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Year of publication
- 1999 (6) (remove)
- English (6) (remove)
- A Case Study on Case-Based and Symbolic Learning (1999)
- Contrary to symbolic learning approaches, which represent a learned concept explicitly, case-based approaches describe concepts implicitly by a pair (CB; sim), i.e. by a measure of similarity sim and a set CB of cases. This poses the question if there are any differences concerning the learning power of the two approaches. In this article we will study the relationship between the case base, the measure of similarity, and the target concept of the learning process. To do so, we transform a simple symbolic learning algorithm (the version space algorithm) into an equivalent case- based variant. The achieved results strengthen the hypothesis of the equivalence of the learning power of symbolic and case-based methods and show the interdependency between the measure used by a case-based algorithm and the target concept.
- Planning for Machining Workpieces with a Partial-Order, Nonlinear Planner (1999)
- We describe a hybrid architecture supporting planning for machining workpieces. The archi- tecture is built around CAPlan, a partial-order nonlinear planner that represents the plan already generated and allows external control decision made by special purpose programs or by the user. To make planning more efficient, the domain is hierarchically modelled. Based on this hierarchical representation, a case-based control component has been realized that allows incremental acquisition of control knowledge by storing solved problems and reusing them in similar situations.
- Controlling Nonlinear Hierarchical Planning by Case Replay (1999)
- We describe a hybrid case-based reasoning system supporting process planning for machining workpieces. It integrates specialized domain dependent reasoners, a feature-based CAD system and domain independent planning. The overall architecture is build on top of CAPlan, a partial-order nonlinear planner. To use episodic problem solving knowledge for both optimizing plan execution costs and minimizing search the case-based control component CAPlan/CbC has been realized that allows incremental acquisition and reuse of strategical problem solving experience by storing solved problems as cases and reusing them in similar situations. For effective retrieval of cases CAPlan/CbC combines domain-independent and domain-specific retrieval mechanisms that are based on the hierarchical domain model and problem representation.
- goal-driven similarity assessment (1999)
- While most approaches to similarity assessment are oblivious of knowledge and goals, there is ample evidence that these elements of problem solving play an important role in similarity judgements. This paper is concerned with an approach for integrating assessment of similarity into a framework of problem solving that embodies central notions of problem solving like goals, knowledge and learning.
- Similarity, uncertainty and case-based reasoning in PATDEX (1999)
- Patdex is an expert system which carries out case-based reasoning for the fault diagnosis of complex machines. It is integrated in the Moltke workbench for technical diagnosis, which was developed at the university of Kaiserslautern over the past years, Moltke contains other parts as well, in particular a model-based approach; in Patdex where essentially the heuristic features are located. The use of cases also plays an important role for knowledge acquisition. In this paper we describe Patdex from a principal point of view and embed its main concepts into a theoretical framework.
- Case-based knowledge acquisition, learning and problem solving for diagnostic real world tasks (1999)
- Within this paper we focus on both the solution of real, complex problems using expert system technology and the acquisition of the necessary knowledge from a case-based reasoning point of view. The development of systems which can be applied to real world problems has to meet certain requirements. E.g., all available information sources have to be identified and utilized. Normally, this involves different types of knowledge for which several knowledge representation schemes are needed, because no scheme is equally natural for all sources. Facing empirical knowledge it is important to complement the use of manually compiled, statistic and otherwise induced knowledge by the exploitation of the intuitive understandability of case-based mechanisms. Thus, an integration of case-based and alternative knowledge acquisition and problem solving mechanisms is necessary. For this, the basis is to define the "role" which case-based inference can "play" within a knowledge acquisition workbench. We will discuss a concrete casebased architecture, which has been applied to technical diagnosis problems, and its integration into a knowledge acquisition workbench which includes compiled knowledge and explicit deep models, additionally.
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ChristianAnswers.Net WebBible Encyclopedia
Greek: chole (Matt. 27:34), the LXX [Septuagint] translation of the Hebrew rosh in Ps. 69:21, which foretells our Lord’s sufferings.
The drink offered to our Lord was vinegar (made of light wine rendered acid, the common drink of Roman soldiers) “mingled with gall,” or, according to Mark (15:23), “mingled with myrrh;” both expressions meaning the same thing, namely, that the vinegar was made bitter by the infusion of wormwood or some other bitter substance, usually given, according to a merciful custom, as an anodyne to those who were crucified, to render them insensible to pain.
Our Lord, knowing this, refuses to drink it. He would take nothing to cloud his faculties or blunt the pain of dying. He chooses to suffer every element of woe in the bitter cup of agony given him by the Father (John 18:11).
Hebrew: mererah, meaning “bitterness” (Job 16:13); i.e., the bile secreted in the liver. This word is also used of the poison of asps (20:14), and of the vitals, the seat of life (25).
Hebrew: rosh. In Deut. 32:33 and Job 20:16 it denotes the poison of serpents. In Hos. 10:4 the Hebrew word is rendered “hemlock.” The original probably denotes some bitter, poisonous plant, most probably the poppy, which grows up quickly, and is therefore coupled with wormwood (Deut. 29:18; Jer. 9:15; Lam. 3:19).
Compare Jer. 8:14; 23:15, “water of gall,” Gesenius, “poppy juice;” others, “water of hemlock,” “bitter water.”
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Plastics in some form or other have been used in jewelry for many years. Celluloid was the first known plastic, invented in 1868 by John Hyatt. Then in the first part of the 20th century, casein (made from a milk protein) came along.
He best known of the plastics used in jewelry was developed by Leo H. Baekeland in 1909. Mr. Baekeland was working on developing a type of varnish when the durable material Bakelite was invented. It was found that it could be easily moulded and cast. Once it was cast, it could not be melted.
Shortly after bakelite jewelry caught on, the Great Depression of the '30s occurred. Money was scarce; women were looking for an inexpensive way to refurbish their old wardrobe and give it a new look; bakelite was the answer. One could find this unique jewelry in almost any color: red, green, and butterscotch being the most common. Bakelite jewelry added a cheery note to a bleak time in our history.
Bakelite was not only bought by people with little money, it was also accepted by the very rich. Manufacturers produced bright, massive, heavily carved pieces. Designer pieces, produced on a very limited basis, sold in departments stores in the '30s for around $10, a hefty price in those days. These pieces, understandably scarce today, were often decorated with metal, rhinestones, or additional plastic ornaments.
There seems to be no limit to the shapes found in Bakelite. Miniature fruit is quite common: pears, oranges, cherries, carrots, bananas, etc. Among the animals that are found, horses and dogs are most common.
Bakelite was used to imitate tortoiseshell, amber, and even gemstones. It was dyed to imitate coral and looked so believable that it often has to be tested to tell the difference. (Coral test: place a drop of lemon juice on the jewelry and if it bubbles and is effervescent it is coral; if not, it might be bakelite among other things.)
The 'ivory' bakelite that can be found is done with great skill. Many pieces are carved entirely by hand by fine craftsmen. If you look closely at the carved articles you can see the tool marks in the crevices, whereas the newer pieces of imitation ivory are entirely glossy as they are not carved by hand.
Bakelite, as was mentioned earlier, was often used to imitate amber. A lot of jewelry on the market today that is thought of as amber is actually bakelite. Recently, during a course I took at the Gemological Institute of America, I had a lengthy discussion with the instructor regarding, bakelite, amber and plastic. The one conclusive test he told me of was the hot needle test. The GIA has an electric needle that looks like a toaster coil. When the needle is placed on a piece of bakelite, the material will not be penetrated; whereas, true amber will melt and release a faint piney odor. This same test can be done by heating a needle with a flame until the point glows and then testing for a melting point. This is a destructive test but when in doubt it is the only test I know that is accurate. If you must know, please find an inconspicuous place by the bead hole to do your testing.
There is an enormous quantity of plastic jewelry out there. To test a piece of plastic to see if it might be bakelite, there are a couple of easy and reliable tests you can do. A quickie is simply to rub a small spot with your thumb repeatedly until it's warm from the friction, and then sniff it. Bakelite releases a distinctive odor when warmed (smell it once and you won't forget it!) Also holding it under very warm water will also make the item release the tell-tale smell. Another method is to take a cotton swab dampened with Formula 409 all-purpose cleaner and swab at an inconspicuous spot; if it's bakelite, the swab will turn a shade of yellow, which can vary from pale lemon to bright butterscotch. Interestingly, the 409 test produces a yellow stain from any color of bakelite. The latter is the most consistently reliable, the first is the least reliable.
By manufacturing bakelite to imitate coral, ivory, amber, and tortoiseshell materials by hand carving these items, jewelry buyers could look like they possessed the real thing.
These old Art Deco bakelite pieces are beautiful and have a lovely
that has taken years to produce. It is being collected for itself now,
rather than for its resemblance to more precious jewelry, and is
rising in price. Since most women did not save their plastic jewelry,
scarcity factor makes it even more valuable.
Incidentally, one may occasionally run across a piece marked either
"French Bakelite" or Galalith. This is an early plasic, produced from
milk protein, but not actually bakelite. It is indeed usually French,
but also was produced in Germany. All Galalith predates synthetic
plastics though, and production ceased around the start of WWII.
Galalith is often brightly colored. As it isn't chemically related to
bakelite (but rather is casein based) it doesn't react to Formula 409
So, the next time you see plastic jewelry thrown in a box at a flea market, look to see if any of it is bakelite, rather than the newer acrylic plastic. It may be worth more than you think. -Cheryl Stewart
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National Lightning Safety Week: When thunder roars, go indoors!
NEWARK - The week of June 22-28, has been designated National Lightning Safety Week. This year's theme is When Thunder Roars, Go Indoors!
Summer is the peak season for one of the nation's deadliest weather phenomena - lightning. But don't be fooled, lightning strikes year around.
In the United States, an average of 62 people are killed each year by lightning and hundreds of others are injured. Of the victims who were killed by lightning: • 98% were outside • 89% were male • 30% were males between the ages of 20-25 • 25% were standing under a tree • 25% occurred on or near the water
The reported number of injuries is likely far lower than the actual total number because many people do not seek help or doctors do not record it as a lightning injury.
People struck by lightning suffer from a variety of longterm, debilitating symptoms, including memory loss, attention deficits, sleep disorders, numbness, dizziness, stiffness in joints, irritability, fatigue, weakness, muscle spasms, depression, and an inability to sit for long.
Lightning is a serious danger and you should learn how to protect yourself, your loved ones and your belongings.
Top 10 Myths
of Lightning Safety 1. MYTH: Lightning Never Strikes The Same Place Twice
TRUTH: Lightning often strikes the same place repeatedly, especially if it's a tall pointy isolated object. The Empire State Building used to be used as a lightning laboratory, since it is hit nearly 25 times a year. Places prone to lightning are places to avoid when thunderstorms are nearby!
2. MYTH: If It's Not Raining, Or If Clouds Aren't Overhead, I'm Safe From Lightning
TRUTH: Lightning often strikes more than three miles from the thunderstorm, far outside the rain or even thunderstorm cloud. 'Bolts From The Blue,',though infrequent, can strike 10-15 miles from the thunderstorm. Anvil lightning can strike the ground over 50 miles from the thunderstorm, under extreme conditions. Lightning in clouds has traveled over 100 miles from the thunderstorm.
3. MYTH: Rubber Tires Protect You From Lightning In A Car By Insulating You From The Ground
TRUTH: Lightning laughs at two inches of rubber! Most cars are reasonably safe from lightning. But it's the metal roof and metal sides that protect you, not the rubber tires. Thus convertibles, motorcycles, bicycles, open shelled outdoor recreational vehicles, and cars with plastic or fiberglass shells offer no lightning protection.
Likewise, farm and construction vehicles with open cockpits offer no lightning protection. But closed cockpits with metal roof and sides are safer than going outside. And don't even ask about sneakers!
4. MYTH: A Lightning Victim Is Electrified. If You Touch Them, You'll Be Electrocuted.
TRUTH: The human body doesn't store electricity. It is perfectly safe to touch a lightning victim to give them first aid.
This is the most chilling of lightning myths. Imagine someone dying needlessly, for want of simple CPR or mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, when their chances of survival was ~90%!
5. MYTH: If Outside In A Thunderstorm, Go Under A Tree To Stay Dry
TRUTH: Being underneath trees is the second leading activity for lightning casualties.
6. MYTH: I'm In A House, I'm Safe From Lightning
TRUTH: While a house is a good place for lightning safety, just going inside isn't enough. You must avoid any conducting path leading outside, such as corded telephones, electrical appliances, wires, TV cables, plumbing (including plastic pipes with water in them), metal doors or window frames, etc. Don't stand near a window to watch the lightning. An inside room is generally best.
7. MYTH: When Playing Sports And Thunderstorms Threaten, It's Okay To Finish The Game Before Seeking Shelter
TRUTH: Sports is the activity with the fastest rising rate of lightning casualties. No game is worth death or life-long severe injury. All people associated with sports should have a lightning safety plan and stick to it strictly. Seek proper shelter immediately when lightning threatens. Adults are responsible for the safety of children!
8. MYTH: Structures With Metal, Or Metal On The Body (Jewelry, Watches, Glasses, Backpacks, Etc.), Attract Lightning
TRUTH: Height, pointy shape, and isolation are the dominant factors controlling where a lightning bolt will strike. The presence of metal makes virtually no difference on where lightning strikes. Mountains are made of stone, but receive many strikes each year. When lightning threatens, take proper protective action immediately. Don't waste time shedding metal off your body, or seeking shelter under inadequate structures. But while metal doesn't attract lightning, touching or being near long metal objects (fences, railings, bleachers, vehicles, etc.) is still unsafe when thunderstorms are nearby. If lightning does happen to hit it, the metal can conduct the electricity a long distance (even over 100 yards) and still electrocute you.
9. MYTH: If Trapped Outside And Lightning Is About To Strike, Lie Flat On The Ground
TRUTH: This advice is out of date. Better advice is to use the Lightning Crouch': put your feet together, squat low, tuck your head, and cover your ears. Lightning induces electric currents along the top of the ground that can be deadly over 100 Feet away. While lying flat on the ground gets you as low as possible, which is good, it increases your chance of being hit by a ground current, which is bad. The best combination of being low and touching the ground as little as possible is the Lightning Crouch'. But it should be used only as a last resort.
10. MYTH: Go near a tall pointy isolated object when thunderstorms threaten, to be within the 45 cone of protection"
TRUTH: The "cone of protection" is a myth! While tall pointy isolated objects are statistically more likely to be struck by lightning, it's not nearly reliable enough to rely on for safety. Lightning can still strike you near the tall object. Besides, the lightning electricity will likely spread out along the surface of the ground and can still kill you over 100 feet from the protecting object. Also, if you are close to or touching the tall object, you can be electrocuted via side flash or contact voltage.
NO PLACE OUTSIDE IS SAFE NEAR A THUNDERSTORM!
Distance and proper shelter is your best protection from lightning.
Are You Ready for a
Thunderstorm? Here's what you can do to prepare yourself and your family
Before Lightning Strikes...
Keep an eye on the sky. Look for darkening skies, flashes of light, or increasing wind. Listen for the sound of thunder.
If you can hear thunder, you are close enough to the storm to be struck by lightning. Go to safe shelter immediately!
Listen to NOAA Weather Radio, commercial radio, or television for the latest weather forecasts.
When a Storm Approaches...
Find shelter in a building or car. Keep car windows closed and avoid convertibles.
Telephone lines and metal pipes can conduct electricity. Unplug appliances. Avoid using the telephone or any electrical appliances.
Avoid taking a bath or shower, or running water for any other purpose.
Turn off the air conditioner. Power surges from lightning can overload the compressor, resulting in a costly repair job!
Draw blinds and shades over windows. If windows break due to objects blown by the wind, the shades will prevent glass from shattering into your home.
If Caught Outside...
If you are in the woods, take shelter under the shorter trees.
If you are boating or swimming, get to land and find shelter immediately!
Protect Yourself Outside...
Go to a low-lying, open place away from trees, poles, or metal objects.
Make sure the place you pick is not subject to flooding.
Be a Very Small Target!
Squat low to the ground. Place your hands on your knees with your head between them. Make yourself the smallest target possible.
Do not lie flat on the ground -- this will make you a larger target!
If Someone is Struck by Lightning...
People struck by lightning carry no electrical charge and can be handled safely.
Call for help. Get someone to dial 9-1-1. The injured person has received an electrical shock and may be burned, both where they were struck and where the electricity left their body. Check for burns in both places.
Give first aid. If breathing has stopped, begin rescue breathing. If the heart has stopped beating, a trained person should give CPR.
Learn First Aid and CPR…
Take a Red Cross first aid and CPR course.
Safe Shelters & Indoor Safety
What is a Safe Shelter?
A house or other substantial building offers the best protection from lightning. In assessing the safety provided by a particular structure, it is more important to consider what happens if the structure gets struck by lightning, rather than whether the structure will be hit by lightning. For a shelter to provide protection from lightning, it must contain a mechanism for conducting the electrical current from the point of contact to the ground. These mechanisms may be on the outside of the structure, may be contained within the walls of the structure, or may be a combination of the two. On the outside, lightning can travel along the outer shell of the building or may follow metal gutters and downspouts to the ground. Inside a structure, lightning can follow conductors such as the electrical wiring, plumbing, and telephone lines to the ground.
Avoid Unsafe Shelters!
Unless specifically designed to be lightning safe, small structures do little, if anything, to protect occupants from lightning. Many small open shelters on athletic fields, golf courses, parks, roadside picnic areas, schoolyards and elsewhere are designed to protect people from rain and sun, but not lightning. A shelter that does not contain plumbing or wiring throughout, or some other mechanism for grounding from the roof to ground is not safe. Small wooden, vinyl, or metal sheds offer little or no protection from lightning and should be avoided during thunderstorms.
How Lightning Enters a House or Building
There are three main ways lightning enters homes and buildings: (1) a direct strike, (2) through wires or pipes that extend outside the structure, and (3) through the ground. Regardless of the method of entrance, once in a structure, the lightning can travel through the electrical, phone, plumbing, and radio/television reception systems. Lightning can also travel through any metal wires or bars in concrete walls or flooring.
Stay Safe While Inside
Phone use is the leading cause of indoor lightning injuries in the United States. Lightning can travel long distances in both phone and electrical wires, particularly in rural areas. Stay away from windows and doors as these can provide the path for a direct strike to enter a home. Do not lie on the concrete floor of a garage as it likely contains a wire mesh. In general, basements are a safe place to go during thunderstorms. However, there are some things to keep in mind. Avoid contact with concrete walls, which may contain metal reinforcing bars. Avoid washers and dryers since they not only have contacts with the plumbing and electrical systems, but also contain an electrical path to the outside through the dryer vent.
Remember Your Pets
You may want to consider the safety of your family pets during thunderstorms. Dog houses are not lightning-safe. Dogs that are chained to trees or chained to wire runners can easily fall victim to a lightning strike.
Protect Your Personal Property
Lightning also causes significant damage to personal property each year. In addition to direct strikes, lightning generates electrical surges that can damage electronic equipment some distance from the actual strike. Typical surge protectors will NOT protect equipment from a lightning strike. To the extent possible, unplug any appliances or electronic equipment before a thunderstorm threatens. This includes not only the electrical system, but also the reception system. If you plan to be away from your home when thunderstorms are possible, be sure to unplug unneeded equipment before you leave.
Summary of Lightning Safety Tips for Inside the Home
Avoid contact with corded phones
Avoid contact with electrical equipment or cords.
Avoid contact with plumbing. Do not wash your hands, do not take a shower, do not wash dishes, and do not do laundry.
Stay away from windows and doors, and stay off porches.
Do not lie on concrete floors and do not lean against concrete walls.
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In the 2004 vice presidential debate, Dick Cheney sought to underscore the symbolic power of U.S. military campaigns in Iraq and Afghanistan. "Five days after we captured Saddam Hussein," Cheney said, "Muammar Qaddafi in Libya came forward and announced that he was going to surrender all of his nuclear materials." Not everyone agrees with the vice president's analysis; some experts argue it was skilled diplomacy (FT), not the threat of force, that led to Libya's turnaround. Regardless, the Bush administration points to Libya's abandonment of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) as one of its greatest foreign policy victories and a model for other rogue states. When Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice announced on May 15 that the United States was removing Libya from the state sponsors of terrorism list and would resume normal diplomatic relations with the one-time pariah, she urged "the leadership of Iran and North Korea to make similar strategic decisions that would benefit their citizens."
As explained in this new Backgrounder, welcoming Libya back into the good graces of the international community was a drawn-out process. For years Libya was among the world's most brazen supporters of terrorism. The worst incident came in 1988 when Libyan agents blew up Pan Am Flight 103 (TIME) over Lockerbie, Scotland, killing all 270 people on board. A major step in the country's reconciliation was Libya's agreement to pay reparations to the victims' families and its acceptance, in a letter to the UN Security Council, of responsibility for the attack. Despite its cooperation on WMD and terrorism, Libya has not reformed much domestically. As Andrew Solomon writes in the New Yorker, Qaddafi's regime is far from a democracy and human rights violations are still widespread.
As Judith Miller explains in a two-part Wall Street Journal article, convincing Libya to agree to abandon its WMD programs was just one stage of a larger effort. The subsequent process of dismantling and confiscating Libyan WMD also required considerable diplomatic finesse. The details of Libya's disarmament are described by the Congressional Research Service (PDF).
As foreign policy analysts wrangle over what exactly inspired Libya to cooperate (International Security) (PDF), the country is already maneuvering to become a more important regional producer of oil and gas (LJBC). But just because Libya has diplomatic recognition does not make it a U.S. ally. As one U.S.-based blogger on Libya, Hafed al-Ghwell, writes, "Libya was, is, and will be for a long time to come simply a side show for the U.S. policy makers." The real motives behind Rice's announcement, Ghwell and other analysts suggest, are Iran and North Korea.
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South Carolina Kershaw County Boykin
Overview of Boykin
Early Boykin History
Boykin is located in Kershaw County
just a few miles south of Camden
. It was named for the William Boykin family who settled the town in 1755.
William's son, Burwell, came to own most of the land on the north and south sides of Swift Creek. In 1792, he dammed the creek to make a 400-acre millpond to power a grist and flour mill, as well as a sawmill. These mills provided jobs and necessary services to the thriving farm community.
Boykin & the Civil War
The Civil War officially ended with Lee's surrender on April 9, 1865, but word traveled slowly and Union general Edward Potter continued his destructive raid through South Carolina for days thereafter. On April 19, his troops engaged with Confederate regulars at Boykin's Mill. The outnumbered South Carolina troops were only able to slow the raiders by one day. Lieutenant Stevens of the 54th Massachusetts, killed in this battle, was the last known Federal officer to die in the Civil War.
Fifteen-year-old Burwell Boykin, a volunteer with the South Carolina Home Guard and a descendent of Boykin's founder, was among those who defended his home that day.
Another Boykin descendent gave us our state dog, the Boykin Spaniel. In the early 1900s, Whit Boykin experimented with breeding until he developed an all-purpose hunting dog small enough for boat travel who would retrieve on both land and water. Boykins are now found all over America, and like many sporting breeds make wonderful family pets.
Today, Boykin is a small community in rural Kershaw County. There are a couple of restaurants and small shops gathered around the old millpond, includng the Mill Pond Steakhouse
which is housed in the former mill. Swift Creek Baptist Church, established in 1787, stands proudly just a short walk away.
Camden is the largest city near Boykin. Here is a map of the Camden area
General Information, Jobs
Recreation, Entertainment, Tourism
Schools, Colleges, Libraries
Hospitals, Churches, Helping Organizations
Places Near Boykin
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By David Hill
David Hill is an Assistant Editor at Training & Conditioning.
Training & Conditioning, 11.9, December 2001, http://www.momentummedia.com/articles/tc/tc1109/sight.htm
When the Tidewater League of Independent Schools in southeastern Virginia first mandated that all field hockey players wear protective eyewear, some members of the Norfolk Academy team showed up in racquetball goggles. Hard-pressed to find gear to meet the new rule, the athletes were doing the best they could. Some even came to practice with eyewear made for skeet shooting.
After some research, coaches, administrators, and the school's head athletic trainer found goggles made for lacrosse that would suffice. And this fall, Norfolk and others in its league completed their third year of requiring protective eyewear in field hockey.
For years, eye doctors have urged athletes to use protective eyewear in many sports. While some of their efforts have succeeded (for example, face guards are now common in ice hockey), most other high school and collegiate sports have dismissed protective eyewear as impractical or unnecessary.
But that may be changing. The NCAA is deciding whether or not to require protective eyewear for women's lacrosse, and the Massachusetts Interscholastic Athletic Association (MIAA) and some other leagues around the country already require protective eyewear for all field hockey players.
Similar pushes for protective eyewear could come to even more sports. Many regional youth baseball leagues require face guards for batters and fielders. Some people on both sides of the issue ask, if only rhetorically, why not do something about basketball's finger-in-the-eye phenomenon by at least encouraging more use of sports goggles? The American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) recommends just that for basketball, and it is pushing for eye-protection mandates in youth sports, particularly baseball, with hopes that the practice will then continue into older age groups, including high school and college. In all instances, the moves are controversial.
As intermediaries between healthcare and sports programs, athletic trainers may find themselves pulled in conflicting directions. Doctors, athletes, coaches, administrators, and parents turn to you for advice, help, and perhaps advocacy. Answers won't be easy to come by. Here is a look at how the eye protection issue is shaping up for two sports on the forefront of the debate.
LENSES FOR LACROSSE
In June 2000, a proposal came before the NCAA's Committee on Competitive Safeguards and Medical Aspects of Sports to begin mandating protective eyewear in women's lacrosse championship play. The proposal was referred to a special panel of coaches, officials, athletic directors, and organizers of the championships from each NCAA division, plus a representative of US Lacrosse. The Women's Lacrosse Protective Eye Wear Project Team, as the panel is known, is collecting data on whether there is a need for more protection, whether appropriate eyewear is available for college play, and how a rule change could affect the sport.
This isn't the first time US Lacrosse has encountered the eye protection issue. Several years ago, at the request of some parents and coaches in youth leagues, the organization specified that optional protective eyewear is allowed but the gear must meet a standard for sports protective eyewear set by the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM). ASTM's sports facilities and equipment division developed a standard for lacrosse eyewear, and manufacturers started offering them.
A major question now is whether the standard is appropriate for the college women's game, where the athletes are stronger and ball and stick speeds are presumably much higher than in youth leagues. Another concern is whether protective eyewear might give women lacrosse players a greater sense of security and lead to more risk taking--negating the restrictions on checking and stick handling that distinguish the women's game from the helmeted, padded men's game.
"Even though it's illegal, will they tend to risk checking around the head if eye protection is mandated?" asks Nancy Burke, ATC, Athletic Trainer at South Lakes High School in Falls Church, Va., Chairwoman of the Women's Lacrosse Protective Eye Wear Project Team, and US Lacrosse's representative to the team.
Experience in central New York state suggests that won't happen. Goggles have been required by Section III of the New York State Public High School Athletic Association for several years and, according to Doug Rowe, who has been Head Coach of girls' lacrosse at Baldwinsville (N.Y.) High School for 11 years, play hasn't become more aggressive or dangerous. In Rowe's view, goggles make sense as the athletes become stronger and more confident, sending sticks and balls flying with ever greater speeds. And even if mandated eye protection were followed by helmets, it need not spell the end of the girls' and women's game, Rowe believes, because rules against checking and high-sticking could be retained and enforced--just as spear-tackling with the helmet was outlawed in football.
