingly demand for vegetarian ingredients, reflected by the increasing use of both vegetarian and vegan claims on new product launches. Ingredients will continue to be scrutinised by consumers and manufacturers need to be responsive and proactive to quell any consumer concerns.” Laura concludes. Interviews with Global Food Science Analyst, Laura Jones, are available on request from the press office. Mintel’s Meat-free and Free-from Foods UK 2013 report is available to purchase priced £1750. You might also be interested in: No related posts.
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This is more than just another book on Internet studies. Tracing the pervasive influence of 'digital culture' throughout contemporary life, this text integrates socio-economic understandings of the 'information society' with the cultural studies approach to production, use, and consumption of digital media and multimedia. Refreshingly readable and packed with examples from profiling databases and mashups to cybersex and the truth about social networking, Understanding Digital Culture: • crosses disciplines to give a balanced account of the social, economic and cultural dimensions of the information society• illuminates the increasing importance of mobile, wireless and converged media technologies in everyday life• unpacks how the information society is transforming and challenging traditional notions of crime, resistance, war and protest, community, intimacy and belonging• charts the changing cultural forms associated with new media and its consumption, including music, gaming, microblogging and online identity• illustrates the above through a series of contemporary, in-depth case studies of digital culture.This is the perfect text for students looking for a full account of the information society, virtual cultures, sociology of the Internet and new media.
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Rent Understanding Digital Culture 1st edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Vincent Miller. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Sage Publications Ltd.
Need help ASAP? We have you covered with 24/7 instant online tutoring. Connect with one of our tutors now.
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I have been grading student essays this morning and just detected plagiarism in one of my students’ essays. It’s not the first time a student has turned in a plagiarized essay to me, and I am sure (sadly) that it won’t be the last. On the one hand, I know this student was sick when the essay was due, but I did offer her more time to complete the essay, and she declined. What is particularly troubling to me is that the essay contains sections entirely copied and pasted from Wikipedia or Answers.com. I find this distressing for many reasons. First of all, I think it is rather insulting to my intelligence that a student believes she can copy text from such well-known websites without my knowledge — indeed, I had provided students with links to the Wikipedia article she copied in order that they might find it a useful source. Second, it bothers me that the student must have believed turning in writing culled from Wikipedia was OK. I suppose I shouldn’t be surprised; our current culture encourages plagiarism — you can purchase essays online. I find it frustrating that students continue to steal content from the Internet. I imagine they do so because it’s easier than stealing it from a book, but I don’t think they realize how much easier it is to catch them at Internet plagiarism.
I have learned a couple of tricks that help me catch plagiarists. First of all, look for straight quotes as opposed to curly quotes. Straight quotes often indicate copying and pasting from the Internet because web standard displays quotation marks as two small, straight lines, whereas the default font in MS Word, Times New Roman, displays quotation marks as two curly marks. Straight quotes don’t always indicate plagiarism, but they are something to look for if you are suspicious. If you suspect plagiarism, type a sentence or two from the paper word for word into Google search. You should yield a result if the language is identical to that of another site or even if only a few words have been changed (if you don’t put quotes around the sentence). I found my plagiarist using both straight-quote identification and Google search.
What should you do if you catch a plagiarist? It depends upon the nature of the assignment. I give students zeroes. If the assignment is a major assignment, such as a term paper or research paper, I think discipline needs to be taken further. I think students who plagiarize long-term assignments need to have their parents notified and possibly be referred to administration. I didn’t elect to do that with my student. I think the zero will be enough. I think she’s a sweet girl, and I hate that she’s put me in this position. I did try to be understanding about her illness, offering her more time to finish her essay. She declined.
We all make choices. Part of our job as teachers is to help students realize that plagiarism is never the right choice. Even a poorly written essay wouldn’t have received a grade lower than an F (50-59) in my class. I have a hunch she would have earned at least a C if she’d done the work herself.
[tags]plagiarism, education, writing, instruction[/tags]
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From Mentor, Minnesota, USA:
My seven year old grandson was diagnosed eight months ago with type 1. My daughter says that his blood sugars are running over 300 mg/dl [16.7 mmol/L], and she is having a difficult time with them. She said that he could be getting sick. Could this cause it? He is on carb counting, but the doctor doesn't put a limit on the sugar content of the food, only the amount of carbs. Could this be why he runs so high?
Illness could cause blood glucose readings to be high, and so it is important to keep track of the readings and give extra insulin if necessary. Your grandson's diabetes team should be able to advise how to do this.
A healthy diet is important, and keeping to a diet with reasonable amounts of carbohydrate such as bread, potatoes, rice, pasta, etc. A dietitian should give advice on the meal plan.
[Editor's comment: Two other possibilities are that he is coming out of his honeymoon or going through a growth spurt, both of which can increase insulin requirements. You should suggest that your daughter contact her son's diabetes team to discuss what is going on and devise a new treatment plan to alleviate the problem. SS]
Original posting 21 Nov 2000
Posted to Daily Care
Last Updated: Tuesday April 06, 2010 15:09:16
This Internet site provides information of a general nature and is designed for educational purposes only. If you have any concerns about your own health or the health of your child, you should always consult with a physician or other health care professional.
This site is published by T-1 Today, Inc. (d/b/a Children with Diabetes), a 501c3 not-for-profit organization, which is responsible for its contents. Our mission is to provide education and support to families living with type 1 diabetes.
© Children with Diabetes, Inc. 1995-2016. Comments and Feedback.
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Across the broad river valley, two houses stand witness. Though deserted long ago by the families that inhabited them, they have been meticulously restored and opened to the public, because together these two buildings frame the history of the United States’ first native-born art movement, the Hudson River School.
The contrast couldn’t be stronger. “Cedar Grove,” hidden among the trees on the Hudson River’s west bank, is a substantial but unpretentious brick farmhouse, the home of Thomas Cole, 1801–1848, a self-taught immigrant painter who in the 1820s awakened Americans to the grandeur of their own landscape. “Olana,” an ornate pseudo-Persian villa, perches atop a high hill on the east bank, visible for miles. This was the home that Cole’s flamboyant student Frederic Edwin Church, 1826–1900, designed for himself at the height of his fame, when his paintings commanded the greatest prices of any living painter in the United States. The two men’s personal styles were as different as the houses suggest. The shared location, however, reveals the passion that united Cole and Church: their unslakable appetite for the scenery of the upper Hudson River, for the graceful valley and the rugged Catskill Mountains that dominate its horizon. To understand that passion, and how it changed a nation’s perception of itself, you cannot do better than spend a day at these two historic sites.
Begin as the Hudson River School did, at Cedar Grove in the town of Catskill. Cole had first arrived in the region by steamboat in 1825; the paintings inspired by this brief tour made his reputation and enabled him to return in the summer of 1827 and rent from the owner of Cedar Grove farm a room in which to board and an outbuilding in which to paint. Cole fell in love with the location: Set on a west-facing slope, Cedar Grove offers sweeping views of the Catskill Mountains which, he wrote in 1835, “heave from the valley of the Hudson like the subsiding billows of the ocean after a storm.” Cole found another kind of love here, too—in 1836 he married Maria Bartow, the niece of Cedar Grove’s owner. Aside from periods of travel and study in Europe (1829–1832 and 1841–1842), the artist made Cedar Grove his base for the rest of his life.
Purchased by the Greene County Historical Society in 1998, the restored Cedar Grove offers through its furnishings, views, and exhibits an intimate understanding of Cole’s life and art. There is, for example, the modesty of the accommodations. Cedar Grove was, by the standards of the time and place, a “gentleman's farm,” but Cole and his wife shared the house with her uncle and her sisters. The Coles and their five children had just three rooms on the second floor. But Cole was used to making do. Born in Lancashire, England, he learned the rudiments of composition and design in a textile factory, carving wood blocks with which to print decorative patterns on calico. After emigrating with his parents and siblings to the United States in 1818, he taught himself to paint, begging lessons from an itinerant portrait painter, and making his own brushes to copy illustrations out of books.
Cole’s greatest artistic asset proved to be his untutored eye. His native-born neighbors viewed the American wilderness only as resources to be harvested: timber to be felled, streams to be dammed, and fields to be cleared. Cole, however, understood otherwise. Raised as he had been among mills in the center of Britain’s primary industrial region, he saw in the fresh hills and forests the untouched work of God’s hand.
As a museum, Cedar Grove records how Cole turned this revelation into a new style of art. Landscape painting in Europe was an art of conventions, with canvases inhabited by nymphs, satyrs, artistically posed dead trees, and classical ruins. Cole, by contrast, studied at the source. At Cedar Grove one can see a case of specimens he collected, pressed and mounted plants, and a library (considerable for the time) that included the latest scientific works on geology, botany, and the natural sciences.
An essential piece of equipment for a Hudson River School painter was a strong pair of legs—Cole commonly recorded in his journal hiking through the mountains, sketching equipment under his arm, all day and half the night, too, before stopping at some remote settler’s homestead. On one notable occasion, he dallied on a mountaintop to admire the sunset and became lost in the darkness during his descent. After crawling through a tangle of timber felled by a tornado, he slipped down a precipitous bank into a stream which swept him into and through a cavern. He escaped from the current just a few feet short of a waterfall, and it wasn't until dawn that a dog’s barking led him to a log cabin with, as Cole noted cheerfully, “a warm fire, and venison steak.”
The foundation of his paintings were the sketches Cole made from nature, and a permanent exhibit at Cedar Grove shows how these progressed from pencil sketches to sketches in oil paints, then to more formal studies in which Cole explored composition and idyllic themes, preparing for the final step, the formal oil painting on stretched canvas which he would sell to clients and patrons. Visitors to Cedar Grove can visit Cole’s newly restored studio, which looks as if Cole has just left, perhaps to walk across the lawn for dinner with his family.
This sense of being there continues with a special exhibition Cedar Grove has sponsored this year in honor of the four-hundredth anniversary of Henry Hudson’s exploration of the river that bears his name. It juxtaposes a select group of paintings representing not only the work of Cole but also of artists such as Sanford Gifford and Jasper Cropsey, the men who seized on Cole’s inspiration and carried it on in what became known as the Hudson River School after Cole’s death at age forty-seven. One innovative aspect of the exhibition is a series of guided hikes that take participants to the actual vistas that inspired these and other Hudson River School paintings. This builds upon the Hudson River School Art Trail website (www.thomascole.org/trail/index.html) that Cedar Grove has created as a permanent and more widely accessible introduction to this experience. With just a few clicks, this site provides a downloadable gallery of paintings with photographs of the corresponding vistas as they look today, and trail maps to get the hiker to the essential vantage point.
Such a hike is the perfect preparation for a subsequent visit to Olana, because it was on a sketching expedition with his teacher Cole that the eighteen-year-old Frederic Church first visited the hilltop where he would build his house.
In many respects, the student and his teacher (Church studied with Cole for two years, from June of 1844 to May of 1846) could not have been more different. Church sprang from one of the first families of Hartford, Connecticut, and was used to the best; when he decided to pursue his interest in drawing and painting rather than following his father into the insurance business, Church was, as a matter of course, sent to live and work with the most famous American artist of the day. The kind of honors and commissions that had cost Cole so many years of poverty and struggle came easily to Church—he was elected to the National Academy of Design at age twenty-two and made a full member the following year, a record never since equaled.
Yet Church came to revere Cole, and under his influence began a lifelong love affair with the Catskill/upper Hudson River region. Church, for example, described Olana to friends as “the center of the world,” which meant a great deal, since his was a far larger world than Cole’s. Church traveled compulsively. His most famous painting, The Heart of the Andes, was a distillation of two expeditions to the back country of South America; another masterpiece, The Icebergs (which sold in 1979 for $2.5 million, the highest price ever paid to that point for an American painting) was a memoir of a cruise off the coast of Labrador and Newfoundland. He sketched in Jamaica, wintered in Mexico, and although he never actually visited Iran, a tour of the Middle East, together with some art books he acquired in France, persuaded him to design the family home in what he believed to be the Persian style. In sum, Olana (Church borrowed the name of an ancient Persian treasure house) bespeaks a far more cosmopolitan life than that suggested by the simple, Federal-style Cedar Grove. In fundamental ways, however, the faux-Persian palace is an extension of what Church learned sketching by Cole’s side.
Indeed, despite its exotic appearance, Olana served Church as a retreat, the place where he retired in the late 1870s as fashions in the art world changed and the popularity of his paintings and the Hudson River School in general waned. The structural work was completed by 1872, but Church continued to work on the decoration and add and subtract features almost until his death in 1900.
Olana is, arguably, the Hudson River School’s most elaborate and complete expression. It is also one that has been preserved miraculously intact. For unlike Cedar Grove, whose furnishings and most of whose acreage Cole’s descendants sold before parting with the house, Olana and its two-hundred-and-fifty-acre landscape passed down in the family relatively unchanged (though increasingly neglected) until a spirited band of preservationists managed to forestall an auction and combine private with public funds to turn the house and land into a state historic site in 1966.
There are many reasons to visit Olana. The house and outbuildings, authentically refurbished, are a monument to Victorian architectural crafts, a superb display of decorative brick and tile work, of glittering stenciling and decorative glass. Church’s collection of his own work and those of fellow Hudson River School painters is impressive, particularly a treasure trove of sketches in oils that were found in the house’s attic. “Glories of the Hudson: Frederic Church’s Views from Olana,” on display in the new Evelyn and Maurice Sharp Gallery this summer and fall, presents works by Church that have never before been seen by the public. Displayed side by side with the precise vistas that inspired them, the sketches and paintings take on a special power. Equally remarkable is the landscape, which Church sculpted and painted to complement the natural views. Taken all together, though, the sum is far greater than the parts, a fascinating insight into the mind of a powerful artist and into an aesthetic that still reverberates through the region.
A tour of the house reveals the extent to which it was designed around the views—Church composed the picture you see from each window as carefully as he composed any of his paintings. Below the house he created a foreground, excavating a swampy area to create a large pond, the shape of whose perimeter echoes a bend in the Hudson beyond. He planted thousands of trees, singly and in clusters, on the slopes that fall away from the house on the north and south to emphasize the natural land forms and create visual rhythms. He also used trees to frame views along the miles of carriage roads he cut into the fields and woods around the house, in this way choreographing the experience visitors would take away from a visit.
The landscape has changed, of course, over the last 130 years. The saplings that Church set out have grown up, spread their limbs, and in many cases died. Seedlings and brush crept in during the years of neglect preceding the property’s acquisition by the state of New York, obscuring some of Church’s plan. This summer the staff begins the restoration of the carriage roads and an ongoing program of careful cutting is restoring views that had closed.
That the views are still able to be rescued is largely due to Cole, Church, and their Hudson River School colleagues. Already by the mid 1830s, Cole was decrying the “copper-hearted barbarians” who were pushing a railroad up through his valley to exploit its natural resources—through mining, quarrying, and logging—and furnish transportation for infant industries. Having seen the grimy pall that development had thrown over his native Lancashire, Cole worried that the same would happen to his adopted Catskill region. His expression of this sentiment, says Betsy Jacks, director of Cedar Grove, makes Cole one of America’s environmental pioneers. Unquestionably, the appreciation of natural beauty that he and the rest of the Hudson River School fostered, and their emphasis on a personal experience of the wild helped to lay the foundation for the establishment of the Catskill Park in 1904, and for the protection of thousands of acres of farmland along the river more recently by private groups such as Scenic Hudson. The fact that today the wide river and the rugged green mountains still have the power to inspire awe owes a great deal to the work that went on in these two houses, Cedar Grove and Olana, and the way their owners taught Americans to see.
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The Zika ThreatASM Acts to Counter Zika Virus Outbreak.
A colloquium was convened by the American Academy of Microbiology and the American College of Microbiology to discuss the role of the clinical microbiology laboratory in the detection, identification, and confirmation of biological agents that could be used in a bioterrorism event. The colloquium was held in San Antonio, Texas, October 27-29, 2000. The principal findings of the colloquium are summarized below.
Professional microbiologists, in conjunction with clinicians, will play a central role in the detection of agents associated with bioterrorism. In collaboration with state and federal agencies, they will help to determine when a bioterrorism event has occurred. In the case of a possible bioterrorism event, the key responsibilities of the hospital-based clinical microbiology laboratory are to be familiar with the likely agents of bioterrorism and to be prepared to use the Level A laboratory algorithms designed for the detection of these agents. Using these algorithms, clinical microbiology laboratories rule out bioterrorism- related microorganisms and identify suspicious isolates. However, at the present time, there is an acute shortage of trained clinical microbiologists who will be required for clinical microbiology laboratories to carry out these responsibilities. In particular, relaxation of the educational standards for laboratory workers by the Clinical Laboratory Improvements Amendments of 1988 (CLIA ’88) legislation has potentially increased the likelihood of bioterrorism pathogens being overlooked.
Several other factors may hamper recognition of a possible bioterrorism threat. Terrorists are likely to select the most vulnerable locations: perhaps small cities or rural areas where microbiology expertise may be difficult to find. Widely used, commercially available identification systems utilized by clinical microbiology laboratories in routine daily operations do a poor job of identifying uncommon and slow-growing microorganisms that are expected to be associated with bioterrorism events, such as Brucella and Francisella. Moreover, the cause of a bioterrorism event may be an agent not on the list of likely pathogens. A bioterrorism attack with an emerging agent, such as West Nile virus or Hantavirus, might be difficult to deliver, but would be most difficult to detect.
An event is most likely to be signaled by many people getting sick around the same time and with similar symptoms. Event recognition is thus a team effort; effective channels of communication must be in place between clinicians, particularly infectious disease physicians and emergency room personnel, and the microbiology laboratory. Since recognition depends on clusters of infections, the small number of cases seen by a laboratory or infectious disease physician at a single institution might not arouse suspicion. Recognition may require sharing knowledge of cases occurring at several institutions within a region. However, at the present time, the infrastructure for interinstitutional communication of possible bioterrorism cases needs augmenting.
Most clinical microbiology laboratories have access to the Laboratory Response Network (LRN), a system created to provide an organized response for the detection and diagnosis of biological agents. The LRN is the essential organizational unit for detection of and response to a possible covert bioterrorism threat. At the advanced level, where specimens suspected of containing a possible bioterrorism agent would be subjected to detailed analysis, effective components of the LRN have been put in place. But additional training and communication need to be established in clinical microbiology laboratories that will act as sentinels to detect a possible bioterrorism threat.
When a bioterrorism event occurs or is even suspected, several consequences will impact the laboratory’s ability to function effectively. A flood of specimens may overwhelm the laboratory’s capacity and exhaust available testing reagents. Fearful workers may be reluctant to handle specimens that could contain dangerous pathogens; some technologists may not come to work. Many specimens or isolates may need to be shipped to a higher-level laboratory for further testing, which requires special packaging. In addition, the laboratory may be subject to numerous inquiries about test results from patients, families, and the news media. For a laboratory to manage these disruptions it must have a bioterrorism response plan and laboratory workers must be trained in and familiar with the plan.
Several new rapid technologies are available in the clinical microbiology arena. Exploitation of these technologies to devise improved assays for identifying possible agents of bioterrorism would enhance the ability of both sentinel and advanced microbiology laboratories to detect a possible bioterrorism threat.
The success of the public health response to the bioterrorism threat depends on a national effort that must involve all levels of the health care system, from local to federal. Benchmarks must include public education, medical laboratory and practitioner training, standardization of emergency preparedness plans, and defined lines of communication both within the health care system and extending to law enforcement agencies.
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Survey of Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use among Young People in England
Every year, we speak to around 6000 11-15 year olds to find out:
- how many smoke, drink alcohol or take drugs and any patterns in these behaviours;
- what they think about smoking, drinking and drug use;
- and whether certain factors affect smoking, drinking or drug use.
Our latest report is from 2014.
- 18% of 11 to 15 year olds said that they had smoked at least once. This was the lowest level recorded since the survey began in 1982.
- 3% of pupils reported that they smoked at least one cigarette a week.
- 22% of pupils had used e-cigarettes at least once.
- One 10% of pupils had used water pipe tobacco at least once.
- In 2014, 38% of 11 to 15 year olds had tried alcohol at least once, the lowest proportion since the survey began.
- 8% of pupils had drunk alcohol in the last week.
- 3% of pupils said that they had ever taken legal highs.
- The prevalence of drug use among 11 to 15 year olds in England declined between 2001 and 2010. Since then the decline has slowed. In 2014, 15% of pupils had ever taken drugs, 10% had taken drugs in the last year, and 6% had taken drugs in the last month.
The estimates indicate that in England in 2014 around 90,000 pupils aged between 11 and 15 were regular smokers, around 240,000 had drunk alcohol in the past week, 180,000 had taken drugs in the last month, and 310,000 had taken drugs in the last year.
Watch a short animation about our findings.
We speak to young people in around 200 schools of all kinds, including state-maintained and independent schools. In each school, a sample of pupils is randomly selected from all classes in Years 7 to 11 and asked to complete a paper questionnaire. The survey is administered by NatCen interviewers in order to guarantee confidentiality to participants.
Read the latest report here
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If I Could Turn My Tongue Like That, by Thomas Klingler, is an in-depth study of the Creole language spoken in Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana, a community situated on the west bank of the Mississippi River above Baton Rouge that dates back to the early eighteenth century. The first comprehensive grammatical description of this particular variety of Louisiana Creole, Klingler’s work is timely indeed, since most Creole speakers in the Pointe Coupee area are over sixty-five and the language is not being passed on to younger generations. It preserves and explains an important yet little understood part of America’s cultural heritage that is rapidly disappearing.
The heart of the book is a detailed morphosyntactic description based on some 150 hours of interviews with Pointe Coupee Creole speakers. Each grammatical feature is amply illustrated with contextual examples, and Klingler’s descriptive framework will facilitate comparative research. The author also provides historical and sociolinguistic background information on the region, examining economic, demographic, and social conditions that contributed to the formation and spread of Creole in Louisiana. Pointe Coupee Creole is unusual, and in some cases unique, because of such factors as the parish’s early exposure to English, its rapid development of a plantation economy, and its relative insulation from Cajun French.
The volume concludes with transcriptions and English translations of Creole folk tales and of Klingler’s conversations with Pointe Coupee’s residents, a treasure trove of cultural and linguistic raw data. This kind of rarely printed material will be essential in preserving Creole in the future. Encylopedic in its approach and featuring a comprehensive bibliography, If I Could Turn My Tongue Like That is a rich resource for those interested in the development of Louisiana Creole and in Francophony.
Found an Error? Tell us about it.
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Sir Isaac Newton PRS was an English physicist and mathematician who is widely
recognised ... Isaac Newton was born according to the Julian calendar (in use in
England at the time) on Christmas Day, ...
English physicist and mathematician Sir Isaac Newton, most famous for his law of
gravitation, was instrumental in the scientific revolution of the 17th century.
Mar 24, 2016 ... But his biography is full of interesting inventions and other facts, plus quotes ... Sir
Isaac Newton was born, premature and tiny, in 1642 in ...
Nov 20, 2015 ... Sir Isaac Newton, (born December 25, 1642 [January 4, 1643, New Style],
Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England—died March 20 [March 31], ...
Sir Isaac Newton - Biography | Facts | Quotes | Life story of greatest scientist of
the age. Newton developed theories on gravity and more.
Newton was born prematurely on Christmas morning, in Woolsthorpe,
Lincolnshire. He was a tiny baby, given little chance of survival. The country he
was born ...
Biography of Isaac Newton (1643-1727) ... Sir Isaac Newton ... Isaac Newton was
born in the manor house of Woolsthorpe, near Grantham in Lincolnshire.
Although by the calendar in use at the ..... Mathematicians born in the same
Newton, Sir Isaac (1642-1727), mathematician and physicist, one of the foremost
scientific intellects of all time. Born at Woolsthorpe, near Grantham in ...
Sir Isaac Newton 1642-1727, English mathematician and natural philosopher ...
Isaac Newton was born a posthumous child, his father having been buried the ....
rather than in the country, although while at Woolsthorpe he may have made ...
English physicist and mathematician who was born into a poor farming family.
Luckily for humanity .... Andrade, E. N. da C. Sir Isaac Newton. Greenwood Pub.
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Google Docs documents can be published on public sites. How does Google know the password to use (to get the document) when all you specify in the HTML is a string like: src="https://docs.google.com/document/pub?id=..." and no explicit password is used?
The document is set as public, so anyone who has the link can view the file.
Google Docs doesn't need to know your password in order to transmit the document to the person requesting it.
If you'd like to protect the document so that only certain people have access, view the document, then click File -> Share.
When docs are set as public. When accessed by non-google account users they will open without requesting a password. For those who do have a google account, if they are not currently logged in then google will prompt them to log in.
THIS IS A PROBLEM. It freaks people out, making them think they need a password to access the document. In some cases a non-google user and a google user may be sharing the same computer or device. The google user logs out. The non-goolge user the can't access the publicly shared document.
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LOWER NECHES VALLEY AUTHORITY
LOWER NECHES VALLEY AUTHORITY. The Lower Neches Valley Authority was established in 1933 as a conservation and reclamation district to store, control, conserve, and utilize the water of the lower Neches River valley. It includes all of Jefferson, Hardin, and Tyler counties and parts of Jasper, Liberty, and Chambers counties. The legislature gave the authority broad powers to develop, conserve, and protect the waters of the Neches and Angelina rivers within and outside its boundaries. The LNVA is governed by a board of nine directors appointed by the Texas Water Development Board. Until 1943 the authority was without any facilities to produce revenue. In 1943, after several years of negotiations, it was able to purchase the water rights to most of the region from the Texas Public Service Company, as well as four pumping plants and over 300 miles of canals for $3.2 million. The funds for this purchase were secured by the issuance and sale of revenue bonds. Since 1943 the system, which supplies water to the cities (except Beaumont), industry, and rice growers of Jefferson County and portions of Chambers and Liberty counties, has been renovated many times. The LNVA has also cooperated with the United States Army Corps of Engineers in planning, financing, and constructing several large multipurpose dams on the Neches and Angelina rivers. Others projects sponsored by the authority include the construction of a permanent saltwater barrier on the Neches River, a comprehensive water-quality management program, and the construction of boat ramps and other recreational facilities on area waterways.
Image Use Disclaimer
All copyrighted materials included within the Handbook of Texas Online are in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107 related to Copyright and “Fair Use” for Non-Profit educational institutions, which permits the Texas State Historical Association (TSHA), to utilize copyrighted materials to further scholarship, education, and inform the public. The TSHA makes every effort to conform to the principles of fair use and to comply with copyright law.
For more information go to: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml
If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond fair use, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner.
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Handbook of Texas Online, Christopher Long, "Lower Neches Valley Authority," accessed June 25, 2016, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/mwl05.
Uploaded on June 15, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
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Raise Expectations and Support for Collaboration Time
In their 2012 Annual Conference keynote address, Michael Fullan and Andy Hargreaves discussed the major tenets of their book, Professional Capital: Transforming Teaching in Every School. The ideas at the heart of their book are the foundation of our commitment to effective collaboration as key to improving schools for students and their teachers.
Hargreaves and Fullan write about the important roles of human and social capital in sustained improvement. Human capital is about the qualities of individuals. In the context of schools, human capital is a teacher's cumulative abilities, knowledge, and skills developed through formal education and on-the-job experience. Many reform efforts have focused on improving just this aspect of capital. In some situations, accountability becomes the primary driver for improvement, while in others, support and capacity building play that role.
Social capital is an idea Hargreaves and Fullan explore in-depth, informed by the work of Carrie Leana around this concept. They define it as the capacity of groups to work collectively toward school improvement. Social capital resides in the relationships among teachers. Social capital can raise individual human capital; a good team, school, or system lifts everyone. But higher individual human capital does not necessarily improve the overall team.
This research and that of others show that when relationships among teachers in a school are characterized by high trust and frequent interaction — that is, when social capital is strong — student achievement scores improve.
Many schools and school systems understand this at some level. For more than a decade, professional learning communities have proliferated in schools. And in the 2011 MetLife Survey of the American Teacher, teachers report much greater job satisfaction when they have opportunities for regular collaboration.
Yet time to collaborate is not enough. We must be deliberate in our expectations and support for the collaboration time that we set aside for educators. We have all had experiences with high-functioning and high-performing groups as well as groups that began with similarly well-intentioned participants and never achieved their stated goals.
Learning Forward's role is to support system and school leaders to see building social capital as key to achieving their visions. Our standards stress that schools and school systems must provide the leadership, conditions, and resources — including, but not limited to, time — that facilitate the ongoing development of social capital.
Achieving this vision will take skillful collaboration. So I'd ask you to start with your leaders. Do they have the skills to collaborate? Do you? Do you know how to make the best use of time, how to ensure that you are developing productive relationships, communicating effectively, setting goals and shared visions?
Ensuring education leaders have collaboration skills to facilitate the ongoing development of social capital is essential to ongoing improvements and lasting success.
Executive Director, Learning Forward
This column appears in the April issue of JSD on collaboration.
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BUENOS AIRES, Argentina - Thursday, in the midst of major protests in Buenos Aires, the Argentine Senate narrowly voted in favor of legalizing same-sex marriage in what is being called a "historic vote".
According to the Associated Press, the vote was 33 in favor, 27 against and 3 abstentions. The lower house had already approved and as a result, Argentina became the first Latin American country to legalize same-sex marriage nationwide, granting gays and lesbians the same legal rights and protections as heterosexual couples.
In the run-up to the vote, supporters and opponents gave passionate speeches. The Roman Catholic Church waged a major campaign against the proposed law. At one point, 60,000 people marched on the Argentinian Congress in protest, holding banners declaring marriage the exclusive right of a man and a woman. In recent days many, normally loyal to President Fernandez who was in favor of the new law, had spoken out in protest. Other members of the government called for a vote in favor, stating a "demonstration" of the country's maturity would be shown by passing the law.
During what was to be a 16-hour debate, both protesters and supporters held vigils outside the Congress building in Buenos Aires. As of today, it is legal for same-sex couples to marry in Argentina.
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Taking Another Look At The Great Ponds Act
By Ray Campbell
When Maine was part of Massachusetts our forefathers wrote the following Colonial Ordinance of 1647: “Upon all great ponds lying in common, though within the bounds of some town, it shall be free for any man to fish and fowl there, and he may pass and repass on foot through any man’s property for that end, so long as he trespasses not on any man’s corn ( old English word for crops), or meadow (hay).”
In 1820, when Maine separated from Massachusetts, we carried over with us in the Articles of Separation, this ordinance which is now referred to as the Great Ponds Act. A great pond is any body of water, ten acres or larger, in its natural state, or any flowed body of water 30 acres or larger.
