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Are there different kinds of anesthesia?
There are three main types of anesthesia: local, regional and general.
Local anesthesia: The anesthetic drug is usually injected into the tissue to numb just the specific location of your body requiring minor surgery, for example, on the hand or foot.
Regional anesthesia: Your anesthesiologist makes an injection near a cluster of nerves to numb the area of your body that requires surgery. You might be awake, or you may be given something to help you relax, sometimes called a sedative. There are several kinds of regional anesthesia. Two of the most frequently used are spinal and epidural anesthesia, which are produced by injections made with great exactness in the appropriate areas of the back. They are frequently preferred for childbirth and prostate surgery.
General anesthesia: You are unconscious and have no awareness or other sensations. There are a number of general anesthetic drugs. Some are gases or vapors inhaled through a breathing mask or tube and others are medications introduced through a vein. During anesthesia, you are carefully monitored, controlled and treated by your anesthesiologist. A breathing tube may be inserted through your mouth and frequently into the windpipe to maintain proper breathing during this period. The length and level of anesthesia is calculated and constantly adjusted with great precision. At the conclusion of surgery, your anesthesiologist will reverse the process and you will regain awareness in the recovery room.
What is general anesthesia?
General anesthesia puts patients in an unconscious state. Patients under general anesthesia typically have no awareness or other sensations.
It is important that an anesthesiologist or other anesthesia provider is present before, during and after the administration of general anesthesia. Often, breathing support is needed, so it is important for patients’ vital signs such as breathing, blood pressure and heart rate to be closely monitored.
When is a breathing tube necessary for surgery?
Your anesthesia professional will speak to you before surgery and decide if you need a breathing tube. The decision is based on your type of surgery and anesthesia, as well as your medical history and physical exam.
Typically, a breathing tube is not needed during local anesthesia, regional anesthesia and sedation. However, if you have general anesthesia, then a breathing tube may be needed. Patients who are more likely to need a breathing tube include those who:
ate or drank prior to surgery
have medical problems that cause acid reflux
are vomiting or are extremely overweight
How can I lower my risk of nausea and vomiting after surgery?
Through the development of better anesthetics and nausea prevention medications, the number of patients who experience postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) has decreased. However, patients who are sensitive to narcotics or are prone to motion-sickness tend to be at an increased risk for PONV.
Different kinds of nausea prevention medications can be given in combination before and during surgery to reduce PONV. Be sure to let your anesthesiologist know in advance if you are at risk for PONV.
What is a spinal block?
A spinal block is commonly used to help patients undergoing painful procedures. A spinal involves placing a small needle in the back and into the fluid surrounding the spinal cord. A local anesthetic is then injected, temporarily numbing the lower half of the body.
What is an epidural?
An epidural is commonly used for pain control after surgery and during childbirth. An epidural involves placing a small needle in the back and then positioning a small tube (catheter) near the nerves exiting the spinal cord. Medications are delivered through the catheter, temporarily numbing regions of the body.
Epidurals and spinals are often confused. When a spinal is performed, the anesthesiologist places a small needle in the back and the tip is in the fluid surrounding the spinal cord. For an epidural, the tip of the needle is outside of the sack holding the spinal fluid in the space where the nerves exit the spinal.
What are the side effects of a spinal block or epidural?
Side effects of a spinal block or epidural may include minor back pain, headache or difficulty urinating. Other less common side effects may include bleeding or infection at the needle site, or very rarely, nerve damage.
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A WORLD WAR II SUMMARY: Page 1 · Page 2 · Page 3|
by James Burbeck
In Oahu, Hawaii, early on the morning of December 7, 1941, the War in the Pacific was already over an hour old. Nobody in Hawaii knew it yet, just like nobody yet knew that several flights of Japanese warplanes were already in the air and headed toward the island. The approaching Japanese aircraft were launched from Japan's six biggest and best aircraft carriers – part of a small task force that had brazenly steamed to within 200 miles of the American held Hawaiian Islands in order to execute a key part of the Imperial Japanese government's war plan.
The Pearl Harbor attack plan had two immediate goals; the destruction of American aircraft carriers known to frequent the area, and the sinking of as many other capital ships as possible, especially battleships. With these two tasks complete, the Japanese hoped to neutralize the American fleet's ability to project air and sea power in the Pacific Basin for at least six months. During that time they planned to occupy the East Asian and West Pacific regions with such firmness that the Allies would be forced to negotiate a settlement. In pursuit of these attack goals, Japanese naval officers created a detailed plan which took advantage of known factors such as the American Navy's habit of returning to its main anchorage at Pearl Harbor every weekend. Equally detailed alternate plans included options for attacking the American fleet's deep sea anchorage at Lahaina Roads, or hunting down U.S. fleet units in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands. This later plan was the worst case scenario for them, because it would require their carrier fleet to fight its way into the attack zone. They were however, prepared to do this if necessary and only if discovered before "X-Day" did they have any intention of withdrawing without a fight.
The core planning for the attack was conducted by Commanders Mitsuo Fuchida and Minoru...
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The black box model considers the buyers response as a result of a conscious, rational decision process, in which it is assumed that the buyer has recognized the problem. However, in reality many decisions are not made in awareness of a determined problem by the consumer.
Sunday, June 5, 2011
Black Box Model "Consumer Behaviour"
The black box model shows the interaction of stimuli, consumer characteristics, decision process and consumer responses. It can be distinguished between interpersonal stimuli (between people) or intrapersonal stimuli (within people). The black box model is related to the black box theory of behaviourism, where the focus is not set on the processes inside a consumer, but the relation between the stimuli and the response of the consumer. The marketing stimuli are planned and processed by the companies, whereas the environmental stimulus are given by social factors, based on the economical, political and cultural circumstances of a society. The buyers black box contains the buyer characteristics and the decision process, which determines the buyers response.
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A fish of the carp family (Cyprinidae).
- Fish prey guilds in streams in south-central Saskatchewan, Canada, are relatively simple systems, often consisting solely of cyprinids and sticklebacks.
- In addition to the normal spectrum perceived by most vertebrates, several shallow-water species are able to see ultraviolet light; others, such as anchovies, cyprinids, salmonids and cichlids, can even detect polarized light.
- If one were to include eleotrids, as some recommend, the gobies would rival the cyprinids as the largest fish family in the world.
Late 19th century: from modern Latin Cyprinidae (plural), based on Greek kuprinos 'carp'.
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: cyp|rin¦id
Definition of cyprinid in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
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Australia’s World Heritage-listed Macquarie Island is located 1,500 kilometres south-east of Tasmania and is home to nearly four million seabirds. Not only does it provide nesting habitat for four threatened albatross species but it is the only breeding ground for royal penguins on Earth (with an estimated population of about 850,000 pairs).
But Macquarie Island’s fragile vegetation and wildlife have been under attack from invasive species, especially rabbits, mice and rats. Severe overgrazing by more than 100,000 rabbits has caused landslides that have destroyed seabird nesting habitat. Rats and mice also attacked nests to eat eggs, and killed both chicks and adult birds.
What WWF is doing
WWF-Australia and Peregrine Adventures invested the $100,000 to kick-start a plan to eradicate these introduced species from Macquarie. On June 4, 2007 the Tasmanian and Commonwealth governments announced they had reached agreement to fully fund the $24.6 million plan.
After several years of planning, and a failed effort due to bad weather in the winter of 2010, the aerial baiting of the entire island happened between May and July 2011. Over 12,000 x 25kg bags of bait were spread across the island. Follow up work by hunters with dogs have removed 13 rabbits, the last one located in November 2011. No sign of rabbits has been seen since December 2011, however hunting efforts will continue for some years to ensure eradication is achieved. In other good news there has also been no sign of rats or mice present on the island since the baiting, and the vegetation and wildlife is already positively responding to the lack of rodents and rabbits.
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Inverness and Aberdeen will help celebrate Saturn
Cities and towns in Scotland will be used to help represent planets and asteroids in a large-scale model of the Solar System.
The project, which will see the Glasgow Science Centre represent the Sun, was run in the spring to promote International Year of Astronomy 2009.
It will be staged again during Autumn Moonwatch Week, from 24 October.
Inverness, representing Saturn, will hold an event a week earlier to avoid clashing with other activities.
Highlands Astronomical Society will beam a 15m true-to-scale image of Saturn onto the Eastgate Shopping Centre.
Moonwatch week will see the University of Glasgow observatory represent Mercury, Coats Observatory in Paisley Venus and Calderglen Country Park in East Kilbride the Earth.
Airdrie and Helensburgh will help mark Mars, Edinburgh the asteroid Hilda, Dumfries, Dundee and Wigtown will celebrate Jupiter, Aberdeen Saturn, Elgin the planetoid Chiron, Thurso Uranus and Shetland Neptune.
In 2004, a project called Spaced Out invited schools to get involved with astronomers and scientists to create a giant scale model of the Solar System using locations across the UK.
Homecoming Scotland events, including a conference, are taking place in Inverness on the same weekend Moonwatch week starts.
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Thinking about working with NTFS data streams? Keep the following points in mind.
- In Windows 2000 and Windows NT 4.0, only NTFS partitions support multiple data streams. If you try to access a hidden stream on a FAT partition, you receive an error message such as File not found or The filename, directory name, or volume label syntax is incorrect. Computers running Windows 9x can read and write hidden streams but only on remote servers that have NTFS partitions.
- If you copy or move a file containing hidden streams to another NTFS partition on the same server or another server, you retain the hidden streams. If you copy or move a file containing hidden streams to a FAT partition in NT 4.0, you lose the hidden streams with no warning. If you copy or move a file containing hidden streams to a FAT partition in Win2K, you receive a warning that specifies the names of the hidden streams you're about to lose. If you copy a file containing hidden streams to removable media (e.g., a 3.5" disk), you lose the hidden streams.
- When you input data into a hidden stream, the specified file size (i.e., Size in Windows Explorer) doesn't increase. However, the space available on the drive decreases because the file system uses more space to retain the additional stream information. As a result, you can exhaust the space on a drive while the files' total space remains less than the drive's capacity. Thus, you need to use discretion when creating streams.
- Any type of file (e.g., .jpg, .doc, .bat) can have a hidden stream. This feature can be very useful if you want to track file information that the file system usually doesn't track (e.g., version number, author, last approval date).
- When you create or modify a hidden or visible stream, the file's Modified date in Windows Explorer changes.
- Backup systems generally support hidden streams. For example, both VERITAS Software's and Legato Systems' backup solutions back up and restore files with the hidden streams intact.
- Like files, folders have hidden streams that you can use. However, the More command and WordPad don't work with folder hidden streams. Instead, you need to use the For command or Notepad to view and edit folder hidden streams. For example, to create a folder hidden stream, you can use the code
Echo Here is a hidden stream in a folder > C:\Temp:OpenSesame.txt Echo with a .txt stream extension. >> C:\Temp:OpenSesame.txt
To read this hidden stream with Notepad, you can specify
To read this hidden stream at the command line, you can use the For command:
For /f "Tokens=*" %i in (C:\Temp:OpenSesame.txt) Do @Echo %i
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Skip to Content
Home > Patients & Visitors > DAISY Award Nomination > Complement Test for Lupus
View Additional Content In This Section
A complement test uses a blood sample to detect a group of proteins
that help the body attack foreign substances.
When there are a lot of foreign substances in the body, such as
bacteria or viruses, a low level of complement means the body is trying to get
rid of the foreign substances. If the body is attacking its own tissues instead
of foreign substances (as in
autoimmune diseases such as
lupus), a low level of complement may mean that the
body is attacking and damaging tissues such as the kidneys.
The complement test can be repeated at regular intervals. This helps monitor the progress of the disease.
ByHealthwise StaffPrimary Medical ReviewerAnne C. Poinier, MD - Internal MedicineSpecialist Medical ReviewerNancy Ann Shadick, MD, MPH - Internal Medicine, Rheumatology
Current as ofAugust 21, 2015
Current as of:
August 21, 2015
Anne C. Poinier, MD - Internal Medicine & Nancy Ann Shadick, MD, MPH - Internal Medicine, Rheumatology
To learn more about Healthwise, visit Healthwise.org.
© 1995-2015 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.
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Copyright © 1999-2004 Jaakko Järvi, Gary Powell
Use, modification and distribution is subject to the Boost
Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
Table of Contents
The Boost Lambda Library (BLL in the sequel) is a C++ template
library, which implements form of lambda abstractions for C++.
The term originates from functional programming and lambda calculus, where a lambda abstraction defines an unnamed function.
The primary motivation for the BLL is to provide flexible and
convenient means to define unnamed function objects for STL algorithms.
In explaining what the library is about, a line of code says more than a thousand words; the
following line outputs the elements of some STL container
a separated by spaces:
for_each(a.begin(), a.end(), std::cout << _1 << ' ');
std::cout << _1 << ' ' defines a unary function object.
_1 is the parameter of this function, a placeholder for the actual argument.
Within each iteration of
for_each, the function is
called with an element of
a as the actual argument.
This actual argument is substituted for the placeholder, and the “body” of the function is evaluated.
The essence of BLL is letting you define small unnamed function objects, such as the one above, directly on the call site of an STL algorithm.
[STL94] The Standard Template Library. Hewlett-Packard Laboratories. 1994. www.hpl.hp.com/techreports .
[SGI02] The SGI Standard Template Library. 2002. www.sgi.com/tech/stl/.
[Jär00] The Lambda Library : Lambda Abstraction in C++. Turku Centre for Computer Science. Technical Report . 378. 2000. www.tucs.fi/publications.
[Jär01] The Lambda Library : Lambda Abstraction in C++. Second Workshop on C++ Template Programming. Tampa Bay, OOPSLA'01. . 2001. www.oonumerics.org/tmpw01/.
[tuple] The Boost Tuple Library. www.boost.org/libs/tuple/doc/tuple_users_guide.html . 2002.
[type_traits] The Boost type_traits. www.boost.org/libs/type_traits/ . 2002.
[ref] Boost ref. www.boost.org/libs/bind/ref.html . 2002.
[bind] Boost Bind Library. www.boost.org/libs/bind/bind.html . 2002.
[function] Boost Function Library. www.boost.org/libs/function/ . 2002.
[fc++] The FC++ library: Functional Programming in C++. www.cc.gatech.edu/~yannis/fc++/ . 2002.
Last revised: November 29, 2006 at 19:28:48 GMT
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|Chapter 6: Reactions of Alkenes : Addition Reactions|
Addition of non-symmetrical reagent (i.e. A-B where A is not equal to B) to a non-symmetrical alkene (i.e. where the groups at each end of the double bond are different), then two isomeric products that are constitutional isomers can be obtained. For example, the reaction of HCl with propene gives 1-chloropropane and 2-chloropropane.
We will talk about this particular reaction in more
When an alkene undergoes addition, two new s bonds are formed. If we think of an alkene as having two faces, then the two new s bonds can either both form on the same face, which we call syn addition, or they can be formed on different faces which we call anti addition. Do you remember these terms from Chapter 3 ? A simplified illustration is provided below along with the corresponding interactive JSMOL models. Remember that an alkene unit is planar. The alkene has been drawn in a wedge hash type style which means that the substituents on the C=C are into and out of the page. This means that the two faces of the alkene are above and below the where the alkene makes the horizontal plane. Syn addition results when the two new bonds are both formed to the same face of the alkene, in this case they are shown to have formed on the top face. Anti addition results when the two new bonds have formed to opposite faces.
new bonds to X and Y have formed to the same face
new bonds to X and Y have formed to opposite faces
Note : This is a simplification.... in the case of a simple alkene like ethene, the free rotation of the C-C bond means that the two product structures are conformational isomers and rapidly inconvert. However with cyclic alkenes, where the ring structure prevents the free rotation, the two products are stereoisomers and are more obvious.
|© Dr. Ian Hunt, Department of Chemistry|
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In this CD hovercraft science project, students will construct their own DIY hovercraft.
This science fair project idea enhances awareness of local food production and food sourcing.
In this free science fair project idea, we learn about how scientists use indicators to predict the earth's climate and geology many years ago.
How does mold grow? Kids find out by testing different conditions to measure mold growth rate and learn about what factors cause mold to grow more quickly.
This science fair project idea teaches how the gases and pollution in the air affect the earth's atmosphere temperature.
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http://www.education.com/collection/juliecone/science/
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Family: Gryllidae, True Crickets view all from this family
Description Pale greenish yellow head, long thin antennae and transparent wings. Antennae have black spot between 1st and 2nd segments. Wings of mail paddle shaped and held flat over back, concealing all but tip of hind wings underneath and body. Forewings of female are narrow and curve closely around its body.
Dimensions 1/2-5/8" (13-15 mm).
Food Tree crickets are omnivorous, and are known to feed plant parts, other insects such as Sternorrhyncha, and even fungi. Snowy Tree Crickets are particularly fond of aphids.
Sound Produces a continuous trill or chirp sound at very high pitch. Harmonics and pitch higher in warmer temperatures.
Life Cycle Eggs are laid in the fall, in a series of small holes drilled into the bark. After remaining dormant for the winter, the eggs hatch in the spring and the young tree crickets begin feeding on aphids. They may go through as many as twelve molts before reaching maturity around mid summer.
Habitat Deciduous forests and woods.
Range Found throughout North America, except the southeastern states.
Discussion Once a female cricket selects a mate, she approaches, nudges the male until he stops singing, and initiates mating. The Snowy Tree Cricket's call is a continuous trill. Pitch and harmonics are higher in warmer temperature, so the old story about determining the temperature from a cricket's chirp may have had some truth to it. After mating, the female cuts pin-like holes in thin bark of woody branches, dabs excrement inside, embeds her eggs in it, and coats them with a protective secretion. As is often the case in nature, nothing goes to waste, not even waste.
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http://enature.com/fieldguides/detail.asp?foo=0&curGroupID=4&lgfromWhere=&curPageNum=2
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| 0.948824
| 384
| 3
| 3
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Earth to deniers — global warming is caused by human emissions, not solar activity.
The Naval Research Laboratory and NASA report that, “if anything,” the sun contributed “a very slight overall cooling in the past 25 years.” D’oh! The study, “How natural and anthropogenic influences alter global and regional surface temperatures: 1889 to 2006,” finds:
Empirical models that combine natural and anthropogenic influences (at appropriate lags) capture 76% of the variance in the monthly global surface temperature record, suggesting that much of the variability arises from processes that can be identified and their impact on the global surface temperature quantified by direct linear association with the observations.
Natural influences produce as much as 0.2 K warming during major ENSO events, near 0.3 K cooling following large volcanic eruptions and 0.1 K warming near maxima of recent solar cycles. To properly quantify their amplitudes, the natural and anthropogenic changes must be accounted for simultaneously when analyzing the surface temperature anomalies, since neglecting the influence of one can overestimate the influence of another. For this reason, we suggest that estimated solar cycle changes of 0.2 K and Pinatubo cooling of 0.4 K are too large.
None of the natural processes can account for the overall warming trend in global surface temperatures. In the 100 years from 1905 to 2005, the temperature trends produce by all three natural influences are at least an order of magnitude smaller than the observed surface temperature trend reported by IPCC . According to this analysis, solar forcing contributed negligible long-term warming in the past 25 years and 10% of the warming in the past 100 years…
Here are some excellent visual “reconstructions of the contributions to monthly mean global surface temperatures by individual natural and anthropogenic influences (at appropriate lags) are shown”:
The right hand ordinates give the native scales of each influence and the left hand ordinates give the corresponding temperature change determined from the multiple regression analysis. The grey lines are trends for the whole interval. The inset in Figure 2d shows the individual greenhouse gases, tropospheric aerosols and the land surface plus snow albedo components that combine to give the net anthropogenic forcing.
What is significant about this analysis is that it is based on observations:
To distinguish between simultaneous natural and anthropogenic impacts on surface temperature, regionally as well as globally, we perform a robust multivariate analysis using the best available estimates of each together with the observed surface temperature record from 1889 to 2006. The results enable us to compare, for the first time from observations, the geographical distributions of responses to individual influences consistent with their global impacts.
Again, this is not really a big surprise to those who follow the scientific literature. A major 2007 study concluded:
Here we show that over the past 20 years, all the trends in the Sun that could have had an influence on the Earth’s climate have been in the opposite direction to that required to explain the observed rise in global mean temperatures.
Since the notion that changes in some spots or solar output has been the primary driver — or even a large component — of recent warming remains perhaps the biggest myth pushed by deniers, let’s look at some more analysis. The excellent debunking website, Skeptical Science, has a nice post on this. They explain that “The study most quoted by skeptics actually concluded the sun can’t be causing global warming.” Double D’oh!
And they list a bunch of other studies dismissing or minimizing the sun’s contribution:
- Ammann 2007: “Although solar and volcanic effects appear to dominate most of the slow climate variations within the past thousand years, the impacts of greenhouse gases have dominated since the second half of the last century.”
- Foukal 2006 concludes “The variations measured from spacecraft since 1978 are too small to have contributed appreciably to accelerated global warming over the past 30 years.”
- Usoskin 2005 conclude “during these last 30 years the solar total irradiance, solar UV irradiance and cosmic ray flux has not shown any significant secular trend, so that at least this most recent warming episode must have another source.”
- Stott 2003 increased climate model sensitivity to solar forcing and still found “most warming over the last 50 yr is likely to have been caused by increases in greenhouse gases.”
- Solanki 2003 concludes “the Sun has contributed less than 30% of the global warming since 1970.”
- Lean 1999 concludes “it is unlikely that Sun-climate relationships can account for much of the warming since 1970″³.
- Waple 1999 finds “little evidence to suggest that changes in irradiance are having a large impact on the current warming trend.”
- Frolich 1998 concludes “solar radiative output trends contributed little of the 0.2°C increase in the global mean surface temperature in the past decade”
Only a pagan would continue to worship at the altar of the sun-explains-everything religion.
- AMS Seminar Discusses the Sun’s Role in Warming
- How do we really know humans are causing global warming?*
- Fred Thompson, Global Warming Denier and Sun Worshiper
- Another Myth Goes Up in Smoke
- The “Other Planets Are Warming” Myth
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Analysis: Narrator Point of View
Who is the narrator, can she or he read minds, and, more importantly, can we trust her or him?
Third Person Omniscient
The narrator of Jude the Obscure sees a lot but doesn't seem to feel much. That is, the narrator knows everything about everybody: major characters, minor characters, you name it. But the narrator also has a sense of humor, keeping up a steady series of snarky comments on the events of the novel. And even though the events of the novel are pretty tragic, the tone of the narrator's light-hearted jokes never really changes.
We find that the narrator's distance from the characters—the narrator's ability to make objective, even funny comments about them while they are suffering—only increases our sympathy with the flaws and weaknesses of Jude, Sue, and all the rest. Take, for example, this passage when Sue has just realized that people are spreading reports that she and Jude are sleeping together and that they should get married to save their reputations:
By every law of nature and sex a kiss was the only rejoinder that fitted the mood and the moment […] Some men would have cast scruples to the winds, and ventured it, oblivious both of Sue's declaration of her neutral feelings, and of the pair of autographs in the vestry chest of Arabella's parish church. Jude did not. (3.5.47)
First off, the narrator gives us a giant overview of "every law of nature and sex": talk about all-knowing! This kind of big talk proves the narrator's sweeping understanding of the world of the novel. We're not supposed to doubt that what the narrator is saying is true.
Second of all, the narrator is using Jude's hesitation to kiss Sue, even though "some men would have cast scruples to the winds, and ventured it," to tell us something about Jude's basic character. Jude is a deeply principled guy. Sure, maybe Jude hasn't told Sue about his marriage to Arabella yet, but his respect for Sue's wishes when it comes to kissing and sex and all the rest of it demonstrates that he is a decent, stand-up person whose "scruples" (which are doubts about the morality of something) stop him from pushing her.
Lastly, though, we are struck by the "Jude did not" aside. The narrator sets up this huge expectation for what Jude might do—and then the narrator suddenly lets us down with three words: Jude did not. The narrator's phrasing here makes us laugh a bit, in spite of the seriousness of the situation, because it's such a simple, brief response to a paragraph that begins so big.
The narrator's statement here really emphasizes how unusual Jude is: all of the world would kiss Sue, but not Jude—no siree. Because (and here's the joke) Jude is a unique weirdo.
The narrator's emotional distance from Jude and the other characters gives us some much-needed space to absorb the horrible things that happen to these people in the plot. But it also makes us feel that much more pity for Jude. Even the narrator, in all his objectivity, notices that Jude is always going against the tide of the rest of the world, that he never makes the obvious or the easy choice—which is why Jude just keeps suffering so much throughout his life.
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OLI Grant: Albatross Demography and Conservation
Grant Funded: 2003
AbstractAlbatrosses are among the largest, longest-lived, and most fascinating birds on earth. There are 21 species: three in the North Pacific, one in the equatorial Pacific, and the rest in the Southern Ocean. They are quintessentially oceanic, interacting with the oceanic environment on a larger scale than any other species even the large whales. They are also threatened by human activities (especially long-line fishing, but also pollution, marine debris, and destruction of breeding areas); 20 of the 21 species are classified as threatened or endangered.
Conservation efforts are in critical need of population analyses. Fortunately, there exist several exceptional long-term data sets on albatrosses. We propose to carry out a complete demographic analysis on one of these data sets, collected by the British Antarctic Survey on Bird Island, South Georgia, since the early 1970s. We will use and extend new methods of parameter estimation to measure survival, reproduction, and development for the Wandering Albatross, Black-browed Albatross, and Grey-headed Albatross. From these estimates, we will develop deterministic and stochastic population models to determine the potential for population growth, risks of extinction, relation of population growth to environmental factors, and the effects of changes in survival and reproduction. Finally, we will link our results to new international agreements recently implemented to protect albatrosses and other seabirds.
No analysis of this level of detail and thoroughness has ever been completed for any endangered species. Our results will not only provide critical information for albatross conservation, but will also serve as a model for the study of other threatened populations and provide valuable tools for the study of ecosystem health.
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Alabama has four native species of “sugar” maples. Acer nigrum, black maple, is the least common, occurring sporadically in three Alabama counties in the northeast. Acer saccharum, sugar maple, occurs primarily in the northwestern half of the state and can be found in relatively significant numbers there. Both are large trees and will yield maple sugar, but require a climate much colder than ours to do so.
The sugar maples most typically encountered in Alabama are Florida sugar maple, Acer floridanum (incorrectly, A. barbatum), and chalk maple, Acer leucoderme, whose specific epithet literally means “white bark.” Their cheerful, eye-popping red/orange/yellow fall color can be seen lighting up the understories of forests and woodland edges throughout the state. Mid to late November seems to be the peak around Birmingham. Both show good adaptability for general landscape use as small to medium-sized trees and are adapted to acid and alkaline pH in soils rocky, loamy and clayey. Both tolerate sunny and shady sites and show good to excellent drought tolerance once established.
Of the two, Florida sugar maple is the larger-growing: well-studied individuals in the northern part of its range, near Jamestown, VA, are simply massive, while individuals in Alabama can reach 60’, developing gray bark that is broken into large plates (like A. saccharum), frequently with black stains, a result of mold that grows on sap oozing out from sapsucker holes. These birds eat both the sap and insects that feed on it. Chalk maple is smaller (~30’), with smooth, pale gray bark. It is sometimes shrubby in appearance, with multiple trunks. While these two species are variable, there is more to separate them than size and stems.
Look at the leaves, always checking several to get an “average.” On Florida sugar maple the edges of the center lobe are parallel or taper inward toward the leaf base. On chalk maple, they taper outward, sometimes making the center lobe appear broadly triangular. Leaves of both are densely hairy (pubescent) beneath, but the former is pale green to gray (silvery); the latter green to pale brown (yellowish). The latter also holds some crispy, tawny-colored leaves, like Fagus sylvatica, American beech, through the winter.
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Officials in 22 states have been warned by the EPA some of their counties are not in compliance with federal rules regarding particulate matter pollution.
State and local governments have three years to develop plans to reduce the pollutants in the “nonattainment” areas. Federal officials have previously said failure to meet the standards could lead to a number of consequences, including loss of highway funds.
The announcement, released June 29 by the Environmental Protection Agency, is part of the agency’s enforcement of the nation’s first fine particle air quality standard, called PM2.5. The standard covers microscopic particles in the air produced by truck and other diesel engines, as well as power plants, factories, cars and other fuel-burning sources.
“Fine-particle pollution represents one of the most significant barriers to clean air facing our nation today,” EPA Administrator Mike Leavitt said in a statement. “These new particulate health standards, coupled with our efforts to reduce power plant and diesel emissions, are important steps toward meeting our nation’s commitment to clean, healthy air.”
Areas that do not meet the standards fall mostly in the eastern and western parts of the United States, usually around urban centers. For example, areas around New York City, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh and Los Angeles are not in compliance, while all of EPA region 6, which includes Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Arkansas and Louisiana, is in compliance. In Illinois, the rural center of the state is in compliance, while the areas near Chicago and across the river from St. Louis are not.
EPA officials said in a statement that diesel engine regulations and new low-sulfur fuel formulas that go into effect in 2007 would help reduce the soot problem. Other, new efforts are targeting emissions by off-road diesel equipment.
However, the EPA has also developed a Voluntary Diesel Retrofit Program designed to encourage improvements to current diesel engines that would reduce the amount of soot they produce. The effort is primarily aimed at fleet operators and air quality planners in state and local governments.
The agency has also awarded grants to two states to develop diesel-emission-reduction programs. Oregon — all of which is in compliance — will receive a $100,000 grant to test ultra-low-sulfur diesel fuel in off-road equipment and heavy-duty highway vehicles. Chattanooga, TN, will receive a $100,000 grant to test exhaust pollution-reduction equipment on buses.
But not all of the action has been federal. Several states have already taken actions to curb both particulate matter and other pollutants, such as ozone.
New York has some of the strictest truck idling regulations in the nation. And New Jersey recently announced it would begin enforcement of a three-minute idling rule. Ten counties in New Jersey do not meet the regulations, while five in New York are out of compliance.
Tennessee Gov. Phil Bredesen signed legislation June 8 giving the Tennessee Air Board power to require counties to conduct vehicle exhaust inspections by mid-2005. The inspections would be required before vehicle owners could renew vehicle registrations. Tennessee has three counties that fail to comply with the rules, all in the eastern section along the Appalachian Mountains.
In addition, Tennessee’s Air Pollution Control Board recommended earlier this year that the state reduce the maximum speed for semis to 55 mph, down from 70 mph, to reduce pollution. The recommendation also suggested banning truck drivers from idling engines for long periods and requiring companies with government contracts to use clean-engine technology and fuel additives for heavy-duty equipment.
— by Mark H. Reddig, associate editor
Mark Reddig can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org.
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ERIC Identifier: ED348128
Publication Date: 1992-09-00
Author: Hirose, Shannon
Source: ERIC Clearinghouse for
Junior Colleges Los Angeles CA.
Critical Thinking in Community Colleges. ERIC Digest.
The issue of critical thinking is being addressed at all levels of education
throughout the nation. "Deep-seated problems of environmental damage, human
relations, overpopulation, rising expectations, diminishing resources, global
competition, personal goals, and ideological conflict" will need to be addressed
by individuals capable of reflective and critical thought (Paul, 1992, p. 4).
Many of today's youth lack the basic skills to function effectively when they
enter the workforce. A common complaint is that entry-level employees lack the
reasoning and critical thinking abilities needed to process and refine
information. With the modern work environment requiring more thinking and
problem solving than the jobs of the past, community college teachers and
administrators should emphasize critical thinking on their campuses, in their
curricula, and in their teaching practices in order to prepare students to
function effectively in today's workforce. This digest presents an overview of
the concept of critical thinking, methods of teaching critical thinking, and
examples of critical thinking programs in community colleges.
WHAT IS CRITICAL THINKING?