As for player acceptance, "If you don't allow the kids to make it an issue, they're fine," Rowe says. "We tell them, 'A rule's a rule. Put 'em on.'"
The Massachusetts directive requiring eye protection for field hockey has also had its share of question marks. The rule was first announced in February 2000 on the heels of lawsuits over devastating student-athlete eye injuries in New England. It then was suspended a year until sport-appropriate goggles could be found. Now implemented, some coaches are fighting the rule.
Donna Woodcock, winner of two state championships in two different divisions as Head Coach at Greenfield High School in western Massachusetts, says the effect on vision frustrates many players. The model that meets all MIAA-recommended standards fogs up, especially at night, she says. Woodcock estimates she's had only three or four players suffer eye injuries requiring stitches in her 20 years at Greenfield and believes too little research was done to justify a mandate that singles out field hockey.
"Let's get a database to see what the number-one injury is, what sports these injuries occur in, and what the options are to decrease the likelihood of injuries in athletics," she says. "I don't think a thorough study has been done on the situation."
Massachusetts State Field Hockey Coaches Association President Leda Levine, of Mansfield High School, says that coaches fought the rule, but they see little hope of an immediate repeal. If eye protection is so vital, don't single out field hockey, she adds. "Do it with every sport that has a flying object. Don't discriminate against a girls' sport."
U.S. Field Hockey, the sport's national governing body, takes no position on the matter, Communi-cations Director Howard Thomas says. It's waiting to see research on injury rates and the effectiveness and safety of protective eyewear at certain levels of the sport.
THE ADVOCATE ARGUMENT
Other people say there's no point in waiting. "The difference between a one-eyed person and a two-eyed person throughout their life is enormous," says Paul Vinger, MD, a Boston-area ophthalmologist who helped the MIAA study eye injuries and served as a consultant to at least one manufacturer and a certification group. "If there's a risk that's easy to avoid in order to prevent a catastrophic loss, it's senseless not to do something about it."
That's how the AAO sees the eye-protection question, says Stuart Dankner, MD, a Baltimore pediatric ophthalmologist and eye-safety spokesman for the organization of eye physicians. Injury is the top cause of blindness in children, and many blindness-causing injuries occur during sports participation, Danker says. The AAO is focusing first on major sports with the largest number of injuries that lead to blindness--baseball and basketball--but it recommends eye protection for most sports.
For example, Dixie Youth Baseball now mandates helmet-mounted face shields for its 500,000 players when batting. That mandate not only practically eliminated face and eye injuries, but cut its insurance premiums by half and found players replacing the fear of getting hit by a pitch with a focus on their skills, Dankner says. The move faced opposition in the proposal stages, but that disappeared once coaches saw the shields in action. Now, a similar mandate is before Baltimore's city government for its youth baseball leagues, and eye protection for girls' lacrosse has been discussed in Maryland.
"That hard lacrosse ball can fit right into the socket of the eyeball, and the injuries caused by such an impact can be devastating," Dankner says. "I can't say we see a lot of these types of injuries, but when we do see them, they tend to be very severe. Why not protect the girls? You can still have the female rules [limiting checking] if you want them, but I don't think there is any reason why they can't wear that protection. The same would go for field hockey."
THE ATHLETIC TRAINER'S ROLE
Whether or not more leagues and schools mandate eye protection in various sports, athletic trainers will face questions about the debate and the equipment. What is your role in deciding whether protective eyewear is necessary? Should you take the safety-first side and advocate it for all athletes? Should you point out that sports have inherent risks, and that trying to protect for every possible occurrence can quash competition and take the fun out of athletics? Should you raise the issue of an increased sense of security perhaps leading to rougher play and other injuries? Is there a middle ground? And what should an athletic trainer do to help athletes and coaches reach and implement their decisions?
"The issue of wearing goggles is about prevention," says Christine Brown, ATC, PT, Athletic Trainer at Wayland High School in Massachusetts and a member of the MIAA Sports Safety Committee. "It's important, and it works. We should do it, as long as the eyewear doesn't cause any injuries."
Brown says that the mandate probably reduced injuries to her school's field hockey players in just the first few weeks of the season, and that some players and coaches who were skeptical began appreciating the equipment more as the season progressed. Goggles, however, take some getting used to, and the models available either fog up or restrict peripheral vision, she adds.
Other athletic trainers would like to see more scientific data on eye injuries before putting a mandate in place. "Is there proof that goggles are effective?" asks Jon Almquist, ATC, Specialist for the athletic training program in the Fairfax County, Va., Public Schools and Chairman of the Secondary School Athletic Training Committee for the National Athletic Trainers' Association. "You would assume that the answer is yes, but we do not have the data to actually support that. We can only assume that if the person has goggles on, the eye won't be injured to the extent that it is without them."
Fairfax County schools are considering whether to require protective eyewear in girls' lacrosse this coming spring and for field hockey next fall. That, coupled with the district's extensive athletic training program--covering 98 percent of events--and a computerized injury record-keeping system, means that Fairfax County may be able to provide some hard data on the question in a few years.
Another approach is to require protective eyewear for any athlete needing to guard a recovering eye or a remaining healthy eye. "Because we do have some eye gear, maybe some kids are playing who couldn't play before because they're now better protected," says Boston College Senior Associate Head Athletic Trainer Donna Bennett, LATC.
Bennett has helped athletes find gear--sometimes by working with optometrists and opticians on custom models--that balance adequate protection with wearability and comfort. She also helps the athletes solve problems with goggle use. To fight fogging, for instance, an old trick of soapy water on the glass followed by a good rinse seems to help, Bennett says.
At the Norfolk Academy, Head Athletic Trainer and Assistant Director of Athletics Chad Byler, ATC, chose to act as an advocate who explained the injuries, their causes, and available options. A benefit of this approach is that going through the decision process may make fellow athletic trainers, administrators, and coaches examine other safety factors, some of which may be more important, he says. In the case of field hockey in his region, poor field maintenance often caused balls to bounce dangerously high. In some games, officials were not consistently enforcing high-stick rules. And at Norfolk, when the skill level of the players was taken into account, it was clear that coaching proper, stick-to-the-ground and head-up technique would be no panacea.
"We have seventh-grade girls who have never played field hockey, and all of a sudden they have a stick out there and they're swinging it around," Byler says. "In a perfect world, the sticks are down on the ground, the fields are perfectly flat, and the referees are magnificently trained. But we don't live in a perfect world."
Almquist agrees that athletic trainers should take a proactive stance. "The athletic trainer's role is to raise the issue and continually evaluate injuries," he says. "If you see something wrong, look into it further. It could also just mean that you need to tell officials and coaches that your athletes are getting a lot of eye injuries. Then let them come up with the reason and perhaps fix their own problem. That's all within the scope and practice of an athletic trainer."
SIDEBAR ONE: A PUSH FROM PARENTS
At Norfolk Academy in southeastern Virginia, the push for goggles first came from students' parents. After a string of serious eye injuries, parents of players at the private school began writing to the headmaster about protective eyewear for field hockey and girls' lacrosse players.
Chad Byler, ATC, Norfolk Academy's Head Athletic Trainer and Assistant Director of Athletics, researched the matter and developed proposals. His headmaster said to go with a mandate in field hockey and lacrosse, and other members in the academy's league decided they'd do the same, eventually agreeing to a conference-wide rule.
The field hockey establishment, including some coaches, opposed it, but field hockey at Norfolk Academy went from nine major eye injuries in three years to none since the rule took effect two years ago. That includes 90 girls in grades seven through 12 playing daily, Byler says.
The goggles are now standard equipment, and the mandate ensures that aesthetics and fear of looking different won't win out over safety. "A teenaged girl doesn't want to be the strange one out there," Byler says. "If everyone wears them, they think, 'OK, everyone else is looking weird, so I can look weird.'"
SIDEBAR TWO: DOCTORS GO FOR GOGGLES
The American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Academy of Ophthalmology issued a joint statement in early 1996 titled, "Protective Eyewear for Youth Athletes." The organizations recommend mandatory protective eyewear for all functionally one-eyed individuals and for athletes who have had eye surgery or trauma and whose ophthalmologists recommend eye protection. They strongly recommend protective eyewear for all other athletes and include a list of types of protection for 24 sports. For field hockey and women's lacrosse, they recommend sports goggles with polycarbonate lenses and add that helmets with full-face protection should be optional for women's lacrosse.
A smaller list for many major sports, complete with which certification labels to look for, is on the Web site of the American Academy of Ophthalmology at www.aao.org.
SIDEBAR THREE: CHOOSING THE GEAR
If you fire a squash ball going 90 miles per hour at a pair of industrial protective spectacles, one of two things can happen, according to Paul Vinger, MD, a Boston ophthalmologist and sports protective eyewear consultant. In one scenario, the impact breaks the frame, but the polycarbonate lens remains intact. However, a piece of that broken frame--or the intact lens--could still strike the wearer's eye.
Vinger's second scenario occurs when the lens is made of tempered glass or allyl plastic resin instead of the more impact-resistant polycarbonate. In this instance, the impact of the squash ball shatters the lens into hundreds of tiny bits that fly toward the eye. Tempered glass and allyl plastic are common in some prescription glasses or high-end sunglasses, while polycarbonate is more common in shooting glasses. Despite the varied materials in the eyewear, the wearer does not receive adequate protection in either scenario.
This, according to Vinger, is why not just any protective eyewear is correct for athletes. Vinger is author of a June 2000 article in The Physician and Sports Medicine entitled, "A Practical Guide for Sports Eye Protection." In the article, Vinger makes a case for sport-specific eye protection. Others, including coaches and athletic trainers, say sport-specificity isn't so critical, as long as some basics are kept in mind. What follows is a starting point for athletic trainers trying to navigate the protective-eyewear sea, whether for a whole team or a few players who need or want the gear.
• Seek lenses made of polycarbonate, a plastic developed originally for the aerospace industry. "Polycarbonate is about 20 times stronger than plastic. It's almost bullet-proof," says Joseph Koltun, a New York City optometrist who specializes in prescription sports eyewear. "In airplanes, the pilot's window is probably made out of some sort of polycarbonate."
• Look for products that meet developed standards for sports equipment. An organization familiar to many athletic trainers and coaches, the National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment, certifies much of the protective equipment used in high-contact sports such as football, ice hockey, and men's lacrosse. For other sports, the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) has standards for many other pieces of eye and face protective equipment. For example, the F-803 standard is for models intended for use in selected sports, including women's lacrosse, field hockey, racket sports, basketball, and for baseball fielders.
Other ASTM standards cover ice hockey goal tenders, other ice hockey players, paintball, youth baseball, and skiing. For sports without a specific standard, the American Academy of Ophthalmology suggests using the F-803 standard.
Some people suggest seeking out products that have been further tested in laboratories (ASTM standards certify only that the products have been designed and manufactured to certain standards). For eyewear, there is the Protective Eyewear Certification Council (www.protecteyes.org), which tests the products in an independent laboratory. Some manufacturers, however, say PECC certification isn't necessary as long as the products meet the ASTM standard.
• The lens should extend beyond the orbit of the eye to the top of the cheekbone and bottom of the brow. This helps prevent the lens from being pushed into the eyeball. Some designs have brow pads above the lenses.
• Not all designs can be worn over prescription glasses. Athletes who wear prescription glasses may need larger models. Prescription protective sports eyewear is available but is usually costly and must be custom made.
• When possible, use goggles made for the specific sport. "If you put on a racquetball goggle and go out on a field hockey field, that goggle might not be able to tolerate a hit from a ball or stick," says Chad Byler, ATC, Head Athletic Trainer and Assistant Director of Athletics at Norfolk (Va.) Academy, which is in its third year of mandated protective eyewear for all field hockey players.
• In humid or cold weather, be aware of fogging. In an early-season Massachusetts field hockey game this fall, the officials called a time-out after a few minutes and instructed the players to wipe off their lenses. Snug-fitting goggle-style models will generally offer greater peripheral vision, but they may be more fog-prone than more open designs.
• While many designs are sold as one-size-fits-all, some coaches have found that's not true, especially with smaller athletes. Some makers are responding with sized eyewear, so it might pay to have fitting sessions if they can be arranged.
• Shop around. While some eye doctors had warned that manufacturers would not develop a field-hockey-only model out of a belief the market was too small, some makers have done just that and are seeking feedback from athletes and coaches, says Leda Levine, Head Field Hockey Coach at Mansfield High School and President of the Massachusetts State Field Hockey Coaches Association. Levine, not a fan of her state's new eye-protection mandate, is keeping track of features she'd like to see added to the model her team is using, such as more size options, better headbands, and a place for the players' names. "I have to admit that the goggle is not perfect, but compared to what it was three years ago, this is an excellent product. It'll be worn for lacrosse because it's better than the lacrosse goggle."
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Written by Samantha Pinckney, Adjunct Professor, Dept. of Art and Art History, Eastern Connecticut State University
In response to the exhibition Sea and Stone: The Thimble Islands – Paintings by Arthur Yanoff on display at the Mattatuck Museum, June 3 – July 24, 2016.
“Sitting in the sound
With green water all around
Rugged pink granite mounds
Scoured by a glacier
Rise from the bay.
Tossed like seeds into the sea
By nature’s hand
In no concerted way.”
By Bob Milne
Beautiful places hold universal appeal. They enthrall and transfix. They are places where the wonders of nature are on full display. They inspire a person to take pause and beckon them to return to the scene again and again. The Thimble Islands is such a place. Halfway down the Connecticut coast, located on Long Island sound and situated just off the shoreline town of Stony Creek, rest the Thimble Islands. They consist of thirty inhabited islands and hundreds of rocky, granite outcrops. The thimbles were never commercially exploited, in part, because there are no deep channels into or out of the area. However, geologically, the islands have quietly carved out their significant corner of history.
The Thimbles and surrounding waters were not developed until the beginning of the “leisure revolution” which arose from the “industrial revolution” of the mid-18th to mid-19th centuries. The “Golden Age” of the Thimbles surged in the 1870s and peaked around the turn of the 20th century. At that time, the area was nicknamed the “Newport of Connecticut” and the venerable New York Yacht Club even held regattas in the main channel. Eventually, however, some very powerful world changing forces including World War One, the Great Depression and the Hurricane of 1938 (“The Great New England storm”) caused the islands to sink into obscurity. The 1980s and 1990s brought about a rebirth of the area and all the islands today have been revamped and fortified.
What makes the Thimbles and the town of Stony Creek so strikingly unique is a narrow vein of pink-colored granite that runs through town. The granite was discovered to be a highly durable and attractive stone which could be used in construction. In the mid-1800s the first quarries sprang up in town, as well as on some of the islands. Some famous examples of where the stone has been used include the Lincoln Memorial, the base of the Statue of Liberty, the base of the Brooklyn Bridge, Grand Central Terminal, the Soldier’s Monument at West Point, and South Station in Boston.*
The most striking feature of the Thimble Islands, then, is their geology. The islands consist of solid pink granite bedrock. Unlike other islands in Long Island Sound which are just glacial deposit and are eroding away with every storm, the Thimbles aren’t going anywhere for a very, very long time. The fact that their pink granite flowed from volcanoes that helped shape the planet gives one a feeling of permanence; an impression of longevity, of strength and endurance. The islands’ unique appearance is a result of both the golden, flesh tone of their rock formations and the thick vegetation that seems to spring from the solid stone. The immense solidity of this volcanic rock, that has withstood the test of time, contrasts markedly with the fluidity and variability of Long Island Sound that surrounds them.
I believe that it was this unique geology; the dichotomy between solid and fluid, opaque and transparent, surface and depth, movement and stillness that first drew Arthur Yanoff to the Thimbles. These images, though abstract, perfectly capture the spirit of the place that inspired them. In an image such as “Rogers’ Landing”, we sense the contrast between the solidity of the golden hued stone and the fluidity of the adjacent water. In “Submerged”, we are under the sea in the deep blue stillness, while in “Gull’s Catch”, by contrast, we sense the swirling movement of the water’s surface and the flapping of a gull’s wings as it soars and dives, looking for its morning meal. In still other images we are soaring over these islands dotting the sound, the wind whistling.
The remarkable abstract paintings by Arthur Yanoff on view in this exhibition may be seen as the culmination of the Romantic pictorial tradition that placed a premium on emotional expressiveness, broad loose brushwork and rich warm color. Nature seems to have functioned here not only to inspire his art but as a sort of surrogate religion for him, as evidenced by his willingness to submit himself completely to the beauty that surrounds him. In these images Yanoff seeks union with something larger than one’s self. He is concerned not with the mystery of individual feeling but with the mystery of a place. With these images he has unlocked the mystery of the Thimble Islands, much to the delight of his viewers.
*For the history and geology of the Thimble Islands included in this essay, I have relied on Bob Milne’s Thimble Islands Storybook, (2005), pp. 3-10.
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Over the next four weeks, schools - public, private and parochial - will be reopening all over Virginia. Several thousand of those children will be kindergarteners who will be learning many things, but especially how to crack the code of reading. Contrary to popular belief, that is not just the school’s job; your child needs your help, too!
The goal is to make your child a confident and happy reader. You will find tips below which are paraphrased from ColorinColorado.org. These tips are geared for kindergarteners but can be used with anyone who is working to build their reading skills.
Communicate with your child. Ask your child to tell you about his school day. Encourage him to explain something they did, or a game they played during recess.
Say silly tongue twisters. Say silly tongue twisters, read rhyming books and sing songs with and around your child.. These help children become sensitive to the sounds in words.
Read and experience it. Connect what your child reads to what happens in life. If reading about animals, relate it to the zoo; if reading about vegetables, relate it to a farm; etc.
Use your child’s name. Point out the link between letters and sound. Say, “Jane, the word jump begins with the same sound as your name, Jane, jump. And they both begin with the same letter, J.”
Play rhyming games. Have a puppet or stuffed animal say, “My name is Mark. I like words that rhyme with my name. Does park rhyme with my name? Can you think of any other words that rhyme with my name? Does wall rhyme with Mark?”
Trace and say letters. Let your child use a finger to trace a letter while saying the letter’s sound. Do this on paper, in sand or on a plate of sugar.
Play sound games. Practice blending sounds into words. Ask “Can you guess what this word is? t – o – p.” Hold each sound longer than usual.
Read it over and over. Yes, it may be the 100th time you’ve read your child’s favorite book, but that’s okay. As you read, stop and ask your child what is happening in the book.
Discuss letters and sounds. Help your child learn the names of the letters and the sounds they make by turning it into a game. Say, “I’m thinking of a letter and it makes the sound mmmmm.”
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Red-necked Grebes are normally a rare sight in Ohio, or anywhere else in the interior U.S. south of the Great Lakes and away from the Atlantic Ocean. Not this March, however - these chunky grebes have staged an invasion of epic proportions; a movement previously unrivaled in scope. I wrote about this earlier, with tentative thoughts, RIGHT HERE.
The map depicts a staggering invasion of Red-necked Grebes. Fifty-six counties, and a total of 302 birds by my reckoning. This far eclipses the previous record flights, which took place in February and March of 1994, when 111+ grebes were tallied in Ohio, and 2003 when around 200 birds were reported. This year's irruption is not confined to Ohio; many eastern states are experiencing a similar incursion.
The map above is courtesy of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Ice Center. It shows the maximum extent of ice cover for the three most recent greatest ice-overs of the Great Lakes. Interestingly, there was no recorded irruption of Red-necked Grebes in winter 1979, but 1994 was the aforementioned previous record for Red-necked Grebes in Ohio ( and elsewhere).
Note that this winter's ice cover peaked in early March - about the time that Red-necked Grebes really began making themselves known in interior locales. Prior to March, reports were almost non-existent from areas where the invasion later became pronounced. Pay special notice to Lake Ontario, the easternmost of the Great Lakes. This is the lake in which most Red-necked Grebes that overwinter on the Great Lakes supposedly occur. And Lake Ontario, which averages 283 feet in depth but is the smallest of the lakes by surface area, also has the most open water (white on the map indicates open water). The other four lakes are nearly frozen solid.
Red-necked Grebes feed primarily on fish at any season, and their diet is likely completely piscivorous or nearly so in winter, especially on big lakes. These birds are also champion divers, and are known to descend to depths of 150 feet, or deeper. But probably not much deeper. Remember, Lake Ontario is far deeper than that, and is generally the deepest towards the middle. Much of the unfrozen portion of the lake is beyond the reach of the diving ability of the grebes, at least if they want to get to or near the bottom.
So, we should look at the general habits of fish that the grebes feed on to further our investigation. In the dead of winter, lake water temperatures stratify the opposite of what they do in summer, when water at the surface is warmest, and gets progressively cooler as one descends. In winter, the water at the lake bottom is actually slightly warmer than at the surface, perhaps by a few degrees F. So, it may be that fishes that the grebes would forage on tend to descend deeper and into the warmer waters and beyond the reach of the grebes' diving abilities.
A more likely explanation, I think, is that Red-necked Grebes overwintering on Lake Ontario actually remain in shallower waters - 100 feet in depth or less - closer to the shoreline. It's likely that lake bottom structure and topographic variation would be greater in near-shore zones than out in the middle, and such variation probably increases fish abundance and diversity. And fishes in shallower waters are more readily available to foraging grebes. As this winter's prolonged brutal temperatures increased Lake Ontario's shoreline ice shelves much further out into the lake than in most winters, the prime grebe feeding zones may have eventually iced over. The maximum icing of their foraging habitat occurred about the time that we inlanders began to see large numbers of Red-necked Grebes appearing.
Of course, migrant Red-necked Grebes moving west and across inland areas from Atlantic wintering ground can begin to appear by this time, and it may be that winter refugees from Lake Ontario are being augmented by migrants by now, too. Still, the more I puzzle over this unprecedented phenomenon, the more I think it likely that the exceptionally frigid weather of this winter and its impact on Lake Ontario probably is the major reason for the extraordinary grebe flight. The difficulty of detecting and studying wintering Red-necked Grebes in their largely inaccessible wintering haunts means that large pieces of their life history remains unknown, or at least poorly known.
Thanks to fisheries and limnology experts Brian, John, and Ray for sharing their insights with me.
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Slavery in the ancient world and in Rome was vital to both the economy and even the social fabric of the society. While it was commonplace throughout the Mediterranean region, and the Hellenistic regions in the east, it was not nearly so vital to others as it was to the dominance of Rome. As the Romans consolidated their hegemony of Italy and Sicily followed by the systematic conquest of western Europe, countless millions of slaves were transported to Rome the Italian countryside and Latin colonies all over Europe.
Though slavery was prevalent in households throughout the city itself, it was on the farms and plantations where it had its greatest effect. The Roman conquests of Carthage, Macedonia and Greece in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC altered what was once a luxury and privilege for the ruling elite into the predominant factor driving both social and economic policies for the Republic as a whole. The mass influx of slaves during this time period first was a sign of great wealth and power, but later destabilized an already fragile Roman class system. Farms originally run by small business families throughout Italy were soon gobbled up and replaced by enormous slave run plantations owned by the aristocratic elite. Cheap slave labor replaced work for the average citizen and the rolls of the unemployed masses grew to epidemic proportions. These issues had a great destabilizing effect on the social system which had a direct role in the demise of the Republic. As the rift between Senatorial elite (optimates) and social reformers (populares) grew, the use of the unemployed, landless, yet citizen mobs were an overwhelming ploy grinding away at the ability of the Senate to govern. Though there are many factors involved in the Fall of the Republic, slavery and its effects rippled throughout every aspect of that turbulent time period.
Not only did slavery help push the Roman lower classes into organized mobs, but the slaves themselves understandably revolted against oppression. The 3 servile wars in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, with the rebellion of Spartacus in the 70's BC the most notable, showed that the social system was dangerous and unhealthy. By the end of these civil wars and general social disorder, slaves were abundantly present in Rome. The slave population was at least equal to that of freedmen (non citizens), and has been estimated at anywhere from 25 to 40% of the population of the city as a whole. One such estimate suggests that the slave population in Rome circa 1 AD, may have been as much as 300,000 to 350,000 of the 900,000 total inhabitants. In outlying provinces, the numbers are certainly far less substantial, dropping to between an estimated 2 and 10% of the total. Still though, in some places such as Pergamum on the western coast of present day Turkey, the slave population may have been around 40,000 people or 1/3 of the cities total population. At the height of the Empire in the mid second century AD, some have estimated that the total slave population may have approached 10 million people, or approximately 1/6 of the population as a whole.
In the ancient world, slaves were taken simply based upon need or want. There was no ethnic or territorial preference for the taking of slaves. As the vast majority was captured as the result of Roman wars, wherever there were Roman victories, there would be new slaves. There is no evidence to suggest that the Romans placed any preference for slavery, or exceptions, based on race or country of origin. The only thing the Romans held in deference was whether or not someone was a Roman. By the mid to late imperial period, citizenship was a rather non-exclusive status, and ethnicity played little part. They were rounded up first from among the Italian tribes, where it spread to Carthage, Greece, Macedonia, Gaul and all over the eastern provinces, with little regard for origin. The Romans simply needed to replenish the stock, and the legions provided the means to do so. As examples; at the end of the Third Macedonian War in 168 BC, it was recorded that as many as 150,000 residents of Epirus were sold in Roman bondage. It's also been estimated that Julius Caesar, upon his conquest of Gaul, may have captured and enslaved 500,000 people.
Though ethnicity seems to have played little role in who would be Roman slaves, it did seem to play a part in what tasks they would be assigned to once in service. Obviously, the era one looks at will play a role, as each major conquest would bring a new influx of people from various parts of the world, but certain factors seem to hold true throughout Roman history. Gauls, Germanics and other 'barbarian' races were preferred for their strength and endurance. In fact, the Romans in many cases preferred to use these tribes in auxilia army roles rather than as slaves in the strictest sense. Still, these people were often relegated to the menial labor tasks of mining, farming and other labor related industries, reflecting upon stereotypes of the day. Greeks were especially prized slaves for both their cultural refinement and education. Greeks with the ability to educate the Roman youth or with knowledge of medicine were expensive and highly sought after. By the late empire, the predominant house slaves in Rome came almost entirely from the east (and all its various ethnicities), as Western Europe and Africa were almost exclusively of citizen class.
Roman slaves were treated in a wide variety of manners, as would be expected, depending on the circumstances, the household and the time period. Obviously, life working in a mine as a Roman slave wouldn't be desired, by contrast to that of some house slaves. Some were so highly regarded that they were considered parts of families. Tombs and gravesites lend evidence to support the praise that some Romans felt towards their slaves. Some really worked what we might consider a regular shift and were free to come and as they pleased outside of that time. Others lived in the cruelest and harshest conditions, victim to the whims of society or the cruelty of their masters. In the late Republic, slaves were strictly seen as property by the vast majority, especially at a time when the availability of new 'property' was coming in at alarming numbers. Varro called them 'vocal agricultural implements' and likely would've preferred them without the vocal part. Cato the Elder, the great politician of 'Carthage must be destroyed' fame, once suggested that old and worn out slaves be sold, as a matter of economy.
Slaves, however, could be extraordinarily expensive, and the Roman household slave certainly had a different fate. The price for a male slave in Rome at the time of Augustus has been quoted at 500 denarii. A female could go for as much as 6,000 denarii. One recorded price in Pompeii at 79 AD indicates that a slave sold for 2,500 sestertii or 625 denarii. The expense of slaves made it lucrative for the smart Roman to treat them well and keep them healthy. Even in the case of gladiators, which is often misrepresented historically to show a non stop flow of blood and Roman decadence, it was considered a horrible disaster to lose a Gladiator to death or career ending injury. These slaves were worth their weight in gold, and while still kept closely guarded, they could also be afforded the greatest of luxuries when appropriate. Great fame and fortune could not only come to the owner, but the gladiators as well, and the best of the best were treated as such. Some Romans would even sell themselves into slavery, including the arena, in order to pay off tremendous debts or in an effort to become famous.