In 1873, the Supreme Court of Maine ruled in Barrow versus Mc Dermott that no person could trespass on agricultural land, as that is what the wording in the Great Ponds Act said.
In 1910, in a landmark decision, the Supreme Court of Maine ruled in Conant versus Jordan that even though the ordinance was written in Massachusetts, and even though Massachusetts took the position that the Commonwealth held the water in trust for the people, the court found that not to be true in Maine. Since the ordinance said “any man”, the court found that the water belonged in common to the people and not the state. This means that all the people in Maine from Kittery to Fort Kent own an equal share in all the water in Maine from Kittery to Fort Kent. Common ownership of the water is not always fully understood in southern Maine where people tend to believe that owning waterfront property gives them “special rights” to the water. The court also ruled that all the land from the low water mark under a Great Pond belongs to all the people.
In 1971, the legislature passed a law that said that a person couldn't trespass on improved land in order to reach a Great Pond.
Rivers and streams are regarded as navigable water. The land under the rivers and streams belong to the riparian landowner (the person who owns the land bordering the stream), but the water belongs to the people. Navigable water refers to rivers or streams that for any moment of the year are large enough to float a saw log or boat – which just about covers any stream in Maine. The navigable waters were the original highways of Maine, and as such have an easement on both sides for the use of the public. These easements extend from the low water mark to the high water mark, which is described as where the “ice scores the trees”.
Should the riparian landowner wish to dam the stream he or they must get permission from the legislature before doing so, and if allowed to do so, they then have three conditions that must be met.
- They must allow for the passage of boats.
- They must allow for the passage of fish.
- They cannot flood land that does not belong to them.
According to University of Maine at Orono law professor, Dr. Knud Hermansen, who is commonly recognized as the leading expert on easements and access in the State of Maine, there is a case in the 1800’s where a town built a bridge across a stream that resulted in a hung log drive. The drivers then blew the bridge, and were sued in court by the town. The log driving company won the suit, as the court ruled that no entity can put an obstacle on a state highway (which the stream was), without permission from the legislature. No person can cross another’s land to get to navigable waters, but the public does have an easement on both sides of the stream, once they are on those waters. Any person or entity attempting to deny another access to a Great Pond can be fined $100.
This basically covers the rights of all Maine citizens regarding access to Maine waters.
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While I was working on the eq clinics for Playback, it became apparent that we needed to explain the differences between the various ways that bandwidth is expressed in equalizers.
Definition: bandwidth refers to how much of the frequency range around a center frequency is altered when a peaking/cutting type equalizer is used. It is expressed in three different ways: as Q, in Hertz bandwidth, and in octave bandwidth. The relationship between these expressions is less than totally obvious.
Q is a mathematical term that can be used to express the ratio between the center frequency of an equalizer and the bandwidth of the equalizer where the amplitude is down 3 dB on either side of the center frequency. If we have an equalizer set at 1 kHz, and at full boost it is 3 dB down at 995 Hz and 1005 Hz, it has a 10 Hz bandwidth, or 1000/10, for a Q of 100. A big number suggests a very narrow bandwidth and a small number suggests a very broad bandwidth. A Q of 1, for instance, for the above equalizer would have 3 dB down points at something like 600 Hz and 1600 Hz.
Bandwidth in Hertz
Bandwidth expressed in Hz is fairly obvious, but it is also misleading because the Q of a bandwidth expressed with a given number of Hertz will vary with the center frequency of the equalizer. 1000 Hz bandwidth means something dramatically different for an equalizer tuned to 500 Hz compared to one tuned to 5,000 Hz. This is because of the exponential nature of octaves and our perception of frequency.
Bandwidth in octaves
So the third way of expressing bandwidth, in terms of octaves, makes some sense. An octave is an octave (a 2:1 range in frequencies) regardless of where it falls in the spectrum. Got it?
A tale of three eqs
Now, lurking in my computer are the three different ways of expressing eq bandwidth. The Pro Tools software expresses bandwidth in octaves. Sound Designer II (SDII) expresses bandwidth in frequency. And the Waves Q10 equalizer plug-in expresses bandwidth in Q. It couldn’t be much more convenient for the purposes of this article!
So take a look at some graphic measurements from my TEF analyzer. These are 1/12th octave (there’s that term again, Mommy!) Real Time Analysis measurements (from 50 Hz to 12 kHz) of pink noise being sent through each of the three equalizers with 10 dB boosts at both 200 Hz and 2 kHz.
First let’s look at the Waves measurements. With a given Q of 7 (the Waves default bandwidth), we see a bandwidth shown of 130-270 Hz (about an octave) for the 200 Hz eq and a bandwidth shown of 1600-2700 Hz (slightly less than an octave) for the 2 kHz eq. The calculations, however, suggest a bandwidth of 28 Hz surrounding 200 and 285 Hz surrounding 2 kHz.
Obviously, the algorithm Waves is using to calculate Q is different from the one I learned in the good old analog synth days. This is of little concern, but a good cautionary example of why you should use your ears as well as arithmetic and trust your ears when the arithmetic doesn’t seem to work so well. Check out figure 1.
Now look at figure 2. The next illustration shows Waves with a given Q of 20 (calculated 20 Hz bandwidth at 200 and 200 Hz at 2 kHz). Now the measured response curves are much narrower, about 3/12ths of an octave each.
By comparison, take a look at the SDII parametric eq measurements. With a given bandwidth of 200 Hz, the 200 Hz boost is considerably broader, ranging from approximately 80 to 315 Hz (approximately two octaves). Meanwhile, at 2 kHz it is quite narrow (about 1/4 of an octave). Obviously, if you use such an equalizer, a little arithmetic is called for when you think about bandwidth. See figures 3 and 4.
Pro Tools expresses eq in octaves, and the pink noise measurement supports these settings pretty well, with the 1 octave setting yielding slightly less than an octave and the 1/3 octave setting yielding exactly 1/3 octave. Look at figures 5 and 6.
Now, none of these are better or worse from an audio quality standpoint, and this isn’t a product review. From an ergonomic standpoint, however, expression of bandwidth in Hz is probably the least convenient because the significance of the number changes as a function of other things.
The use of Q is subject to confusion over the mathematical definition of Q (which varies as a function of its application in various engineering contexts; for example, Q is also used to express the directionality of loudspeakers, and it is used as a working design concept in virtually any LC electrical network), and the correlation to music production applications is not obvious.
So my vote goes to the use of octaves bandwidth for this expression. It has an obvious and easy correlation to musical issues, and it is psychoacoustically constant across the spectrum.
But with a little practice, you can fairly easily move from one to another without too much p ain—if you’re willing to use a little gonzo arithmetic!
Dave Moulton is limited in bandwidth, but he responds to a variety of cues, especially when it hurts.
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It looks like you're using an Ad Blocker.
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The boundary of these two tectonic plates lies off the north coast of Haiti but there are several fault-line systems to the south that cut across the country from east to west.
It was the sudden "strike-slip" movement of one of these fault lines, the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault zone, that led to the disaster.
Originally posted by Zeus2573
reply to post by Imagir
...I too am a firm believer that this earthquake in Haiti and many others were caused by some sort of "technologically advanced" weapon. They can't be happening naturally. Isn't it funny how the majority of the quakes that occur these day's seems to only be happening in poor or impoverished countries?...
According to the channel Vive, a report from the Russian Northern Fleet "would indicate that the earthquake that devastated Haiti was the 'clear results' of a test of the U.S. Navy through one of its 'weapons of earthquakes'" . As published on this Venezuelan public media site, it is "more than likely" that the U.S. Navy had "full knowledge" of harm that "this earthquake test could potentially have on Haiti and had pre-positioned their Southern Command Officer, Gen. PK Keen, on the island to oversee relief efforts if needed."
"Others are engaging even in an eco-type of terrorism whereby they can alter the climate, set off earthquakes, volcanoes remotely through the use of electromagnetic waves."-- United States Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen, April, 1997
"Senator Claiborne Pell several years ago had been quoted in a news story in which he had said, "now that we can control the weather, create earthquakes and tidal waves and use it as a weapon of war we need to do a treaty." ....Russia and the United States have worked together hand in hand for twenty years in developing weather control. The Russians were here at Lawrence Livermore Laboratories cooperatively working, and received an award for some of their work on weather control. It is a project that has been done, many years ago
The Federal government has now invented an earthquake device. I am a geologist, and I know what I am talking about. With the Kobe earthquake in Japan, there was no pulsewave as in a normal earthquake. None. In 1989, there was an earthquake in San Francisco. There was no pulse wave with that one either. It is a Tesla device that is being used for evil purposes. The black budget programs have subverted science as we know it.
There is evidence that the United States found oil in Haiti decades ago and due to the geopolitical circumstances and big business interests of that era made the decision to keep Haitian oil in reserve for when Middle Eastern oil had dried up.
There is also good evidence that these very same big US oil companies and their inter-related monopolies of engineering and defense contractors made plans, decades ago, to use Haiti's deep water ports either for oil refineries or to develop oil tank farm sites or depots where crude oil could be stored and later transferred to small tankers to serve U.S. and Caribbean ports.
Tap Haiti's oil, keep it so poor it will be grateful for slave wages at sweatshops. Let sexual tourism and the white sex-abusers do as they will. Transfer quickly more Haiti properties to foreigners and render the "good" Haitians as maids, butlers and servants in US/Euro-owned Haiti tourist resorts like the rest of the Caribbean. Militarize Haiti so that dissent is not possible even as a thought. That's perhaps UN Envoy, Bill Clinton's "best chance in my lifetime" scenario for Haiti. (more) (much more)
Originally posted by vjr1113
Very nice Phage, I was hoping that you'd comment on this.
Originally posted by Zeus2573
reply to post by serbsta
Don't get me wrong, I don't believe all earthquakes are are un-natural. Actually, most earthquakes do happen naturally.
The thing I'm getting at is, with the Hatian quake look who is actually in control at ground zero. They are not exactly what one would refer to as good people. To me, that alone gives it all away.
I know there are alot of good people helping in Haiti, but the ones in power and control there are not good people.
It's really as simple as that.
Thanks for being decent, Serbsta.
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WASHINGTON, Sept. 13 (UPI) -- DNA of manatees in Belize shows they are a separate subspecies from their Florida counterparts but are threatened by low genetic diversity, researchers say.
Belize has the largest known breeding population of Antillean manatees that scientists had hoped could repopulate other parts of Central American where manatees are severely reduced or threatened, a U.S. Geological Survey release said Monday.
But the low genetic diversity worries researchers.
"It turns out that the genetic diversity of Belize's manatees is lower than some of the classic examples of critically low diversity," USGS conservation geneticist Margaret Hunter, who led the DNA study, said.
When a population drops to low numbers, researchers say, the diversity of its gene pool also shrinks. Even if it rebounds to greater numbers, that population decline leaves a legacy of reduced genetic diversity known as a bottleneck.
This renders the population more vulnerable to threats to their survival such as disease, hurricanes or habitat destruction, scientists say.
The low genetic diversity in Central American manatees is blamed in part on centuries of hunting that were only curtailed early in the 20th century.
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The United States reigned as the tallest country in the world through much of its history as a nation, but in recent years, it has slipped in the ranks while the Northern Europeans and the Dutch have jumped ahead. While you may not think this is a big deal, it’s important to realize that many doctors and economists consider height to be an indicator of health and nutrition, and it’s fairly likely that they are onto something.
“Height is like holding a mirror to a society’s well-being,” said John Komlos, Economist at the University of Munich, in an NPR article.
He added that among the reasons the Dutch are so tall are the country’s focus on good nutrition during pregnancy and childhood, and its healthcare system, which offers equal access to important resources like prenatal care — something we don’t have here in the U.S., where a large percentage of the population is without health insurance.
While many people are a well aware that health and nutrition play a large roll in growing tall and strong, the economics connection comes into play when one considers the fact that two of the largest influences on height — nutrition and health — are also both linked to an individual’s economic well-being. For example, having more money allows more opportunities to eat healthy and nutritious foods, and also facilitates paying for important visits to the doctor.
Additionally, the NPR article points out height and economic success correlate in terms of taller people earning more money, or even being smarter.
“If you’ve reached your maximum height, that probably means you’ve reached your physical and mental development,” says Andreas Schick, a graduate student at Ohio State University, in the NPR article. “That helps you reach your maximum potential, be that intellectually or socially.”
Political discussions and debates these days are rife with talks of healthcare and the economic status of our nation. If this height-to-health correlation does in fact hold weight, the United States may have some work and thinking to do when it comes to its policies regarding prenatal and childhood health and nutrition, because it’s clear these factors may have even larger implications than previously realized.
Image courtesy of Photos8.com
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This text is part of:
Table of Contents:
1. WHEELS on the principles that have been described above are also constructed in rivers. Round their faces floatboards are fixed, which, on being struck by the current of the river, make the wheel turn as they move, and thus, by raising the water in the boxes and bringing it to the top, they accomplish the necessary work through being turned by the mere impulse of the river, without any treading on the part of workmen.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
An XML version of this text is available for download, with the additional restriction that you offer Perseus any modifications you make. Perseus provides credit for all accepted changes, storing new additions in a versioning system.
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Your child’s lunch box is something that gets transported between home and school
Monday through Friday. It may be an untapped learning resource! An often slimy area,
it is overlooked as being of potential benefit to your child. With a little thought,
preparation, and a good scrub, that lunch box can be transformed into a miniature
• Put the letters of your child’s name into the lunchbox. If your child has a metal box,
use magnetic letters. Otherwise, use laminated letters that are in a zipper bag. Be
sure to include an upper case letter for the beginning of the name!
• Put the first five letters of the alphabet in your child’s lunchbox. When your child can
correctly name them and put them in ABC order, add the next five to the zipper bag.
Continue until your child has mastered all 26 letters.
• Use the laminated letters to practice beginning sounds of words. Match a letter to the
beginning sounds of foods included in the lunchbox. (s-sandwich, ch-chips, m-milk)
• Alternatively, you can create a lunch where everything starts with a certain letter
(Letter B-bread, butter, bagel, beans, bananas, brownies, broccoli, burrito). Your child
can help pack the lunch on these days! Coordinate this activity with classroom
learning if your child’s teacher does “Letter of the Week”.
• Upper and lower case letter matching can be played with a set of upper and lower
case letter cards, tiles, or magnets. Begin with a few sets and add as your child’s
Ready for Sight Words
•Write simple love notes that contain familiar sight words. Ex. “I love you. You are
kind.” Add a bit of whimsy by placing notes on valentine cards in February, inside
plastic eggs near Easter, or on a die-cut shamrock in March.
•Include sight word and punctuation cards that be formed into sentences. When your
child is able to correctly read the sight words and build a variety of sentences with them,
add a few more. Ex. I like you. You like me. I like me. (Sight words: I, like, you, me)
•Create laminated word cards that include foods your child typically eats and drinks.
Your child can build sight word knowledge by matching these words to what is in the
lunch box each day. Words such as smoothie, juice, milk, sandwich, bagel, chips,
carrots, or yogurt will help your child learn food words quickly. The fun part is that
lunches are typically varied each day!
• Reinforce color words by matching the color word to the foods in the lunchbox. Initially
write the color words on small squares of colored construction paper. As your child
becomes familiar with the color words, switch to color words written on squares of
white paper. You may want to laminate these as well since they may become sticky
from contact with the food.
Decoding Simple Words
• Practice familiar word families such as -at, -an, -ed, or -ing. Your child can practice
building and reading these words. Components b, d, p, r, s, w, z and __ing form
words such as bing, ding, ping, ring, and sing. Move onto another set when your child
has successfully completed the current one.
•Place a few pieces of a compound word puzzle into a zipper bag. These puzzles can
be found online or at a teacher supply store. Change these as your child becomes
competent in building and reading these compound words.
•Rhyming cards with pictures can be purchased and placed into the lunch box. Add a
few cards that rhyme and a few that don’t. Have your child recite the rhyming words
after school for a quick assessment. Change these every few days, or as your child
•Make reading fun by including a daily joke! Be sure that the words are at your child’s
level. You can find children’s joke books in the library. Just retype them, print, and cut
into strips. Your child’s jokes may be the lunch room highlight!
•Fortune cookies are a fun way to include reading at lunch time. You can purchase
these or include your own fortune such as, “You will have a great day!” or “You will make
a new friend today.”
•Reinforce family values by including simple Bible scriptures to build your child’s faith.
•Place appointment reminders such as, “You have a doctor appointment at 3:30pm.” or,
“Jill’s mom will take you to soccer after school”.
•If your child is studying for a test or writing a report, insert small strips of information or
facts. You and your child can prepare these strips together in advance. After all, it’s not
fair for mom and dad to do all the research!
These activities don’t have to be fancy, just quick and fun! With a little forethought, your
child can have an extra five minutes of learning time per day. In an 180 day school
year, that adds up to an extra 900 minutes, or 15 hours of additional education! What
can your child accomplish with an extra 15 hours? A whole lot with a little lunch box
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What the New Displays Look Like
The Flashing Yellow Arrow signal display is a four-section signal head that incorporates a green left-turn arrow display for protected left-turn movements and a flashing yellow arrow display for permitted left-turn movements. It will replace the more traditional five-section head, which incorporates a left-turn arrow display for protected left-turn movements and green ball display for permitted left-turn movements.
When These Displays be Installed
The Transportation Cabinet plans to start installing these displays in late 2009 and early 2010. Metro Louisville installed Kentuckys the first Flashing Yellow Arrow Display in November of 2009. Where Will These Displays Be Installed? At the present time, Transportation Cabinet engineers have identified approximately 45 state-maintained displays where this display will initially be installed. Metro Louisville has installed the Flashing Yellow Arrow Display at one intersection in Jefferson County. In addition, the Lexington Fayette Urban County Government plans to use this display at selected traffic signals along the Man O’ War Boulevard corridor. Expanded use of this display will depend on the effectiveness of this initial effort.
Why Use These Displays?
For many years, some engineers have had concerns that drivers turning left on a permissive circular green signal indication might inadvertently mistake that indication as implying the left turn has the right of way over opposing traffic. As a result, federal research was authorized to study alternative signal displays. This research suggests that the Flashing Yellow Arrow display offers the following advantages:
- Provides increased versatility in traffic signal phasing which can result in reduced delays at signalized intersections.
- Provides a separate signal display for left-turn lanes as opposed to a shared display for left and through movements.
- Has a high level of driver comprehension.
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Impact of earthworms on trace element solubility in contaminated mine soils amended with green waste compost
Sizmur, Tom; Palumbo-Roe, Barbara; Hodson, Mark E.. 2011 Impact of earthworms on trace element solubility in contaminated mine soils amended with green waste compost. Environmental Pollution, 159 (7). 1852-1860. 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.03.024Before downloading, please read NORA policies.
The common practice of remediating metal contaminated mine soils with compost can reduce metal mobility and promote revegetation, but the effect of introduced or colonising earthworms on metal solubility is largely unknown. We amended soils from an As/Cu (1150 mgAs kg−1 and 362 mgCu kg−1) and Pb/Zn mine (4550 mgPb kg−1 and 908 mgZn kg−1) with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% compost and then introduced Lumbricus terrestris. Porewater was sampled and soil extracted with water to determine trace element solubility, pH and soluble organic carbon. Compost reduced Cu, Pb and Zn, but increased As solubility. Earthworms decreased water soluble Cu and As but increased Pb and Zn in porewater. The effect of the earthworms decreased with increasing compost amendment. The impact of the compost and the earthworms on metal solubility is explained by their effect on pH and soluble organic carbon and the environmental chemistry of each element.
|Item Type:||Publication - Article|
|Digital Object Identifier (DOI):||10.1016/j.envpol.2011.03.024|
|Programmes:||BGS Programmes 2010 > Land Use, Planning and Development|
|Date made live:||30 Sep 2011 13:50|
Actions (login required)
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Direction To SolveProblems on Average - Quantitative Aptitude Questions: In this section you can learn and practice Quantitative Aptitude Questions based on "Problems on Average" and improve your skills in order to face the competitive examination and various entrance test (CAT, GATE, GRE, MAT, Bank Exam, Railway Exam etc.) with full confidence. You can easily solve all kind of Aptitude questions based on Problems on Average by practicing the objective type exercises given below, also get shortcut methods to solve Aptitude Problems on Average.
1- Find the average of all the prime number between 30 and 50?
2- The average age of 30 boys of a class is equal to 14 years. When the age of the class teacher is included the average becomes 15 years. Find the age of the class teacher?
3- The Average of marks obtained by 120 candidates in a certain examination is 35. If the average marks of passed candidates is 39 and that of failed candidates is 15, what is the number of candidates who passed the examination?
4- The average of 11 results is 50. If the average of first 6 results is 49 and that of last 6is 52, find the sixth result?
5- The average age of a family of 6 members is 22 years. If the age of the youngest member be 7 years, then what was the average age of the family at the birth of the youngest member?
6- A batsman in his 17th innings makes a score of 85, and thereby increases his average by 3. What is his average after 17 innings?
7- A cricketer has completed 10 innings and his average is 21.5 runs. How many runs must he make in his next innings so as to raise his average to 24?
8- 1/3 rd of certain journey is covered at the rate of 25 km/hr, 1/4 th at the rate of 30 km/hr and rest at 50 km/hr. Find the averae speed for the whole journey?
9- The average salary of the entire staff in a office is Rs 120 per month. The average salary of officers is Rs 460 and that of non officer is Rs 110. If the number of officer is 15, then find the number of non-officer in the office?
10- There were 35 students in a hostel. If the number of students increase by 7, the expenses of the mess increase by Rs 42 per day while the average expenditure per head diminishes by Rs 1. Find the original expenditure of the mess?
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GreenSeeker, a relatively new technology just now finding its way into the hands of savvy farmers around the world, is becoming easier for farmers to handle and to afford as it becomes more refined.
Brian Arnall, Oklahoma State University assistant professor of soil fertility, works with precision soil nutrients and is the go to guy for GreenSeeker technology at OSU.
Development of the GreenSeeker technology is based on three factors, Arnall said.
"First, there are yield differences from year to year in all crops. Second, the amount of natural nitrogen available to crops varies from year to year. And third, plant nutrient needs are different each year," he said.
OSU scientists began working on ways to better determine nitrogen needsof growing crops during the 1990s, Arnall said. The first commercial sensor became available in 2002.
Using nitrogen-enriched strips planted across fields to be used with the sensor technology started in 2001 and 2002, Arnall said.
Long-term research has proven the amount of nitrogen required to achieve maximum crop yields varies significantly from year to year. Reducing pre-plant nitrogen application and using the nitrogen rich strip to establish a rich nitrogen environment allows a mid-season check to see if any additional nitrogen needs to be applied to get top crop yields. Just as importantly, if none or only a small amount is needed, using GreenSeeker with the enriched strips helps a farmer save money, Arnall said.
OSU agronomists are now working to make the technology available in hand-held units. Using one of these units, a farmer can walk across a field and check the nitrogen level. Making the units smaller will also reduce the cost of them, Arnall said.
Growers using the system apply a reduced rate of nitrogen early, and then topdress the crop based on what the GreenSeeker reveals about the crop during the growing season.
"We have GreenSeeker programs for winter wheat, corn, grain sorghumand cotton," Arnall said. "Using a program developed in Canada for canola, we are adapting this program for use in growing canola in the Southern Plains."
For questions or comments on Talkin: Cotton, contact firstname.lastname@example.org.
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Analysis: What’s Up With the Title?
This is pretty straightforward: Madame Bovary is about Madame Bovary. The novel falls in the tradition of books named after their heroes (think David Copperfield, Oliver Twist, Emma, Jane Eyre, etc.). However, Flaubert’s novel threw in an inventive and perhaps unsettling twist – the eponymous Madame Bovary isn’t exactly a heroine. Yes, she is our protagonist, and yes, she is the center of the novel. However, she doesn’t awaken our sense of compassion or sympathy in the same way that the other characters listed above do (see more on this in "Character Role Identification"). Furthermore, the novel was condemned at the time of its publication for being too racy, and for not portraying the scandalous life and times of Emma Bovary in terms of morality. Flaubert did a gutsy thing when he decided to simply name his novel after this ambiguous and difficult character – the title places no judgment, and gives us no hint of how we are supposed to perceive her.
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This Automatic Battery charger turns On only when the battery demands charging current. It can be used to charge 12 Volt Lead Acid or Tubular batteries .The automatic switching helps to keep the battery always in top condition. The overcharge and over discharge cut off facilities are included so that the charger can be left unattended for long periods.
The switching action through the relay is achieved by by sensing the terminal voltage of the battery under charge. Relay contacts break the AC supply to the charger transformer when the battery voltage rises above 14 volts. When the terminal voltage drops below 11.5 volts, relay contacts complete the Neutral path of AC supply to the charger transformer.
Operational Amplifier IC1 is used as a precision voltage comparator to monitor the voltage level of the battery. Its Inverting input gets a reference voltage of 1.8 V from the junction of Red LED and R3 while the Non inverting input gets slightly higher voltage of 2 volts ( as set by VR1). This makes output of IC1 high. PNP transistor then remains off to keep the relay de-energized. Since the Neutral line is connected through the Comm and NO contacts of the relay, AC path remains cut off and no charging takes place.
When the battery voltage drops below 11.5 volts, voltage at the Non inverting input (pin3) drops below that of the Inverting input (pin2) and the output of IC1 turns low. T1 then conducts to actuate the relay. Relay contacts completes the neutral path and charging process starts. Green LED indicates the charging process.
1. Discharge the battery using a 12 volt Car bulb till the battery voltage drops to 11.5 volts.
2. Measure the terminal voltage using a multimeter. It should be around 11.5 volts. Connect the battery to the outputs of the circuit.
3. Adjust VR2 till the relay clicks and Green LED turns On.
4. Charging processes starts and measure the terminal voltage at an interval of 15 minutes.
5. When the battery voltage increases to 14 volts, adjust VR1 till relay turns off. At this point, Green LED also turns off.
6. Careful setting of VR1 and VR2 gives 3 volts difference between the On and Off states.
7. The Charger is now ready to use.
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http://www.electroschematics.com/6137/charger-on-demand/
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Southwest Research Institute® (SwRI®) NewsPrinter Friendly Version
ALICE miniaturized ultraviolet spectrometer delivered for Rosetta comet mission launch
San Antonio, Texas -- July 18, 2001 -- Southwest Research Institute® (SwRI®) has successfully delivered the ALICE ultraviolet (UV) spectrometer to the European Space Agency (ESA) for integration aboard the ESA/NASA Rosetta comet orbiter spacecraft. Scheduled for launch in January 2003, Rosetta will use remote-sensing instruments to map and examine the surface of Comet Wirtanen in one of the most thorough investigations of a comet ever attempted. As it travels toward the comet, Rosetta will make flybys of the Earth-moon system, Mars, and two asteroids.
ALICE is the first in a new generation of UV spectrometers that weigh less and require far less power than previous instruments of their kind. Its development was triggered in the mid-1990s by NASA's push to miniaturize scientific instruments for future planetary missions. The shoebox-sized ALICE is one-third to one-half the mass of comparable UV spectrometers. After advanced laboratory development in support of Pluto mission concept studies, ALICE was proposed and selected for development on Rosetta by NASA and ESA in 1996. A more sophisticated version of ALICE has been proposed for NASA's hoped-for Pluto-Kuiper Belt mission.
"ALICE is a revolutionary instrument," says Dr. S. Alan Stern, director of the SwRI Space Studies Department in Boulder, Colorado. "It will reveal new insights into the origin, composition, and workings of comets - insights that cannot be obtained by either ground-based or earth-orbital observations." Stern serves as principal investigator of the ALICE instrument and its scientific investigation.
Developed at SwRI facilities in San Antonio, ALICE is one of the first instruments to be delivered for installation on Rosetta. The ALICE science team includes prominent cometary scientists from France, the University of Maryland, and Johns Hopkins University. Alenia Aerospace is assembling Rosetta - an ESA Cornerstone space science mission - in Turin, Italy.
ALICE is scheduled to be the first UV spectrometer to study a comet up close. "Although UV spectrometers in Earth orbit have studied comets for many years, ALICE will offer both unprecedented spatial resolution and unrivaled spectral sensitivity," says Stern.
The instrument features an advanced "micro-channel plate" detector, sophisticated optics, and a miniaturized 6,000-volt power supply, and operates on just 3 watts. "The Rosetta mission has to operate out to 5 AU (astronomical units), where the sun is only 4 percent as bright as it is here on Earth. That means that the each instrument must do their part to be very efficient," notes ALICE Project Manager John Scherrer, also of SwRI.
"Although ALICE is the first interplanetary UV spectrometer developed at SwRI, its development went smoothly, and its performance meets and even exceeds its original design specifications. It's going to be very exciting to see it returning data in flight," says Dr. James Burch, vice president of the SwRI Space Science and Engineering Division.
More information on the Rosetta mission is located at sci.esa.int/rosetta/.
For more information, contact Maria Stothoff, Communications, at (210) 522-3305.
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Woods, Tree Branches & Twigs
Tree branches and twigs
As well as nicely decorating your gerbil's environment, branches and twigs are good sources of vitamins and minerals. They are also ideal for keeping your gerbils teeth in good trim! Remember, gerbil's teeth grow continuously, and always need material to gnaw to keep their incisors in good shape.
When deciding on woods and branches to use, you may consider finding your own. If this is the case a few safety rules should be adhered to.
- All collected woods should be thoroughly washed in a strong saltwater solution and dried before use. Sun dried or stove-drying wood is essential to kill off any insects and microorganisms living in the wood.
- If using an oven to dry wood, heat at 300 degrees Fahrenheit for approx. half an hour.
- Make sure the wood hasn't been treated especially if your getting wood from timber yards.
- Never use wood that has been treated with pesticides, or painted. Safe paint can be applied if it's vegetable dye.
- If it has sap oozing from it, it is best left alone, as resins and saps are often toxic.
- Very red wood or wood that is overly aromatic should be left alone.
- Chinese Dogwood
- Horse Apple
- Chinese Gooseberry
- Cercis (Redbud or Spicewood)
Also safe are;
Sickle bush (sekelbos)
Willow (BUT stick with Goat, Weeping or Pussy Willow)
Pine (kiln dried & untreated with preservatives etc)
Hawthorn (although safe, thorns are best removed before use)
Birch, several varieties are safe, White, grey, broadleaf, silver and common birch wood are regarded as safe to use. But others can be quite dangerous, so if in doubt it's best left alone. The Leaves and bark contain salicylates and substances with haemolytic properties (destroy red blood cells). Salicylate concentrations are however very low
Oak (Bark is safe and is used in remedies and as a treat for various small mammals) (keep to Fagaceae) do not have oak of the Solanaceae
family - this contains narcotics and are poisonous
Oak family: Chenopodiaceae contains saponins - but is more or less harmless.