Cromwell (1992) notes that the
definition of critical thinking has gone through a transformation from meaning
the ability to distinguish the thought patterns in the work of others to a
reflection on one's own beliefs, thoughts, and decisions. Nickerson, Perkins,
and Smith (1985, p. 4-5) define it as figuring out what to believe, in a variety
of contexts, "in a rational way that requires the ability to judge the
plausibility of specific assertions, to weigh evidence, to assess the logical
soundness of inferences, to construct counter arguments and alternative
hypotheses." Paul (1992, p. 9-10) defines critical thinking as "disciplined,
self-directed thinking that exemplifies the perfections of thinking appropriate
to a particular mode or domain of thought." Glock (1987, p. 9) offers the
following broad definition: "Critical thinking skills are (a) those diverse
cognitive processes and associated attitudes, (b) critical to intelligent
action, (c) in diverse situations and fields, (d) that can be improved by
instruction or conscious effort."
TEACHING CRITICAL THINKING
Much of community college
instruction is delivered through lectures. The instructor stands in front of a
classroom and recites facts and information, while students sit passively and
soak up (or ignore) what the instructor is presenting. The goal of teaching, in
this mode, is to facilitate students' rote memorization of facts from lectures
and textbooks. According to Paul (1992, p. 4), this type of lower-order
learning, "undisciplined, associative, and inert" hinders rather than
facilitates the educational process. Instead, students must be encouraged to go
beyond the memorization of a fact, and adjust that fact to a particular domain
of thought. For students to gain critical thinking skills, teachers will have to
change the way they present materials and change who does the presenting in
their classrooms. They must learn to ask more open-ended questions -- why, how,
and what if -- and coach students through the process of learning how to answer
them. Rather than having students absorb knowledge, teachers must encourage
students to think problems through, analyze, conceptualize, ask questions, be
questioned, and reflect on how their beliefs might affect and compare to others.
In addition to memorizing facts and figures for a final examination, students
must be challenged to apply what they have learned to the real world.
Glock (1986) suggests ways that teachers can reinforce verbal critical
thinking skills by focusing greater attention on students' "why" questions than
their "who," "where" and "how" questions. Teachers should also pay attention to
their own methods of asking questions, questioning answers, and questioning
questions. She suggests the following:
* When a student asks a why question, have the rest of the class discuss the
kinds of questions that are most powerful and the sources of their power.
Explain the structure of analytical questions. Use such questions -- especially
those generated by students -- in quizzes.
* Once students become accustomed to answering analytical questions using
material presented in class, ask similar questions that must be answered through
their own work experience or out-of-class inquiries.
* Have students analyze the information presented in the textbook to discern
which forms of inquiry were used to generate it.
* Have students read critical analyses of their text, and encourage students
to develop their own criticisms based on their personal experiences.
* Compare opposing positions on a topic, and help students identify the
sources of the differences of opinion. Avoid emotion-laden topics until students
begin to perceive the "universality of reinterpretation and redefinition."
In her second-year oral communications course, Tripp (1990) uses the
problem-solving conference. Students (1) select, define, and establish the
parameters of a school-related problem; (2) analyze the problem to identify
underlying causes, its scope and seriousness, and potential impact; (3) conduct
a brainstorming session to generate creative solutions; (4) assess the proposed
solutions in terms of viability and potential effectiveness; (5) reach consensus
on the solutions; and (6) implement the decision. This process is used in the
development of students' group research projects, which result in a technical
report based on primary research. Questionnaires and interviews are generally
used to gather data on such problems as curriculum requirements, campus parking,
or dress codes. All group members should be involved throughout the
process--"talking, listening, gathering data, writing, and editing" --and
decisions should be reached democratically.
Sheridan (1992) believes that writing facilitates critical thinking, arguing
that "the act of generating written discourse is not merely a result of critical
thinking but also a stimulus to new thinking and new discoveries." In his
freshman composition course, Sheridan uses the Freewrite exercise to liberate
students from their stultifying fear of grammar and spelling mistakes and open
them to the risk taking required for innovative thought. Subsequent writing
assignments are based on real life topics generated by the students themselves
in a series of brainstorming sessions. With instructor guidance the students
also generate other thinking-writing strategies to apply to their assignments,
including techniques such as:
Ways of Looking
the Next Step
to Consider Opposition
It on Its Head
It in Pieces
The students also generate the criteria to be used in evaluating their
written work, in the belief that students will more readily internalize
standards they themselves have suggested.
CRITICAL THINKING PROGRAMS AT COMMUNITY COLLEGES
colleges have introduced campuswide programs to implement critical thinking
across the curriculum. At Miami-Dade Community College, the Learning to Learn
Subcommittee was formed to help create a course for faculty in teaching-learning
theory, specify student behaviors and teaching methods to promote critical
thinking skills, and develop ways to include the learning-to-learn concept
across all disciplines (Miami-Dade Community College District, 1989). Similarly,
Oakton Community College's (OCC) critical thinking program began with the
faculty (Lee, Bers, and Storinger, 1992). One of the central components of the
Critical Literacy Project is a year-long, faculty seminar designed and taught by
OCC faculty, to teach volunteer participants ways of incorporating critical
literacy skills into their courses. In addition to providing a theoretical
context for course revisions, the seminar utilizes a workshop format during
which participants rethink and revise at least one of their courses to
incorporate critical literacy content and assignments. The Community College of
Aurora, Colorado, involves faculty in a year-long Integrated Thinking Skills
Project, in which interdisciplinary teams of faculty participate in critical
thinking training, curriculum redesign, coaching, evaluation, and follow-up. Ten
years ago, LaGuardia Community College began its critical thinking program with
its Critical Thought Skills (CTS) course. Course objectives are: "Enhance and
accelerate the development of students' reading, writing, and speaking skills;
Develop and refine students' higher order thinking, reasoning, and
problem-solving abilities; and Encourage students to explore their basic
attitudes toward their lives and larger social concerns, fostering qualities
such as maturity and responsibility" (Chaffee, 1992, p.27).
At other institutions, critical thinking is implemented through curriculum
change. At Alverno College, eight abilities (i.e., communication, analysis,
problem solving, valuing, social interaction, responsibility toward the global
environment, effective citizenship, and aesthetic responsiveness) have been
embodied in the curriculum to facilitate the intellectual development of
students (Cromwell, 1992).
The ability to analyze problems and think
critically will serve students well in today's complex world. Taking on the role
of preparing and training students for this world will require many changes in
teaching practices and learning styles, and in community college curricula and
This digest was drawn in part from "Critical
Thinking: Educational Imperative, New Directions for Community Colleges, Number
77," edited by Cynthia A. Barnes. The cited articles are: "Critical Thinking:
What, Why, and How," by Richard Paul; "Teaching Critical Thinking Across the
Curriculum," by John Chaffee; "Assessing Critical Thinking," by Lucy S.
Cromwell; "Skipping on the Brink of the Abyss: Teaching Thinking through
Writing," by James J. Sheridan; and "The Critical Literacy Seminar: A Faculty
Development and Rejuvenation Strategy," by Margaret B. Lee, Trudy H. Bers, and
Glock, Nancy Clover. "'College Level' and
'Critical Thinking': Public Policy and Educational Reform." 32pp. (ED 298 982)
Miami-Dade Community College District. "Recommendations on 'Learning to
Learn.'" Miami, Fla.: Miami-Dade Community College, 1989. 47pp. (ED 313 077).
Nickerson, Ray; And Others. "Teaching Thinking." Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum,
Tripp, Ellen L. "Speak, Listen, Analyze, Respond: Problem-Solving
Conferences. 'Teaching English in the Two-Year College,'" 1990, 17(3), 183-186.
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Minority groups face exclusion from national and global development agendaListen /
Minority groups are increasingly facing exclusion from national and global development agenda, violence and discrimination, according to a United Nations human rights expert.
Rita Izsák, the United Nations Independent Expert on Minority Issues, says minorities constitute the poorest of the poor and majority of them cannot break free of their situations without targeted attention being given to them.
Addressing the UN Human Rights Council, Ms Izsak singled out the lack of attention to the situation of minorities as one of the most serious deficiencies of the UN Millennium Development Goals.
She said in the ongoing conflicts in the Central African Republic, South Sudan, Syria and Myanmar, minority ethnic groups were bearing the brunt of the violence.
Ms Izsak challenged States and development actors to do more to ensure that the new post-2015 development goals and strategies, respond to the situation of the most deprived minorities.
"In almost every country in the world minorities suffer greater ill health and receive poorer quality of health care than other segments of the population. People belonging to minorities frequently die younger, suffer from higher rates of disease and struggle more to access health services. Equally the devastating impact of conflict on minorities even conflicts in which they are not party to can even be immense leading to killings, persecutions, displacement and mass expulsions. New goals must not ignore the most vulnerable groups by leaving systematic injustices untouched, from institutional discrimination against minority groups to uneven investment in social services in different regions in a country. Targeted affirmative action policies are required to confront the economic and social exclusion of minorities including specific social and economic development plans for marginalized groups and the regions in which they live."
She called for targeted efforts to reduce the global inequality gap, which she said was a leading factor in the marginalization of minority groups.
Patrick Maigua, United Nations, Geneva.
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Meteorites In Russia | Weather
Over 500 people were injured when a meteorite shot across the sky and exploded over central Russia earlier today. People who live in Chelyabinsk, a town about 950 miles east of Moscow) reported hearing what sounded like an explosion, saw a bright light and then felt a shockwave. Several pictures from the area show blown out windows or cracked windows, likely from the sonic boom that was caused by the meteorite.
Thankfully, no one was killed, but Russia's Emergencies Ministry said a total of 514 people had sought medical help, mainly for light injuries caused by flying glass or debris. Even though the fireball actually hit the community of Chelyabinsk, the smoke and glow could be seen up to 125 miles away! Car alarms also reportedly went off, a zinc factory was damaged (seen below), and mobile phone networks were interrupted.
NASA commented that these types of events are rare. However, a meteorite is thought to have been the cause of devastating an area near the Tunguska River in Siberia back in 1908, smashing windows as far as 125 miles from the point of impact.
Sources: Yahoo News, Associated Press, Reuters
Remember I am always tracking the weather on my facebook page, come join the 11,000+ fans that get all kinds of weather and other stuff: MIKE'S FACEBOOK PAGE. You can also follow me on twitter: MIKE'S TWITTER PAGE.
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Ronald Bailey reviews research on the subject. On the one hand:
[Dr. Maureen Condic, an associate professor of neurobiology and adjunct professor of pediatrics at the University of Utah School of Medicine] does acknowledge that the “long-range connections within the cortex that some believe to be required for consciousness do not arise until much later, around 22-24 weeks.” But she believes that the fetal neural structures needed to detect noxious stimuli are in place by 8 to 10 weeks of development. She further asserts: “There is universal agreement that pain is detected by the fetus in the first trimester. The debate concerns how pain is experienced, i.e., whether a fetus has the same pain experience as a newborn or an adult would have.”
As evidence that it is possible to feel pain without a cortex Condic cites the fact that children born without a cortex and animals whose cortices have been removed will withdraw from pinches, burns, and so forth. As further evidence for fetal pain, Condic cites studies showing that various medical treatments applied to fetuses in the womb boost their stress hormone levels.
On the basis of this evidence, Condic contends, “Direct experimental evidence from adult humans contradicts that the assertion…that mature pain perception requires cortical circuitry.”
On the other:
The RCOG’s report, Fetal Awareness: A Review of Research and Recommendations for Practice was issued in March 2010. “In reviewing the neuroanatomical and physiological evidence in the fetus,” it found, “it was apparent that connections from the periphery [of the fetal body] to the cortex are not intact before 24 weeks of gestation and, as most neuroscientists believe that the cortex is necessary for pain perception, it can be concluded that the fetus cannot experience pain in any sense prior to this gestation.” In other words, while fetuses can react to pain, at the 24-week stage of brain development there is no subject present that is capable of experiencing pain.
(Photo: A 19 weeks old fetal bone development is displayed in VAM Design Center of Budapest on April 2, 2012 during an exhibition of the ‘Bodies2’. This unique exhibit is a display of several authentic human specimens, including whole bodies, individual organs and transparent body slices preserved through a special process called plastination. By Attila Kisbenedek/AFP/Getty Images.)
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Opening Keynote: Make Simple Tasks Simple!
by Bjarne Stroustrup
C++ faces two challenges: Helping programmers address the most demanding tasks in terms of performance, scale, and dependability. It must also help programmers be productive writing ordinary maintainable code. There is much more “ordinary code” than there is performance-critical code. Thus, C++ must make simple tasks simple while not getting in the way of tuning software for the last byte and last cycle where that’s necessary. This talk focuses on what C++11 and C++14 offer to simplify programming: auto, range-for loops, move semantics, futures, concepts, and more. However, the focus is not primarily on language features: the key is programming: how can we write better, more readable, efficient, and more maintainable code? If you think that the essence of C++ is clever pointer manipulation and huge class hierarchies, you may be in for a few surprises.
C++ on Mars: Incorporating C++ into Mars Rover Flight Software
by Dr. Mark Maimone
One of the more challenging aspects of developing flight software (FSW) for NASA’s Spirit and Opportunity Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) and Curiosity, the Mars Science Laboratory rover was how to enable them to drive themselves safely through unknown Martian terrain. When the MER mission was approved in the year 2000, JPL researchers had already demonstrated that capability on prototype rovers using software written primarily in C++ on a VxWorks realtime O/S platform with shared memory. So when asked to incorporate that capability into the MER vehicles which also relied on a similar VxWorks realtime O/S, the team concluded it would be safest and most expedient to incorporate the already field-tested C++ software. But that presented a challenge, since at that point all rover FSW development was mandated to be done mainly in the C programming language.
In this talk we present some of the challenges we faced and solutions we found in deploying C++ onto the Mars Rovers. For example, dynamic allocation was initially precluded, but development of a specialized memory allocator (using the C++ “placement new” operator) enabled us to incorporate it safely into the flight system. We will discuss what aspects of C++ were incorporated, what simulation environments aided development, describe some of the tools used to validate system behavior, and explain how our success using C++ for the implementation of autonomous navigation on MER has influenced future FSW efforts.
Data-Oriented Design and C++
by Mike Acton
The transformation of data is the only purpose of any program. Common approaches in C++ which are antithetical to this goal will be presented in the context of a performance-critical domain (console game development). Additionally, limitations inherent in any C++ compiler and how that affects the practical use of the language when transforming that data will be demonstrated.
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With the New Year, many people jump on board with the latest celebrity diet, cleanses, liquid detox diets and extreme fasting, which can be dangerous to your health.
According to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, the average American has 116 synthetic compounds in their body. The Environmental Working Group reports that the average newborn baby has 287 known toxins in his or her umbilical cord blood.
According to Mark Hyman, M.D. factors that contribute to toxic overload include:
• Exposure to heavy metals like mercury and lead, petrochemicals, residues, pesticides, and fertilizers.
• Food allergies, environmental allergies, molds, and toxins from molds.
• Eating a standard American diet.
• Mental, emotional, and spiritual toxins — isolation, loneliness, anger, jealousy, and hostility, all of which translate into toxins in our system.
• Medications can sometimes be toxins. Often we need medications, but the reality is that most of us are overmedicated and use medications to treat problems for which there are better solutions, such as lifestyle and diet.
• Internal toxins–things like bacteria, fungus, and yeast inside our gut as well as hormonal and metabolic toxins that we need to eliminate.
Toxic overload happens when a toxic substance is absorbed at a rate faster than it can be detoxified by the detox system. We overload our intestines, liver and kidneys with toxins, alcohol, excess sugar and pollution, which can trigger a number of problems, like constipation, fatigue, or a lack of mental clarity.
Toxic overload disrupts homeostasis, increases risk of disease and makes it very difficult to lose body fat, and feel and look your best. Detoxification is the normal body process of elimination or neutralizing toxins through the colon, liver, kidneys, lungs, lymph and skin.
The No. 1 factor to reduce toxic load that we have direct control over is our choice in the food we eat and water we drink. Non-organic veggies and fruits heavily sprayed and contaminated with pesticides, conventional animal protein injected with antibiotics and xenohormones, processed and fast foods full of additives, GMOs, HFCS, trans fats, preservatives, wheat, corn, gluten, soy, artificial sweeteners and vegetable oils, and chlorinated and fluoridated water all pose a heavy burden on our bodies.
Other sources of toxic exposure that accumulate in our bodies over time include smog and pollution, EMFs, drinking unfiltered water, mycotoxins, heavy metals, toxic cleaning and personal care products, digestive distress, and emotional toxins.
Be smart: optimize liver and kidney function and you’ll naturally support detoxification, reduce inflammation, lose body fat, super-charge your metabolism, experience less bloating, have healthier looking skin, alleviate constipation, fewer aches and pains, sleep better, increase energy, plus so much more.
Smart Detox Tips
Implement these simple tips to correct problems caused by toxicity, maximize your body’s own detoxification capacity, and safely eliminate toxins stores in your body.
Eliminate inflammatory foods. Start by removing anything that contains trans fats, wheat, and gluten. Gradually remove all items containing vegetable oils, processed soy, sugar, soda, corn, dairy products, high-fructose corn syrup, table salt and artificial sweeteners, which are the very items making us fat, sick and miserable increasing toxic load, creating nutritional deficiencies, digestive dysfunction, inflammation, hormonal imbalances, excess cortisol, risk of disease and stimulate fat-storing hormones.
Stay away from anything called a diet, including the hCG diet. Diets, extreme fasting and many cleanses are a major stressor to the body, destructive to metabolism, shut down the thyroid, cause nutrient deficiencies, hormone disruption, muscle loss, fat storage, and added weight gain once you’re off the diet. The body requires specific nutrients and plenty of protein for the detox process to occur, not starvation, extreme fasting and non-fat dieting.
Eat real food! Opt for organic vs. conventionally-raised and non-organic foods.
• Start by choosing organic grass-fed beef and bison, free-range, pastured poultry and eggs when shopping for food.
• Reduce pesticide exposure. Avoid the EWG’s Dirty Dozen, the 12 most contaminated fruits and vegetables, and always buy these organic.
• Avoid farmed salmon and other contaminated frankenfish.
• Read ingredient labels and familiarize yourself with ingredients to avoid at all costs.
• Avoid antibiotics, pesticides, chemicals, GMOs and xenoestrogens
Eat a variety of chlorophyll-rich leafy greens and plenty of non-starchy vegetables maximize detoxification. Include chlorella and cilantro … potent for detoxing heavy metals. Consuming fresh veggies and leafy greens blended in a Vitamix, Nutri-Bullet or high-powered blender boosts the detoxification process. Include plenty of asparagus, cucumber, watercress, artichokes, parsley and cilantro helpful for water retention and de-bloating.
Drink plenty of clean, filtered water throughout the day. Physiologically, water works as a catalyst to most functions within the body and is important for eliminating toxins, preventing constipation, backaches, headaches, and a neglected nutrient for fat loss.
Drink a cup of water with the juice from a fresh lemon and/or lime first thing in the morning.
Drink teas: Pau‘d Arco tea, Dandelion tea, and Yogi DeTox tea.
Optimize liver function. Foods that are nourishing for the liver include bitter greens like dandelion greens, apples, beets, artichokes, high-sulfur foods (onions, leeks, garlic), cruciferous veggies, parsley, milk thistle and turmeric.
Avoid OTC and Rx drugs, and go easy on the booze. Excessive alcohol consumption disrupts blood sugar, causes hormonal imbalances, dehydration, is estrogenic, toxic to the liver, stimulates appetite, and adds inches to your waistline.
Eat smaller meals. Always eat breakfast that includes an organic protein source. Those who consume a diet deficient in protein have trouble detoxifying environmental toxins/pollutants.
Minimize electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure. Remove all electrical devices from your sleeping area including your cell phone; avoid using electric blankets and electric heating pads; avoid using your laptop on your lap; don’t carry your cell phone in your pocket or on your hip; stop using the microwave oven; switch out fluorescent light bulbs for incandescent bulbs. If you live near power lines, consider moving. Use salt lamps in your home and office.
Breathe deeper. Practice at least 2-5 minutes of slow diaphragmatic breathing daily. Deep breathing supports toxin elimination, reduces stress, increases energy, composes the mind, improves mood, enhances appearance and positively changes physiology on a cellular level.
Yogic breathing helps clear out carbon dioxide from the lung tissue, stimulates the organs of digestion and can, over time, retrain the diaphragm to move freely.
Don’t eat after 8 p.m. Evening is the time for your body to rest and detox, not digest food. Eating too close to bedtime can disrupt sleep, create digestive distress, inhibit production of growth hormone, and minimize the detoxification process.
Sleep, rest and relaxation is crucial, especially during any detox process. Keep a regular sleep schedule. Optimally, be asleep by 10 p.m. and awake by 6 a.m. The body repairs physically and psychologically during sleep. This is a time for your body to balance hormones, repair tissues and regenerate.
Schedule rest and relaxation without feeling guilty. Get a daily dose of sunshine (vitamin D). Indulge in a warm bath with Epsom salts and a relaxing essential oil such as lavender. Schedule a massage or sauna, which increase the release of toxins.
Ditch toxic cleaning and skincare products. Switch to more natural cleaning products such as white vinegar and baking soda. Use organic, non-toxic skin care products void of chemicals. Swap out your plastic storage containers and plastic water bottles for glass or other eco-friendly materials. Replace Teflon cookware with stainless steel, ceramic or other eco-friendly cookware. Use non-fluoridated toothpaste.
Optimize gut function, healthy digestion and elimination, which are fundamental requirements for optimal health.
Keep a food journal, which is especially helpful during a detox helping to identify trigger foods you may be sensitive to and cause digestive flare ups. Another bonus: research shows that those who journal what they eat tend to lose twice as many pounds and make healthier food choices.
Dry skin brushing before you shower stimulates your lymphatic, immune and nervous systems, improves circulation, and allows for greater removal of toxins.
Saunas, especially infrared saunas, accelerate the release of toxins.
Soak in a tub. Add 1/2 cup apple cider vinegar, 1/2 cup sea salt, 3 cups Epsom salt, 1/2 cup baking soda and 1/4 cup bentonite clay to pull out toxins.
Practice yoga, Qigong and rebounding. Rebounding (bouncing) on a mini trampoline is extremely beneficial for every cell and organ in the body.
Yin-style yoga and various yoga poses including twists, legs up the wall and downward dog naturally encourage detoxification, physically, emotionally and mentally.
Lose body fat. Toxins accumulate in fat. Losing excess body fat causes fat cells to shrink, which results in the release of fat-soluble toxins.
Dissolve toxic relationships. Form win-win relationships. Determine who is trustworthy and displays character traits of integrity, honesty and authenticity. Associate with like-minded positive people who support you. Enjoy relationships that nourish your soul and make you feel good. Be cognizant of your environment and who and what you spend time with as it greatly impacts your mental, physical and spiritual well-being.
Clear out clutter and old stuff in your home that you no longer use and are taking up space. Go through your kitchen and remove food items that are making you fat, sick and miserable.
Detox your mind. Thoughts are extremely powerful in healing the body, mind and spirit. Nourish your mind with positive thoughts and information. Turn off the news. Minimize time spent with energy vampires and negative people. Generating positive emotions and thoughts is essential to detoxifying your mind. Practice positive affirmations daily. Let go of anything or anyone that pulls or puts you down. Every day, list 5 things, people or events you’re grateful for in a gratitude journal. Change your thoughts and you’ll change your life.
Identify any underlying cause of toxicity including toxic heavy metals, Candida, parasite infections, mycotoxins, and estrogen dominance.
Honor the process of detoxification. Whenever dietary changes are introduced, and depending on your toxic load, one can experience what is called a healing crisis where they feel worse before better. Symptoms may include frequent bowel movements, headaches, fatigue, or skin breakouts. These symptoms subside in a couple of days. Honor the process and listen to your body.
Everyone can benefit from a detox!
• Ahwatukee Foothills resident Paula Owens, M.S., is the author of two books, “The Power of 4” and “Fat Loss Revolution.” She is a nutritionist and fitness expert with more than 25 years of experience, and creator of “21 Days to a Leaner, Healthier You,” an online exercise and fat-loss program. Visit Paula at www.PaulaOwens.com.
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Jesuit Relations, annual reports and narratives written by French Jesuit missionaries at their stations in New France (America) between 1632 and 1673. They are invaluable as historical sources for French exploration and native relations and also as a record of the various indigenous tribes of the region before the influence of settlers and missionaries had changed them. Published originally in Paris in annual volumes, they were translated and edited by R. G. Thwaites (73 vol., 1896–1901).
See bibliography by J. C. McCoy, Jesuit Relations of Canada, 1632–1673 (1937, repr. 1973).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
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Olympic Women Ski Jump Equally Far on the Moon
Would they surpass the Moon’s escape velocity and go soaring through space? Or would they manage to circle around the circumference of the Moon before landing? Neither. The provocative, counterintuitive answer is that they would travel about the same distance!
|The Holmenkillen ski Jump in Oslo, Norway. Credit: Mathias Stang|
The women are competing on the smaller of the two hills, the normal hill, at the RusSki Gorki Jumping Center. The center’s normal hill is a K95. The K stands for K point, or critical point, which is a target for skiers, and the 95 means that the target point is 95 meters away from the launch point.
If skiers jump a distance of exactly 95 meters (about 312 feet) then they earn 60 points. They are either awarded or penalized points for how many meters they surpass or fall short of the K point.
Ski jumpers have a number of tactics they use to make sure they fly longer and farther than any of their competitors. Ski length, body position, weight, strength and air resistance are some of the factors that determine how fast the skier flies off the ramp, how long they’re in the air and how far they travel.
It is very difficult to calculate exactly where a skier will touch ground on Earth because of air resistance and the fact that it both helps and hurts the athletes. From the second they start down the ramp, air resistance is acting against them. But once the slope drops out from under them, they can generate lift while in the air, which is why they make a V-shape with their skis. It’s hard to know exactly how much the drag verses the lift affects a skier’s distance for a given jump since weather conditions affect wind speed and direction.
On the Moon, however, the skiers need not worry about air resistance. Since the Moon has a lower gravity, you might think that the skiers would travel farther because they’re in the air for a longer period of time. But my calculations show that if the skiers were to jump from the same slope on the Moon, they would be moving slower off the jump and the ratio of the distance they travel on the Moon verses on Earth is one, meaning they travel the same distance!
To calculate how fast the skiers are traveling when they leave the ramp, I use simple energy conservation.
This is the ratio for both the velocity in the x and y direction. We ultimately want to know what is the ratio for the horizontal distance traveled, which I represent as dxE/dxM.
To calculate how far the skier travels along the x-direction I use the simple relation:
Where dx is the distance traveled, v is the velocity in the x direction (which remains constant in the absence of air resistance) and dt is the time in the air.
The ratio of this relation on Earth and the Moon is:
I already calculated the ratio of the velocities. All I need now is the ratio of the time the skiers are in the air on Earth verses the Moon. I can calculate this ratio using the relation that
Where dv is the change in velocity in the y direction, a is acceleration due to gravity and dt is the time in the air.
After solving for dt, the ratio of the time the skier is in the air on the Earth and Moon is:
Now subbing this into my equation for the ratio of distance traveled, I get:
We calculated earlier that :
and the ratio of the velocity in the y-direction at any given point in time is equal to this same ratio, so:
The ratio between the distance traveled on Earth versus the Moon is equal to one, which means that the distance ski jumpers travel on the Moon is the same for the distance they travel on Earth. Basically, the ski jumpers would perform the same, just in slow motion.
In reality the horizontal and vertical velocity on Earth will depend on air resistance. So, the distance ski jumpers travel will either be slightly shorter or longer than on the Moon depending on how kind the wind is that day.
*This result is the same for both women and men ski jumpers.
This blog relates to what I'm currently learning in my physics class. I feel that as long as the ratios are correct this makes perfect sense. Air pressure and velocity would need to have the same impact on the skier in order for the distance to be the same. We see on earth air resistance would effect the skier in both a positive way. While air resistance would not be a factor on the moon, having a slower velocity if equal to the effect of air resistance on earth could cause the skier to land in exactly the same distance on both the moon and the earth. - Jake Lawrence
Wednesday, February 12, 2014 at 7:42 PM
Retracting previous comments. The solution here is fine, as I'm sure the author already knows... :) The ratios dvy_e/dvy_m and v_e/v_m definitely are equal though they are solved for differently.
Wednesday, February 12, 2014 at 6:49 PM
I think the error in the solution presented is in the ratio used for dv_e/dv_m. It assumes the same energy conservation relations used to solve for v_e/v_m, which is incorrect because one now needs to include kinetic energy for the initial energy after the ramp. I would keep everything else in the solution the same and replace with the relation dv_e/dv_m >= sqrt(g_e/g_m). (It comes from energy conservation, with initial kinetic energy, and the triangle inequality (dv)^2 >= v_f^2 - v_0^2 = 2g_eh.) The '=' in this relation is for the case that v_e,v_m=0 and leads to them flying the same distance. All other cases (v_e, v_m not equal 0, which is what we have) lead to traveling a greater distance on earth!
Wednesday, February 12, 2014 at 5:49 PM
Jonathan Leon said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Wednesday, February 12, 2014 at 5:33 PM
This is great idea to write about, but there's one error in your ideal case solution (i.e. no air resistance) that is a little disappointing. Everything is ok until you start to solve for the time spent in the air after the ramp. Solve for the ratio of these time explicitly, assuming the distance fallen after jump is the same on earth and the moon and using the velocities already solve for, and you'll get a very different answer
Wednesday, February 12, 2014 at 4:50 PM
This blog post is not only relevant to current events but to the introduction to physics class I am currently in. It is discussed here that velocity, time, distance, and gravity are important to get to the 95 meter mark, or further. Air resistance and gravity are important for this problem if it occurs on Earth. The air resistance could create a force against the skier and slow the velocity at which she is falling. Some have experienced this themselves when skiing and going off a jump. Since this problem is calculated on the moon where air resistance and gravity are not a factor it becomes easier to calculate. We learned that air resistance is not always a significant enough factor to calculate in, but in this case it happens to be necessary for a more accurate answer.
Tuesday, February 11, 2014 at 8:41 PM
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Defend the Amazon
Can you imagine a world without the Amazon Rainforest? It is the single largest tropical rainforest in the world with ten percent of the planet's known flora and fauna. Described as the "lungs of the planet" about twenty percent of the Earth's oxygen is produced here. The Amazon also functions as a huge carbon sink storing massive amounts of C02--which if permitted to be released into the atmosphere would be catastrophic. Life on planet Earth would not be the same as we now know it.
It is unthinkable that Brazil would seek to remove laws protecting the Amazon and open it up to clear cutting. The good news is that seventy nine percent of Brazilians oppose these laws and that President Dilma Rousseff is open to vetoing this legislation. We must stand with our fellow Brazilians and send a global message to defend the Amazon!
Sign our petition below to the Rousseff government letting them know that the Amazon must be protected and not deforested.
We call on you to take action and save the Amazon by vetoing the changes to the forest law. Brazil's forests cannot be allowed to be opened up to clear cutting. We ask that you instruct law enforcement agencies to protect environmental activists and stop illegal logging. The Amazon is not only important to Brazil it is important to the entire planet. We call on you to defend the 'lungs of the earth."
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When you have Auto-newline minor mode enabled (see Minor Modes), CC Mode inserts newlines for you automatically (in certain syntactic contexts) when you type a left or right brace, a colon, a semicolon, or a comma. Sometimes a newline appears before the character you type, sometimes after it, sometimes both.
Auto-newline only triggers when the following conditions hold:
You can configure the precise circumstances in which newlines get inserted (see see Custom Auto-newlines). Typically, the style system (see Styles) will have set this up for you, so you probably won’t have to bother.