There were a number of Roman laws regarding slavery, and these too, changed over time. In the Republican period, as already suggested, slaves had no rights and were always subject to the whims of their owners. They did have some legal standing, however. They were allowed to act as witnesses in trials, and could gain freedom either through their owner's gratitude after loyal service or by buying it through the meager earnings they might collect over a lifetime of service. For example, owners in the Republic had the right to kill or mutilate slaves at a whim, but later imperial laws took this right away, though in practice this law could be largely ignored.
As the empire changed, and social conditions along with it, the spread of slavery slowed and eventually was transformed. The Christian church and its policies regarding bondage helped alter the conditional mindset of the populace, despite the fact that it and its priest often owned slaves as well. More importantly perhaps than the religious notions, however, were the economic and even military conditions of the time. As Roman military objectives were altered from one of conquest to border defense, the continual mass influx of new slave labor ceased. The cost to purchase slaves along with a completely destablized economy made employment of the free masses at cheap wages a far more attractive alternative. The shift from central Roman Imperial power to local lords, kings and feudalism brought about a new condition of serf or peasant labor where the masses were not necessarily owned slaves but were tied directly to the land owned by these local lords. While in theory this evolution from ancient slavery to middle age European serfdom may have been more attractive, the conditions of the time and the drastically limited personal opportunities may have been far worse, or at least no better than the ancient Roman form of slavery.
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The the given fraction cannot have the denominator zero.
Nor can it have the expression inside the square root to be negative.
Thus, we conclude that,
Which is a circle of radius 2, but all the points are strictly OUTSIDE the circle.
This is tricker.
Let use write,
We need to find all possible z, such that the equation above has at least one solution (x,y) in the domain.
Add 1 to both sides,
If z=-1 then we have zero on left and and expression which cannot be zero on right. Thus, z not = -1.
Since z not = -1 that means z+1 is non-zero. And we can take reciprocals of both sides.
Multiply both sides by 2,
To have a solution we need that the expression on the left to be positive (because square roots are always positive).
Thus we require that,
2/(z+1)>0 solve inequality z>-1.
Now square both sides,
Add 4 to both sides,
4/(z+1)+4 = x^2+y^2
Now here is the important part.
So far we have shown that z>-1 is the necessary condition for solutions to exists. But is that enought.
Meaning does the equation above solution in x,y?
Well, you might say, just make x=0 and solve for y.
But it is not so simple, because the domain is x^2+y^2>4.
Thus, we are asking can we solve for x,y such that x^2+y^2>4.
Yes, we can!
Because the left hand term is,
4/(z+1)+4>4 because 4/(z+1)>0.
Thus, z>-1 is the range.
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Ash Wednesday marks the beginning of Lent, the forty days leading up to Easter, not counting Sundays, which are considered “mini-Easters.” Lent is a time of introspection, to consider anew our need of a Savior and Jesus’ call to repent and turn to him. Many people spend the forty days denying self—fasting—from something they enjoy; in order to remind themselves that Jesus denied himself and calls his people to do the same and take up their crosses and follow him.
Jesus knows we are incapable of saving ourselves, which is why he came to earth—the Word became flesh and lived among us…but to all who receive him, to those who believe in his name, he gives the right to become children of God.
Jesus sacrificed his life for ours—he is our substitute death!
The ashes of our repentance can be exchanged for the beauty of pardon and new life in his resurrection, oh the joy of Easter!
“The Spirit of the Sovereign Lord is on me…to bestow on them a crown of beauty instead of ashes, the oil of gladness instead of mourning, and a garment of praise instead of a spirit of despair...” Isaiah 61:1-3
Copyright 2011 - S.A. Keith
*Today, the ashes are usually from burnt palm
branches from Palm Sunday of the previous year.
If this devotional encouraged you,
please support the website. Click
here to learn how.
Send your Lenten devotional to email@example.com.
If we publish it, you'll have the option to post your name, email and
website, if you so choose.
Check out our Bible
Curriculum for kids.
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By Steve Hunka
In 1968 the first Canadian computer instructional system, developed by the IBM Company, was installed at The University of Alberta. A computer instructional system is basically a digital computing system which is specifically designed for use in the direct teaching of students, and as such, is relatively new to the computer field. Studying instructional computing systems becomes important to Alberta when it is possible today to communicate with computers at great distances through voice-grade telephone lines. Such communication systems when placed at the disposal of an instructional computing system make it possible to provide instruction to remote rural areas of the province. This is technically possible today using the Alberta Government Telephone system. Such remote facilities are already being provided to four Edmonton schools including an elementary school through a research project of the Division. The delivery of education to rural areas of other parts of Canada becomes even more feasible with the development of satellite communication and a possible Trans-Canada Computer Network.
The demands placed upon a computer when it is used for instruction are not minor. The computing system must be able to operate sufficiently fast to give each student the feeling that the system has his undivided attention. The computer system must be able to present pictures, such as x-rays, electrocardiograms, statistical charts, tables, and graphs, in color or black and white. The same system must be able to permit the very young child as well as the sophisticated adult to communicate with it; for example, a very young child cannot use the typewriter keyboard but has the capacity to point at an object or drawing. Similarly, the young child may not be able to read, and thus requires a voice to give him directions: a more sophisticated adult might wish to hear a recording of the sound of a defective heart. Thus, an audio system is required for the computer.
The computing system operated by the Division of Educational Research Services is an IBM 1500 system which has all the devices necessary to teach very young students as well as mature adults. This computer has connected to it nineteen learning stations. Or computer terminals. Sixteen of the learning stations contain an image projector capable of showing any one of a thousand pictures in black and white or color, a television screen on which textual material or drawings may be placed (A Hebrew or Russian character set is no problem since an author can design and hold within the computer the characters he requires for his course.) The same station has a keyboard for student responses, or the student may use a special light pencil to point to the television screen Finally, each terminal contains an audio play-record unit which can play prerecorded messages to the students or record the student's own answers for later analysis by the instructor.
Supporting the student learning stations is one small computer which was initially designed to help solve engineering problems in small consulting offices. This little computer has a fast access memory of only 32,000 words. To this has been added 5 million words of slow speed memory for the storage of special instructions and course material. The computer can also store information about the progress of each student each time the student makes a response to the computer. This information is stored on magnetic tape for later analysis on the University's larger IBM 360 67 computer. It is from this information that authors of courses improve their work.
The secret of the effective use of a computer for instructional purposes rests on the degree to which the author of a course can provide each student with individualized instruction at his own learning speed. A good classroom teacher, or a good university instructor can usually carry over to the computer lesson the necessary qualities. However, neither can decide the night before, or even a week before, what and how they will teach. A considerable amount of planning is required before the computer lesson can be started. What skills do the students have prior to taking the lesson? What subject matter have the students covered to this point? How should the subject matter be sequenced for the fast, the average, and the slow student? Exactly how should the subject matter be presented? What should be done if the student does not get the concept mastered the first or second time? All these questions must be taken into account by an author who wishes to prepare a course for teaching by the computer. To a very large extent these are exactly the same questions a good teacher or instructor operating in a classroom will ask himself.
The most outstanding application of the instructional computer during the last few months has been made by R. E. Rossall, Professor of Medicine. With the assistance of a grant from the Canadian Heart Foundation. Dr. Rossall now has all his second year medical students taking their instruction in cardiology from the computer. The cardiology course takes at most about twenty-four hours to complete, and some students are capable of completing it in half this time. The course is designed to introduce the student to the physical and hemodynamic characteristics of the heart as well as to the various heart sounds. Thus, the computer presents to each student on an individualized schedule, heart sounds, x-rays, electrocardiographs, and technical charts and graphs all in the context of an instructional environment. Intial results indicate that the students are well pleased with the method of instruction, citing the fact that each can work at his own speed and review the material and heart sounds as often as he wishes. The examination is also taken from the computer and includes diagnosis of a simulated heart patient. Other projects during the year have involved research into use of the computer for teaching young children to read. In co-operation with a local kindergarten, children as young as four years old have been taking instruction in associating words with pictures. In most instances, young children adapt to the use of the computer terminal faster than adults. Unofficial projects are sometimes created when students from local schools find out that they can enrol in a course given by the computer without having university prerequisites. Recently it was discovered that about a dozen students in grade ten from a local high school were taking a course normally offered to undergraduate students in the computer language called APL ("A Programming Language," a powerful but simple language developed by K. Iverson, originally of Camrose, Alberta).
The use of technology does not always wait for research to give direction. In order that some directions be given to the effective and wise use of the instructional computer, Donald Fitzgerald, Professor of Educational Psychology and a member of the Division, is now assembling the basis for a learning laboratory which can be used in conjunction with the instructional computer. The basis of the laboratory will be a special oculometer controlled by a mini-computer which will permit the study of the student's eye movements as he watches his lessons on the television screen. It will also be possible actually to control the material on the television screen depending upon where the student is looking.
Much of the work in this area has been supported by outside funds. In particular, research has been supported by International Business Machines of Canada, the Donner Canadian Foundation, as well as by the Alberta Human Resources Research Council. Since the National Research Council has entered the field the Division hopes that grants from this agency will also be available to it for its work.
Published Autumn 1971.
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The World Maritime Day theme for 2016 is "Shipping: indispensable to the world".
The theme was chosen to focus on the critical link between shipping and global society and to raise awareness of the relevance of the role of IMO as the global regulatory body for international shipping. The importance of shipping to support and sustain today's global society gives IMO's work a significance that reaches far beyond the industry itself.
According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), around 80 per cent of global trade by volume and over 70 per cent of global trade by value are carried by sea and are handled by ports worldwide. These shares are even higher in the case of most developing countries. Without shipping the import and export of goods on the scale necessary to sustain the modern world would not be possible.
Seaborne trade continues to expand, bringing benefits for consumers across the world through competitive freight costs.
There are more than 50,000 merchant ships trading internationally, transporting every kind of cargo. The world fleet is registered in over 150 nations and manned by more than a million seafarers of virtually every nationality.
Over the past 50 years and more, IMO has developed and adopted a comprehensive framework of global regulations covering maritime safety, environmental protection, legal matters and other areas. Under this regulatory framework, shipping has become progressively safer, more efficient and more environment-friendly.
World Maritime Day celebrations
World Maritime Day will be celebrated at IMO Headquarters on 29 September 2016, but other events and activities focusing on the theme will be held throughout the year.
Parallel Event 2016
The World Maritime Day Parallel Event will be held in Turkey in November 2016.
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the crust forms mountains?
(...See? It's official - crumpling the crust forms mountains....)
|"Colliding continents are
similar to colliding cars. If two cars run into each other, they crumple
where they meet. The same thing happens with continents; the crumples are
"..What keeps building mountains
is not obvious ?...> but most mountains are pushed upward, their rock beds
wrinkled like bedsheets or tilted like stacks of newspapers. The
plates bump each other's edges in a slow-motion Demolition Derby, and that's
where mountain ranges get their start. ?.....> "Mountain belts
are typically formed by plate tectonic activity, specifically continental
collision." (From - Andrew Alden, 'Arm-wavers of the centuries
- landforms and features', http://geology.about.com/od/structureslandforms/a/mountainproblem.htm
Understanding plate motions [This Dynamic Earth, USGS]
"..The Himalayan mountain range dramatically demonstrates one of the most visible and spectacular consequences of plate tectonics. When two continents meet head-on, neither is subducted because the continental rocks are relatively light and, like two colliding icebergs, resist downward motion. Instead, the crust tends to buckle and be pushed upward or sideways. The collision of India into Asia 50 million years ago caused the Eurasian Plate to crumple up and override the Indian Plate."
"..Sometimes, when there
is a convergent boundary between two continental plates, subduction cannot
occur. Since continental crust is more bouyant, or less dense, than oceanic
crust, one plate does not easily override the other. Instead, the plates
crumple as they plow into one another, and a very high mountain range
is created. This is a special type of convergent boundary called a collisional
boundary. The Himalayas in India are the result of two continental plates
(the Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates) colliding head on."
"Where plates serving landmasses
collide, the crust crumples and buckles into mountain ranges. India
and Asia crashed about 55 million years ago, slowly giving rise to the
Himalaya, the highest mountain system on Earth. As the mash-up continues,
the mountains get higher. Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth, may
be a tiny bit taller tomorrow than it is today."
"...When two land masses
meet, on the other hand, neither will slide under the other. Instead, the
two crush together at what is known as a collisional boundary. They
crumple and fold. Some pieces of land are thrust over or under other
pieces. The result is a mountain range."
"When an ocean closes and
one continent meets another continent along a convergent margin, they
collide and crumple up, forming huge mountain ranges like the Himalayas;
this is called a collision zone (Fig. 4.14D)."
"...Fold mountains are formed
when two plates move together (a compressional plate margin). This can
be where two continental plates move towards each other or a continental
and an oceanic plate. The movement of the two plates forces sedimentary
rocks upwards into a series of folds. Fold mountains are usually formed
from sedimentary rocks and are usually found along the edges continents.
This is because the thickest deposits of sedimentary rock generally accumulate
along the edges of continents. When plates and the continents riding on
them collide, the accumulated layers of rock crumple and fold like a
tablecloth that is pushed across a table. "
"...Fold mountains are formed
from the collision of continental tectonic plates. Since neither plate
subducts under the other, the colliding plates wrinkle and fold like
a rug being pushed into a wall."
"...While new ocean crust
is constantly being created at mid-ocean ridges, old crust must either
be destroyed or reduced simultaneously. Otherwise the planet would be continually
expanding and increasing in volume. The plates, therefore, emerging along
mid-ocean ridges, sliding over the athenosphere, and grinding past other
plates along transform faults, are almost all headed on a collision course.
When two continents carried on opposing plates ram into each other,
they crumple and fold under the enormous pressure, creating great mountain
"..Fold moutains are actually
formed by crust which have been uplifted and folded by compressional forces.
This occurs along convergent plate boundaries where 2 plates move towards
each other, between continental plates or between an oceanic and a continental
plate. The crust and the
rocks get bent and crumpled, and massive layers
of Earth's crust gets uplifted as a result, forming spectacular fold mountains.
"...Where two continental
plates collide, the effect is for the plates to crumple and compress,
creating extensive mountain ranges, such as is occurring at the Indian
and Eurasian plate-boundary with the Himalaya."
"...So when two continents
come together (or collide) they tend to crumple up, generating mountains.
Arabia is currently converging with Eurasia, generating mountain ranges
(e.g. the Zagros of southern Iran)."
"..The mountain belts are
typically formed due to plate tectonic activity. When the plates collide
they crumple and stick together or are sutured together. The process
that produces the mountain building is called orogenesis, which include;
Folding (anticlines ? synclines), thrust faulting, metamorphism, and igneous
activity. The Appalachian, Andes, Apls, Ural, Himalya, Rocky, and Cascade
Mountains are great examples of the mountain belt formation."
"...If the plates collide
and neither plate can subduct under the other,
the crust material will
just "crumple," pushing up mountains. This process does not produce
volcanoes. This kind of boundary can develop later into a subduction zone."
"...When two continents carried
on converging plates ram into each other,
they crumple and fold under
the enormous pressure, creating great mountain ranges. The highest
mountain range in the world, the snow-capped Himalayas, is an example of
a continent-to-continent collision. This immense mountain range began to
form when two large landmasses, India and Eurasia, driven by tectonic plate
movement, collided. Because both landmasses have about the same rock density,
one plate could not be subducted under the other. The pressure of the colliding
plates could only be relieved by thrusting skyward. The folding, bending,
and twisting of the the collision zone formed the jagged Himalayan peaks.
This string of towering peaks is still being thrust up as India, embedded
in the Indo-Australian Plate, continues to crunch relentlessly into Tibet,
on the southern edge of the Eurasian Plate."
"...In the period 1908-12,
theories of continental drift were proposed by the German geologist and
meteorologist Alfred Lothar Wegener and others, who recognized that continental
plates rupture, drift apart, and eventually collide with each other. Such
collisions crumple geosynclinal sediments, thus creating future mountain
"..Fold Mountain: Again,
the name tells a lot. As one would take an article of clothing and fold
it, so has the earth taken pieces of itself, and through time has, with
great force, pushed pieces of earth upward and folded them over onto themselves.
Example of Fold Mountains includes the Appalachian Mountains."
"..Optional - One of the
questions that might be asked is if the continents are now moving apart,
could they also have moved together. The answer is yes. This phenomenon
is called continental collision. Colliding continents are similar to colliding
cars. If two cars run into each other, they crumple where they meet. The
same thing happens with continents; the crumples are called mountains.
If your students are advanced enough, when you are locating and naming
the continents, have them mark in the Alps, Himalayan Mountains and the
Ural Mountains, or use figure 3 as your base map."
There isn't much can be added to this mythological inanity beyond observing the tremendous memic appeal enjoyed by kindergarten 'rumplecrust tectonics' when it comes to so-called 'building' of mountains, and to argue its manifest error when it comes to the global-scale reality of the Earth. Mountains are erosional, and develop from the plateau surface that predates them (to*platstrat)and which to some degree is usually still in evidence. They are not upthrust by any folding. Those folds predate the erosion surface, and form (usually) fairly deep in the Earth's crust by subsidence. Mountains develop from erosion of plateaus, not from the folding that may be exposed in/ on them. Given the views from space (which incidentally postdate the urban myth, but were already known by travellers more than a hundred years ago) what could be more obvious? Mountain 'building' is a destructive process, not a constructive one.
Even in Plate Tectonics, the principle driving forces are regarded as vertical - up at spreading ridges, down at subduction zones - with both of them associated with the biggest 'up-structure' on the planet - namely the mantle breaking through the continental crust. Why transmute this vertical driving force of an extruding mantle bubble into a horizontal force, when it already (as vertical) has the capacity to form what we see - gravitational collapse? The true growth of ocean floors towards the ridge is clear from the structural relations at the ridges, meaning that the mantle adjacent to the continental margins is inactive, fossilized, defunct. Transform faults tell us the spreading ridges and subduction zones were once juxtaposed. The oceanic crust is not going down the subduction zone. It is the continental lithosphere that is overriding the oceanic crust (/lithosphere). As in fact Plate Tectonics advertises. Plate Tectonics readily uses this terminology and the process-dynamic overriding to describe the tectonics of continental margins, but deliberately maintains the myth of the mantle being driven under the continents, and disingenuously represents the two as the same, which they are not.
It is the effect of gravitational correction of the continental lithosphere to the enlarging surface of the Earth we are seeing, the adjustment of the early Pangaean Earth curvature to a lessening curvature, and the sliding of the lithosphere out over the mantle, that is the cause of the Fiery Ring of the Pacific, ..not any 'subduction' shoved from half a world away. It is all happening, ..right there, .. in place, .. by gravity, ..gravitational correction of the continental lithosphere on an expanding Earth.
Folding reflects crustal collapse, often in the highest metamorphic regimes of the crust, i.e., deep down, and SINKING .. not high up, tossed on mountains tops, and rising. Once stratigraphic sequence emerges from the sea floor it gets rubbed down - Flat. It's done all its folding before it even gets dry, much less uplifted to the highest reaches of the planet.
Mountains don't get 'built' deep down in the crust. They get formed by erosion once the water recedes, and the higher they get, the more erosion makes them pointy and steep (like mountains).
The really big question here is why such a nonsensical myth as "fold mountains" gets perpetuated.
Got a question?
Ask a Guru.
..Or have your say..
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Clues to the Thirty Years' War: Mass Grave Begins Revealing Soldiers' Secrets
It was one of the bloodiest battles of the Thirty Years' War, but until recently there was no trace of those who died there. Now a mass grave is shedding light on the mysteries of the Battle of Lützen. Were those who fought hungry young men or well-fed veterans? And where did they come from?
The morning of November 16, 1632 was foggy, so the mass killing could only begin after some delay. It wasn't until midday that the mist cleared, finally allowing the Protestant army of Sweden's King Gustav II Adolf to attack the Roman Catholic Habsburg imperial army led by Albrecht von Wallenstein. The slaughter lasted for hours in the field at the Saxon town of Lützen.
"In this battle the only rule that applied was, 'him or me,'" says Maik Reichel. "It was better to stab your opponent one extra time just to ensure there was no chance of him standing up again." The historian und former German parliamentarian for the center-left Social Democratic Party (SPD) is standing at the edge of a field on the outskirts of Lützen. After the battles here, the ground was soaked with blood. "About 20,000 men fought on each side and between 6,000 and 9,000 were killed," estimates Reichel, who heads the museum in the city castle.
When the soldiers in the religious war clashed on the outskirts of Lützen, the road from there to Leipzig was not yet called "B 87," but "Via Regia." The Red Cross nursing home and nearby supermarket that now stand on the battle site also didn't exist back then. But the past is present here when one goes looking for it. So far archaeologists have examined about one- third of the former battlefield, in total 1.1 million square meters (11.8 million square feet). Theoretically, only another one-third could still be examined. The rest has been covered by the nursing home, supermarket and small garden allotments.
Still, archaeologists have managed to recover thousands of objects from the battle. The top find was just recently discovered: a mass grave where victims of the brutal struggle were buried. It is likely one of dozens, perhaps hundreds, of similar graves. Systematic excavations helped researchers locate the dead soldiers, and recovery efforts between the street and blooming rapeseed plants have left the ground bare.
The Human Dimensions of War
The bloody battle at Lützen isn't known for its military significance. There was actually no clear winner. Instead it's famous for the death of Sweden's King Gustav II Adolf, also commonly known as Gustavus Adolphus. But the dead piled up all the same. Archaeologists are especially interested in the up to 175 unlucky soldiers buried in this mass grave. Because their work is better accomplished in a laboratory rather than a field, a complete chunk of soil was unearthed and transported to the city of Halle with the help of cranes and flatbed trucks. The 55-ton hunk of earth, split into two pieces for logistical reasons, is laced with bones that are now being analyzed in the laboratory of the Saxony-Anhalt State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology. A wooden casing ensures that the discovery doesn't crumble.
Not much is known about the battle's dead. Mercenaries from Scotland, England and Croatia fought next to Germans, Austrians and Swedes. They died from wounds inflicted by muskets, pistols, swords, knives and halberds, which are pole weapons with axe blades mounted on top. But who were these fighters? Were they spring chickens or old warhorses? Were they well-fed or emaciated? And where did they come from?
These are questions that will be answered by the analysis in Halle, about a 45-minute drive from Lützen. Visitors to this bright, lofty laboratory can get some idea of the human dimensions of the battle by climbing a ladder onto the frame encasing the two soil blocks.
Heiko Heilmann is already up there, scraping soil away from a bone with a wooden spatula. In his hands the dirt gives way to reveal the remarkably well-preserved skeleton of a former fighter. The excavation technician has already uncovered 20 bodies from the first of the two blocks.
He starts the job by moistening the soil with a spray bottle. Then he carefully digs out the bones. The sight of the arms, legs, shoulders, pelvises and skulls is hard to take in. Loose bones are collected in aluminum trays. Little labels give the deceased provisional names such as "I1," "I2," I3," with the "I" standing for individual.
Buried Almost Naked
A few facts have already come to light. For example, the corpses were buried almost naked, presumably after being plundered. They were, at least, carefully laid to rest. The bodies were gathered from the battlefield and placed in a grave next to the street, arranged in two rows with their legs facing each other.
Several layers of dead probably lie within these two blocks, although researchers have only uncovered the first. The burials were not taken care of by the surviving soldiers, who were already on their way to the next battle. Instead the good citizens of Lützen had to take on the unpleasant job. They asked 200 soldiers in the neighboring garrison of Weissenfels for extra support.
The discovery at Lützen, being prepared by Heilmann with dental tools and brushes, is not unique, though. Researchers know of more mass graves in Germany from the Thirty Years' War. They have been found during the construction of a house in Höchstadt in central Franconia in 1985, excavated by a gravel dredge in Wittstock in Brandenburg in 2007 and exposed by pipeline engineers in Alerheim in southwest Germany in 2008. The grave at Wittstock has recently been put on display at the State Archaeological Museum in Brandenburg an der Havel.
But the grave at Lützen is an especially systematic and successful investigation, and its scientific results promise to be comprehensive, even though the work is still in its infancy. The skull of "I9", for example, shows clear traces of a blow. A lead bullet is lodged in the pelvis of "I2" from a shot to the buttocks. A strontium isotope analysis will uncover whether it was a Saxon, Swede or Scotsman that had to suffer that particular misfortune.
The analysis will likely be conducted by researchers from the Bristol University. The British specialists have already helped their German colleagues when the tomb of medieval Queen Edith was opened in Magdeburg in 2009. The procedure works like this: People in differing regions of the world are exposed to characteristic chemical forms of the metal strontium. Because the different isotopes of the element are integrated into the human body, they leave telltale signatures. With a little luck scientists can examine the bones to reconstruct where soldiers traveled in the years before their death. Teeth reveal information about their childhoods.
Anthropologists, chemists, historians, soil and weapons experts will conduct a joint analysis in the coming months. "We always work with other disciplines. Old school archaeology is out," says Alfred Reichenberger, spokesman for the Saxony-Anhalt State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology. The work will take a long time, that much is clear. But at some point there might be a visitor's center at the edge of the former battlefield, says Reichel, head of the Lützen museum.
The center will report on the horrors of the war and serve as a warning for today's generation. Because, as Reichel adds: "History doesn't repeat itself. But it has its habits."
© SPIEGEL ONLINE 2012
All Rights Reserved
Reproduction only allowed with the permission of SPIEGELnet GmbH
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A forensic analysis of the disaster
In the aftermath of the downing of a Malaysia Airlines jet, it has been widely assumed that death—or at least unconsciousness—came quickly for the 298 people aboard when the Boeing 777 came apart in the oxygen-thin, cold air at 33,000 feet. But some medical and aviation experts who spoke to TIME are questioning this assumption.
As photos from the MH17 debris field near Gravobo, Ukraine, have shown, many of the victims’ bodies appeared completely intact after falling from a great altitude. TIME asked experts to review photographs from the scene and found a minority view: some victims may have survived the aircraft’s disintegration and even experienced consciousness during the fall to Earth. The images were taken by French photographer Jerome Sessini, who was among the first at the crash site, and they focused on plane debris and victims’ bodies. (Some of Sessini’s work was recently published by TIME, but the photos reviewed by the experts also included images of human remains considered inappropriate for publication.)
The intact bodies are not out of the ordinary, according to Dr. Michael Baden, the former chief medical examiner of New York City and chief forensic pathologist for the New York State Police. Baden has investigated high-profile plane disasters like the TWA 800 crash in 1996 and the 2010 crash of a Polish government jet near Smolensk, Russia, that killed Polish President Lech Kaczynski. As Baden explained, objects falling through the air reach what is called terminal velocity, an upper limit on speed dictated by such variables as air density and the falling object’s surface area—but not the height from which it is dropped. For a human body, terminal velocity is about 120 mph (193 k/h). Impact at that speed inflicts devastating internal injuries, but the skin tends to remain intact.
Baden says that many of the victims did exhibit minor burns and shrapnel wounds, most of which appeared non-lethal. He says this suggests that some of the passengers could have been alive and even conscious during their descent.
“The cause of death in the great majority of these people would have been impact with the ground,” he said. Unless they were affected by the initial explosions or shrapnel, and absent some pre-existing condition like lung or heart disease, they would have remained alive and even been conscious at some point during the approximately 3-to-4-minute fall.