Ash (be careful of the seeds as they contain small quantities of hydrogen cyanide)
Limetree (Tiliaceae) other names; Linden and Basswood, is regarded as a safe wood to use.
Forsythia Regarded as generally safe to use, but caution must be taken if you are using it with breeding females. There's reports of it causing adverse effects on pregnancy and lactation in humans, including it being a uterine stimulant and an emmenagogue ( induces or assists menstruation).
Honeysuckle Tartarian honeysuckle (Lonicera tartarica) which is naturalized throughout much of southern Canada and also Fly honeysuckle (Lonicera xylosteum) which is cultivated in southwestern Quebec and southern Ontario have been associated with poisoning but this is the berries, Injecting fruit extracts at high doses has caused sickness and death in mice.
However Wood cuttings from the species Lonicera tartarica are sold as cat toys. The wood contains nepetalactone, which is the active ingredient found in catnip. Many breeds of cats react to the scent of the wood and will paw, lick or rub against it.
Hickory Deemed safe but be cautious of any overly aromatic woods when there are safer alternatives
- Elderberry bushes
- Black locust
- Box Elder
- Poison Ivy
- All redwoods
- Chinese snake tree
Also regarded as UNSAFE are;
Alder Buckworth wood (bird cherry) fresh bark is a purgative so best avoided
Cedar (including litter cedar shavings)
All Citrus woods such as orange, grapefruit, lemon or lime (and stone)
Aralia Spinosa ( Devil's walking stick or Hercules club)
Buckwheat wood Buckwheat grains are eaten by gerbils , but buckwheat greens or their juices If eaten in sufficient quantities can induce sensitization of the skin to sunlight known as fagopyrism. Fair skinned people are particularly susceptible, as are light pigmented livestock. be cautious if using it if theres other safewoods available.
FRESH CUT Pine (Mainly USA, see note in safe woods)
OTHER TOXIC WOODS are man-made boards such as Chipboard, Plywood, Block board, Fibreboard (MDF), Hardboard, etc, as the glues used to bind the boards are toxic.
As a general rule of thumb, Fruits in the Rubus family are regarded as safe but fruits from the Prunus family are generally regarded as unsafe. Most woods from fruit vines are safe however Rambutan and Pulasan bark is quite astringent so isn't recommended. The thing to watch out for with wood from fruit trees or fruiting vines is to check that no pesticides have been used for growing the fruit.
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://egerbil.com/safe_woods_for_gerbils
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Image Source : Wiki Commons
“The study demonstrates that tobacco smoking was part of the northwestern California culture very early … shortly after the earliest documented Pacific Northwest Coast plank house villages,” said the study, published in the Journal of Archaeological Science.
Testing organic residues extracted from pipes, researchers from the UC Davis Department of Anthropology and the Fiehn Metabolomics Laboratory of the UC Davis Genome Center confirmed tobacco was smoked, and likely grown in the region, by at least A.D. 860.
Perhaps more importantly, the researchers say that additional studies may help them better understand the origins of nicotine addiction and the human management, geographic range extension and cultivation of tobacco. Indeed, as part of a second study, the authors have recently detected nicotine in ancient pipes from an 800-year-old site in the modern city of Pleasanton, Calif. “Despite the economic importance of tobacco today, we know very little about its antiquity,” said Shannon Tushingham, a UC Davis archaeology research associate and primary author of the study. “We believe Native American use of tobacco and other psychoactive plants is quite ancient.
The methods we developed provide an important breakthrough which can be applied on even older pipes throughout the ancient Americas.” Prior to this recent testing, which used sensitive gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, researchers were unsure of the historical use of tobacco on the Pacific Northwest Coast.
It was unclear, for example, whether European traders had brought tobacco to the area much later, or if some other plant had been smoked in the pipes, Tushingham said. Historic native peoples smoked a wide variety of plants, including tobacco, and pipes that researchers found at sites indicate smoking was an important part of ritual activities in the past.
But archaeologists had found it difficult to detect what plants might have been smoked in the pipes because of the age and deterioration of pipes found. Early tobacco also had less nicotine content—less than 2 percent—and it is more difficult to detect than tobacco today, with a nicotine content of 4 to 8.5 percent, researchers said. After two years of experimentation, the researchers developed a chemical process where residue is extracted directly from the stone or clay matrix of the pipes, leaving the pipe intact.
By applying the process to one complete pipe and various fragments found at village sites in Tolowa ancestral territory, researchers found the biomarker nicotine, indicating that tobacco had been smoked. The study sites are located in the traditional homeland of the Tolowa people, in the Smith River basin and vicinity of northwestern California. Co-authors of the study with Tushingham at UC Davis include Jelmer W. Eerkens, a professor of anthropology whose research centers on hunter-gatherers, and Oliver Fiehn, professor in the department of molecular and cellular biology and the genome center.
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<urn:uuid:0f0fe8d5-6690-46f3-bec7-92545315d9ba>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.heritagedaily.com/2013/03/researchers-uncover-earliest-tobacco-use-in-the-pacific-northwest/
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Falls are the number one cause of injuries among older adults. They also are very common, affecting one in three adults over age 60 each year.
Fall-related injuries may be as minor as a small bump or as serious as a broken hip. Serious injuries can lead to surgery, extensive therapy and even death. But even minor falls can be serious. An injury-free fall can increase the risk of subsequent, more serious, falls.
Many who have fallen become fearful. They may reduce their activity level, thinking that will lower their risk of another fall. So they may stay inside more. They may rely on others to run errands, or they may replace physical activities like walking with sedentary ones like watching television. These changes increase their fall risk.
Sedentary activities contribute to weaker muscle and bone strength. Weak muscles and bones increase the risk of additional falls.
Falls are not inevitable. In fact, there are many things people can do to reduce current and future fall risks. In Maui, we have many local organizations that offer fall prevention resources. Consider the following tips:
* Learn about risks. On Friday, the Maui County Office on Aging, Maui Falls Prevention Consortium, and Kaunoa Senior Center will present the half-day workshop "The Latest in Falls Prevention." Speakers include exercise, physical therapy, home modification and home assessment professionals. Registration deadline is Wednesday. To learn more, contact Kaunoa Services at 270-7308.
Stay physically active. Effective fall-prevention exercise programs include balance, flexibility, strength, and endurance training. EnhanceFitness is a local example of a program that includes each of these components. Maui County Office on Aging introduced the program to Maui last year and coordinates programs at various sites throughout the island. The program is designed for adults with varying abilities and fitness levels. For additional information, contact the Maui County Office on Aging at 270-7774.
* Review medications. Some medication side effects or interactions impact an individual's balance. Many pharmacies offer free medication consultations to identify potential issues. To find out if your pharmacy offers this service, contact it today.
* See your doctor. Certain physical and visual disorders can increase the risk of falling. Optometrists or ophthalmologists and primary care physicians can identify and discuss disorders that affect balance, strength and sight. In preparation for these appointments, make notes about previous falls and periods of dizziness or lightheadedness.
* Manage chronic conditions. Diabetes, osteoporosis, blood pressure and other chronic conditions can influence stability and risk of fractures and falls. In all health care appointments, discuss medication and lifestyle strategies to manage these conditions.
* Wear sturdy shoes. Sandals, heels and slippers all create tripping hazards. Consider purchasing shoes that fit properly, provide adequate support and have nonskid soles. A good pair of shoes is an important safety investment.
* Make a home inspection. Boxes, loose rugs, slick flooring and areas with low lighting all create stumbling hazards in the home. Ask a friend or family member to identify potential dangers. A second or third pair of eyes will spot hazards you may miss. Excellent home inspection material is available online from the Mayo Clinic and the National Institute on Aging. Local information and assistance is also available through Project Dana and the Maui County Office on Aging.
* Use assistive devices. When used properly, assistive devices increase a person's safety and independence. Common examples include grab bars in showers and tubs, handrails in stairways or hallways, shower chairs, walkers, and canes. Many devices are inexpensive and simple to install. Others may be covered by health insurance.
With planning and good communication, the fall risks can be minimized. The average cost of a fall in Hawaii is $27,000. But cost is just a small part of the picture. The true cost of a fall may include pain and suffering, loss of independence and disruption of activities.
If you or someone you love is over age 60, consider discussing and developing a personal and/or family risk management plan. It may mean the difference between life and death.
* Heather Greenwood is with the University of Hawaii Manoa Cooperative Extension, Maui Intergenerational and Aging Programs. Aging Matters will cover topics of interest to the aging Maui community and will appear on the third Sunday of each month.
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http://mauinews.com/page/content.detail/id/571937/Aging-Matters--Fall-risks-can-be-reduced-with-good-planning--communication.html?nav=15
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Draw Functions on a Graph on the TI-83 Plus
The Draw feature on the TI-83 Plus graphing calculator takes care of many problems for you. You can use it to draw functions on a graph. It will even graph the inverse of a function!
To draw a function on a graph with the TI-83 Plus graphing calculator, press [2nd][PRGM] to select the DrawF option from the Draw menu. Enter the function as a function of x and press [ENTER]. If you’re in Parametric, Polar, or Sequence mode, the letter x is entered into the calculator by pressing
If pressing [2nd][PRGM] places the DrawF command after something that was previously enter in the Home screen, press [CLEAR] to erase that line and then press [2nd][PRGM].
You can draw inverses of functions in Function mode only. To draw the inverse, press [2nd][PRGM] to select the DrawInv option form the Draw menu. Press
to open the Variables Function menu. Press the number of the function whose inverse you want to graph. Press [ENTER] and the inverse function is drawn on the graph, as illustrated in the following image.
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http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/draw-functions-on-a-graph-on-the-ti83-plus.html
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Always wanted to see the remains of the Titanic, 3.8km below the surface? You better start making travel arrangements, because this never-seen-before bacteria "rusticles" are eating away at the ship.
An iceberg may've knocked the ship from the surface back in 1912, killing 1,517 people, but it's now this bacteria which is finishing it off for good. It's been named Halomonas Titanicae, thanks to its prey, and while it's obviously causing damage to a very important historical artefact, scientists believe that the bacteria could be used in recycling. "This could be useful in the disposal of old naval and merchant ships and oil rigs that have been cleaned of toxins and oil-based products and then sunk in the deep ocean," said researchers from the Dalhousie university in Canada. [The Guardian]
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http://gizmodo.com/5709017/bacteria-is-nibbling-away-at-the-titanics-carcass?tag=ship
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As extreme weather events go, droughts—like the one that singed Russia’s wheat crop two summers ago and the one that engulfed the United States in July—are about as tricky as it gets. Unlike hurricanes and tornadoes, drought does not have an obvious start or end. In fact, there isn’t even a clear definition for it, making it hard to measure and monitor, let alone predict. But with better observations of the earth, oceans, and atmosphere and improvements in computer modeling, scientists think they’ll be able to foresee the chances of drought up to a decade in advance, and better predict droughts that arise suddenly or last longer than a few months.
Today, scientists can forecast drought only about three months ahead for most parts of the world with any significant certainty.
“Forecasting drought is an inexact science,” says Brian Fuchs, a climatologist at the National Drought Mitigation Center (NDMC) at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. “Drought is typically characterized by slow onset and slow recovery. To pick up signals of something that happens over weeks or months is hard for computer models.”
Drought involves a seemingly inexhaustible list of factors—from local ones such as groundwater level, stream flow, soil moisture, and vegetation, to large-scale global weather patterns such as El Niño and La Niña. All of these change over different time periods, from days to decades, and many are tied to each other. Global warming tops off the chaotic mix.
Nevertheless, scientists in the United States have produced some of the most sophisticated tools to monitor and predict drought. Resource planners and policymakers rely mainly on the U.S. Drought Monitor, an online map of dryness that has been updated weekly since it was unveiled in 2000 by the Department of Agriculture, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the NDMC. The monitor combines several mathematical indices calculated by feeding computer models with temperature, precipitation, and soil moisture data. The physical data comes from NOAA’s polar-orbiting satellites and on-the-ground temperature, rain, and snow gauges. “The U.S. leads in drought monitoring,” Fuchs says. “Many other countries are trying to emulate the U.S. Drought Monitor.”
While monitoring has been done for decades, forecasting drought is still in its infancy. Today, it blends science and art, and the only place it’s done on a national scale is at NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center (CPC) in Camp Springs, Md. Twice every month, meteorologists there subjectively produce the U.S. Seasonal Drought Outlook, which predicts conditions for the next three months.
To create the Drought Outlook, scientists mix data from the Drought Monitor with soil moisture information and the CPC’s three-month forecast of temperature and rainfall. They also incorporate current climate conditions along with past heat and precipitation.
The temperature and rainfall outlook comes from NOAA’s climate model, which runs on an IBM Power6 mainframe computer, and takes half a day to finish one simulation run. The model, which was unveiled seven years ago, couples ocean and atmosphere models that had to be run separately before, explains Dan Collins, a forecaster at the CPC. The newer, improved version that went into operation this year also includes things like sea- and land-ice melting and changing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Collins says that more-powerful computers would make it possible to include more-detailed physics and more climate system components. “You want to better simulate the way in which clouds are formed or water evaporates from soil,” he says. Greater computing prowess would also mean that each simulation step would cover a shorter time and distance—a few minutes and a few kilometers as opposed to the hours and tens of kilometers used now. This would improve the ability to capture smaller, more rapid changes in temperature and precipitation.
Other advances expected in the coming years include more extensive ground observation networks and NOAA’s next-generation polar satellite, which is scheduled for launch in 2016 and will be equipped with advanced visual and infrared imagers that produce data with a higher temporal and spatial resolution. These will give better temperature, precipitation, and soil moisture data, which will improve the accuracy of drought prediction, says Fuchs. Already, the Drought Monitor maps have gotten more refined over 12 years because of resolution improvements in satellite gear, he says. What’s more, NASA is developing satellite-based instruments that are better at measuring soil moisture, he adds. The Drought Monitor currently uses soil moisture that is indirectly estimated by computer models based on rainfall and temperature observations.
Collins anticipates that longer-term drought prediction could be possible five years from now. That’s when NOAA scientists are expecting to next upgrade the climate model, to include decade-long climate fluctuations. They hope to do this by simulating known long-term ocean fluctuations such as the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. Fuchs says, “I anticipate continuing to see drought monitoring and prediction evolve, and technology will be a driving factor.”
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<urn:uuid:f0cf0805-6d19-439d-a310-e36146a2b46b>
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http://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/predicting-the-future-of-drought-prediction
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- Ball Delivers Presentation at the National Mathematics Panel Forum on October 6
This forum was hosted by the U.S. Department of Education and the Conference Board of Mathematical Sciences (CBMS) to bring together various organizations and other interested parties to review the findings of the National Mathematics Panel and discuss how these might be used to improve mathematics education in the United States.
download Ball's presentation from the Panel Forum: Teachers and teacher education (PDF)
go to the National Math Panel Forum website »
About the National Mathematics Advisory Panel –
The National Mathematics Advisory Panel was convened in 2006 by President George W. Bush. It released its final report, Foundations for Success, on March 13, 2008. The panel received testimony from more than 200 individuals and 150 organizations, and reviewed more than 16,000 research studies. Dean Ball, an expert on mathematics teaching and teacher education, was named to the panel for her important work on mathematical knowledge for teaching.
go to the National Mathematics Advisory Panel website »
download the National Mathematics Panel final report, Foundations for Success (PDF)
go to the U-M press release about Ball's contributions to the report »
download Ball's comments on the report release (PDF)
go to a Washington Post article on the report »
go to an Education Week article on the report »
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http://www-personal.umich.edu/~dball/news/_archive/1008_nmp.html
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Murugaiah, K., Theodorou, A., Mann, S., Clow, Angela, Jenner, P.J. and Marsden, C.D. (1982) Chronic continuous administration of neuroleptic drugs alters cerebral dopamine receptors and increases spontaneous dopaminergic action in the striatum. Nature, 296. pp. 570-572. ISSN 0028-0836Full text not available from this repository.
The ‘dopamine hypothesis’ of schizophrenia states that the illness is due to overactivity of dopamine mechanisms in the brain. This hypothesis is based on two facts: (1) drugs, such as amphetamine, that enhance dopaminergic neurotransmission in the brain, may occasionally provoke a schizophrenic psychosis; and (2) acute administration of neuroleptic drugs, which are used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic illnesses, causes blockade of brain dopamine receptors and initiates a chain of compensatory events which attempt to overcome such an action. We have previously shown that administration of neuroleptic drugs to rats for up to 18 months produces unexpected effects1,2: after 6 months, all signs of blockade of dopamine receptors in the striatum have disappeared, and thereafter striatal dopamine receptors increase in number and become behaviourally supersensitive to administered dopamine agonists such as apomorphine. We now show that such chronic exposure to neuroleptics completely alters other characteristics of striatal dopamine receptors, and that in the intact animal, these changes are associated with spontaneous overactivity of striatal dopaminergic mechanisms. Unless other dopaminergic brain areas, for example in the mesolimbic or mesocortical regions, react differently from the striatum, the mode of action of neuroleptics, and the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia, may have to be reconsidered.
|Subjects:||University of Westminster > Social Sciences and Humanities|
|Depositing User:||Rachel Wheelhouse|
|Date Deposited:||07 Dec 2011 11:44|
|Last Modified:||07 Dec 2011 11:44|
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<urn:uuid:778b76e3-b000-4efd-b9cd-2a787ec168b8>
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http://westminsterresearch.wmin.ac.uk/10000/
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Revolutionary horizontal space launcher proposed by NASA
September 14, 2010
NASA is considering a revolutionary new horizontal rail launcher concept.
An early proposal calls for a wedge-shaped aircraft with scramjets to be launched horizontally on an electrified (magnetic levitation, or maglev) track or gas-powered sled. The aircraft would fly up to Mach 10, using the scramjets and wings to lift it to the upper reaches of the atmosphere, where a small payload canister or capsule similar to a rocket’s second stage would fire off the back of the aircraft and into orbit.
Engineers also contend the system, with its advanced technologies, will benefit the nation’s high-tech industry by perfecting technologies that would make more efficient commuter rail systems, better batteries for cars and trucks, and numerous other spinoffs.
NASA’s Stan Starr, branch chief of the Applied Physics Laboratory at Kennedy, points out that nothing in the design calls for brand-new technology to be developed. However, the system counts on a number of existing technologies to be pushed forward. ”All of these are technology components that have already been developed or studied,” Starr said. “We’re just proposing to mature these technologies to a useful level, well past the level they’ve already been taken.”
For example, electric tracks catapult rollercoaster riders daily at theme parks. But those tracks call for speeds of a relatively modest 60 mph — enough to thrill riders, but not nearly fast enough to launch something into space. The launcher would need to reach at least 10 times that speed over the course of two miles in Starr’s proposal.
The studies and development program could also be used as a basis for a commercial launch program if a company decides to take advantage of the basic research NASA performs along the way. Starr said NASA’s fundamental research has long spurred aerospace industry advancement, a trend that the advanced space launch system could continue.
For now, the team proposed a 10-year plan that would start with launching a drone like those the Air Force uses. More advanced models would follow until they are ready to build one that can launch a small satellite into orbit.
Early designs envision a 2-mile-long track at Kennedy Space Center.
“It would be far better and more efficient to place the mag-lev track at much higher altitude and run it through a vacuum tunnel inside a mountain to eliminate air drag,” Dr. Eric W. Davis, Senior Research Physicist at the Institute for Advanced Studies at Austin, told KurzweilAI.
“Launching from higher altitude equals far less fuel to be carried by the second stage booster that rockets the hypersonic space plane into orbit. You could probably drop 20% to 30% of the fuel requirement.” Davis is co-author of Frontiers of Propulsion Science, published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
More info: NASA news
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http://www.kurzweilai.net/revolutionary-horizontal-space-launcher-proposed-by-nasa
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Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research
4 November 2002
Scientists at CSIRO Plant Industry are breathing life back into degraded patches of native bushland by identifying ways to increase its survival, health and re-establishment.
Join Dr Peter Thrall and Dr Linda Broadhurst at CSIRO Discovery this Wednesday 6 November as they explain the problems our remnant vegetation is facing and the solutions under investigation in the last Biodiversity Bites free public lecture presented by the Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research.
Recent dust storms over Canberra have focused public attention on land degradation issues facing rural areas. Land clearing contributes to problems like these dust storms, as well as salinity and loss of biodiversity.
Australia has one of the highest rates of land clearing in the world, and in rural areas much of our native vegetation now only remains in small, isolated patches.
"Plants within these patches are at risk of inbreeding," Dr Broadhurst of CSIRO Plant Industry says. "Inbred plants, tend to be more unhealthy and so reduce the viability of a plant population, putting the patch at risk of further deterioration."
"We are identifying the minimum number of plants required in plant populations to avoid problems associated with inbreeding and we can then make recommendations as to how to restore the genetic viability of a plant population," she says.
Another important component of conservation that complements this restoration work is to re-establish new areas of native vegetation.
Trials undertaken by Dr Peter Thrall and his team at CSIRO Plant Industry have found that the survival and growth rate of certain native plants is significantly increased when they are grown in association with specific naturally occurring soil bacteria.
"We will be able to provide recommendations on which tree species to grow with which bacteria to provide the maximum benefit," Dr Thrall says.
"This could help landholders achieve better success in their tree planting projects, which in turn will help reduce the problems brought about by land clearing in the first place."
Date: Wednesday, 6 November 2002
Time: 6.00pm 7.00pm (seating available from 5.00pm)
Venue: CSIRO Discovery Lecture Theatre
CSIRO Black Mountain laboratories
Corner of Clunies Ross Street and Barry Drive
Cost: Free everyone welcome
Media are invited to attend this "Biodiversity Bites" public lecture.
Dr Peter Thrall and Dr Linda Broadhurst are available for interview.
The Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research is a joint initiative between the Australian National Botanic Gardens and CSIRO Plant Industry.
For more information on "Biodiversity Bites" visit www.cpbr.gov.au/cpbr/lectures.
Sophie Clayton, CSIRO Plant Industry 02 6246 5139, 0418 626 860
Val Oliver, CSIRO Plant Industry 02 6246 5533 email@example.com
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In 1996, IBM began exploring the “business of weather,” hyper-local, short-term forecasting and customized weather modeling for clients. Now new analytics software, and the need for organizations from cities to energy utilities to operate smarter, are changing the market climate for these services.
As Lloyd Treinish, chief scientist of the Deep Thunder program in IBM Research explains, this approach isn’t about the kind of weather reports people see on TV, but focuses on the operational problems that weather can present to businesses in very specific locales—challenges that traditional meteorology doesn’t address.
For example, public weather data isn’t intended to predict, with reasonable confidence, whether three hours from now the wind velocity on a 10-meter diving platform will be acceptable for a high stakes competition. That kind of targeted forecasting was the challenge that IBM and the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), parent of the US National Weather Service, took on in 1995.
Treinish, who joined IBM Research in 1990 after 12 years at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland, recalls that the collaboration required forecasts with time horizons of a few hours or a day. Such precision prediction of what the weather will be in a very particular place, at a very particular time, focused on particular applications isn't the core mission of government weather services, which concentrate on forecasting, warning and monitoring weather from the regional to the global scale for general use
IBM and NOAA scientists decided to collaborate on the challenge, and built one of the first parallel processing supercomputers to be used for weather modeling. The system, based on the
A year later, the IBM Deep
The project, which was originally set up in the IBM Research department known as Mathematical Sciences (now called Business Analytics and Mathematical Sciences), pivoted from a hardware focus to services and software. "We learned that the business driver was the most important factor," says Treinish. "And we started to focus on niche business problems that were weather sensitive and look for the market gaps we could fill."
For example, with the right combination of precision weather prediction and business analytics insights, airlines and airports could better manage the logistical nightmare of weather-generated delays. Flights could be re-routed or consolidated more efficiently.
Equipped with highly specific information on wind, temperature and other factors, fire fighters could battle wildfires more effectively.
Indeed, since serving highly specific regions was central to the business-of-weather strategy, in 2001, the team set up a testbed in its own backyard, the New York City metropolitan area. This living laboratory was a 3D grid of thousands of blocks, each one cubic kilometer in size. Calculations could be run on each cube of the grid to generate very local and precise predictions.
The team also began working on the kind of modeling, forecasting, and data visualization innovations that could help a business make smarter logistical, planning and operational decisions, faster and with more confidence.
For example, to help a utility company prepare for the after effects of a major storm, the team could mine and model historical data of what kind of damage was caused to power lines or telephone poles, and why. By coupling that with a hyper-local forecast, IBM could help a company plan for how many repair crews would be needed, and where.
The Deep Thunder group has also been able to dovetail with other analytics-driven projects such as Smarter Cities. Working with colleagues in the new IBM Research center in Brazil as well as the IBM India Research Lab, the team is leading the Rio de Janeiro project to better anticipate flooding, and predict where mudslides might be triggered by severe storms. Here again, highly targeted weather modeling is only part of the story. Through a new city command center, weather data can be integrated with other city information systems to determine how best to respond to such situations, including where and when to deploy emergency crews, make optimal use of shelters and monitor hospital bed availability.
With the World Cup coming to Rio in 2014, the forecast for the business-of-weather approach pioneered by Deep Thunder looks bright.
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Habitat for Humanity
Habitat for Humanity is an ecumenical Christian organization devoted to building simple, decent, and affordable housing. Homes are built using volunteer labor and are sold at no profit. The organization was founded in 1976. By 2004 Habitat for Humanity had built 50,000 houses in the U.S. and more than 175,100 around the world. Although headquartered in the United States, two thirds of Habitat construction takes place in other countries. In 2005 Habitat built its 200,000th house, bringing the number of people sheltered in Habitat houses worldwide to one million. Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter and first lady Rosalynn Carter became involved with Habitat for Humanity in 1984 and have since become the organization's highest-profile proponents. The Carters have been involved in fund-raising and publicity as well as actual home-building. The 2006 Jimmy Carter Work Project took place from 30 October 2006 to 4 November 2006 in India.
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Stroke: Problems With Ignoring the Affected SideSkip to the navigation
Some people who have had a stroke have problems seeing in some or all of the normal areas of vision. For example, people with left-sided paralysis may have difficulty seeing to the left. If the problem is due to a vision loss, most people learn to make up for this loss by turning their heads. If the person does not turn his or her head to the affected side, that side of the body may be ignored or neglected.
Caregivers may notice signs that the person is ignoring the affected side, such as:
- Mentioning or responding to stimulation only on the unaffected side of the body.
- Using only the unaffected arm or leg.
- Looking only to the environment on the unaffected side.
- Noticing only someone who speaks or approaches from the unaffected side of the body.
- Responding to only half of the objects he or she would normally see, such as eating from just one side of the plate.
- Not recognizing the affected arm and leg as belonging to his or her body and thinking that they belong to someone else.
- Thinking that objects on the affected side are closer or farther away than they really are. The person may bump into furniture or have trouble eating or dressing.
The following tips may be useful when caring for someone who neglects his or her affected side:
- When you are working with the person's affected side, reduce distractions on the unaffected side. Distractions may include moving objects or bright lights close to the person. So, for example, make sure there are no moving objects or bright lights close to the person on his or her unaffected side.
- Place objects that are needed most often on the person's unaffected side. Encourage use of the affected side by placing some objects (such as the telephone, reading glasses, or a glass of water) on that side, prompting the person to also use the affected side.
- Remind the person to pay attention to the affected side. Sometimes, attaching a small bell or bright ribbon to the affected arm or leg may act as a reminder.
- Point out landmarks on the person's right and left sides when going places. Remember that the person may look at only one side of the environment, so use examples that get the person to look to both sides. For example, you might say, "Looking out the window over to your right I see that it looks like a rainy day today." Or you might say, "We are driving by our church over here on the left."
- Give frequent cues to help orient the person to the environment. For example, you might say, "It is 3 o'clock in the afternoon on March 21. It is Wednesday, and we are at the doctor's office. I am your son, and we have been here only a short while."
Primary Medical Reviewer E. Gregory Thompson, MD - Internal Medicine
Specialist Medical Reviewer Karin M. Lindholm, DO - Neurology
Current as ofAugust 21, 2015
To learn more about Healthwise, visit Healthwise.org.
© 1995-2016 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.
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If you’ve just had an extraction in central Leeds of late, it’s very important that you take care of the wound afterwards, for many reasons, one of them being the development of a dry socket that can lead to further complications. Once a tooth is removed, a blood clot would normally form to aid the healing process, but if this does not happen, the surrounding bone and wound are vulnerable to infection and bacteria that can lead to the socket becoming dry. A normal extraction can take around 5 days to heal, longer in the case of teeth at the back of the mouth, but if dryness sets in, the pain can intensify around the removal site and expose the rest of the mouth to infection and gum disease, and also lead to problems in the ears and eyes. Hygiene is important in combating this problem. If the problem starts, it’s important to revisit the dentist for medication, and this may also require subsequent visits to combat the problem. Essentially, the wound should be kept clear- certain stodgy foods such as potatoes and nuts should be avoided during healing as they can lead to a build up of bacterial particles in the mouth. The use of a good mouthwash should be used after eating to remove any food left in the mouth and if the problem prevails, a dentist can prescribe drugs and recommend the use of herbal remedies such as clove and Echinacea oil.
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Lee Euler, Editor
Web Version |
Back Issues |
Resource Center |
About Cancer Defeated!
Astaxanthin: The defining natural miracle of the 21st century?
Have you heard the recent rumblings over this NEW medical marvel? This one breakthrough is showing the ability to help keep your heart pumping powerfully, your vision clear as crystal, your brain witty and fast—and SO MUCH MORE.
It's called astaxanthin, and it has the strength to hunt down age-inducing free radicals like you've never seen before.
And now new technology is allowing experts to cultivate it for a huge anti-aging punch.
Become one of the first to experience the all-out blitz on aging that only the new marvel, astaxanthin can deliver.
The study made quite a splash Down Under, where sales of Listerine reportedly dropped by half in the year after it was published. One of the authors, Professor Michael McCullough, said some mouthwashes were more dangerous than wine or beer because they contain higher concentrations of alcohol — as high as 26 per cent.
"We see people with oral cancer who have no other risk factors than the use of alcohol-containing mouthwash, so what we've done with this study is review all the evidence that's out there," Professor McCullough said.
A spokesman for Johnson & Johnson, which makes Listerine, dismissed the study: "This small review includes only a selective group of clinical data. Evidence from at least ten epidemiological studies published over the last three decades strongly suggests that use of alcohol-containing rinses does not increase the risk of oral cancer."