Sometimes CC Mode inserts an auto-newline where you don’t want one, such as after a ‘}’ when you’re about to type a ‘;’. Hungry deletion can help here (see Hungry WS Deletion), or you can activate an appropriate clean-up, which will remove the excess whitespace after you’ve typed the ‘;’. See Clean-ups for a full description. See also Electric Keys for a summary of clean-ups listed by key.
A literal is defined as any comment, string, or preprocessor macro definition. These constructs are also known as syntactic whitespace since they are usually ignored when scanning C code.
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In July, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln came to the Gettysburg battlefield where over 20,000 Union soldiers were killed or wounded. During the Civil War, Confederates did not kill 3,000 people, they killed over 250,000 Union soldiers and wounded a million. A few changes have been made in the Gfettysburg Address, but we believe it should be printed today.
“Ten score years ago, our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
Now, we are engaged in a great world wide war, testing whether this nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-filed of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that the nation might live. It is altogether filing and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate–we cannot consecrate–we can not hallow–this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather to be dedicated to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us–that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion–that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain–that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom–and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from this earth.”
Does anyone after reading these words believe Abraham Lincoln would have been part of a howling mob shouting hate?
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Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
"Good for what ails you" claim supporters of the late Dr. Linus Pauling when singing the praises for vitamin C or ascorbic acid. Once a valuable cure for scurvy utilized by the Royal Navy during long sea voyages (in the form of citrus fruit), vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin important in forming collagen and aiding in the absorption of iron by the body.
Whether taken in synthesized tablet form or via a nutritious, balanced diet with naturally rich (orange juice, rose hips, tomatoes) or fortified (grape juice and breakfast cereals) food sources, it is important for humans to supplement their diets with ample vitamin C. For some people the federal government's recommended daily allowance of 60 milligrams is not enough and they turn towards mega-doses of vitamin C to battle colds, other viruses, and even cancer (although the anti-carcinogenic properties of vitamin C are hotly disputed).
In these harried days of fast-food emporia and highly processed foods lacking a significant degree of nutrition, millions of people are still choosing to add vitamin C to their diets. Originally, ascorbic acid was only available from natural sources such as citrus fruits and juices, but increasing numbers of processed foods are often fortified with synthetic forms of the vitamin. Whether natural from the garden in the form of rose hips, or synthesized by a pharmaceutical plant, vitamin C is a water-soluble, essential vitamin that is necessary in the biosynthesis of collagen, the building block of cartilage, bones, muscle, and blood vessels. Ascorbic acid also plays a role in maintaining bones, teeth, and capillaries, and aids in the absorption of iron. Humans are one of the few mammals unable to biosynthesize their own ascorbic acid in the liver. This fact went unnoticed until sailors on long sea voyages began developing scurvy, a vitamin deficiency disease.
Preparing, cooking, and storing foods and drinks rich in vitamin C can destroy the vitamin's nutritive and co-enzymatic powers. To avoid reduction in benefits, fruits and vegetables should be served raw, whenever possible. Potatoes, for example, lose 30 to 50 percent of their vitamin C content when peeled and boiled, and at room temperature, lose about 15 percent for each month of storage. Using a minimal amount of water to steam, boil, or simmer foodstuffs will decrease water-soluble ascorbic acid losses. After two to three days, even under refrigeration, vitamin C content in orange and other prepared juices declines. Wild edible plants, like the ubiquitous dandelion weed, blackberries, blueberries, and wild plums are often rich in vitamin C, supplying wild grazing animals with their needed nutrients, as well as humans that forage alongside them. Ascorbic acid is a white, odorless crystal synthesized either naturally or synthetically as the levorotatory isomer. In industry, vitamin C finds applications as a photographic developing agent, a reducing agent in metallurgy, and as an animal feed supplement for meat, dairy, fowl, and fish production. Bioengineering advances have enabled hi-tech companies to produce ascorbic acid using bio-based processes from waste corn products. Other roles for L-ascorbic acid include an oxidant in bread dough, an antimicrobial and antioxidant in foods, a flavor enhancer in food and drink products, a reducing agent in analytical chemistry, and in the abscission of citrus fruit during harvest.
Questions or comments? Send us an email.
Photomicrographs are © 2000-2013 by Loes Modderman.
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Everyone goes to the gym in order to stay fit and healthy, but few people know that their gym could actually be making them sick. Gyms are germ infested places, but this doesn't mean that there aren't things that can be done to reduce the risk of getting sick while pumping some iron.
The Most Common Germs At The Gym
Here is a list of several common, albeit very yucky, germs found in gyms:
- Candida: This fungus is the culprit responsible for vaginal yeast infections in women, as well as jock itch in men and ringworm and athlete's foot in both sexes. It loves warm moist places so it takes up residence in places like showers and saunas.
- Influenza: This is the virus responsible for the flu. While not usually serious, if someone has a compromised immune system it can be. There is no cure for the flu, but an annual flu shot each year can help.
- Streptococcal bacteria: There are more than 20 different strains of strep that can cause infection, though the most common problems include upper respiratory infections and strep throat. This is spread through contact, either with an infected person or with a surface that has been contaminated such as sweaty gym equipment.
- Staphylococcus Aureus: Staph as it is commonly known, results in skin rashes in most cases but it can also cause more serious problems such as pneumonia, sepsis (a potentially deadly type of inflammation) meningitis, and methicillin resistant staph aureus, known as MRSA for short.
- Klebsiella: This is a bacterium that is usually found in the stool and intestines, but it can cause serious infections. The type of infection it causes depends upon how it enters the body. Most common are urinary tract infections and pneumonia, while less common are meningitis and blood infections.
- Escherichia Coli: Commonly known as E. coli, this bacterium causes gastrointestinal infections. While not serious to most people, it can be life threatening to those with weakened immune systems and serious complications such as dehydration can result.
- Human Papillomavirus: HPV as it is commonly known is considered a sexually transmitted disease, but sex is not the only way it can be spread. It can cause plantar (foot) warts as well as genital warts. It is also the cause of the majority of cervical, penile and anal cancers. There is no cure for HPV, though there are vaccines available for those under the age of 25.
10 Effective Ways To Avoid Germs At The Gym
While it's impossible to avoid every germ, there are some simple things that can be done to reduce the likelihood of becoming ill.
1. Check out the gym before joining
When going to sign up, look around. Is it clean or does it seem a little dirty? Does it smell musty? Simply being observant can tell a lot about how the facilities are kept, and in turn a lot of about the likelihood of germs lurking on surfaces.
2. Clean machines
Most gyms offer (and if they don't they should) cleaner and towels to use between members. This is so that no one has to sit or lie on anyone else's bodily fluids, namely sweat. Be sure to use it each and every time when switching machines.
Ok this is sort of a no brainer, but showering helps remove germs from the surface of the body, making it harder for those germs to find a place to enter the body, so the sooner the shower occurs after the workout, the better. Plus who wants to walk around sweaty all day?
4. Don't go barefoot
While this isn't much of an issue on the gym floor, in locker rooms, steam rooms and near pools it can add up to a case of foot fungus at the very least. So it's always best to have some type of footwear on at all times.
5. Cover cuts
Not only do open wounds and sores allow the person with the sore to spread germs, they also allow new germs to enter the body which could mean big trouble. So keep even small cuts and scrapes covered, even if it's just while working out.
6. Don't share gear
While we all learned about sharing in kindergarten, when it comes to gym equipment such as towels or mats, it's best not to. This avoids the possibility of becoming infected from someone else's germs.
7. Keep dirty and clean items separate
This is easier said than done when in a rush to leave the gym to get to work or to some other important event. But keeping dirty sweaty items such as clothes, towels and even shoes separated from clean items in one's bag or locker, can reduce the chances of being exposed to bacteria that may have been picked up.
8. Keep covered up
While it's cool that some people are comfortable in their own skin and don't mind running around the locker room in the buff, it can leave a person vulnerable to infection from surfaces like benches. Simply sitting on a contaminated bench can lead to a case of jock itch or a vaginal yeast infection, so it's best to stay covered up.
9. BYO Water
While most gyms offer water fountains or coolers for their members, numerous studies have confirmed that these places are breeding grounds for bacteria. So it is a better idea to bring water from home in a clean container, or grab a fresh bottle at the store before hitting the gym.
10. Don't touch your face with dirty hands
Most people's hands sweat when they work out and they don't even notice. They will then touch one of the machines or the floor or some other surface, picking up bacteria in the process. By avoiding touching one's face, it reduces the risk of allowing germs to enter the body through the mucus membranes of the eyes, nose and mouth, the most common places for infections to get in.
Going to the gym is good for the body, the mind and the spirit, but all the germs found there can be dangerous. By following these tips, people can reap the benefits without the all the risk.
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When you get braces, the first thing they do is place orthodontic separators. In order to put on orthodontic bands you have to slip them over the teeth like putting a ring on your finger. Teeth are usually tight (it's pretty hard to floss back there isn't it)? So, separators are these little things that are placed between the back teeth to gently move them apart just a little so the bands will fit on easily at your next appointment. In the old days these were metal and used on every tooth because they had to band every tooth. Mostly, however, we use "seps" that are like little rubber bands. The teeth will move apart slowly just a little. It feels like a little piece of food between the teeth. Some kids's teeth get a little sore, but it's not bad. Sometimes after the teeth move, the seps fall out. See your orthodontist or pediatric dentist if you need them replaced prior to your next appointment.
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After we finished our Pumpkin Shaving Cream Art, we had some bisected mini gourds we did not want to waste. So, we turned them into bird feeders.
First, I took the gourd I had cut in half length-wise and cut two holes at the top of the gourd.
Then, the children threaded the yarn through the holes.
We filled them with nut butter (you can use sunflower if you have peanut allergies), bird seed, and raisins.
Then we hung the gourds from the bird feeder and waited for our friends to visit!
- Ecology: Which animals migrate and which stay in your area for the winter? How do the animals who stay survive during the winter? Make a list of animals that hibernate, store food, or continue to scavenge or hunt during the winter.
- Ecology: What can you do with left-over organic material besides throwing it in the trash?
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Precautions for health hazards and safety measuresMonday, September 19, 2011 19:48
Precautions for health hazards and safety measures:
As we are well aware of the fact that during construction of a building many dangerous chemicals are used for building purposes. So Following are the remedies which should be taken for health hazards.
- Labors should be well aware of these chemicals and they should carefully handle it.
- These chemicals can harm the people using it. So remedial measurements should be taken to avoid any damage.
- Chemicals used should be in concentrated form while bringing them to the site.
- The containers in which these chemicals are preserved should be given with complete guide.
- Care should be taken so that chemicals should not have contact with skin otherwise it can provide harm.
- Labors should wear neat and clean clothing and they should wash their hands before using any type of edibles.
- Care should be taken that no explosive material should enter into the eyes and if it happens then eyes should be washed with plenty of water and soap.
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The principal symptoms of dengue are :
Generally, younger children have a milder illness than older children and adults.
Cost Rs. 500/-
Cost Rs. 1650/-
Dengue (pronounced den' gee) is a disease caused by any one of four closely related viruses (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, or DEN-4). The viruses are transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito. In the Western Hemisphere, the Aedes aegypti mosquito is the most important transmitter or vector of dengue viruses.
DHF is a more severe form of dengue. It can be fatal if unrecognised and not properly treated. DHF is caused by infection with the same viruses that cause dengue. With good medical management, mortality due to DHF can be less than 1%
Dengue hemorrhagic fever is characterized by fever that lasts from 2 to 7 days, with general signs and symptoms that could occur with many other illnesses (e.g., nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and headache). This stage is followed by hemorrhagic manifestations, tendency to bruise easily or other types of skin haemorrhages, bleeding nose or gums, and possibly internal bleeding. The smallest blood vessels (capillaries) become excessively permeable ("leaky"), allowing the fluid component to escape from the blood vessels. This may lead to failure of the circulatory system and shock, followed by death, if circulatory failure is not corrected.
Dengue is transmitted to people by the bite of an Aedes mosquito that is infected with a dengue virus. The mosquito becomes infected with dengue virus when it bites a person who has dengue or DHF and after about a week can transmit the virus while biting a healthy person. Dengue cannot be spread directly from person to person.
There is no specific medication for treatment of a dengue infection. Persons who think they have dengue should use analgesics (pain relievers) with acetaminophen and avoid those containing aspirin. They should also rest, drink plenty of fluids, and consult a physician.
As with dengue, there is no specific medication for DHF. It can however be effectively treated by fluid replacement therapy if an early clinical diagnosis is made. Hospitalisation is frequently required in order to adequately manage DHF.
There is no vaccine for preventing dengue. The best
preventive measure for residents living in areas infested
with Aedes aegypti is to eliminate the places where the
mosquito lays her eggs, primarily artificial
containers that hold water.
Items that collect rainwater or are used to store water (for example, plastic containers, big drums, buckets, or used automobile tires) should be covered or properly discarded. Pet and animal watering containers and vases with fresh flowers should be emptied and scoured at least once a week. This will eliminate the mosquito eggs and larvae and reduce the number of mosquitoes present in these areas.
CBC - WBC Count, Platelet Count,
S. Protien, S. Albumin
Liver Function Tests
Urine - microscopic haematuria
Dengue IgG & IgM.
The tests for diagnosis of dengue infection are time dependent. All tests may be negative in the early stages of the disease. However a low white blood cell count and a low platelet count indicates a viral infection.
If the patient presents within the first 5 days after onset of symptoms, which is the acute phase of the illness, a blood sample should be drawn immediately. Detection of NS1 antigen during the febrile phase of a primary infection may be greater.
If the patient presents six or more days after symptom onset, the blood sample should be drawn as soon as possible. This sample should then be tested for serum IgM antibody.
Tests for dengue virus-specific antibodies, types IgG and IgM, can be useful in confirming a diagnosis in the later stages of the infection. Both IgG and IgM are produced after 5-7 days. The highest levels (titres) of IgM are detected following a primary infection, but IgM is also produced in reinfection. IgM becomes undetectable 30-90 days after a primary infection, but earlier following re-infections.
The serum IgG antibody, by contrast, remains detectable for over 60 years and, in the absence of symptoms, is a useful indicator of past infection. After a primary infection IgG reaches peak levels in the blood after 14-21 days. In subsequent re-infections, levels peak earlier and the titres are usually higher.
Both IgG and IgM provide protective immunity to the infecting serotype of the virus. The laboratory test for IgG and IgM antibodies can cross-react with other flaviviruses and may result in a false positive after recent infections or vaccinations with yellow fever virus or Japanese encephalitis.
The detection of IgG alone is not considered diagnostic unless blood samples are collected 14 days apart and a greater than fourfold increase in levels of specific IgG is detected. In a person with symptoms, the detection of IgM is considered diagnostic.
Dengue Day 1 Test is a rapid solid phase immuno-chromatographic test for the qualitative detection of Dengue NS1 Antigen and differential detection of IgM and IgG antibodies to Dengue virus in Human serum/plasma. This test iis intended as an aid in the earlier diagnosis of Dengue infection & presumptive diagnosis between primary and secondary Dengue infection.
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Cooperation and Conflict in Conservation
By Michael Bode
Different groups are all “fighting” for the environment, but each group does it in its own way and with its own specific priorities – sometimes leading to negative conservation outcomes.
Systematic conservation planning is the absolute best-practice approach to conserving biodiversity in a large landscape. We create maps that highlight the distribution of our favourite conservation features – be they threatened species, vulnerable habitats, ecosystem services, or all of the above – and then we use these data to decide which locations are the most valuable. The result is a priority map: a chart of where our limited resources will do the most good for conservation.
While systematic conservation planning methologies do a pretty good job of describing the distribution of conservation features, they do a poor job of describing the conservation organisations themselves. Systematic conservation planning basically says that protected areas are created by a single conservation entity that is concerned about all the features equally. It therefore bears little resemblance to the landscape of organisations that make up the modern conservation sector. In biodiverse landscapes, reserve networks are the cumulative result of a huge number of autonomous, passionate, idiosyncratic organisations.
Of course, these organisations share the same general objective – to minimise or reverse harm to the environment. However, these groups are independent operators that are usually focused on radically different facets of conservation. Some are interested in species, others in different habitat types. Some believe that conservation needs to be working where the bulldozers and chainsaws are operating. Others think that conservation should focus on the most intact, untouched landscapes.
As anyone who has worked in conservation will tell you, the relationships between these various organisations are often strained and fraught. Conservation groups are usually made up of true-believers, strong-willed workers and assertive leaders. Frequently these individuals don’t see eye-to-eye on the best way forward for conservation; often they’re competing for the same government grants, philanthropic donors and skilled workers.
This is the real world, and yet none of this complexity is reflected in the modern systematic conservation planning literature. In the few places where these issues are discussed, authors generally assert the benefits of collaborative work, and move quickly onto where that work should take place. Others argue that conservation groups should try to “free-ride” on other organisations working in a region – for example, biodiversity conservation should try to benefit from organisations that are protecting forests to sequester carbon. Clearly there is a need for systematic conservation planning to acknowledge the multi-organisational reality of conservation.
We don’t pretend to offer a solution to these difficulties, but we have developed a new framework that provides a more nuanced description of how this diversity might affect conservation outcomes.
We have used simulation models and game theory to explore how alternative behaviours – such as organisations acting independently or explicitly cooperating – affected an organisation’s ability to protect their feature of interest, and investigated how the distribution of features in the landscape influenced organisations’ attitudes toward cooperation.
For example, take conservation features that have highly correlated spatial distributions. Conservation planners have always been very optimistic about the potential synergies that can be achieved when species or ecosystem services overlap in space – they call them “win-win” opportunities. However, correlated features will draw conservation groups into close proximity, where competition and conflict could easily arise. Depending on how organisations behave, correlated features can actually lead to negative conservation outcomes.
While these detrimental outcomes can be avoided through expensive cooperation, our models show that this coordination will demand painful sacrifices from each organisation. To achieve the full benefits, each conservation group has to give up some of the most valuable places in the landscape – the “hotspots” for their favourite feature – in return for “compromise” areas that protect an intermediate amount of both features.
A number of these results fly in the face of received wisdom. These insights were only possible because, for the first time, we integrated multiple conservation actors with different biodiversity goals into a single process.
We’re now working on applying the insights of this theoretical work into real conservation landscapes, where conservation organisations are actively pursuing different conservation goals.
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I've watched documentaries about the solar system, where it is suggested that Venus once had oceans of liquid water similar to those that cover most of Earth today. Venus is now in a period of run-away green house effect and has lost its oceans.
I've always wondered whether the apparent over abundance of water on Earth could be partially explained by our planet sweeping up the water, pushed into Earth's path by the solar wind, after it had been liberated from Venus. I know the consensus on where our water came from is a bombardment of comets - but I've always wondered whether some could also have arrived after Venus heated up.
How stupid is this as an idea?
some news just in from the bbc
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http://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/1046/could-venus-be-a-source-of-earths-water
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Pahlavi Texts, Part I (SBE05), E.W. West, tr. , at sacred-texts.com
1. A Hâsar 1 on the ground is a Parasang of one thousand steps of the two feet. 2. A Parasang 2 is a measure as much as a far-seeing man may look out, see a beast of burden, and make known that it is black or white. 3. And the measure of a man is eight medium spans 3.
98:1 Av. hâthra of Vend. II, 65, VIII, 280, 287, 291, Tîstar Yt. 23, 29. The statements regarding the length of a Hâsar are rather perplexing, for we are told that it 'is like a Parasang' (Chap. XIV, 4), that 'the length of a Hâsar is one-fourth of a Parasang' (Chap. XVI, 7), and that 'a medium Hâsar on the ground, which they also call a Parasang, is a thousand steps of the two feet when walking with propriety' (Farhang-i Oîm-khadûk, ed. Hosh. p. 42). To reconcile these statements we must conclude that the Hâsar is like a Parasang merely in the sense of being a long measure of distance, that it is really the mille passus or mile of the Romans, and that it is a quarter of the actual Parasang. At the same time, as it was usual to call a Hâsar by the name of a Parasang, we are often left in doubt whether a mile or a league is meant, when a Hâsar or Parasang is mentioned. The Farhang-i Oîm-khadûk (p. 41) also mentions other measures of distance, such as the takar (Av. takara) of two Hâsars, the asvâst (or aêast) of four Hâsars, the dashmêst (Av. dakhshmaiti) of eight, Hâsars, and the yôgêst (Av. yigaiasti or yugaiasti) of sixteen Hâsars.
98:2 A Parasang is usually from 3½ to 4 English miles, but perhaps a Hâsar is meant here.
98:3 Reading vitast-i miyânak instead of vitast damânak. The Farhang-i Oîm-khadûk (p. 41) mentions three kinds of spans, the Av. vitasti (Vend. VIII, 243, 245, XVII, 13) of twelve finger-breadths (angûst), or about 9 inches, which is a full span between the thumb and little finger (the one mentioned in the text); the Av. disti (Vend. XVII, 13) of ten finger-breadths, or about 7½ inches, which is a span between the thumb and middle finger; and the p. 99 Av. uzasti (Pahl. lâlâ-ast) of eight finger-breaths, or about 6 inches which is a span between the thumb and fore-finger. Other measures mentioned by the same authority are the pâî (Av. padha, Vend. IX, 15, 20, 29), 'foot,' of fourteen finger-breadths, or about 10½ inches; the gâm (Av. gâya, Vend. III, 57, &c.), 'step,' which 'in the Vendîdâd is three pâî,' or about 2 feet 7½ inches, 'and in other places is said to be two frârâst' (Av. frârâthni in Vend. VII, 76, 79, 87); so the frârâst, which is probably the distance from the neck to the extended elbow, is half a gâm, or from 15 to 16 inches. Two other measures are mentioned in Vend. VII, 7 9, 87, 90, IX, 8, the Av. frâbâzu, 'fore-arm or cubit' from elbow to finger-ends, which is about 18 inches (or it may be a half fathom); and Av. vîbâzu, which is probably the 'fathom,' or extent of the two arms out-stretched, from 5½ to 6 feet.
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"No Pass No Play" (NPNP) has been a controversial issue plaguing the educational system over the past decade. This rule enforces the idea that students must pass their classes in order to participate in sport-related, extra-curricular activities including band. Some students feel that the "NPNP" rule is biased, discriminatory and should not be intact, while others feel that it is an effective tool by motivating athletes to work hard in school, and not just on the field.
The "NPNP" policy affects students who receive a grade below 70" in any academic class at the end of a grading period by hindering their participation in any athletic extra-curricular activity for at least three weeks. Although a student is ineligible to play, they may practice or rehearse for a game. A student can regain eligibility when the principle and teachers determine that he or she has earned a passing grade in all academic classes, other than those that are advanced, after the ineligibility period. Students who pass remain eligible until the end of the next grading period. Coaches are responsible for obtaining official grade reports from the individual students. The principle balances this process by checking the student's grades and verifying all participating athletes are in good academic standing.
Dispute over this policy frequently involves athletes and non-athletes. Athletes are punished for performing below the par set by school administration while non-athletes are not accosted by the same policy. For example, a student who does not participate in any sports, but participates in intellectual and non-athletic, school-related competitions are not obligated by the "NPNP" policy. If they are representing the school in a language competition, or technology competition, or even a cosmetology hair show competition, an overview and satisfaction of their grades are required before participation. This infuriates athletes in
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How is HPV transmitted?
What are the signs and symptoms of HPV?
How can people protect themselves from HPV?
What are the short and long-term effects of HPV?
Is there a test?
Once I have HPV, do I have it forever?
If I already had HPV, can I get it again?
Is there a cure?
HPVs that infect the genital area are sexually transmitted.
HPV viruses are very common. So much so that more than 75% of women and men will have this type of infection at one point of their life or another, and between 10% and 70% of women and men have HPV at any one time. HPV is most common in young women and men who are in their late teens and early 20s.
HPV can be transmitted through skin-to-skin sexual contact, whether or not there is penetration. It can be transmitted through vaginal or anal intercourse, oral sex and mutual masturbation (genital touching). The vaginal and anal tracts are particularly susceptible to sexually-transmitted HPV and the risk of transmission is greatest during penetration without a condom. This being said, HPV is also found on parts of the body such as the vulva, scrotum and inner thighs which are not covered by a condom. It is thus possible to for partners to transmit HPV even when a condom is used.
What are the signs and symptoms of an HPV infection?
The types of HPV that cause genital warts do not cause cancer. Genital warts (also called Condylomata) may be flat or look like a small cauliflower. They can appear on the vulva, cervix, penis, scrotum, rectum, or thigh area.
The types of HPV that can cause cancer are often a “silent infection”. They have no obvious signs or symptoms, and most people will not even know they are infected. For women, the main concern is infection of the cells of the cervix. These infections can lead to changes in the cervical cells that can be observed under the microscope in a Pap test.
Anyone who has engaged in sexual activity with a partner is at risk of getting HPV.
Practicing safer sex, including condom use, can lower your risk of sexually transmitted infections. Having multiple partners increases your risk of HPV infection.
In young women, most high-risk HPV infections actually present very low risk. Most will not lead to lesions and will clear within a few months. Even mild lesions usually regress within a short time frame without any treatment. That being said, some infections may progress to cancer and it is important that women be screened. All cervical cancers are caused by HPV, i.e., infection with HPV is a necessary cause of cervical cancer. Cancer of the cervix was the most common cancer in Canadian women before Pap test screening, and is still one of the most common cancers among women in some other countries. Fortunately, over 99% of women who have HPV will never get cervical cancer. In a small number of women, HPV will cause changes in cervical cells that can eventually lead to cancer if the virus is not cleared. This process is believed to take 10 or more years.
There are special cases where the risk posed by HPV may be higher. This occurs when a person’s immune system is compromised, for example by co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HPV-related cancers such as cervical and anal cancers are more common in HIV-positive men and women.
A test for HPV is available for women, but usually it is not covered by provincial health care coverage. Women must pay out-of-pocket for this test. It is not generally recommended for women under the age of 30.
On the other hand, the Pap test is freely available and is covered by provincial health care coverage. The main purpose of the Pap test is to find abnormal cell changes caused by HPV that may arise from cervical cancer or before cancer develops. If you are a sexually active woman, talk to your health care provider about screening for cervical cancer and the Pap test. Precancerous cervical cells and lesions detected in a Pap test can be treated and cancer can be prevented.
Most HPV infections in young men and women are transient, lasting no more than one or two years. Usually, the body clears the infection on its own. It is estimated that the infection will persist in only about 1% of women. It is those infections that persist which may lead to cancer. There is some research that suggests that the virus can hide deep in the affected mucosa or skin for several years, below detectable levels. These are called “latent” infections. Having an HPV-positive test followed by an HPV-negative test might mean two different things: that the virus has been completely cleared by the body, or that the level of infection is so small that laboratory tests cannot detect it. Thus, HPV might “reappear” several years after an infection (whether or not it was treated) when the immune system weakens (because of aging, pregnancy, illness, etc.) and then cause lesions. It is unknown what proportion of HPV infections go latent, nor what proportions are truly cleared by the body.
It is possible. There are several types of HPV. Infection with one type will not result in immunity to the other types. Moreover, research has yet to determine whether infection and clearance from one type of HPV provides immunity against subsequent infections from the same HPV type.
There is no cure for HPV infection itself, but there is treatment for the effects of HPV.
Genital warts can be removed by medicated gels or creams, or by surgical methods.
If minor abnormalities in cervical cells are found in a Pap test, women are usually asked to return to their health care provider in six months for repeat screening. If the abnormal cells are more severe, women go to a gynecology clinic where the cells of the cervix can be examined more closely (colposcopy). Lesions can be removed using surgical methods.
Treatment for men with HPV-related lesions other than genital warts varies according to the type and severity of the found lesion. If the lesion is mild, your doctor may choose to wait and see if it clears up on its own. If the lesion is moderate to severe, your doctor will likely refer you to have it surgically removed.
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Ceramics: Wartime Heroes Slip the Collector’s Net
A ceramics worker paints a design onto a plate with enamel at the J & G Meakin factory in Hanley. These plates were to be exported to South America to generate income for the battered British economy during World War Two.
The Second World War has been described and examined from every angle possible and still holds a great fascination for many people. A wide variety of wartime memorabilia stands as evidence of this turbulent phase, and much of this memorabilia is highly regarded (and equally highly valued). However, one of the categories of wartime memorabilia that has so far escaped the attention of collectors is that of English wartime ceramics. These are charming pieces which are easy enough to spot, once you know what you are looking for.
These items often pass themselves off as run of the mill pieces and are easy to miss, but do not be fooled by their mundane guise; they are witness to the most dramatic and pivotal event in our history and stand as testimony to the wartime spirit of the British people. The fact that these items can be dated accurately only adds to their appeal. Snap them up now while they are cheap, as when word gets out, they will be much collected.
A 9-piece child’s tea set with a floral pattern and bright colors with green banding produced in England under the conditions set by the British Board of Trade.
While the Second World War broke out in 1939, but it was not until 1942 that it was to have any real impact on the ceramics industry in Great Britton, when approximately half of the 42,000 pottery workers in the country had been diverted to wartime work of one kind or another. The effect of losing half of the workforce, in addition to the higher than normal occurrence of breakages, had caused desperate shortages of most of the basic crockery. It was the state of this dire shortage that caused the British government to step in and take control of the ceramics industry; the Board of Trade controlled the pottery industry throughout the war and afterwards, until regulations were lifted in 1952. The changes largely took the form of concentration, and were catastrophic.
The aims of this rationalization plan were threefold: Firstly, they required pottery manufacturers to produce the everyday crockery while using as little resources as possible. Secondly, in the interests of equity during this national crisis, they needed to keep a strict control over prices charged for the pots sold at home. Pots were indelibly marked, under the glaze, with an A, B or C, to indicate the price band. Finally, manufacturers were required to produce decorated goods, but only for export to earn dollars, which were vital to rebuilding the country and its economy.
An English wartime ceramic fish platter, luncheon plates and a sauce boat, produced by Burgess & Leigh Ltd., Burslem, England.
The wartime ceramics were given an interesting dimension in 1945, when there were calls to relax the tight controls over the pottery industry. The concern of the government was still fixed on building up the export pottery trade and it was reluctant to lift the controls entirely. Ultimately, the government and ceramics companies reached a compromise that allowed a limited number of manufacturers to produce decorated goods to be sold to the home market. These decorated wares were known as “fancies,” and continued to be marked with the price band letter. These fancies can be found in a wide variety of patterns. They can be easily spotted as they are decorated, have a price band mark, and were made by a limited number of manufacturers.
The final twist in the wartime ceramics tale came in 1947, when the Board of Trade submitted to pressure from pottery manufacturers concerned about the continuing restrictions, and altered the production groupings widening what was allowed to be made. These new groups were given the markings CY, CZ and BY. As before, these letters referred to the maximum price to be charged.
More decorated wares: The letters on tht bottom of the pieces indicated the price band.
The wartime restrictions over the pottery industry were finally discontinued in August of 1952, as all controls of the pottery industry were lifted. After 10 long years, the British pottery industry was free. But the wartime wares linger as a veiled reminder of this distant drama, like stars incognito. The lack of knowledge and recognition of these pieces seems like a kind of ingratitude. It is, after all, the small things in life that make the difference. If the British people had not accepted the resource-saving wartime wares, we might have lost the war.
— by Cherry Nixon
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A longtime reader of Turtle Talk, Jeff LeMieux, of Oak Harbor, WA, sent in a suggestion based on my post yesterday about positive and negative slope. Jeff found a way to help students remember not only positive and negative slope, but also the infinite slope of vertical lines, and the 0 slope of horizontal lines […]
Tag Archives: Coordinate Plane
One of the legends of math relates to the invention of the coordinate plane system. The legend states that Descartes was inspired to invent this system after watching a fly move around on the ceiling over his bed. This post tells the story and points out its relevance for modern math teachers.
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One day, your child is going to learn how to climb stairs safely, how to go down them safely (on his bottom at first, sitting down on the step and descending, sitting down, one step at a time), how to climb onto the couch and get back off, etc. He's going to fall quite a few times between now and when he will have mastered staying upright on two feet - and that's OK.