“Even if there’s no oxygen, you’d catch your breath in four minutes,” he said. “You might have some brain damage, but you’d be alive, and you could be conscious,” he said. Autopsies, at least when there is such extensive damage to the head and brain, cannot allow doctors to pinpoint when exactly consciousness was lost, so it might never be possible to know for sure if Baden is right.
The deceleration that occurred as a result of the attack—which could have been the equivalent of driving into a wall at 500 mph—might have been less sudden than has been assumed. The Russian-made SA-11 suspected to have been used in the attack is designed not to strike the aircraft directly, but to explode before impact, instead releasing a cloud of shrapnel.
“The deceleration itself wouldn’t be rapid, it would almost be like someone pulling back on the throttles perhaps,” says Robert Benzon, a former Air Force pilot and veteran accident investigator for the National Transportation Safety Board, now retired. Benzon speculated based on the nature of the missile that the decompression may have been somewhat gradual, and could have been survivable in the short term. “In my estimation what you’d have is a lot of small holes in the airplane,” he says, “so the decompression itself would be pretty slow.”
Several bodies were found still strapped into their seats. Robert Goyer, who is editor-in-chief of Flying magazine, said that airliner seats are designed to withstand tremendous G-forces, sometimes more than a human body can sustain. Even when the seat itself is torn from the surrounding structure of the plane, people are likely to remain belted in. He cited Juliane Koepcke, who in 1971 survived a two-mile fall into the Amazon rainforest, strapped to her seat all the while.
Photographs indicate that those who did stay in their seats tended to retain all of their clothing, but other passengers were found in states of undress. While Goyer said that it was common to see bodies stripped of clothes after falling a long distance through the air, Baden suspected other causes.
“You can lose a shirt or a headband or maybe even a jacket, but not pants and underwear and shoes and socks. It would seem to me, given the situation, that looters came,” he said. As further evidence, he noted indications in the photos that some of the bodies appeared to have been moved around, based on lividity—the dark discoloration of the skin that occurs in the lowest parts of the body, as blood settles due to gravity. (When this discolored skin is seen facing up, it suggests that a part of the body previously low to the ground was shifted from that position.) Baden also observed that none of the bodies pictured appeared to be wearing watches or jewelry.
The investigation into the tragedy was initially hindered by strife in the region, with some reports suggesting that rebels have threatened investigators, tampered with the plane debris, and moved bodies around. The Dutch government has since succeeded in negotiating the release of some of the passengers’ remains, which were kept on refrigerated train cars and eventually flown back to the Netherlands for a more thorough forensic examination.
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1 (also swallowtail butterfly) A large brightly colored butterfly with taillike projections (suggestive of a swallow’s tail) on the hind wings.
- Family Papilionidae: many genera and species, including the pipevine swallowtail (Battus philenor) of southern North America and the eastern tiger swallowtail (Papilio glaucus) of eastern North America.
Oraciones de ejemplo
- Citrus attracts the swallowtail butterfly, and the larvae resemble bird droppings, but you will want to leave the young alone for the sake of future butterflies.
- Dill and fennel are good plants for the caterpillars of the black swallowtail butterfly.
- After mating, the male tiger swallowtail butterfly deposits a small ‘mating plug’ inside the female to try to prevent her from mating again.
2 [usually as modifier] A deeply forked tail; a thing resembling such a tail in shape: swallowtail suits
Más ejemplos en oraciones
- I am not going back as far as the days of the corduroy and the swallow-tailed coat but what I remember myself.
- Two military knights, in uniforms of scarlet swallowtail coats with black arm bands, stood in solemn vigil, guarding the Princess's coffin.
- They all look slightly ridiculous in their epaulets and tin pot hats and braided swallowtail coats.
- Oraciones de ejemplo
- The ones I missed right off the bat were the swallow-tailed butterflies (the big yellow and black ones that used to be everywhere), the long-tailed hummingbird and Lignum Vitae trees.
- Higher still, trapeze performers dive and fall: swallow-tailed kite, painted bunting, Cooper's hawk.
- There were gopher tortoises here and above us swallow-tailed kites.
For editors and proofreaders
División en sílabas: swal·low·tail
Definición de swallowtail en:
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Muy popular en Reino Unido
Muy popular en Australia
= de moda
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Other available languages: none
Brussels, 15 February 2007
What is the problem?
Climate change is happening. There is an overwhelming consensus among the world’s leading climate scientists that global warming is being caused mainly by carbon dioxide and other 'greenhouse gases' emitted by human activities, chiefly the combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation. These gases remain in the atmosphere for many decades and trap heat from the sun in the same way as the glass of a greenhouse.
The latest science report from the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), published on 2 February 2007, represents the most authoritative and up-to-date global scientific consensus on climate change. It finds that the warming of the global climate system is "unequivocal" and accelerating. The global average temperature has risen by 0.76°C over the past 100 years, with Europe warming faster than the average, by around 1°C. The 15 hottest years on record have all occurred during the last 20 years, 11 of them since 1995. The second half of the 20th century was the warmest period in the northern hemisphere for at least 1,300 years. The rate of sea level rise has almost doubled from 18 cm per century between 1961 and 2003 to 31 cm per century in 1993-2003.
The report points to a greater than 90% probability that increases in man-made emissions of greenhouse gases have caused most of the temperature increase seen since the middle of the 20th century. The current atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane, another greenhouse gas, are the highest for at least 650,000 years.
The IPCC working group projects that temperatures and sea levels will rise further this century. The global average temperature is projected to increase by between 1.1 and 6.4°C. Its best estimate, assuming no further action is taken to reduce emissions, is a temperature rise of between 1.8 and 4.0°C and a further rise in sea level of between 18 and 59 mm. However, the projections of sea level rise may be underestimated as they do not include the full effects of changes in ice flows.
What impacts is climate change expected to have?
The warming of the global climate system is already evident in the increases in average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising sea levels. The impacts of climate change are expected to become progressively severe as temperatures rise. There is strong scientific evidence that the risks of irreversible and possibly catastrophic changes would greatly increase if global warming exceeded 2°C above the pre-industrial temperature. The EU's position is therefore that the objective of global action must be to keep the temperature rise within this 2°C limit.
The impacts of climate change are generally forecast to include the following:
What about impacts in Europe?
According to the new IPCC projections, the temperature in Europe may climb by a further 4 - 7 °C this century as emissions of greenhouse gases continue building up.
A 2004 report by the European Environment Agency identified a broad range of current and future impacts of climate change in Europe, including the following:
What are the expected costs of climate change, and of action to control it?
The economic costs of climate change and the economic advantages of taking strong and early further action to control it have been highlighted by the Stern Review of the economics of climate change, commissioned by the UK government and published in October 2006.
The Review has further underlined that the benefits of prompt action to reduce emissions far outweigh the costs, and that the earlier action is taken the less costly it will be. The report estimates that without further action to limit emissions, the damage caused by climate change would eventually reduce global GDP by between 5% and 20% a year.
Unabated climate change could create risks of major disruption to economic and social activity, later this century or early next, on a scale similar to the upheavals caused by the two world wars and the 1930s economic depression, it warns. By contrast, taking early action to stabilise greenhouse gas concentrations at a level that prevents climate change from reaching dangerous proportions would cost around 1% of GDP.
What international agreements are in place to fight climate change?
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Kyoto Protocol provide the international framework for combating climate change.
The UNFCCC, the first international measure to address climate change, was adopted in May 1992 and came into force in March 1994. So far 189 governments - almost all the world’s governments - have ratified it.
The Convention's goal is to stabilise greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that prevents dangerous human interference with the climate system. It obliges Parties to establish national programmes for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and to submit regular reports.
It also encouraged industrialised countries to stabilise their greenhouse gas emissions at 1990 levels by the year 2000. The EU comfortably met this target.
The UNFCCC is based on the principle of ‘common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities’. This recognises that while all countries have in interest in controlling climate change, the developed world is responsible for most of the historical build-up of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and should therefore lead in reducing emissions.
Parties to the UNFCCC meet annually to review progress and discuss further measures. A number of global monitoring and reporting mechanisms are in place to keep track of greenhouse gas emissions.
In December 1997, in the Japanese city of Kyoto, governments took a further step by adopting a protocol to the UNFCCC - the Kyoto Protocol.
Building on the UNFCCC framework, the Protocol sets legally binding limits on greenhouse gas emissions from originally 38 industrialised countries and the European Community (the EU-15). It also introduces innovative market-based implementation mechanisms - the so-called Kyoto flexible mechanisms - aimed at reducing the cost of curbing emissions.
Under the Protocol, industrialised countries are required to limit or reduce their emissions of six greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), the most important and common gas, methane, nitrous oxide, and the industrial gases hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride. The overall reduction required amounts to a cut of around 5% below the level in the chosen base year (often 1990), and is to be achieved during the first Kyoto Protocol “commitment period” from 2008 to 2012. A five-year commitment period was chosen rather than a single target year to smooth out annual fluctuations in emissions due to uncontrollable factors such as weather. There are no emission targets for developing countries.
The EU-15 (the 15 countries that were Members of the EU at the time of ratification of the Protocol in 2002) took on a commitment to reduce their combined greenhouse gases emissions to 8% below base year levels (1990 in most cases). Under the EU Decision to ratify the Protocol, this collective target has been translated into differentiated, legally-binding national targets for each EU-15 Member State, ranging from a reduction of 28% by Luxembourg to an increase of 27% for Portugal. Of the 12 Member States that have acceded since 2004, 10 have individual reduction commitments of 6 or 8% under the Protocol. Only Cyprus and Malta do not have Kyoto targets.
The Kyoto Protocol entered into force on 16 February 2005. So far 168 countries and the European Community have ratified it. Two developed countries that originally signed the treaty have not ratified: the US has rejected the Protocol, whereas Australia has decided not to ratify it. This means the Kyoto emission targets now apply to 36 developed countries plus the European Community (EU-15).
What are the Kyoto flexible mechanisms?
The Kyoto Protocol creates three market-based mechanisms, known as the Kyoto flexible mechanisms: emissions trading between governments with Kyoto targets, the Clean Development Mechanism and Joint Implementation.
The aim of these mechanisms is to allow industrialised countries to meet their targets cost-effectively while stimulating investment in, and the transfer of clean technology to, emissions-saving projects in developing countries and economies in transition. The rationale is that emission reductions have the same impact on the atmosphere regardless of where they are made, so it is sensible to make them wherever it costs least. Detailed rules and supervisory structures have been set up to ensure that these mechanisms are not abused.
Emissions trading can take place between countries with Kyoto targets, ie industrialised nations. Reflecting the emission targets agreed in Kyoto and under the EU ‘burden sharing’ agreement, each country will be assigned a fixed maximum amount of emissions that it may emit over the commitment period (2008-2012). Countries that emit less can sell the unused quota to others that emit more. This will allow reductions to take place where they are cheapest, reducing compliance costs.
Inspired by this model, the EU has developed and implemented its own company-level emissions trading scheme. This ‘cap and trade’ system, launched on 1 January 2005, covers all 27 EU Member States and is the first and biggest international emissions trading scheme in the world. It has developed rapidly and is now driving the fast-expanding global carbon market.
Under the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS), Member States set a national ‘cap’ on CO2 emissions from over 10,000 energy-intensive plants (power plants, steel factories, oil refineries, paper mills, and glass and cement installations). Together these installations account for almost half of the EU's CO2 emissions. Within the limits of their national cap, governments issue allowances to each installation to emit a certain level of CO2 each year. These allowances are tradable.
Companies that emit less than the number of allowances they receive can sell the surplus to companies that have problems staying within their limits, or for which emissions reduction measures are more expensive than buying allowances on the market. Any company may also increase its emissions above the level of its allowances by acquiring more allowances from the market.
By putting a price on emissions and a value on emissions saved, the scheme has made climate change a boardroom issue for the companies involved and given them a permanent incentive to minimise CO2 emissions and fully integrate emission costs into their decision making. The system induces operators to make emission cuts where they are cheapest, thereby ensuring that reductions are made at the lowest possible cost to the economy. It also fosters innovation - companies have an incentive to improve their energy efficiency and invest in climate-friendly technologies.
The EU ETS is being closely watched by businesses and governments around the world and serving as an important reference point for others developing their own schemes, eg seven north-eastern US states, California, and states and territories in Australia. The EU has indicated its willingness to link the EU ETS to other cap-and- trade schemes to form a global emissions trading network.
Clean Development Mechanism and Joint Implementation
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI) allow industrialised countries to achieve part of their emission reduction commitments by investing in emission-saving projects abroad and counting the reductions achieved toward their own commitments. JI covers projects in other industrialised countries with Kyoto targets, while CDM projects are carried out in developing countries. The two mechanisms lower compliance costs, promote the transfer of advanced technologies to developing countries and economies in transition, and foster cooperation between countries with Kyoto targets.
CDM credits can be generated retroactively, from 2000 onward, while JI credits must be generated during the 2008-2012 period. The CDM is thus already operational. A condition for the issue of credits is that the projects result in real, measurable and long-term emission savings that are additional to what would have happened without the projects. Several EU Member States intend to buy CDM and JI credits to help them meet their Kyoto targets. Collectively they have budgetted more than €3 billion to do so.
The EU Emissions Trading Scheme is linked to CDM and JI. Companies covered by the scheme can use emission credits from most types of CDM projects and from JI projects (from 1 January 2008) to offset their emissions in the same way as emission allowances. This link is driving investment in CDM and JI projects by European companies, in addition to the purchases planned by governments.
What will happen if a country misses its target?
The compliance regime for the Kyoto Protocol is among the most comprehensive and rigorous in the international arena. If a Party fails to meet its emissions target, the Protocol requires it to make up the difference in the second commitment period (after 2012), with an additional 30% penalty. It must also develop a compliance action plan, setting out the actions that it will take to meet the target and the timetable for doing so. In addition, its eligibility to “sell” under the Protocol’s international emissions trading system will be suspended.
However, for the EU-15 Member States, the Kyoto Protocol compliance procedures will apply only if the EU-15 as a whole misses its 8% reduction target. Should this occur, each Member State will be held to the target set out in the Decision to ratify the Protocol and the Community will be held to be in non-compliance.
The remaining 10 Member States with Kyoto targets (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia) are bound to their individual targets as set out in the Protocol, both under the Protocol’s non-compliance procedures and under EC law.
Member States are committed in EC law to meet their targets, which are enforceable through infringement procedures by the European Commission.
What action is the EU taking to combat climate change?
The fight against climate change is a priority for the European Commission, as it is for EU Member States. EU-level action is an essential complement to Member States' own efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Combating climate change is the first of the 6th Environmental Action Programme’s four priority areas and one of the main commitments made under the EU Sustainable Development Strategy. The need to reduce emissions has been progressively integrated into key EU policy areas such as agriculture, energy, regional policy and research.
Central to the Commission’s action to ensure the EU and Member States meet their Kyoto targets is the European Climate Change Programme (ECCP), launched in 2000. Under this umbrella, the Commission, Member States and stakeholders have identified and developed a range of cost-effective to reduce emissions. So far, some 35 such measures have been implemented. They include the EU Emissions Trading Scheme and legislative initiatives to promote renewable energy sources for electricity production, expand the use of biofuels in road transport and improve the energy performance of buildings.
A second ECCP was started in October 2005 to identify further cost-effective measures to reduce emissions up to and beyond 2012 and to develop strategies for adapting to the climate change that is already under way. This work has led to the Commission's recent proposals to include aviation in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme from 2011 and to strengthen the EU strategy for reducing CO2 emissions from new cars through legislation. Other areas of ECCP-2 work include reviewing the EU Emissions Trading Scheme with a view to its revision from 2013 and the development of a legislative framework for the environmentally safe use of carbon capture and geological storage technology.
In January 2007 the Commission put forward an integrated package of measures to establish a new energy policy for Europe aimed at stepping up the fight against climate change and boosting the EU's energy security and competitiveness. The proposals put the EU on course towards becoming a low-carbon economy.
The package sets a range of ambitious targets to be met by 2020. Energy efficiency would be improved by 20%, the market share of renewable energy sources increased to 20% and the share of biofuels in transport fuels raised to 10%. On greenhouse gas emissions the Commission proposes that, as part of a new global agreement to prevent climate change from reaching dangerous levels, developed countries should cut their emissions by an average of 30% from 1990 levels. As a concrete first step towards this reduction, the EU would make a firm independent commitment to cut its emissions by at least 20% even before a global agreement is reached and irrespective of what others do.
What progress is the EU making towards the Kyoto targets?
National and EU-level action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions has enabled the EU to ‘decouple’ emissions from economic growth. Between the base year (1990 in most cases) and 2004, the EU-15 reduced its collective emissions by 0.9% while the economy grew by 32%. EU-25 emissions were down by 7.3%. These reductions compare, for instance, with a 15.8% rise in US emissions between 1990 and 2004 as the US economy expanded by 52.6%.
Projections show that the EU-15’s 8% reduction target can be achieved in 2010 provided that all actions planned by Member States are fully implemented and deliver the emission savings anticipated. However, seven EU-15 Member States have projected that they will exceed their emission limits: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain (see Annex for details). All of the new EU-10 Member States were on track to achieve their individual targets. If all actions planned are taken, the total EU-25 emissions reduction would reach 10.8% in 2010.
What happens after the Kyoto Protocol's first commitment period?
The increasingly evident changes taking place in the global climate, together with major recent publications such as the Stern Review and the latest IPCC science report, have further underlined the urgent need for further action to control global emissions of greenhouse gases. The window of opportunity to keep global warming below 2°C is narrowing as temperatures rise, and the costs associated with climate change will keep increasing the longer further action is delayed.
The Commission and EU Member States therefore strongly support the development of a new global climate change agreement. This should succeed the Kyoto Protocol's first commitment period at the end of 2012 and provide the international framework for action that is ambitious and comprehensive enough to limit the temperature increase to 2°C.
Talks on post-2012 action were launched at the annual UNFCCC ministerial conference in Montreal in December 2005 at the initiative of the EU and other countries. The talks are taking place on two parallel tracks. On one track, the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol are discussing new emission targets for industrialised countries post-2012. A detailed work programme for these discussions, as well as a comprehensive review of the Protocol to take place in 2008, were agreed at the annual ministerial held in Nairobi in November 2006.
On the second track, the UNFCCC Parties, including those that are outside Kyoto such as the US and Australia, are conducting a dialogue on long-term cooperative action against climate change. This dialogue is scheduled to conclude at the next annual ministerial in December 2007. The EU's view is that it should be followed up by negotiations on a comprehensive global agreement on post-2012 action. Negotiations on this should be completed by the end of 2009 at the latest to ensure the agreement enters into force by the end of Kyoto's first commitment period.
What are the European Commission’s proposals for further action to combat climate change?
The key elements of the EU position on further action were outlined in a Communication published by the Commission in February 2005. They include five elements:
The EU Summit in Brussels in March 2005 affirmed these principles and initiated an intensive outreach effort, engaging the EU in dialogues with a range of countries on further action to combat climate change.
The Commission's January 2007 package of energy and climate change measures buildson this earlier work. It includes a Communication setting out concrete proposals for the content of a new global climate change agreement aimed at limiting the temperature rise to 2°C above the pre-industrial level. Remaining within this limit is both technically feasible and economically affordable if the international community acts swiftly.
As mentioned above, the Commission is proposing that developed countries commit to cutting their emissions by an average of 30% from 1990 levels by 2020. As a concrete first step towards the 30% reduction by developed countries, and to set an example to our partners, the EU would make a firm independent commitment to cut its emissions by at least 20% even before a global agreement is reached and irrespective of what others do. The energy-related measures proposed in the January 2007 package, together with measures already in place such as the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, would deliver this reduction.
It would be essential for developing countries – except for the least developed nations – to broaden their contribution as well since their emissions are projected to overtake those from developed countries by around 2020. Developing countries would need to start slowing their emissions growth as soon as possible and then reduce their emissions in absolute terms after 2020.
To control climate change effectively it will also be essential to halt tropical deforestation completely within the next two decades and then reverse it through afforestation or reforestation schemes. Deforestation currently contributes around 20% of global greenhouse emissions, more than transport.
The Commission's analysis shows that these actions by developing and developing countries are the essential next steps if the world is to have a fair chance of staying within the 2°C temperature limit. This will require global emissions to peak before 2025 and then fall by as much as 50% of 1990 levels by 2050. This implies reductions in developed countries' emissions of 60-80% from 1990 levels by mid-century.
How much would this all cost?
The Commission's impact assessment shows that taking action to limit climate change is fully compatible with sustaining global economic growth. Investment in a low-carbon economy will require around 0.5 % of total global GDP over the period 2013–2030. This would reduce global GDP growth by just 0.19 % per year up to 2030, a fraction of the expected annual GDP growth rate of 2.8%, and this is without taking into account associated health benefits, greater energy security and reduced damage from avoided climate change. This is a small insurance premium to pay for significantly reducing the risk of irreversible damage, particularly when compared with the Stern Review's estimate that uncontrolled climate change will cost between 5 and 20% of GDP in the longer term.
Company-level emissions trading schemes such as the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) will be a key tool to ensure that developed countries can reach their future targets cost-effectively. The international framework for combating climate change after 2012 should enable comparable trading schemes in different regions to be linked together. In this way the EU ETS would be the pillar of a global carbon trading network. The scope of the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism should be expanded after 2012, for instance to cover entire national sectors rather than individual projects.
Emission reductions by developing countries are also perfectly feasible without undermining their economic growth or poverty reduction policies. The Commission's impact assessment estimates that implementing policies to control emissions would reduce the overall GDP growth of developing countries in 2020 by a only a very small amount, and this is without taking account of co-benefits such as avoided impacts of climate change. Many policy options are available to developing countries where the benefits can outweigh the costs, for example by increasing energy efficiency, promoting renewable energy, improving local air quality or capturing methane from sources such as landfills as a cheap source of energy.
Information about future action against climate change can be found in MEMO/05/42
and about emissions trading in MEMO/06/2
Projected emissions limitations or reductions by EU-25 Member States up to 2010
“Impacts of Europe's changing climate”, EEA Report No 2/2004, available through: http://reports.eea.eu.int/climate_report_2_2004/en/.
Winning the Battle against Global Climate Change. See
Limiting global climate change to 2 degrees Celsius: The way ahead for 2020 and beyond. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/climat/future_action.htm
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You are here
In December 1782, as the American Revolution wound down, the British evacuated Charleston. Swelling the number of the departing soldiers and citizens who remained loyal to the crown were 5,000-plus African Americans. All had escaped from their masters at the urging of the British, who—wanting to weaken the American economy—had promised them freedom. The British kept their word, boarding the slaves on ships in Charleston Harbor just before American troops marched up Broad Street. A number were resettled in British colonies in the Caribbean and Canada—particularly Nova Scotia, where many residents today can trace their families to the Lowcountry. It’s one of the twists of history: that the British, accused of denying Americans liberty, granted it to enslaved people whose families left behind would remain in bondage for decades.
Photographs courtesy of Ruth Holmes Whitehead
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Transmitting rotary motion into a vacuum chamber, whether in semiconductor manufacturing equipment, optical coating chambers, or highspeed X-ray anodes, is no simple task. Combining the necessary sub-components is often complicated and time consuming. However, systems engineers are increasingly designing in larger electro-mechanical sub-assemblies rather than integrating smaller components for such complex, niche applications. This lets the designers focus on overall system design, while supplier partners select, integrate, and test the various subsystem components.
Working in a vacuum
Locating a drive mechanism or motor outside a chamber and transmitting rotary motion through the chamber wall into the vacuum can be challenging. Sealing a moving part, such as a shaft rotating at 3,000 rpm, is no simple feat. The seal must be totally leakproof to avoid loss of vacuum and to prevent the ingress of moisture and contaminants. If the seal wears, particles must not enter the system and degrade the vacuum or contaminate the process materials.
System designers can solve rotary sealing challenges with simple Orings, lip seals, magnetic liquid seals, all-metal seals, and magnetic couplings. The type of seal selected depends on many factors, including the base vacuum required, cleanliness requirements, differential pressures, speed of rotation, and, of course, budget. Magnetic liquid feedthroughs are common in applications that demand high rotation speeds, cleanliness, and long life. These seals use a magnetic liquid held in place between rotor and stator by permanent magnets to form a non-wearing liquid O-ring seal.
A motor usually provides the rotary motion for the system, connected to the feedthrough shaft via belts, gears, or chain drives. Integrating all of these components can get complicated. Selecting a motor and designing the transmission requires significant electrical and mechanical expertise and can be time consuming. Compounding these problems, schedules are often delayed by delivery or quality problems with the many necessary sub-components.
Subsystems seal the deal
Fully integrated sealing subassemblies, such as a leak-tight magnetically sealed spindle with an integrated motor, have stepped up to meet the increasing demand for sealing and rotation capabilities in a simple computer-controlled, plug-and-play package. Compact size is an increasing concern of many system manufacturers, and a motorized spindle with integrated in-line motor is not much larger than a standard feedthrough. It is considerably smaller than a configuration consisting of a feedthrough, offset gears, and motor.
This type of subsystem combines two key components, a Ferrofluidic seal and a motor. Ferrofluidic sealing relies on a magnetic liquid’s response to an applied magnetic field to seal a rotating shaft. A stationary permanent magnet encircles the rotating shaft, and pole pieces are attached to either side. A series of grooves is machined into either the shaft or pole pieces. The magnetic circuit completed by the stationary pole pieces and the rotating shaft concentrates magnetic flux in the gap between each pole and the shaft, with particular concentration of flux on top of the ridges, or stages, between the machined grooves. A very small volume of ferrofluid applied in the radial gap is strongly attracted to the areas of highest flux density. It forms a series of liquid O-rings on the stages to produce a hermetic seal.
The second key component of the subsystem is a compact, frameless inline brushless dc motor, attached directly to the shaft to drive the spindle. This contrasts with the more commonly used offset belt-driven, geardriven, or shaft-coupled configurations and permits 100% torque transmission — much better than offset drive or flexible couplings — with zero backlash. The integrated motor eliminates the need for gears, belts, mechanical couplings, brackets, and additional framework.
Aside from small size, many vacuum applications require high positioning accuracy. The unit’s precision ball bearings enable high rotational speeds under heavy load conditions with high shaft stiffness and low runout, while speed and position are controlled with an optical encoder and precision controller.
In addition to standard designs, motorized spindles may be customized with several options. For example, direct water-cooling can be added to extend a drive’s capabilities at high temperatures and speeds. They can be designed with solid or hollow shafts and various ball bearings and ferrofluid options. Also, depending on the system’s precision requirements, a variety of encoder and resolver feedback and control circuits may be incorporated.
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When your child goes to school for the first time, it is an important transition for you both. Your child is about to go through a significant change of identity.
It’s normal to be excited to start school, and it’s also normal to be afraid. Familiarity will help tip the balance toward excitement. If you have an older child who has gone through the transition to school already, it can be very reassuring for your younger child to hear about her experiences. Talk about your own experiences with school as well.
The goal is simple: you want your child to like school and steadily build new skills. A few steps now will help your child reach that goal.
The Attached Child
If you have practiced attachment parenting with your child, you may already see the young confidence and independence that will be so helpful during this transition. If your child is confident in your support, you won’t be one of the potential worries your child has to work through.
Your attachment parenting will need to transition as well, so consider basic attachment principles and improvise.
Support the Transition
Make the change gradual. Abrupt change can be difficult for a child to process, so it will help to develop a familiarity with the new situation.