Dental establishment says "no problem here"
The American Dental Association agrees that the alcohol contained in antiseptic mouthwash is safe and not a factor in oral cancers. Remember, these are the people who brought us mercury fillings and continue to insist they're safe, even while every informed consumer has run to the nearest alternative dentist to get them taken out. (See our Special Report The Secret Poison in Your Mouth.)
A 2003 article in Journal of the American Dental Association (134(8): pages 1079-1087) takes the party line. The authors sought out every study published in the previous 25 years that made a reference to mouthwash and the causes of cancer of the mouth and throat (oropharyngeal cancer or OPC). They found nine such studies.
They report, "The results of six of the studies reviewed are negative and provide no support for the hypothesis that use of alcohol-containing mouthwash increases the risk of OPC." The other three studies did show a link, but at least one of those was contradicted by a follow-up study, and another was flawed.
They conclude ". . .the weight of the evidence strongly suggests that use of alcohol-containing mouthwash does not increase the risk of OPC."
But I'm not quite ready to throw out the findings in the Australian study. Taking evidence from international research involving 3,210 people, the Australians found that daily use of mouthwash was "a significant risk factor" for head and neck cancer. The review was carried out in Cuba, Argentina and Brazil (not the most representative choice of countries, if you ask me).
The effects were worst in smokers. They experienced a nine-fold increased risk of cancers of the mouth, pharynx and larynx. Those who drank alcohol had more than five times the risk of those who don't. Reacting to the Australian study, a spokesman for the British Dental Association said the evidence was "not conclusive" and more research was needed.
Brazilian study gives more support
I poked around the internet and turned up another study to support the theory that mouthwashes contribute to oral cancer. Researchers from the University of Sao Paulo in Brazil reviewed case studies from 309 patients suffering from cancer of the mouth and pharynx, matched by sex and age with 468 control cases of people who were cancer-free.
The Brazilian researchers interviewed all these people to gather detailed information on their smoking and drinking habits, schooling, and oral health and hygiene (i.e. whether they brushed, flossed, used mouthwash, received professional dental care, etc.) They found that daily mouthwash use was associated with cancers of the pharynx and the mouth. Bleeding gums and failure to have dental visits were also strongly associated with cancer.
In another study, UK researchers found that use of low pH (acidic) mouthwashes over the long term causes erosion of the dental enamel and sensitivity in teeth. Most popular mouthwashes are highly acidic, including Listerine and Scope. This is isn't a cancer finding, but it's another good reason to be cautious about alcohol-containing mouthwashes.
What's my take? I don't have a high level of trust in America's dental establishment. The main problem is their lack of credibility, especially in light of the mercury issue. But when it comes to alcohol-containing mouthwashes the evidence seems mixed. I think what we're probably seeing here is a slight increase in a type of cancer that doesn't cause many deaths.
This reminds me of the controversy about cell phones and brain cancer. The studies are contradictory and confusing, the argument goes back and forth, and the whole problem can be solved just by making moderate use of whatever the supposed carcinogen is, instead of overdoing it.
Johnson & Johnson introduced non-alcohol Listerine,
Maybe because of the Australian study
While pooh-poohing the cancer link, Johnson & Johnson has introduced Listerine Zero, an alcohol-free product. They're also embroiled in a lawsuit with the maker of a test to detect oral cancer.
If you go to a dentist regularly, you probably know the dental profession has gotten into the cancer detection business. In the course of your regular exam they subject you to a test to see if you've got cancer of the mouth.
Well, a Johnson & Johnson subsidiary entered into a sales agreement with the manufacturer of one such test, with the idea that J&J's nationwide sales force would sell the oral cancer test to dentists. J&J promised its partner a huge roll-out. As part of the exclusive sales agreement, the J&J outfit required the other party to get rid of its own sales force and terminate other distribution deals.
But, what do you know, J&J did almost nothing to market the test, the suit alleges. In the year following the agreement, J&J's sales team, numbering more than 100, sold less than half as much product as the other party's tiny four-person sales team had sold in the six months before J&J entered the picture.
According to the lawsuit, a J&J Consumer Product Vice President named Jim Murphy allegedly told the other company that J&J "was leery of highlighting the risk of oral cancer and was worried that if [its subsidiary] were to sell both Listerine and OralCDx [the cancer test], it would lend credence to the link between Listerine and oral cancer, and could be construed as a tacit acknowledgment by J&J of the validity of the conclusions of the Australian oral cancer study." All of this was taking place around the time J&J launched Listerine Zero, the new alcohol-free product.
The plaintiff in this suit seems to think J&J deliberately tried to bury its cancer test because it would appear J&J was admitting Listerine may indeed cause cancer.
The suit alleges, "Listerine Zero was carefully branded to conceal the fact that it was developed primarily in response to the Australian mouthwash oral cancer study and the subsequent sales drop in Listerine's Australian sales. The advertising for that product makes no mention of the fact that it may reduce the risks associated with mouthwashes containing alcohol and instead emphasizes only its 'less intense' flavor."
J&J's comment on all this was that "The company is confident that we have engaged in proper business practices and we look forward to the opportunity to resolve this matter through the legal system."
Common sense from an average citizen. . .
One blogger commented, "If they come out and say that the new product is to reduce the cancer risk — they'd open themselves up to liability for past users." That sounds about right. Instead, they quietly introduce an alcohol-free product while denying they've ever done anything wrong. And maybe, just maybe, they decided that it would look bad for them to market a test to detect oral cancer.
Moderate use of alcohol-containing mouthwashes is probably pretty safe, especially if you don't smoke and you drink alcohol only moderately. The mouthwashes are probably not a huge cancer risk for nonsmokers. It's probably a greater risk to drink wine, beer or spirits every day or several times a week.
There are about 35,000-40,000 cases of mouth and throat cancer every year in the United States and somewhat more than 8,000 deaths.
That's roughly similar to the number of deaths from skin cancer, and far fewer than the number of deaths from the major cancers, the ones you need to worry about most: colon, breast, prostate, lung, pancreas, liver. If detected early, mouth and throat cancer is reportedly pretty easy to cure, even by the incompetent methods of conventional medicine. And if you go to a dentist regularly, one who uses the cancer test, you've got a pretty good shot at early detection.
If you’d like to comment, write me at [email protected]. Please do not write asking for personal advice about your health. I’m prohibited by law from assisting you. If you want to contact us about a product you purchased or a service issue, the email address is [email protected].
Editor in Chief: Lee Euler Contributing Editors: Mindy Tyson McHorse, Carol Parks, Roz Roscoe Marketing: Ric McConnell Information Technology Advisor: Michelle Mato Webmaster: Steve MacLellan Fulfillment & Customer Service: Joe Ackerson and Cami Lemr
PO Box 1076,
Lexington, VA 24450
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Derivation of 'Dollar'
The name 'Dolair' first appears in references to a battle between the Danes and the Scots around 877AD, which the Scots lost.
Older derivations give it as 'Dol' (valley) + 'Ar' (high) from
P Gaelic/Brythonic (Pictish, Welsh, Cornish, Breton) [Watson].
More recent derivations give it as 'Dol' (field) + 'Ar' (arable)
also from P Gaelic.
Another possible derivation is from Q Gaelic (Irish, Scots Gaelic) 'Doilleir' (dark, gloomy) which would relate to the original name of Castle Campbell as Castle Gloom.
[Research by Bruce Baillie, 2002]
Page updated 19 August 2004
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Climate Research and Earth Observations from Space: Climate Information for Decision Making. Darmstadt, Germany, 13-17 October 2014.
Satellite observations are a key element in an integrated and sustained climate observing system and have been critically important for monitoring and understanding the Earth’s climate system during the past several decades. The expected completion of the IPCC Fifth Assessment (AR5) in 2013–2014 makes it timely to discuss these achievements, to assess future opportunities and challenges with satellite derived climate information, and to provide guidance on future priorities.
The symposium will be an important step towards defining requirements, and the further development of an efficient and sustained international space-based Earth observing system.
This symposium is intended to bring together the international experts in climate observations, research, analysis and modeling to present and discuss results from their studies, with a particular emphasis on the role of space-based Earth observations in improving our knowledge of the current climate at global and regional scales, and in the assessment of models used for climate projections.
More detailed information will be available during the coming months, in the meantime if you have questions please direct them via email to the Organising Committee in the first instance. Alternatively, please visit the dedicated website for the symposium, where you can register to be added to the conference mailing list.
The main goal of the symposium is to provide a forum for discussing the current state of climate science and climate observations in order to evaluate recent achievements, ascertain critical objectives to be achieved with satellite-based climate information, and identify gaps in the current space-based climate observing system. A major topic that will be discussed is the proposed Architecture for sustained Climate Monitoring from Space that has been developed under the auspices of the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS), the Coordination Group of Meteorological Satellites (CGMS) and WMO. Beyond the monitoring of the current state of the Climate System, the conference will also consider how Earth observation contributes to future developments in climate prediction and climate change projection.
Climate scientists primarily interested in satellite observations and their use for climate research, modelling and prediction.
Experts from space agencies engaged in the development of climate missions, and the development and provision of corresponding data and information services.
Private sector, non-governmental organisations, and organisations that are involved in the development of Earth observing and information systems, and / or dependent on science-based climate information for decision-making.
Satellite observations for monitoring of the climate system.
Satellite observations for earth system modelling and prediction.
Challenges and opportunities in sustaining and expanding Earth observing systems, including the role of new and emerging observing techniques.
Processing, re-processing and analysis of Earth observations for climate applications.
Archiving, distribution and access to Earth observations and information derived from the observations.
Results from the use of satellite observations for climate analyses and climate model validation.
The Scientific Organising Committee will be responsible for the further development of the suggested themes, subsidiary sessions, topics and speakers list. They will also oversee the evaluation and selection of the abstracts for submitted papers and posters to the symposium.
The symposium and the follow-on activities are expected to benefit climate-related risk management, and help to underpin the development of responsible and affordable climate change mitigation and adaptation options. A key aspect will be the detection and attribution of climate change beyond the basic variables.
The symposium will also benefit climate science by putting in motion a process for creating a joint action plan for the planning and development of an international space-based climate observing system that will be responsive to the current and emerging needs in the areas of climate research, modelling and services (in the context of the Global Framework for Climate Services in the latter case).
This will be achieved by
Presenting recent scientific achievements related to the development and use of high-quality and innovative space-based observational datasets for climate research, assessments and evaluation of climate models that provide future climate projections. The importance of bringing together models and observations cannot be over-emphasised; while Earth observation provides evidence of variability and change now, the causality of those variations and changes and their future evolution can only be identified through the use of climate models.
Identifying future research and observations needed to enhance the value, and improve the sustainability of, high-impact science-based climate information obtained from space-based observations. The focus will be on Climate Data Records, including those resulting from the reprocessing of historical observations. These can help us understand past variations and change in the climate system. The use of multiple streams of observations can also help in identifying processes and interactions within the climate system, especially when used in combination with theory and models.
Identifying pathways for productive international collaborations for the development of satellite-based climate observations in support of climate research, prediction and services.
Presenting innovative methods applied to satellite data to provide better science-based applications and information to support climate decisions at all levels.
Discussing how to best quantify the inherent uncertainties associated with satellite observations and how to best use these uncertainty estimates in data assimilation, climate modelling and re-analyses.
Presenting new approaches for assimilating satellite observations, and related use, in Observing System Simulation Experiments with a view to improving climate observations and climate observing systems.
The symposium will consist of two segments. The first day/segment will focus on findings from the Fifth Assessment of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and the necessary dialogue between information providers and users of science-based climate information for decision-making. The second segment of the symposium will be organised over the following three days around the key scientific themes presented above.
The scientific and technical oral and poster presentations for each daily theme will be organised in the form of a morning plenary session, including dialogue and discussion with participants, followed by a poster session with dedicated viewing time and one-on-one discussions with authors, and parallel sessions in the afternoon to allow more in-depth presentations and discussions on some major topics associated with each daily theme.
Ghassem Asrar, Joint Institute for Global Change Research, PNNL
Mike Freilich, NASA
Volker Liebig, ESA
Alain Ratier, EUMETSAT
Barbara Ryan, GEO
Mauro Facchini, European Commission
Julia Slingo, Chair, Met Office (UK)
Olivier Boucher, CNRS
Antonio Busalacchi, ESSIC University of Maryland
Anny Cazenave, CNES
Mark Dowell, Joint Research Centre, European Commission
Erland Källén, ECMWF
Teruyuki Nakajima, University of Tokyo
Zhang Peiqun, China Meteorological Administration
Roger Saunders, Met Office (UK)
Byung-Ju Sohn, Seoul National University
Johannes Schmetz, EUMETSAT
Bjorn Stevens, MPI Hamburg
Greg Flato, Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis
Roberta Boscolo, WCRP
Paul Counet, EUMETSAT
Rowanna Comerford, EUMETSAT
Vladimir Ryabinin, WCRP
Roberta Lupis, European Commission
Partners and Support
For information on all sponsors, please click here to visit the Sponsors area of the symposium website.
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While engineers busied themselves with technical intricacies of the 1984 Corvette, the design staff was shaping the car's appearance. The design brief was imposing. First and most obviously, the new generation had to look like a Corvette; in other words, it couldn't break with the model's traditional styling cues. Drivelines would be carried over, and though the new model could be a bit smaller outside, it had to offer more interior room. Improved outward vision and less aerodynamic drag were additional goals.
Despite all the demands, the styling job went quickly. A full-scale clay model based on a Palmer sketch was completed in September 1978. By mid-November of the following year -- a scant 14 months later -- the design was more or less final except for taillamps, front-fender trim, and nose contour.
A key development affecting room, drag, and visibility was engineering's decision to mount the steering linkage farther forward than originally envisioned. By allowing the engine to ride lower in the chassis, a correspondingly lower hoodline was achieved, with better vision forward and reduced frontal area. The latter was a big contributor to reducing effective aerodynamic drag, which is not the drag coefficient (Cd) alone but the product of the Cd multiplied by the car's frontal area.
What emerged was unmistakably a Corvette from front to back. And while its basic exterior dimensions were now slightly smaller, it still looked like a considerably large car, thanks in part to its long hood and altered proportions. Overall length was down a significant 8.8 inches despite a mere two-inch cut in wheelbase -- from 98.0 to 96.0 inches -- and just a 1.7-inch reduction in front overhang. The secret was the 5.2-inch chop in rear overhang, which gave the effect of a longer hood even though it was actually shorter. Another contribution was a 64-degree windshield angle as measured from the vertical -- then the steepest of any American production car. The base of the windshield was 1.5 inches lower and a bit farther forward than before. This, in turn, allowed the beltline to be dropped, giving the 1984 Corvette a slimmer, glassier appearance.
Probably the biggest change in the car's appearance came from that increase in width. The old pinched-waist midsection was gone, along with the bulged front and rear fenderlines, replaced by a smoother, more organic contour. The car retained its predecessor's flared wheel arches, which combined with the fat tires to accentuate the hunkered-down look. Fenders no longer conflicted with the beltline, which rose uninterrupted from the windshield toward a near-vertical Kamm-style tail (a modified throwback to 1968) with the traditional quartet of lights. In profile, the shape was a discernible wedge -- which was pleasing and functional in the GM idiom.
One styling element that was new to the C4 Corvette was a full-perimeter rub strip at roughly mid-body height. This not only tied the front and rear bumpers together visually but concealed the one major seam in the new bodyshell, as well as the shutlines around the clamshell hood.
After 15 years of selling Corvettes with T-tops, Chevrolet could hardly revert to a model having a fixed roof. But this time around, the T-bar was gone, replaced by a one-piece removable panel with four attachment points -- two on the windshield header and two on the rear roof hoop; this was the "targa" treatment originally planned for the C4. As on early Sharks, the panel stowed in special slots built into the top of the luggage bay. For added protection against at least casual vandals, the top could be removed only with a special wrench.Buyers had a choice of either a body-colored panel or a tinted transparent top made of scratch-resistant acrylic, the latter an option that was delayed until well after the car's introduction. Either top was far lighter and easier to handle than the awkward glass panes that preceded them.
Chevy boasted that the '84 Corvette was partly shaped in the wind tunnel. One new wrinkle in that aspect of development was the use of a sensor to compare pressure differences at various points on the car against pressure in other parts of the tunnel as the car sat in a moving airstream. While the resulting drag coefficient was not exceptional for the day at 0.34, reduced frontal area made the new Corvette much more slippery than that often-misleading value suggested. And even at that, the Cd number represented a useful 23.7 percent reduction compared to the 1982 Corvette's 0.44.
With its striking new exterior, the Corvette needed an equally arresting cockpit. Created by GM's Interior Design group under Pat Furey, it was dominated by a space-age instrument panel and the usual tall center tunnel/console. With a seating position that was slightly lower than before, the revised cabin definitely felt more spacious and open than did the prior generation's. Despite the shorter wheelbase and a 1.1-inch reduction in overall height, the 1984 offered fractional gains in head and leg room, plus a welcome 6.5-inch increase in total shoulder room, an area where the old car was decidedly tight. Cargo capacity was also greater this time around, by a useful eight cubic feet or so, and this storage was more accessible thanks to the lift-up hatch window.
Instrumentation was now directly ahead of the driver; no more secondary dials in the center of the dashboard. In fact, there were now no dials at all in the usual sense; following the fashion of the times, there was a high-tech all-electronic display supplied by AC-Delco. Road and engine speeds were monitored by both graphic analog and digital displays; between them was a sub-panel with digital engine-function readouts, including a vertical-bar-graph fuel gauge. A quartet of switches, to the left of a bank of warning lights in the center of the dash, allowed the sub-panel to display up to four additional readouts. These could include instantaneous and average miles per gallon, trip odometer, fuel range, engine temperature, oil pressure and temperature, and electrical system voltage. The displays could be changed from American-standard to metric values at the flip of a switch.
The console also housed the heat/vent/air conditioning and audio-system controls. A Delco AM/FM-stereo radio was standard, while a similar unit with cassette tape player was optional. But the audiophile's choice was the $895 GM-Delco/Bose system. Similar to systems offered on other recent GM cars, it featured four speakers in special enclosures that were shaped and placed to match the interior's acoustic properties. While such audiophile systems are relatively common today, the Corvette was the first sports car to pay such attention to the entertainment aspect of motoring.
New standard seats were specially designed highback buckets with prominent bolsters on both the cushion and backrest; they offered manual fore/aft adjustment and -- at long last -- reclining backrests. Full cloth trim was standard, with leather upholstery optional. Also offered at extra cost was the latest in seating technology supplied by Lear-Siegler. These optional seats added electric adjustment for backrest angle and cushion bolster in/out, plus a powered three-stage lumbar support adjuster using inflatable bladders that could be individually air-bled to achieve the proper contour.
The new Corvette was publicly unveiled in the early spring of 1983, and the general reaction from both the press and the public was a mixture of relief and unbridled enthusiasm. The C4 was, thank goodness, still a Corvette in appearance and mechanical layout, yet was startlingly and entirely new with a full complement of high technology residing under its fiberglass skin.
Handsome from any angle, the '84 Corvette was deliberately
less flamboyant than the Shark.
Several running changes were made shortly after the new model was announced and sales began. An engine-oil cooler was made standard equipment, and the originally standard 15-inch wheel/tire package was deleted, making the 16-inchers the only choice.
Meanwhile, regular production versions of the new Corvette were being subjected to their first full road tests, which cooled the initial euphoria of some reviewers in the enthusiast publications. The buff books predictably praised the car's acceleration and roadholding abilities, but criticized its relatively rough ride, especially with the optional Z51 suspension package; while superior on the track, it was judged as being too harsh for daily driving. The interior earned low marks for excessive exhaust and road noise, and the digital dashboard took a sound thrashing for its "Las Vegas at night" appearance and poor legibility, particularly in bright sunlight. Most reviewers pined for a return to good-old-fashioned analog gauges.
The 4+3 Overdrive manual was received with mixed reviews, and most testers agreed that it worked better with the manual override switched to the "off" position. Aside from the difficulty of trying to out-think a computer when left in auto mode, a clunky, high-effort linkage made stop-and-go driving tedious, which was aggravated by an equally unpleasant high-effort clutch. The transmission would also prove less than reliable, so it's no wonder that most Corvettes left Bowling Green with automatic in 1984 -- and would continue to do so through 1988, when the car would finally be given an acceptable manual gearbox.
Needless to say, the excitement of being able to buy an all-new Corvette for the first time in 15 years made the 1984 Corvette a fast sellout. Helped by an extra-long model year, volume zoomed back over the 50,000 mark, the total coming to 51,547 -- the second highest in Corvette history. There was even another production milestone, observed in November 1983 with completion of Corvette number 750,000.
Check out our final section for 1984 Corvette specifications.
Learn about other Corvettes in this generation:
||1985 Corvette||1986 Corvette|
|1987 Corvette||1988 Corvette||1989 Corvette
Looking for more information on Corvettes and other cars? See:
- Corvettes: Learn about the history behind each model year and see Corvette photographs.
- Corvette Specifications: Get key specifications, engine and transmission types, prices, and production totals.
- Corvette Museum: The National Corvette Museum draws Corvette lovers from all over the world. Learn more about the museum.
- Corvette Pictures: Find pictures of the hottest classic and current-year Corvettes.
- Muscle Cars: Get information on more than 100 tough-guy rides.
- Consumer Guide Corvette Reviews: Considering a Corvette purchase? See what Consumer Guide has to say.
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75th Anniversary of the Fair Labor Standards Act
When the Fair Labor Standards Act was signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt 75 years ago, it created the first national minimum wage, established the standard maximum hourly work week, and protected children from exploitation.
It is not a stretch to argue that the Fair Labor Standards Act helped create the middle class in America.
Our region has been in the forefront of developing workers’ rights. Therefore, noting the anniversary of the enactment of the Fair Labor Standards Act is of particular importance today.
Allegheny County, Southwestern Pennsylvania, has a Pivotal Role in American Labor History
There have been significant moments in American labor history that emerged from activities in our region.
A landmark event in American history occurred in Homestead when private detectives were hired by Carnegie Steel and Henry Clay Frick and arrayed against the town and the workers at the mill to break the steelworkers’ strike. At stake were worker rights to bargain collectively, have representation and be involved in workplace decisions.
On the Ohio River, labor strife at the Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation in Aliquippa precipitated a court case and a test of the Wagner Act’s constitutionality. Fact is, from Braddock to Brackenridge -- and many places in between – all have rich histories and serve as the setting of events that have contributed to the development of labor relations in America as we know it today.
Click here to read a full history of labor and how workers’ rights have been achieved, authored by Chuck McCollester.
Community Shredding Event to Benefit Greater Pittsburgh Community Food Bank
On Sept. 7 I’ll be holding a free community shredding event at Woodland Hills High School, 2550 Greensburg Pike, from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. Consumer fraud and identity theft present a significant risk to all Pennsylvanians.
I encourage everyone to come out to take advantage of this free opportunity to dispose of sensitive documents in a safe and secure way. Feel free to bring any documents you no longer need that contain personal information, including Social Security numbers, credit card numbers and back account numbers. Your documents will be shredded onsite with the shredded paper then recycled after the event.
Throughout the event, we’ll be collecting donations of non-perishable food items for the Greater Pittsburgh Community Food Bank. With the holidays just a few months away, we can help prevent hunger for our friends and neighbors in need by doing our part to stock the shelves of the food bank. Far too many families are still struggling to make ends meet. By coming together as a community and taking small steps today, we can provide for happier and healthier tomorrows. I hope you’ll consider bringing along a few items to donate while your documents are being shredded.
School is Back in Session
The 2013-14 school year has officially begun. With that brings school buses back to our roads, with children entering and exiting at their stops across town and through our neighborhoods. Please watch for students and the buses and do your part to prevent any unnecessary tragedies.
Remember Pennsylvania has a school bus stopping law. Motorists approaching a school bus with its red lights flashing and stop arm extended are required to stop in all directions at least 10 feet from the bus. Please do your part to keep our kids safe as they travel to and from school each day.
For updates on this and other legislative initiatives, stay in touch with me on the Internet through my website or on Facebook.
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In Search of Free Books
Where can your school, library, or community group find free or low-cost books for kids? There are a number of national organizations as well as local programs you can turn to for help filling the shelves of your library, classroom, or literacy program and putting books into the hands and homes of young readers.
Books for your program
First Book is a national nonprofit that has provided more than 90 million new books to children in need. In neighborhoods across the country, First Book unites leaders from all sectors of the community to identify and support community-based literacy programs reaching children living at or below the poverty line and provide them with grants of free books. The First Book National Book Bank, a subsidiary of First Book, provides new books to children from low-income families using generous donations from children's book publishers. The First Book National Book Bank distributes large quantities of publisher-donated brand-new books to programs serving children from low-income families. There are 25 to 30 book distributions hosted by the First Book National Book Bank annually at a variety of sites across the United States. The books are free to programs that are able to pick them up or just $0.45 per book to have them shipped. To access First Book's free and low-cost resources, programs must register at the First Book website.
The Heart of America Foundation's mission is to teach the values at the heart of America and to help people, particularly children, learn that they help themselves when they help others. Uniquely combining character education, literacy, and service learning, Heart of America's programs include Books From The Heart, a literacy program which engages students, corporations, and other organizations in gathering books that are not being used, solicits publishers for surplus books, and then gets these books into the hands children. Heart of America's priority is to provide books for elementary schools with 50% or more of their students enrolled in the free/reduced meal program. Interested schools can register to become a Books From The Heart Book Recipient School.
To help underfunded communities create a culture of reading, Kids Need to Read accepts requests for books from libraries, schools, and various literacy programs through an online application. Based on the age ranges and demographics of the population served, Kids Need to Read provides select books from their growing book list of more than 350 titles. Submissions from programs serving adolescent juvenile offenders, high school dropouts, youths living in poor urban or rural communities, immigrant children, kids with learning challenges, or children living on Native American reservations are strongly encouraged.
The Library of Congress has surplus books available to educational institutions and non-profit tax-exempt organizations. As most of the books have been turned over to the Library of Congress by other Federal agencies, the collection usually contains only a small percentage of publications at the primary and secondary school levels. There is continuous turnover in the supply of surplus books that can only be received in person by an authorized representative of an eligible organization. The value of the books available at any one time may not justify the expense of sending a representative to Washington solely to select books from this collection, but may be worth the trip in conjunction with a visit to the nation's capital.
The Lisa Libraries provides new children's books to help fill bookshelves for small, grass-roots organizations that work with low-income children in underserved communities and provide books to children who may never have had books to call their own. Some of the libraries established have been at day-care centers, prison visiting areas for children of incarcerated parents, and after-school programs. Organizations interested in receiving books for their children should write to the Lisa Libraries.
The Literacy Empowerment Foundation (LEF) is dedicated to assisting educational programs by providing inexpensive children's books. The Reading Resource Project is an ongoing LEF program that distributes free books in sets of 100 books to literacy programs. Recipients pay shipping, handling, and administrative costs ($68 per set of 100 books). Reading levels are for preK through second grade and are available in a limited quantity on a first come, first served basis.
Books for Kids creates libraries, donates books, and partners with literacy programs to help young children develop the critical early foundation and skills they need to be successful in life. With a special emphasis on low-income and at-risk preschool-aged children, Books for Kids creates and furnishes libraries within existing children's centers. Tax-exempt organizations can apply for the creation of a library or a donation of books. Books for Kids does not ship books so organizations receiving book donations must pick up books from the Books for Kids Warehouse in Jersey City, NJ.
With a special focus on rural and small communities, Roads to Reading serves organizations across the country by providing new books for remedial literacy programming to schools, community centers, and licensed child care providers and to other non-profits serving children. Among their initiatives to bring quality reading materials to children in underserved communities are an Annual Competitive Book Donation Program, Books for All Kids, the Director's Discretionary Book Donation Program, and All Children Need Books. Each program has individual guidelines and application deadlines. Recipients pay shipping, handling, and administrative fees.
The Scholastic Book Grants Program is a corporate in-kind giving initiative that provides high-quality reading materials to children and families in need. Non-profit organizations interested in applying for grants of 500–1000 books must complete a Book Grants Application. Other book publishers, including Hachette Book Group, Penguin and Random House also make book donations to support literacy programs, schools and libraries.
Book distribution programs
Dolly Parton's Imagination Library, developed in 1995 for her hometown of Sevier County, Tennessee, has been replicated in communities across the United States and abroad to bring books into the homes of preschool children. Through the program, all young children in a participating community are eligible to be enrolled at birth or when they move into the community. Each month, from the day the child is born until their 5th birthday, a selected book arrives at the mailbox. The Dollywood Foundation has developed the delivery system, negotiated price, selected the publisher and the individual titles, and created registration and promotional materials. Local champions in the community — businesses, school districts, civic organizations, individuals, or local government — finance the cost of the books and the mailing, register the children and promote the program.
Reach Out and Read (ROR) programs make early literacy a standard part of pediatric primary care for low-income families. At every well-child check-up for children from six months to five years of age, doctors and nurses encourage parents to read aloud to their young children, offer age-appropriate tips and encouragement, and provide a new, developmentally appropriate children's book to keep. Though clinics need to raise funds to pay for the books (approximately $2.75 per book), support may by available from the Reach Out and Read National Center or ROR Coalition.
RIF, the nation's oldest and largest children's literacy organization, is most well known for its flagship service, the Books for Ownership program. Through this program, children choose and keep several free paperback books each year and participate in reading motivation activities.
You may be fortunate in your community to find a local organization dedicated to the redistribution of new and gently used children's books similar to the book banks below:
Local Stores and Libraries
Contact your local public libraries, bookstores, toy stores, and other businesses. They may be willing to donate or sell at a discount older or overstocked books that they carry. Better yet, create an ongoing partnership so they will regularly set aside books for your group.
Whenever you send out a newsletter or e-mail, include a Wish List of the books you'd like donated. This makes an especially effective appeal during the holidays. Choose the books for your wish list by checking with a children's librarian, teacher, or the recommended books on Reading Rockets. You could also make use of the Wish List feature on Amazon.com or Barnes and Noble or post your need for books on DonorsChoose.org
Your Public Television Station
Each month, participating public television stations distribute free books to their local partner organizations, who then make them available to children who otherwise would not have books of their own.
Many sites on the Internet offer free children's books by unknown authors and of uncertain quality. The following sites, however, have some good online choices for kids. Note that the experience of reading a book online is very different from holding and reading a printed book.
The Digital Book Index is a catalogue of major eBook sites, university collections, commercial and non-commercial publishers, and hundreds of smaller specialized sites. A search for Children's Literature in the Subject Guide of the Digital Book Index results in links to some 3,500 contemporary and classic children's books and stories, including the State University Libraries of Florida's Literature for Children, a collection of the treasures of children's literature published largely in the United States and Great Britain from before 1850 to beyond 1950.