From a sitting position, when a toddler falls over, it's only a few inches to the floor and most of the impact is amortized by the fact that the toddler doesn't usually fall, but rather rolls over (tumbles). Even if they do fall, the impact is pretty small (small distance, little weight, no starting velocity) and the head being more or less round, it's practically designed to handle that kind of impact.
Once they get upright, they usually fall either forward, in which case they put their hands before their faces and the arms take most of the impact, or they fall backward, in which case they usually fall on their bottoms first (and the fall is cushioned by the diaper as well). Falling forward may cause a bit more crying because it's scary to see the floor coming at you all of a sudden! (And sometimes it hurts a bit).
If your 9 MO bangs his head turning around too quickly and it bothers him, he'll start turning around slower - becoming more careful. That's how we learn. If he starts to yank at power cords (fun until the TV falls to the ground) you might want to intervene before the TV falls to the ground.
Monitor your child's behavior without letting him know you're watching (e.g. drink a cup of coffee pretending to look the other way) and see if he takes any unnecessary risks. as long as he doesn't, let him explore. Keep a closer eye when he does take risks but try not to intervene unless there's a real hazard (like electricity, height, weight, etc.). Your child will use you as a secure base to explore the world. If he sees you as being confident in his capabilities, he'll become confident as well but will also become prudent not to break that trust.
Wikipedia has an excellent article on Attachment theory:
Under the headings "Behaviours" and "Tenets" there are quite a few references to studies that may interest you (and reassure you).
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Oklahoma is underlain by 22 major groundwater basins containing approximately 390 million acre-feet of water in storage, though only one-half of that amount may be recoverable. Groundwater is the prevalent source of water in the western half of the state.
The state's largest groundwater basin, the Ogallala Aquifer in western Oklahoma, contains 90 million acre-feet of supply--enough to cover the entire state two feet deep.
Oklahoma has approximately 55,646 miles of shoreline along lakes and ponds.*
Oklahoma contains approximately 1,401 square miles of water area in its lakes and ponds (larger than the state of Rhode Island).*
Oklahoma has approximately 167,600 miles of rivers/streams.*
Oklahoma's longest river is the Beaver/North Canadian River (752 miles); the Red River is the second longest (570 miles).*
Oklahoma's largest lake in surface area is Eufaula (105,000 acres); Lake Texoma is second (88,000 acres). The state's largest lake in conservation storage is Texoma (2.6 million acre-feet of water); Eufaula is second (2.3 million acre-feet).
Average annual lake evaporation in Oklahoma ranges from 48 inches in the extreme east to 65 inches in the southwest, numbers that far exceed the average yearly rainfall in those areas.
*based on USGS 1:24,000 scale
According to data compiled for the 2012 Update of the Oklahoma Comprehensive Water Plan, total water use in Oklahoma in 2007 was 1,814,762 acre-feet:
Crop irrigation (41% of total use) is the number one use of water in Oklahoma; public water supply (32%) is second, followed distantly by livestock and aquaculture (12%).
Groundwater accounts for 73 percent of total irrigation water use in Oklahoma.
The majority of the state's surface water (approximately 54 percent) is used for public water supply.
The approximate number of stream water permits on file at the OWRB is 2,600; the approximate total allocated stream water use in Oklahoma is 2.6 million ac-ft/year.
The approximate number of groundwater permits on file at the OWRB is 10,000; the approximate total allocated groundwater use in Oklahoma is 3.2 million ac-ft/year.
Evaporation and percolation preclude immediate use of approximately 80 percent of Oklahoma stream water.
Each year, approximately 10.5 million acre-feet of water flows into Oklahoma through its two major river basins, the Red and Arkansas. An average of almost 36 million acre-feet flows out of the state each year.
Almost half of flood-related deaths occur in vehicles, primarily when people drive into flooded highway dips or low-drainage areas at night.
There are approximately 40,000 structures in Oklahoma that reside within the boundaries of the regulatory floodplain, yet less than 10,000 of these are covered by flood insurance.
One inch of rain falling on a 160 acre field delivers 4,344,680 gallons of water, or 13.3 acre feet. It would take just over 4 miles of 80,000 gallon capacity railroad tank cars to transport this amount of water, which would weigh more than 18,000 tons.
Visit www.ok.gov, the Oklahoma State Portal
SoonerSearch is a service of the Oklahoma Department of Libraries and OK.GOV
©1998-2016, Oklahoma Water Resources Board
Page last updated: January 19, 2016
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News From the Field
Starbursting in the Galaxy M82
February 3, 2014
Recently, Messier 82 (M82) became the galaxy in which the nearest supernova in decades exploded. It is also the closest galaxy undergoing a rapid burst of star formation, known as a starburst. About 12 million light-years away, it is seen nearly edge-on, as shown in the larger, visible-light image from the Hubble Space Telescope.
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent federal agency that supports fundamental research and education across all fields of science and engineering. In fiscal year (FY) 2016, its budget is $7.5 billion. NSF funds reach all 50 states through grants to nearly 2,000 colleges, universities and other institutions. Each year, NSF receives more than 48,000 competitive proposals for funding and makes about 12,000 new funding awards. NSF also awards about $626 million in professional and service contracts yearly.
Get News Updates by Email
Useful NSF Web Sites:
NSF Home Page: http://www.nsf.gov
NSF News: http://www.nsf.gov/news/
For the News Media: http://www.nsf.gov/news/newsroom.jsp
Science and Engineering Statistics: http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/
Awards Searches: http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/
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In 1870-72, John Marius Wilson's Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales described Fordon like this:
FORDON, a chapelry in Hunmanby parish, E. R. Yorkshire; 3¾ miles WSW of Hunmanby r. station, and 10 NW of Bridlington. Post town, Hunmanby, under York. Acres, 1, 460. Pop., 38. Houses, 5. The living is a p. curacy, annexed to the vicarage of Hunmanby, in the diocese of York.
A Vision of Britain through Time includes a large library of local statistics for administrative units. For the best overall sense of how the area containing Fordon has changed, please see our redistricted information for the modern district of East Riding of Yorkshire. More detailed statistical data are available under Units and statistics, which includes both administrative units covering Fordon and units named after it.
GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth, History of Fordon, in East Riding of Yorkshire and East Riding | Map and description, A Vision of Britain through Time.
Date accessed: 24th June 2016
Click here for more detailed advice on finding places within A Vision of Britain through Time, and maybe some references to other places called "Fordon".
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It looks like you're using an Ad Blocker.
Please white-list or disable AboveTopSecret.com in your ad-blocking tool.
Some features of ATS will be disabled while you continue to use an ad-blocker.
Originally posted by GrOuNd_ZeRo
I sincerely hope it's not true...but...I dunno anymore...
NASA - Mini-Comets Approaching Earth
In 1995, Comet 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3 did something unexpected: it fell apart. For no apparent reason, the comet's nucleus split into at least three "mini-comets" flying single file through space. Astronomers watched with interest, but the view was blurry even through large telescopes. "73P" was a hundred and fifty million miles away.
We're about to get a much closer look. In May 2006 the fragments are going to fly past Earth closer than any comet has come in more than twenty years.
The number of fragments is constantly changing. It looks as though some of the fragments are themselves forming their own sub-fragments," says Yeomans, which means the number could multiply further as 73P approaches. No knows how long the "string of pearls" will be when it finally arrives. (Note added April 10, 2006: Astronomers are currently tracking 19 fragments.)
"We believe the cloud is expanding too slowly to reach Earth only eleven years after the break-up," he says, "but it all depends on what caused the comet to fly apart—and that we don't know."
US Newswire - Former Military Air Traffic Controller Claims Comet Collision with Earth on May 25, 2006
Eric Julien, a former French military air traffic controller and senior airport manager, has completed a study of the comet 73P Schwassmann- Wachmann and declared that a fragment is highly likely to impact the Earth on or around May 25, 2006.
Comet Schwassman-Wachmann follows a five-year orbit that crosses the solar system's ecliptic plane. It has followed its five year orbit intact for centuries; but, in 1995, mysteriously fragmented. According to Julien, this is the same year that a crop circle appeared showing the inner solar system with the Earth missing from its orbit. He argues the "Missing Earth" crop circle was a message from higher intelligences warning humanity of the consequences of its destructive nuclear policies. He links this crop circle to May 25, 2006, and identifies the comet Schwassmann-Wachman as the subject of higher intelligence communications
His article, "May 25, 2006: The Day of Destiny" is available at: www.exopoliticsinstitute.org...
(direct pdf link)
Originally posted by dbates
In my dream, I'm at work... I went over to the window and looked out too. Then, an enormous explosion ... Black smoke from the explosion rolled towards us and I was wondering if the shockwave would break the windows. The smoke reached my building, the window didn't break. I could see the wind outside from the blast , and I thought "Those are some strong windows".
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RHOADES (Rhode seems to be the Dutch spelling), JOHN, New England trader instrumental in the Dutch conquest of Acadia; fl. 1674–76.
A Massachusetts resident thoroughly familiar with the fur trade on the coasts of Maine and Acadia, Rhoades not only persuaded Capt. Jurriaen Aernoutsz to attack the French posts there but also took the Dutch oath of allegiance and served as pilot for the expedition.
Rhoades was also a member of the group Aernoutsz appointed to maintain the Dutch conquest of the country and he probably arranged for the vessels and trade goods they secured in Boston on credit. This group sailed back to Acadia, where they proceeded to seize several New England trading vessels and their cargoes. Governor Leverett thereupon sent armed vessels against Rhoades, whom the Massachusetts authorities regarded as the leader of the group. Defeated in a naval fight in the Bay of Fundy, Rhoades and his companions were taken prisoner to Boston and tried as pirates. All but two of them were convicted of either piracy or theft. The two Dutch leaders of the group were pardoned but Rhoades was condemned to death. His execution was postponed because of King Philip’s war and he was released in October 1675 on condition that he leave Massachusetts forever.
In September 1676 the Dutch West India Company made a belated effort to capitalize on Aernoutsz’s conquest by granting Rhoades a commission to reside and trade in Acadia and by appointing Cornelis van Steenwijck, a Dutch merchant in New York, governor of Acadia. Rhoades attempted to use his commission, but was arrested on the St. George River by a lieutenant of Governor Andros for trespassing on the territory of the Duke of York. He was taken to New York but released after a brief imprisonment. In the Treaty of Nimwegen (1678), ending the war between France and Holland, the Dutch conquest of Acadia was not even mentioned.
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1790 – An English jurist, was born on the 3rd of March.
1806 – John Austin entered the army at a very early age; he is said to have been only sixteen. He served with his regiment under Lord William Bentinck in Malta and Sicily.
1812 – Resigned his commission in the army, and returned home. He then began to read law in the chambers of a barrister.
1818-1825 – Studied law and was called to the Bar. Joined the Norfolk circuit, but he never obtained any large practice, and he finally retired from the bar.
– He married Sarah Taylor.
1826-1832 – He did not long continue to practise, but devoted himself to the study of law as a science, and became Professor of Jurisprudence in London University.
– He served on various Royal Commissions. By his works he exercised a profound influence on the views of jurisprudence held in England. These include The Province of Jurisprudence Determined, and his Lectures on Jurisprudence.
1842 – Austin published in the Edinburgh Review an attack upon Friedrich List’s system of trade protection (Das nationale System der politischen Okonomie).
1859 – He published a pamphlet entitled "A Plea for the Constitution." This was occasioned by the publication of Lord Grey’s essay on "Parliamentary Government".
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Introduction to Open Educational Resources/Open Courseware
The Open CourseWare movement began at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 2002 and has now spread to over 120 other universities worldwide. MIT first announced its Open Courseware program in 2001. The OCW provides open access to course materials for up to 1,550 MIT courses, representing 34 departments and all five MIT schools. The goal is to include materials from all MIT courses by 2008. MIT OCW's goals are to: 1) Provide free, searchable, access to MIT's course materials for educators, students, and self-learners around the world, and 2) Extend the reach and impact of MIT OCW and the opencourseware concept.
MIT has been so successful with its Open Courseware initiative that it now provides a How-To site for institutions wanting to launch their own Open Courseware project. Making the Case for Open Courseware is outlined by MIT on their How-To site in terms of:
- Benefits for users and for global society
- Benefits for the institution and its community
- Open courseware cost components
- Answers to common concerns
Many other Open Courseware projects are now underway: Top 100 Open Courseware Projects. As far as I know, the only community college to offer Open Courseware is Foothill College: see the SOFIA Project.
According to MIT: The open courseware concept is a part of the larger movement that promotes free and unrestricted access to knowledge. An opencourseware site provides open access to the primary teaching materials for courses taught at educational institutions, enabling educators to draw on the materials for teaching purposes, and students and self-learners to use the materials for the development of their own personal knowledge. Furthermore, MIT defines an open courseware site as:
- Publishes course materials created by faculty (and sometimes other colleagues or students) to support teaching and learning
- Is IP-cleared, meaning that the open courseware publisher has the rights to make the materials available under open terms and that nothing in the materials infringes the copyrights of others
- Offers the materials free of charge for non-commercial use
- Is universally accessible via the Web
- Permits use, reuse, adaptation (derivative works), and redistribution of the materials by others
The Open Courseware Consortium "is a collaboration of more than 100 higher education institutions and associated organizations from around the world creating a broad and deep body of open educational content using a shared model. The mission of the OpenCourseWare Consortium is to advance education and empower people worldwide through opencourseware." According to the Open Courseware Consortium, an Open CourseWare site is a “free and open digital publication of high quality educational materials, organized as courses...is available for use and adaptation under an open license...does not typically provide certification or access to instructors.”
The detailed MIT Open Courseware Story is available for downloading as a 36 page PDF.
A project is underway in New Zealand to provide an open course repository. The goal of the New Zealand Open Educational Resources project is to increase the quality of eLearning materials, increase flexibility in their re-use and significantly reduce the duplication of investment in their design, development and production. The objectives of the NZ OER project are:
- To develop some 'proof of concept' courseware that is freely available to all tertiary education institutions in New Zealand.
- To develop a model to initiate future projects for the benefit of the education sector at a system-wide level, on the basis of a successful pilot.
You can use the Open CourseWare Finder to search for OER course content from:
- MIT OCW
- Utah State University OCW
- Johns Hopkins School of Public Health OCW
- Tufts University OCW
- Foothill De-Anza SOFIA
- Carnegie Mellon Open Learning Initiative
Other universities with open courseware include:
- University of California, Irvine
- University of Notre Dame
- University of Washington Computer Science & Engineering
- Stanford on iTune
- Penn State
- Virtual University of Pakistan
Open Course Sites
Wikiversity is an online group of educators engaged in a collaborative learning effort using wiki software, which makes collaboration easy. Take the guided tour to discover more.
HippoCampus, a project of the Monterey Institute for Technology and Education (MITE), provides high-quality, multimedia content on general education subjects to high school and college students free of charge.
Free University Lectures has a search function that makes it easier to find podcasts and videos of lectures in a specific discipline, however, it only includes four categories: physics, chemistry, computer science, and mathematics. The Free University Lectures blog provides up-to-date information about open courses.
Award winning podcasts from the University of Bath's public lecture series feature leading names from the worlds of science, humanities and engineering talking about the latest research in their field.
- Use the Open CourseWare Finder to search for Open Courseware in your teaching discipline.
- Listen to a lecture podcast at Stanford on iTunes, Berkeley Lectures or Yale on iTunes.
- Participate in the Wikiversity Colloquium.
- Do you believe that your own college/university should have Open Courseware? Why or why not? (If your own college already has Open Courseware, please tell us how it is perceived by the faculty and students.)
- Develop a lesson plan that repurposes learning content from OCW for your own teaching.
- Consider adding your own course to Wikiversity. Use the tutorial provided.
Learners will be able to:
- Identify sources of open courseware for use in their own teaching disciplines.
- Locate at lesson in an open course to modify for use in teaching.
- Giving Knowledge for Free: The Emergence of Open Educational Resources (pages 40 - 55)
- OLCOS Roadmap (pages 60 - 61)
- How the Open Source Movement Has Changed Education: 10 Success Stories
- The Promise of Open Educational Resources
- The Current State of Open Educational Resources by David Wiley, February 3, 2006
- MIT Open Courseware Story
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All about the Great
- At the end of the 5th
century, Britain came under the leadership of a man named
- He was a real man but
very little is known about him.
- There are lots of
legends told about Arthur and his followers, known as the
'Knights of the Round Table'. Unfortunately, most of these are
just made up stories.
- He may have been a
brilliant commander in charge of the British army or a
High-King like Vortigern.
- A monk named Nennius
wrote a document telling how Arthur was a Christian
who fought 12 great battles
against the Saxons.
- The most important of
these was his spectacular victory at the Battle of Mount Badon.
Some people think this was somewhere near Bath in Somerset.
- The Saxons then stayed
within their small settlements and did not move into new areas
for a whole generation.
- A document called the Welsh
Annals records that Arthur died at the Battle of Camlann.
He was either fighting alongside or against a man named Medrod.
No-one knows where this battle took place.
Click to find
out: Why Arthur must have been a Real Person.
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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Re: Extending my question. Was: The relational model and relationalalgebra - why did SQL become the industry standard?
Date: Sun, 16 Feb 2003 12:57:38 -0500
"Paul" <pbrazier_at_cosmos-uk.co.uk> wrote in message
> "Bob Badour" <bbadour_at_golden.net> wrote in message
> > Some operations on relations require an explicit order: quota query,
> > max etc.
> Isn't there two separate issues here?
> 1) order on domains
> 2) order of tuples within a relation
My whole point, Paul, was the relational model disallows implicit order of tuples within relations; however, it does allow operations that rely on an explicit order of tuples within relations. Any explicit order necessarily depends on the possible collating sequences of the values derivable from the attributes in the tuples of the relation.
> The first would be generally desirable (not sure about things like
> image-valued domains though) and is needed for the MIN & MAX aggregate
> The second isn't really part of relational theory but appears to be
> needed for quota queries (I assume this is things like "SELECT TOP 5 *
> FROM emp ORDER BY salary"). Although thinking about it this ORDER BY
> is really different to the standard "SELECT * FROM emp ORDER BY
I disagree. Both ORDER BY clauses explicitly order the tuples of the input relation as required for some operation. One operation results in an unordered set, ie. a relation with the five highest ranking tuples, and the other results in an external physical representation of a relation in a specified order. However, the contribution of the ORDER BY clause is identical in both. (I don't much like the syntax you used for the quota query because it is not at all clear that the order by applies to the TOP operation. How would the user tell the dbms to output the resulting five tuples in ascending alphabetical order by last name?)
> I suppose that in theory a query language could do without an ORDER BY
> and have any ordering done in the client application.
Codd's RM/V2 excludes any such thing when it requires theta-operations like less than, greater than, least greater, greatest lesser etc. Any data management language unable to order data would lack utility for evaluating extrema and for partitioning data, which are fundamentally data management tasks.
> But for physical
> reasons it would be more efficient for the DBMS to choose an
> optimization method that would output the rows in a specified order.
It might and it might not. It depends on the query and any declared constraints to leverage or enforce. Received on Sun Feb 16 2003 - 18:57:38 CET
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We can all make choices and take actions that benefit our environment. Below you will find information and links to sites and resources that can lead you in the right direction.
Clean and Green 13 is a project of the Muskoka Watershed Council that aims to inspire people to take a look at their every day lives and realize what kind of impact their actions have on the watersheds around them.
The Clean and Green 13 lists some positive steps that you can take right now to improve the health of your watershed.
Since 1990, the David Suzuki Foundation has worked to find ways for society to live in balance with the natural world that sustains us. Focusing on four program areas, Oceans and Sustainable Fishing, Forests and Wild Lands, Climate Change and Clean Energy, and the Web of Life, the Foundation uses science and education to promote solutions that help conserve nature.
The Nature Challenge provides loads of information on how to take care of the planet — at home, at work and in your community.
The Government of Canada ecoACTION website provides information on how you can:
The International Dark-Sky Association (IDA) provides information about stopping the adverse environmental impacts on dark skies by:
The Lake of Bays Heritage Foundation is a community-based, non-profit organization committed to protecting the natural, built and cultural heritage of Lake of Bays.
The Lake of Bays Heritage Foundation encourages the protection of our heritage through:
World Wildlife Fund Canada has developed a Living Planet Community where Canadians who are taking action for a living planet can interact and lend their voice to a collective, positive and unified call for everyone - governments, businesses and individuals - to do their part. It's about taking action - together - to make a world of difference. The site provides hundreds of actions you can take for a healthier planet.
The At-Home Guide to Water Conservation contains a number of resources pulled together by Home Intelligence to help you get started with water conservation in your home, including where you can cut down your consumption and how to go about doing it.
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SEE A RELATED BLOG — “THE ELECTRIC CAR RETURNS” — BY HEIDI VAN HORNE AT
With the introduction of hybrids, electric cars, and more-efficient gas- and diesel-powered vehicles, a question is which type will be the most popular “green car” of the future. In an article by Dan Carney, which will appear in the Friday, July 29, Houston Chronicle InMotion section, he reveals the findings of a report claiming to have the answer:
The popular notion is that “green cars” are electric cars. While that may be accurate, a new report from the Boston Consulting Group claims clean and efficient internal combustion-powered vehicles will dominate the green scene for the coming decade.
Internal combustion engines — gas and diesel — are getting cleaner and more efficient at a lower cost than was expected, while electric vehicles remain hamstrung by high costs and a limited driving range.
“Gasoline and diesel-powered vehicles are improving faster than expected and will continue to dominate the global landscape,” concluded Xavier Mosquet, BCG senior partner.
“Electric cars will undoubtedly play an increasingly large role in many countries’ plans in the decades ahead as energy independence and environmental concerns intensify,” he continued. “But they will gain only modest ground to 2020.”
Fuel economy can improve by about 40 percent compared to today’s cars, at a cost of between $2,000 and $2,400, according to the report, entitled “Powering Autos to 2020: the Era of the Electric Car?” The improvement will come as the result of advances in combustion technology, transmissions, weight reduction, aerodynamics and power management.
Battery costs will plummet by 64 percent over the same period, but even that reduction will leave a minimal 20 kilowatt/hour pack at $9,600 in 2020, and a bigger battery will be needed for a truly customer-friendly driving range. As a result, just 2 percent of American drivers will choose an electric vehicle in 2020, the report predicts.
Do you agree with the Boston Consulting Group’s findings?
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“B” Better — Water Soluble Vitamins
By Chris Terrell
In the last newsletter I briefly reviewed the fat soluble vitamins: A, D, E and K. This issue I would like to go over the water soluble vitamins, B complex vitamins and vitamin C.
Water soluble vitamins are excreted much quicker than the fat soluble vitamins, and therefore should be consumed on a daily basis. The B complex vitamins include B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin, niacinamide and nicotonic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B12 (methylcobalamin), biotin and folic acid. Due to space issues, I will only touch on some of the B-vitamins.
B3 (Niacin): Niacin has many functions in the body, from aiding in proper circulation, to being essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protein. Niacin has been studied as being beneficial for the reduction of blood cholesterol as well as assisting with the decrease of low density lipoproteins (bad cholesterol) and the increase of high density lipoproteins (good cholesterol). Niacin in high amounts can cause a flushing or tingling sensation of the skin.
B6 (Pyridoxine): B6 is essential for the proper function of hydrochloric acid and the absorption of fats and protein, assists with sodium and potassium ratios, and aids in the absorption of B12. B6 can also prevent the formation of homocysteine, which is an amino acid that can cause cardiovascular issues in the body. B6 is important for the formation of many hormones and neurotransmitters in the body, including serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine.
B12 (Methylcobalamin): B12 is necessary for the conversion of homocysteine to methionine. B12 is also beneficial for the prevention of anemia by assisting folic acid in forming red blood cells.
Folate (Folic Acid): Folate is most well known for its necessity in the prevention of neural tube defects in pregnant women. Folate regulates the formation of embryonic and fetal nerve cells. It is also important in the regulation of homocysteine in the body by converting it to other amino acids.
Vitamin C: Vitamin C is likely the vitamin that people know the most about, and for good reason. It is necessary for tissue growth and repair, and is an important antioxidant. Vitamin C has also shown to possibly be beneficial for asthma suffers as well as aiding in the absorption of iron. It has also been shown to be beneficial for certain types of infections and in enhancing immunity.
I hope that this information is useful. If you need more information, please come into the store and our knowledgeable staff will be glad to assist you.
Chris Terrell, merchandising manager for the New Leaf Market, is currently finishing his M.S. in Sports Nutrition from FSU and his N.D. from Trinity College.
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Soon, they tell us, Congress will or will not pass a health-care bill. Detractors think universal health care will raise health-care costs, lower health-care outcomes, and dangerously increase the power of the federal government. Those are interesting theoretical positions, but let's take a final look at what actually has happened in countries who already have universal health care.
These countries are not hard to find. I used True Cost's list of 33 developed countries as a starting point. Thirty-two of them have universal health care, "with the United States being the lone exception." The list describes each country's type of health-care system--single payer, two tier, or insurance mandate--and gives the date that it was begun (ranging from 1912 to 1995).
I then went to the World Health Organization's detailed database search page and checked statistics for 32 of the countries (Hong Kong is listed at True Cost as a separate country but is considered part of China on the WHO list). I found that
- America's adult mortality rate is better than Slovenia's but worse than that of every other developed country.
- Our infant mortality rate is better than that of Brunei, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Kuwait; but worse than that of the other 27 countries.
- Our life expectancy at birth is better than that of Brunei and Bahrain; the same as that of Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, and Slovenia; but worse than that of the other 26 countries.
- Our maternal mortality rate is better than that of Luxembourg, Brunei, Singapore, South Korea, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates; the same as that of Portugal; but worse than that of the other 24 countries.
For these dispiriting results, our government spends less than the governments of eight countries (Luxembourg, Norway, Iceland, Denmark, Switzerland, France, Sweden, and the Netherlands) but more than the governments of the other 23 countries. But wait--it gets worse. In addition to government funds, Americans also spend a lot of private money on health care. In fact, we spend more on health care than any other nation on earth.
What are we getting for our health-care dollars? I decided to look at the countries that most closely resemble ours in government investment in health care. In 2006--the most recent year for which statistics are available--the United States government spent $3074 per capita on health care. Nine European nations and Canada spent between $2536 and $3541. Six spent less than we did; four spent more. How do our outcomes rank?
- The adult mortality rate (the probability of dying between 15 and 60 years per 1000 population) for the other ten countries ranged from 78 (Sweden) to 124 (France). The U.S. came in last, at 137.
- The infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) ranged from 3 (Sweden) to 5 (Canada and the U.K.). The U.S. came in last, at 7.
- Life expectancy at birth ranged from 82 (Switzerland) to 79 (Belgium, the U.K.). The U.S. came in last, at 78.
- The maternal mortality rate (per 100,000 live births) ranged from 1 (Ireland) to 8 (Belgium, the U.K., France). The U.S. came in last, at 11.
Well, maybe. Transparency International prepares an annual Corruption Perceptions Index of 180 countries. The United States' rank is 19--better than Belgium or France, but not as good as Sweden, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Canada, Germany, Ireland, Austria, or the U.K. A lot of us fear that we have the best Congress money can buy.
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Craig County is located in the northern part of the state, adjoining Ottawa, County on the west and the State of Kansas on the south. In Territorial days this section of the state was an important part of the Cherokee Nation and many of its officials and prominent citizens still reside here. Upon the abolition of tribal government and the adoption of statehood, these Cherokees quickly adjusted themselves to their new environment and their new political relations, many of them being successful farmers, business men and political leaders.
Craig County has an area of 775 square miles of land, mostly level prairie land, nearly all of it being of first class agricultural soil. During the years gone by, great quantities of prairie hay were cut each year and much of it shipped to northern markets. Some of the largest and most prosperous cattle ranches were formerly located in this section of the state, but when lands were allotted to the Indians and cut up into small farms, a much greater portion of the land was put into cultivation, and, as a result, the immense pastures disappeared and the shipment of prairie hay became a less important industry.
In those pioneer days it was customary for the "cow
men" to drive thousands of long horn cattle, each year, from Texas to
this section, to be fattened for market on the succulent grasses which
grew so abundantly on these broad prairie pastures.
There are no large towns in this county outside of Vinita, but there are a number of excellent shipping points and good trade centers. Welch, located eighteen miles north of Vinita, on the M. K. & T., has a population of 800; Bluejacket, also on the M. K. & T., is twelve miles north of Vinita, and has a population of nearly six hundred ; Big Cabin is six miles south of Vinita on the M. K. & T. and has a population of something like four hundred; White Oak is located eight miles west of Vinita on the Frisco and has a population of 200; Centralia is an inland town twenty miles northwest of Vinita and has a population of some 300 happy and progressive people. All of these towns are located in fine agricultural sections and furnish the people who make them their trade centers with all the necessities and many of the luxuries of life.
Vinita, the county seat of
Craig County, is located southeast of the center of the county at the
intersection of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railway with the Frisco.
"A generation ago, or to be more explicit, in the fall of 1869, there might have been seen struggling through the rank underbrush, or toiling through the tall prairie grass, a party of men locating a route for a railroad along the line now traversed by the Missouri, Kansas and Texas, south of the Kansas line, and headed southward toward Texas and the Gulf. It was a fine autumn day in the early part of October. The green and gold and purple of the leaves of the timber that scantily skirted the streams made a pretty picture in-the soft, hazy sunshine. The party scrambled up the south bank of Cabin Creek and -strolled leisurely out onto the more elevated prairie and struck camp, or rather came up with the wagon outfit which had preceded them, though by a circular route, and had gone into camp earlier in the afternoon. The gang of men were under instructions to locate a station thirty-miles or thereabout from the state line ; and their record of chain lengths told them that they had about reached the place. The circumambient line of timber on the north and east, following the undulation of the stream, and stretching away to the southward, the long line of Indian summer clouds that melted away before the evening sunset, the magnificent adjacent country, all tended to fix the conviction upon those interested that a finer location could not be found for a station and by-and-by a thriving town.
"Such were some of the preliminaries to the birth of Vinita, but the fates deemed it not wise to locate the town on the spot first decided on by the advance agents of a great railroad. The survey of the Atlantic and Pacific by mutual agreement crossed the "Katy" at this point and everything ran along smoothly till the former roadbed was built to within a mile and a half east of this present townsite. Then a very remarkable thing happened and the townsite was removed between two suns, very much to the disgust, and even armed resistance, of the "Katy."
"The elder E. C. Boudinot, Dr. Poison, Johnson Thompson and Col. J. M. Bell arranged with the Atlantic and Pacific people to turn their line abandoning the old survey and cross the "Katy" where the crossing now is. In the meantime Boudinot and his friends fenced something like two miles square with posts and lumber and undertook to `own' the entire townsite and more. The Atlantic and Pacific came with camps and baggage in the night time with the huge iron railroad crossing loaded on a wagon and proceeded to place it across the track of the other line. The `Katy' people, aroused and indignant, came with an armed force and tore up the crossing and stood guard day and night, slowly dragging trains back and forth to prevent the other road from making headway. The courts were finally appealed to and an injunction granted, and the road pushed westward to the crossing of Big Cabin.
"Boudinot's scheme to hold the townsite did not succeed. His fencing was torn down and destroyed, and the Cherokee authorities, through the town commissioners, surveyed and platted the present town site and named it Downingville, but Boudinot had the satisfaction of giving it a name which superseded Downingville, and from the start was the popular one, and had the advantage of the sanction of both railroads. Boudinot named the town Vinita, in honor of Vinnie Ream the sculptress, whom he had known and loved in Washington City, while an exile from his home and people on account of, his premature notions as to allotment of Cherokee lands.