Connect with your child’s teacher to be sure that you have open communication about your child’s needs both at home and at school. Communication with your child’s teacher can build trust between you as you each support the same results. Make this connection now before the school year begins if you can. Your child’s kindergarten teacher will know how to help with the transition, so ask for suggestions.
Embrace the new. It’s exciting! The newness of buying pencils and a school outfit can help your child to anticipate the newness of the experience to come.
School Readiness and Skills
School readiness comes at different times for different children. You as a parent have choices in deciding when your child starts school, but you can anticipate and help readiness if you see the school year approaching.
In addition to academic skills, which might be as simple as recognizing colors and shapes, having a few simple skills will help your child’s transition. A child who is ready for school:
- Expresses curiosity
- Can follow directions
- Works in groups
- Works alone
- Communicates wants and needs
- Uses the toilet and washes hands alone
I encourage my children to visualize upcoming situations, whether a dance performance or a difficult conversation. They begin to anticipate actions and outcomes and are better prepared for the actual improvisation they face in the situation. For a younger child, role playing can help in a similar way. If you can, involve an older, school-experienced child whom your young child trusts.
If you have visited the school during an open house, ask your child to help set up a staged space that looks like the school classroom. If you know the routine, you could start your play in reality, but it can be fun to let the children get creative in imagining what happens at school. Playing through doubts and questions can help your child let go of fear and embrace the new experience.
Especially if you child is less verbal and enjoys acting out experiences after the fact, this could also be a way to find out more about your child’s day once school begins so you don’t have that conversation most parents have heard.
“How was school today?”
“What did you do?”
I am the parent who says, “Tell me all about your day. I want to hear every little detail.” I don’t get every detail, but I get a lot of personality, reaction, and basic facts. Setting up communication about your child’s activities into the future starts here, so encourage discussion as you prepare now and even more so once school starts.
You know your child better than anyone else. Open up communication about the upcoming changes, in whatever way your child prefers, to make transition smooth as possible and ensure that your child will have a great beginning to her school experience.
- “On Public School,” The Attached Family, Joan DeMeyer (an Attachment Parenting International co-leader), 2008.
- “Countdown to Kindergarten,” Scholastic.com. This is a collection of articles. As a homeschooling parent, I have found Scholastic articles and checklists very helpful.
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Catholic Activity: Teaching the Creation Story
Mary Reed Newland emphasizes the importance of the creation story, and gives guidelines for summarizing the book of Genesis for very small children.
The first lessons in any catechism are about God and creation. If you read the story of creation to your children out of Genesis, translate it into their own words, linger lovingly over all the projections of it that are a part of their own lives, their first glance at that same lesson in the book finds them already knowing the answers. "Who made the world?" In the first chapter of the first book of the Old Testament is the story of how God made the world. This is how it goes.
Out of nothing God made this great, complicated world. First, He made the light, and then the space (which is called firmament in most translations), that emptiness between earth and the highest stars. Already there is something that has enormous meaning for small boys whose cereal boxes screech of space ships and trips to the moon. One would think, these days, that scientists, or cartoonists, or script writers created space. Well, they didn't. God did. For all their hip-de-do about trips to the moon, there would be none, even in the funny papers, if God hadn't made space.
Then He gathered together all the waters under the space, and called them seas, and what was left was dry land and that He called earth. And when it was done, He looked at it lovingly and said, "It is good."
Then He made all the green growing things on the earth, and then — lovely invention — He made the stars. Next the sun, and the moon, and then the fish in the seas and the birds in the air. After He made the fish and the birds, He blessed them, so that they would have the power to lay eggs and raise families and one day there would be our phoebe, in her funny mud nest over the door. Bold, saucy phoebe, who built her nest where the light should be and now we can't put a light over our front door. God even knew that, and saw us stumbling around in the dark with a flashlight all because of a phoebe. Our phoebe was in the mind of God that day when He blessed the very first phoebe so that she could start her family and be many times over a grandmother to our phoebe. Now they begin to see a great deal more about the God Who loves them so much. Not only did He know them that long ago, but He also planned things for them, so their world would be full of fun and beauty.
After the fishes and the birds, He made the animals, and of course He knew the first lady goat who would be many times over a grandmother to our goats. He thought, "I shall design a goat, of course, with chin whiskers and a voice that sounds like cloth tearing, because My children will want to have some goats." So Nanny and Helen were known, too, even then. How much God knows . . . it would be quite impossible to fool Him.
Then came the best part of all. After all the world was made, and the sky and the stars and the sun and the moon were in place, and there were green growing things, with rivers and seas and land where birds flew and animals and fishes lived, then (and have them look for themselves, and see that the words are there on the page exactly as you read them), He said, "Let Us make man to Our image and likeness." God the Father, and God the Son, and God the Holy Ghost, all made man together out of the slime of the earth, and breathed their own foreverness into him, and loved him. And here is their first knowledge of the soul.
"What do you suppose it means — they made man in their image and likeness?"
No one knows; so they wait to hear what it means.
"It doesn't mean we look like God, because this happened in the very beginning, long before the Son of God came down to earth to take the form of a human baby. And it couldn't mean that He made us out of the same stuff as Himself, because God is not made out of stuff: God is a spirit, without a body. God never changes, but we change. So it couldn't be that we are like Him in our body, which changes every year and grows bigger and older all the time. It is the foreverness that He breathed into man that is like Him, the part of us that never dies, as God never dies. We are like Him deep inside, where our love comes from. That is the part of us we call our soul, and we cannot see it, or touch it, because, like God, it is a spirit."
Just recently a mother asked me: "But do you really mean to say you can teach a four-year-old that he has a soul, and expect him to understand it?"
Yes, I do — because I have seen it happen. A four-year-old does not doubt. It may be hard for him to visualize it, but he accepts it simply because you tell him. And there is this we forget, because we are grown and the years of first faith are so far behind: children have a sense of their being very early in life. It isn't lust the physical sensation that goes with having a body that can feel hot, cold, hunger, weariness. It is a real sense of their soul. I can remember distinctly as a child stopping in mid-air, as it were, and realizing "I am." I'm sure I didn't put it that way, but that is what it amounted to. My own children have tried to tell me about it in various ways: "Mother, sometimes I get the funniest feeling — about me, and if I am awake, or am I dreaming, or is this whole world real, or just me?"
Children may be clumsy with words, but that part of them that is eternal makes itself known in flashes of puzzlement like this, and we ought not to be surprised when it does. One ought to expect that such a staggering thing as an imperishable soul, filled with God, would be able to beat through the consciousness of flesh now and then and make us stop and wonder. Doubtless, four-year-olds do not often stop to register awareness of their souls, but their acceptance of them is the same act of faith as their acceptance of God.
Activity Source: We and Our Children by Mary Reed Newland, Image Books, 1961
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- The History of the Car Stereo
- CDs, Components, and Digital Music
Where would we be without the car stereo? In a country with as much land mass as the U.S., it's almost impossible to imagine long drives without music or talk radio—and, more recently, audiobooks and podcasts—to keep us company. During the Roaring Twenties, driving was largely a silent affair, aside from the noise of the engine and the sound of thin tires rolling over mostly unpaved roads. But beginning in the 1930s, with mass adoption a generation later, the car radio eventually became part of the American drive for almost everyone.
Today's cars come with audio systems that are nothing like those early radios, from 10+ speaker systems and powerful amplifiers, to extra channels, subwoofers, and finely tuned frequency response curves that match specific car interiors. It has certainly been quite a leap—so how did we get here? Come with us, as we take a look back at how the car stereo became what it is today.
The First Car Radios
Monophonic AM radio was the norm for a long time, beginning with the first in-car audio system more than 80 years ago. In 1930, Paul and Joseph Galvin, along with William Lear, developed the first automobile dashboard radio and named it the "Motorola," or motorized Victrola—and demonstrated the 5T71 prototype (pictured, below right) in a Studebaker. Motorola went on to sell millions of car radios, and later, two-way radios for police and fire departments, home stereo systems, and televisions before moving into transistors, solid-state electronics, and semiconductors.
The image of a couple on the open road in a convertible in the 1950s, complemented by the sound of AM radio and the beginnings of rock and roll, became indelibly imprinted in the American psyche. Several advances contributed to this. Blaupunkt debuted the first automotive FM radio in 1952, though AM ruled for the rest of the decade and into the 1960s. In 1953, Becker unveiled the first "Seek" station-search, which let drivers sample each available radio station for a few seconds before choosing one to listen to for longer. And newer transistor-based radios in the mid-to-late 1960s reduced the amount of space and power required—no more vacuum tubes.
Stereo 8, Compact Cassettes, and Compact Discs
It's tough to fathom, but it wasn't until the 1960s that drivers and passengers could actually control which songs they listened to. That is, with one almost-forgotten exception: A bizarre Chrysler in-dash turntable that played 7-inch, 45rpm singles in 1956. (That went nowhere fast.)
Stereo 8, or eight-track tapes, are now typically known for horrid sound quality and cheesy plastic construction. But for a while they were the only practical way to customize a playlist. Compact cassettes were always a better option, even right from the start, when Philips unveiled the format in 1964, and the first stereo radios followed soon after. But lower-priced, clunky eight-tracks stuck around for most of the 1970s anyway.
The early 1970s also brought us the real beginnings of what we now call the aftermarket, with custom stereo outfits like Crutchfield popping up to cater to those who wanted to improve their vehicles' audio capabilities beyond what any car manufacturer or dealer offered. Vendors like Alpine, Blaupunkt, Kenwood, and Pioneer began to do well selling cassette receivers and better-quality speakers. The early 1980s also brought us the first "Benzi box"-style pull-out stereo receivers, which were a response to the plague of break-ins and theft that afflicted many cities in the U.S. around that time. Later, receivers with detachable and even motorized faceplates made it much easier to protect your investment.
By this point, enthusiasts and car manufacturers also began to pay more attention to the sound quality of the amplifier (pictured, left) and speakers themselves. For decades, car audio speakers were single, full-range drivers—often you'd get only one, in the center of the dashboard. Think of the old Delco full-range speakers found in many GM vehicles in the 1960s. Later, we began to see the first 2-way and 3-way models that integrated separate tweeters and midranges in a plastic or metal bracket ahead of the main woofer, which was then relegated to bass duties. Miniature, passive 2-way and 3-way crossovers—first seen on home stereo systems—split the incoming audio signal into separate frequency ranges, each of which was directed to the appropriately designed speaker driver.
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UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN River Falls
Since we spend at least 30% of our lives at our jobs it makes sense that we would want to make our work area comfortable. In addition to the many pieces of equipment essential to do our work (computers, telephones, facsimile machines) many of us like to bring into the office other "comforts of home." These things may include radios, drink warmers, desk lamps, clocks, fans, and even space heaters, microwaves ,and coffee pots. This is fine as long as a few safety rules are kept in mind.
Electricity flowing through common household appliances has the potential to shock, burn, and create heat hazards like fires and arc blasts. Since these are your personal items it is your responsibility to keep them in good condition and properly use them.
Manufacturers go to great lengths writing instructions that limit even the most obvious misuse of their product. Take advantage of it! Always read and follow the labels on appliances and cords.
Your chances of avoiding an electrical injury are largely up to you. 95% of electrical accidents happen because of a faulty, improperly grounded or misused appliance.
Inspect cords and ensure they are not frayed. If they are, let an electrician repair the cord or you can recycle the appliance. Do not try to tape the cord or continue to use it in poor condition.
Electricity runs through every path available to it. So when you touch a live electrical component - even through the appliance may be grounded - YOU become part of the electrical path to ground! Anything more than 0.01 A is enough to cause irreparable injury (including death!!!)
It's easy to avoid. Simply add up the amperage load before you plug things in. If, for example, you are plugging multiple items into a powerstrip having a "15 A (amp)" current maximum, just add up the amps of the appliances you plan to plug in.
Never overload appliances and circuits!
Water and electricity don't mix! Of course! Keep electrical appliances and cords high and dry. Few (and very expensive) appliances are designed for use in wet conditions. Anything else presents an electrocution risk near water.
A few precautions will make your comfortable office a safe one.
Source: OSHA Subpart S 1910.300 - .399 & UW System Factsheet.
Original conversion program by Matt Alfson of UWRF.
For more information contact the Facilities Office - (715)-425-3827
Risk Management Office (715)-425-3344Back to Resources
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|low graphics version | feedback | help|
|You are in: Sci/Tech|
Tuesday, 15 August, 2000, 15:19 GMT 16:19 UK
Web gets wise to who you are
By BBC News Online internet reporter Mark Ward
Unless you are careful, the internet might know more about you than you know about it.
Privacy experts are warning that people are unknowingly handing over information about surfing habits and online identities to advertisers, e-commerce and marketing companies.
They warn that unless people take steps to limit the data they are leaking, they risk compromising their personal their privacy.
Later this year in the UK, laws come into force that will give consumers power to demand what companies know about them and what happens to that information.
Experts in the UK and the US say the right to online privacy is being eroded on two fronts: by companies selling information they gather on shoppers and by browsing software that allows personal information to be harvested.
Richard Smith, chief technology officer at the Privacy Foundation, says consumers should know how companies work out who they are and build up profiles of their surfing habits.
Typically the first time a website is visited, a cookie is generated identifying that user. The cookie is then stored on the user's machine.
But, says Mr Smith, many of the adverts on web pages create "third-party" cookies that can be used to identify individuals as they move around the web.
Third-party cookies are checked and updated whenever someone visits websites carrying adverts from the same company.
"The banner ad companies get to watch as you surf the web," says Mr Smith.
Sloppy programming on websites can mean these cookies capture more than the basic information about IP address and browser type that computers hand over when requesting web pages.
Companies such as Doubleclick and Engage are actively using third-party cookies to profile users and match e-mail addresses with individuals.
Mr Smith says the cookies identify individual computers and, because many people use just one machine at home, this lets advertisers and marketing companies work out who the users are.
Mr Smith says unless people take more care to restrict the information being collected about them, they risk losing online anonymity and being inundated with e-mail messages they do not want about services they will not use.
He urges people to become more familiar with the browser they use to and to visit sites like Junkbusters, which checks how much information they are leaking.
Netscape's browser has allowed people to block the collection of third-party cookies for over a year. Microsoft is promising an update for Internet Explorer that will alert people when these cookies are being collected. Some browsers, such as Opera, do not allow third-party cookies to be collected at all.
"It is by no means obvious what information is being collected and how it is going to be used," said Phil Jones, an assistant commissioner at the Data Protection Commission. "You can no longer assume that those who are online are leading edge techies well equipped to be custodians of their own privacy."
An ongoing survey by Julie Earp and Gale Meyer as part of the Internet Security and Privacy Project at North Carolina State University has found that people use the web more if they are sure that their privacy is being protected.
It revealed that more people are worried about personal information being sold or used without their permission than they are about having their credit card number stolen.
Robert Ellis Smith, publisher of the Privacy Journal, says the threat to privacy from companies abusing personal information is as great as that from cookies and other tracking software.
He says only 20% of those online are doing enough to protect their privacy and know enough about browsers.
The rest are largely unaware of the information they are passing on or what happens to data they are happy to share. Anyone using a credit card online is exposing who they are and information about their lifestyle.
"Consumers should know more about the technology and not assume that the internet is a secure medium at all," he says.
Earlier this month, Yahoo! stopped the sale of a list of 200,000 names, addresses and phone numbers that were being offered on its auction site.
Robert Ellis Smith recommended people be more careful with the information they type into online forms and challenge requests for irrelevant information.
Companies are gradually becoming more aware of consumers' worries and many post their privacy policies on their websites.
Last month saw the launch of TrustUK a scheme that will police the privacy policies of web-based businesses.
A spokeswoman for the Direct Marketing Association says that all its members have to adhere to a code of conduct that limits what they can do with personal information.
Later this year, British consumers will get more power to tackle companies that are not doing enough to protect the personal information they hand over.
In October, some provisions in the 1998 Data Protection Act come into force which will let consumers demand the information companies hold about them, where that information came from, and what will happen to it.
14 Aug 00 | Talking Point
Do you know what your children are up to on the net?
02 Aug 00 | UK
Trust the net over the High Street
28 Jul 00 | Latest News
Internet privacy 'safeguards' approved
27 Jul 00 | Americas
Internet privacy plan
12 Jul 00 | UK
Trading in information
21 Jun 00 | Talking Point
Is net surveillance prying or policing?
01 May 00 | UK
Spy centre to spread its web
17 May 00 | Americas
Children divulge information online
12 Mar 00 | Talking Point
Is it time for a privacy law?
22 Feb 00 | Washington 2000
Encryption for all
18 Jul 00 | Business
Putting trust online
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The arrogance of power
By Dr. Robert Owens
Americans have dealt with the arrogance of power before. From 1756 through 1763 a world war ravaged the globe from India to Europe and from the farthest reaches of the Pacific Ocean to the deepest woods of Ohio. England and France fought to see who would become the greatest colonial power.
For seven years, battles raged throughout the Colonies as the French and their Indian allies pushed the Americans back across the Allegheny Mountains and sought to over-run the fertile area from the mountains to the coast which held the majority of English settlements. After many massacres and defeats the American Militias, with a core of British officers and supplies, were able to not only repulse the enemy but follow them home to Canada. Known as the French and Indian War in America and as the Seven Years War in Europe when the final treaties were signed in 1763, with the lone exception of Florida, England became the master of North America east of the Mississippi.
After the war the politicians in England had to deal with massive debt. They also had a restive public tired of shouldering the burdens of war. The politicians knew raising taxes at home might lead to political problems so they turned to the colonies as a source of plunder where the victims didn't get a vote. They justified their actions saying England had paid to defend the colonists and now the maturing colonies should pay their own way. The colonists however, felt that with the French gone there was no one to defend them from. They also knew the taxes were bailing out the politicians without angering their voters thus birthing the classic rebel yell, "No taxation without representation!" When the taxes were ignored the British sent troops to enforce their will.
This explosive situation soon met the sparks which set it ablaze. As pamphleteers and patriots railed against the suppression of liberty ham-fisted British officers stumbled into debacles such as the Boston Massacre. The blood of Americans mingled with their economic self-interest and independent nature as the Boston Tea Party, Concord and Lexington led to war. The Declaration of Independence, eight years of war combined with French allies and the American Republic stood independent before the nations of the world. In a time of kings and landed aristocracy this was a bold experiment in freedom and opportunity birthed in a violent reaction to the arrogance of power.
In 1812, a mere two decades after the birth of our nation the arrogance of power evoked another strong reaction from America. The Napoleonic Wars once again pitted England against a newly resurgent France ripping Europe apart. As the wars dragged on England was in desperate need of trained seaman to maintain the navy, which would eventually strangle France. Using the excuse of their blockade they stopped neutral merchantmen on the high seas. Using brute force they kidnapped sailors they said were deserters forcing them to serve in the British navy for the duration of the wars. Many of these men were native born Americans who would never come home again.
When we could bare the insult to our independence and the interference with our commerce no more, we declared war on the super power of the day. Like David against Goliath America with almost no Navy fought against the largest Navy the world had ever seen. With a rag-tag gaggle of militias led by a sprinkling of trained officers we stood toe-to-toe with the best trained and equipped army in the world. They sunk our ships. They invaded our land. They burned our capital. Yet in the end we handed them the worst defeat their arms had suffered in a thousand years at the Battle of New Orleans. Andrew Jackson leading militias from as far away as Kentucky joined a hastily gathered force of irregulars and beat the best England had to offer. Again America stood up to the arrogance of power.
When Mexico, which was considered the greatest military power in the New World, disputed the Texas border we challenged the arrogance of their dictator Santa Anna and won the Southwest. When the German Empire declared unrestricted submarine warfare against our merchant fleet and tried to incite Mexico to stab a knife in our back America stood against the arrogance of power. When the Japanese Empire struck like a thief in the night and Hitler sought to build a thousand year Reich we stood against the arrogance of power. When the Communist slave masters of the Soviet Union sought to subjugate the world we stood against the arrogance of power.
In America today our own government as caricatured by the Democrat Party of Barak Obama, Nancy Peolosi and Harry Reid has decided they know best. Even though the vast majority of Americans said loudly, "We don't want what you're selling!" they're forcing a socialized, collectivist agenda down our throats. With the only bi-partisan feature of their cradle-to-grave nanny state being the opposition of both Republicans and Democrats they've succeeded in gaining a legislative victory. But Americans know how to stand against the arrogance of power. Now is the time for all lovers of liberty to rally around the Constitution and the limited form of government it guarantees. Without violence, within the traditions of our great Republic, we must stand together or we'll all hang separately. Read the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. Look to American History. Educate yourself in what this country was founded to be. Look into the eyes of these totalitarian wannabees and say all together now, "No!" to the arrogance of power. Keep the peace. Keep the faith. We shall overcome.
Dr. Robert Owens teaches History, Political Science, and Religion for Southside Virginia Community College and History for the American Public University System. © 2010 Robert R. Owens firstname.lastname@example.org
Get weekly updates about new issues of ESR!
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A group of scientists in China announced the results of a controversial experiment this week: they claim that by using genetic engineering, they’ve bred macaque monkeys with an autism-like disorder. While they intend to use the animals to test treatments and potential cures, some scientists are skeptical that the results will have anything useful to teach us about autism in people.
Neuroscientists at the Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences attempted to copy Rett syndrome, a disorder in humans who have too many copies of the MECP2 gene, by using a virus to inject copies of the gene into monkey eggs during fertilization. Using this method, they were able to breed over a dozen monkeys with the disorder. The monkeys that have gone through this process experience a range of health and psychiatric issues — some of them pace in circles and avoid interacting with other monkeys, some become visibly stressed when researchers stare them in the eyes, and some have even developed severe illnesses associated with their particular gene defect.
While the lead researcher, Zilong Qiu, is calling the results a victory, he admits that the monkeys aren’t a perfect model for humans with Rett syndrome. Some of the behaviors they exhibit, like pacing, aren’t found in humans with this form of autism, and some of the more serious complications patients can experience, like seizures, haven’t appeared in the monkeys at all. It’s hard to see how these monkeys would work as test subjects for human therapies when the disorder manifests in such different ways in each species.
It’s no surprise that animal welfare advocates and medical ethicists have already condemned the study. At a time when more and more medical research is abandoning the use of chimps and other apes, this kind of invasive research on monkeys seems like a major step backward. Moreover, it’s possible that this research won’t be helpful to everyone on the autism spectrum anyway — Rett syndrome is just one potential cause of autism-like symptoms, and a comparatively rare one, so the findings may not be useful for those without this particular genetic defect.
There’s one other major problem with this approach to treatment: many people with autism say that their disability is an important part of who they are, and they don’t want to be cured. Given that many of the people these researchers are trying to help aren’t interested in changing themselves, it seems especially cruel to subject these primates to medical testing when money could be better spent on resources to help people with autism integrate better into society.
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General Joint Protection
General joint protection
strategies include the following:
- Try to avoid joint positions
that could cause joint deformity. These positions usually include
any position in which the joint is bent.
- Avoid holding the joints in
static positions for long periods of time as it encourages muscle
- When completing a task,
stronger muscle groups should be used instead of weaker ones as
this allows the joints to work to their best advantage.
- Refrain from beginning an
activity that cannot be stopped easily.
- Respect the signs pain as it
is usually indicative of joint destruction.
All of the general joint
protection strategies listed above were referenced from the following
Trombly, C. A. (Ed.).
(1995). Occupational therapy for physical dysfunction (4th
ed.). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.
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We cover all sorts of different topics on this site. Today, we are starting a multipart series on subnetting. These concepts are fundamental building blocks for network administrators, engineers and architects. The subnetting topics outlined in this series should be well understood prior to moving into advanced design or configuration topics. Moreover, the underlying technical concepts of this subject should be understood prior to utilizing any shortcuts to calculate subnet addresses and useable address space.
So the question I ask today is–
What is a Subnet?
If I asked this as a multiple choice question, which one of the possible answers would you choose?
- In OSI terms, the layer under the network layer–also known as the data link layer.
- A subset of a Classful Network
If you chose answer B, you are correct. A subnet is a subset of a Classful Network. So the next logical question is, “What is a Classful Network?”
As we answer these questions, we will use “Classful Network” and Network interchangeable. As we move to discussions about subnets, we will explicitly address them as such.
Classful Networks, in TCP/IP terminology are outline in RFC791. It specifically states the following–
Addresses are fixed length of four octets (32 bits). An address
begins with a network number, followed by local address (called the
“rest” field). There are three formats or classes of internet
addresses: in class a, the high order bit is zero, the next 7 bits
are the network, and the last 24 bits are the local address; in
class b, the high order two bits are one-zero, the next 14 bits are
the network and the last 16 bits are the local address; in class c,
the high order three bits are one-one-zero, the next 21 bits are the
network and the last 8 bits are the local address.
In short we can look at these two ways. We can consider the binary definition given in the RFC. This definition was expanded on in a previous article. Another option is to consider the table of useable IP address ranges.
Useble IP Addresses per Class
- Class A — 1.H.H.H–126.H.H.H
- Class B — 128.N.H.H–191.N.H.H
- Class C — 192.N.N.H–223.N.N.H
In the above example, H indicate an address portion used for host addressing. Likewise, N windicate a portion of the IP address that would be considered to be part of the network address.
Using these definitions, we can quickly determine the Class an IP address falls into. An address like 10.2.2.2 would be a Class A address and be considered part of network 10.0.0.0. The address 172.16.24.5 would be considered Class B and the associated network address would be 172.16.0.0. The concept of subnetting is a way to carve these classful address space into several, smaller address spaces.
So why do we need subnets?
The short answer is that we need subnets for flexibility and scale. Based on the definitions in RFC791, we could only define a relatively small number of networks.
- Class A — 126 Networks Available (16,777,214 hosts per network)
- Class B — 16,384 Networks Available (65,534 hosts per network)
- Class C — 2,097,152 Networks Available (254 hosts per network)
While 2,113,662 seems like a lot of networks, it really isn’t enough in practice. It is necessary to consider the fact that every network segment needs to have a network assigned to it. The reason we need IP Subnets is so we can better utilize the IP address space that is available. Few networks need the ability to connect 16,777,214 or 65,534 hosts, but the total number of networks available is simply too limited.
So as I mentioned, subnets are subset of the networks we just talked about. We can take a simple example and work through the process of allocating a large network into smaller subnets as necessary.
Considering an example of 10.2.2.2, this would be one of 16,777,214 useable IP addresses (10.0.0.1-10.255.255.254) on a network. There exists the very real possibility that only a couple hundred IP addresses are needed in a given area. Wouldn’t it be nice to somehow describe this network as 10.2.2.1 through 10.2.2.254? That is exactly what subnetting does. Furthermore, this allows for adjacent subnets to be used as necessary. For example, 10.2.3.x (10.2.3.1 – 10.2.3.254) can be used in another part of the network.
Stay tuned for more articles that will systematically step through simple to complex examples of the subnetting concepts.
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Distance Between Cities Places On Map
Type city name, location name or the location coordinates in lat long format (lat,long) and hit measure button to calculate the distance between cities or two places. Find the distance between two cities in miles and kilometers for flying or driving distance.
You can drag and drop the map marker to the location where you want to calculate the distance between.
— The red line on the map indicates the Great Circle Distance.
— The black line is the Rhumb line between the two points.
— The blue line indicates the driving distance route.
Distance calculator helps you to find how many miles from a city to an another city on map.
Distance between cities or 2 locations are measured in both kilometers, miles and nautical miles at the same time.
Air distance is the bird fly distance between two locations which is calculated with the great circle formula.
nmi: is the symbol of nautical miles in distance calculation.