The non-profit ICDL Foundation's library has evolved into the world's largest digital collection of children's books. Currently its digital library collection includes 4,643 books in 61 languages. The compete ICDL collection is also available as a free iPad app. A limited number of titles are included in the free ICDL iPhone app. The ICDL also created the free Story Kit app that helps users create their own electronic storybooks for reading and sharing.
The Library of Congress' selection of digitized books includes illustrated children's classics for readers of all ages. The Library of Congress also makes available millions of primary sources for free online. To assist educators in teaching with primary sources, the Library offers classroom materials and professional development to help teachers engage students with content and develop critical thinking skills.
Project Gutenberg is the largest single collection of free electronic books. With more than 40,000 free books in the Project Gutenberg Online Book Catalog, the Project is on its way to meeting its goal to provide as many eBooks in as many formats as possible for the entire world to read in as many languages as possible. The Project Gutenberg site offers download formats suitable for eBook readers, mobile phones, and other devices.
TumbleBookLibrary is an online collection of children's favorite story books, such as "The Paper Bag Princess," "Diary of a Worm," "How I Became a Pirate," "Miss Malarkey Doesn't Live in Room 10," "One Duck Stuck," and "Tops and Bottoms," that have added animation, sound, music and narration. The result is an electronic picture book that you can read, or have read to you. The TumbleBookLibrary is a subscription service, but offers a free one-month trial for librarians, media specialists, teachers and school administrators that provides unlimited access for everyone in your school or library to the complete TumbleBookLibrary.
We Give Books is a digital initiative of the Penguin Group and the Pearson Foundation that connects kids to quality online books. The books available for free online reading are a mix of fiction and nonfiction children's picture books appropriate for children through age ten. We Give Books also provides young readers the opportunity to practice philanthropy — for each book read online, We Give Books makes sure that physical books get to children's literacy programs worldwide.
Comments and Recommendations
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Jordan Hall Field Trip
Evolution: Adaptation, Convergence, and Divergence
Intended Audience: Grades 1-4 (ages 6+)
Summary: The field trip educational materials presented below focus on convergent evolution, divergent evolution, and adaptations. The areas in Jordan Hall groups visit include the vivarium, the Birds of Indiana paintings, the preserved specimen cases, and the public greenhouse. The target age group of visitors is six years old and above. If time allows, pre-visit and post-visit activities and additional educational materials can be incorporated from the grades 5+ field trip materials.
Before Your Visit
Prior to a field trip to Jordan Hall, instructors may wish to introduce students to the evolutionary concepts of adapation, convergence, and divergence.
- Instructor definitions handout
- Groups larger than 5 should contact the greenhouse to make sure there are no conflicts with other groups that may be using the greenhouse, and to confirm that the greenhouse will not be closed for upkeep. There is no charge for tours of the greenhouse.
Self-Guided Exploration of Jordan Hall
We suggest visitors begin in the atrium in the NW corner of the building, proceed south through down the central hallway, visit the greenhouse in the SE corner of the building, and finish outside the atrium at the Prairie in the Planters. The handouts focus on the vivarium, specimen cases, and bird paintings.
Vivarium: Visitors can compare old and new world organisms looking for signs of adaptation and evolutionary convergence at the vivarium exhibit in the Jordan Hall atrium. The vivarium is a climate-controlled enclosure that houses lizards, turtles, and representative plants from arid regions around the world.
Specimen Cases: Also located in the atrium, central corridor, and southern (entry) hallway of Jordan Hall are hundreds of preserved specimens and models where a huge variety of earth's life forms can be viewed.
Birds of Indiana: Next, visitors can observe the similarity and diversity of earth's organisms by examining Zimmerman's Birds of Indiana collection.
Greenhouse: Then, visitors can wander through the Jordan Hall greenhouses to investigate plants from all over the world. From the prickly desert cacti, to the lush tropical vines, to the bizarre insectivorous plants, the greenhouses hold many surprising plant adaptations that have evolved in different habitats over millions of years.
Prairie in the Planters: Finally, visitors can think about the evolutionary and environmental changes that have occurred locally as they visit the prairie planters outside theatrium entrance of Jordan Hall. The planters located outside the Jordan Hall atrium on the north-west corner of the building are planted with native prairie plants that naturally attract birds, butterflies, insects, and other campus wildlife for viewing.
- You can read more about the Prairie in the Planters on our Green Team webpage.
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The invention was the eventual result of my
senior thesis while at college. The year was
1975 and the "energy crisis" was getting
under way with motorists lined up at gas
stations and government appeals to the
public for energy conservation. President
Carter called the energy crisis the "moral
equivalent of war".
Observing the inefficiency of fuel
consumption associated with urban traffic
patterns, I set out to identify why the more
efficient transportation alternative, public
transit, was not being used to its full
potential. There were various reasons but
one in particular that prompted the design
project. Unlike automobiles, public transit cannot offer door-to-door transportation. Its use requires commuters to walk at both ends of the trip. Perhaps if there were some way to minimize the time and energy of those walks, public transit would be a more attractive transportation alternative.
Bicycles are five times more efficient than
walking but not sufficiently portable for bringing to the office, let alone a crowded train. In fact the public transit environment would pose the toughest portability challenge. Folding bikes were not a new idea, but even the most compact design with its 16' wheels was not practical on a crowded train. In terms of the size and shape, a compacted vehicle would have to fit into what little empty space remains between passengers crowded into a train at rush hour. Its volume would have to be distributed vertically from the floor, stand about waist high so that a person could hold onto it comfortably, and be no wider than that person. This highly visible, optimally shaped volume would also prevent the tripping hazard otherwise associated with leaving any conventional folding bike on the floor of a crowded train. It should be roughly 36" high x 20" x 10". An ideal "footprint" of course would be as small as possible.
Folding scooters were already common in Europe but a pedaling system like a bicycle's
would be necessary to achieve the desired
efficiency, speed and therefore consumer
acceptance. The vehicle's wheels would have
to be much smaller than the 20" maximum
width. But, smaller wheels required higher
RPM's to achieve the same speed as full-sized
bicycles. As the diameter of the driven wheel
decreases, the chain and sprocket drive of a
bicycle must increase in size and becomes a
spatial problem in itself.
The design called for a new transmission
system capable of developing high rpm's at
the drive wheel yet occupying minimal space
in the compacted mode. Many design directions were explored involving various riding positions, frame configurations and seating alternatives. The number and sizes of wheels, mechanical transmission concepts, mechanical details for hinging, frame locks, brakes, steering, and suspension, were studied. After extensive research, I identified the following design objectives.
The primary purpose of course was to decrease urban traffic, fuel consumption and pollution by providing a personal vehicle, that could be conveniently used in combination with public transit and automobiles. The scope of this project required research into many areas and
resulted in the following specific objectives.
- Two or more wheels
- Positive steering control
- Positive braking control
-Comfortable powered by operator with
- Top speed, 12 mph.
- Easy mount and dismount
- No interference with clothing
- To accommodate riders ranging from
2.5%tile woman to 97.5%tile man
- Easy to operate
-Safe to ride in an urban environment (must
meet all CPSC requirements)
-Maximum visibility (to see and be seen)
- Maneuverable in tight spaces
- Theft proof
- Mechanically simple, low maintenance
-Provision for small parcels or backpack
- Compacted in under 30 second requiring no tools, special strength or coordination
- Easily carried when compacted
- Could be taken comfortably onto crowded public transit…(worst case portability requirement)
- Vertically oriented package, using minimal
floor space, approximately 36 inches high
- Must not soil clothing or cause personal
injury in crowded environments
- Affordable, $300 max retail (use standard
components where possible)
Working with those constraints, I invented a small bicycle called the “Commuter” with a flat-folding pedaling mechanism. The mechanism transmitted the rider's weight alternately between two treadles via separate lengths of flexible stainless steel cable to produce high RPM's at the bicycle's ten-inch drive wheel.
There are essentially three advantages…
Simplicity: Structural and mechanical
simplicity minimizes weight and cost while
also maximizing portability, convenience and
Efficiency: Powered by an upright riders
stepping motion, it improved pedaling
efficiency as well as visibility and comfort.
The cable drive pedaling system harnesses
maximum leg thrust and utilizes the rider's
weight to power the vehicle.
Portability: The spatially efficient vertical
shape when folded minimized the floor space
needed on crowded trains and elevators.
Senior Thesis research and design concept
merited a grade of "Honors".
The "Commuter" - the first vehicle to use the patented Cable Drive pedaling system.
"Commuter" prototype folded flat.
How Cable Drive works.
The "Urban" was the second bicycle to use Cable Drive.
The "Commuter 2" concept - 3-speed hub and disk brakes.
CMI concept with folding front fork.
This step action scooter can be pedaled from a standing posture to improve visibility, and efficiently uses the rider's weight to achieve bicycle speeds. The vehicle, targeted to students and commuters, is sufficiently portable for crowded trains and elevators. It uses a unique bolt-together frame combining aluminum and steel frame parts to minimize weight. The "frame" also accepts many standard components, allowing the introduction of several different products with minimal tooling costs. A Bolt-together modular, powder-coated frame minimizes welding and combines an extruded aluminum main frame with chrome-molly front and rear forks. The scooter is driven by 3/32, 7x19, 1,000 lb. test stainless steel aircraft cable jacketed with nylon. The cables are coupled to roller clutch drives either at the drive wheel or to a compact multi-speed belt or chain system coupled to the wheel. Folded size - 33"x 21" x 8", weight -20lbs. .
After college I began working on a US Patent application. The Cable Drive bicycle gained notoriety in several trade journals and popular magazines. I conducted investor presentations, raised approximately 1 million dollars and founded Creative Motion Industries Inc. Later I received U.S. and foreign patents and developed a portable commuter bicycle called the "CM1000". The design was featured in over 60 print articles worldwide and TV interviews across the country including ABC's "Good Morning America". It attracted international interest including mail order catalogs like Shaper Image, Hammacher Schlemmer and Abercrombie & Fitch.
Jazz great Dizzy Gillespie once said," It took me a lifetime to learn what notes not to play".
© Copyright 2005-2010 Fore-thought Designs™ All Rights Reserved.
"The design called
for a new
rpm's at the drive
wheel yet occupying
minimal space in the
"I used to work in a
fire hydrant factory.
You couldn't park
anywhere near the
- Steven Wright
frame allows the
wheels to fold
toward each other
once the handle bars
are pulled up and
folded flat to the
"You never really
learn to swear until
you learn to drive".
achieved, not when
there is nothing
more to add, but
when there is
nothing left to take
- Antoine de Saint
The Cable Drive system can be configured to integrate standard multi-speed hubs.
INVENTIONS FOR LICENSE
Invest in solutions.
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Fighting global drugs trade is shared responsibilityListen /
The fight against the global trade in illicit drugs is a responsibility that is shared by all people according to the UN Deputy Secretary-General, Jan Eliasson.
Countries from around the world are currently meeting in Vienna at the 57th Session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs to look at ways to counter the $320 billion a year illicit drugs trade.
Mr Eliasson said that the effects of drugs are far-reaching.
"Illicit drugs affect all of us, directly or indirectly. Many millions of men, women and children are denied productive lives, languishing in prisons, in clinics, or in miserable conditions. No nation can escape the impact of these criminal networks. We all share the responsibility to forge effective solutions."
He added that drug trafficking fuels criminal networks and weakens the rule of law.
The UN's task force on drugs and crime upholds the fundamental principles of three international drug control conventions: the protection of the health and the welfare of humankind the promotion and protection of human rights through the rule of law.
Daniel Dickinson, United Nations.
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A recent Pew Internet & American Life Project report surveyed 2,462 middle school and high school advanced placement and national writing project teachers and concluded that: “Overwhelming majorities agree with the assertions that today’s digital technologies are creating an easily distracted generation with short attention spans and today’s students are too ‘plugged in’ and need more time away from their digital technologies.”
Indeed, the McClatchy Tribune Information Services story that ran in our sister paper, the Winnipeg Free Press, went on to say that two-thirds of the respondents agree with the notion that today’s digital technologies do more to distract students than help them academically.
Recently, a research team observed 263 middle school, high school and university students studying for a mere 15 minutes in their homes. The researchers were interested in whether students could maintain focus and, if not, what might be distracting them. Every minute, it was noted exactly what they were doing, whether they were studying, if they were texting or listening to music or watching television in the background, and if they had a computer screen in front of them and what websites were being visited.
The results were startling, the McClatchy Tribune piece reported, considering the students knew they were being watched and most likely assumed were being observed on how well they were able to study. First, these students were only able to stay on task for an average of three to five minutes before losing their focus. Universally, their distractions came from technology, including: (1) having more devices available in their studying environment such as iPods, laptops and smartphones; (2) texting; and (3) accessing Facebook.
Other researchers have found similar attention spans among computer programmers and medical students, and in those studies technology provided the major sources of distraction.
So, said the researchers, what was going on with these students? It often comes down to something so banal as, “I wonder if anyone commented on my Facebook post” or “I wonder if my friend responded to the text message I sent five minutes ago” or even “I wonder what interesting new YouTube videos my friends have liked.” This does not bode well for our future generations.
But as technology is not going to disappear from our world, “tech breaks” can be used to train the brain to focus without the worry and anxiety about what we might be missing in our virtual social world, the researchers concluded.
And we agree. We also suggest a great tech break is your daily newspaper.
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Thermochromic and waterproof polyester fabric (image by Inventables)
Heat Reactive Materials
Heat reactive materials change state, shape and/or color when exposed to temperatures above ambient. Naturally, many materials change shape, eg. melt, at high temperatures. What’s special about some of them is that their state, shape and/or color can be altered at relatively low temperatures (provided through hot water, body heat, hair dryers, ambient heaters, ovens, or just a hot summer day), making them easy to use and suitable for DIY projects. In this post I’ll go over thermochromic pigments and a few materials they have been incorporated into, namely paint, fabric, film and glass.
Thermochromic Pigments change color when exposed to heat and turn back to their original color when the temperature drops again. According to TEP:
Most thermochromic materials are based on liquid crystal technology. At specific temperatures the liquid crystals re-orientate to produce an apparent change of colour. The liquid crystal material itself is micro-encapsulated – i.e., contained within microscopic spherical capsules typically just 10 microns in diameter. Billions of these capsules are mixed with a suitable base to make thermochromic printing ink or, for example, plastics destined for injection molding.
These pigments can be mixed with an acrylic base or screen printing ink. At room temperature the pigment appears in its original color, but at temperatures between 27° and 30°C (80° to 86°F) this color disappears, eg, if a black pigment is applied to a white surface, the surface turns from black to white at the change-over temperature. When mixed with an acrylic base each pigment will turn instead into the color of the acrylic base or color blender, eg., if a blue pigment is mixed with a yellow acrylic base the resulting color will be green, but at the change-over temperature the blue will disappear and the green will turn into yellow. The ratio of acrylic base to coloring pigment depends entirely on the application and density of color required. For a detailed explanation of the functioning and applications of thermochromic pigments see the TEP Smart Colors info sheet (PDF) and this little demo animation.
Temperature-Sensitive Glass results from the application of thermochromic pigments to glass tiles which change color based on ambient, body or water temperature:
The textured glass surface layer protects and highlights the color-change film on the tile. The base color of the tile can match almost any color, and the temperature change point can be fit to the user’s environment and requirements. The dynamic color change begins at the selected activation temperature and shimmers through three phases, one with each 6–10° rise in temperature. Once the temperature peak is passed, the base color returns and remains the same until the temperature drops.
Temperature-sensitive glass tile (image by Inventables)
Thermochromic Film has adhesive on one side and thermochromic ink on the other. The film is normally black but changes to bright green/blue at temperatures between 29.4 and 33°C (84º – 91º F). Due to its low change-over temperatures, touching a piece of thermochromic film for a few seconds will cause the contact area to change color – it can also be used with nichrome or any other heat source.
Thermochromic film (image by Mindsets)
For more information on Francisco’s experiments, check out this report (pdf).
Body Faders (US) :: thermochromic fabric
Inventables (US) :: thermochromic fabric, thermochromic film, temperature-sensitive glass tiles
Mindsets (UK): thermochromic pigments, thermochromic film
Paint with Pearl (US) :: thermochromic pigment powder
Amazon.com :: thermochromic paint
Share your knowledge
If you’d like to contribute content or corrections regarding thermochromic materials, please use the comment form below.
>> about the materials 101 series.
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the physics is quite straight forward.. and Bluebee you are wrong... I assume you are just being provocative... in the vernacular of Northern England, this is a wind up. If the volume of bees to the surface area of the foam is high, then foam works very well. If the ratio is low, then the temp in the hive is going to track the average daily temp which is about 21F/-6C here right now. That’s what I call a freezer. What temperature is your freezer set to?
The few watts from a weak cluster of bees just get sucked up and absorbed by all that cold honey as opposed to warming up the hive. It’s a losing battle. In such hives the bees just keep moving slower and slower until the finally stop for good. :(
A freezer is an insulated cavity with a heat pump. I dont recognise any heat pumps in a winter colony.
Conventional hive geometry is very poor for higher temperature heat retention. It seems to assume that the air inside is a solid not a fluid.
Cold honey? where does this come from. The honey starts out warm, then heat flows hive resisted by its themal conductivity and delayed by its thermal mass.
If your surface area is too large for the heat source... Change it.
If you are getting mass transfer taking heat away .... Seal it.
Bees in tree nests have all of this solved. Like the ball catcher they have a good solution to the differential equations of the problem.
(p.s. they have feral bees in Alberta!)
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ODV420 Intro to Organizational Behavi
Lead Faculty: Dr Bernadette Baum
Course DescriptionAn introduction to the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organizations effectiveness. The course will focus on work-related behavior with an emphasis on individual and group performance as it relates to organizational productivity and processes. A central theme will be the development of 'people' skills to help all employees- staff, front-line supervision, and management- improve their effectiveness.
- Identify, describe and integrate major concepts of organizational behavior.
- Identify and apply concepts to real-work problems and issues within organizations.
- Define individual and group theories as related to motivation and performance.
- Describe and apply skills that create a collaborative learning environment and teamwork.
- Define principles of organizational communication and its impact on workplace productivity.
- Identify the performance management function within the context of human resource management in organizations.
- Describe a variety of theories of motivation and be able to apply them appropriately to workplace situations.
- Apply concepts about performance management to individual employee situations to group situations and to organizations.
- Describe the relationships between job satisfaction, organizational culture, and other workplace variables.
- Apply a variety of strategies for improving workplace productivity and performance.
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Selected Research, Abstracts and Poster Presentations
- To Mix or Not to Mix? A Preliminary Report of the Effect of Mixing on the Pharmacodynamics of Insulin Aspart and Detemir by a team from Yale University found that "... mixing of insulin aspart with insulin detemir is associated with a flattening and prolongation of the time-action profile compared to when these insulin analogs are given as separate injections." For insulin pen users, mixing is not an issue, but in the US many kids who are on injection therapy use syringes and insulin vials and thus are able to mix. If your child uses NovoLog (aspart) and Levemir (detemir) and you mix the insulins, you should be aware of the blunting effect as reported in this poster.
- In Twenty Years of Multiple Daily Injections from the Onset of Diabetes in Children and Adolescents, Dr. Ragnar Hanas and a team from Sweden review data from 1985 looking at the risk of complications and the risk of severe hypoglycemia. They found "... for this non-selected patient group using MDI from the onset of diabetes has a low risk of long-term complications with an acceptable rate of severe hypoglycemia."
- In Feasibility of Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion and Daily Supplemental Insulin Glargine Injection in Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes, a team from Milwaukee, Wisconsin found that adding a daily injection of glargine (Lantus) with insulin pump therapy did not increase the risk of hypoglycemia and "... may serve as a preventive measure in young children at risk of developing hyperglycemia and ketosis or DKA due to catheter dislodgement, insulin pump malfunction and/or temporary pump suspension."
- In Sweetened Soda Intake and CVD Risk Factors in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes, a large group of authors found that "... high sweetened soda intake as contrasted to no- and moderate intake is associated with higher levels of CVD risk factors in youth with T1DM." As we look to educate our children on healthy eating habits, the data reported in this poster offer us guidance on the importance of reducing or eliminating sugared soft drinks from the diets of our children with diabetes.
- In a poster entitled Hyperglycemia Associated with Brain Volume Changes Over Time in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM), a team from St. Louis reported that whole brain scanning has shown that "... greater exposure to hyperglycemia was associated with measurable differences in gray and white matter development in youth with T1DM over a 2-year time period." While some previous research has tried to look at the impact of hypoglycemia on brain development, this team focused on hyperglycemia. These kinds of studies emphasize the importance of good control regardless of age.
- In a poster entitled Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Safety, and Tolerability of Pramlintide in Adolescent Subjects with Type 1 Diabetes, authors from the Barbara Davis Center in Denver, led by Dr. Peter Chase, reported on the use of Symlin (pramlintide) in youth aged 12 to 17 with type 1 diabetes. The study found that pramlintide works the same in teens as it does in adults, and results in decreased postprandial excursions, suppressed postprandial glucagon, and delayed gastric emptying. Parents whose teens are struggling with postprandial highs in spite of pre-bolusing and reduction in meal carbohydrates may wish to discuss the use of pramlintide with their diabetes team.
- In a poster entitled School Centered Telemedicine Study for Children with Diabetes, authors from SUNY Upstate Medical University and the VA Medical Center in Syracuse, New York examined whether using telemedicine technology in a school setting would improve outcomes for school aged kids with type 1 diabetes. Twenty-five elementary and middle schools were involved, covering 23 students in the intervention and 18 controls for a total of 41 students. At the end of the 12-month study period, kids receiving telemedicine support had lower HbA1c readings, improvement in emotional functioning, and very importantly the number of urgent diabetes-related calls to the diabetes center dropped significantly.
Products and Product News
With the FreeStyle Navigator® now approved for sale in the United States, Abbott Diabetes Care proudly showed it within their booth. Several members of Team Type 1 rode a stationary bicycle in the booth while wearing a Navigator. The receiver was on a nearby table and the image of the display was captured via a video camera and displayed for passersby to see. We could watch in real time as the rider's blood sugar dropped in response to their vigorous riding. The demonstration was very effective. We have a photo of Monique Hanley while riding.
New Accu-Chek® Compact Plus
Roche showed a redesigned Accu-Chek® Compact Plus meter. Like a lot of updated meters, the design is much less "medical" and much more like a consumer electronics device, which is great for people living with diabetes. The display is larger too, which helps those of us with aging eyes. The Accu-Chek Compact Plus remains the only all-in-one glucose meter that you can use with just one hand.
Bayer Contour in Color
Bayer Health Care showed a newly designed Contour® glucose meter. Dropping the Ascensia name, the meter simply says "Contour" and offers no-coding and two levels of display -- a basic level for people who don't want to see all the features and an advanced level typical of what children with diabetes and their parents want in a meter (memories, averages, etc.). The new Contour also comes in four colors, again a nod to the growing importance of design in personal medical devices.
Afinion Point-of-Care HbA1c Analyzer
Abbott Diabetes Care showed the Afinion point-of-care HbA1c analyzer. CLIA waved, the Afinion affers a three-minute HbA1c result as well as a five-minute albumin-creatinine ratio result. The Abbott representative noted that the Afinion is auto-calibrated, making it easier to use than similar doctor's office devices, and is priced competetively. See also Axis-Shield PoC - Afinion HbA1c Test.
Last Updated: Tuesday December 08, 2009 12:34:16
This Internet site provides information of a general nature and is designed for educational purposes only. If you have any concerns about your own health or the health of your child, you should always consult with a physician or other health care professional.
This site is published by T-1 Today, Inc. (d/b/a Children with Diabetes), a 501c3 not-for-profit organization, which is responsible for its contents. Our mission is to provide education and support to families living with type 1 diabetes.
© Children with Diabetes, Inc. 1995-2016. Comments and Feedback.
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Diagnosis of Phytophthora Ramorum
Abstract:Phytophthora ramorum is a serious fungus-like pathogen causing damage to trees and a range of native and ornamental plants in parts of North America where it is commonly known as sudden oak death. In California, it has reached epidemic proportions causing extensive death of mainly tanoaks (Lithocarpus densiflorus), but also true Quercus species such as coast live oak. In spring 2002, P. ramorum was found for the first time in the UK on samples of Viburnum tinus submitted by the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) Plant Health and Seeds Inspectorate (PHSI) to the Central Science Laboratory (CSL). There have been further findings on a wide range of ornamental hosts, mainly rhododendrons, in the UK and other European countries and a limited number of findings on trees in the UK and the Netherlands since 2003. Statutory action has been taken requiring extensive monitoring of plant material to prevent its introduction or spread. CSL has developed and evaluated a number of diagnostic methods that are described in this article.
Document Type: Research Article
Publication date: August 1, 2006
More about this publication?
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Rehabilitation Act of 1973
of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 is generally regarded as the first “civil rights” legislation for persons with disabilities on the national level. Included within the various sections of that Title are a call for nondiscrimination in federal agencies (Section 501) and the establishment of the Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board (Section 502). Of direct importance to the post secondary community are Sections 503 and 504.
Section 503 mandates nondiscrimination on the basis of a disability in employment in institutions and entities that receive Federal financial assistance. Although Section 503 is not an affirmative action statute (i.e., there is no requirement to give preference in employment to qualified persons with disabilities), it is a mandate to actively encourage application and consideration for employment of disabled candidates.
Section 504 is a program access statute. It requires that no otherwise qualified person with a disability be denied access to or the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination by any program or activity provided by an institution or entity receiving Federal financial assistance. It is this Section 504 mandate that has promoted the development of disability support service programs in colleges and universities across the country over the last 15 years. Subpart E of Section 504 deals specifically with this mandate for institutions of higher education. While it does not require that special educational programming be developed for disabled students, it does require that an institution (public or private) be prepared to make appropriate academic adjustments and reasonable modifications to policies and practices in order to allow the full participation of students with disabilities in the same programs and activities available to non-disabled students.
No otherwise qualified handicapped individual in the United States…shall, solely by reason of handicap, be excluded from the participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.
Section 504 says that students in higher education must have equal access to:
Admissions into all programs
Participation in all courses
Participation in an integrated setting
Full use of equipment in the classroom
Modification of academic requirements
Benefits of job placement
Physical education and athletics
Counseling and Guidance
Use of facilities
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
President George H. W. Bush signed the Americans with Disabilities Act into law on July 26, 1990. This mandate reinforces the concept of reasonable accommodations in education and greater access to employment, transportation, and public accommodations.
The legal imperative, embodied in Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, often referred to as the ‘Civil Rights Act’ for people with disabilities, states, in part:
No otherwise qualified handicapped individual shall solely by reason of his/her handicap, be excluded from the participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.
In order to comply with this mandate, universities and colleges that receive federal assistance must ensure that the same educational programs and services offered to other students are available to students with disabilities.
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Speech recognition is an established technology, but it tends to fail when we need it the most, such as in noisy or crowded environments, or when the speaker is far away from the microphone. At Baidu we are working to enable truly ubiquitous, natural speech interfaces. In order to achieve this, we must improve the accuracy of speech recognition, especially in these challenging environments. We set out to make progress towards this goal by applying Deep Learning in a new way to speech recognition.
Deep Learning has transformed many important tasks; it has been successful because it scales well: it can absorb large amounts of data to create highly accurate models. Indeed, most industrial speech recognition systems rely on Deep Neural Networks as a component, usually combined with other algorithms. Many researchers have long believed that Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) could provide even better accuracy for speech recognition if they were used for the entire system, rather than just as the acoustic modeling component. However, it has proven difficult to find an end-to-end speech recognition system based on Deep Learning that improves on the state of the art.
Model and Data Co-design
One of the reasons this has been difficult is that training these networks on large datasets is computationally very intensive. The process of training DNNs is iterative: we instantiate ideas about models in computer code that trains a model, then we train the model on a training set and test it, which gives us new ideas about how to improve the model or training set. The latency of this loop is the rate limiting step that gates progress. Our models are relatively large, containing billions of connections, and we train them on thousands of hours of data, which means that training our models takes a lot of computation. Continue reading →
cuBLAS is an implementation of the BLAS library that leverages the teraflops of performance provided by NVIDIA GPUs. However, cuBLAS can not be used as a direct BLAS replacement for applications originally intended to run on the CPU. In order to use the cuBLAS API:
a CUDA context first needs to be created
a cuBLAS handle needs to be initialized
all relevant data needs to be copied to preallocated GPU memory, followed by deallocation after the computation
Such an API permits the fine tuning required to minimize redundant data copies to and from the GPU in arbitrarily complicated scenarios such that maximum performance is achieved. But it is less convenient when just a few BLAS routines need to be accelerated (simple data copy) or when vast amounts of code need to be modified (large programmer effort). In these cases it would be useful to have an API which managed the data transfer to and from the GPU automatically and could be used as a direct replacement for CPU BLAS libraries.
Additionally, there is the common case where the input matrices to the BLAS operations are too large to fit on the GPU. While using the cuBLAS API to write a tiled BLAS implementation (which achieves even higher performance) is straightforward, a GPU BLAS library which implemented and managed such tiling in a near optimal way would certainly facilitate access to the computing power of the GPU.
To address these issues, CUDA 6 adds new Multi-GPU extensions, implemented for the most compute intensive BLAS Level 3 routines. They are called cuBLAS-XT and can work directly with host data, removing the need to manually allocate and copy data to the GPU’s memory. NVBLAS is a dynamic library built on top of these extensions which offers a transparent BLAS Level 3 acceleration with zero coding effort. That is, CPU BLAS libraries can be directly replaced with NVBLAS. As such, NVBLAS can be used to easily accelerate any application which uses level-3 BLAS routines. Continue reading →
When dealing with small arrays and matrices, one method of exposing parallelism on the GPU is to execute the same cuBLAS call on multiple independent systems simultaneously. While you can do this manually by calling multiple cuBLAS kernels across multiple CUDA streams, batched cuBLAS routines enable such parallelism automatically for certain operations (GEMM, GETRF, GETRI, and TRSM). In this post I’ll show you how to leverage these batched routines from CUDA Fortran.
The C interface batched cuBLAS functions use an array of pointers as one of their arguments, where each pointer in the array points to an independent matrix. This poses a problem for Fortran, which does not allow arrays of pointers. To accommodate this argument, we can make use of the data types declared in the ISO_C_BINDING module, in particular the c_devptr type. Let’s illustrate this with a code that calls the batched SGETRF cuBLAS routine.