"The town was platted and the first lots sold in February, 1872. Martin Thompson was the first to bid on and purchase a lot in the town. At first, after the coming of the Frisco, the town was built principally of tents and board shanties, occupied for the most part by whisky peddlers and toughs. Brawls and fights were frequent and now and then a man would be killed.
"There were no section lines in the Cherokee country in those days and the town was surveyed parallel with the Katy railroad which runs through the town at an angle of 43 degrees east. That accounts for the streets not running square with the points of the compass.
Source: Muskogee and Northeastern Oklahoma, 1922
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NM Tech Scientists Study Remote Sensing of Evapotranspiration in Mountain Areas, Sept. 13, 2006
by George Zamora
Photo, right: The New Mexico Tech scintollometer research team, pictured from left to right, Tech student Kim Bandy, Tech hydrology professor Jan Hendrickx, Tech student Whitney Defoor, Tech student Jesus Gomez, and Tech post-doc researcher Jan Kleissl.
SOCORRO, Sept. 13, 2006 – Over the course of the last two decades, hydrologists and other scientists have used emerging technologies such as satellite optical remote sensing to develop and refine several operational evapotranspiration (ET) algorithms that are now routinely used in hydrological studies in New Mexico and worldwide.
However, these remote sensing based algorithms have encountered significant difficulties when used by hydrologists or other water resources professionals to estimate evapotranspiration in mountainous regions because of variability in mountain meteorology, soils, and topography.
In an effort to improve the application of remote sensing algorithms to mountainous terrains, the U.S. Geological Survey recently awarded a research grant to fund a field study in New Mexico, titled “Validation, Calibration, and Improvement of Remote Sensing ET Algorithms in Mountainous Regions.” The multi-year research project is spearheaded by New Mexico Tech hydrology professor Jan Hendrickx, along with Tech post-doctoral researcher Jan Kleissl.
“Up until now, most of the work on evapotranspiration and water usage in New Mexico and elsewhere has focused on riparian areas and agricultural fields, which are relatively flat,” says Hendrickx.
“What we haven’t seen before is an extensive study in mountainous areas where most of the water that makes it down to the flat valley floors comes from,” he adds. “We’ve been focusing on the demand side, but not the supply side of water resources in New Mexico.”
Mountains cover approximately 25 percent of world’s land area, accommodate 26 percent of the world’s population, and generate about 32 percent of surface runoff on a global basis.
However, in New Mexico and other semi-arid mountainous regions, runoff from mountains can represent as much as 90 percent of the total surface runoff into lower-lying basins such as the Rio Grande or Colorado River.
As part of their study, Hendrickx and Kleissl will set up various measuring and recording stations at field sites located atop the Magdalena Mountains and within the Valles Caldera National Park in New Mexico.
The New Mexico Tech hydrologists are using scintillometers — novel scientific instruments that measure atmospheric optical disturbances over distances of up to three miles — to gauge turbulent heat fluxes at mountainous sites. Additional meteorological measurements taken, such as wind speed and direction, surface and air temperature, humidity, and barometric pressure, allow them to examine the determinants of ET in mountainous terrains, thus providing clues to improving ET algorithms there.
In addition, other contributing factors, such as slope, topography, vegetation, solar radiation, and snow accumulation, are being considered by the scientists as they attempt to improve remote sensing ET algorithms.
“Of course, the mountainous terrain itself also contributes to complexities encountered in this study,” says Kleissl. “Driving to and from these field sites to set up stations and obtain measurements can be a difficult challenge, so accessibility becomes a big issue.
“It’s much easier to conduct these types of studies in alfalfa or corn fields, but my undergraduate and graduate research assistants and I are ready to take on the mountains,” he adds.
“In semi-arid regions, such as New Mexico and the rest of the Southwestern United States, evapotranspiration represents the greatest flux of water lost from agricultural fields, riparian areas, forests, rangelands, lakes, and rivers,” Hendrickx states. “It goes up into the atmosphere, and it’s gone.
“Therefore, improving ET estimates in the mountains is crucial for determining the regional water balance, not only in New Mexico and the surrounding region, but also in similar mountainous areas worldwide,” Hendrickx points out.
Several government agencies besides the USGS have already expressed interest in using improved ET algorithms in their water resources planning, including the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, the Interstate Stream Commission, the New Mexico Office of the State Engineer, and the Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District.
“Our goal is not so much to develop new models or algorithms for how evapotranspiration occurs in mountains as it is to improve current ET algorithms by using an integrated approach that considers the particular features of mountains,” Kleissl says. “These improved ET algorithms will also still be able to be used in flat areas as well.”
In addition to the USGS funding, supplemental support for the ongoing research project currently is being provided by the Water Resources Research Institute, New Mexico Tech, and a National Science Foundation funded program—the Experimental Program to Stimulate Cooperative Research (EPSCoR).
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Volunteer corn, as shown above, is an increasingly common weed in Indiana soybean fields
WEST LAFAYETTE, Ind. - Volunteer corn can act as a safe harbor for some pests by expressing lower doses of the insecticide found in newly planted corn, according to Purdue University researchers.
Christian Krupke, an assistant professor of entomology, said western corn rootworm larvae feed on volunteer corn, unwanted plants that grow from seed dropped during the previous year's harvest. Volunteer corn doesn't have a full dose of the insecticide Bt, which can help the rootworms build up resistance.
"Now they're exposed to a sublethal source of Bt that didn't exist before," Krupke said. "That becomes problematic."
In field tests, Krupke and Bill Johnson, a professor of weed science, found that more than half of the volunteer plants expressed some amount of Bt and, of those, some had severe rootworm damage. The concern is that the rootworms could build a tolerance that, if passed to offspring, could allow the pests to eventually survive a full dose of the insecticide in commercial corn hybrids. Their results were published in a recent edition of Agronomy Journal.
Volunteer corn in soybeans is easy to spot as it towers above the other plants. But killing it can be costly since the corn is resistant to the popular herbicide Roundup.
"A grower has to add a new herbicide to control a volunteer crop. They use Roundup to kill a dozen weeds, but this adds a big expense for a grower to control just one," Johnson said. "It's essentially developing a new weed problem."
In continuous corn rotations, the problem is worse because volunteer corn is visibly indistinguishable from the wanted plants. And since the volunteers carry the same genes, there isn't a herbicide that would only kill those unwanted plants.
Johnson suggested scouting before planting to eliminate volunteers as early as possible and making sure combines are set properly to ensure little corn escapes and becomes volunteers in the next growing season.
Krupke and Johnson said this line of research would focus in the future on how to determine which plants are volunteers in continuous corn rotations and how many rootworms survive and build tolerance. The Indiana Soybean Alliance funded the research.
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A WebQuest on water, water pollution and caring for water resources.
|Home Page||Water for life||Water pollution||Clean water||Conclusion||Evaluation|
The Ancient Mariner's water.
(from The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Samuel Coleridge)
Water is the commonest substance on earth: it's almost everywhere. Water is necessary to life and without it we would die within a week. Unfortunately we take water for granted and turn on the tap and out it flows. As it is part of our everyday lives, we have not been very good looking after this valuable resource. And now water is in danger and many people do not have safe drinking water.
It is a very hot day and with your friends decide to cool off in your favourite swimming hole in the local river. When you arrive the water hole is full of rubbish, dead fish, and the water smells. There are signs saying No Swimming, No Fishing, No Drinking, Polluted Water, Do Not Enter.
Initially you are all very angry but you realise that if you want to use this waterhole you must do something to clean it up so everyone can use it.
Your WebQuest will involve gaining information to complete tasks to develop an overall picture of the water situation in the world. From this WebQuest you will learn about the effects of water pollution and the need to conserve and protect our water supplies. Finally, by using this information you will be able to propose a number of suggestions to help clean up the water in the world. You may chose to do this work by yourself or work in a group.
Task 1 - Water for life - what water is usable in the world today? Using graphs show where useable water comes from. (Individual work).
Task 2 - Water pollution - identify the different types of water pollution and the damage to the environment including plants, animals, birds and humans. (Group work).
Task 3 - Water for the future - clean water. Write a policy on ways of using our water wisely so everyone has the right to clean water. (Group Work).
To become an expert on water, you will need to:
1. explore and research information about the sources of water, the pollution of water and clean water for the future;
2. use the given Internet sites and find other useful websites for your information;
3. use the libraries for other resources;
4. keep a research log book to record all your information and its bibliography.
This WebQuest has been designed by Wendy Kemp for the subject 81529 Supervised Project 1 at the University of Southern Queensland.
For questions regarding this website contact mailto:email@example.com
Last updated: 6 May, 2001.
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Radio frequency basics
Industrial wireless tutorials: Any radio frequency (RF) discussion quickly expands to the entire technology surrounding the generation and propagation of a radio signal or wave. Here’s what you need to know.
Any radio frequency (RF) discussion quickly expands to the entire technology surrounding the generation and propagation of a radio signal, or wave. A radio wave is an electromagnetic phenomenon like sound* and light. Radio waves act more like light than sound, however; RF travels at the speed of light. The overall range of radio spectrum is 3 kHz to 300 GHz.
Radio waves are defined by several parameters. The first is the wavelength, which is defined as the distance between two identical points on successive waves. This can be peak to successive peak or trough to trough. Wavelength is measured in meters or millimeters. A wave also has a frequency. The frequency of any wave is the amount of 360-deg cycles completed within a given time; a cycle consists of a positive and negative half, both beginning and ending at zero amplitude. Frequency is measured in Hertz (named after Heinrich Hertz); 1 Hertz is one cycle per second. Amplitude is a measure of the strength of the wave or the peak value of the wave. The amplitude depends on the type or power of the transmitter.
Power is measured using different values. Some are absolute values while others are relative. A common unit used is the decibel. The decibel (dB) is a measure of relative power; two values are compared to one another and the relative change is calculated. On the other hand, the Watt (W), milliwatt (MW), and dBm (decibels referenced to 1 MW) are units of absolute power measurement and are referenced either to zero or to a fixed reference. A typical Wi-Fi transmitter has an output of 20 dBm, which corresponds to 100 MW.
To propagate a radio wave, a transmitter is used to produce the carrier signal, which is the signal centered at the transmitter's assigned frequency The carrier is modulated and amplified by any one of the common methods available and then applied to an antenna, which produces an electromagnetic wave in space. The wave has both an electrical and a magnetic component, which travel the same path at right angles to one another. Modulation is the means by which usable information is impressed upon the carrier wave. Before being modulated, the carrier is a pure sine wave; afterward, the impressed information causes the wave to vary around the carrier frequency within a fixed range of frequencies, called the bandwidth. Note that the term bandwidth, as used with data communication, means the theoretical throughput of the channel; this is related directly to the width of the channel.
For comparison, amplitude modulation (AM) transmissions have a bandwidth of 10 kHz (kilohertz, or 1000 cycles per second) because the usable dynamic range of the impressed intelligence is 5 kHz, the range of AM receivers. If the carrier is 1000 kHz, then the bandwidth is +/- 5 kHz around the carrier at 100% modulation, from 995 to 1005 kHz. Channels must be separated by 10 kHz to avoid interfering with adjacent channels.
Bandwidth is an important concept in understanding Wi-Fi technology. To avoid interference with other users, Wi-Fi channels are restricted to either 20 or 22 MHz wide channels. This has the effect of protecting adjacent information channels from the corruption resulting from interference. The downside is that bandwidth has the effect of limiting data throughput. This has been addressed in the latest amendments to the IEEE 802.11 standard.
Beginning in IEEE 802.11n, a technique known as channel bonding will be used to allow the combining, or bonding, of multiple 20 MHz channels, up to a maximum of 8 channels bonded to provide a 160 MHz channel. This, coupled with up to eight radios, will allow wireless throughputs approaching 7 Gbps.
- Daniel E. Capano, owner and president, Diversified Technical Services Inc. of Stamford, Conn., is a certified wireless network administrator (CWNA). Edited by Mark T. Hoske, content manager, CFE Media, Control Engineering, firstname.lastname@example.org.
www.controleng.com/blogs has other wireless tutorials from Capano.
www.controleng.com/webcasts has wireless webcasts, some for PDH credit.
Control Engineering has a wireless page.
Joe Keesey, control system engineer, DuPont for 35 years, now retired, sent a July 27 email about the above post (also appearing in July Control Engineering, p. 20). He noted that sound is mechanical, based on vibrations, following a different set of physical rules than radio and light waves.
Dan Capano, in reply, agreed that sound is mechanical rather than electromagnetic, explaining, "The point was that sound also is a periodic function; the analogy is illustrative."
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Thanks to space travel and the European Space Agency, glass is now being produced more efficiently than ever before. Now you would be forgiven for thinking glass production was already quite green – you need sand and heat and that’s it, so what could the ESA do to make it even more efficient? Well it seems that the technology used in space is being utilized to produce super-efficient energy-saving windows that protect occupants against heat loss during cold weather and against overheating on warm summer days.
According to Frank Hammer, founding member of the German company ESCUBE, the answer lies in sensors used to measure oxygen atoms outside space vehicles. “For space, the sensor was developed to measure atomic oxygen, known for its erosion effect and for degrading optical surfaces,” said Mr Hammer. “In the glass industry the technology is now used to control the industrial glass-coating process to obtain improved insulating properties.”
As you’d expect with technology developed for space flight, the complex coating procedure requires reliable and precise monitoring to control the process. “The gas sensor developed to handle the harsh space environment turned out to be the right solution to handle the difficult glass-production conditions of high temperatures and reactive gasses,” added Mr Hammer.
The technology has been in used since 1993 when ESA asked the University of Stuttgart to develop ceramic gas sensors to measure the atomic-oxygen levels around reentry craft under extreme test conditions. As a result, the University of Dresden developed the Flux-(Phi)-Probe-Experiments (FIPEX) and the sensors have been used on several space experiments and missions including the Russian Inflatable Reentry and Descent Technology research capsule, the STS-122 Shuttle mission and outside ESA’s Columbus laboratory module on the International Space Station.
Today the technology is being introduced to non-space markets via ESCUBE, such as the new VacuSen sensor for vacuum and plasma applications. The sensor provides easy, low-cost, time-resolving process control for industrial processes such as a magnetron reactive gas sputter plant for float-glass coating.
Peter Hennes from ESCUBE partner company iSATT added, “With ESCUBE’s sensor it is today possible to offer new types of glass. Their surfaces not only take into account economic and ecological criteria but also fulfil aesthetic criteria, saving energy by the low overall heat transfer coefficients. With the new coating the overall heat transfer coefficients have been reduced to about a third of what they were in the 1980s, while maintaining light transmittance at 80%. The light passing through is almost the same as standard glass, but the heat loss during winter and the heat gain during summer have been reduced significantly.”
So there you go; next time you’re in a glass facade building and you’re cool on the inside while it is sweltering outside, the windows might just have been developed with the aid of space age technology!
via Phys Org
Lead image © ivan.baric
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WHERE YOUR GAME PLAN STARTS
What is SafeSport?
SafeSport is the Olympic community’s initiative to recognize, reduce and respond to misconduct in sport. The six primary types of misconduct are
Physical Misconduct, and
Sexual Misconduct, including Child Sexual Abuse
Sport provides athletes with an opportunity to perform – on and off the field. Unfortunately, sport can also be a high-risk environment for misconduct and abuse. For example, studies indicate that as many as 1 in 8 athletes will be sexually abused within their sport. Misconduct is a critical issue in sport, and one which we all need a game plan to prevent.
Who is SafeSport for?
We all play a role in reducing misconduct and abuse and sport. SafeSport provides resources for all members of the sport community – organizations, coaches, parents and athletes – to understand what misconduct is, implement ways to reduce it and identify plans to respond to it.
What tools are available from SafeSport?
The SafeSport Tools include written materials to help the community prevent misconduct in sport. For example, the SafeSport “Handbook,” is an editable document that provides a starting place for sport organizations to develop a SafeSport strategy with sample policies, forms and documents.
The tools also include the SafeSport Training, a video-based online training for coaches, staff and volunteers that addresses the six types of misconduct and provides an in-depth look at how to recognize, reduce and respond to child sexual abuse.
As a community, we have an opportunity to be part of the SafeSport solution. Start now by visiting www.safesport.org.
To download a copy of the information provided above in a pdf file CLICK HERE
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Create insects with your own fingerprints!
How We Did It
Before we could even get to the insects, he thought it would be a good idea to make a dog to go with them. To make a dog, paint your palm brown.
Stamp your palm 3 times on the paper. Two on the bottom and one on top like a pyramid.
Make a fist and paint the outside of it. Use it to stamp 2 ears at the top of the dog.
Use your finger to print 4 legs on the dog. This is all you will add to the dog now until it dries. Now it is time for the insects!
Dip your finger in yellow and print it on the page to make bees. They may not look like bees now, but after your fingerprint dries you will add details.
Paint or dip your pointer finger in a color and stamp it on the page to make the body of the butterfly.
Dip your finger in a different color and stamp two on each side of the butterfly to make wings.
He even added a few red fingerprints that we will turn into ladybugs.
Let the paint dry and use markers to add details. The dog needs a face. The butterflies need antennae. The bees need strips, wings, a head, and antennae. The ladybugs need spots and a tiny head. We put it on the fridge for display and he is so proud of everything he could create with his hand and fingerprints!
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Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)
The frontal lobe has a number of important function.
In the human brain, the precentral gyrus and the related cortical tissue that folds into the central sulcus comprise the primary motor cortex, which controls voluntary movements of specific body parts associated with areas of the gyrus.
Frontal lobes assist in planning, coordinating, controlling and executing behavior. People that have damaged frontal lobes may experience problems with these aspects of cognitive function, being at times impulsive; impaired in their ability to plan and execute complex sequences of actions; perhaps persisting with one course of action or pattern of behavior when a change would be appropriate (perseveration).
The executive functions of the frontal lobes involve the ability to recognize future consequences resulting from current actions, to choose between good and bad actions (or better and best), override and suppress unacceptable social responses, and determine similarities and differences between things or events.Therefore, it is involved in higher mental functions.
The frontal lobes also play an important part in retaining longer term memories which are not task-based. Memories associated with emotions of input from the brain's limbic system are modified by the higher frontal lobe centers to generally fit socially acceptable norms (see executive functions above). The frontal lobes have rich neuronal input from both the alert centers in the brainstem and the limbic regions.
Role in mental healthEdit
A report from the National Institute of Mental Health says a gene variant that reduces dopamine activity in the prefrontal cortex is related to poorer performance and inefficient functioning of that brain region during working memory tasks, and to slightly increased risk for schizophrenia.
Theories of function Edit
| This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards.|
Please improve this article if you can. (May 2008)
Theories of frontal lobe function can be differentiated into four categories:
- Single-process theories. Posit "that damage to a single process or system is responsible for a number of different dysexecutive symptoms” (Burgess, 2003, p. 309).
- Multi-process theories. Propose "that the frontal lobe executive system consists of a number of components that typically work together in everyday actions [(heterogeneity of function)]" (Burgess, 2003, p. 310).
- Construct-led theories. Assume "that most if not all frontal functions can be explained by one construct (homogeneity of function) such as working memory or inhibition" (Stuss, 1999, p. 348; cf. Burgess & Simons, 2005).
- Single-symptom theories. Suggest that a specific dysexecutive symptom (e.g., confabulation) is related to the processes and construct of the underlying structures (cf. Burgess & Simons, 2005).
Stuss (1999) suggests a differentiation into two categories according to homogeneity and heterogeneity of function.
Further theoretical approaches to frontal lobe function include:
- Grafman's managerial knowledge units (MKU) / structured event complex (SEC) approach (cf. Wood & Grafman, 2003)
- Miller & Cohen's integrative theory of prefrontal functioning (e.g. Miller & Cohen, 2001)
- Rolls's stimulus-reward approach and Stuss's anterior attentional functions (Burgess & Simons, 2005; Burgess, 2003; Burke, 2007).
It may be highlighted that the theories described above differ in their focus on certain processes/systems or construct-lets. Stuss (1999) remarks that the question of homogeneity (single construct) or heterogeneity (multiple processes/systems) of function "may represent a problem of semantics and/or incomplete functional analysis rather than an unresolvable dichotomy" (p. 348). However, further research will show if a unified theory of frontal lobe function that fully accounts for the diversity of functions will be available.
Assessment of funtioningEdit
- ↑ Kimberg, D.Y., Farah, M.J. A unified account of cognitive impairments following frontal lobe damage: the role of working memory in complex, organized behavior. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 1993 122(4):411-28
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Doing History - Using Sources
Making Sense of Evidence: Strategies for analyzing diferent types of primary sources (oral history, photographs, songs, advertisements, diaries)
Teaching With Documents: The National Archives' collection of lesson plans based around sets of primary documents, organized by period of U.S. history. Includes "analysis worksheets" on different types of sources: cartoons, artifacts, maps, sound, etc.
U.S. Census information, 1790-1960
Historic Maps in K-12 Classrooms : six units covering different themes and periods of U.S. history
Distribution of surnames in the U.S., since 1850 (see also Prof. Kriste Lindenmeyer's guide for students)
Teaching with Historic Places: National Register of Historic Places' lesson plans centered on various historic sites. Search by state, theme, or period.
The Historian's Sources: Library of Congress lesson plan on introducing primary sources
Primary Source Activities developed by teachers participating in the History Works TAH program in Ohio
Do History: Shows how historians use primary documents, through the example of the diary of 18th-century midwife Martha Ballard, and related sources
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Electromechanics of dielectric particles in dielectric liquids acted on by a microelectrode array
Arrays of microelectrodes were used to apply forces to dielectric (soda lime glass)
spheres in a thin (200 micrometer thick) layer of a dielectric liquid polymer (EOPN
8021). The microelectrodes were fabricated using standard photolithographic methods of
evaporating and electroplating gold onto a glass substrate. The objective is to use the
electric body forces in the sphere and the electric surface tractions on the sphere to
position the spheres in a microscale pattern, in this case a square array in-plane.
Three sizes of spheres were used: 30, 90, and 170 microns in diameter. The 30
micron spheres formed clusters associated with the regions of highest electric energy
density, whereas single 90 micron spheres were located at the regions of highest electric
energy density. The 170 micron spheres generally did not form patterns. The
experiments indicated that free charges, either in the volume of the sphere and/or on the
sphere surface, significantly influence the motion of the sphere.
A finite element analysis was performed to study the electro-fluid mechanics.
The liquid velocity and streamlines were plotted, and the force resultants due to the
liquid acting on the sphere were calculated. Also, the electric body force and surface tractions resultants were calculated. In general, the forces on the sphere and the liquid
velocity are in agreement with the experimental results.
Advisor:Boyd, James G.; Kim, Won-jong; Lagoudas, Dimitris C.; Whitcomb, John D.
School:Texas A&M University
School Location:USA - Texas
Source Type:Master's Thesis
Keywords:dielectrophresis composite materials electromechanics electrofluid mechanics
Date of Publication:12/01/2005
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List of Indian inventions and discoveries
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
India is known for making some important contributions to science and technology which have helped shape the modern world. An abridged list is given below.
Mathematical Discoveries/Inventions and Conceptual Inventions
- Invention of zero (0)
- Invention of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system
- Invention of the Binary numeral system
- Invention of the decimal system
- Surgery from Sushruta
- Infinity has been roughly defined in the Isha Upanishad of the Yajur Veda
- First known precise celestial calculations by Aryabhata
- Earliest known work on Linguistics by Panini
- The first detailed works on Algebra by Aryabhata, Brahmagupta and Bhāskara I
- The first known mention of the Fibonacci sequence by Pingala
- The earliest attempt to explain gravity
- Determining that the Sun is a star
- Determining the number of planets in the Solar System
- First mention of the concept of Heliocentrism by Yajnavalkya in Shatapatha Brahmana
- The concept of the Atom
- Democracy in the Mahajanapadas
- Discovering that the a year has 365 1/4 days;
- Discovered that the earth is round;
- The earth revolves around the sun;
- First to calculate the diameter of the earth
- First to calculate the diameter of the moon
- 800 BC: Indian mathematician Baudhayana, in his Baudhayana Sulba Sutra, discovers Pythagorean triples algebraically, finds geometric solutions of linear equations and quadratic equations of the forms ax2 = c and ax2 + bx = c, and finds two sets of positive integral solutions to a set of simultaneous Diophantine equations.
- 600 BC: Indian mathematician Apastamba, in his Apastamba Sulba Sutra, solves the general linear equation and uses simultaneous Diophantine equations with up to five unknowns.
- 100 BC: The Bakhshali Manuscript written in ancient India uses a form of algebraic notation using letters of the alphabet and other signs, and contains cubic and quartic equations, algebraic solutions of linear equations with up to five unknowns, the general algebraic formula for the quadratic equation, and solutions of indeterminate quadratic equations and simultaneous equations.
- Circa 499: Indian mathematician Aryabhata, in his treatise Aryabhatiya, obtains whole-number solutions to linear equations by a method equivalent to the modern one, describes the general integral solution of the indeterminate linear equation and gives integral solutions of simultaneous indeterminate linear equations.
- Circa 628: Indian mathematician Brahmagupta, in his treatise Brahma Sputa Siddhanta, invents the chakravala method of solving indeterminate quadratic equations, including Pell's equation, and gives rules for solving linear and quadratic equations.
- Circa 850: Indian mathematician Mahavira solves various quadratic, cubic, quartic, quintic and higher-order equations, as well as indeterminate quadratic, cubic and higher-order equations.
- 1114: Indian mathematician Bhaskara, in his Bijaganita (Algebra), recognizes that a positive number has both a positive and negative square root, and solves various cubic, quartic and higher-order polynomial equations, as well as the general quadratic indeterminant equation.
- Circa 1400: Indian mathematician Madhava of Sangamagramma finds iterative methods for approximate solution of non-linear equations.
- Hydraulic Valve Tower in Sigiriya
- Indian musical notation
- Rocket artillery
- Snakes and ladders
- Playing cards as we know them, Chinese playing cards were invented independent of European and Indian ones.
- Flush toilet
- The earlist and most sophisticated Sewage system in the Indus Valley Civilization
- The first university at Taxila
- The invention of plastic surgery
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "List of Indian inventions and discoveries" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on original research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
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It is well known that Aeneas' speech in Aeneid 1.198-207 draws on a speech of Odysseus in Odyssey 12.208ff. (see, e.g., R.D. Williams ad A.1.198f. Here is Aeneas' speech (online text here):
'O socii—neque enim ignari sumus ante malorum—
O passi graviora, dabit deus his quoque finem.
Vos et Scyllaeam rabiem penitusque sonantis 200
accestis scopulos, vos et Cyclopea saxa
experti: revocate animos, maestumque timorem
mittite: forsan et haec olim meminisse iuvabit.
Per varios casus, per tot discrimina rerum
tendimus in Latium; sedes ubi fata quietas 205
ostendunt; illic fas regna resurgere Troiae.
Durate, et vosmet rebus servate secundis.'
The first 9 ll. of Odysseus' speech run as follows (12.208-16, Lattimore's translation):
'Dear friends, surely we are not unlearned in evils.
This is no greater evil now than it was when the Cyclops
had us cooped in his hollow cave by force and violence,
but even there, by my courage and counsel and my intelligence,
we escaped away. I think that all this will be remembered
some day too. Then do as I say, let us all be won over.
Sit well, all of you, to your oarlocks, and dash your oars deep
into the breaking surf of the water, so in that way Zeus
might grant that we get clear of this danger and flee away from it.'
A quick glance at the two passages will make clear some of the similarities (e.g., the first line of each speech and the reference to the Cyclops). In addition, Williams (at A.1.203) states that forsan et haec olim meminisse iuvabit recalls Od.12.212 (here rendered 'I think that all this will be remembered some day too'), and the infintives for 'to remember' (meminisse and mnhsesthai) certainly point in that direction. I was recently struck, however, by the similarity in sentiment to 1.203 that is found in Eumaios' words in 15.400-1 (again in Lattimore's translation):
'For afterwards a man who has suffered
much and wandered much has pleasures out of his sorrows.'
These words come as Eumaois is about to tell (that is, in a sense, to remember) the story of his sufferings to Odysseus. Perhaps there is a secondary reference in the Aeneid to this passage, in which the idea of pleasure in the memory or recounting of sufferings is foregrounded.
If that is not the case and I am over-reading, the words of Aeneas in Book 1 still still line up with those of Eumaois quite nicely.
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Is Alcohol a Blood Thinner?
Blood viscosity refers to the measurement of the resistance of flow and relates to both the thickness and the stickiness of blood. It is determined by many factors including hematocrit, plasma viscosity and various determining characteristics of red blood cells. Blood viscosity can vary depending on many things including even race, with Caucasians being particularly susceptible to thickening of the blood.
Thick blood is problematic for many reasons. It reduces the amount of oxygen and nutrients being circulated throughout the body and reduces the ability of the body to flush out waste as effectively. There are many things that can contribute to the formation of thick blood including smoking. But, while this particular bad habit may contribute to blood becoming thicker, another one may have the opposite effect, which leads many to ask is alcohol a blood thinner?
Many of the foods that are part of everyday diets can contribute to thinning the blood, and these natural blood thinners can provide a heart healthy boost to those struggling with a higher than normal level of thick and stick within the body’s circulatory system. Thanks to compounds called salicylates (which are natural vitamin K blockers) raisins, cherries and blueberries are all considered foods that thin blood. And, the benefits of grapes are the same, with naturally occurring amounts of the blood thinning salicylates being found within. But, the fruit family isn’t the only group of foods that thin blood naturally, and herring and anchovies along with other fishes high in omega 3’s are also considered to be great choices for blood thinning foods (and, their cholesterol lowering effects aren’t half bad either). But, what about alcohol? Is alcohol a blood thinner?
Recent studies have shown that the occasional adult libation may in fact be able to thin out the blood. In these studies, alcohol intake was linked to reduced platelet aggregation (the clumping together of platelets) as well as reduced stickiness in the blood. The average amount of intake that produced the positive findings was between three and six drinks daily for both males and females. Alcohol type didn’t seem to play a role. Beer was as successful in producing the thinned blood as wine was, with both proving equally effective. But, is alcohol a blood thinner that can reduce the risk of complications that occur from thickened blood? The study suggests that it can, with moderate drinkers statistically being at a reduced risk from heart attacks.
There are some obvious downsides however to leaning on booze alone to reduce heart attack risk and thin the blood. Regular drinking can have incredibly detrimental effects on the body, including irreversible damage to the liver. Other organs and systems can be equally adversely affected, and while there is some benefit to alcohol consumption, the risks of same may prove to be even more weighted. Strokes, high blood pressure and obesity can also be attributed to excess alcohol intake and therefore even the benefits potentially obtained from it can lead to long term health problems or a higher risk of them. So, is alcohol a blood thinner without risk? Absolutely not. And, the long term problems caused from the regular and excess consumption of it can be incredibly hazardous to health.
Some people choose alternative healing options in order to avoid side effects or to treat ailments more naturally. However, those with thick blood that are at increased risk for complications like strokes and heart attacks (especially when compounding risk factors are present) should always seek the care of a physician for treatment instead of wondering is alcohol a blood thinner that is effective enough to treat the condition. While blood thinner medications can have side effects that are undesirable, they are often necessary to treat and manage conditions that require them. And, although blood thinners side effects may sometimes seem worrisome, they are only prescribed when the benefit to the patient outweighs the risk of side effects, as are all medications. And, it is absolutely essential that they be taken as instructed in order to reduce the risk of serious complications.
So, is alcohol a blood thinner? Yes, it does thin the blood and can be beneficial in moderate and reasonable amounts to those with thick blood. But, it shouldn’t be considered a treatment for same. The long term damage that can be done to the body by excessive drinking can be irreversible and cause lifelong distress. In addition, it can lead to alcoholism which can cause additional anguish in the form of substance dependency. It should be enjoyed occasionally and in moderation only and never as a form of medical treatment for what can often be a very serious condition or the onset of one.