Distance Calculator Updates
- Now we are using Vincenty's formula for more accurate results in our distance between cities pages. 22 April 2016
- Distance from to is now more mobile friendly with the new design. 20 April 2016
- We launched our distance from to @DistanceFromTo and Google+ pages, please follow us for news and updates. 01 February 2016
- We've updated the cities of country pages, distance between major cities are now listed. And the list of cities of a country are updated. Distance Between Cities by Country 04 February 2016
- Error while calculating driving distance is fixed.
Thanks to John M., Christian B., Renée H., Paul S. for feedback. 22 July 2015
- Target and destination city and place name inputs are now empty.
Thanks to Mark S. for feedback. 04 July 2015
- The black line information updated,
thanks to Norman G. for feedback. 06 February 2015
- You can now calculate distance between two coordinates (two Latitude Longitude values). Example: In the "From" value write "51.393368,1.439896" and in the "To" value write the target location coordinates like: "21.4512,14.123" .
- I've updated our website interface with a modern look and more compatible with mobile devices, I hope you like the new design, please contact me for your thoughts and ideas. 7 January 2015
- Meaning of color of lines added as legend info,
thanks to Jim M. and Andy F. for feedback. 21 April 2014
- Scale control added to distance map,
thanks to Tim D. for feedback. 10 April 2014
- Now we calculate nautical miles for distance between,
thanks to Travis S. for feedback. 5 September 2013
- Interface updated, website font and background color changed for better reading. 22 August 2013
- Driving distance calculation error fixed. Thanks to John C. for feedback. 2 August 2013
- Driving distance calculation added, with bird fly air distance option. 4 July 2013
- Improved page speed for faster calculation of distance. Images and content optimized. 27 March 2013
- Here we have brand new design, which is responsive that means, you can browse distancefromto.net with your any mobile device, and distancefromto will auto resize it self, hope you enjoy new features. 01 November 2012
- Distance between cities are now listed in Distance Between Cities by Country. Select cities and measure distance. 01 January 2012
- I've changed maps version to 3 and distance calculation methods, distance between cities and places are faster and more reliable now. If you get 0 km distance measure please hit the button again. 08 June 2011
Check out Time Calculator to calculate time, add and subtract hours, minutes.
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|
SINCE NO ONE SEEMS TO KNOW THE ANSWER, I have made it a habit, indulged in around Christmas time, to write an essay based on the best conjectures, past and present, as to what exactly the author of the Gospel According to Matthew might have been referring to in this famous passage --
Now when Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judaea in the days of Herod the king, behold, there came wise men from the east to Jerusalem, saying, "Where is He that is born King of the Jews? For we have seen his star in the East and are come to worship him." When Herod the king had heard these things, he was troubled, and all Jerusalem with him." -- Matthew 2:1-10The Griffith Observatory provides an authoritative set of links to various investigations into the astronomical mystery of the Star of Bethlehem, assuming of course that Matthew was reporting a real observation of something that was perhaps an abiding mystery even then. Check out this video animation -- it gives a quick visual introduction to the theories that have been favored for centuries.
PLANETARY CONJUNCTIONS: The planets of the solar system move roughly within the same plane of revolution, or slice of space, around the sun. It sometimes happens that they seem to be right on top of one another in the night sky. A planetary conjunction is rare and remarkable enough that ancient peoples have invested them with portentous or momentous meanings, just like eclipses and other unusual astronomical and atmospheric phenomena. For example on August 12 in the year 3 B.C. there was a CONJUNCTION in the sky between the planets Venus and Jupiter in the constellation Leo and near the star Regulus, an event that would have been known to astute skywatchers and astrologers of that era, such as "the Maji." According to John Mosely, Leo was the tribal sign of Judah, the tribe to which the forebears of Jesus of Nazareth are said to have belonged. To the Babylonians and Persians, Jupiter was the Planet of Kings, Regulus the Star of the Kings, and Venus (named Ishtar) was the Goddess of the Female Spirit. Of course the idea of moving Christmas to August may keep this particular theory, just that. But see the video animation for a good idea of how this actually looks from the perspective of someone on the ground, one Holy Night, ABOUT 2000 years ago, plus or minus 10 years!
COMETS like Halley's have been an attractive model for the Star of Bethlehem, though this particularly famous one, HALLEY'S COMET which last returned in 1986, was far away in the far reaches of the Solar System, far out in the middle of its orbit in the Oort Cloud, during the most likely period of Jesus's birth in Bethlehem. The related phenomena of METEORS is probably not a good candidate however, because a meteorite usually lasts only a few seconds at the most during its fiery descent to Earth, and would not be expected to behave like the object described by Matthew. The nice thing about comets is it usually takes months to appear from out of nowhere, come careening towards the sun and back out again -- just the time-scale needed by the Three Kings to follow a celestial signal. But no such comet with a suitable orbit has been found. If the Star of Bethlehem was comet, perhaps its orbital period is longer than 2000 years, since it has not yet returned.
SUPERNOVA EXPLOSIONS are mysterious, titanic stellar explosions that produce extremely bright objects in the night sky, sometimes brighter than the containing galaxy, for a period of weeks or months. (Again, the right time frame to qualify as the Star of Bethlehem in the Gospel story). However, it seems that supernovae usually leave visible remnants. For example, the most famous supernova remnant is what is today known as the CRAB NEBULA, which was first observed and recorded by Chinese astronomers in 1054 AD. Today it is known that the Crab Nebula is the location of a PULSAR, a rapidly spinning, extremely dense NEUTRON STAR. The Crab Nebula is pictured nearby. Another famous supernova remnant is something called Kepler's Star, which is associated with a really famous name in astronomy, JOHANNES KEPLER. Carl Sagan reportedly referred to Kepler as the "last scientific astrologer in history." Kepler's work is associated with other famous names like TYCHO BRAHE and GALILEO GALILEI.
NEAR EARTH OBJECTS LIKE APOPHIS: About a week ago I read the following amazing article in the GUARDIAN --
In Egyptian myth, Apophis was the ancient spirit of evil and destruction, a demon that was determined to plunge the world into eternal darkness.A fitting name, astronomers reasoned, for a menace now hurtling towards Earth from outerspace. Scientists are monitoring the progress of a 390-metre wide asteroid discovered last year that is potentially on a collision course with the planet, and are imploring governments to decide on a strategy for dealing with it. Nasa has estimated that an impact from Apophis, which has an outside chance of hitting the Earth in 2036, would release more than 100,000 times the energy released in the nuclear blast over Hiroshima. Thousands of square kilometres would be directly affected by the blast but the whole of the Earth would see the effects of the dust released into the atmosphere.Well you heard it here first folks. THE END OF THE WORLD could come in 31 YEARS. Seriously. At the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in Cambridge, Mass., there has been for several years a serious effort to discover, monitor and track these NEAR EARTH ORBITING ASTEROIDS which are all over the Solar System, but in particular near the orbits of the Earth, Mars and Jupiter. The concern is real, and now it looks like they have found at least one asteroid, 390 meters across, that IS on a collision course with the Earth and has good chance of hitting it.
THE THREE KINGS AS SCIENTISTS AND ASTRONOMERS:No discussion of the Star of Bethlehem can possibly be complete without touching upon the names of the three MAJI who followed the Star of Bethlehem to Christendom's greatest discovery -- Caspar, Melchior, and Balthasar. There are perhaps as many theories about who they were as speculations on the nature of the Star of Bethlehem. But here is a very unusual and charming essay about the Three Maji arguing rather cogently that they were free spirits, scientists, astronomers AND kings --
Excerpt from DR. MALCOLM BRENNAN: THE MAJIPerhaps we cannot find the Star of Bethlehem out in the largeness of the Night, but rather, in the depths of our soul.
The Wise Men were not scientists only but kings also. Practically, this meant that they did not have to seek funding from a university, a foundation, or a government agency, and so they did not have to modify their research project to fit the notions fashionable in those bodies. Their royalty also meant that they had certain advantages in traveling from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and that they could deal with other kings, like Herod, on an equal footing. It also gave them the practical savvy to use and to evade the likes of Herod, as prudence might require.
More importantly, their kingship furnished their minds with an important body of knowledge that enabled them to recognize the full meaning of their research results. As kings they understood things like authority and obedience, jurisdiction and sovereignty, legality and equity. As "pure" scientists—who refuse to go beyond the confines of their discipline—they would have been constrained only to record their observations on the Star of Bethlehem; they could not even have moved on to the scientist's cherished "predictability" or "repeatability" for the behavior of this star was altogether unique. In other words, these kings were able to know a King when they saw one, despite the limitations of their science's vocabulary and procedures.
Their legal and practical knowledge was apparently supplemented by some skill at literary and historical research, for they had enough sense to enquire among Herod's scholars about the legends and prophecies in Hebrew tradition and then to sort through them to find material pertinent to their astronomical observations.
GOD REST YE MERRY, GENTLE FOLKS!
UPDATE: From OREMUS DOT ORG
We three kings of Orient are,
bearing gifts we traverse afar,
field and fountain,
moor and mountain,
following yonder star.
O star of wonder, star of night,
star with royal beauty bright;
westward leading, still proceeding,
guide us to thy perfect light!
Born a King on Bethlehem's plain,
gold I bring to crown him again,
King for ever,
over us all to reign.
Frankincense to offer have I:
incense owns a Deity nigh;
prayer and praising,
worship him, God Most High.
Myrrh is mine; its bitter perfume
breathes a life of gathering gloom;
sealed in the stone-cold tomb.
Glorious now behold him arise,
King and God and Sacrifice;
the earth replies.
Words: John Henry Hopkins, Jr., 1857
No Rizalist! Now is not the time to talk about DARK ENERGY.
And quit playing around with that REAL TIME SOLAR SYSTEM ORRERY already.
UPDATE: Philippine Commentary is following BREAKING NEWS ITEMS today, including President Bush's Oval Office Speech and doings in OZ at THE ARCHIPELAGO CALLED EARTH.
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Tarpat 1929 Arab Riots in Safed
|Meora'ot Tarpat 5689, Tzfat Massacre, 1929 Safed Massacre, Sh’nat Tarpat, Shanat Tarpat|
|Arab Riots in Tzfat in 1929.|
In August 1929 members of Safed’s Arab population crossed over the market area into the Jewish Quarter of Safed. There they massacred 18 Jewish residents, injured 80 and ransacked, pillaged, looted and burned much of the Jewish Quarter.
Jews and Arabs in Tzfat
According to the Crusader writings, both Jewish and Arab communities existed in Tzfat when the Crusaders built their fortress on Tzfat’s Citadel in the 13th century. Throughout the following centuries, relations between the two communities saw periods of peace broken by periodic Arab uprisings and riots. During the early part of the 20th century the two communities co-existed side by side, conducting commerce together and sending community representatives to serve together to deal with bureaucratic affairs pertaining to the ruling British.
Arab-Jewish Relations in the 1920s
Years of Arab agitation against the immigration of Jews into the Land of Israel and attempts to prevent Jews from praying at Jewish Holy sites in Jerusalem resulted in a Jewish demonstration in August 1929 in Jerusalem. During the demonstration Jewish activists marched and asserted the right of Jews to pray at the Western Wall. The Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al Husseini, told his followers that the Jews were preparing to take over the Al Aksa Mosque. His words spread throughout the country and Arabs rioted, killing Jews in Tel Aviv, Jerusalem, Hebron, Jaffa and other settlements and towns.
Tzfat Arabs
The Arabs in Tzfat maintained two separate communities, the Christian Arab community and the Muslim Arab community. During the 1920s the Muslim Arabs were influenced by anti-Jewish sentiments emanating from Jerusalem. When the Mufti of Jerusalem urged his followers to attack Jews, the Arabs of Safed heeded his call.
Safed Arab Pogroms
On August 23rd 1929 riots began in Jerusalem, Hebron, Haifa, Jaffa and in other areas of the Land of Israel, then called “Palestine.” The Jewish leadership warned the British that Safed Jews would present a visible target but the British took no notice. On August 29th the iman of the central Safed mosque issued a scathing sermon against the Jews and urged his followers to take action. The Arab worshippers streamed out of the mosque, crossed the central market square that separated the Arab and Jewish Quarters and began to methodically kill Jewish residents of the Quarter.
The Victims
Over the course of three days the Arabs of Safed, together with Arabs in nearby Arab towns, burned, pillaged, and murdered Tzfat Jews. Eighteen Jews were killed and approximately 40 were wounded. Two hundred homes were looted and burned. The main damage occurred in the western part of the Old Jewish Quarter, the traditional Sephardic Quarter of Tzfat.
The British
British soldiers and administration officials allowed the rioting to continue for three days. They did not interfere and made no effort to enter the Jewish Quarter to put an end to the pogrom. Some Jewish residents took refuge in the Saraya (today, the Wolfson) building where the British maintained their administrative headquarters. The British did not actively defend the Jews who were huddled in the Saraya courtyard. Arabs easily climbed up the Saraya walls and shot into the crowd of Jews in the courtyard below.
Following the riots the British decided to separate the Jews and the Arabs by creating a no-man’s land in-between the quarters. They built a staircase that descended from the main street, Jerusalem street, cutting the no-man’s land in half. British sentries guarded the stairs from a look-out post at the top of the stairs. Even so, over the course of the next 19 years, periodic Arab marauders managed to cross over the stairs and murder Jews in the Jewish quarter. In 1936 Arab intruders slaughtered the entire Ungar family while they ate dinner.
Many Jews left Safed but other Jewish residents actively prepared for further attacks. The British policy was to prevent the Jews from possessing weapons, even for purposes of self-defense. The Jews of Tzfat began to prepare “slicks” -- underground hiding places for weapons -- among the old homes and ruins of Tzfat. The Irgun and the Haganah, two Jewish defense organizations, operated clandestinely in Safed, training the residents in the art of self-defense.
The next round of Arab riots occurred in Palestine in 1936 but the Jews of Safed were ready and successfully maintained relative calm in the city.
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Definitions for saccharomycetales
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word saccharomycetales
The Saccharomycetales are an order in the kingdom of fungi that comprises the budding yeasts and includes 12 families.
U.S. National Library of Medicine
An order of fungi in the phylum Ascomycota that multiply by budding. They include the telomorphic ascomycetous yeasts which are found in a very wide range of habitats.
The numerical value of saccharomycetales in Chaldean Numerology is: 9
The numerical value of saccharomycetales in Pythagorean Numerology is: 9
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"saccharomycetales." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2016. Web. 28 Jun 2016. <http://www.definitions.net/definition/saccharomycetales>.
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Strawberries (Fragaria) are flowering plants in a genus within the rose family, Rosaceae, known for their edible fruits. Originally straw was used as a mulch in cultivating the plants. There are more than 20 described species and many hybrids and cultivars. The most common strawberries grown commercially are cultivars of the garden strawberry, a hybrid known as Fragaria × ananassa. Strawberries have a taste that varies by cultivar, and ranges from quite sweet to rather tart.
- Personally I am very fond of strawberries and cream, but I have found that for some strange reason, fish prefer worms. So when I went fishing, I didn’t think about what I wanted. I thought about what they wanted. I didn't bait the hook with strawberries and cream.
- Let me take you down, 'cause I'm going to Strawberry Fields.
Nothing is real and nothing to get hung about.
Strawberry Fields forever.
Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations
- Quotes reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 756.
- Like strawberry wives, that laid two or three great strawberries at the mouth of their pot, and all the rest were little ones.
- Francis Bacon, Apothegms, No. 54.
- The strawberry grows underneath the nettle
And wholesome berries thrive and ripen best
Neighbour'd by fruit of baser quality.
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Tallemant des Réaux, Gédéon (zhādāôNˈ täləmäNˈ dā rāōˈ) [key], 1619–92, French writer. His one great work is a series of brief anecdotal portraits of persons prominent in the Paris of his day, written after 1657 but not published until 1834. They present a vivid, faithful, and acute picture of the society of the period. The Historiettes have appeared in English as Miniature Portraits (1926).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
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1A covering for the foot, typically made of leather, with a sturdy sole and not reaching above the ankle.
- He wore black tennis shoes with dull white laces, baggy blue slacks and a white long sleeved shirt.
- Anyone wearing high-heeled shoes would find herself punching holes in the floorboard.
- But even with the assistance of modern machinery and materials, most pointe shoes are still entirely handmade.
- First remove any horseshoe nails and clean the shoe with a stiff brush and water to remove packed in-dirt.
- The field was reduced to six when Rapid Ryan was ordered scratched by the stewards in the paddock because he was wearing improper shoes.
- There is a moment of anxiety as Hills dismounts immediately after the line but it transpires that the filly has just twisted a shoe.
2.1A drag for a wheel.
- And the advantage to a pivoting shoe is it allows you to more easily work on undulating, round or contour surfaces.
- Drag shoes under the wheels helped to lock them.
- The recoil system was not efficient and drag shoes had to be used under the wheels to keep the carriage steady in action.
2.2 short for brake shoe.
- If your trailer is equipped with electric brakes, check the drums and shoes for wear and the brake magnet for condition.
- But, when you're in four bad crashes, two wheel changes and a broken shoe, it made it one of the hardest one-day races of my life.
- The shoes in drum brakes are subject to wear and the brakes needed to be adjusted regularly until the introduction of self adjusting drum brakes in the 1950s.
2.3A socket, especially on a camera, for fitting a flash unit or other accessory.
- I am looking for an off camera flash shoe cord.
- The above is a normal flash shoe with forward pressure being applied to the flash.
- To get your flash far away from your camera lens, you need to purchase an external flash, and you need a camera with a hot shoe.
2.4A metal rim or ferrule, especially on the runner of a sled.
- A close-fitting metal shoe with a central opening of 12.7 mm diameter flattened the section against the ceramic plate of the transducer.
- The protector block controller shoe is a metal shoe with a handle and a crossbar placed at a comfortable position in front of the operator's foot with the handle above and the crossbar below.
- Modern sled runners are covered with removable plastic runner shoes which can be changed for different conditions, or when worn.
2.5A box from which cards are dealt in casinos at baccarat or some other card games.
- The odds constantly shift as cards are dealt out of the shoe.
- So I shuffled up my six-deck shoe and dealt to four players plus the dealer for several hours.
- The game is dealt from an eight-deck shoe (sometimes six decks will be used).
verb (shoes, shoeing /SHo͞oiNG/; past and past participle shod /SHäd/)[with object]
1Fit (a horse) with a shoe or shoes.
- If you have a lot of rocks in your pasture and/or you ride your horse often in a rocky area; you may need to shoe your horse.
- A blacksmith with an ancestor who shod the horses that took part in the Charge of the Light Brigade is hoping for a grandson - to keep the 170-year-old family firm going for future generations.
- She approached two men, who were shoeing a horse.
1.1 (be shod) [with adverbial] (Of a person) be wearing shoes of a specified kind: his large feet were shod in sneakers
More example sentences
- Her feet were shod with black dress shoes that were slightly scuffed as if it had been walking.
- Like her he was dressed in the coarsest of undyed wool, rough with fringe at the edges, and was shod in shoes made from deer hide or pig hide, with the hair still upon it.
- Now at ease by the fireside, his feet are shod in narrow velvet slippers with a monogram embroidered in gold thread.
1.2Protect (the end of an object such as a pole) with a metal shoe: the four wooden balks were each shod with heavy iron heads
More example sentences
- At regular intervals along the counter were great upright wooden stampers shod with iron at the bottom.
- The door was stout oak shod with iron and locked with three thick iron bolts into the door frame.
1.3Fit a tire to (a wheel).
- Alloy and steel wheels are newly-styled and shod with 15 inch tyres which result in improved ride characteristics.
- Sixteen inch alloy wheels shod with very generous 195/45 tyres are another bonus.
- The only giveaways, apart from the badges, were slightly flared wheel arches, wide alloy wheels shod with special high-grip radial tyres and a single large-bore exhaust pipe.
be (or put oneself) in another person's shoes
- Be (or put oneself) in another person’s situation or predicament: if I’d been in your shoes I’d have walked out on himMore example sentences
- Yes, I know that sounds strange and mildly racist, but until you've been in my shoes for that situation, you just don't know.
- If you put yourself in my shoes for a moment, you will understand my situation.
- I can't say I've been in your shoes, or know anybody in quite the same situation.
dead men's shoes
- Property or a position coveted by a prospective successor but available only on a person’s death.Example sentences
- The method for promotion is very much dead men's shoes.
- But I'm kind of trapped by a glass ceiling and the only way up is to fill dead men's shoes.
- Promotion by seniority, waiting for dead men's shoes, is a sad blow to efficiency, for it stifles initiative and offers no incentive.
if the shoe fits, wear it
- North American Used as a way of suggesting that someone should accept a generalized remark or criticism as applying to themselves.Example sentences
- If the shoe fits, wear it, I guess.
- It kills me to write things like that, but if the shoe fits, wear it.
- "Yup, if the shoe fits, wear it, Granny O'Neill used to say and right now, that shoe fits pretty damn well."
the shoe (or British boot) is on the other foot
- The situation, in particular the holding of advantage, has reversed.Example sentences
- Then the shoe is on the other foot and you are so happy to hear respected coworker's voice on the phone
- History is being repeated, and now the shoe is on the other foot, and the gringos are being invaded this time around.
- Maybe its change, and you don't like it because for once the shoe is on the other foot.
- informal Used in reference to the wear on shoes through walking: you can save on shoe leather by giving us your instructions over the telephoneMore example sentences
- I always go with the team that's been hitting the pavement, working the asphalt, wearing out the shoe leather - the Street Smarts guys who know how to sell!
- In pure democratic fashion, members of the group will be wearing out shoe leather delivering information directly to Calgarians to gain support for ending fluoridation.
- Today, when the footstreets have been worn down with shoe leather for almost exactly 15 years, it is hard to recall how radical this proposal must have seemed.
wait for the other shoe to drop
- North American informal Be prepared for a further or consequential event or complication to occur.Example sentences
- But part of me is waiting for the other shoe to drop.
- And it's getting on my nerves, because it's like waiting for the other shoe to drop.
- Rather than thanking him for the compliment, I only nod, waiting for the other shoe to drop.
- Example sentences
- Their rooms are called cells, they eat very little, and agree to vows of poverty symbolized by the simple sandals they wear; for, technically, Carmelites are shoeless or discalaced.
- I was never a junkie, I was never shoeless and selling my mom's car to a Gypsy.
- The narrator's mother, who insists that she attend the School of Music and Ballet and forbids her to play with the shoeless neighbor children, is English.
Old English scōh (noun), scōg(e)an (verb), of Germanic origin; related to Dutch schoen and German Schuh.
Words that rhyme with shoeaccrue, adieu, ado, anew, Anjou, aperçu, askew, ballyhoo, bamboo, bedew, bestrew, billet-doux, blew, blue, boo, boohoo, brew, buckaroo, canoe, chew, clew, clou, clue, cock-a-doodle-doo, cockatoo, construe, coo, Corfu, coup, crew, Crewe, cru, cue, déjà vu, derring-do, dew, didgeridoo, do, drew, due, endue, ensue, eschew, feu, few, flew, flu, flue, foreknew, glue, gnu, goo, grew, halloo, hereto, hew, Hindu, hitherto, how-do-you-do, hue, Hugh, hullabaloo, imbrue, imbue, jackaroo, Jew, kangaroo, Karroo, Kathmandu, kazoo, Kiangsu, knew, Kru, K2, kung fu, Lahu, Lanzhou, Lao-tzu, lasso, lieu, loo, Lou, Manchu, mangetout, mew, misconstrue, miscue, moo, moue, mu, nardoo, new, non-U, nu, ooh, outdo, outflew, outgrew, peekaboo, Peru, pew, plew, Poitou, pooh, pooh-pooh, potoroo, pursue, queue, revue, roo, roux, rue, Selous, set-to, shampoo, shih-tzu, shoo, shrew, Sioux, skean dhu, skew, skidoo, slew, smew, snafu, sou, spew, sprue, stew, strew, subdue, sue, switcheroo, taboo, tattoo, thereto, thew, threw, thro, through, thru, tickety-boo, Timbuktu, tiramisu, to, to-do, too, toodle-oo, true, true-blue, tu-whit tu-whoo, two, vendue, view, vindaloo, virtu, wahoo, wallaroo, Waterloo, well-to-do, whereto, whew, who, withdrew, woo, Wu, yew, you, zoo
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I recently attended a seminar for university teachers. Its mission was to help teachers use online geographic tools in creative ways. And I was really surprised – there are so many interesting map-based tools that can be used to help conceptualize, visualize, share, and communicate information.
Let’s take a look at some of them.
Google Earth tools can be used for various types of gamification, such as building Lego houses, a guessing game Where On Google Earth? or Geography of Hate. GeoGuessr drops you somewhere on the earth and you have to figure out where you are. This site is dedicated to historcial voyages, events, and historical backgrounds of countries throughout the World.
Here are some real examples how geography teachers can use Google Earth. Teachers can make their lectures more interesting with tours and paths. A walk through of all the cool things that can be done with lines in Google Earth from drawing and driving along polylines, to importing GPS tracks and showing profiles of the terrain crosse.
In Google Earth, you can easily drape your own images or maps over the terrain. This session will show you how to use overlays to help you tell a story in Google Earth. Here is an example of historic maps to overlay. You can also show nice time lapses with EarthEngine – this animation shows how the Aral Sea in Russia dried out between 1984-2012
Elsewhere, ESRI’s ArcGIS allows to create interactive maps and apps and share them – quickly and easily with nothing to install or setup. With ESRI you can access a rich collection of basemaps, demographic maps, image services, and data. ESRI also has a great Microsoft Office Excel tool.
ESRI’s GeoCommons is the public community of GeoIQ users who are building an open repository of data and maps for the world. The GeoIQ platform includes a large number of features that empower you to easily access, visualize and analyze your data.
Mapping For Change is a nice project with a mission to empower individuals and communities to make a difference to their local area through the use of mapping and the applications of geographical information.
We’ve already mentioned Google Earth but Google offers many more mapping tools. Art can be nicely vizualized with the Google Art project. You can visit the Art museum in Jerusalem, Israel, for instance.
The Google World Wonders Project is a platform which brings world heritage sites of the modern and ancient world online. Using Street View, 3D modeling Google made these sites accessible to everyone. You can explore the Grand Canyon, for instance. Here is a cool video on how World Wonders work. Google Earth has official YouTube channel with other nice videos.
Here is Maps Engine Lite, the main Google tool to create attractive maps, such school capacity map, forensic sites from the Boston Marathon Bombing, walking tour of Seattle or motorcycle tour of Pakistan.
The key is that mapping should be this easy. The KML file format is used to display geographic data in an Earth browser, such as Google Earth, Google Maps, and Google Maps for mobile. You can create KML files to pinpoint locations, add image overlays, and expose rich data in new ways.
Here is Google Earth in one presentation by John Bailey, an Assistant Research Professor at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. Being from wild Alaska, he knows a lot about maps. He created and teaches the first accredited US college class in Google Earth and KML.
Google Earth Outreach gives nonprofits and public benefit organizations the knowledge and resources they need to visualize their cause and tell their story in Google Earth and Maps.
Header image credit: Getty Images
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Ok so, if you're reading this guide chances are you are one of two types of people. Either you are a complete beginner, like myself, and will hopefully learn something! OR, you know much more about bots and electronics then I do, and should be correcting my many mistakes and blatant errors, not reading the intro.. *shake fist*
So what is a robot? How does it work? How do I get started?! Crashing into the world of robotonics head first is not
an easy task. It's actually very daunting. Hopefully you, fine reader, have a bit of programing experience, or at least know a bit about computers, say, how to turn one on.. But if you don't, thats ok! Neither do I! The most complex line of coding I know is
<a href=" "><img src=" "></a>
Which is basically the html code for inputing an image that links to something.. Not exactly Einsteinian work there. But its ok! We'll figure this out together dear reader, you and I!