Writing Interfaces to Batched cuBLAS Routines
At the time of writing this post, the batched cuBLAS routines are not in the CUDA Fortran cublas module, so we first need to define the interface to the cublasSgetrfBatched() call:
integer(c_int) function &
type(cublasHandle), value :: h
integer(c_int), value :: n
type(c_devptr), device :: Aarray(*)
integer(c_int), value :: lda
integer(c_int), device :: ipvt(*)
integer(c_int), device :: info(*)
integer(c_int), value :: batchSize
end function cublasSgetrfBatched
This post is a GPU program chrestomathy. What’s a Chrestomathy, you ask?
In computer programming, a program chrestomathy is a collection of similar programs written in various programming languages, for the purpose of demonstrating differences in syntax, semantics and idioms for each language. [Wikipedia]
There are several good examples of program chrestomathies on the web, including Rosetta Code and NBabel, which demonstrates gravitational N-body simulation in multiple programming languages. In this post I demonstrate six ways to implement a simple SAXPY computation on the CUDA platform. Why is this interesting? Because it demonstrates the breadth of options you have today for programming NVIDIA GPUs, and it covers the three main approaches to GPU computing: GPU-accelerated libraries, GPU compiler directives, and GPU programming languages.
SAXPY stands for “Single-Precision A·X Plus Y”. It is a function in the standard Basic Linear Algebra Subroutines (BLAS)library. SAXPY is a combination of scalar multiplication and vector addition, and it’s very simple: it takes as input two vectors of 32-bit floats X and Y with N elements each, and a scalar value A. It multiplies each element X[i] by A and adds the result to Y[i]. A simple C implementation looks like this.
void saxpy(int n, float a, float *x, float *y)
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
y[i] = a*x[i] + y[i];
// Perform SAXPY on 1M elements
saxpy(1<<20, 2.0, x, y);
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What cooler way to start a rock collection than to dig for treasure yourself? Get out the digging tool and brush and excavate 10 real gemstones from a block of packed earthusing the same tools and techniques as real gem-hunters, archaeologists, and paleontologists. You’ll find purple amethyst, pyrite (or fool’s gold), quartz crystals, striped tigers eye, and other semi-precious stones. An adventure guide details 10 games, puzzles, and challenges to help you learn unique details of your newly unearthed treasures. Winner of Creative Child magazine’s 2013 Kids Product of the Year.
WARNING: CHOKING HAZARDsmall parts not for children under 3 years.
For ages 6 and up. Packaging: 7 1/4"W x 10"L x 2"D. Includes 10 gemstones, digging tool, excavation brush, activity guide.
National Geographic is home to a thoughtful selection of educational kids toys, games, activity kits, books, and more that engage young minds and foster a lifetime of discovery through fun and hands-on learning. The leading concept in 21st-century education is STEM—science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. It’s a cross-disciplinary approach to learning that entrepreneurs and educators believe is key to a healthy innovation economy.
We’re proud to have been supporters of STEM learning since long before the acronym was invented. Anyone who has watched a child open a present only to set the gift aside and play with the box knows that kids have an innate curiosity and desire to explore and understand their world. National Geographic explorers never lose that curiosity, and it has lead to some of the most remarkable discoveries in the last 125 years.
Purchased for great-nephew. Kept him busy finding the various stones. Really messy even with newspaper on the floor; better for outside. Couple of the stones were hard to determine what they were, didn't look like turquenite was included.
Was this a gift?:
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
Teach kids the basics of engineering with three
infinitely customizable building kits by YOXO®. Each comes with eco-friendly cardboard parts to create a robot, dune buggy, and dragonfly. But the special connectorsin Y, O, and X shapeswork just as well ...
Expand your mind and stretch your body with
Brain Games - The Game, a family-friendly, intelligence-boosting game based on the beloved National Geographic Channel show Brain Games . Perfect for a party or your regularly scheduled family game night, Brain ...
Explore the final frontier with this clever new
building kit from National Geographic and Laser Pegs®. There are two dozen models to choose from, or let your imagination soar to the stars and engineer spaceships and robots of your own ...
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To ensure food safety for children, the Council of Agriculture’s Agriculture and Food Agency (AFA) yesterday said it has collaborated with elementary schools to provide Good Agricultural Practice (GAP)--certified vegetables for use in school lunches.
The GAP label is a certification mechanism meant to help consumers verify the safety of vegetables and fruit.
The label guarantees that vegetables and fruit were grown in natural conditions using reasonable pest prevention measures, harvested during safe harvest periods and have passed safety examinations.
The labels also provide information on the source of the produce, including the location where the vegetables and fruit were grown and the entity responsible for their production.
Some elementary schools in Taipei City and New Taipei City (新北市) have signed contracts to provide school lunches with GAP-certified fruit and vegetables, starting from the second semester this year, the AFA said, adding that eight elementary schools in Taoyuan County have also signed onto the scheme.
Aside from quelling parents’ worries over the safety of their children’s school lunches, the scheme also boosts consumption of local produce in Taoyuan County, an important growing area for leafy green vegetables, the AFA said.
Taoyuan currently has about 284 hectares of farmland devoted to leafy greens and 33 agricultural production and sales groups with GAP certification, the AFA said.
Consuming GAP-certified fruit and vegetables from a local agricultural production and sales entity is beneficial to the environment because it reduces the distance that produce is shipped from farm to consumer, the agency said, adding that it would promote the model in other counties to encourage a safe and responsible food supply system for school children.
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Due Friday, Oct 8
Problem 1 - BigO
Let us going to compare algorithms with different BigO runtimes. Consider the following algorithms:
We want to see how much time these algorithms really need for different values of N. To measure that, we will need to start a stop watch, then run an algorithm numerous times for the same N value, e.g. 1000 or even 10000 times and then stop the watch. We can plot the stopped time in the console. This will give us the an output that looks similar to the following figure:
10 x 11 x 12 x 13 x 14 x 15 x 16 x
As you will see, some of the algorithms are so fast that such a picture looks like a straight line and doesn't reveal the actual differences. Therefore, we would like to run the algorithms not only for consecutive N - e.g, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, ..., 28, 29 -, but also for N that grows faster - e.g., 4, 9, 16, 25, ..., 361, 400.
Sounds very complicated? We can greatly simplify the challenge if we make good use of Java's object-oriented features:
Create an abstract class that does all the work that is common, runs an algorithm for different values of N, starts and stops the "stop watch" and plots the graph. Let's call the method that does all the work plot().
This class should have as a field an array of integers that define the values of N. This field should be set in the constructor, together with the name of the algorithm and with the number of times to run the algorithm.
But how does the plot() method run the different algorithms? It can do it because it can call an abstract method that represents an arbitrary algorithm. (This abstract class is very similar to the interface in Assignment 1 and the abstract method is the equivalent of the method the interface defined there!)
Now you can implement the four actual algorithms as four subclasses of our abstract class. Each of the subclasses needs only to provide an implementation of the abstract method. (Also, it will need a constructor to provide the info specific to this particular algorithm, e.g. its name.)
You'll need to plot eight graphs - we have four algorithms and we'd like to see their performance with two different sets of of N values. Therefore, your driver program can construct an array of the corresponding eight versions of our algorithms. Then the program can go through a for loop to run the eight graphs.
After comparing the eight sets of graphs, order them according to their Big O efficiency in the Javadoc of your driver class.
Problem 2 - ADT
In computational mathematics, it is often important to be as exact as
possible. If your computations use only rational numbers - i.e., fractions - you
can be exact! Let's create the ADT
Fraction that allows you to compute with
Fraction will have two attributes: a numerator and a denominator,
To support the typical arithmetic operations,
support the following behaviors:
divide. (Note that since each of these behaviors represent a binary
operation, your behaviors will have to accept another fraction.)
In addition, there should be a the following behaviors:
simplifythat will divide both attributes by their GCD,
changeSignthat will convert a negative fraction to its counterpart and vice versa.
setthat sets both attributes of the fraction,
valuethat delivers the fraction's value as a floating point number, and
toStringthat provides a textual representation of the fraction.
Create a driver program with a menu to allow the user to manipulate fractional numbers using the above behaviors.
Due Friday, Sept 24
Write a Java program that computes the binomial coefficient (n over k) using three different methods:
A nicely formatted formulas are here.
Compare how much time each of these three alternatives need using System.currentTimeMillis().
Write a Java program that computes the all the prime numbers that are less than n using the Sieve of Erasthothenes algorithm. This an informal description of the algorithm:
Hint: You can use an array of boolean values, e.g. where false means "it's red, i.e. a multiple, i.e. not prime" and true means "it's green of blue, i.e. prime or possible prime". Whether it's blue or green is simply a matter of where you are in the list of numbers.
Due Friday, Sept 10
Problem 1. Tables of mathematical functions
You have probably encountered tables of mathematical functions in high
school, for instance logarithmic tables. Such tables are important: for
instance, mathematical APIs such as
java.lang.Math often use such
tables internally because looking up a value in a table is typically more
efficient than computing the values.
In this assignment you will create a program that outputs FIVE different tables of mathematical functions. Each of these functions should be represented by a class and defines a method for computation. The output should be done in the main program with ONE output method that takes such function as its argument. (To be precise, it the argument will be an object of the class that represents the function.) This output function should write the table to the console, for instance like this:
x | sin(x) ------|------ 0.00 | 0.00 2.00 | 0.91 4.00 | -0.76 6.00 | -0.28 8.00 | 0.99
Notice that you will need to write the function's name (e.g.
in the heading of the table. What is the best way to do that?
Extra points: Constructing the name of a polynomial - even just of a linear function - in the customary way isn't quite trivial as you need to skip coefficient that are 0, leave out the coefficients that are 1, write only - if a coefficient is -1, etc. You get extra points if you get it right.
Due Friday, August 27
Become familiar with all the pages at our course web site www2.hawaii.edu/~janst/211. Also, look at the TA's home page www2.hawaii.edu/~johnwu/ - that's where important information about homework assignments will be posted.
Construct a web page that contains the following information and post it so that it is available at http://www2.hawaii.edu/~youraccount/ics211/info_about_myself.htm (e.g. in case of our TA it would be at http://www2.hawaii.edu/~johnwu/ics211/info_about_myself.htm:
Make sure your face is clearly visible in your photograph - this is to help the instructor and the TA learn who you are. If you do not have a clear photograph, have your picture taken in class by the instructor.
To protect your privacy, make sure that there is an index.html file in your public_html/ folder so that when someone is trying to look at your "home" page for ics211, they will not see the page info_about_myself.htm in the "index". In fact, you may opt to use another name instead of info_about_myself.htm and send the link to the TA.
Doing this assignment earns you extra-credit points, which is much to your advantage.
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If an ellipse is rotated about the major axis,
you obtain a football.
2. Satellite and Planet Orbits
Kepler's first law of planetary motion is:
The path of each planet is an ellipse with the sun at one focus.
3. Whispering Galleries -- in the old House of representatives
Statuary Hall in the U.S. Capital building is elliptic.
It was in this room that John Quincy Adams, while a member of the
House of Representatives, discovered this acoustical phenomenon.
He situated his desk at a focal point of the elliptical ceiling,
easily eavesdropping on the private conversations of other House
members located near the other focal point.
4. Whispering Galleries -- Mormon tabernacle
The Mormon Tabernacle in Salt Lake City has an elliptical ceiling.
You can hear a pin drop from 175 feet away.
The Tabernacle is 250 feet long, 150 feet wide, and 80 feet high.
The organ has 11,623 pipes!
5. Elliptical Pool Table
The reflection property of the ellipse is useful in elliptical pool --
if you hit the ball so that it goes through one focus,
it will reflect off the ellipse and
go into the hole which is located at the other focus.
6. The Ellipse in D.C.
The Ellipse near the White House in Washington, DC is aptly named.
7. Carpentry -- Bookcases
When I built the three sets of bookcases in my basement,
I needed a decorative board for the top. I choose to cut out ellipses.
The dimensions of one of the boards is given above.
The 25" represents 2a , the fixed sum (and also the major axis).
The 3.5" represents b, half of the minor axis.
How did I determine c, the distance from the center to the focus?
Once I knew c, I placed thumb tacks at the two foci and used a piece
of string to draw the ellipse which was to be cut out.
8. Carpentry -- Roof Vent Pipes
From a letter to the Mathematics Teacher
by William H. Enos
Recently a teacher asked if my class could provide him with a
set of ellipse templates that he could use for laying out holes in
roofs of varying pitches for standard 3 3/4-inch-outside-diameter
vent pipe. As my students were well acquainted with the string-
and-thumbtack constructions of ellipses, we accepted the challenge.
We knew that a roof of steeper pitch would call for an ellipse of
greater eccentricity. What we didn't count on was that the pitch
of the roof expressed as a ratio would jump right out at us from
our construction tables. To wit,
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Conodonts : Wiki Commons
Scientists have discovered why the ‘broken world’ following the worst extinction of all time lasted so long – it was simply too hot to survive.
The end-Permian mass extinction, which occurred around 250 million years ago in the pre-dinosaur era, wiped out nearly all the world’s species. Typically, a mass extinction is followed by a ‘dead zone’ during which new species are not seen for tens of thousands of years. In this case, the dead zone, during the Early Triassic period which followed, lasted for a perplexingly long period: five million years.
A study jointly led by the University of Leeds and China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), in collaboration with the University of Erlangen-Nurnburg (Germany), shows the cause of this lengthy devastation was a temperature rise to lethal levels in the tropics: around 50-60°C on land, and 40°C at the sea-surface.
Lead author Yadong Sun, who is based in Leeds while completing a joint PhD in geology, says: “Global warming has long been linked to the end-Permian mass extinction, but this study is the first to show extreme temperatures kept life from re-starting in Equatorial latitudes for millions of years.”
It is also the first study to show water temperatures close to the ocean’s surface can reach 40°C – a near-lethal value at which marine life dies and photosynthesis stops. Until now, climate modellers have assumed sea-surface temperatures cannot surpass 30°C. The findings may help us understand future climate change patterns.
The dead zone would have been a strange world – very wet in the tropics but with almost nothing growing. No forests grew, only shrubs and ferns. No fish or marine reptiles were to be found in the tropics, only shellfish, and virtually no land animals existed because their high metabolic rate made it impossible to deal with the extreme temperatures. Only the polar regions provided a refuge from the baking heat.
Before the end-Permian mass extinction the Earth had teemed with plants and animals including primitive reptiles and amphibians, and a wide variety of sea creatures including coral and sea lillies.
This broken world scenario was caused by a breakdown in global carbon cycling. In normal circumstances, plants help regulate temperature by absorbing Co2 and burying it as dead plant matter. Without plants, levels of Co2 can rise unchecked, which causes temperatures to increase.
The study, published today [19 October 2012] in the journal Science, is the most detailed temperature record of this study period (252-247 million years ago) to date.
Sun and his colleagues collected data from 15,000 ancient conodonts (tiny teeth of extinct eel-like fishes) extracted from two tonnes of rocks from South China. Conodonts form a skeleton using oxygen. The isotopes of oxygen in skeletons are temperature controlled, so by studying the ratio of oxygen isotopes in the conodonts he was able to detect temperature levels hundreds of millions of years ago.
Professor Paul Wignall from the School of Earth and Environment at the University of Leeds, one of the study’s co-authors, said: “Nobody has ever dared say that past climates attained these levels of heat. Hopefully future global warming won’t get anywhere near temperatures of 250 million years ago, but if it does we have shown that it may take millions of years to recover.”
The study is the latest collaboration in a 20-year research partnership between the University of Leeds and China University of Geosciences in Wuhan. It was funded by the Chinese Science Foundation.
For more information:
‘Lethally hot temperatures during the early Triassic greenhouse’ by Yadong Sun (University of Leeds and China University of Geosciences), Michael Joachimski (University Erlangen-Nurnberg, Germany), Paul B. Wignall (University of Leeds), Chunbo Yan (China University of Geosciences), Yanlong Chen (University of Graz, Austria), Haishui Jiang (China University of Geosciences, Lina Wang (China University of Geosciences) and Xulong Lai (China University of Geosciences) is published in Science on 19 October 2012. For a copy please view the web page http://www.eurekalert.org/jrnls/sci/ or contact the Science press team, phone +1 202-326-6440 or email firstname.lastname@example.org
Contributing Source : University of Leeds
HeritageDaily : Palaeontology News : Paleontology Press Releases
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Compared to other countries, American students test poorly when it comes to math aptitude. Over the last sixty years, the proportion of math majors has declined by half.
A professor at Duke University, Jacob Vigdor says the strict testing requirements are bad for all students. The math curriculum currently calls for students to start studying algebra in 8th grade, which puts them on a trajectory to take calculus in high school.
Vigdor says many 8th graders aren’t ready to hit do coefficients and variables and should keep studying math fundamentals. Because students and teachers are pushed to excel at standardized tests, the entire math education system is compromised.
Is a one-size-fits-all curriculum bringing standards down? How should math education change and adapt? Is it practical to adapt entire school students to accommodate different ability levels?
Jacob Vigdor, Professor of Public Policy and Economics at Duke University
Gary Lorden, Professor of Mathematics, California Institute of Technology
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Our next lesson is about David and Mephibosheth. We will be focusing on COMPASSION and KEEPING OUR PROMISES. This is a wonderful story to illustrate then need for compassion and keeping our promises. I love this story!!
I decided to make my OWN visuals for this story. I will have my "Mephibosheth" hobble up to "David" during my telling of this story. I think the VISUALS turned out cute. :)
These are our new words for our WORD WALL. I thinks it is important to have these words up in the room where I am reminded to remind the KIDDOS of the need to put these words into ACTIONS!!! I love the "WORD WALL." I ofter remind the KIDDOS of past words that come up again in 'NEW' stories.
These are our WHO? WHAT? WHEN? WHERE? WHY? AND HOW? cards. We will be making sure to focus on each of those aspects of the story. I really FOCUS on these aspects of each BIBLE story. I feel if the KIDDOS can answer these questions, for EACH story they learn, then they will have a BETTER understanding of HOW to use these stories through their life.
Our memory verse comes from Proverbs. I thought this was a PERFECT memory verse to go with this lesson. (I will probably have to explain what the word desired means.) I may end up with that one on the WORD WALL. We will sing this Memory Verse to the tune: Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star.
Because our focus is on being COMPASSIONATE like DAVID we are going to be making cards for those of our congregation that are sick or those that are "shut-ins." This will be our "TAKE-HOME" activity this week. The Kiddos will color the cards and help me write sweet, loving and encouraging words to the person we are sending the card to....I will either hand deliver the cards or mail them out on Monday.
Our REVIEW Game is a 'type' of "Musical Chairs" game. I have laid out hula hoops (I purchased these at the Dollar Tree) on the floor. I laid a big laminated number in each hula hoop...except the one in the middle. I have a BIG foam die (I purchased it at the Dollar Tree, too. They come in a set of 2.) in the middle hula hoop.
The idea for this Review Game being....We will sing a song that goes with the lesson....when I say, "STOP" we will roll the DIE and whatever number I roll...the Kiddo in the corresponding numbered hula hoop will answer a question about the lesson. I know they will enjoy this FUN and ACTIVE Review game. And what a great way to include singing, moving, and review all together!!!
Next Sunday, when we REVIEW the LESSON...we will do our Explorer Journal Activity... And, this is what I came up with for this lesson. They will color the picture of King David and Mephibosheth....and then they will get to add little wooden crutches to Mephibosheth. I made the crutches from craft sticks (TONGUE DEPRESSORS is what I called them growing up. LOL)
I think they are kinda cute....and any time the Kiddos can add a 3D element to their projects they get excited....and it helps bring the story to LIFE for them. It takes a little more prep on my part...but it is SOO worth the effort!!!
Hope your prep for Bible Class is going well....Remember, you can't do your best at teaching the kiddos if you do not spend time PREPPING!!!!! "Study to show yourself approved!!!"
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1. Running Long Distance
It amazes me that many coaches still believe that long distance running is the key in improving stamina for pitchers. Even worse some coaches make there pitchers run poles after a start or outing. Simply put, there is no science or research to prove that long distance running has a positive effect on stamina or the recovery process. What is even more staggering is that this myth has been accepted at almost every level of baseball . Baseball is a power sport. It is a game of quick, short, and explosive bursts. Compare this to long distance running which is very slow and controlled, clearly you an see that there is no correlation between the demands of a pitching and the demands of long distance runners.
Another argument is that running after pitching will break up lactic acid. Sure, maybe this would work if lactic acid actually accumulated after pitching but it doesn’t. Instead the soreness a pitcher feels 1-2 days after pitching are micro-tears in the muscles. I could write for days about why long distance running is not the answer for pitchers but hopefully by now you get the idea. If you want to check out a whole article on Why Pitchers Should Not Run Long Distance click here.
2. Lifting light weights for high reps
Aside from skill, physical strength is the most important attribute an athlete can possess. It is the foundation upon which other athletic skills are built. Speed, agility, flexibility, mobility, power, and explosiveness are components of baseball that can be significantly improved by dramatic increases in strength. Baseball is a ballistic sport that involves quick and explosive movements. In order to increase power and speed, you must have a solid base and foundation to build on. The best athletes have incredible relative body strength. Simply put, strong baseball players who are able to produce forceful contractions will be more successful than weak players who rely on skill only. The combination of skill, power and strength will help baseball players reach their maximum potential.
3. Playing baseball all year around
This is the biggest issue I see in many young baseball players today and a whole article should be written about why young baseball players should not play baseball all year around. In fact, I would go as far and say if you want to become the best baseball player possible, start playing more sports!
Here is a typical high school baseball players year long schedule:
- March 3rd-High school season starts. Chances are the baseball player has been throwing and hitting in the off season.
- Mid June- High school season ends and player jumps right into summer baseball.
- Beginning of August-Summer ball ends (maybe) and baseball players takes 1 month off from throwing or hitting
- Beginning of September-Fall ball starts up and athlete jumps right back in after doing nothing for the past month OR a player jumps right back into it after summer ball.
- Late October- Fall ball ends.
This type of schedule presents a few major problems. First off, where is the skill development? A baseball player cannot work on developing proper hitting, throwing and fielding mechanics if they play game after game. Sure they are getting their reps in, but are they good quality reps? Or are they just reemphasizing a bad motor pattern?
Second, where is the physical development? The biggest mistake a young athlete could make is specializing in one sport at a young age, especially baseball players. The wear and tear of throwing a baseball year roung is detremintal to your body. Ever wonder why so many young kids are getting Tommy John surgery these days or suffer from shoulder injuries?
Of course playing games are important but there needs to be a balance between devleoping the proper skill set and displaying it on the field. Simply put, if you are playing baseball in the Spring, Summer and Fall you will not maximize your baseball potential. If you find yourself in this situation start playing other sports. Pick up a fall sport and make sure you work hard in the off season to develop physically.
4. Performing external rotation stretches
When I use to play college baseball I use to see the athletic trainers stretch my fellow teammates into external rotation. This really ercked the hell out of me. Why the hell would you stretch a baseball player into external rotation when they already have more than they already need? Doing external rotation stretches is a sure fire way to injure your shoulder and in some cases your elbow, please stop doing them immediately.
Instead, baseball players should work on strengthening the external rotators. Doing so will help to decelerate the arm and improve injury prevention. Also, most baseball players suffer from an internal rotation deficit in their throwing arm so focus on improving range of motion of the internal rotators.
5. Doing “ab circuits”
Ab circuits have been popularized by the coaches who realize the core is important for all baseball function but do not understand what the function of the core is and how to truly improve core stability. Instead, many coaches throw together these mindless ab circuits at the end of workouts which usually consist of some sort of spinal flexion like sit-ups or crunches, some sort of rotation like a Russian twist and a bunch of other garbage exercises.
In baseball terms the main function of the core is to transmit the power generated from the thighs and the hips throughout the body and redirect it to the ball. Without a strong,powerfull and stable core, a baseball player will never be able to maximize throwing velocity or hitting power. Check out Core Training for Baseball Players for what type of core exercises baseball players should be doing.
Tags: 5 Fatal Mistakes Baseball Players Make, baseball mistakes, biggest mistakes baseball players make, external rotation stretches for pitchers, fatal baseball mistakes, running long distance for pitchers
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Nowadays, when people meet me and hear that I'm a dietitian, the first thing they want to know is: What's the deal with sugar? No doubt, sugar is the diet villain du jour. You've probably seen some scary headlines calling sugar toxic and pointing to it as the source of all our health woes. But the real story is far more complex.
Sugar in large quantities is, in fact, a big threat to your health. For years, experts have been saying that eating too much of any food can up your diabetes risk because overeating leads to obesity, which is the real culprit behind skyrocketing rates of the disease. But recent research suggests that the sweet stuff may have a more direct impact: For every additional 150 calories of added sugar downed per person per day, the prevalence of diabetes rose by 1 percent, even after controlling for obesity, physical activity and calories from other foods, according to a large study looking at international data. When it comes to heart health, excess sugar is also suspect. People who ate the most added sugar more than doubled their risk of death from heart disease, a JAMA Internal Medicine study found.
Adding to the problem, sugar is hiding in many surprising products, such as oatmeal and peanut butter, and confusing food labels make it hard to know how much of it you're getting. So what's a girl to do?
Before you swear off everything from ice cream to strawberries, read my ground rules to satisfying your sweet tooth in the safest way possible.
|Truth #1: Some kinds are better than others|
It's key to know the difference between the two main types of sugar.
Naturally occurring sugar is found in whole foods, such as fruit, vegetables and dairy products. These foods tend to be better for you because they deliver fiber (in the case of produce), as well as protein and calcium (in dairy) and other important vitamins and minerals.
Added sugars are anything sweet put into a food for flavor, from the sugar in store-bought ketchup to the honey you spoon into your tea. (Yes, "natural" sweeteners count.) These sugars are concentrated and mostly devoid of nutrients. Although honey, maple syrup and the like have some healthful antioxidants and minerals, they still pack hefty doses of sweetener per spoonful. This means you get a lot of pure sugar—and calories—in a small portion, making it easy to go overboard and cause big problems. According to the American Heart Association (AHA), increases in sugar intake over the past four decades parallel our expanding waistlines, and studies have connected added sugar, not the naturally occurring kind, to heart disease and diabetes.
|Truth #2: You have to read labels carefully|
A lot of packaged foods contain both naturally occurring and added sugars. But the Nutrition Facts label lumps both kinds together, giving you one combined total. Last year, the FDA proposed separating the two to make it clearer how much of each type you're getting, but until those changes take effect, the easiest way to tell if sugar has been added is to scan the actual ingredients list. If you see sugar grams but no sweeteners listed, then none were added. If you do see any type of sweetener—including brown sugar, cane juice, corn syrup, maltose or fructose—make sure it's not the first thing listed. By law, ingredients must be in descending order of weight, so the higher up the added sugar, the more there is per bite. Also check for multiple types of sugar, which is a sneaky way food companies make something supersweet without telegraphing it on the ingredients list.
But you can automatically slash your sugar load by ditching sweetened drinks, eating mostly whole foods instead of sugary snacks and buying more unsweetened versions of packaged foods.
|Truth #3: The limits are low but doable|
According to the AHA, women should have no more than 100 calories of added sugar per day (about 6 teaspoons). Yet the average woman gets 18 teaspoons a day! Most of our added sugar comes from sweetened drinks and packaged foods, and the Nutrition Facts label lists sugar in grams, not calories or teaspoons, so it's easy to lose track. Fortunately, there's a simple formula for counting up sugar from any source: Just remember that 1 teaspoon equals about 4 grams of added sugar. So if you add a teaspoon to your morning joe and later have a chocolate protein bar with 12 grams (3 teaspoons) of sugar, you have 2 teaspoons (8 grams) left for the day.
|Truth #4: Natural doesn't mean free-for-all|
Hardly any of us are inhaling too many servings of whole fruits and vegetables. But juices, smoothies and dried fruits are another story. Recently, a client was confused when I pointed out that her 15-ounce bottle of green juice contained more than 53 grams of sugar (and nearly 270 calories!). It's all fruits and veggies, she reasoned, so why care? One problem when you gulp your produce is that you're getting natural sugar without fiber (and it's fiber in fruit that slows down digestion and gives your body time to metabolize the sugar). As a result, you store the excess calories as fat. Fiber also prevents blood sugar spikes that can raise your risk of type 2 diabetes.
Dried fruit can be tricky, too; without water, the natural sugars become more concentrated. You can still enjoy it, but right-size your portion: One cup of fresh fruit equals 1/2 cup of 100 percent juice equals 1/4 cup of unsweetened dried fruit. Now you're in control of your sugar calories.
Cynthia Sass, MPH, RD, is Health’s contributing nutrition editor, and privately counsels clients in New York, Los Angeles, and long distance. Cynthia is currently the sports nutrition consultant to the New York Rangers NHL team and the Tampa Bay Rays MLB team, and is board certified as a specialist in sports dietetics.
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El Salvador is the smallest country in Central America although densely populated and boiling with hostility. Emerging from a destructive twelve-year civil war between 1980 and 1992 that killed over 75,000 individuals, the country has observed a significant decline in poverty levels (Global Youth Connect 2008). However, El Salvador is still struggling to recover. High levels of violence and crime are dangerously threatening the country’s social, economic, and political growth. With poverty levels remaining among the globe’s highest, violence and gang activity have come to dominate city street life and even more so, that of rural communities. A small number of development projects have invested themselves in the rural and urban poverty of El Salvador. ASAPROSAR (Asociación Salvadoreña Pro-Salud Rural), the Salvadoran Association for Rural Health, is one human development organization that has made major strides in providing effective aid for impoverished communities through the empowerment of the poor. Based out of the country’s second largest city, Santa Ana, major successes can be seen in their urban youth and microcredit programs.
The roots of El Salvador’s overwhelming political, social, and economic issues and the development aid focused on targeting them, can be better understood and evaluated through a look into the country’s devastating history. Conflict and discontent had been present in El Salvador long before the full outbreak of the war in 1980. In January of 1932, a peasant revolt led by Farabundo Martí occurred against the “Fourteen Families,” the small minority of wealthy landholders who ruled the country through a military dictatorship. The military retaliation that followed, referred to as la matanza, or “the slaughter,” included the murdering of 30,000 indigenous people, or one percent of the country’s population (Almeida 2008, 5). This obscene and ostentatious presentation of power spurred a heightened sense of dissatisfaction and strife from the majority of the suffering population, as the military dictatorship continued to rule.
With this, a number of leftist organizations emerged including the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), named after the hero of the 1932 revolt (Wood 2003). “Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, left-wing guerrillas and right-wing paramilitary death squads engaged in a deadly spiral of political violence” (CJA 2011). In June of 1980, a coalition of the leading leftist organizations and unions called for a general strike of which 100,000 industrial workers, 30,000 teachers, 25,000 public employees, and 100,000 rural workers participated (Brockett 2005, 77-78). When the strike leaders held a press conference at the University of El Salvador, which had become a safe haven for leftist groups, the military invaded the campus with 800 soldiers. 50 people were killed and more than 100 were left injured (Brockett 2005, 78).