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Reshaping a Powerful Conservation Tool?
- Date: October 20–22, 2011
- Location: Lewis & Clark Law School
- Map and Directions
Podcasts from the conference are now
The Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 implements a landmark treaty between the United States and Great Britain to protect birds migrating between the U.S. and Canada (the United States later entered into additional treaties to protect migratory birds, including agreements between the U.S. and Mexico in 1936, the U.S. and Japan in 1972, and the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. in 1976). One of the oldest wildlife conservation statutes in the world, the MBTA now protects over 800 species of birds in the United States.
But threats to migratory birds today challenge the effectiveness of this venerable statute. Accelerating loss and degradation of habitat, collisions with human structures such as buildings, power lines and wind turbines, predation by cats, pesticide poisoning, and oil spills cause the deaths of hundreds of millions of birds each year. The time is right to re-examine whether, nearly a century after its enactment, the MBTA is up to the task of protecting birds against threats of the 21st century.
Join us as national and international experts from government, industry, and environmental organizations discuss the MBTA and explore how to make it more effective. The Friday and Saturday sessions will focus in on the MBTA, how it works, and how it might be improved. Saturday will include an examination of bird conservation efforts by the United States’ treaty partners – Canada, Mexico, Great Britain, and Japan – as well as a roundtable discussion by all participants toward shaping the future of the MBTA and migratory bird protection.
Conserving some of the United States’ most charismatic birds also presents tremendous challenges. The day before the MBTA conference officially begins, interested participants will have a rare opportunity to visit the Oregon’s zoo’s California condor captive rearing facility on Thursday morning (separate registration required; space limited). That afternoon, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s national California Condor Recovery Coordinator will discuss ongoing efforts to recover one of the world’s rarest birds, as well as the dangers condors still face due to toxic pollution in their environment. Additionally, a panel of experts on the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act will discuss emerging conservation issues facing eagles, including the explosion of wind energy facilities, as well as recent FWS initiatives to protect eagles while allowing development to proceed.
Although the conference will examine the structure and implementation of laws and policies protecting birds, the conference is appropriate for a general audience; all who are interested in birds and their conservation are invited to attend.
Please address any questions to Jenny Loda at email@example.com.
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A central aim of synthetic biology is to develop strategies and tools to allow control of gene expression to engineer biological systems.
Julius Lucks and colleagues, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA, think that RNA is one of the most powerful substrates for engineering gene expression. This is due to the combination of RNA being a versatile, designable, and now – thanks to next-generation sequencing methods – broadly characterizable regulator of gene expression. Natural and synthetic RNA regulators of gene expression act at key points of control, namely transcription, mRNA degradation, and translation.
To study the structure and function of RNA, RNA structural probing and computational RNA structure predication tools are possible.
Currently, conceivably RNA synthetic biology is still mainly in the phase of engineering basic regulatory parts. However, its emerging transition toward engineering networks and higher-order regulatory systems holds great promise for synthetic biology as a whole.
Article Views: 2282
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Note: Liverpool / New York.
Source: data from P.J. Hugill (1993) World Trade since 1431, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, p.128. Stopford, M. (2009) Maritime Economics, Third Edition, London: Routledge.
- Introduction. The steamship Great Western can be considered as one of the first liners, crossing the Atlantic in 15.5 days in 1838. Early liners were made out of wood and used paddle wheels, often complemented by sails, as the main form of propulsion. Their capacity was limited to less than 200 passengers.
- Growth. By the 1860s the introduction of iron hulls, compound steam engines and screw propulsion led to significant reductions in crossing times to about 8-9 days. No longer limited by the technical limits of wood armatures the size of liners increased substantially with a tonnage exceeding 5,000 tons and a capacity of 1,500 passengers. The number and frequency of liner services across the Atlantic (an across the world) increased substantially.
- Maturity. Represents the Golden Age of the liner where those ships dominated long distance passenger movements. By the early 20th century (1907), the liner Mauretania with a capacity of 2,300 passengers was able to cross the Atlantic in 4.5 days, a record which was held for 30 years when the liner Queen Mary reduced the crossing time by half a day (4 days). Liners reached their operational capacity of around 1,500 to 2,000 passengers and Atlantic crossing times stabilized around 5 days. They relied on quadruple screws using turbine steam engines. This also corresponded to the peak American immigration years from European countries, a process to which liners contributed substantially.
- Obsolescence. By the 1950s the prominence of the liner was challenged by the first regular transatlantic commercial flights. This challenge quickly asserted itself and in a decade the liners shifted from being the main support of transatlantic passenger movements to obsolescence. One of the last liners, the United States (mainly made of aluminum), held the transatlantic crossing speed record of 3.5 days in 1952. By the 1960s, air transportation has overtaken the supremacy of liners for transatlantic crossings and reference time became hours instead of days. Liner services disappeared and the surviving ships became the first cruise ships.
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Ignatius of Loyola and his “friends in the Lord” began to dream of serving God together in what became the Society of Jesus. Two of his most trusted companions were Peter Faber and Francis Xavier. While Francis Xavier is widely known for his world travels and missionary zeal, Peter Faber worked quietly toward internal reform of the Church and became a pioneer of ecumenism. As a companion of Ignatius and founding member of the Jesuits, he helped create an order of priests that would ultimately change the world, though his story is often forgotten.
In The Quiet Companion, by the noted Irish historian Mary Purcell, Peter Faber, the importance of his works, and the upheaval of the times in which he lived are brought to life. Faber came from a modest background, but arrived at the Sorbonne in Paris where he became friends with Francis Xavier and Ignatius. Known for being extremely hard on himself but gentle with others, he spent his life working for the renewal of the Church one person at a time. Nominated to be a Papal Theologian to the Council of Trent, he died at the age of forty on his way there.
Canonized in 2013 by Pope Francis, who echoes this early Jesuit’s example of compassion and generosity, Peter Faber’s life as presented in The Quiet Companion inspires us to lives of service.
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Sgt. Emil Severine Morello
| Sgt. Emil S. Morello was born on May
8, 1907 in Salinas, California. He enlisted in the California National Guard at
Salinas and was inducted into federal service on February 10, 1941 at Salinas Army Air
Base. With his company, now designated C Company, 194th Tank Battalion he traveled to
Fort Lewis in Washington state.
In late 1941, the United States was attempting
buildup its military force in the Philippine Islands. The 194th was sent to San
Francisco and on September 13th
sailed for the Philippine Islands on the President Calvin Coolidge. After a one day
stop in Hawaii, the ship sailed for Manila.
The 194th spent the next two months preparing for maneuvers. On December 8, 1941, Emil lived through the Japanese bombing of Clark Airfield. That morning, the tankers were informed of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. The tanks of the Provisional Tank Group were ordered to the perimeter of the airfield to guard against Japanese paratroopers. Around 12:45 in the afternoon, the tankers watched as planes approached the airfield from the north. At first, they thought the planes were American. It was only when bombs began exploding on the runway that the tankers knew the planes were Japanese.
The tanks of the 194th were ordered to Mabalacat. They remained there until December 12th, when A Company was sent north to the Agno River area. C Company remained south of Manila.
On December 25th, the five tanks of the tank platoon of 2nd Lt. Robert Needham were sent to an area on the east coast of Luzon near Lucban. The Japanese had landed troops in the area, and the American Command wanted to see what the strength of the enemy was in the area.
On December 26, the 2nd platoon was ordered
by a Filipino major the tanks were ordered by a
major to proceed, without reconnaissance, down a narrow trail. (The
platoon leader, Lieutenant Needham, protested the order and suggested they do a
reconnaissance first to see what was out in front, but the major assured him that the
enemy only possessed small arms and ordered the platoon to carry out the mission.)
Since the area was mountainous, the tanks had a
hard time maneuvering. As they went down the trail, the tanks attempted to keep their
spacing so that the driver of each tank could each see the tank in front of him.
At one point in the trail, the tanks found that the trail made a sharp turn.
Emil's tank made the turn. His driver, Joe Gillis, realized that he could
not see the lead tank. In an attempt to find the lead tank, he sped the tank up.
turned out, this maneuver saved the lives of the tankers. Just behind them a shell
exploded. The lead tank was
hit, mortally wounding Lieutenant Needham and Private First Class Robert Bales. Staff
Sergeant Morello's tank was also hit, wounding Private Eddie DiBenedetti, who was hit
in the neck by a flying rivet. (This incident prompted the War Department to change
from riveted to welded construction in new tank production.) Another tank, commanded by
Sergeant Glenn Brokaw, was hit and Privates First Class Jim Hicks, McLeod, and Seifort
were killed and Brokaw seriously wounded. (Ironically, Hicks had volunteered to drive
Brokaw's tank when the regular driver became ill.)
The tank crew continued forward until they reached a opening at a rice paddy where the tank could be turned around. Emil realized that the only way out of the situation was the same way the tank had come in, so he ordered his driver to turn the tank around.
As Emil's tank approached the destroyed barricade, he and the other members of his tank crew saw Lt. Needham's tank off to the side of the road. It had taken a direct hit from the antitank gun and been knocked out. The impact from the shell's explosion had knocked the hatch coverings off the front of the tank. From what the tankers could see, the Japanese had machine-gunned the crew while they were still in the tank.
Believing they were safe, the members of Emil's crew began to celebrate their good luck. Suddenly, the tank took a direct hit from another Japanese anti-tank gun. The explosion knocked the track off the tank. The tank veered off the road and went over an earthen embankment. The tank came to a stop in a rice paddy. Emil's crew had no idea that their little reconnaissance mission had taken them straight into the main Japanese staging area.
As Emil and his crew played dead, the Japanese repeatedly tried to open the hatch of their tank. When a new group of Japanese arrived in the area, they too attempted to get into the tank. The Japanese pounded on the tank and shouted to the crew, "Is anyone in there!" The tankers sat quietly in the tank, without food or water, until seven the next morning. The temperature inside the tank became unbearable. For water, the tankers licked the sides of the tank. In all, five tanks were hit and immobilized. Sergeant Morello and four wounded stayed buttoned up inside their tanks, not daring to move because the Japanese had camped for the night alongside the tanks, unaware that anyone inside was alive. In the morning, the enemy left, and Sergeant Morello began tending the casualties. He gathered up five wounded, and they escaped through coconut groves and rice paddies.
American guns began shelling the area. They destroyed three Japanese trucks and the kitchen the Japanese had set up. The Japanese evacuated the area believing that the Americans were lunching a counter attack.
With the help of Filipino guides they hired, Sergeant Morello and the wounded soldiers
all showed up in Manila five days later after fleeing through enemy territory. He left
DiBenedetti in a Catholic Hospital in Manila and, with the other wounded, made his way
by Banca to Corregidor. Later, during February, Sergeant Morello was able to rejoin the
company on Bataan.
When the crew left the tank, they made their way toward the American lines.
The tank crew, with the help of Filipino guides, walked for the next six days attempting to reach their lines. At Nagcarlan, a Catholic priest gave them food. He also informed them that the Japanese were approaching the barrio and told them which trail to take to reach the coast.
The tankers made their way toward the coast and were able to get a boat to take them to Manila. There, Emil's tank crew caught the last boat leaving Manila for Corregidor. From Corregidor, the tankers were taken by boat to Mariveles. They later rejoined their tank battalion.
On April 9, 1942, Emil became a Prisoner of War. He took part in the death march from Mariveles at the southern tip of Bataan to San Fernando. The POWs went days without food and water.
At San Fernando, the POWs were packed into small wooden boxcars. The cars could hold forty men or eight horses. The Japanese packed 100 men into each car. The POWs were so close together that those who died remained standing until the living left the cars at Capas. From there, the prisoners walked the last ten miles to Camp O'Donnell.
Emil was held at Camp O'Donnell. Conditions in the camp were extremely bad. For the 12,000 POWs in the camp, there was only one water spigot. Men literally died for a drink. Conditions in the camp were so bad that the Japanese opened a new camp at Cabanatuan.
It is not known if Emil went out on any work details. When it became apparent to the Japanese that it was just a matter of time before American forces would land in the Philippines, they began to evacuate POWs to other parts of their empire.
In July 1944, Emil was taken to the Port Area of Manila and boarded onto the Canadian Inventor. The ship sailed for Formosa on July 4, 1944. After stops at Takao and Keelung, Formosa the ship sailed for Naha, Okinawa. It finally arrived at Moji, Japan on September 1, 1944. From Moji, he was taken to Fukuoka #17. The POWs in the camp worked in a condemned coal mine that was owned by the Mitsu Mining Co.
One day, the POWs who were too ill to work told the POWs returning from working in the mine about the large mushroomed shape cloud that had appeared over Nagasaki. A few days later the POWs were given their first day off of work. This was the first holiday that the POWs had ever been given.
One morning, an American reporter, George Weller, of the Chicago Daily News came through the gate of the camp. After meeting with the camp commandant, Weller informed the POWs that the war was over and that they soon would be going home.
Emil was returned to the Philippines to be fattened
up. He later was sent to a Veterans Administration Hospital.
He would marry and become the father of three children. He was self-employed until his retirement.
In 1983, Emil was awarded the Silver Star for his destroying the Japanese roadblock and antitank gun at Lucban, Philippine Islands. He married and spent the rest of his life in Salinas. Emil S. Morello passed away on October 16, 1990.
Credit: Jim Opolony:
194th Tank Battalion and
Magazine, US Army Armor Center and School,
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About the New York Port Authority
The Port Authority Police Force was created
in June 1928 when 40 men were selected to police the Goethals Bridge and Outerbridge Crossing (then known as the Arthur Kill
These original officers were known
as Bridgemen, nine of whom were later promoted to the rank of Bridgemaster, or Sergeants as we know them today.
As the Port Authority facilities
increased in number, so did its police force. With the opening of the Holland Tunnel in 1927, the three Metropolitan Airports
and Marine Terminal in the 1940's, the force rapidly grew. In the 1950's and 60's, with the metropolitan area moving more
toward mass transportation, the Port Authority Bus Terminal opened. And the Port Authority assumed control of the PATH system
formerly known as The Hudson and Manhattan Tubes. Today the Port Authority Police Force numbers over 1600.
The Port Authority's three major
airports, Newark Liberty International Airport, John F. Kennedy International, and LaGuardia, handle over 80 million air passengers,
over 1.1 million aircraft movements, and over 2.5 million tons of air cargo annually. Policing these aviation facilities involves
a wide variety of duties. Police personnel cover screening points, respond to all aircraft incidents, and aid travelers from
all parts of the world. Escorting and protecting visiting dignitaries is provided for on a daily basis. The President of the
United States, Pope John Paul II, and various other dignitaries and foreign Heads of State attending the United Nations have
all traveled through Port Authority facilities.
The Port Authority Police are also
responsible for fire fighting and crash emergency rescue at the three airports and for all other aircraft emergency incidents.
Police personnel assigned to fire and rescue duty are highly trained in all phases of these functions including the operation
of sophisticated and complex equipment, fire fighting vehicles and water rescue equipment.
Port Authority Marine Terminal facilities
handle thousands of ships, over 14.5 million long tons of cargo per year. Police operations at Port Newark/Elizabeth, and
the Brooklyn Piers include everything from traffic control to the prevention and investigation of cargo thefts.
The Department's headquarters is
located in Jersey City, New Jersey, where managerial and command functions reside.
The nerve center of the force is
the Central Police Desk, which is located at Journal Square. It is staffed around-the-clock and is the hub of the communications
network. There, personnel are assigned to needed areas, all radio transmissions are monitored, and computer terminals are
integrated into the NY & NJ Intelligence and Crime Information Systems as well as the National Crime Information Center
(NCIC) in Washington, D.C. Information received from these sources is supplied to officers in the field when needed.
The Criminal Investigations Bureau
consists of over 100 Detectives and Supervisors that are specifically trained for crimes occurring at transportation facilities.
During the past year the Criminal Investigations Bureau has worked on computerized airline ticket fraud, and property and
drug interdictions. They have seized over 10 million dollars of goods including 35 kilos of narcotics. Additionally, the Criminal
Investigations Bureau has worked cooperatively with Local, State, and Federal agencies in the fight against crime. Some of
these agencies include the New Jersey State Police, the New York City Police Department, United States Customs and Border
Patrol and the United States Drug Enforcement Agency. Members of the Criminal Investigations Bureau also work as part of the
FBI Joint Terrorist Task Force to prevent terrorist activities in the region.
Although our Police Headquarters
located in Jersey City oversee all police operations, the force is organized into individual operating units, or facilities,
each headed by its own facility commander, with each facility being unique.
The PATH system is one of the most intensively
policed-rail transit systems in the world.
Approximately 200,000 passengers
use the PATH system daily. The system's stations are monitored by closed circuit T.V. to aid police personnel in their patrol.
At the Holland and Lincoln Tunnels,
the Bayonne, Goethals, and George Washington Bridges, and the Outerbridge Crossing, the Port Authority Police Officers' duties
are patrol, traffic control, hazardous cargo inspections, truck weigh and emergency services, as well as enforcement for violations
of motor vehicle laws. Police at these crossings have also instituted programs that maintain a constant campaign against drunk
The Port Authority operates the largest
and busiest Bus Terminal in the nation, accommodating 57 million bus passengers and over 2.2 million bus movements in 2001.
Police assignments demand a broad range of functions, everything from locating lost children to aiding everyday commuters.
They are responsible for the general security of the facility utilizing a variety of patrol tactics. Police Officer/Social
Worker teams patrol the Bus Terminal and identify youngsters that may be runaways, throwaways, or missing persons. They provide
crisis intervention counseling, placement with social service agencies, and reunions with families when appropriate.
Port Authority Police Academy recruits
typically receive 20 weeks of intensive training in New York and New Jersey law, behavioral sciences, public relations, police
practices and procedures, laws of arrest, court procedures and testimony. They are also trained in rules of evidence, defensive
tactics, first aid, fire fighting, police patrol and traffic duty, firearms training, defensive and pursuit driving, water
safety and rescue.
Throughout their careers, Port Authority
Police Officers return to the Academy both for refresher courses and for training in new techniques added to the curriculum.
The Koebel Memorial Police Firearms
Training Center is dedicated to the memory of Police Officer Henry J. Koebel, who was killed in the line of duty in May of
1978. The Police Academy utilizes state-of-the-art equipment where the staff operates eighteen shooting ports within this
computerized firearms training facility. Features include moveable target lights and noise controls, shoot/don't shoot situations,
as well as standard marksmanship instruction.
On February 26, 1993 and again on
September 11, 2001 the Port Authority's World Trade Center complex was the target of terrorist attacks. Even though the complex
housed over 50,000 employees and accommodated 70,000 visitors per day, the heroic efforts of the Port Authority Police, the
New York City Police, the New York City Fire Department, New York City EMS, along with countless others helped to minimize
the loss of life. The Port Authority Police suffered the worst loss of Police personnel in a single event in American history.
Thirty seven Police Officers along with one Police K-9 made the ultimate sacrifice on September 11th.
The Port Authority Police force has evolved
through a history of many challenges. They have developed into a force of professional and dedicated men and women always
ready to serve and protect the people who work at and travel through Port Authority facilities.
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| Home Earth Continents Africa Somalia
___ SomaliaA virtual guide to Somalia. Get an overview of Somalian art, culture, people, environment, geography, history, economy and its government.
Beside a country profile with facts and figures, this page offers maps, statistics, weather information, and links to sources that provide you with information about this Eastern African nation.
Somali Republic - Somalia
Flag of Somalia
A SIAD BARRE regime was ousted in January 1991; turmoil, factional fighting, and anarchy followed for nine years. In May of 1991, northern clans declared an independent Republic of Somaliland which now includes the administrative regions of Awdal, Woqooyi Galbeed, Togdheer, Sanaag, and Sool. Although not recognized by any government, this entity has maintained a stable existence, aided by the overwhelming dominance of the ruling clan and economic infrastructure left behind by British, Russian, and American military assistance programs.
The regions of Bari and Nugaal comprise a neighboring self-declared Republic of Puntland, which has also made strides towards reconstructing legitimate, representative government. Beginning in 1993, a two-year UN humanitarian effort (primarily in the south) was able to alleviate famine conditions, but when the UN withdrew in 1995, having suffered significant casualties, order still had not been restored.
A Transitional National Government (TNG) was created in October 2000 in Arta, Djibouti which was attended by a broad representation of Somali clans. The TNG has a three-year mandate to create a permanent national Somali government. The TNG does not recognize Somaliland or Puntland as independent republics but so far has been unable to reunite them with the unstable regions in the south; numerous warlords and factions are still fighting for control of Mogadishu and the other southern regions.
The Transitional Federal Government (TFG) has been deeply divided since just after its creation and until late December 2006 controlled only the town of Baidoa. In June 2006, a loose coalition of clerics, business leaders, and Islamic court militias known as the Supreme Council of Islamic Courts (SCIC) defeated powerful Mogadishu warlords and took control of the capital. The Courts continued to expand, spreading their influence throughout much of southern Somalia and threatening to overthrow the TFG in Baidoa. Ethiopian and TFG forces concerned over suspected links between some SCIC factions and al-Qaida in late December 2006 drove the SCIC from power, but the joint forces continue to fight remnants of SCIC militia in the southwestern corner of Somalia near the Kenyan border. The TFG, backed by Ethiopian forces, in late December 2006 moved into Mogadishu, but continues to struggle to exert control over the capital and to prevent the reemergence of warlord rule that typified Mogadishu before the rise of the SCIC.
(Source: CIA - The World Factbook)
border countries: Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya
long form: Somali Republic
ISO Country Code: so
Local Time = UTC +3h
Actual Time: Thu-June-30 08:02
Country Calling Code: +252
Capital City: Mogadishu
Other Cities: Baidoa, Beledweyne, Berbera, Bosasso, Gaalkayo, Hargeisa, Jowhar, Kismayo, Merca.
Transitional government, known as the Transitional Federal Government, established in October 2004 with a five-year mandate.
Independence: July 1, 1960 (from a merger between the former Somaliland Protectorate under British rule, and Italian Somaliland, to form the Somali Republic).
Location: Horn of Africa, Eastern Africa, bordering the Gulf of Aden on the north, and the Indian Ocean on the east, east of Ethiopia and Kenya.
Area: 637,657 km² (246,200 sq mi)
Terrain: Mostly flat savanna and semidesert, to undulating plateau rising to hills in the north.
Climate: Principally desert; hot and dry in the interior and hot and humid in coastal areas.
Two rainy seasons, from April to June and from October to December, each is followed by a dry season, very hot in the south with irregular rainfall in the coastal zone.
Population: (2012) 9.8 million, of which an estimated 2 million live in Somaliland.
Ethnic groups: Somali, with a small non-Somali minority (mostly Bantu and Arabs).
Religion: 99.9% Muslim.
Languages: Somali (official), Arabic, Italian, English.
Literacy: total population that can read and write, 38%
Natural resources: Uranium and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, salt, natural gas, likely oil reserves.
Agriculture products: Bananas, sorghum, corn, coconuts, rice, sugarcane, mangoes, sesame seeds, beans; cattle, sheep, goats; fish.
Industries: a few light industries, including sugar refining, textiles, wireless communication.
Exports partners: UAE 48.3%, Yemen 20.8%, Oman 5.8% (2005)
(livestock, bananas, hides, fish, charcoal, scrap metal)
Imports partners: Djibouti 31.8%, India 8.4%, Kenya 8.3%, Brazil 7.9%, Oman 5.6%, UAE 5.2%, Yemen 5.1% (2005)
(manufactures, petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction materials, qat)
Currency: Somali Shilling (SOS)
Note: External links will open in a new browser window.
Official Sites of Somalia
Somalia has been without a central government since President Siad Barre was overthrown in 1991, and much of the territory has been subject to serious civil strife. Statistical data on Somalia on this page are subject to dispute and error.
Transitional Federal Government of The Somali Republic
Political Map of Somalia.
Google Earth Somalia
Searchable map and satellite view of Somalia.
Google Earth Mogadishu
Searchable map and satellite view of Somalia's capital city.
Political Map of Africa
The 54 countries of Africa.
Map of Africa
A Relief Map of Africa.
Somali portal with newswires news on Somalia (based in Canada)
Somali Newspaper (in English and Somali)
National and international news
Recent news from Somalia (English and Somali)
Somalia related news and opinions.
The Voice of Somali Maay Population, with Somalia news.
English-language weekly, Somaliland.
Somaliland News Network (SNN)
Somaliland and Somalia related news. (partly in English)
Radio Banadir Broadcasting (RBB)
with News in English and Somali.
International News Sources
VOA News - Spotlight on Somalia
Voice of America Africa Somalia news.
Bookmark/share this page
Arts & CultureOsmanart
Gallery site of the Somali born painter Mohamed Buwe Osman.
Bookmark/share this page
Business & EconomyTransportation
Somalia based airline.
Star African Airlines
Domestic scheduled and charter flights.
Somalia related portal site.
Portal site of the Somali Maay Population.
National Somali Bantu Organization
US based site for Somali Bantu Refugees.
Somalia information by the United Nations
Travel and Tour Consumer Information
Bookmark/share this page
First institution of higher learning in Somalia after years of war.
Somaliland’s youngest accredited higher education institution.
Non-governmental institution of higher education.
Somali Teacher’s Association Site
SOTAS is an umbrella association serving to facilitate networking and collaborative and cooperative work between members across the education and training sector, and with other education and training, private, nonprofit and governmental partners.
University of Burao
An independent university established in 2004 in Burao, Somaliland.
Environment & NatureSomali Centre for Water & Environment (SCWE)
Established for Somalia's destroyed environment and water scarcity problems.
The Somali History
The plight of the Agro-pastoral Society of Somalia (by Mohamed Haji Mukhtar)
History of Somalia
Wikipedia entry about the History of Somalia.
Somalia web directory
Africa South of Sahara (Karen Fung) Somalia
ArabNet -- Somalia
BBC News Country Profile: Somalia
Background Notes: Somalia
Open Directory Project: Somalia
The World Factbook -- Somalia
Other Countries of Eastern Africa
Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique
Réunion, Rwanda, Seychelles, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
One World - Nations Online .:. let's care for this planet
Actually, it's impossible to simulate freedom --- or?
Nations Online Project is made to improve cross-cultural understanding and global awareness.
More signal - less NOISE
|Site Map | Information Sources | Disclaimer | Contact: email@example.com | Copyright © 1998-2016 :: nationsonline.org|
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In 1999 Life magazine ranked the most influential people of the previous millennium. History’s greatest inventor, Thomas Alva Edison, was rated first, besting luminaries like Christopher Columbus, Albert Einstein, George Washington and Johannes Gutenberg. Edison patented more than 1000 items, such as the phonograph and the lightbulb, and it is easy to take for granted how much he helped create modern life. Seventy years after the inventor’s death in 1931, Robert Halgrim of Fort Myers, Fla., is Edison’s last surviving employee.
Robert Halgrim was born in Humboldt, Iowa, on September 9, 1905. Geographic luck played a role in his meeting Edison, who wintered in Fort Myers. “Around 1920 my father, Colonel Halgrim, ran a silent movie theater in Fort Myers. Whenever a new movie was showing, Mr. Edison wanted to be notified. He would set a date and bring in guests for a private viewing. I was the one who showed the guests to their seats. …
“Mr. Edison brought his grandchildren to Fort Myers for the 1924 Christmas vacation. He had asked the local Boy Scout leader who would be a good teacher and nanny for them. I was 19 and in the Scout troop, so I was recommended and hired. I took care of the children, and many times I went up to New Jersey to care for them there. I really felt I was a personal friend of the family, and Mrs. Edison told me she wanted me to be a part of the family. Once they took me to Edison’s box at Carnegie Hall and I watched a play with him. He also gave me a party on Broadway.”
Edison also furthered Halgrim’s formal education. “After I tutored the grandchildren, the Edisons decided that I should go to college. He paid for me to attend Cornell. In exchange, I would stay with them and look after the grandchildren. I went to Cornell for three years, but he took me out of school. He decided that if I hadn’t learned all that I could in three years, he’d teach me whatever else I needed to know. … I went to work as his personal assistant and did that until his death. …
“Mr. Edison was terrific to work for. He had a great sense of humor. If he saw someone was having trouble at work or getting irritated with a problem, Mr. Edison would go over to him, involve him in a joke, thus relaxing him, and then the worker could turn around and do what he had to do. But he also taught me a great life lesson. Once he caught me standing around just a few minutes before work was over for the day. He approached and asked me what I was doing. I replied that I had done everything for the day. So Mr. Edison told me to go and get a large glass cube and a hacksaw. Mr. Edison told me to cut the glass into one-inch cubes. I was irritated, since there were electric-powered saws in the lab and he wanted me to use an old saw. It took me roughly two and a half hours to do it. I thought the task was stupid. Finally I told Mr. Edison that I was done. He asked me if I did the best I could do, and I said yes. He replied, ‘That’s all I ever ask of you. I wanted to see if you would do what I asked you to do, and you did it well, even though you were upset with me.’ ” Halgrim stops, then proclaims, “I’ve based a lot of my life on that lesson.” …
“The thing that is so sad is that he kept all his knowledge to himself, so no one could carry on his thoughts and produce any of the things he made. Did you know you can’t buy a single Edison product today? When he died, it all went with him. It’s a shame, but I cannot imagine anyone who has done more for the world as we see it today.”
Editor’s note: Robert Halgrim died at age 99 on May 2, 2005.
From The Last Leaf: Voices of History’s Last-Known Survivors (Prometheus Books, 2010). Reprinted by permission of the publisher. Read an interview with Stuart Lutz.
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- Download PDF
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Nat Turner’s revolt (or rebellion or insurrection) was the bloodiest slave rebellion in the history of the United States. Although Turner and his people did manage to kill a lot of white people, their rebellion failed to do slaves any good. In fact, it contributed to making whites crack down more firmly on slaves.
Nat Turner’s rebellion took place over a couple of days in August of 1831. It was sparked by Nat Turner, who was a religious leader among slaves in his area. Turner felt that God had called him to act like Moses and lead his people out of slavery. The rebellion took place in Southampton County, Virginia. It led to the deaths of somewhere in the area of 60 white people.
Although Turner meant to lead his people out of slavery, the revolt had no such effect. Instead, it caused whites to crack down harder on their slaves. It ended any talk of emancipation. It also moved the Virginia legislature to pass laws that did things like prohibiting anyone from teaching blacks to read and prohibiting blacks from holding religious meetings without white people present.
Thus, Turner’s rebellion was an instance of extreme resistance to slavery, albeit one which actually made slavery somewhat more oppressive.
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WHAT: Biologist Erica Larschan, Ph.D., was named by The Pew Charitable Trusts as the "Scholar of the Month," for her innovative findings on chromosomal activity in fruit flies. 2011 Pew Biomedical Scholar Dr. Larschan led a team of researchers at Brown University in identifying a protein that allows a male fruit fly to double the genetic expression of its single X-chromosome. That advantage, if proven similar in human males, could point the way to treatments for diseases like cancer or schizophrenia, which are associated with abnormal gene regulation.
Dr. Larschan's story is the first in a "Scholar of the Month" series launched by Pew. Since 1985, the Pew Scholars Program in the Biomedical Sciences has provided funding to more than 500 early-career scientists who, like Dr. Larschan, show outstanding promise in science with the potential to advance human health. The Scholars' exceptional research has earned them Nobel Prizes, Lasker Awards, MacArthur Genius Grants and other distinctions--including a Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers for Dr. Larschan.
WHO: Experts are available for interviews regarding Dr. Larschan's research and the program:
- Erica Larschan, Ph.D., assistant professor, Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Brown University
- Anita Pepper, Ph.D., director of the Pew Programs in the Biomedical Sciences
Pepper is the director of The Pew Charitable Trusts' Programs in Biomedical Sciences, which includes both the Pew Scholars and Pew Latin American Fellows programs.