Here Will go the contents guide, once there is actually something to contain..
Parts of a Robot
The parts that make up a robot really depend on what type of bot you are trying to build. The 'brain' of a robot is usually a microcontroller of some sort
1.I/O Boards and Micro Controllers
Controllers are the brains of a bot, they accept input, and direct output to the various parts of your bot.
They can be very simple, or incredibly complex.
Some of the more popular controllers include the phidget's I/O boards, BASIC stamps, and Atmel's Arduino series. I chose to go with the Arduino, so this, and any other tutorials will focus around the Arduino Diecimila board, and the
ATMega168 chip. There are already a bunch of great beginner guides out there for the Arduino. I plan on writing one up, as I learn to work with the Arduino, but for now, here are some of the guides I've been reading over, while I wait for my package to arrive.
The Arduino Getting started guide
Lady Ada's getting started guide. Incomplete as of right now, but a great resource for someone just starting out with electronics!
Todbot's spooky Halloween Arduino Guide A little fast paced, and is centered around halloween, but is still a great starter electronics guide!
2. Servo, Motor, and Stepper Controllers
These types of controllers are similar to the microcontrollers described above, but they have the more specific purpose of monitoring and controlling only the components they are assigned. As far as I'm aware, they arn't capable of reading sensors. This section probably needs more work..
3. Servos, DC Motors, and Stepper Motors, Oh my!
These are what give your robot movement. Servos can be linked together using brackets to form complex limbs.
Sensors comes in many many different shapes and sizes, and they can sense almost anything in you can dream up, from light to stretch! Here are some of the more popular kinds, in no particular order.
IR Distance Sensors Using an IR beam these sensors are capable of determining how far away something is, converting the feedback into current, that can be translated into distance.
Sonar Range sensors I don't really understand these as of yet, but heres what appears to be a very indepth guide.
Accelerometers and Gyroscopes Both are used for maintaining stability of a robot. I don't know much else at this point except that accelerometers use a small bubble inside of a fluid to detect orientation on an x,y axis, and gyros are small wheels that spin on a gimble.
Force, Pressure, and touch sensors Force sensors measure how much weight is being put on the sensor. Pressure sensors measure pressure! As in PSI. Touch sensors detect where they are being touched, similar to the wheel on an Ipod.
Encoders Encoders are sensors that have a wheel attached to them. The wheel has lines or dots printed on it, and as it spins the encoder counts the lines so that it knows how many
Definitions, and Common Phrases
DOF: Degrees of Freedom. How many joins a particular limb contains. Each joint is one Servo.
I/O Board: An Input Output board. EX: Takes a command from a source, say 'move forward' and translates it into supply power to motors 2 and 4.
MicroController: Ranges from a small chip with predefined coding that will follow a specific course of action to a full blow computer.
Servo: An electronically controlled motor that will move very precisely. Servos differ from motors in that their movements are very accurate. The 'bridge' between electrical components and physical ones.
Servo Controller: A device that hooks to your microcontroller that delegates the control of a number of servos.
Stepper Motor: A precise motor capable of moving only a certain degree. Has no 'wind up/wind down' period.
TNSTAAFL: "Theres no such thing as a free lunch."
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Heart Disease: Women Tougher Than Men?
Study: Women Underrate Severity of Their Heart Disease
Dec. 1, 2005 -- Women may be tougher than men when it comes to handling heart disease, according to a new study.
Researchers at the University of Michigan compared 142 women and 348 men with heart disease.
The women's hearts were in rougher shape, but women and men gave themselves equal ratings for their heart disease's severity.
That "toughness" could be risky.
"If women do not perceive that their cardiac disease is severe, then they may not pursue medical evaluation, treatment, or rehabilitation," write David Nau, PharmD, PhD, and colleagues.
The report appears in The American Journal of Medicine.
Heart disease is a leading cause of death for men and women alike. Studies have repeatedly noted differences in heart care for women and men.
For instance, a study presented in November showed that women at high risk of a heart attack were
less likely than their male peers to get certain heart tests and treatments.
In September, a study done in Dublin, Ireland, showed that when men and women went to Dublin emergency rooms because of possible heart attacks, women waited longer for evaluation and care.
Last January, British researchers reported that women's heart attacks are less likely to be diagnosed than men's heart attacks.
Safeguarding Your Heart
Many heart risks can be prevented or treated. See your doctor for any questions about your heart's health, and call 911 immediately at any sign of a heart attack.
For both men and women, heart attack symptoms can include:
- Squeezing chest pain or pressure
- Shortness of breath
- Tightness in chest
- Pain spreading to shoulders, neck, arm, or jaw
- Feeling of heartburn or indigestion with or without nausea and vomiting
- Sudden dizziness or brief loss of consciousness
Subtle heart attack symptoms that may occur, especially in women, include:
Indigestion or gas-like pain
- Dizziness or nausea
- Unexplained weakness or fatigue
- Discomfort or pain between the shoulder blades
- Recurring chest discomfort
- Sense of impending doom
However, both men and women can experience "atypical" heart attack symptoms. So always call 911 and let an expert figure out whether a heart attack has occurred.
It's a timely topic, as other researchers recently reported that December is especially deadly for senior citizens' heart attacks.
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World Autism Awareness Day
World Autism Awareness Day aims to increase people's awareness about people, especially children, with autism. The day often features educational events for teachers, health care workers and parents, as well as exhibitions showcasing work created by children with autism.
What Do People Do?
Many events are organized on World Autism Awareness Day. These include:
- Panel discussions with autism experts, politicians and non-governmental organization (NGO) representatives.
- Informational events for parents of children with autism.
- Conferences and workshops for professionals working with people with autism.
- Artistic workshops for people with autism.
- Television and radio shows, as well as newspaper features, about people with autism and their lives.
- The launch of educational materials for parents and teachers.
- Exhibitions of art work by artists with autism.
- The display of posters and banners to increase public awareness of autism.
Special clinics are also organized for families dealing with autism to obtain consultations with pediatricians, educational psychologists and social workers
World Autism Awareness Day is not a public holiday.
Autism is a developmental disability that remains with a person for his or her whole life. This condition affects the brain's functions. The first signs usually appear before a child is three years old. People with autism often:
- Find social interaction difficult.
- Have problems with verbal and non-verbal communication.
- Demonstrate restrictive and repetitive behavior.
- Have a limited set of interests and activities.
Autism affects girls and boys of all races and in all geographic regions and has a large impact on children, their families, communities and societies. The prevalence is currently rising in many countries around the world. Caring for and educating children and young people with this condition places challenges on health care, education and training programs.
On November 1, 2007, the United Nations (UN) called for one day each year to be designated as World Autism Day. On December 18, 2007, the UN General Assembly designated April 2 as World Autism Awareness Day. It was first observed in 2008.
World Autism Awareness Day Observances
|Fri||Apr 2||2010||World Autism Awareness Day||United Nations observance|
|Sat||Apr 2||2011||World Autism Awareness Day||United Nations observance|
|Mon||Apr 2||2012||World Autism Awareness Day||United Nations observance|
|Tue||Apr 2||2013||World Autism Awareness Day||United Nations observance|
|Wed||Apr 2||2014||World Autism Awareness Day||United Nations observance|
|Thu||Apr 2||2015||World Autism Awareness Day||United Nations observance|
|Sat||Apr 2||2016||World Autism Awareness Day||United Nations observance|
|Sun||Apr 2||2017||World Autism Awareness Day||United Nations observance|
|Mon||Apr 2||2018||World Autism Awareness Day||United Nations observance|
|Tue||Apr 2||2019||World Autism Awareness Day||United Nations observance|
|Thu||Apr 2||2020||World Autism Awareness Day||United Nations observance|
Quick FactsWorld Autism Awareness Day raises an awareness of issues surrounding people, particularly children, with autism worldwide.
World Autism Awareness Day 2016Saturday, April 2, 2016
World Autism Awareness Day 2017Sunday, April 2, 2017
Name in other languages
|World Autism Awareness Day||English|
|Día Mundial de Concienciación sobre el Autismo||Spanish|
|יום מודעות העולמי אוטיזם||Hebrew|
|اليوم العالمي للتوحد||Arabic|
|세계 자폐증 인식의 날||Korean|
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Cascade Dam, near Cascade, Idaho, on the North Fork on the Payette River, is a zoned earthfill structure 785 feet across the crest. The initial total storage capacity was 703,200 acre-feet (active 653,200 acre-feet). The spillway is located on the right abutment of the dam. The invert is 45 feet wide at the crest under the radial gates and about 330 feet long excluding the open cut channel to the reservoir. The design capacity is 12,500 cubic feet per second with the water surface at elevation 4828.0 feet. Two 21-foot wide by 20-foot high radial gates are installed on the crest of the spillway to provide means for regulating the discharge of water over the spillway and to provide protection for the dam in the event of a sudden rise in reservoir water level. A sedimentation survey completed in 1995 at Lake Cascade estimated the total capacity at 693,200 acre-feet (active 646,500 acre-feet).
Cascade Dam is sited on igneous rock of granitic type, which generally is of fair quality, but there are numerous localized areas of poor quality. The rock `is light gray coarse-crystalline porphyritic granite and locally is gneissic. It is extremely sheared, conspicuously sheeted and jointed and zones of crushed rock are numerous. Much of the rock is hard, competent and relatively fresh. The dam embankment cutoff trench extends to bedrock and includes a concrete cutoff wall with footings in bedrock. A pressure grout curtain was placed to depth not exceeding 100 feet under the cutoff wall footings. An area of badly broken rock (by blasting) was consolidated with grout. Soils remaining in the embankment foundation upstream and downstream of the cutoff trench are mostly coarse-grained and bouldery, not types considered subject to liquefaction. The gated spillway structure and chute are in a rock cut on the right abutment. The outlet works intake structure and tunnel are on the right side. Foundation rock conditions for the spillway and outlet works are similar to rock described above. An inferred east-west trending fault has been mapped a short distance north on the left abutment. The dam is located within a notch in a bedrock ridge which is interpreted to be a tilted fault block nor an uplift block (horst) related to regional block faulting. The abutments upstream and downstream are natural bedrock slopes, which are stable. The excavated slope of rock adjacent to the spillway and outlet works is stable. None appear to be subject to landslides or rock falls. Basement igneous rocks enclose the basin, which makes the water holding capability of the reservoir satisfactory.
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Dr. Catacutan currently leads research related to governance and natural resources management processes, including policy and institutional analyses in relation to payments for ecosystem services, in the Southeast Asia office of the World Agroforestry Centre. Her insights on avoiding conflict where water resources are scarce bring to a close the Roundtable on the topic of conflict. While she notes how water resource use can be a factor contributing to conflict, it is evident that addressing water rights alone will not necessarily yield the most equitable or long-term sustainable solution.
Global experience has shown that as demand for water outstrips supply, competition and conflict arise between different users over who can use water and how much each one can use. Several examples illustrate this— in Indonesia, the degradation of Sumberjaya watershed triggered conflict when the local forest department blamed upland coffee farmers for the decreased productivity of the hydropower plant located downstream in the watershed. On a larger scale, when Ethiopia was planning to build a dam in the Nile River Watershed to increase food production, Egypt responded with political and military threats. In Manupali watershed, conflict emerged when water availability downstream decreased, and irrigators discovered that the rights previously granted to them by water authorities over the tributaries of Manupali River had been recently ceded to private companies and elite individuals.
Water rights are central to natural resources management. For one, conflict or absence of clearly defined rights has been identified as major factor in the failure of many sustainable watershed management projects. State and customary laws are used to resolve conflict over water rights; however, both are problematic, as even legal means can be protracted by power imbalances between elite and poor actors. A third approach is ‘amicable settlement’ with provisional solutions unilaterally agreed by contesting parties.
In an article published by Collective Action and Property Rights (CAPRi), we argue that while conflict over water as a scarce resource can be mediated by sharing water rights, but a shared understanding of watershed functions and land use patterns and reconciling the diverse interests and expectations of multiple stakeholders at the landscape level, is key to resolving conflict and promoting sustainable watershed management. The article was based on our assessment of the impacts of land use conversion – from smallholder mixed agriculture production to corporate banana farming – on the water balance of the Manupali watershed, in southern Philippines.
In Manupali, water rights holders (e.g., farmers, irrigators and plantation companies) entered into an amicable settlement by conceding their individual rights in exchange of cash and/or in-kind payments. Indeed, such amicable settlement forestalled conflict, but it neither addressed the issues underlying water scarcity nor resolved the issue of overlapping water rights. Our analyses of land use and hydrology in Manupali suggest that rather than overlapping water rights, changing land use patterns characterized by rapid expansion of plantation crops, was key to seasonal water availability, low buffering capacity, and poor water balance of the watershed. The water rights sharing schemes employed by water rights holders also have had the unintended consequence of promoting inequity. Upstream farmers, who incurred private costs to protect water sources by accepting use restrictions of their land, bear most if not all of the burden for protecting water quality and quantity.
This experience clearly points to the need for addressing resource use conflict at the landscape level. It is particularly important where multiple resource users have divergent interests that they use to justify their actions regardless of the impacts they may have on the landscape. A shared understanding of landscape functions and their links to land use decisions may induce social norms of conservation, leading to reduced conflict between smallholder production and large scale agribusiness. However, it should be noted that landscape approaches are knowledge intensive and time-demanding, often lack landscape-level information to assess the connectivity of socio-ecological features in the landscape, and also require significant support to mobilize collective action at the appropriate level. And so ultimately, without significant resources, resolving resource conflict through landscape approaches may be unrewarding.
Based on: Piñon, C., D. Catacutan, B. Leimona, E. Abasolo, M. van-Noordwijk, and L. Tiongco. 2012. Conflict, Cooperation, and Collective Action: Land Use, Water Rights and Water Scarcity in Manupali Watershed, Southern Philippines. CAPRi Working Paper No. 104. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
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Almost every batch of dough I make contains 1 pound of flour. When I expect to make pizza for a party or for guests, I usually double the amount of every ingredient in my dough to make double size batches.
For reasons I can't quite understand (and haven't really tried to figure out), a double-sized batch of dough seems to ferment A LOT faster than my normal-sized batch of dough. I don't think it's in my head, either.
If you look closely at any of John Correll's formulas on the Encyclopizza web site (here is an example: http://www.correllconcepts.com/Encyclopizza/05_Dough-making/01_dough_recipe.htm
), you'll see that Correll uses a lower percentage of yeast in his full batch than he does in his test batch.
Here’s the formula for the dough:
When I plug the figures from his full batch into a spreadsheet to convert it to a test batch expressed mostly in volumetric measurements, I get roughly the same measurements he shows in his formula, except for the yeast measurement
. In the list below, Correll’s test-batch figures are shown first, followed by the measurements I’ve gotten from a lot of weighing, double-checking, and translating.
Flour: 16 oz -- 16 oz
Water: 9.25 oz -- 9.28 ozADY: 2.5 tsp -- 1.6 tsp
Sugar: 1.125 tsp -- 1.31tsp
Salt: 1.625 tsp -- 1.86 tsp
Oil: 0.5 oz -- 0.48 oz
That’s a big disparity, and it’s not a result of my math or scaling skills. So why does Correll use a smaller percentage of yeast in bigger batches while expressing it as if each batch size contains the same amount of yeast? I don’t know, but it does seem to me that small batches of dough require a higher ratio of yeast than large batches to get the same rate of fermentation.
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Four days before trade ministers meet at the 6th Ministerial meeting of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in Hong Kong, Greenpeace released a new report highlighting the threat that the WTO poses to the world’s last remaining ancient forests. The study Trading Away our Last Ancient Forests concludes that liberalisation in the forestry sector must be halted immediately in order to avoid destroying the last remaining ancient forests and the indigenous communities dependent on them.
The report Trading Away our Last Ancient Forests highlights that liberalisation is likely to magnify destruction of rainforests and increase illegal and unsustainable logging, particularly in the poorest countries. The study confirms the findings of a Sustainable Impact Assessment commissioned by the European Union on the likely negative impacts of WTO trade liberalisation on forests. The EU study was published earlier this week (1).
"A push for unbridled liberalisation of the global timber trade at the WTO would result in further irreversible ecological damage, as well as social conflict and an increase in poverty," said Daniel Mittler, Trade Policy Advisor at Greenpeace International. "Plans for forest liberalisation at the WTO must be abandoned in light of the proven negative environmental and social impacts."
The Greenpeace report illustrates how the WTO has been systematically used to stall political action aimed at preventing the destruction of forests. It therefore calls for governments to accept the primacy of international legislation safeguarding people and the environment over trade rules, so that the WTO can no longer be used to undermine progressive social and environmental legislation.
The WTO ministerial in Hong Kong will focus on agriculture, services and non-agricultural market access (NAMA). If the negotiations are to move forward at all, trade-offs between these different negotiation areas are inevitable. Forests, covered under the NAMA negotiations, are at risk of being traded off for cheap gains in other areas.
"We must not allow the last ancient forests of the world to be traded away in Hong Kong," added Daniel Mittler, "Governments must halt the NAMA negotiations and take urgent steps to improve forest protection measures globally."
Download the Report:
Trading Away our Last Ancient Forests
(1) The Sustainabilty Impact Assessment commissioned by the European Union is available at: http://www.sia-trade.org/wto/final%20report%20page.shtml
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David Bourget (Western Ontario)
David Chalmers (ANU, NYU)
Rafael De Clercq
Ezio Di Nucci
Jack Alan Reynolds
Learn more about PhilPapers
The Proceedings of the Twenty-First World Congress of Philosophy 3:131-135 (2007)
Human rights are universally accepted duties to one another as persons which make possible all other human relations. In order to get along in the world beings are grouped and treated as equal, distinctions being made only when an individual is familiar. Treatment of beings according to their general characteristics constitutes natural or species rights of which human rights are an instance. Such rights are an abstraction, an average of the behavior of all group members, extreme deviation from which is disregarded as pathological. Encompassed in human rights are welfare considerations as well as freedoms, all together establishing a minimal condition of life which everyone owes every other
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Atmospheric Scientists study the weather & climate, looking for periodic variations that can be linked to some geophysical cause. Then we can understand and predict.
The first solar cycle noticed (other than the diurnal and the annual!) is the famous 11-year sunspot cycle. The sunspots are evident (Galileo saw them) and there is a change in solar input correlated with them . But it is very small (less than 0.2 watts/m2) with minimum effect seen in weather & climate (except when they are missing for many cycles). We have been at a sunspot minimum just recently (’09) and are now moving into a sunspot maximum period. It was predicted to be in 2012 and to be 30% to 50% stronger than the previous one (about 150 sunspots in ’01). But as we all know, climate science is not exact, and it now appears that this was an overestimate (We currently have 75 in this cycle).
One of the best examples of climate forcing is found in the Milankovitch cycle. Slight variations in Earth’s orbit lead to changes in the seasonal distribution of sunlight reaching the Earth’s surface and how it is distributed across the globe. There is very little change to the area-averaged annual sunshine or the global average solar forcing; but there can be strong changes in the geographical and seasonal distribution. The three types of orbital variations are variations in Earth’s eccentricity, changes in the tilt angle of Earth’s axis of rotation, and precession of Earth’s axis. Combined together, these have a large impact on climate and are notable for their correlation to glacial and interglacial periods, to the advance and retreat of the Sahara and for their appearance in the stratigraphic record. The Serbian astronomer Milankovitch became famous for noting this in 1920.
From strata & ice core data we have an excellent record of the temperature during the past 700,000 years, and it shows about five M-cycles. We see the small solar increase in temperature which is then bolstered by a strong positive feedback from CO2 (and methane) being released. The IPCC notes that although the M-cycles drove the global temperature decrease-increase that produced the glacial-interglacial cycles; CO2 followed temperature change (~ 100-year lag) and that as a strong positive feedback amplified temperature change. The depths of the ocean have a lag time in changing temperature, then upon seawater temperature change the solubility of CO2 in the oceans changes, which as well as other factors, change the air-sea CO2 exchange. It is important to remember that the solar forcing is much less (an order of magnitude) than the CO2 effect and the M-cycle would scarcely be noticed without it.
We have a more difficult time explaining why the small decrease in incoming solar heat at the minimum of the M-cycle can lead so quickly to CO2 decreasing rapidly and temperature of course doing the same. Still, the data show that the correlation is there, and apparently the decrease in CO2 release is again a positive feedback, this time speeding the cooling. Are you confused yet?
The bottom line at this point is that the data show:
a small temperature change can cause a large change in CO2 and thus a strong feedback from the CO2 greenhouse effect;
we are currently experiencing an anthropogenic input of a lot of CO2;
we are not likely to enter the M-cycle glacial period with all this CO2 around;
and the CO2 correlates strongly with global warming.
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Lewis Dot of Ammonia
Since all the atoms are in either period 1 or 2, this molecule will adhere to the octet rule.
The exception, of course, being the hydrogen's. They follow the duet rule (2 electrons).
Ammonia is a colorless gas with a distinct odor. Household ammonia is NH3 in water or "ammonium hydroxide".
Most ammonia today is used as fertilizer.
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The tragic news of the fatal shooting of nine people as they...
Black History Month was introduced to celebrate and remember important people and events in the history of African diaspora. It was first introduced into the United Kingdom in 1987 and has since been celebrated every October.
There are often debates on Black History Month which tend to divide opinion. Some argue whether there should be a month solely dedicated to black history. White history month and Asian history month do not exist currently.
There are also debates as to whether Black History Month gets the attention that it deserves. In the UK there are no events on a large scale in October which pay homage to Black History Month and that causes some to question the validity of it.
At Premier Gospel we ran a string of video debates during the month of October to see how people felt about topics which affect black people in society. We wanted to see whether people actually cared about these issues and whether having a month dedicated to the history of the race encouraged people to think deeper about it. We asked five questions and wanted readers to add their voice to the conversation. The #AddYourVoice questions are listed below:
- Are black people racist against their own race?
- Who will raise the black fathers of the future?
- Do black people respond to racism in the right way?
- Are you proud to black?
- Is it ok to use the term ‘black is beautiful’?
We received feedback that showed that some people were extremely passionate about these topics and they cared about having an open forum regarding them. We monitored all the comments left on our #AddYourVoice discussion campaigns and picked a few great comments to showcase in this blog.
“I agree and disagree. To be racist to your own would mean to be prejudice against yourself, and I haven't met too many people that completely hate the colour of their own skin. I do think we could embrace differences in the right way. These differences could be race, skin tone, gender, whatever.”
“As we know all the stems from slavery & unfortunately black people have never got over ‘shade ism’. However, it also happens in the Asian community as well.”
“We shouldn’t have it. All people have a history. What about the Indians?”
“Not really sure why we need a black history month. Do we forget about black history for the other eleven months? Should every race have a month to itself? That's not even possible.”
“Black History Month isn’t what it used to be. No one cares about it in England.”
We received some great comments however on the most part I was surprised at the passivity of some of those who read our posts. Our statistics show that less than 20% of people who watched our Black History Month video topics responded with a comment. This could be down to the fact that some of us prefer to be viewers of such things rather than put forward our views but it begs the question, do people care enough about Black History Month?
In the last few years, as a black man, I personally feel like interest has decreased and the month seems to come and go with not much to get excited about. I don’t have much of a problem with this as it is my belief that all races should be celebrated throughout the whole year as a way of life rather than just dedicating a month to them. But, for the black people who complain about the validity of the month and how interest seems to have declined, I’d quote the late Maya Angelou: “If you don’t like something, change it. If you can’t change it, change your attitude.”
If we want more recognition then the onus is on us to take ownership of the month by supporting the black leaders of today, creating events, supporting talking topics and raising awareness. We must be the change we want to see. And if we feel like we can’t do that, or it’s not high enough on our priority list, then we shouldn’t complain about the decline.
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|
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Passage: Genesis 25:27-34
Big Idea: Disobeying God now costs you later.
Verse: 1 John 5:3 - For this is the love of God, that we keep his commandments. (ESV)
Review Questions to Ask Throughout the Week
1. What two things did the Bible tell us about Esau? // He was a good hunter, liked the open country.
2. What two things did the Bible tell us about Jacob? // He was quiet, liked to stay at home.
3. What kind of food was Jacob cooking? // Stew
4. How did Esau feel when he returned from hunting? // Tired and hungry
5. What did Esau ask Jacob to give to him? // Some stew
6. What did Jacob want Esau to sell him before he gave him some stew? // His birthright
7. What did the birthright mean? // Esau would get twice as much of their parents’ money/stuff.
8. How hungry did Esau tell Jacob he was? // So hungry he could die.
9. Before giving him some stew, what did Jacob make Esau do? // Promise to sell his birthright.
10. What was today’s big idea? // Disobeying God now costs you later.
11. What is today’s verse? // 1 John 5:3 - For this is the love of God, that we keep his commandments.
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Analysis: Calling Card
Playful and Clever
Coleridge was a pretty smart guy, and he knew just about everything there was to know about poetry. He likes to prove just how much he knows by doing neat things with his meter, and "Metrical Feet" is a perfect example of this.
If you've read our "Summary" and "Form and Meter" sections you know that Coleridge uses at least six different types of "poetic feet" (iamb, spondee, trochee, anapest, amphimacer, amphibrach) in this poem. What's more, he likes to use each type of foot at the same time as he is describing that type of foot in the poem. That's pretty clever isn't it? What about how he inserts his name into the poem at the end and rhymes it with "ridge." That's clever, too, right?
Coleridge plays on his name elsewhere in his poetry, and he's certainly played his fair share of metrical games. Indeed, Coleridge actually wrote a few other poems meant to illustrate a certain meter, including "The Homeric Hexameter Described and Exemplified" and "The Ovidian Elegiac Metre Described and Exemplified." Yikes. Now those are some titles.
That's what makes this poem classic Coleridge: it's playful, clever, and oh-so-smart.
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|
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Pandora’s box is an origin myth – the attempt to explain the beginning of something.
People have always wanted to know why things happen in the world the way they do. Before there was much science, they did not have much understanding of how the world works, but they still wanted to know, just as much as we do. Human curiosity always asks why .. and then human creativity finds ways of giving an answer.
There are many myths, across all cultures, which attempt to explain the beginnings of human beings and why there are evil things like disease, hate and war in the world. In many stories, these evils are released because humans disobey gods.
You may like to compare the story of Pandora with the story of Adam and Eve. Do you know any other similar stories from other cultures?
Are there other versions of the story?
The story of Pandora and her box comes from Ancient Greece and is very old. Because of this, there are several versions of the myth.
In Greek mythology, Pandora (meaning ‘all-giving’) was the first woman on earth. Before humans there were the immortals (the Gods and Titans). The brothers, Prometheus and Epimetheus were Titans (Giant people) who had fought on the Gods’ side in a war. Some say they were cousins of Zeus, king of the gods; he asked Prometheus to create man out of clay and water (in many versions Hephaestus helps in this). Epimetheus had to create the animals and give them their gifts of courage, swiftness etc. He gave out all the gifts and had none left for Man. So Prometheus decides to make man stand upright, like the gods, and give them fire (which Zeus did not want them to have – some say he had removed it as a punishment). So Prometheus stole fire – some say from Zeus’ lightning, others from the sun and yet others from Hephaestus’ forge.