The trend of massacre continued as the country plunged into the war. In December of 1981, the Salvadoran’s American-trained Atlacatl Battalion army entered the village of El Mozote murdering hundreds of men, women, children, and the elderly, as well as the village’s animals (Danner 1993). A young man named Chepe Mozote recalls his experience of the massacre as a child. “They slit some of the kids throats, and many they hanged from the tree… the soldiers just kept telling us, ‘You are guerillas and this is justice…’” (Danner 1993, 77).
This growing violence and animus finally exploded with the assassination of Oscar Romero, archbishop of San Salvador, on March 24, 1980 (Erdozaín 1981, 92). Romero was originally given the title of archbishop because the government believed he would put the Marxist priests and base communities in their place while improving their relationship and cooperation with the government. However, through his position, Romero adopted a liberation theology approach with his efforts to empower the campesinos (land workers unable to support themselves and their families) through inspirational services that spoke of rising against the human rights violations of the dictatorship (Erdozaín 1981). Before he was murdered, Romero offered his people this famous quote: “If they kill me, I will rise again in the Salvadoran people’” (Erdozaín 1981, 75). Romero’s legacy carried the Salvadorans through the war and he is now considered a national hero, still thriving within the poor. His inspiration drives much of the development aid geared towards human rights and poverty.
The United State’s role in the Salvadoran Civil War was complicated and contradictory, moving through a dramatic shift in policy between presidencies. For the 1980s, U.S. policy was primarily a military attack. “During Ronald Reagan’s presidency, the United States provided massive aid to the Salvadoran government to defeat what the U.S. administration saw as a communist led insurgency” (El Salvador Implementation of the Peace Accords 2001, 52). However, the U.S. reduced its aid to the Salvadoran military with the election of George Bush and began cooperating with efforts to settle the conflict. With this, the U.S. was strongly supportive of United Nations efforts and shifted to the implementation of aid efforts, becoming a vital part of the peace accords that dealt with justice reform (El Salvador Implementation of the Peace Accords 2001). On January 16, 1992, the Chapultepec Accords (brokered by the United Nations) were signed, including a series of negotiations between the Salvadoran government and the FMLN, including the “cessation of armed conflict by means of a cease-fire, the demobilization of forces, and the establishment of the FMLN as a political entity” (El Salvador Implementation of the Peace Accords 2001, 7). Even with the implementation of these peace accords that ended the war, El Salvador was left in political, social, and economic turmoil. The violent unrest, destructive fear, and demolition of values instilled by the war still linger in the present day, contributing to the difficulty of repair and development.
ASAPROSAR, established during the war, has lived through the country’s most devastating period, striving to provide medical assistance and support for the campesinos. Dr. Vicky Guzmán, the founder of ASAPROSAR, began her work in 1972 after graduating medical school in Mexico (ASAPROSAR 2012). Returning to her home in Santa Ana, Dr. Guzmán took healthcare to rural impoverished communities. As Dr. Guzmán began implementing her cooperative programs, she was continuously followed, her workers persecuted, and their homes burned (ASAPROSAR 2012). She was viewed by the government as an agitator and was imprisoned by El Salvador’s national police throughout 1973 (The Salem Award 2012). Following her imprisonment and house arrest, Dr. Guzmán obtained the legalization of ASAPROSAR in 1986 to ensure protection, validity, and safety for her workers. Dr. Al Gruber, a volunteer and organizer since 1987 notes that during the war, “ASAPROSAR was the only neutral organization providing any medical assistance without a political agenda” (Faces of ASAPROSAR 2011).
Today, the organization serves approximately 140,000 persons living on the margins of society in extreme poverty (ASAPROSAR 2012). Dr. Guzmán has been national director for Habitat for Humanity in El Salvador as well as several other community health organizations (The Salem Award 2012). Along with the Salem Award for Human Rights and Social Justice, she received both the Humanitarian Award for the International Benevolent Mission in Houston, Texas and the "Notable Distinguished Person" award from the Civic Department in Santa Ana, El Salvador in 1993 (The Salem Award 2012). While ASAPROSAR contains six different successful and well functioning programs (community health, rural pre-school, urban youth program, a visual health eye clinic, micro credit, and environment) their development and success in urban youth programs and micro credit are working to mend the war-instilled social and economic problems piece by piece.
37.8% of El Salvador’s population is currently living in poverty (LeRoy 2012). Even as overall poverty decreases gradually, gang life and violence in impoverished communities is becoming a greater issue. The National Council of Public Security estimated the total number of gang members in El Salvador to be 39,000 (Fariña 2010 50). However, the inner workings of gang life are far more complicated than meets the eye. A diminished sense of family and security, relative to El Salvador’s culture as well as the turmoil and degradation still standing from the war, can be attributed to the high crime and violence rates brought on by gang activity.
El Salvador is one of the most violent countries in Latin America, and in the world. In 2007, El Salvador’s homicide rate stood at 60.9 per 100,000 residents and 11.8 per 100,000 male residents (Fariña 2010, 2). This is more than twice the average rate for Latin America, which leads the world in youth homicide rates (Fariña 2010, 3). The two major gangs in El Salvador are the MS-13 and the Mara 18 (M-18), originally formed by the Salvadoran youth of the Rampart neighborhood in Los Angeles, California (Fogelbach 2011, 420). The end of the war in 1992 and the implementation of the Illegal Immigrant Reform and the Immigrant Responsibility Act in the U.S. caused the deportation of these gangs back into El Salvador where they still function today with a growing power and the capturing of younger and younger target members (Fogelbach 2011). Essentially, the two gangs are in a war with each other, fighting for power and violent control in both the urban slums and surrounding rural communities. “Reports on MS-13 and M-18 do not indicate that they have one central leader or top boss. Instead, the gangs are composed of numerous vertically organized cooperative cliques” (Fogelbach 2011, 22). These local subgroups called “clikas,” are comprised of young people from a common neighborhood who work independently to maintain control (Fariña 2010, 57). The rules and regulations of gang involvement are rigid and viciously strict. An 18-year-old gang member in Ilobasco stated that, “If people tried to leave the gang, we would kill them…This was a ‘mission’ for new gang members” (Fariña 2010 58).
On February 24, 2012, the author and five other ASAPROSAR volunteers visited “Emmanuel,” one of El Salvador’s poorest communities located just outside the urban center of Santa Ana. After Volcano Chingo erupted, destroying hundreds of rural homes, a group of victims decided to form a new community that would become Emmanuel. Together, they decided to form a board of leaders and elect a president. A woman named Marixa was elected as President, which is an unusual occurrence in El Salvador’s typically “macho” culture. For a short while, Emmanuel was thriving as their democratically elected board led by Marixa worked steadily to build the community and improve the lives of its members.
Today, the community is being taken over by a clika of the MS-13. To gain control of Emmanuel, this clika used a power-gaining tactic known as the “spiral strategy.” Used frequently by gangs to create terror in an area, this strategy functions by first killing outside members of a group before extinguishing its most prominent leaders (Rodrigues 2007). In the case of Emmanuel, MS-13 gang members first murdered a board member called “Green Eyes,” who was also President Marixa’s best friend. When Marixa reported this murder to the police, the MS-13 threatened to kill Marixa and her family unless she agreed to step down from her position as President. Currently, Marixa is in the process of giving up her presidency as a member of the MS-13 plans to run for her position in the next election.
Essentially, a gang offers an individual what he/she needs to survive the abominable circumstances of which he/she has grown up struggling with. A gang provides a child a family, protection, a sense of belonging, and a promise of wealth; all of which those living in poverty in El Salvador do not often have. However, the government is so against gang life that there has been an ongoing social war between the two for decades. Since 2003, the “anti-gang” crackdown has put an austere stress on the country’s prison system, with severe overcrowding and resulting violence (Fariña 2010, 148). The Salvadoran government’s response to the phenomenon of youth gangs has been ineffective and damaging. Direct responses include human rights abuses in prison systems and repressive law enforcement tactics that target specific stereotypical categories of Salvadoran society, including those with tattoos, general youth, and deportees (Fariña 2010, 156).
“The lack of protection for presumed or future victims of gang and other violence takes a number of forms, including failure to ensure the security of potential victims of violence; a lack of effective witness protection; and inadequate or non-existent criminal investigations into alleged or presumed inter- or intra-gang violence” (Fariña 2010, 157).
The 2008 documentary La Vida Loca attempted to show the behind-the-scenes mechanisms of gang life and disprove many misconceptions of gangs and their motives. La Vida Loca follows the MS-13 and the M-18 as well as a group of urban youth who were striving to open a bakery business. This bakery was labeled and targeted by the government as a gang because of their organized efforts and “gang-like” formation, despite their harmless goals of entrepreneurship and community building. They faced struggles and persecution from the government that eventually shut down their business (La Vida Loca 2008). A member of the M-18 murdered the director of the documentary, Christian Poveda, just a year after its release (Aleman 2009).
In an informational meeting composed of twelve North American ASAPROSAR volunteers on Monday February 1, 2011, Dr. Vicky Guzmán and her daughter Lucy Guzmán, spoke of the importance of ASAPROSAR’s work for the prevention of child gang involvement. They expressed that 54% of El Salvador’s population is 20 years old or younger. Therefore, the country’s future will rely on the youth. However, the government is inactive in regards to the youth and health care and education systems are weak and almost nonexistent.
One of ASAPROSAR’s programs, the “Barefoot Angels,” targets young people ages 7-18 who work in the central market of Santa Ana. “The program is one of the few alternatives to the city’s gangs” (ASAPROSAR 2012). The Barefoot Angels offers urban youth a positive alternative to gang life while managing to fill the sought after voids of protection, purpose, and family of which a gang provides. The Barefoot Angels emphasizes leadership development and stresses the importance of giving back to the community. The program includes tutoring, computer and English classes, dance, theatre, sports, and sex education. The Barefoot Angels currently has over 300 active children enrolled and is progressively working to expand (ASAPROSAR meeting Monday February 1, 2011).
Magicians Without Borders is one particularly unique program associated within the Barefoot Angels. Founder Tom Verner, a Professor of Psychology, travels to El Salvador every three months along with his wife and volunteer theater teachers. They perform magic shows for children of rural communities and teach magic and theater performance to the Barefoot Angels. Through ASAPROSAR funding and support, these young magicians travel to orphanages, hospitals, and areas of disaster in El Salvador to perform (“Magicians Without Borders” 2009). “Magic is used as a therapy and now a social enterprise that will also combat abuse and gang violence. Confidence from performing on stage, respect from crowds and peers, and the avenue for expression make magic an important method for working with troubled youth in El Salvador” (Corson 2011). On February 24, 2012, a group of five North American ASAPROSAR Volunteers visited the Barefoot Angels morning program in Santa Ana where two 12-year-old Barefoot Angels performed a magic show. The children demonstrated great poise, confidence, and impressive performance techniques.
ASAPROSAR also offers a rural preschool program for children ages 3-6 called the “Sprouts of Hope.” The program’s success is demonstrated in the instillation of education and proper hygiene for children at a young age. ASAPROSAR staff members, trained to diagnose malnutrition and development delays, teach the program. Parent involvement has been a key to the program’s success as mothers take turns in preparing a nutritious lunch for the children each day with funds provided by ASAPROSAR. This incentive allows mothers to get involved in the program and encourages them to attend free parenting classes. “Children… who would otherwise be playing at home on dirt floors with minimal supervision, instead are offered a Head Start-style curriculum of reading readiness, art, drama and personal hygiene” (ASAPROSAR 2012).
Another program of ASAPROSAR that has demonstrated significant progression is the microcredit program, which offers smalls loans to groups of women who cannot afford formal banking. ASAPROSAR’s Rural Microcredit Program –open to women only –is based on the Grameen Bank model created by Muhammed Yunus. In his book Banker to the Poor, Yunus lays out the format for micro-lending and notes that all center meetings must be conducted out in the open. “This reduced the danger of corruption, mismanagement, and misunderstandings and it kept the leaders and the bank workers directly accountable to the borrowers” (Yunus 1999, 66). ASAPROSAR follows this model exactly with the supervision of an ASAPROSAR staff member for each meeting. This process creates a greater sense of togetherness and cooperation. Although the women receive a loan as a group, they are responsible for the running of their own business and repaying a portion of the loan individually. Dr. A.K. Arya, author of Micro Credit and Rural Poverty explains why the system offers so much to women, “…it gives [women] an independent means of generating wealth and becoming self-reliant in a society that does not offer much scope for entrepreneurship” (Arya 2012, 46).
ASAPROSAR works to empower the poor, truly focusing in on the empowerment of women through microcredit. “Empowerment is one of the major goals of microcredit and it’s considered as a proper index to evaluate it. Creating self-reliance and self-confidence in people, empowerment is one of the important factors to deal with poverty. It also creates social capacity” (Sadighi 2011, 27). On February 21, 2012, the author and four other ASAPROSAR volunteers visited three microcredit groups in Santa Ana’s surrounding rural communities. The groups of women welcomed the North American volunteers with warm smiles and open arms. Each session began with a formal prayer conducted in unison. From here, an ASAPROSAR staff member would regulate the meeting in which all funds and dues were presented in the open. Next, each woman had a chance to speak of the state of her business, and difficulties she may have encountered. The women spoke with confidence as they proudly presented their progress. The microcredit meetings were organized and efficient, allowing also for open discussion of problems and issues to address. Each meeting ended again with coming together though prayer.
Even within one year, substantial progress can be seen in the microcredit groups of ASAPROSAR. From 2011 to 2012, the author observed significant improvements within various microcredit groups while traveling to Santa Ana to work with ASAPROSAR. Along with four other North American ASAPROSAR volunteers, the author visited the same microcredit group that she had the previous year. In 2011, the group was falling apart due to major trust issues and unorganized objectives and functioning. At their bi-weekly meeting, the group of ten women fought with each other, making accusations of stealing and fraud. In 2012, the same exact microcredit group demonstrated wonderful teamwork, cooperation, and a miraculous turn around in trust and honesty. Lucy Guzmán revealed to the ASAPROSAR volunteers that this one microcredit group had become one of the strongest in the organization through the help in restructuring, and support given by ASAPROSAR (ASAPROSAR meeting February 21, 2012). Progress was also noted within the other five to six microcredit groups the volunteers visited.
Dr. Guzmán lived through the devastation of El Salvador’s Civil War, encountering immense obstacles through her journey to provide assistance and health care to the rural poor. Since these early days of ASAPROSAR’s beginnings during the war, the organization has grown enormously with the expansion of their health care programs and the addition of others such as microcredit and the Barefoot Angels. Such programs have allowed the organization to provide effective aid in several areas of life that continue to threaten the growth and development of the country’s impoverished communities and at-risk youth.
ASAPROSAR’s communicative and interactive approach to need has greatly contributed to its progress. They do not simply hand out aid, but provide ways for individuals to take on responsibility with effective incentives and systematic programs. Although ASAPROSAR brings in several North American volunteers each year, their year-round staff are Salvadoran. Their knowledge and first-hand experiences of El Salvador’s complex and depredating history, as well as the current state and development of the country, allows for true understanding of the Salvadoran way of life and a keen sense of specific aid needed. Many of ASAPROSAR’s staff were once members of programs such as the “Barefoot Angels.” They have grown up in Santa Anna and have been in the place of those that ASAPROSAR seeks to help. Margarita, the lead manager of ASAPROSAR’s micro-credit program was once a Barefoot Angel herself and became a leader within the organization. “She has studied the Grameen Bank model in the Philippines and attended numerous conferences and trainings on the microfinance” (Busbee 2010). This unique characteristic is one that sets the organization apart and truly contributes to its success and the empowerment of the rural poor.
Aleman, Marcos. “Christian Poveda: French Filmmaker Killed In El Salvador; 1 arrested.” The Huffington Post. 3 September 2009. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/09/04/christian-poveda-french-d_n_277128.htm.
Almeida, Paula D. Waves of Protest: Popular Struggle in El Salvador 1925-2005. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008.
Arya, Dr. A.K. Micro Credit and Rural Poverty. New Delhi: Sumit Enterprises, 2012.
“ASAPROSAR: Salvadoran Association for Rural Health.” 2012. http://www.asaprosar.org/
“Background on El Salvador.” The Center for Justice and Accountability: Bringing Human Rights Abusers to Justice (CJA). 2011. http://www.cja.org/article.php?list=type&type=199.
Brockett, Charles D. Political Movements and Violence in Central America. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Busbee, Julia. “You Gotta Give ‘Em Credit: ASAPROSAR’s Micro-Credit Program.” Salem State College: Graduate School of Social Work, 2010. http://asaprosar.net/files/You%20Gotta%20Give'em%20Credit.pdf.
Corson, Palmer. “Magic and the Children of El Salvador: Using Performance Art to Empower Youth.” ASAPROSAR Newsletter. Vol. III Issue II, Spring 2011. http://www.asaprosar.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=41%3Amagic-and-the-children-of-el-salvador&catid=14%3Arecent-news&Itemid=11&lang=en.
Danner, Mark. The Massacre at El Mozote. New York: Vintage Books, 1993.
El Salvador: Implementation of the Peace Accords. Edited by Margarita S. Studemeister. Washington D.C: United States Institute of Peace, 2001.
Erdozaín, Plácido. Archbishop Romero: Martyr of Salvador. New York: Orbis Books, 1981.
Faces of ASAPROSAR. Directed by Danielle Girdwood, 2011. http://vimeo.com/17275017.
Fariña, Laura Pedraza, Spring Miller, and James L. Cavallaro. No Place to Hide: Gange, State, and Clandestine Violence in El Salvador. International Human Rights Clinic: Harvard Law School, 2010.
Fogelbach, Juan J. “Gangs, Violence, and Victims in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras.” San Diego International Law Journal. Spring 2011, Vol. 12 Issue 2, p417-462.
Global Youth Connect. “El Salvador.” 2008. http://www.globalyouthconnect.org/country_elsalvador.html
La Vida Loca: locked to the streets: life of the Maras. Directed by Christian Poveda. 2008. San Salvador: Latin Fusion Entertainment, 2010. DVD.
LeRoy, Paula. “Violence and Poverty Entangled in El Salvador.” University for Peace: peace and conflict monitor, Analysis II. April 2012. http://www.monitor.upeace.org/innerpg.cfm?id_article=896.
“Magicians Without Borders.” ASAPROSAR Newsletter. September 2009. http://asaprosar.net/files/Magicians%20Without%20Borders(1).pdf.
Rodrigues, Gomercindo. Walking the Forest with Chico Mendes: Struggling for Justice in the Amazon. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2007.
Sadighi, Mojtaba. “Empowerment of Rural Women and Microcredit Programs in the World.” Nature & Science. August 2011, Vol. 9 Issue 8, p25-29.
The Salem Award Foundation: For Human Rights and Social Justice. Recipients- “Vicky Guzman, MD.” 2012. http://www.salemaward.org/vicky-guzman-md-18.html.
Wood, Elizabeth Jean. Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Yunus, Muhammed. Banker to the Poor: Micro-Lending and the Battle Against World Poverty. New York: Public Affairs, 1999.
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- Regional accents are alive and well in the United States
- We asked iReporters to tell us about their accents
- Some feel having a local accent hurts them professionally
- Others say they take pride in their accent
Hours of TV each day. The internet. Increased travel and mobility.
All these factors expose us to culture and voices on a national rather than local scale. But if you think all this exposure is homogenizing our language, think again. Regional accents are going strong around the United States, bringing with them all kinds of cultural flavor.
If you're one of the many that assume all this media exposure must be homogenizing the American accent, you're not alone. It sounds like a logical hypothesis: The accents heard in the media are far-reaching and pervasive, so local accents must be on the decline as the population is exposed to all this "standardized" speech. But experts say it's a common misconception that has no basis in fact.
"There is zero evidence for television or the other popular media disseminating or influencing sound changes or grammatical innovations," wrote linguist J.K. Chambers in a 2006 essay for PBS. And experts agree that regional accents around the United States are alive and well.
But what effect are these regional accents having on American culture? As part of the CNN iReport cultural census, which examines some of the more intangible characteristics that define the American population, we asked people around the country to read a standard passage aloud so we could evaluate their regional accent. We also asked them to tell us a little about their speech: how they feel about their accent, who influenced it, and how they think others view it.
Some of the strongest opinions came from iReporters with "country" accents: Southern or Western. These accents are among the most stigmatized in the United States, and people who possess them have a wide range of views, from pride to annoyance.
"I hope that when others hear me speak, they hear me, not my western twang," writes iReporter Sarah Beth Boynton, who was raised in Salt Lake City.
Boynton grew up singing with her family and got sick of hearing that she should only sing country music because of her accent.
"I have made a concerted effort to speak with as little 'western twang' in my accent as possible," she revealed.
Meghann Holmes also tries to modulate her accent, but for professional reasons. A native of Kentucky, she says she's proud of her accent and has "great appreciation for regional accents and dialects." But she thinks this pride may not be appropriate for her workplace.
"Because I work in public relations, and because I am aware that some employ a negative image of people with strong 'hillbilly' accents, I tend to modify my speech when I am conducting business," says Holmes, who lives in London, Kentucky.
According to law professor Mari Matsuda, concerns like Holmes' are well-founded. Matsuda, who teaches and writes at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, penned a frequently cited paper called "Voices of America: Accent, Antidiscrimination Law, and a Jurisprudence for the Last Reconstruction" for the Yale Law Journal.
"Sociolinguists have shown that in the area of speech evaluation, we are particularly susceptible to the cultural stereotypes we have absorbed," she writes. "Low-status accents will sound foreign and unintelligible. High-status accents will sound clear and competent."
Or, to put it simply, "there is significant discrimination against regional accents," she said via e-mail.
Matsuda argues that discrimination against both foreign and domestic accents, intentional or unintentional, can hurt people with a "low-status" accent when they're looking for a job. A University of Chicago psychology study from 2010 backs her up: The study found that people who spoke with a foreign accent were seen as less credible than those who spoke with a "standard" American accent.
Still, some Americans wouldn't give up their regional accent for anything. Just ask Sonya Tricie of New Orleans.
"I always hated my accent growing up, often trying to over-enunciate words to prevent sounding like the people around me," she remembers. But her tune changed, literally, when she went through the hellish experience of Hurricane Katrina.
"After Hurricane Katrina, I was horrified when I realized this very cultural and unique thing might be gone forever," Tricie explains. "I moved back home and there is almost no way to describe how happy it makes me when one of my kids says something so local in our accent!"
"I love my accent. It is a part of me," agrees Kenyotta Elijah of Lufkin, Texas. She, too, tried to change her accent for professional reasons when she was younger, and says she's gotten her fair share of jokes from people who have "preconceived notions about southerners, particularly Texans." But now, it's a point of pride.
"I love it when others, especially northerners, hear me talk," she says. "Most of the time, they find my accent cute."
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Scientists put carbon ceiling at a trillion tonnes
Scientists hope a new approach to assessing carbon build-up in the atmosphere will simplify issues for policymakers and economists.
Two papers published in Nature today (29 April) show that the timings of carbon emissions are not relevant to the debate — it is the total amount of carbon dioxide emitted over hundreds of years that is the key issue.
Rather than basing negotiations on short-term goals such as emission rates by a given year, the researchers say the atmosphere can be regarded as a tank of finite size which we must not overfill if we want to avoid a dangerous temperature rise.
Climate policy has traditionally concentrated on cutting emission rates by a given year, such as 2020 or 2050, without placing these goals within the overall context of needing to limit cumulative emissions.
Both papers analyse how the world can keep the rise in average surface temperatures down to no more than two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. This figure is widely regarded as the threshold beyond which the risk of dangerous climate change rapidly increases. Policymakers around the world have adopted this limit as a goal.
The first study, led by Myles Allen from the University of Oxford, UK, found that releasing a total of one trillion tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere between 1750 and 2500 would cause a "most likely" peak warming of two degrees Celsius. Emissions to 2008 have already released half of this.
Allen said in a press briefing this week (27 April): "It took 250 years to burn the first half trillion tonnes and, on current predictions, we'll burn the next half trillion in less than 40 years."
The second study, led by Malte Meinshausen at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impacts Research, Germany, used a computer model to demonstrate that to avoid exceeding two degrees Celsius by 2100, cumulative carbon emissions must not exceed 0.9 trillion tonnes.
"We have already emitted a third of a trillion in just the past nine years," Meinshausen says.
David Frame, a co-author of the Allen paper and researcher at the University of Oxford, said that these findings make the problem "simpler" than it's often portrayed.
"[The findings] treat these emissions ... as an exhaustible resource. For economists, this way of looking at the problem will be a huge simplification," Frame said.
"Basically, if you burn a tonne of carbon today, then you can't burn it tomorrow ”¦ you've got a finite stock. It's like a tank that's emptying far too fast for comfort. If country A burns it, country B can't. It forces everyone to consider the problem as a whole."
In a separate essay, Stephen Schneider of the Woods Institute for the Environment at Stanford University in the United States, discusses what a world with 1,000 parts per million of carbon dioxide in its atmosphere might look like.
This article is reproduced with kind permission of the
Science and Development Network (SciDev.Net).
For more news and articles, visit www.scidev.net.
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Pacific Oaks College has played a crucial role in the development of early childhood education in the U.S. since 1945. We are dedicated to the fundamental principles of inclusion, social justice, and the valuing of every human being. Our faculty have developed innovative curriculum and tools that are widely used in early childhood and teacher training programs—both in the U.S. and throughout the world.
Pacific Oaks has a strong reputation for its leadership in learning-through-play curriculum and ground-breaking curriculum. Pacific Oaks established the anti-bias curriculum that has now been implemented in schools and is often required reading in early childhood teacher training courses.
Programs in the School of Education
Early Childhood Education
Learn to integrate our transformative approach to education into a career working with children from birth through age 8.
Prepare for a career at any level of elementary or secondary education with our master’s program, which meets the academic requirements for California State Teaching Credentials and provides you with a strong grounding in child and human development theory, as well as extensive hands-on experience.
Teacher Education Credentialing (Stand Alone)
Learn to think critically about diversity, culture, and power in the classroom. Understand that learning is a social, cultural, and cognitive process. Learn to apply effective, pioneering approaches to help students with diverse backgrounds, learning styles, and abilities uncover and realize their unique potential.
Pacific Oaks School of Education credential programs prepares you for California Certification.
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Computer Modeling May Unlock Answers to Complex Problems like Heart Disease
June 14, 2011
What does the beating of your heart have to do with a computer?
Ask Alan Caceres.
As a child, Caceres was curious about what made electronic gadgets actually work. Now, as a computer science major at Lehman College, he is uncovering their secrets—which led him to take a high-powered workshop earlier this year with Professor Nancy Griffeth of Lehman's computer science faculty.
Although the title—Workshop on Atrial Fibrillation—would suggest an audience of cardiologists, those attending actually comprised fifteen students of varying majors who came from many senior colleges within the City University of New York.
The workshop was the second in a series designed to introduce students to the work underway by Professor Griffeth and her colleagues at several prestigious research institutions, including Carnegie Mellon, Cornell, and NYU. They are developing models of biological and man-made systems, as well as techniques for building and analyzing these models, that could help us better understand certain challenging problems.
One of those problems is atrial fibrillation—an abnormal heart rhythm. Other challenges being studied include pancreatic cancer, automobile safety, and aerospace safety. By engaging students like Caceres in this work, Professor Griffeth hopes to encourage them to continue their own scientific research. The project is funded by the National Science Foundation.
At the workshop, Caceres was introduced to the very computationally intensive research being down with NVIDIA graphics cards. In the consumer world, the many parallel processors on these cards are used to improve picture quality on everything from downloaded movies to 3D video games, but NVIDIA provides the capability to use the processors for computation as well as for controlling the display. As a result, the cards can be used to do the time-consuming computations needed to study complex biological systems, like the heart.
In addition, Caceres, who is entering his senior year at Lehman, learned about various simple oscillators—which alternate between different states for long periods of time, similar to a beating heart—and how they tie into the specific research underway. After completing the workshop, he had "great respect" for the other disciplines represented in the sessions and also understood the need for more powerful computing. He was inspired to continue research in his field because "there are obstacles that can be overcome in the near future that can help further expand any interdisciplinary research topic."
Caceres, who is receiving the Lehman College Computer Science and Mathematics Scholarship, is part of the LSAMP (Louis Stokes Alliance for Minority Participation) fellowship and received a second-place overall trophy for mathematics at a recent LSAMP conference. He is interning at IBM, has already produced two research publications, and plans to pursue a doctorate in human-computer-interaction (HCI) and then possibly a doctorate in computational physics.
During the previous workshop in 2010, which focused on pancreatic cancer, nutrition major Tamara Schillin used both math and the BioNetGen tool suite to map signaling pathways in cells, which are involved in the development of cancer. She participated in the workshop to contribute her knowledge of biology and to learn about biochemistry—she was planning to take a course in that area during the following semester.
"The students worked in teams to map the pathways," Schillin explained, "and each student had strengths in math, science, computers, or all of those fields. It was an extremely rigorous and satisfying experience, and one that I won't soon forget."
Schillin sees a direct connection between this kind of work and a significant public-health outcome. "Understanding the myriad of reactions and the kinetics allows scientists to make predictions about products and outcomes," she notes, "and knowing which mechanisms to slow down, switch-off, or accelerate is key to curing diseases like cancer and diabetes."
Schillin sees computers as "the best tool for aiding scientists in navigating the many complexities and variances of cellular metabolism," and that applies to nutritionists as well, who seek to understand how various nutrients and molecules are metabolized and their role in various diseases. The technological modeling produced in the workshop, she believes, "would be ideal for clinical nutritionists, to assist them in making diagnoses and recommendations." The experience, she says, gave her a glimpse into the future.
The subject of atrial fibrillation was inspired by the work of Flavio Fenton of Cornell University, who spent a week teaching and working with the students at the workshop, and Scott Smolka and Radu Grosu of Stony Brook University. The pancreatic cancer workshop was based on the work of Edmund Clarke and Christopher Langmead at Carnegie Mellon University and James Faeder of the University of Pittsburgh. The programs used in that workshop were developed and explained to the students by Ezio Bartocci, a post-doctoral student at Stony Brook University.
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It is frequently said that educating children is not like making widgets because every child is different. As a result, the end quality of the widget is highly dependent upon the material with which you start. Some of the starting material is simply defective and will never produce a suitable widget.
There is, of course, a grain of truth in this argument. But, based on NAEP, about two thirds of our educational widgets roll of the assembly line broken. Educators would have us believe that all the broken widgets are due to defective starting material because their underlying assumption is that they presently are doing the best that they can.