WHERE: Visit http://www.pewhealth.org/other-resource/Mapping-a-Path-to-Genetics'-Next-Frontier-85899443438 to read the full profile story.
CONTACT: Chelsea Toledo at 202-540-6846, firstname.lastname@example.org
For information regarding the Pew Scholars Program in the Biomedical Sciences, please visit www.pewscholars.org.
The Pew Charitable Trusts is driven by the power of knowledge to solve today's most challenging problems. Pew applies a rigorous, analytical approach to improve public policy, inform the public and stimulate civic life. www.pewtrusts.org
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U.S. Drought Monitor Update for March 25, 2014
According to the March 25, 2014 U.S. Drought Monitor, moderate to exceptional drought covers 38.3% of the contiguous United States, an increase from last week’s 37.5%. The worst drought categories (extreme to exceptional drought) also increased from 8.5% last week to 9.7%. Above-normal precipitation fell across a few parts of the northern High Plains, Upper Midwest, New England, and Florida, but the rest of the country was drier than normal this week. Drought conditions deteriorated in parts of the Southwest to Southern Plains where no precipitation fell, while Pacific weather systems brought some improvement to drought areas in the Northwest.
In addition to Drought.gov, you can find further information on the current drought as well as on this week’s Drought Monitor update at the National Drought Mitigation Center. See their recent news releases.
The most recent U.S. Drought Outlook is available from NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center and the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s World Agriculture Outlook Board provides information about the drought’s influence on crops and livestock.
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The Holy Martyr Conon of Isauria was born in Bethany, a village near the Asia Minor city of Isauria, whose inhabitants had accepted Christianity from the Apostle Paul. From his youth, St Conon was accorded the special protection of the “Archistrategos” (“Leader of the Heavenly Hosts”) Michael, who appeared to him and assisted him in many difficult circumstances in life.
At the insistence of his parents, Conon was betrothed to a maiden named Anna. He persuaded her to live with him in virginity after the wedding. The young couple lived as brother and sister, devoting themselves entirely to God. St Conon brought also his parents to the Christian Faith. His father, St Nestor, received a martyr’s death for denouncing idol-worshippers.
After burying both his mother and wife, St Conon continued his service to God, devoting himself entirely to monastic works, fasting and prayer. In his declining years the holy ascetic was glorified with the gift of wonderworking. By virtue of his preaching and miracles many pagans were converted to Christ. It is said that even the evil spirits were forced to serve him.
When a persecution against Christians broke out in Isauria, one of the first to suffer was St Conon. He was subjected to fierce torments for his refusal to offer sacrifice to idols. When the people of Isauria learned of the tortures to which the saint was being subjected, they came forth bearing arms to defend the martyr. Frightened by the people’s wrath, the torturers fled, and the Isaurians found the martyr wounded and bloodied at the place of torture.
St Conon wished to endure martyrdom for the Lord, but he lived two more years. St Conon died in the second century and was buried beside his parents and wife.
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What is this man trying to invent?
- An example of invent is to make a brand new device for making a perfect cup of coffee.
- An example of invent is to create a story about why you didn’t do your homework.
- to think up; devise or fabricate in the mind: to invent excuses
- to think out or produce (a new device, process, etc.); originate, as by experiment; devise for the first time
- Archaic to find; discover
Origin of inventMiddle English inventen ; from Classical Latin inventus, past participle of invenire, to come upon, meet with, discover ; from in-, in, on + venire, to come
transitive verbin·vent·ed, in·vent·ing, in·vents
- To produce or contrive (something previously unknown) by the use of ingenuity or imagination.
- To make up; fabricate: invent a likely excuse.
Origin of inventLatin inven&imacron;re, invent-, to find : in-, on, upon; see in–2 + ven&imacron;re, to come; see gwa- in Indo-European roots.
(third-person singular simple present invents, present participle inventing, simple past and past participle invented)
- To design a new process or mechanism.
- After weeks of hard work, I invented a new way to alphabetize matchbooks.
- To create something fictional for a particular purpose.
- I knew I had to invent an excuse, and quickly.
- We need a name to put in this form, so let's just invent one.
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Definition of Potato moth
1. Noun. Greyish-brown moth whose larva is the potato tuberworm.
Generic synonyms: Gelechiid, Gelechiid Moth
Potato Moth Pictures
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Potato Moth Images
Lexicographical Neighbors of Potato Moth
Literary usage of Potato moth
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature by H.W. Wilson Company (1914)
"No. Am. 199: 769-70. My. '14. Potash and Perlmutter—a dramatization of the cloak and suit trade. 11. Cur. Opinion. 57: 172-6. S. '14. potato moth«. Plot. ..."
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Winter is a season of warm cozy clothes, white fluffy snow and clean bright colors. In this tutorial we will get inspired by this magical season and create a cute winter seamless pattern consisting of simple objects. We will go through the process of creation of every element in Adobe Illustrator and end up with forming a swatch using the Pattern Tool. Let's get started!
1. Draw a Cute Bullfinch
This time I won't be using a sketch, because the elements of our pattern will be quite simple. First of all, we need to decide on the color palette to create a harmonic look.
Here are the colors that I've chosen for our future pattern. We'll be using the Eyedropper Tool (I) to pick the color we need.
Take the Rectangle Tool (M) and make a 600 x 600px rectangle covering your artboard. Fill it with a light-blue color from the color palette that we've made in the previous step.
Let's start forming the body of our bird. Create a red circle with the Ellipse tool (L), holding the Shift key to make it perfectly round.
Take the Direct Selection Tool (A) and pull the lower anchor point down, extruding the circle.
Move it to the right side, forming the bullfinch's tail. Change the position of anchor handles to make our shape smooth.
Now we have something like a comma symbol.
Pick the darkest blue color from the palette and create another circle above the body. Use Intersect in Pathfinder to form the bird's head.
Draw the next circle for the wing and fill it with turquoise color from our palette.
Cut off the unneeded parts as we just did with the head-shape.
Move the wing under the head using the Control+] shortcuts.
Add two stripes to the wing in the same technique.
Add a round white eye and a small red beak. Use the Polygon Tool for the beak, by setting the Sides value to 3 and forming a triangle.
The last but not the least thing here is to add a pair of small paws. Use the Line Segment Tool (\), set the Stroke Weight to 5pt and Cap and Corner type to the rounded one.
2. Draw a Warm Woolly Hat
Start from a red circle again. Add a green squashed ellipse, Copy it and Paste in Front (Control-C > Control-F). Select green and red ellipses and use Minus Front in Pathfinder to divide the red shape into two parts. Then delete the lower part which you don't need, forming the cap of our hat.
Add a darker green ellipse to create the inside of the hat and a small round pompom on the top of our hat.
Let's make the hat more detailed by adding thin notches. Draw a vertical line with the Line Segment Tool (\), go to Effect > Warp > Arc and Bend the line to -15% over the Vertical axis. Copy the arched shape a few times and spread the copies over the green part of the hat.
Add more arched lines to the other side of the hat and to the bottom of it. Get rid of the unneeded parts with the Eraser Tool (Shift-E) or Pathfinder.
Create a few more arched shapes with white stroke, but this time make the line dashed by checking the Dashed Line box in the Stroke menu and setting Dash to 10pt and Gap to 9pt. Object > Expand the lines and delete the unneeded parts.
Let's add a decorative element to our hat. Draw a white vertical line; rotate its copy to 90 degrees using the Rotate Tool (R) and hitting the Copy button. Then turn another copy to 45 degrees.
Continue the same way and make a snowflake out of these rotated lines. Add small circles to the end of each line. Fill some of them with white color and leave other with no fill, but keep a white Stroke.
3. Draw a Pair of Funny Mittens
Draw an extruded green ellipse and edit its upper part by pulling the anchor handles to both sides and making them longer. This way you'll flatten the upper part of the mitten.
Add another ellipse to form a thumb. Unite both shapes in Pathfinder and edit the position of the anchor point to make the mitten more true to life.
Let's add a bright ribbing in the bottom of out mitten. This is quite easy – just make a vertical line with red Stroke, set its Weight to 12pt and Corner and Cap to rounded type. Duplicate the line and move it to the left a bit. Continue making copies and moving the by hitting Control-D, which repeats your last action.
Finally, copy a snowflake which we've created for the hat and put it in the middle of the mitten. Duplicate your mitten and reflect it over the vertical axis using the Reflect Tool (O).
4. Create a Striped Fancy Scarf
The next element for our pattern is a long trendy scarf. After forming a red rectangle with Rectangle Tool (M), use the Shear Tool and drag the rectangle to the right side, to skew it a bit.
Draw a few white stripes across the red shape, turn them into a Compound Path (Control-8) and use Pathfinder to adjust it properly. Make a copy of the scarf and keep it apart - we will need it a few steps later.
Let's move on and go to Effect > Warp > Arc and Bend your scarf over the Vertical axis to -12%.
Now reflect the copy of the first shape that was kept without arc-effect and place it under the arched piece of the scarf.
Make the colors of the lower copy darker to give it a shadowed look.
Continue decorating the scarf and create two shapes with Rounded Rectangle Tool, then fill them with white and red colors. Spread the shapes along the bottom part of the scarf, making a macramé lace.
Copy the lace to the second part of the scarf. Voila! The fashionable striped scarf is ready.
5. Form a Simple Snowflake
The last but not the least element of our pattern is a snowflake. Start from forming a basic snowflake shape with the Rectangle Tool (M) by rotating and reflecting the copies.
Add smaller rectangles to make the snowflake fluffier.
Move to Effect > Stylize > Round corners and smooth the corners of your snowflake by setting the Radius value to 7. Turn your snowflake into a single shape by Uniting all parts in Pathfinder.
Make one snowflake with white Fill and no stroke, and the second one – visa verse – with no fill and white Stroke.
6. Render a Cute Winter Pattern
All the elements for our pattern are ready!
Let's add an outline for each object to emphasize it and separate from the background. Select the bullfinch, go to Object > Path > Offset Path, set the Offset value to 5px and, keeping the selection, change the fill color to white and Unite the shape.
Repeat the same steps for the hat, mittens and the scarf.
Now select all the elements and go to Object > Pattern > Make.
Distribute the elements over the artboard to your liking. The semi-transparent copies of the elements will help you to see how your pattern will look like at the end. Here I changed the color of the snowflakes to make them visible on the white background. Add several groups of spots to cover the blanks gaps of your pattern.
In the final version our snowflakes will be of two different colors, so in Pattern mode I've filled them with purple and indigo-blue (colors that we don't have in our palette and among our elements), in order to recolor them later fast and easy. I've left all the Pattern Options as default.
Double-click on a free space to quit the Pattern mode to see how it looks above our blue background. Remember that you can always return to Pattern Options and edit any object by clicking the Swatch Options button in the Swatches panel.
Let's do that and change the color of our snowflakes. Double-click on the Magic Wand Tool (Y) and set the Tolerance value to 0, so that the tool selects all the objects filled with one and the same color. Now select one of the purple snowflakes with the Magic Wand Tool (Y) and change the fill color to white. Then select the indigo-blue snowflake and change the color to pale blue.
Let's take a look at our pattern. We can apply our swatch to any shape (let it be a rectangle) and change its scale with the Scale Tool (S) if we select the Transform Patterns check box in the Scale options window.
Yay! The Winter Pattern is Ready!
Our pattern looks complete and balanced. I hope this winter inspires you for more great images. Good luck!
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In the 1800s, many young women came to Canada from Ireland but not many of them fell in love with black men who had come north via the underground railway.
In the book, Oonagh (Cormorant), Mary Tilberg introduces us to one such woman (by the name of Oonagh) who ends up in Newcastle District in Upper Canada where she falls in love with Chauncey Taylor, an escaped slave. Oonagh is naïve enough to imagine a bright future for herself and Chauncey, but she fails to take into account the rigid and even deadly attitudes of her neighbours.
The story is based on a fleeting mention of such a couple in the writings of Susannah Moodie, and it suffers somewhat from the choice of Oonagh as narrator: we learn the details of Chauncey's life only through long monologues in which he tells Oonagh how he got to Upper Canada, a device that makes his story less compelling than it would have been if it could have been integrated into the narrative. Nevertheless, Oonagh is a compelling read that illuminates an interesting time in North American history.
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Lesson #4 The Covenant Relationship is the reason for the Book of Mormon.
It is interesting that the scriptures that we seem to know the best are the most misinterpreted. If we would ask 100 of our Book of Mormon believing friends to tell us the main purpose of the Book of Mormon, most of them would say "to the convincing of the Jew and Gentile that Jesus is the Christ." This is one scripture everyone seems to know. This is a purpose of the Book of Mormon but it is not the main purpose. The main purpose of the Book of Mormon is to restore a knowledge of the covenants. The sequence is, firstly to the Lamanites, then to the rest of the house of Israel and then to the world. The phrase "Jew and Gentile" means everyone in the world. The Title Page, which we have mostly ignored, tells us the main purpose. This is also found in 3N 10:1-7 and Mormon 2:39-41.
Additional evidence supporting these scriptures is the meaning of the name "Mormon." Most of us think that the Book of Mormon was named after the man, Mormon. This does not make any sense when you think about it because the other two books are not named after men. We are told in 3N 2:96 that Mormon is named after the Land of Mormon, the land where Alma established the church. Alma did this by restoring the covenant relationship and then baptizing the people as a witness that they had made a covenant (Mos 9:41, 44, 174-179; Alma 5:27). The Land of Mormon to the Nephite believers meant the land where the covenant was restored, therefore, Mormon means restoration of the covenant and spiritually speaking, the Book of Mormon means Book of the Restoration of the Covenant. This means that all three books now have the same name. The Doctrine and Covenants already has covenant in the title. Bible is not its real name. Bible is Greek for a collection of books. The real name is Old Testament and New Testament. Testament is an old English word for covenant. It makes sense that the purpose of the Restoration Movement and the main purpose of the Book of Mormon is the same. The Book of Mormon has several purposes but the main purpose comes first.
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Please note: This information was current at the time of publication. But medical information is always changing, and some information given here may be out of date. For regularly updated information on a variety of health topics, please visit familydoctor.org, the AAFP patient education Web site.
Information from Your Family Doctor
When You Have Diabetes—10 Steps to Healthy Feet
FREE PREVIEW. AAFP members and paid subscribers: Log in to get free access. All others: Purchase online access.
FREE PREVIEW. Purchase online access to read the full version of this article.
Am Fam Physician. 1998 Mar 15;57(6):1337-1338.
See related article on diabetic foot ulcers.
Step #1. Have your doctor check your feet regularly
See your family doctor regularly to be sure your diabetes is in good control. Have your doctor look at your feet at every visit.
Step #2. Wear the right shoes and socks
Don't wear shoes that fit too tightly or pinch your feet. Choose thick cotton socks and well-cushioned shoes with plenty of room in the toes. (Look for shoes with a high toe box.) They will help keep your feet healthy. Never go barefoot.
Step #3. Check your feet every day
Look at your feet very carefully every day to be sure you have no cuts, scrapes or blisters. Look at every part of your foot, even between your toes.
Step #4. Treat cuts, scrapes and blisters. See your doctor if a wound does not heal
If you get a small cut, scrape or blister on your foot, wash the area gently with soap and water. Don't break the blister. Put an antibiotic cream on the wound several times a day. If the wound does not heal in a few days, see your doctor.
Step #5. Keep your feet clean
Gently wash your feet with soap and water every day. Pat your feet dry. Put on a moisturizing cream or ointment (for example, petroleum jelly). Don't put too much moisturizer between your toes, however.
Step #6. Cut your toenails correctly
Cut your toenails straight across the top, not curved at the sides, to prevent ingrown toenails. Ask your doctor for help if your nails are too thick or if they crack when you try to cut them.
Step #7. Treat athlete's foot
Athlete's foot is more common in people who have diabetes, and it can cause problems. If you have athlete's foot, wear a different pair of shoes every other day. This lets your shoes dry out. Always wear absorbent cotton socks. See your doctor if over-the-counter treatments don't clear up your athlete's foot.
Step #8. Get proper treatment for thickened skin, calluses and corns
Many people with diabetes get thickened skin, calluses or corns over the bony spots on their feet. Don't trim or cut these spots at home with razor blades or other sharp tools. Ask your doctor how to treat these spots.
Step #9. Avoid heating pads and hot water foot soaks
Because diabetes can hurt the nerves in your feet, you might not be able to tell if something is hurting your feet. It's best not to use heating pads or hot water soaks, since you could burn your feet without knowing it.
Step #10. Take action to improve your circulation
High blood pressure, high cholesterol levels and smoking can harm the circulation in your feet and keep sores from healing. Ask your doctor for help if you have any of these problems.
This handout is provided to you by your family doctor and the American Academy of Family Physicians. Other health-related information is available from the AAFP online at http://familydoctor.org.
This information provides a general overview and may not apply to everyone. Talk to your family doctor to find out if this information applies to you and to get more information on this subject.
Copyright © 1998 by the American Academy of Family Physicians.
This content is owned by the AAFP. A person viewing it online may make one printout of the material and may use that printout only for his or her personal, non-commercial reference. This material may not otherwise be downloaded, copied, printed, stored, transmitted or reproduced in any medium, whether now known or later invented, except as authorized in writing by the AAFP. Contact email@example.com for copyright questions and/or permission requests.
Want to use this article elsewhere? Get Permissions
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Journal Issue: The Next Generation of Antipoverty Policies Volume 17 Number 2 Fall 2007
Greg Duncan, Jens Ludwig, and Katherine Magnuson explain how providing high-quality care to disadvantaged preschool children can help reduce poverty. In early childhood, they note, children’s cognitive and socioemotional skills develop rapidly and are sensitive to “inputs” from parents, home learning environments, child care settings, and the health care system.
The authors propose an intensive two-year, education-focused intervention for economically disadvantaged three- and four-year-olds. Classrooms would be staffed by college-trained teachers and have no more than six children per teacher. Instruction would be based on proven preschool academic and behavioral curricula and would be provided to children for three hours a day, with wraparound child care available to working parents.
The authors estimate that the annual cost of the instructional portion of the program would be about $8,000, with child care adding up to another $4,000. The program would fully subsidize low-income children’s participation; high-income parents would pay the full cost. The total cost of the proposal, net of current spending, would be $20 billion a year.
Researchers have estimated that a few very intensive early childhood programs have generated benefits of as much as $8 to $14 for every $1 in cost. The authors think it unrealistic that a nationwide early education program could be equally socially profitable, but they estimate that their proposal would likely have benefits amounting to several times its cost. Some of the benefits would appear quickly in the form of less school retention and fewer special education classifications; others would show up later in the form of less crime and greater economic productivity. The authors estimate that their program would reduce the future poverty rates of participants by between 5 percent and 15 percent.
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Relatively few researchers have looked at how the muscles of masters athletes – individuals who exercise routinely – decline, or don’t, as they get older. To look at this cross-section of society, Wroblewski and his team took muscle and body composition measurements of 40 high-level recreational athletes.Source: Wroblewski, A., et. al. Chronic Exercise Preserves Lean Muscle Mass in Masters Athletes. The Physician and Sportsmedicine. Volume: 39, No.3., via Bicycle Lab and Neatorama.
The subjects, 20 men and 20 women, ranged in age from 40 to 81 years and practiced their sport, primarily running, biking and/or swimming, four to five times per week.
The results showed that mid-thigh muscle mass and lean mass did not increase with age. But it didn’t decrease either. And, the older athletes seemed to maintain their muscle mass even though their body fat increased, relative to the younger competitors in the study.
These observations suggest that body fat was accumulating in places other than within the muscles, which is better for maintaining muscle strength. Tests on the subjects’ quads strength also showed that it did not decline with age either.
Addendum: Reader Ran has made an important observation re the above set of images. The second one - "74 year old and sedentary" - appears to show a shrinking of the muscle mass (and perhaps a lessening of femoral density). However, a different web page, maintained by the University of Florida Muscle Physiology Laboratory, has this identical image, with the following explanatory caption:
"Cross-sectional T1 weighted MRI of the thighs from an obese elderly subject. Note the high amount of fat (in white) surrounding the small amount of muscle (in dark) due to sarcopenic obesity."The image of the legs of the sedentary person has been scaled down to match the size of the bracketing images. The reflex assumption by the viewer is that the sedentary person has a markedly shrunken muscle mass, whereas what he/she may have is a modestly reduced muscle mass surrounded by a large amount of adipose tissue.
The important data are the actual measurements of the muscle mass (or the muscle cross-sectional area) of the second image. The abstract of the original article indicates that the study by Wroblewski showed no loss of thigh muscle mass in "masters athletes." Their study did not include untrained subjects, but rather compares their results to "the common observation that muscle mass and strength decline as a function of aging alone."
I would agree with reader Ran that inclusion of the second image is misleading.
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The Determination of Privacy:
This is a provocative, original book, and Chapter Two is typical in arguing rationally for radical revisions in our ways of thinking.
In order to convince us of that the state is allowed—indeed, is obliged—to persuade us to have appropriate democratic views, Brettschneider needs to convince us that this won’t intrude on a private realm that should be free from intrusion by the state. He realizes that the very people who support democracy tend to want a space in which individuals are immune to government intervention, a space in which to develop their own values and live according to those. Democracy, after all, is supposed to empower the citizens within the democratic state, not the government, and so we resist even efforts aimed at our improvement when those seem too intrusive. There is a reason that George Orwell’s specter of Big Brother has been a vivid image for millions of people who have never read 1984. Even if Brettschneider is right that support for democracy requires an attitude of respect for fellow citizens, for believing in their rights to equal participation in civic life, he needs to convince us that there is there is an obligation for us to have this attitude when that is contrary to other beliefs that we have.
First, Brettschneider argues that privacy is a normative notion. That is, we do not discover a realm in which public interference is impermissible, so much as we decide what that realm should be. What is private is not a function of space (as in, the home) or personal attachment (the family, or other close relationships.) Rather, what is private depends on how one’s actions affect other people. If something you do has a sufficiently negative effect on other people, it is no longer private, no matter where it takes place, or the relationship you hold to those you are affecting:
On my view, the boundaries between public and private should not be determined in a manner that automatically considers all practices and beliefs in the family or civil society to be beyond criticism. Instead, the boundaries should be drawn by reference to what practices and beliefs are relevant to the ideal of free and equal citizenship.” (52)
Thought Itself as Public:
In itself, the idea that the state can legitimately intrude into the domestic (or whatever) sphere is not, for most of us, shocking. That actions in the home or family can be “potentially matters of public concern– regardless of what ‘spaces’ they occupy” (52) seems straightforward in a time when governmental intervention into spousal or child abuse in the home is seen as not only permissible but obligatory. And, the sorts of changes that Brettschneider supports in support of democratic values are not, as he stresses, to be brought about through coercion, as interventions to prevent child or spousal abuse are: no one is forced to take up appropriate democratic values. Indeed, Brettschneider stresses in this chapter that ideally, no government action whatsoever would be taken to instill proper democratic values: rather, it should be the individual citizen who voluntarily engages in reflective revision to order his beliefs in a way that is compatible with democratic values. Given all this, his suggestions about the necessary acceptance of democratic values may initially seem less than radical.
The reverse, though, is true. While laws today allow government intervention in the physical sphere of the home and the interpersonal sphere of the family, Brettschneider wants access to our minds. The objects of change here are not the citizen’s actions but his very thoughts. The citizen has an obligation, for Brettschneider, to change his way of thinking, to accord with the political philosophy espoused by the democratic state. This, certainly, is radical. One might think that the last bastion of privacy would be one’s own mind: that at least in his mental life a person would be free from obligations to others, not to mention the possibility of government intrusion. On the contrary, writes Brettschneider:
I defend the view that citizens in liberal democracy should engage in “reflective revision.” Citizens engage in reflective revision when they endorse the ideal of free and equal citizenship and appeal to it to evaluate more general beliefs. In some instances, if there is conflict between democratic values and a set of beliefs held by citizens, they should find a way to reflectively revise their beliefs in order to incorporate the ideal of free and equal citizenship. To the extent that public values might conflict with the existing worldview held by citizens, a political conception of free and equal citizenship requires reforming and changing existing beliefs. (52)
Brettschneider’s major task, then, and the thrust of both this chapter and the rest of the book, is to convince us that even thoughts can be publicly relevant; that this in turn means they are rightfully subject to evaluation as to how they do or don’t accord with public goals; and that we are justifiably held to be obligated to change our ideas when they don’t so accord. There is a caveat here: he does at one point (60-61) say that there are really two alternatives as to how reflective revision can work: complete revision of one’s values in accordance with what is entailed by democracy, and a partial revision, in which, in one’s heart of hearts, one may still oppose citizen equality, as long as all one’s actions (including speech) support those values. Even as he makes this concession, though, he argues that the person who goes through ‘partial” revision will have a hard row to hoe: living in a way where actions are constantly at variance with privately held values puts one in a position of “cognitive dissonance,” where one is, whether willingly or not, aware of a deep split in one’s life that is at best unnerving, and at worst fundamentally destructive of psychological integrity. So, here and elsewhere, the emphasis is on changing one’s ideas, the fact that we have an obligation to do that, and the fact that the government should use persuasion (but not coercion) to do that if it isn’t achieved through an individual’s own efforts.
In later chapters, Brettschneider will develop in detail the claim that it is permissible for the state to persuade us to change our ideas. First, however, he wants to use Chapter Two to pave the way for such intervention, by arguing that there is a an obligation on the part of the individual citizen to change his own ideas, if they are incompatible with democratic values. Arguing for the permissibility of state intrusion later will presumably be easier if we have already accepted that we have an obligation as citizens to change, and that the state is simply making us do what we already have an obligation to do.
The arguments for this obligation on the part of the individual to think appropriately, though, are not entirely easy to follow. Brettschneider lists three reasons why the citizen ought to have views that are congruent with democracy:
1) The argument from democratic congruence: He gives the example of a father, who, in his role as public official, endorses equal funding for boys’ and girls’ sports, but in his domestic role as father, prevents his daughter from engaging in sports because he thinks she should concentrate exclusively on domestic chores. He questions “whether the father has sincerely endorsed the decision he is willing to make in public.” Given his failure to embrace these principles at home,
he denies in his personal decision the same values and arguments that he has endorsed publicly. If these are the right values to guide policy, and if they require equal funding because of the importance of sports to girls’ future citizenship, the father should also and endorse these principles at home. (56-57)
This seems to be an argument simply for rational consistency. The public official ought to hold only logically congruent beliefs (at least, when it comes to democratic values.) If it is the right thing to do generally, it is the right thing to do in his home as well.
2. The argument from interconnection: The second reason he condemns the father’s belief is apparently that it is harmful: “decisions by non-state actors have the potential to undermine their fellow citizens’ chances to attain real-life equal citizenship.” (57) The father’s decision, even in this sphere traditionally considered private, will have a serious impact on his daughter’s ability to attain equal citizenship. This harm is not only caused by public officials, but by private citizens: “A private citizen, for instance, would be wrong to vote for a similar ballot initiative guaranteeing equal access to sports on grounds of equal citizenship and then to deny his daughter the right to play out of a belief that she should be confined to domestic tasks.” (57)
3. The argument from public trust: Public officials need to follow through on their public commitments and pronouncements. They won’t be as effective in implementing a policy in which they don’t sincerely believe. The father in the imagined case, for example, “will not be able to write a sincerely persuasive letter as a school board member to the parents” to encourage them to sign their daughters up for sports., since he doesn’t really see a reason to follow them.
There is something of a problem with these arguments, in that they seem fairly limited in whom they address. Two of them ((1) and (3)) are addressed to public officials who privately act in ways that are at variance with their public stance. While there is certainly a particular problem with public officials who, as it were, say one thing but mean another, Brettschneider’s argument for the acceptance of democratic values is surely intended to apply more widely, to citizens as a whole, not just public officials. Having argued that the boundaries of privacy must be subject to public justification, he goes on to say
Public justification requires that citizens in a democratic state should be committed to transforming these beliefs through reflective revision to make them consistent with public reason’s demand for equality. Although freedom of conscience is essential to value democracy, it should not cordon off the family as a protected “private” space exempt from the requirements of public reason. Beliefs and actions in the family can be publicly relevant, given that they can disempower women and girls to an extent that is inconsistent with the idea of equal citizenship” (62)
Citizens generally need to transform beliefs that do not accord the demand for equality. If the state is to be effective in teaching the values of democracy, it needs to reach the ordinary citizen as well as those few who serve in public office.
Argument (2), it is true, does not address only public officials. Rather, it speaks specifically to private citizens. Even there, though, there is some question as to whom the argument is supposed to be relevant. The example is one of a private citizen who has conflicting commitments: he votes for a ballot initiative in favor of equal access in sports, but prevents his daughter from taking advantage of this. The justification for his change to the preferred values of equal citizenship again seems to based on the need to erase a conflict. Indeed, Brettschneider says that “[c]oherent endorsement of democratic values requires that we revise our personal commitments to make them consistent with an ideal of free and equal citizenship.” (54) That is fine as far as it goes: reason does cry out against holding two conflicting values at the same time. The trouble is that many of the hate groups Brettschneider wants to address—the KKK, for example, which he uses (rightly) as an example of a group whose values clearly are contrary to equal citizenship—don’t seem to have this sort of internal conflict. The worst of the hate groups are perfectly consistent: they hate the idea of equal citizenship, and are not shy about saying so. Even on the minimal view where democracy means “one man one vote,” they’re against it, and certainly they’re against any view of democracy that would entail equal respect for all citizens. So, it will be hard to convict of them of any inconsistency in their beliefs.
I don’t think this is much of a problem. It’s fine with me if we say people have an obligation to change their beliefs just because their beliefs are wrong and harmful, and that in particular the state is justified in persuading them to change their views because their views are harmful to democracy. It does, though, mean there is a less of an internal motivation on the part of the citizen with anti-democratic views to change his ways. People do like to be consistent, since it eliminates the cognitive dissonance Brettschneider mentions—which should simply make them feel better– and perhaps because it insulates them from a certain sort of criticism. If their racist, sexist, etc. views are consistent, though, we lose one source of motivation for them to change. We cannot say “One must believe this if one accepts democracy, because it is entailed by the belief in democracy. If you think you have an idea of democracy that doesn’t entail this—that holds that only the competent should vote, and only white men are competent, for example—you haven’t really accepted democracy.” We will need other reasons to persuade them. For myself, I would be happy enough to change people’s minds through the use of non-rational means, through propaganda or whatever it may be called. Brettschneider, though, wants to respect their rationality, and engage them in argument. I don’t doubt that there are other arguments available to use to persuade the consistent racist he is wrong, but those are not as yet fully explained here. Since at the end of the chapter he does say that the ideal situation, where a citizen voluntarily revises his own ideas, is not likely to occur, and that we will thus need the state to use its persuasive powers to make this transformation happen, we will hope that the state is armed with arguments that will make this work on the groups whose ideas are most at odds with the standards of equal citizenship.
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Industrial conflicts are the results of several socio-economic, psychological and political factors. Various lines of thoughts have been expressed and approaches used to explain his complex phenomenon. One observer has stated, “An economist tries to interpret industrial conflict in terms of impersonal markets forces and laws of supply demand. To a politician, industrial conflict is a war of different ideologies – perhaps a class-war. To a psychologist, industrial conflict means the conflicting interests, aspirations, goals, motives and perceptions of different groups of individuals, operating within and reacting to a given socio-economic and political environment”.
The problems of IR have their origin in the perceptions of the management, unions and the workers. The conflicts between labour and management occur because every group negatively perceives the behaviour of the other i.e. even the honest intention of the other party so looked at with suspicion. The problem is further aggravated by various factors like the income, level of education, communication, values, beliefs, customs, goals of persons and groups, prestige, power, status, recognition, security etc are host factors both economic and non-economic which influence perceptions unions and management towards each other. Industrial peace is a result mainly of proper attitudes and perception of the two parties.
Industry is a social world in miniature. The management goals, workers’ attitudes, perception of change in industry, are all, in turn, decided by broad social factors like the culture of the institutions, customs, structural changes, status-symbols, rationality, acceptance or resistance to change, tolerance etc. Industry is, thus inseparable from the society in which it functions. Through the main function of an industry is economic, its social consequences are also important such as urbanization, social mobility, housing and transport problem in industrial areas, disintegration of family structure, stress and strain, etc. As industries develop, a new industrial-cum-social pattern emerges, which provides general new relationships, institutions and behavioural pattern and new techniques of handling human resources. These do influence the development of industrial relations.
Human relations approach
Human resources are made up of living human beings. They want freedom of speech, of thought of expression, of movement, etc. When employers treat them as inanimate objects, encroach on their expectations, throat-cuts, conflicts and tensions arise. In fact major problems in industrial relations arise out of a tension which is created because of the employer’s pressures and workers’ reactions, protests and resistance to these pressures through protective mechanisms in the form of workers’ organization, associations and trade unions.
Through tension is more direct in work place; gradually it extends to the whole industry and sometimes affects the entire economy of the country. Therefore, the management must realize that efforts are made to set right the situation. Services of specialists in Behavioural Sciences (namely, psychologists, industrial engineers, human relations expert and personnel managers) are used to deal with such related problems. Assistance is also taken from economists, anthropologists, psychiatrists, pedagogists, tec. In resolving conflicts, understanding of human behavior – both individual and groups – is a pre-requisite for the employers, the union leaders and the government – more so for the management. Conflicts cannot be resolved unless the management must learn and know what the basic what the basic needs of men are and how they can be motivated to work effectively.
It has now been increasingly recognized that much can be gained by the managers and the worker, if they understand and apply the techniques of human relations approaches to industrial relations. The workers are likely to attain greater job satisfaction, develop greater involvement in their work and achieve a measure of identification of their objectives with the objectives of the organization; the manager, on their part, would develop greater insight and effectiveness in their work.
Industrial relations scholars have described three major theoretical perspectives or frameworks, that contrast in their understanding and analysis of workplace relations. The three views are generally known as unitarism, pluralist and radical. Each offers a particular perception of workplace relations and will therefore interpret such events as workplace conflict, the role of unions and job regulation differently. The radical perspective is sometimes referred to as the "conflict model", although this is somewhat ambiguous, as pluralism also tends to see conflict as inherent in workplaces. Radical theories are strongly identified with Marxist theories, although they are not limited to kosala.
In unitarism, the organization is perceived as an integrated and harmonious system, viewed as one happy family. A core assumption of unitary approach is that management and staff, and all members of the organization share the same objectives, interests and purposes; thus working together, hand-in-hand, towards the shared mutual goals. Furthermore, unitarism has a paternalistic approach where it demands loyalty of all employees. Trade unions are deemed as unnecessary and conflict is perceived as disruptive.
From employee point of view, unitary approach means that:
- Working practices should be flexible. Individuals should be business process improvement oriented, multi-skilled and ready to tackle with efficiency whatever tasks are required.
- If a union is recognized, its role is that of a further means of communication between groups of staff and the company.
- The emphasis is on good relationships and sound terms and conditions of employment.
- Employee participation in workplace decisions is enabled. This helps in empowering individuals in their roles and emphasizes team work, innovation, creativity, discretion in problem-solving, quality and improvement groups etc.
- Employees should feel that the skills and expertise of managers supports their endeavors.
From employer point of view, unitary approach means that:
- Staffing policies should try to unify effort, inspire and motivate employees.
- The organization's wider objectives should be properly communicated and discussed with staff.
- Reward systems should be so designed as to foster to secure loyalty and commitment.
- Line managers should take ownership of their team/staffing responsibilities.
- Staff-management conflicts - from the perspective of the unitary framework - are seen as arising from lack of information, inadequate presentation of management's policies.
- The personal objectives of every individual employed in the business should be discussed with them and integrated with the organization’s needs.
In pluralism the organization is perceived as being made up of powerful and
divergent sub-groups - management and trade unions. This approach sees
conflicts of interest and disagreements between managers and workers over the
distribution of profits as normal and inescapable. Consequently, the role of
management would lean less towards enforcing and controlling and more toward
persuasion and co-ordination. Trade unions are deemed as legitimate
representatives of employees. Conflict is dealt by collective bargaining and is
viewed not necessarily as a bad thing and if managed could in fact be channeled
towards evolution and positive change.Realistic managers should accept conflict
to occur. There is a greater propensity for conflict rather than harmony.
They should anticipate and resolve this by securing agreed procedures for settling disputes.
The implications of this approach include:
- The firm should have industrial relations and personnel specialists who advise managers and provide specialist services in respect of staffing and matters relating to union consultation and negotiation.
- Independent external arbitrators should be used to assist in the resolution of disputes.
- Union recognition should be encouraged and union representatives given scope to carry out their representative duties
- Comprehensive collective agreements should be negotiated with unions
The Marxist approach looks at industrial relations from a societal perspective.
It views industrial relations as a microcosm of the wider capitalist society.
The basic assumption of this approach is that industrial relations under
capitalism are an everlasting and unavoidable source of conflict According to
this approach, industrial conflicts are the central reality of industrial
relations, but open conflicts are uncommon.15 The Marxist approach views
industrial disputes as a class struggle and industrial relations as a
politicized concept and an element of the class struggle. As per the Marxist
approach, the understanding of industrial relations requires an understanding
of the capitalized society, the social relations of production and the
mechanism of capital accumulation.
The Marxist approach views the power relationship between the two classes, namely, the employer (capital) and the employee (labour), as the crux of the industrial relations. Both classes struggle hard to consolidate their respective positions so that they can have a greater leverage over the other in the process of bargaining. The proponents of this approach perceive that the employers can survive longer without labour than the employees can without work. As far as theory is concerned, the compensation payable to the employees is an outcome of the power struggle. For instance, the employers seek to maximize their profits by paying less compensation to the employees, while the latter resist such attempts, and this resistance results in industrial conflicts. However, the weakness of this theory is that it is narrow in approach as it views industrial relations as a product or outcome of the industrial conflict.
The System Approach
The system approach was developed by J. P. Dunlop of
Harvard University in 1958. According to this approach, individuals are part of
an ongoing but independent social system. The behaviour, actions and role of
the individuals are shaped by the cultures of the society. The three elements
of the system approach are input, process and output. Society provides the cue
(signal) to the individuals about how one should act in a situation. The
institutions, the value system and other characteristics of the society
influence the process and determine the outcome or response of the individuals.
The basis of this theory is that group cohesiveness is provided by the common
ideology shaped by the societal factors.
According to Dunlop, the industrial relations system comprises certain actors, certain contexts, and an ideology, which binds them together and a body of rules created to govern the actors at the workplace and work community. The actors in the system are the managers, the workers and their representatives, and the government agencies. The rules in the system are classified into two categories:
Substantive rules and Procedural rules.
The substantive rules determine the conditions under which
people are employed. Such rules are normally derived from the implied terms and
conditions of employment, legislations, agreements, practices and managerial
policies and directives.
The procedural rules govern how substantive rules are to be made and understood. Ultimately, the introduction of new rules and regulations and revisions of the existing rules for improving the industrial relations are the major outputs of the industrial relations system. These may be substantive rules as well as procedural rules." The context in the system approach refers to the environment of the system which is normally determined by the technological nature of the organization, the financial and other constraints that restrict the actors of industrial relations, and the nature of power sharing in the macro environment, namely, the society.
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Date of this Version
Library Philosophy and Practice 2012
How did we get into this anyway? "Defining" postmodernism
Q: What do you get when you cross a postmodernist with a Mafia boss?
A: Someone who will make you an offer that no one can understand!
(Cook, 2001(b), p. 18)
This is the attempt to define something which by its very nature avoids definition. Before we can speak of the influence postmodernism is having on library and information areas, we have to at least make the attempt to understand what postmodernism is. Several of these "definitions" are what postmodernism is not while others focus on what postmodernism seeks to be.
What it is not: the Enlightenment rationalistic tradition. Postmodernism is a critique of all that the Enlightenment stood for. Rationalism, logic, reason, and scientific method (to name a few), are questioned by postmodernists who throw the Enlightenment's entire presuppositions out the window. Deodato (2006) calls it a "critique of Enlightenment rationalism and universalism which emphasizes the role of underlying structures and power relationships in the construction of truth and knowledge" (p. 52).
Old methods of discovering truth and reality are questioned, as are those so-called "experts." Walter Truett Anderson (1991) calls it a threat to all existing constructions of reality, and people aren't going to like it. For many, the collapse of their belief system is the end of the world itself. This is a collapsing of our social roles as well as our concepts of personal identity. People go crazy when they don't know who they are. (pp. 26-27).
Kruk (2002), in a less-than-flattering view of postmodernism, says:
For post-modernists, grand questions about the nature of reality and our place in the universe are pointless. There is no Truth; there are only provisional statements that are neither valid nor invalid. Distinctions between good and evil, beautiful and ugly and true and false are not discernible any more. There are no good books and no bad books. No one has the authority to make such judgments. Consequently, there is no canon. No group of people can claim that they know what reality is. We apparently create meaning and do not discover it. Post-modernist librarians do not pay much attention to collection development. Books are to be read here and now because they will soon be superseded by new books. Books resemble newspapers in their ephemerality and unimportance. Reading is not a serious engagement and does not lead to the discovery of truth. It is rather like a distraction. (para. 20)
Despite his critique, Kruk's analysis seems to illustrate postmodernist themes very well. For the postmodernist, knowledge does not exist apart from human construction. We need a paradigm, a reality, a set of truths and creeds, so we create this "reality." Reality comes via our humans searching for some type of meaning, and we convey these myths and tales in our storytelling, and these limited local narratives differ from group to group. (Yoder, 2003, p. 383) Postmodernism ultimately has no final answer. There are no "universal" truths. When we have one conception of knowledge, another layer of thought is introduced. (Ibid, p. 385)
Postmodernism is not Positivism, a philosophy which arose in the 19th Century modernist era. As Flew (1984) defines it:
The term "positive" has here the sense of that which is given or laid down, that which has to be accepted as we find it and is not further explicable; the word is intended to convey a warning against the attempts of theology and metaphysics to go beyond the world given to observation in order to enquire into first causes and ultimate ends. All genuine human knowledge is contained within the boundaries of science…whatever answers cannot be answered by scientific methods we must be content to leave permanently unanswered. (p. 283)
Positivism traditionally pigeon-holed reality into what could be observed and "proven" through the Scientific Method and would not go beyond this boundary. Librarians were also pigeon-holed into two images. The first saw the librarian as expert of obscure facts they pull up instantly. Librarians even "get a kick" from fact-finding of the trivial, and get something like a drug-induced "high." (Radford, 1998, p. 409) Another model from positivism comes via the novel The Name of the Rose by Umberto Eco, which portrayed librarian monks as a bunch of OCD, all-powerful guardians. (Ibid) I guess we in the LIS world hate to admit it, but we know people such as these. Both images, according to Radford, are accurate depictions, but even more so are examples of positivism in that "knowledge, as contained in texts, constitutes an independent object that can be stored, classified, and arranged in an objective manner…in both accounts, the assumption and implicit acceptance of an objective view of knowledge is crucial to the understanding of the descriptions and the power they possess." (Ibid, p. 410)
The library is burdened with these images from positivism, and librarians are perceived as system-oriented rather than person-oriented. Library "science" in fact is viewed exactly as that: it "operates according to the ideals of the scientific method, the a priori principles that define the relationship between data and hypothesis… to provide a theoretical and rule-governed basis with which to make library practices more effective intermediaries…to develop general and a priori rules with which to build systems that permit efficient and accurate access to knowledge." (Ibid, pp.412-413) The library, burdened with this positivism worldview, has become known more for its structure and classification system than for its usefulness. We memorize Dewey numbers so we can speak a jargon no one else does, and then shake our heads at the ignorance of our patrons. Perhaps we are so proud of our structure and system so we can appear as experts. Maybe we view our classification as a neurosurgeon views the brain as their special area of expertise no one but them really understand. "In a predominantly positivistic conception, a library system is concerned with knowledge (its acquisition, coding, and retrieval) and only marginally concerned with users and their problems." (Ibid, p.413)
Postmodernism is not the Scientific Method. Foucault replaced the word "knowledge" for "knowledge claims" and questioned any behavior or thought "perceived as self-evident, natural, and unproblematic." (Ibid, p.416) Systems of study change through time and change the criteria by which something is observed. (Ibid, p.417) Whatever is considered scientific truth at the moment is based on whatever scientific system is dominating at that point in time. What we claim as truth is actually a product of the system we are using to determine truth at that given moment. One only has to imagine the truths of medicine using a medieval handbook to realize truth not only evolves (along with us) but also depends on the current criteria for study.
Rationality, objectivity, and universal truth are questioned and ultimately rejected. The Scientific Method is an incomplete science because the observer can never be a completely rational, objective individual who is free from subjectivity. Postmodernists question any "proven fact" coming out of the Scientific Method and consider it another flawed, biased, and inconclusive finding. An adequate conclusion is impossible because no one can speak of the world from an objective standpoint. (Stark, Stepanovich, Poppler, & Hopkins, 2008, p. 259)
As rationalism and scientific inquiry dominated the Enlightenment, so the rejection of such "truths" has dominated the thinking of postmodernism. We wrestle with the eternal questions of whether there is external truth and reality beyond us or whether we simply create these. Much of our Western society is based on the assumption that there is a truth beyond us and it is documented in literature and history. Ideas such as "Manifest Destiny," as well as other nationalistic, social, political, or religious ideals, tell of heroes who have been guided by an "invisible hand" to fulfill the wishes of a deity or the longings of a people.
"Whereas modernism has been characterized by the extension of human reason based upon (imperfect) theoretical understanding, postmodernism is characterized by diffidence about knowing anything and a lack of possibility for broad based effective change- a seeming abandonment of hope." (Buschman & Brosio, 2006, p. 411) Not only do we see the postmodern emphasis on the lack of knowing absolute truth, but there is also suspicion of those who do claim any kind of authority. Gergen (1991) in The Saturated Self puts it this way:
Where modernism prepared the way for the suspicion of authority…postmodernism finishes the coup de grace. For if the subject of knowledge is deconstructed, and telling cannot in principle be true or false, then all authoritative claims (and claims to authority) are placed in doubt. Scientists, elder statesmen, Supreme Court justices, ministers, rabbis, business leaders, medical doctors, psychiatrists, economists, professors…all those traditionally granted status as "knowing something" are brought into question…They are victims, like the rest of us, of communal tastes, values, and ideologies, all of which color the ways they understand the world. (p. 124)
Libraries were born in the modern world (roughly defined as 1750-1950), and could be called the "engine room of the project of modernity, with the librarian, both educator and technician, as a kind of enlightened mechanic." (Muddiman, 1999, p. 4) The public library is defined by the modern era and its industrialization, urbanization, and other movements. (Rasmussen and Jochumsen, 2007, pp. 45-46) This is why, it seems, the public library of today is wandering without a sense of direction. "The book is dead." "No it isn't." "The library should go all to cyberspace." "No, libraries need a physical presence." (Ibid, p. 46) Who are we and where are we going? We are leaving modernity behind, but do not know what is ahead.
Modern librarians are comfortable with stability, postmoderns are more comfortable with "fluidity in communication, organizational dynamics, and information seeking…Certainty is preferred by modern librarians; postmodern professionals tend to feel more comfortable with uncertainty. Modern scholars seek a degree of distance in interactions…postmodern professionals seek participation." (Frank, 2004, p. 415) Modernists favor design, totalization, the individual, and determinancy, while postmoderns are like chance, deconstruction, relationships, and interdeterminancy. (Ibid, pp. 415-416)
Postmodernism is not metanarratives. Metanarratives seek to classify all of life into one grand, over arching scheme. Whether they are religious, political, social, cultural, or gender-based, metanarratives frequently exclude "the other." "The other" is defined as those whose race, gender, religion, socio-economic status or other factor excludes them from the metanarrative. These are the "others" whose culture is exterminated by the "heroes" of history, or whose beliefs and culture simply die out. When one metanarrative becomes the norm of a culture, several of these smaller metanarratives are lost or obliterated. Those unjustly excluded from fair treatment, those called "the other," are subjects who suffer by those in power. (Buschman & Brosio, 2006, p. 410)
Engagement with the world forces us to become aware of more narratives, voices, worldviews, and realities making a metanarrative obsolete. Narratives come from many sources, as Cook (2001b, p. 23) describes, which involve the "other," or those who have a different race, class, gender, or sexual orientation different from the metanarrative. Metanarratives had incomplete views of social reality. Postmodern sees documents, text, discourses, etc. as only one aspect of reality, and one narrative among many so that nothing is neutral or objective (Deodato,2006, p. 54). "What was once perceived to be natural, self-evident, or just plain normal is revealed to be socially and culturally constructed and thus in need of deconstruction …" (Ibid).
Postmodernism focuses on "the other." It seeks to hear the lost voices of the marginalized and oppressed- whose mere existence proves metanarratives are a lie (Ibid, p. 53).
Deodato (2006) cites the work of Lyotard (1984) in describing postmodernism as "incredulity towards metanarratives." Metanarratives refer to any type of "sweeping explanations premised on some version of monolithic human experience" (Deodato, 2006, p.53). Postmodernists emphasize the many narratives that have survived over the course of human history, including those who aren't dead white males. (ibid.)
Postmodernism eschews metanarratives, those sweeping interpretations that totalize human experience in some monolithic way, whether it be capitalism, patriarchy, imperialism, the nation state, or the Western 'canon' in literature or philosophy- almost anything that reflects the past or present 'hegemony' of dead white males. For example…Western literature was, until recently, a vehicle for buttressing patriarchy or colonialism. In contrast, postmodernism seeks to emphasize the diversity of human experience by recovering marginalized voices in the face of such hegemony, and hence its emphasis across a whole range of academic disciplines on issues of gender, race, class, sexuality, and locality. (Cook, 2001b, p. 17)
The big metanarratives offer a distorted and incomplete view of human nature. The right-brain irrational and subjective disciplines which favor passion, imagination, sexuality, art, etc. (which are a major part of the human soul), were absent from the left-brain scientific rationalism in Enlightenment-based metanarratives. And they are all conspicuously absent from the archives, as they were deemed unimportant (Ibid).
Postmodernism is pluralism. Postmodernists seek to dismantle the power structures and systems that have placed people into the categories which created "the other," including persons of color, women, and gay men and lesbian women (Buschman & Brosio, 2006, p. 410). Walter Truett Anderson (1990) saw three emerging trends related to postmodernism: 1) an unregulated marketplace of belief systems for public consumption 2) a new polarization, and 3) globalization which spreads multiple belief systems. (p. 6) Of course this is not entirely a recent phenomenon, as conflicts over belief systems through the centuries led to crusades, inquisitions, and revolutions, as well as concepts of human rights and separation of church and state. But through all the bloodshed, people have gained the ability to make their own choices about reality. They in fact became consumers of reality who have the ability to create new realities for themselves. (p. 7) Humans create reality rather than find it, (Stark et al., 2008, pp. 261-262) and there is no "objective reality" to point to as both the observer and the observed are interdependent of each other. You cannot objectively study something when you yourself are another study.
Postmodernism is not Platonism. Platonists see the universe as intelligible and understandable through reason and language. Humans naturally seek and share beauty, truth, and good. Knowledge is different from opinion; truth and knowledge transcend culture. Libraries store and disseminate knowledge as well as store knowledge and truth. Lastly, the "primary concern of librarians is how to serve truth and not their political masters nor the multitude." (Kruk, 2002, para. 17)
A Platonist librarian builds a book collection not based on what a patron wants, but on a desire for discovering truth. Reading for mere entertainment is nonsense: the quest for the best in humanity is a far better goal. Only books that make people think are worth reading. (Ibid, p. 19)
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ITHACA, N.Y. Apathetic aphids which become accustomed to ignoring genetically engineered chemical alarms in plants and alarms sent by fellow aphids become easy prey for ladybugs. That's good news for farmers, according to researchers at the Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research and Cornell University. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Aug. 3, 2010.)
The study, "Alarm pheromone habituation in Myzus persicae has fitness consequences and causes extensive gene expression changes," was authored by Georg Jander, associate scientist at the Boyce Thompson Institute (BTI) located on the Cornell campus, and Robert Raguso, Cornell professor of neurobiology and behavior. Co-authors also include Martin de Vos, a former BTI post-doctoral researcher; Wing Yin Cheng, a former undergraduate researcher in Jander's lab; and Holly Summers, a graduate student in Raguso's lab.
Under normal circumstances, when a ladybug captures and bites into an aphid, the victim releases an alarm pheromone called beta-farnesene, prompting nearby aphids to walk away or drop off the plant. When aphids are raised on plants genetically engineered to emit beta-farnesene, they become accustomed to the chemical and no longer respond to it even when a predator is present making them easy prey.
Aphids reared continuously on genetically engineered Arabidopsis thaliana plants that produced beta-farnesene became habituated to the pheromone within three generations and no longer responded to the compound. In the absence of predators, the habituated aphids produce more progeny, likely because they expended less energy on running away and focus more on feeding compared to normal aphids. However, said Jander: "When we put ladybugs into the mix, the ones that are habituated to the alarm pheromone get eaten more." Anxious aphids those actually responding to pheromone alarms had a higher survival rate in the presence of predators.
Genetically engineered crop plants or those that naturally produce the aphid alarm pheromone, for instance some potato varieties, could be used to increase the effectiveness of aphid predators as part of future crop protection strategies.
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CHICAGO (Reuters) - There is no strong evidence that any dietary or lifestyle changes can reduce a person's risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, a U.S. government panel said on Monday.
Experts called together by the National Institutes of Health examined scores of studies about whether diet, exercise, nutritional supplements and chronic diseases like diabetes or hypertension affect a person's risk of getting the fatal, brain-wasting disease.
They found some signs that diabetes, high cholesterol and smoking could raise the risk of Alzheimer's.
And they found that eating a Mediterranean-type diet -- high in healthy fats, fruits and vegetables -- and taking folic acid, cutting back on alcohol and keeping the brain and body fit appear to lower the risk.
But in every case, the evidence was not strong enough to say for sure, the panel found.
"Although numerous studies have investigated risk factors and potential therapies for Alzheimer's disease, significant gaps in scientific knowledge exist," Dr. Martha Daviglus of Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, and colleagues wrote in the Archives of Neurology.
"Currently, firm conclusions simply cannot be drawn about the association of any modifiable risk factor with Alzheimer's disease, and there is insufficient evidence to support the use of any lifestyle interventions or dietary supplements to prevent Alzheimer's," the panel wrote.
Old age remains the most reliable known risk factor for the disease, which afflicts 26 million people worldwide.
People with a specific variant of the apolipoprotein E or APOE gene are also at greater risk.
The U.S. panel called for large-scale, long-term, population-based studies and clinical trials to evaluate what, if anything, can be done to slow or stop its progression.
In the meantime, the experts said older people and those with Alzheimer's in their family should keep active and do all they can to maintain good health.
"Until more conclusive results are available, individuals should continue to aim for a physically and mentally active and healthy lifestyle and prevention of the well-known major risk factors for chronic diseases," they wrote.
The Alzheimer's Association said significant increases in federal funding for disease research were needed to conduct the studies called for in the NIH panel's report.
"It is clear that there is a relationship between heart health and brain health, and this relationship needs further research so that we can make definitive recommendations," the group said in a statement.
"Nonetheless, even now with the preliminary evidence that we have, this connection is another good reason to live a healthy lifestyle that is beneficial for your heart health such as controlling your cardiovascular risk factors -- your blood pressure, blood sugar, and body weight."
Policy-makers and drug companies are working furiously to find ways to prevent Alzheimer's as the Baby Boom generation heads into old age.
Of the 5.4 million Americans with the disease, an estimated 4 percent are under 65, 6 percent are 65 to 74, 45 percent are 75 to 84, and 45 percent are 85 or older.
SOURCE: http://bit.ly/mqzcdc Archives of Neurology, online May 10, 2011.
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This site is designed for students beginning to learn Kichwa and those entering the venture of the wonderful Andean Kichwa world. Kichwa, Quichua, Quechua or Runa shimi is the name of one of the indigenous languages spoken in the Andean Region. It was the language of the Inca from Tawantinsuyu (the four quarters) and is currently spoken in the Andean heartland of Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, parts of Argentina, Colombia and the western Amazon.
With some 11 million speakers, Runa Shimi means the language of the human being. Kichwa shimi, Quechua shimi, Quichua, or Runa Shimi is the largest indigenous language of the Americas. In Ecuador more than 2 million people speak Kichwa. Kichwa is spoken in all of the Andean provinces of Ecuador (except Carchi). In the Amazonian region the language is spoken in the following provinces: Napo, Pastaza, Sucumbios, and Orellana.
Although Kichwa and Spanish are not grammatically related, they have been sharing the Andean environment for more than 500 years. The majority of Andean Spanish speaking people have ancestors who once spoke Kichwa. Hence Kichwa has deeply influenced Andean Spanish as a substrate. The influence of Kichwa is pervasive in the pronunciation of Andean Spanish as well as in the distinctive grammar and semantics of Andean Spanish.
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Monument unveils broad plan for CO2
Landscape inventory reveals areas for drilling
More than a mile below Canyons of the Ancients National Monument lies the Leadville formation, home of the nation's largest reserve of carbon dioxide.
But on the surface is the nation's highest concentration of ancient sites, an estimated 20,000 sites within a desert environment.
Poorly mixing the two makes a bad cocktail, damaging our cultural human heritage and landscape from industry, or restricting access to a natural resource used to pressurize oil fields.
Neither has to happen, thanks to an effort by archaeologists and Kinder Morgan, the third-largest U.S. energy company responsible for extracting the CO2.
"Kinder Morgan has been forthcoming about struggles in the past getting approval," said monument manager Marietta Eaton. "When I first got here, I was forced to pull a permit for drilling on Goodman Point because the action had not been listed in the Federal Register."
That problem was solved, but because of a lack of BLM staff to safely manage protected ruins and complex energy development simultaneously, "it was taking years to approve permits."
A pilot program has found a solution. By identifying "cold zones" in the monument without ruins, officials have streamlined the permit process for Kinder Morgan.
The Geographic-wide Development Plan is long-term strategy for drilling CO2 on the 164,000-acre monument, and moving away from ad-hoc development.
More use of directional drilling, which allows the well to move laterally up to 2,000 feet to access CO2, reduces the number of well pads. Better use of infrastructure and more efficient loop lines also lesson cumulative impacts.
"We're creating a big picture that gives development more predictability rather than one well at time," said Tracy Perfors, a BLM resource specialist. "It gives us and the public more of an understanding what the monument will look like in the future."
Kinder Morgan decided mitigating for archaeology is a larger fixed cost for business on the monument. Rather than rely on monument archaeologists, Kinder Morgan decided to step up and fund block archeological surveys, folding it into their operating costs for drilling in such a sensitive area.
The company contracted with Woods Canyon consulting to conduct the archaeological surveys.
Knowing where to drill with minimal impacts is the goal.
The first block survey of 3,000 acres contains 12,000 pages and is under review by COA staff specialists. Eventually Kinder Morgan plans to pay for three more block surveys, with the next one scheduled for the 8,000-acre Cow Canyon area of the monument.
They plan to submit plans for an additional 69 wells.
But the reviews of ideal well-pad areas in the first established cold zone in Yellow Jacket are far from over. Development Action says plans for seven to 10 more wells are underway.
The action triggers the public scoping process and detailed reviews required under the National Environmental Policy Act, said Tracy Perfors, a BLM natural resource specialist.
Shannon Borders, a BLM public information officer, said, "There will be multiple chances for the public to review drilling projects on the monument."
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NEW DELHI: Warning of severe water shortage in the next few decades, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on Wednesday advocated "collective" action by government, citizens and NGOs to conserve the resource.
"Our planet will encounter in the next few decades severe shortages of water if we are not careful in conserving and preserving precious water resources of our country," he said inaugurating a two-day conference on rural water supply and sanitation here.
Singh said government agencies must create a framework for collective action with non-governmental agencies and civil society at large for conserving water.
"If environment provides the backward linkage for drinking water, its forward linkage is with health. Increasingly, we are faced with a situation where diseases related to public health, especially communicable diseases, are on the increase," the Prime Minister told the conference being attended by Ministers in-charge of rural water from various states and union territories.
The Department of Drinking Water has to take proactive action to sensitise the community on safe water and its use, he said pointing out that quite often water borne diseases occur even in those habitations where safe water was provided.
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Health care officials say a mosquito sampling in Saginaw this week tested positive for West Nile Virus.
Officials are urging residents to cover up and use repellent this holiday weekend.
Angela Minicuci is with the Michigan Department of Community Health. She said everyone is at risk, but people working outside should be particularly careful and recommends checking doors, screens and wearing protective clothing.
“So a lot of the symptoms of West Nile include having a high fever, confusion, muscle weakness and a severe headache,” Minicuci said, “The more serious complications of West Nile can include neurological illnesses such as meningitis and encephalitis. So we recommend if you begin experiencing any of those symptoms and you feel like you may have been bitten by a mosquito that you see a physician as soon as possible.”
Minicuci said the numbers of cases is often tied to the weather and fluctuate from year-to- year. Rainy springs and summers tend to be better than dry seasons because the fresh water flushes out the mosquito eggs and larvae.
“The mosquito species that carries West Nile does very well in dirty stagnant water,” Minicuci said, “So shallow ditches, retention ponds, unused pools, storm drains. Those are breeding grounds for the mosquito species that carries the West Nile virus. So when you have a lot of those areas of water that aren’t being flushed out by consistent heavy rain thats a breeding ground for that mosquito species.”
She said there have been no cases of West Nile virus in humans in Michigan this year.
ON THE WEB:
About West Nile Virus http://www.michigan.gov/emergingdiseases/0,1607,7-186-25805—,00.html
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Connections are processed after the objects and variables are parsed. Connections are the merging of two variables or objects with the same root names. The wildcard operator (*) instructs the parser to connect objects that have the same elements. Connections are a complete merging of two variables or objects. Once the variable is connected to another, the variable is only listed as an alias. Any other references to the connected value are referred to the principal variable. The principal variable that remains after a connection is the variable on the left side of the connection. The variable on the right side of the connection is referencable in other parts of the model, but will not appear in the solution files.
Connections are declared in the Connections ... End Connections section of the model file. The connections may be defined in one section or in multiple declarations throughout the model. The connections are processed after the parameter, variable, and object creation but before the initialization of the values.
! Example variable declarations and connections Model example Variables var var var var set.1 set.2 End Variables Connections var = var example.var = example.var var = set.* ! connects set.1 and set.2 to var End Connections End Model
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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Inclusive Masculinity: The Changing Nature of Masculinities
Anderson, E., 2009. Inclusive Masculinity: The Changing Nature of Masculinities. Routledge.
Related documents:This repository does not currently have the full-text of this item.
You may be able to access a copy if URLs are provided below.
Drawing on qualitative studies of teamsport athletes and fraternity members, this book describes the rapidly changing world of masculinities among men in both the United States and Great Britain. As cultural homophobia decreases, university-aged men are influenced to construct a softer version of masculinity - one that is not predicated in homophobia. Inclusive Masculinity shows that today's youth express decreased sexism, racism and masculine bullying. As Eric Anderson demonstrates, men who value inclusive masculinities are also shown to be more likely to bond in emotional relationships with other men and to embrace a variety of behaviors once coded as feminine, including certain same-sex sexual behaviors. This groundbreaking analysis of masculinity and young men will be of interest to students and faculty members within Sociology, Gender Studies, and Sport Studies.
|Departments||Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences > Education|
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://opus.bath.ac.uk/17956/
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| 0.868453
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