I think there is sufficient research out there that convincingly shows that no more than about 10% of the starting material is fatally defective. This means that about 85% of the broken widgets produced by our education system are not the result of defective material, but rather the result of a broken manufacturing process (the instructional delivery system).
With these parameters in mind, let's analyze the starting material.
Sure, the material comes in differing qualities. Most of the material is average quality. Some is below average and some is of exceptional quality. As I've pointed out above, 90% of the material is capable of being crafted into an acceptable finished widget. But, some of the material will take a great deal of skill to fashion, while some of the material almost builds itself. The weakest material will always result in the vast majority of broken end products. And, the best material will have the fewest.
Let's use the story of the three little pigs to illustrate the point (as if I haven't tortured this metaphor enough already).
The Brick House
The pig with the bricks (the best material) doesn't have to build his house that carefully. It will easily stand up to the big bad wolf. Even with sloppy building, the brick house will often be the strongest and will produce the least number of houses unable to withstand the wolf.
The Wood House
The pig with the wood (average material) has to attend to more details in building his house and has to employ a good design or else it won't stand up to the wolf. Even with careful building, the wood house most likely will not be as strong as the the brick house. And, more of the wood houses will fail when the wolf comes.
The Straw House
The pig with the straw (the weakest material) has a very difficult job ahead of him. He has to build his house very carefully and has to monitor the process every step of the way. He has to use efficient and advanced building techniques to make sure the house is up in time before the wolf comes a knockin'. Any errors are potentially fatal, especially errors building the foundation. This pig has to get everything exactly right and work at an accelerated pace or he'll get eaten by the wolf.
Even with careful building, the straw house will most likely be weaker than the wood house. But the well built straw house can withstand the wolf when he comes. But, overall, the greatest number of failures will be straw houses.
In education today, the craftsmanship standard is average to sloppy. Most brick houses stand up, some of the wood ones do too, but almost none of the straw ones do.
And bear in mind that in most states the big bad wolf is emphysemic.
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Primary Congenital Glaucoma Topic Guide
Primary Congenital Glaucoma: Primary congenital glaucoma is present at birth and may be inherited. Blepharospasm, photophobia, and epiphora are symptoms. A cloudy whitish-gray cornea is a common sign. Treatment of primary congenital glaucoma typically involves surgery.
Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma Acute angle-closure glaucoma is caused by a rapid or sudden increase in pressure inside the eye, called intraocular pressure (IOP). The condition requires treatment by an ophthalmologist which may include medication, surgery, or a combination approach.
Expert Views and News
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A Ride for Liberty -- The Fugitive Slaves (recto)
On View: American Identities: A New Look, American Art Galleries, 5th Floor, Nations Divided, 1860–1910, 5th Floor
In this composition, Eastman Johnson portrayed an enslaved family charging for the safety of Union lines in the dull light of dawn. The absence of white figures in this liberation subject makes it virtually unique in art of the period—these African Americans are independent agents of their own freedom. Johnson claimed to have based the painting on an actual event he witnessed near the Manassas, Virginia, battlefield on March 2, 1862, just days before the Confederate stronghold was ceded to Union forces.
In agony close to her bosom she press’d The life of her heart, the child of her breast:— Oh! love from its tenderness gathering might, Had strengthen’d her soul for the dangers of flight. But she’s free!—yes, free from the land where the slave From the hand of oppression must rest in the grave; Where bondage and torture, where scourges and chains Have plac’d on our banner indelible stains.
—Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (African American poet), “Eliza Harris” (1854)
Oil on paperboard
21 15/16 x 26 1/8 in. (55.8 x 66.4 cm)
frame: 3 x 30 x 35 in. (7.6 x 76.2 x 88.9 cm)
frame: 32 7/16 x 36 5/8 in. (82.4 x 93 cm) (show scale)
Signed lower right: "E. J."
Gift of Gwendolyn O. L. Conkling
No known copyright restrictions
This work may be in the public domain in the United States. Works created by United States and non-United States nationals published prior to 1923 are in the public domain, subject to the terms of any applicable treaty or agreement.
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Eastman Johnson (American, 1824-1906). A Ride for Liberty -- The Fugitive Slaves (recto), ca. 1862. Oil on paperboard, 21 15/16 x 26 1/8 in. (55.8 x 66.4 cm). Brooklyn Museum, Gift of Gwendolyn O. L. Conkling, 40.59a-b
overall, 40.59a_PS9.jpg. Brooklyn Museum photograph, 2016
"CUR" at the beginning of an image file name means that the image was created by a curatorial staff member. These study images may be digital point-and-shoot photographs, when we don\'t yet have high-quality studio photography, or they may be scans of older negatives, slides, or photographic prints, providing historical documentation of the object.
Not every record you will find here is complete. More information is available for some works than for others, and some entries have been updated more recently. Records are frequently reviewed and revised, and we welcome
any additional information you might have.
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| 0.89911
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What was the “Jerusalem Embassy Act of 1995″?
The United States law called the Jerusalem Embassy Relocation Act of 1995, which passed both houses of Congress by lopsided majorities [Senate by a vote of 93 to 5, House of Representatives by a vote of 347 to 37], calls on the US to move its embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem and recognize the latter as the Israeli capital.
The Act determined that the United States' official policy towards Jerusalem was that:
- Israel has the right to determine its own capital
- The US should recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital
- Jerusalem should remain undivided
- The rights of every ethnic and religious group must be protected in Jerusalem
- The US Embassy should be established in Jerusalem no later than May 31, 1999, the expected date of the completion of the Oslo peace process.
- ... suspend the [implementation] for a period of six months if he determines and reports to Congress in advance that such suspension is necessary to protect the national security interests of the United States.
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When the Israelites did that wicked deed [constructed and worshipped the golden calf] Moses sought to appease God, who was angry with them. He said, “Lord of the universe! They have made an assistant for You. Why should You be angry with them? This calf will assist You: You will cause the sun to shine and the calf will cause the moon to shine; You will take care of the stars and the calf will take care of the planets; You will cause the dew to fall and the calf will make the winds to blow; You will cause the rain to fall and the calf will cause the vegetation to sprout.” The Holy One, praised be He, said to Moses, “You are making the same mistake that the people are making! This calf is not real!” Moses then replied, “If that is so, why should You be angry with Your children?” — from Exodus Rabbah, 43:6
Rabbi Nehemiah (circa AD 150) was an Israelite rabbi best known for the earliest Hebrew text on geometry — in which he argued against the Biblical definition of pi = 3, based on the description of the great vessel of the Temple (cf. 1 Kings 7:23). His contributions to midrash — or Hebrew biblical interpretation — survive in the Exodus Rabbah, which was compiled between the 10th and 12th Centuries.
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Hispanic Local History and Genealogy
in the United States
Selected Titles at The Library of Congress
Compiled and Annotated by Lee V. Douglas, Local
History and Genealogy Reading Room
Humanities and Social Sciences Division, Library of Congress
Research Guide No. 40
This bibliography lists titles for research on two primary
topics: histories of American families of Hispanic origin,
and histories of places in the United States settled by people
of Hispanic origin. The nature of these topics requires research
far beyond the borders of the United States, into countries
of Spanish America, Spain, Portugal, and in some instances
as far afield as Corsica and Sweden. The broad sweep of this
research makes the titles here contained potential sources
for secondary topics as well, their scope limited only by
the needs of the researcher.
Part I lists handbooks for genealogical research in the
United States and in some Spanish American countries. Part
II deals with personal names and place names and will benefit
equally the genealogist, the historian, and the linguist.
Part III lists books on Hispanic history of the United States
of America. Parts IV-X list materials for research on specific
American states, most of them former Mexican or Spanish territories.
Parts XI-XV list materials on Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and
Spain, many of which are relevant to emigration or immigration.
Part XV, "Emigration from Spain," merits a section of its
own because it touches on the beginnings of the Spanish movement
across the Atlantic, reasons for its continuation in the nineteenth
and twentieth centuries, and because it helps to trace emigration
routes; relatively few people emigrated directly from Spain
to the United States, but hundreds of thousands traveled from
Spain to Spanish colonies in the Americas, and thence to territories
that now lie within U.S. borders.
Part XVI treats of Spanish Jewish emigration and the unique
circumstances that shaped it. Part XVII lists catalogs and
archives outside the Library of Congress that contain significant
numbers of local histories, censuses, and land records. Parts
XVIII and XIX list materials on Spanish American countries
not covered in preceding sections and materials not easily
categorized under the preceding headings.
It should be emphasized that the titles in this bibliography
are those that the compiler hopes will be of most help to
researchers, but the Library of Congress contains thousands
of additional works on these subjects that may be found in
the library's catalogs by using the subject headings that
appear in the catalog displays of the works here listed.
Table of Contents
III. Hispanic History of
the United States
VIII. New Mexico
X. Other States
XI. Puerto Rico
XV. Emigration from Spain
XVII. Catalogs and Archives
XVIII. Other Countries
of Spanish America
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| ||Format||Pages||Price|| |
|12||$50.00|| ADD TO CART|
|Hardcopy (shipping and handling)||12||$50.00|| ADD TO CART|
|Standard + Redline PDF Bundle||24||$60.00|| ADD TO CART|
Significance and Use
5.1 Hardness of a material is a poorly defined term that may have many meanings depending on the type of test performed and the expectations of the person involved. The Leeb hardness test is of the dynamic or rebound type, which primarily depends both on the plastic and on the elastic properties of the material being tested. The results obtained are indicative of the strength and dependent on the heat treatment of the material tested.
5.2 The Leeb hardness test is a superficial determination only measuring the condition of the surface contacted. The results generated at that location do not represent the part at any other surface location and yield no information about the material at subsurface locations.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the Leeb hardness of steel, cast steel, and cast iron (Part A), including the methods for the verification of Leeb hardness testing instruments (Part B), and the calibration of standardized test blocks (Part C).
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard.
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
ICS Number Code 77.040.10 (Mechanical testing of metals)
UNSPSC Code 81141506(Product testing); 11101704(Steel)
|Link to Active (This link will always route to the current Active version of the standard.)|
ASTM A956-12, Standard Test Method for Leeb Hardness Testing of Steel Products, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2012, www.astm.orgBack to Top
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| 0.85311
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Film And Society In The Middle East
- Course Code:
- Course Not Running 2016/2017
- Unit value:
- Taught in:
- Full Year
Objectives and learning outcomes of the course
By the end of the course, students will be able to:
- Demonstrate an awareness of film language, narrative, and structure as it relates to the cinematic cultures of the Middle East and North Africa
- Situate national and linguistic cinematic traditions within their local, regional, and international contexts
- Synthesise theory, scholarship and analytical approaches from a number of academic disciplines in relation to the study of the film from the region
- Treat films as artistic expressions cultural artefacts that engage both directly and indirectly in social polemics
- Advance and substantiate an original argument with evidence from primary and secondary sources and achieving a balance between abstract theoretical concerns and practical applied criticism
Scope and syllabus
The course will offer a survey of films from the Arab world, Turkey, Iran, and Israel, as well as an overview of the historical development of film in the region and a grounding in the socio-cultural contexts in which films have been produced. Films will be analysed aesthetically, with an awareness of multiple aspects of film technique, and meanings will be interrogated through a number of interdisciplinary and theoretical prisms. Students will be taught the basics of film language and to support their interpretations of films with aural, visual, and narrative evidence. Secondary readings are drawn from films studies, anthropology, sociology, religion, and literary theory and will enable the students to situate the perspectives expressed in the films within contemporary artistic, cultural and political debates.
The course will be divided into thematic units, such as the following:
The Musical: Mimicry and Authenticity
Mainstream cinematic industries in the region emerged alongside the introduction of sound technology to film production. This unit will explore the ways in which film-makers blended imported visual idioms with local aural idioms to create works which were perceived as both ‘modern’ and ‘traditional’ or culturally authentic.
Melodrama and the Politics of Articulation
Melodrama will be explored, after Peter Brooks, as a mode of overt expression where moral dilemmas are treated explicitly and the repressed is brought to the surface. Techniques associated with this expressive mode will be explored, and the dilemmas being articulated will be related to contesting notions of civic society and the ideal citizen.
Realism, Ethnography and Revolution
This unit will engage with the arthouse cinema of the 1960s and 70s that emerged in the Middle East and North Africa as part of a global, left-wing, artistic and cultural movement that embraced common themes and techniques which were often influenced by Italian neo-realism and manifested certain characteristics which came to be known as ‘third cinema’ or ‘third-world cinema’.
Narrative Identities and their De/Construction
In this unit films that problematise constructions of religious, ethnic, national, or sexual identity through the use of specific narrative techniques and devices relating to perspective, voice, and sequencing that destabilise the stance of the protagonist/s. Explorations of these films will focus on the political implications of these destabilised identities in their specific societal contexts.
Films articulating concerns about women’s rights and questioning patriarchal values run the gamut from those that are conventional and formulaic to those that are highly experimental. In this unit we will examine contrasting examples of feminist films, with a special emphasis on cinematic elaborations of time and space and whether and how the films relate women’s experiences to historical chronologies.
Religious Discourses and Cinematic Aesthetics
This unit will investigate a variety of films exploiting aspects of religious heritage, broadly interpreted, for the purpose of artistic innovation: from the direct engagement with contemporary religious perspectives, to symbolic manifestations of Sufi Philosophy, to the strategic treatment of the religious icon, to the narrative implications of the cinematic privileging of Word over Image, to the circumvention of what are seen as religious proscriptions on screen representations.
Method of assessment
A film analysis of 1,500 - 2,000 words to be submitted at the end of term 1 (15%); a film analysis of 1,500 - 2,000 words to be submitted at the end of term 2 (20%); an essay of 4,500 - 5,000 words to be submitted on day 1, week 2, term 2 (30%); an essay of 5,000 - 5,500 words to be submitted on day 1, week 1, term 3 (35%).
- Alia Arasoughly (ed.), Screens of Life: Critical Film Writing from the Arab World (Quebec: World Heritage Press, 1996).
- Walter Armbrust, Mass Culture and Modernism in Egypt (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
- Walter Armbrust (ed.), Mass Mediations: New Approaches to Popular Culture in the Middle East and Beyond (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000).
- Roy Armes, African Filmmaking North and South of the Sahara (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006).
- Roy Armes, Postcolonial Images: Studies in North African Film (Bloomington/Indianapolis: Indiana University Press (2005).
- Savaş Arslan, Cinema in Turkey: a New Critical History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 237-73.
- Hamid Dabashi (ed.), Dreams of a Nation: on Palestinian Cinema (London/New York: Verso, 2006).
- Gönül Dönmez-Colin (ed.), The Cinema of North Africa and the Middle East (London: Wallflower Press, 2007),
- Gönül Dönmez-Colin, Cinemas of the Other: A Personal Journey with Film-makers from the Middle East and Central Asia (Bristol: Intellect, 2006),
- Gönül Dönmez-Colin, Turkish Cinema: Identity, Distance and Belonging (London: Reaktion Books, 2008).
- Nurit Gertz and George Khleifi, Palestinian Cinema: Landscape, Trauma and Memory (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2008).
- Joel Gordon, Revolutionary Melodrama: Popular Film and Civic Identity in Nasser’s Egypt (Chicago: Middle East Documentation Center, 2002).
- Catherine Grant and Annette Kuhn (eds.), Screening World Cinema: a Screen Reader (Abingdon: Routledge, 2006).
- Rebecca Hillauer, Encyclopedia of Arab Women Filmmakers (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2005).
- Oliver Leaman, Companion Encyclopedia of Middle Eastern and North African Film (London/New York: Routledge, 2001).
- Yosefa Loshitzky, Identity Politics on the Israeli Screen (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2001).
- Lizbeth Malkmus and Roy Armes, Arab & African Film Making (Zed: London, 1991).
- Georges Sadoul (ed.), Cinema in the Arab Countries (Beirut, 1966).
- Hamid Reza Sadr, Iranian Cinema: a Political History (London: I.B. Tauris, 2006).
- Rasha Salti (ed.), Insights into Syrian Cinema: Essays and Conversations with Contemporary Filmmakers (New York: ArteEast, 2006)
- Viola Shafik, Arab Cinema: History and Cultural Identity (Cairo/New York: American University in Cairo Press, 1988).
- Viola Shafik, Popular Egyptian Cinema: Gender, Class, and Nation (Cairo/New York: American University in Cairo Press, 2007).
- Ella Shohat, Israeli Cinema: East/West and the Politics of Representation (Austin: Univ. of Texas Press, 1989).
- Miri Talmon and Yaron Peleg (eds.), Israeli Cinema: Identities in Motion (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2011),
- Richard Tapper (ed.), The New Iranian Cinema (London: I.B. Tauris, 2001).
- Saeed Zeydabadi-Nejad, The Politics of Iranian Cinema: Film and Society in the Islamic Republic, (London: Routledge, 2010)
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Software - the hidden infrastructure behind the world's largest scientific facilities
By Neil Chue Hong.
When we think of the infrastructure at scientific facilities, we think first of the huge gleaming machines: the particle accelerators, next-generation sequencers and supercomputers. But behind the scenes, a very different type of infrastructure – software – is needed to manage, store and analyse the data that these machines produce.
Investment in scientific software is large and is often overlooked. This is despite much of the software being used, extended and maintained over a period of decades. Far from being a disposable consumable, software is an enduring part of the infrastructure of a scientific facility.
We were invited by the UK Science Parks Association to contribute our thoughts on the role of software in scientific facilities, and feature the work we have done with the I-CAT team at Rutherford Appleton Laboratories to their quarterly publication, Innovation into Success.
Read the full article on pages 28-29 of the Spring 2013 issue.
Posted by n.chuehong on Wednesday 13 February 2013.
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and B antigens were originally identified on red blood cells. However,
they were also later identified on other types of cells and in
secretion. For example, endothelial cells that form the linings of
capillaries express these antigens depending on blood type. Therefore,
the ABO blood group is important not only for blood transfusion, but
also for cell/tissue/organ transplantation. Also, blood, hairs, and
seminal fluid are important pieces of evidence at crime scenes.
Therefore, ABO blood typing has played an important role in excluding
suspects in forensic investigations. Additionally, A and B antigens are
not solely restricted to humans. Both the same and similar antigens
have been found in other species of organisms. For example, chimpanzees
express A and O blood groups, whereas gorillas express B blood groups.
In addition to primates, many mammals and vertebrates, plants, and
certain microorganisms have been shown to express the same or similar
antigens. The evolution of the ABO system is, therefore, of scientific
Histo-blood group ABO system, blood group ABO system, ABO system, AB0 system, ABO blood groups, AB0 blood groups, ABO blood types, AB0 blood types, ABO genetic locus, ABO genes, ABO, AB0, A glycosyltransferases, B glycosyltransferases, glycosyltransferases, A transferase, B transferase, cell surface antigens, carbohydrate antigens, oligosaccharide antigens, oligosaccharides, complex carbohydrate antigens, complex carbohydrates, A antigen, B antigen, H antigen, red blood cell antigens, A/B antigens, ABH antigens, glycolipid, glycosphingolipids, glycoproteins, oligo sugars, red blood cells, RBC, blood transfusion, transfusion medicine, cell/tissue/organ transplantation, transplantation medicine, immunohematology, immunohaematology, immuno-hematology, immunology, ABO genotyping, forensic sciences, legal medicine, human genetics, population genetics, evolution, enzymology, glycobiology, glycosciences, human genes, primate genes, mouse gene, pig genes, alpha 1,3-Gal(NAc) transferases, a1,3-galactosyl transferase, a1,3-GalNAc transferase, structural basis, molecular genetic basis of ABO, ABO polymorphism, single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP, A, B, AB, O, A2, A3, Ax, B3, alleles, weak subgroups, homo sapiens, pig AO genes, cis-AB, B(A), mouse cis-AB gene, ABO genotype, ABO phenotype, DNA methylation, transcription, alternative splicing, Golgi apparatus, transferase chimeras, GBGT1, GGTA1, A3GALT2, monoclonal antibody, sera, plant lectins, Fumi-ichiro Yamamoto, Fumiichiro Yamamoto, F. Yamamoto, Landsteiner, enzyme, kinetics, sugar specificity, acceptor substrate specificity, acceptors, donors, sugars, nucleotide-sugars, genetic engineering, differential susceptibility to infectious diseases, differential cancer susceptibility, alterations in glycosylation in cancer, pancreatic cancer, diets, Peter D'Adamo, Blood type diets, neurobiology, Masahiko Nomi, personality, Burnham Institute, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, Biomembrane Institute, IMPPC, IMPPC Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Institut de Medicina Predictiva i Personalitzada del Càncer, AABB, ISBT, dbRBC - Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database
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- Adding "ly" to the end of an noun turns the word into an adjective. The adjectives now have the meaning of "like (the noun), or something that is characteristic of (the noun)".
- If you say "She has manly facial features" you are saying that her facial features are like the facial features that are normal for a man.
- Adding "ly" to the end of an adjective turns the word into an adverb. The meaning of the word does not change, or comes from the same idea.
- You can say, "Those are his usual clothes" or "That is how he usually dresses".
- In a few words the meaning may change. These word are often verbs.
- "Likely" does not mean the same thing as "like" at all.
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Although your dog cannot use "words", he is always communicating. Dogs use their bodies to express their emotions, to show affection and to identify rank.
Unlike humans, dogs don't hide their emotions so what you see is what he's really feeling.
Dogs communicate with their actions, movement of their eyes, ears, mouths, etc, body gestures, tail wagging and more. Know to tune into your dog's body language, you'll realize what he's talking about and what he needs. Of course, each dog, like each human, has his own personality traits. Over time, you'll no doubt come to learn these individual traits. But there are general moods and behaviors that you can expect from dogs.
How high or low the tail is held, in relation to dog's breed, and how it is moved can signify the dog's mood and/or rank. The higher the tail is held, the more dominant or confident the dog is; the lower, the more submissive/insecure. A tail held straight up, or even slightly curved over the back, shows that the dog is very dominant. If the fur on the tail is also bristled, the dog is saying they are willing and able to defend their position.
Small, slow wags of the dog’s tail indicate that he is questioning things around him. Either he’s unsure if the target dog or person is friendly, or he’s unsure what is going on or what is expected of him.
Large, fast wags of the tail are sign of a happy or excited dog. If the wags are large enough to pull the dog's hips with them, the message includes a bit of submission to someone he views as pack leader.
Dogs with docked tails tend to have some problems communicating with other dogs, since their tail movements are extremely difficult to detect.
So remember that tail wagging is not always a sign of friendliness.
Take for example; your dog meets a strange dog off the leash. The other dog approaches with great interest, ears alert and tail wagging. But this dog is giving out signals that spell hostility. The wagging tail is stiff and held high. The eyes have a hard expression and stare into your dog's eyes. The dog's hackles are raised. The animal's whole posture signifies aggression. Even without growling or showing his teeth, a dog behaving like this has a chip on his shoulder. You should remove your dog from the scene quietly and quickly.
A friendly or curious dog's tail will be wagging in wide sweeps, hanging down. His ears are down and his fur is smooth along his shoulders and back. The dog will not attempt to look you or your dog in the eye. He will go through the typical sniffing pattern with your dog, first nose to nose, then the genitals. Offer this dog the back of your fist to smell, and then you can probably pet him if you wish.
The dog in conflict between dominance and fear will show a conflict of signals which can be less easy for us to interpret. Lips may retract horizontally and vertically. The dog may growl and avert his gaze at the same time, approach with ears back and tail wagging, or bark aggressively with the tail tucked. Such dogs should be handled with caution.
Some dogs have very expressive faces. Many of them smile, and this should not be confused with the snarl or fear expression. It does mean, 'I'm having a good time, hope you are too'. Eyes and eyebrows convey volumes, and so does the set of the ears.
The fearful dog draws back his ears against his head, which he lowers submissively, he crouches, making himself look smaller and less threatening, and tucks his tail between his legs. If he can he will run away, otherwise he may roll on his back, lift his leg and even urinate. Lips are retracted horizontally in that rather goofy look that means 'I'm incapable of hurting you, please don't hurt me'. The gaze is averted. (Dominant dogs tend to attack from the front, while fearful ones will often sneak up and bite from behind)
Ear position relates the dog's level of attention, and reaction, to a situation or animal. Erect ears facing forward means the dog is very attentive, while ears laid back suggests a negative, usually fearful, reaction. Dogs with drop ears, like Beagles, can't use these signals very well. Wolf-like dogs will, when content and happy, often hold their ears in a horizontal position but still forward. This has been referred to as the "Wolf Smile".
Mouth expressions can provide information about the dog's mood. When a dog wants to be left alone, he might yawn (although yawning also might indicate sleepiness, confusion, or stress) or start licking his mouth without the presence of any food. When a dog is happy or wants to play, he might pant with lips relaxed, covering the teeth and with what sometimes appears to be a happy expression (it might appear as a smile to some observers) or with the mouth open. Mouth expressions that indicate aggression include the snarl, with lips retracting to expose the teeth, although some dogs also use this during play.
It's important to look at the dog's whole body and not just the mouth or tail before deciding what the dog is trying to communicate. What appears initially as aggression might be an invitation to play, or vice-versa.
Eyes and Eyebrows
While dogs don't have actual eyebrows, they do have a distinctive ridge above their eyes, and some breeds, like the Rottweiler and the German Shepherd, have markings there. A dog's eyebrow movements usually express a similar emotion to that of a human's eyebrow movements. Raised eyebrows suggest interest, lowered brows suggest confusion or mild anger, and one eyebrow up suggests bewilderment. Slitted eyes translate the same as human's also - suspicion or anger.
Feet and Legs
Although a dog's feet cannot manipulate like human hands, a person can use them as an avenue of communication. A dog might stamp its feet, alternating its left and right front legs, while its back legs are still. This occurs when the dog is excited, wants something, or wants its owner's attention. Pointers tend to tuck one front leg up, when they sense game nearby. This behavior might not be communication so much as the dog freezing mid-step as a result of the dog's instinct telling the dog to immediately still. It is also common for dogs to paw or scratch for objects they desire. Many dogs are trained to mimic a human handshake, offering a paw to a human stooping down and offering their own hand in exchange.
A dog's ability to make facial gestures is not as refined as a human's. However, they can wrinkle or straighten their forehead to show confusion or determination, and when puzzled or curious, will often raise their eyelids and tilt their head to one side.
A dog's eyes widen when playful and unthreatened. Some dogs squint their eyes when they are praised. When afraid, a dog's pupils typically dilate. Most dogs avoid intimate eye contact, seemingly to avoid confrontation. But when angered or preparing for self-defense, a dog's eyes will narrow and follow it's foe's moves carefully. When exhibiting aggressive behavior, it is best to not look an unfamiliar dog in the eye, because it may interpret it as a challenge.
An unstressed dog in typical posture allows its tongue to loll out of its mouth. When begging, or when they are particularly happy, they may pull their lips back seemingly to smile. This pseudo-smile is normally only exhibited when interacting with people, perhaps a learned behavior from humans. A dog showing tightly clenched teeth and wrinkled nose is likely to attack if further provoked.
Dogs have excellent hearing, and can position their ears advantageously for following sounds. Dogs typically raise their ears when listening intently and when demonstrating compliance with commands. When a dog's ears are pulled back, they may be showing submission, or fear.
“ Part 2 of 2 to follow “
And remember to praise your dog abundantly when he does the right thing!
You Can Do It!
A Happy Dog Lover and Owner
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There are two main data transfer protocols — Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). If you only had to know one fact about each protocol, it’s that TCP is slower because it takes time to check for errors, and UDP is faster because it doesn’t check for errors as much. Obviously, as shown by both protocols, having to vigorously check for errors limits the speed of a transfer protocol, but Fujitsu has announced that it has found a way to add error-checking into a UDP-like protocol and keep the higher speed.
Anyone can purchase a PC by clicking a few buttons on a website, but a relative few have the skill set to assemble a system from scratch. Fujitsu’s PC building classes will ultimately create a smarter, more capable userbase with the fundamental skills to build and service their own machines.
In a move that proves that Godzilla isn’t the only worldwide threat to emerge from Japan, the Japanese Defense Ministry is working on a defensive, weaponized computer virus capable of tracing the path of a cyber attack to its source in order to shut it down, disabling every system it comes across along the way.
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USDA - Ready to Move for a Healthier Generation
By Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack
A call to action, a challenge for a generation, no matter what we call it, First Lady Michelle Obama’s announcement of the Let’s Move! initiative is an ambitious goal of solving the challenge of childhood obesity. It is a goal that we take seriously here at USDA and we are prepared to dedicate our time, energy, and resources to achieving this goal.
We know the statistics: one in three children are overweight or obese, putting them at risk for diabetes and others chronic obesity-related health problems like heart disease, high blood pressure, cancer, and asthma. Access to nutritious food and proper education on healthy lifestyles are in need of improvement.
Here is a snapshot of what we are going to be working on at USDA to help the First Lady – but it is only a fraction of the full effort our Department will be implementing to reach the goals set forth.
Our Food and Nutrition programs will be working to serve healthier food in our schools. To do this, we will be working with Congress to reauthorize the Child Nutrition Act and hopefully invest an additional $10 billion over ten years to improve the quality of the National School Lunch and Breakfast program, increase the number of kids participating, and ensure schools have the resources they need to make program changes. This means that children across the nation will have better access to fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy products. These nutritious foods will be served in all school cafeterias and an additional one million students will be served through school lunch programs in the next five years.
We are also working with the First Lady to promote and double the number of schools participating in the Healthier US School Challenge, which establishes rigorous standards for schools’ food quality, participation in meal programs, physical activity, and nutrition education – the key components that make for healthy and active kids.
And USDA is embracing the latest technology and external stakeholders to help reach our goals. Our Food, Nutrition, and Consumer Services is preparing to launch the Innovations for Healthy Kids Challenge, a call to American entrepreneurs, software developers, and students to use a recently released USDA nutrition data set to create innovative, fun, and engaging web-based learning applications that motivate kids, especially “tweens” (aged 9-12) and their parents, to eat more healthfully and be more physically active.
Clearly, we have our work cut out for us, but it is a challenge we are ready to take on. Now is the time to make America’s move to raise a healthier generation of kids.
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Iritis Topic Guide
Iritis: Iritis, or anterior uveitis, is an inflammation on the front part of the eye called the iris, which is the colored part of the eye that opens and closes the pupil of the eye. Trauma, infections, or autoimmune problems can all cause iritis. Iritis is typically treated with eyedrops or pills.
Eye Injuries Eye injuries range from the very minor, such as getting soap in the eye, to the catastrophic, resulting in permanent loss of vision. Treatment of eye injuries depends on the nature of the injury. Prompt evaluation and treatment is necessary to protect vision.
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| 0.908768
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