Most agree that Zeus asked Hephaestus to make Pandora (the first woman) also out of earth and water, and he intended her to be a punishment. Each god and goddess gave Pandora a gift (talent), of beauty, charm, music etc but also others, like curiosity and persuasion – gifts that could be used for good or ill.
Then Pandora was given a container – in the original Greek stories it was a jar and did not become a box until the Sixteenth century AD. A scholar called Erasmus, who lived in Rotterdam in Holland, translated a story of Pandora from Hesiod’s work. Hesiod was a Greek poet who lived about 700BC. Erasmus was translating the Greek into Latin (which scholars did all their writing in, in those days) and translated the Greek word ‘pithos’ meaning jar into the Latin word ‘pyxis’ meaning box. And a box it has stayed to this day!
How did the myth arise?
Originally a Jar?
It arose as a way of explaining why dreadful things happened, such as people getting sick and dying.
As in many origin myths, man had lived in a world without worry – until this jar / box was opened, which contained ills for mankind. Zeus knew that Pandora’s curiosity would mean that she could not stop herself from opening it, especially when he had told her that she must not do so!
Many other myths also explain the ills of the world by saying they are caused by human disobedience of a god’s instructions.
(Though some versions of this story say that the box was a real gift and the box held good things for mankind, which Pandora let escape from the box, and fly away forever, only catching Hope.)
Even Hope itself has been argued about by scholars – not everyone agreeing that it is a great good – that maybe Zeus meant it as an evil also – otherwise it would not have been in a jar of evil. Others believe that Zeus may have relented a little, and put Hope in to help mankind through the hard times that the other ‘gifts’ would bring.
What does it mean to us today?
Today, Pandora’s box means a source of troubles. When we talk about opening Pandora’s box, we use it as a metaphor to mean that we may not know what we are getting ourselves into! Sometimes, that we do not always know how something we have started may end, that we do not know the consequences of our actions.
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Definition of Panic disorder
Panic disorder: An anxiety disorder that is characterized by sudden attacks of fear and panic. Panic attacks may occur without a known reason, but more frequently they are triggered by fear-producing events or thoughts, such as taking an elevator or driving. Symptoms of panic attacks include rapid heartbeat, strange chest sensations, shortness of breath, dizziness, tingling, and anxiousness. Hyperventilation, agitation, and withdrawal are common results. Panic disorder is believed to be due to an abnormal activation of the body's hormonal system, causing a sudden 'fight or flight' response. Treatment involves cognitive behavioral therapy, using exposure to effect symptom reduction, and use of medication.Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary
Last Editorial Review: 3/19/2012
Medical Dictionary Definitions A - Z
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Those "cool" kids who were at the top of the popularity food chain in middle school may not be so cool by time they hit adulthood -- and are more likely to face challenges with relationships and drugs, according to a new study.
Researchers at the University of Virginia found that while teens who prioritized hanging out with attractive people, having romantic relationships, and participating in rebellious activity were seen as popular in middle school, that sentiment disappeared by the time they reached their early 20s.
The study, published in the journal "Child Development," followed 184 teens over a ten year period, beginning at the age of 13 (seventh and eighth grade) to the age of 23.
Researchers collected information from the teens, their peers and their parents.
Study co-author Joseph P. Allen, the Hugh P. Kelly Professor of Psychology at the University of Virginia told CBS News that researchers didn't want to study "what made teens happy, but rather what made them successful adults."
Allen said they chose to start at the age of 13 to catch the teens at the beginning of their adolescence.
What researchers found was that the kids considered cool in the 8th grade had already peaked by the time they reached high school.
For these teens, being popular was their highest goal, Allen said.
According the study, by the time they reached the age of 22, the once-popular teens were perceived as less competent, and were more likely to have problems with drugs and alcohol.
The teens' "pseudomature behavior," as the researchers call it, "predicted long-term difficulties in close relationships, as well as significant problems with alcohol and substance use, and elevated levels of criminal behavior," the study said.
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For those of you fearful of the number 13, you may have a tough time in 2012. The 13th falls on a Friday more often this year, happening a total of three times. If that’s not strange enough, each Friday the 13th is 13 weeks apart! If we had celebrated the Julian New Year it would be 2765. This is based on the Julian calendar calculated from the date Rome was founded. Adjustments had to be made so the seasons related to the right time of year along with holidays. This new system evolved into the Gregorian calendar we use today. Also, the spacecraft Phobos-Grunt will fall from orbit and most likely burn up in the Earths atmosphere. There is no real danger for earthlings as most of the craft will burn up during reentry. And don’t miss what’s in the night sky this week. All this and more on this week’s Sky Talk.
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- Resource Centers
Researchers have found a link between asthma and sleep apnea. Study findings indicate that treating the sleep disorder may help patients control their asthma. "[For] a lot of folks that we otherwise would have said this is a separate problem, we are now realizing there is a connection," said researcher William Bria, MD.
For the study, 115 patients with asthma who were not doing well on regular medication completed questionnaires. The early data showed that 49% of women and 33% of men were at risk for sleep apnea. Of the participants, 55% reported excessive daytime sleepiness, a symptom of sleep apnea. "This tells us that a lot more people with asthma need to have sleep studies,"noted Dr. Bria. "When patients are having problems with asthma, their doctors need to look at more than whether they are taking enough puffs from their inhalers."
Oftentimes, sleep apnea is treated with a device that provides continuous positive airway pressure. The research team is currently conducting a study to determine whether patients with persistent asthma see a difference with treatment from the device.
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The Art of Suspension Bridges
Bridges are graphic expressions of American culture. Their unique purpose and forms have moved painters and poets, as well as architects. One great poet, Walt Whitman, extolled American bridges when he wrote, "The Earth be spanned, connected by network. The lands be welded together."
What do we mean by "art" and
"aesthetics" of suspension bridges?
Aesthetics is about "beauty." It's about what makes an object visually pleasing, or not. The appearance of a bridge concerns engineers as much as its structural mechanics. In discussing the "aesthetics of suspension bridge design" we are looking at its appearance, its style, if it is beautiful (or not), and the meaning of beautiful (what makes it beautiful or ugly).
The engineers who designed the great
suspension bridges used their individual sense of architectural
design, artistic taste, and creative style. The artistic features
of a bridge are expressed in its materials, proportions, balance,
lines, ornamentation, and relationship to the environment. Every
line on the 1940 Narrows Bridge had both a structural-technical
purpose, as well as an aesthetic impact.
Architecture & Art in "the Machine Age"
In the 1920s American wealth and living standards rose rapidly. This was the new age of airplanes, cars, mass-produced (therefore more affordable) products, and nation-wide radio networks. People took a keen interest in the arts. There was much public debate about the design of buildings and bridges, both their appearance and their relationship with the surrounding environment.
America enjoyed the robust youthfulness of its rising wealth and the greatness of its growing technological power. Even after the stock market crash of 1929 and the hard times of the Great Depression that followed, the dream of greatness persisted. Skyscrapers came to symbolize the strengths of American civilization. The soaring towers represented America's vision of greatness, efficiency, elegance, power, courage, and even rebirth.
Skyscraper aesthetics played a significant role in the development of architectural styles in the 1920s and 1930s. The skyscraper dominated our urban environment by the 1920s. The influential architect Louis Sullivan designed taller and taller buildings, emphasizing the steel skeleton frame as of major importance in the skyscraper's appearance. Sullivan spoke of "the force and power of altitude" and "the rising in sheer exultation" of these immense buildings.
The "Frozen Fountain" was a conscious design metaphor for skyscraper designers. Claude Bragdon in his 1932 book, The Frozen Fountain, said, "In the skyscraper, both for structural truth and symbolic significance, there should be upward sweeping lines to dramatize the engineering fact of vertical continuity and the poetic fancy of an ascending force in resistance to gravity—a fountain."
The towers of New York's largest suspension bridges soared as high or higher than many skyscrapers. Consciously or unconsciously, designers of suspension bridge towers were paralleling efforts by designers of the tallest office towers.
In the "machine age," the 1920s and 1930s, architectural styles made significant shifts. The "machine age's" new synthesis of beauty and use distinguished the "modernist" trend. The objectives of design, declared one social commentator, were "Efficiency, economy, and right appearance." Design tastes preferred new materials like steel, chrome, sheet metal, and plastic.
The "modern" style of the 1930s was spare, clean, direct, pure, and simple, with no embellishments, no extra decorative detail. Style employed the subtle repetition of shapes and proportions. In architecture designers of the new forms emphasized symmetry and simple lines, geometry, energy, texture, light, and color.
Art Deco influences became increasingly evident in popular tastes. The Deco design movement affected everything from skyscrapers, airplanes, and cars, to radios, furniture, and kitchen appliances—and bridges. Many Deco buildings and other structures have "streamlined" curves and geometric patterns. For example, New York's great Empire State Building, Chrysler Building, and Waldorf Astoria Hotel (all completed in the early 1930s) incorporated the terraced or stepped pyramid as the dominant form. In the case of skyscrapers, there was also a practical reason. City zoning codes required setbacks to allow more natural light onto streets and sidewalks.
Streamlining affected structural designs, including suspension bridges. Smooth, flowing lines with an "aerodynamic" look were dramatic and economical. Streamlining gave structures both solidity and dynamic strength. The rapid growth of the airline and automobile industries coincided with a popular fascination with speed. Streamlined airplanes and cars became the most conspicuous symbols of the new "machine age."
The streamlined ferry Kalakala plied
the waters of Puget Sound as a floating example of Art Deco transportation
in our area. Built in 1935, the Kalakala held the honor of making
the very last ferry run across the Narrows on July 2,1940.
Suspension Bridge Architecture in the 1930s
The late 1920s and 1930s saw great long-span suspension bridges built across the country. This reflected several important developments:
Suspension bridges became longer, lighter, and narrower. During this period, popular tastes in architecture favored more "graceful" bridges. "Graceful" or "elegant" spans were achieved in the public's eye by "lightness" and "slenderness." At the same time, in the wake of the Great Depression the public and the government wanted more efficient and less expensive bridges.
In other words, lighter, and narrower bridges were theoretically sound, they were cheaper to build, and they were more beautiful.
By the early 1930s, suspension bridge
engineering design was summarized in these elements: The towers
deserved the "best aesthetic treatment" for the public's
eye; the bridge deck should be visually simple and structurally
"Most Beautiful in the World"
"The most beautiful in the world." That's how engineer-designer Leon Moisseiff described his 1940 Tacoma Narrows Bridge. The statement represents much more than one engineer's opinion about his own work. Moisseiff's words reflect important architectural design trends and artistic tastes of the 1930s, as well as three decades of suspension bridge design.
Moisseiff cared deeply about bridge aesthetics. Bridge designs, he said, needed to be "safe, convenient, economical in cost and maintenance and at the same time satisfy the sense of beauty of the average man of our time." Moisseiff believed that engineers should try "to develop the beauty of their structures" by emphasizing "the essential, to interrupt rhythmically the monotonous and to indicate the minor importance of the auxiliary . . . and attain the pleasure of good form." Bridge designers, he said, should "search for the graceful and elegant."
Artistic Design Elements of the 1940 Narrows Bridge
It is important to remember that the 1940 Narrows Bridge had both structural-technical purposes, as well as an aesthetic impact. Since the turn of the 20th century, the designers of narrower, more flexible suspension bridges also sought to achieve a "graceful" artistic appearance. The 1940 Narrows Bridge, with its slim towers, shallow stiffening girder and Art Deco-influenced anchorages, became the epitome of "grace" and artistry in bridge design.
The various descriptions of the 1940 Narrows Bridge convey a distinct, artistic impression. Observers called the bridge "Galloping Gertie," and referred to the span as "her" or "she." This feminine span was "slender," "ribbon-like," "elegant," and "graceful."
The geography of the Narrows offered a unique design challenge. Here, high bluffs topped by tall evergreens straddled each of the narrow passage. The site clearly demanded an epic, even poetic, design.
The Narrows Bridge became the ultimate embodiment of Moisseiff's deflection theory, aesthetically, mathematically, and economically. It surpassed all his previous enterprises. It advanced certain patterns from the 1937 Golden Gate Bridge and the 1939 Bronx-Whitestone Bridge to the next higher level, one even more refined, subtle, and sophisticated.
Moisseiff's bold and innovative vision of the Narrows Bridge kindled the imagination. The Narrows Bridge would be more than a bridge, more than a crossing. His design lifted the bridge majestically to a great artery, reaching between two evergreen-clad shores. It was not merely a road for cars and trucks, but an artistic and engineering statement. It was the culmination of his outstanding career.
Several features of the 1940 Narrows Bridge place it squarely in the modernist, Art Deco traditions. Of course, all of these bridge components had an important practical function. Here, we're focusing on the aesthetics of the design, not the engineering. Let's look at four parts of the 1940 Narrows Bridge in terms of its "art," the towers, the solid plate girder, the anchorages, and the East Entrance.
Strong, clean lines of the slim towers characterized Moisseiff's design. The 1940 bridge's towers dramatically reflect Moisseiff's aesthetic sense. And, they follow the "modernist" preference for simple geometry and uncluttered lines.
In the slender towers and gentle curve of the cable, the eye sees no glitz, no decorative obstructions. The visual journey is upward, enhancing the drama and splendor of the Narrows environment. The steel shafts soar skyward. The long lines and slim vertical ribs extend and multiply the light.
The towers are "battered," that is, they form of an upwardly receding slope, tapering from their 50-foot base to 39 feet at the top. This design element also emphasized the towers' upward thrust and exaggerated the appearance of height. The tower legs outwardly offer sets of clean, vertical lines from the base to the very top of the leg.
The vertical rib-effect
on the tower legs and horizontal bracing struts. This feature
echoed the Golden Gate Bridge, as well as major skyscrapers like
the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building, and the Waldorf-Astoria.
It also emphasized height and vertical thrust, as if the towers
were a "frozen fountain." This feature also artistically
reflects the tall evergreens on the bluffs of the Narrows. The vertical
ribs on the horizontal struts echo the rays of the rising and setting
sun. They enhance the slenderness of the towers, lifting the eye
The stepped-back treatment at the corners of the portals. These treatments echoed the Golden Gate Bridge's own Art Deco embellishments, with their stepped-off giant rectangular portals. One can also view the shape of the portal opening as virtually the same as a skyscraper—a terraced, stepped back pyramid.
SOLID PLATE GIRDER
Vertical ribs on the solid plate girder echo the vertical motif and movement. These connecting points between the steel plates stretch the full length of the 5,000-foot long girder at 8 ½ -foot intervals.
Anchorages often are overlooked, but artistically they are as important as the towers. The anchorages of the 1940 Narrows Bridge reflect the economy and simplicity seen prominently in the towers.
In the geometric lines of the anchorage we see a design that is functional and refined, without embellishment or decoration. The massive concrete form is shaped with specific imagery in mind. Here, the architectural treatment visually brings the cables to an ending point where they disappear from sight.
The bold lines convey the tremendous tension of the cables with power and economy. At the same time, the shape suggests a dynamic counterbalance to the cable's great pull.
The geometric motif on the anchorages resembles two other spans Moisseiff helped design, the Triborough Bridge and the George Washington Bridge, both Othmar Amman bridges in New York. The influence of Art Deco geometry is clear when we compare the Narrows Bridge's anchorage with the 1931 George Washington Bridge and the 1936 Triborough Bridge.
Toll Plaza, Light posts, and Signage.
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How green is your fuel?
12th April, 2012
In an exclusive extract from 'Ampera We're Electric', Andrew Simms takes a closer look at what powers our cars and asks whether motoring has a greener future to look forward to
Cars are synonymous with petrol and the internal combustion engine. And the burning of fossil fuels is synonymous with climate change. The second association can’t be broken, but what about the first? Surprisingly, electric powered cars beat to the start line the first car to run on petrol by half a century. A very basic carriage powered by electricity was invented in the 1830s by Robert Anderson from Scotland. Small-scale, electric powered model vehicles were made even earlier. It wasn’t until half a century later, in 1885, that the German engineer Karl Benz (he of Mercedes Benz) built a car that ran on petrol. Yet, petrol was the fuel that came to dominate the following century as, in rich countries at least, the private motor car was steered into being the dominant mode of transport.
That doesn’t mean other things weren’t tried. Over the years restless inventors and entrepreneurs dabbled with a wide variety of fuels. Even before the first electric car, engineers experimented successfully with steam power, less successfully with hydrogen, and coal gas used in a primitive internal combustion engine. After the Second World War, engineers at the car maker Rover developed the world’s first gas turbine propelled car – called Jet 1. It never went into production however, because the engines were too big and one version, the Rover T3, managed only 13mpg. Sometimes alternatives to petrol have made significant in-roads. Brazil’s production of sugar cane, a legacy of Portuguese colonialism, provided the foundation for a big shift to the biofuel, ethanol, in the 1970s.
But it was the first OPEC oil-shock of 1973 that dramatically accelerated the uptake of ethanol. In Brazil sugar cane was cheap and the distillery industry had spare capacity. It became government policy to phase-out the manufacture of cars running on petrol. As the decision took effect the result was dramatic. In 1979 only 0.5 per cent of cars made ran on ethanol; just seven years later, by 1986, the figure was over 70 per cent and remains so today. Fluctuating prices for both oil and sugar in the intervening years gave ethanol-fuelled vehicles a bumpy ride. But after a dip in the late 1990s and early part of the new millennium, a mixture of concerns, ranging from energy security to the environment and advantageous tax arrangements, saw their triumphant return. The initial primary motive for developing ethanol was energy security but there were environmental benefits. When lead was still common in petrol, there was none in ethanol, which also lacked petrol’s sulphur content and other pollutants. There were lower carbon emissions across ethanol’s overall fuel cycle, although this isn’t universally the case for biofuels in general and is very sensitive to the type of land, how it is managed and what grew there before. More recently, of course, liquid biofuels have become embroiled in controversy to do with the competition between land for growing food for people, and land for growing feedstocks for fuel for vehicles.
But how many are aware of the wilder leaps of imagination some people have made in order to make sure that the wheels on the car keep going round and round? Some of them might make you want to go green, and I don’t mean in an environmental sense. Used nappies anyone, or human fat? Weird but true, these and other raw materials ranging from chocolate to coffee grounds and sawdust, have all been the subject of inventors and innovators exploring alternative fuels to petrol. How so? All these things have ingredients that can be treated to release their energy, and that energy used for propulsion in vehicles.
A company in Canada is building a special plant that will turn all the parts of a used nappy – fibre, plastic and human contribution – into either usable gas, oil or char. Elsewhere, researchers from the University of Warwick in the UK have developed a Formula 3 racing car that uses one-third biofuel made from chocolate residues. What this demonstrates is that pretty much any organic matter can be treated in such a way as to release energy. The challenge is whether it can be done economically, practically and at a scale that makes it useful. Perhaps the oddest and most squeamish innovation of all involves the cosmetic surgeon in Beverly Hills who saved the human fat from 7,000 liposuctions and turned it into fuel for his, and his partners’ cars. In a world in which the number of overweight people roughly equals those who are malnourished, his approach at least shows a responsible attitude towards not wasting a raw material.
But given that the electric car predates the petrol car by so long, why isn’t it further advanced today, given decades of environmental awareness, energy price volatility and concerns about security of supply linked to the geo-politics of oil? The technology and intent for the mass production of electric vehicles has been around at least since 1990 when General Motors announced plans at the Los Angeles Auto Show to turn the Impact concept car into the EV1 production vehicle. Its complex failure probably lost the world two decades in the development of more environmentally- friendly personal transport. What went wrong?
The argument that consumers weren’t ready for cars with a range of 60 to 120 miles didn’t really stand up to the fact that the average American driving commute was only around 30 miles, easily within range. Groups like the Western States Petroleum Association representing the oil industry, lobbied successfully against development of the electric charging infrastructure needed to support electric cars. Others believed that hydrogen fuel cell technology would supercede the technology.
Legislators in California who had pushed ahead with creating the conditions for the electric car made U-turns in response to pressure, and ultimately GM changed its mind. According to the LA Times, in March 2009, GM’s outgoing CEO, Rick Wagner, said his greatest error was ending manufacture of the EV1, and letting go of the company’s early advantage in electric and hybrid vehicle development. Certainly, for a time, the tide in the industry did not flow in an environmental direction. In the US, overall vehicle fuel economy was lower in the year 2000 than it was in 1980. According to the Union of Concerned Scientists, ‘Two decades of fuel-saving technologies that could have helped curb CO2 went instead into increasing vehicle weight and performance.’
Fashions in production, the rise and marketing of the SUV, all led to consumer choices drowning out the potential for greener driving. But, even if things had been different and overall vehicle fuel efficiency had improved, in terms of total greenhouse gas emissions, the sheer size and growth of the global, petrol fuelled vehicle fleet, would have drowned out any gains in fuel efficiency. As has been said, ‘Our environment does not respond to miles per gallon, it responds to gallons.’ The real challenge is to get fossil fuels out of the fuel tanks of cars. This is the potential of the electric car. But it is not straightforward, and stops short of the full environmental challenge for the car industry.
The first obvious question is: where does the electricity come from to fuel electric cars? How is it generated and what is its carbon foot-print? There’s little to celebrate in having an electric car if, for example, the energy to power it comes from an old, dirty coal-fired power station. All forms of electricity generation, however, have some kind of carbon footprint. Whether this is the embedded carbon in the manufacture of steel for wind turbines, or in the mining and processing of uranium ore, and the construction, decommissioning and waste management necessary for nuclear power generation. True comparisons between different technologies are difficult, however. Virtually no full life cycle assessments have been made for some technologies like nuclear power. And, from an environmental perspective, it would be necessary to compare not just the carbon content of energy generation, but a wide range of other environmental criteria, as well as how much energy you get back for the energy you put in to generate it in the first place – known as the energy return on energy invested. So, for example, while wind and nuclear power, based on imperfect available data, appear among the lowest carbon forms of energy generation (notwithstanding other environmental questions they raise) and may compare roughly in terms of carbon, the energy equation is quite different.
According to a review of over 100 studies, wind power produces 25 times the energy invested to make it work. A similar review of 50 studies revealed nuclear power to produce only 11 times the energy invested. Exactly how green an electric car fleet will be, then, depends to a large degree on the energy mix of the power supply they draw from. There are, though, quite independent benefits. Electric cars help to solve one huge pollution problem by being the clean air alternative when it comes to the chemical cocktail and particulate matter of normal vehicle exhaust fumes.
Yet, as part of a comprehensive shift towards more sustainable mobility, the second (or is that third?) coming of the electric car has an important role to play. New dynamics are emerging all around. In the UK, the number of young people with driving licences has fallen dramatically in the last two decades, suggesting that they are finding other ways to get around, whether walking, cycling or using public transport. At the same time, changed attitudes toward vehicle ownership reveal people to be increasingly less concerned about owning cars outright (their role as a once dominant status symbol appears to have been diluted especially among the young by the rise of other consumer durables like mobile phones) and much more happy to take part in car clubs and flexible leasing initiatives, merely picking up the kind of vehicle they need, when they need it and only for as long as they do. Such developments point the way to a more resource efficient, service driven approach to transport which is about optimising rather than maximising the number of vehicles on the road. That means, the challenge for the electric car is to substitute for, rather than merely add to, the overall car fleet. Also, of course, it’s not enough for a car merely to change its fuel source to lighten its ecological footprint, every bit of the car has a greater or lesser footprint.
But how well is the electric car doing? It could be said that the stage is set. The UK’s official Climate Change Committee believes that electric and hybrid electric vehicles ‘provide the opportunity to decarbonise the road transport sector to very significant extent.’ After the failure of voluntary industry agreements to reduce emissions quickly and far enough, according to the Committee, mandatory average CO2 limits for new cars at the European level being phased in at a modest 130g/km, and to be raised to 95g/km by 2020, should, they hope, encourage the market. Today, as a share of the total number of cars on the road, the number of electric vehicles is statistically negligible. But in a range of scenarios designed by the Climate Change Committee, the most optimistic, that included ‘radical new technology deployment and more significant lifestyle adjustments,’ foresaw electric vehicles taking a 30 per cent share of the small car market by 2022.
Certain things could, of course, change the game for electric cars, such as oil hitting $200 per barrel in the near future, as one report commissioned by the insurers Lloyds and published in association with research group Chatham House, speculated. Perhaps the greatest cause for optimism, perversely, is history. From the Victorians’ ability to lay a whole new regional railway line over the course of a weekend, to the extraordinary, if environmentally damaging, triumph of the road network over rail, and the car over mass transit systems, these all suggest an immense human capacity for change and transition. Now we face possibly humanity’s greatest ever collective challenge: preservation of the relatively stable climatic conditions in which civilisation emerged, as James Hansen, the NASA climate scientist, put it. The very least we can do is get things right when we turn our engines on.
Ampera We’re Electric: A Collection of Essays on Electricity was created in collaboration with the Idler. The book costs £12.99 and is available from the Idler's website. For more information on the Vauxhall Ampera, see www.vauxhall-ampera.co.uk
Five of the best… electric cars
If you can’t use public transport, the electric car is the next best thing – provided of course, you power it up with renewable electricity. We round up five of the most planet-friendly
The hot list: 10 hip, green UK destinations for 2012
Forget France; the UK is home to some of the coolest holiday spots on the planet. Whether you want scenery, natural phenomena or a dose of eco-luxury, there’s a British break to suit you
Glorious Garda: olives, red wine and a biomass boiler by Italy’s largest lake
From wood chips to lights that turn themselves off, Lake Garda’s Lefay Resort and Spa offers an unusually green experience to travellers. What’s more, says Ruth Styles, the views of the lake and mountains are sensational
Conservation sensation: how one small Cumbrian community brought their valley back to life
Thanks to the efforts of local residents, Ennerdale has been restored to its natural glory. Matilda Lee takes up the villagers' inspiring tale
Lions and eco luxury on South Africa’s Eastern Cape
Pristine wilderness and eco-friendly lodges have made the Kwandwe Reserve a key stop on South Africa's Garden Route. Ruth Styles went to visit
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This color composite image of the galaxy cluster RDCS 1252.9-2927 shows the X-ray (purple) light from 70-million-degree Celsius gas in the cluster, and the optical (red, yellow and green) light from the galaxies in the cluster. The X-ray data was taken by the Chandra X-ray Observatory, and the optical data is from European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile.
X-ray data indicate that this cluster formed more than 8 billion years ago and has a mass at least 200 trillion times that of the Sun. It is the most massive cluster ever observed at such an early stage in the evolution of the universe. The width of the image spans 2 arcminutes.
X-ray: NASA / CXC / ESO / P. Rosati et al.; Optical: ESO / VLT / P. Rosati et al.
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Teeth Inside / Out
I want to be…
The basic components of a good oral hygiene program are toothbrushing and FLOSSING.
You should make every effort to brush your teeth three times a day and floss once a day. Bacterial plaque is responsible for tooth decay and gum disease. No toothbrush (manual or electric) can reach all the surfaces of a tooth. FLOSSING is critical in the prevention of tooth decay and gum disease. Mouthwashes or rinses are not a substitute for flossing.
Teeth with dental fillings, crowns and bridges are still susceptible to decay and gum disease. Implants are not susceptible to decay, but they remain vulnerable to gum disease; therefore, you must make an extra effort to brush and floss in order to maintain your dental work in good condition.
When learning to floss, it is beneficial to DISCLOSE the teeth by chewing a DISCLOSING TABLET. The tablet contains a die that will stain plaque. Once you see where plaque is, you can proceed to remove it.
Flossing is not easy at first and requires dexterity. The key to success is practice.
©2001 - 2002 Toothology, Inc. All rights reserved.
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When you first spy the leaves of a flowering maple plant (Abutilon spp.), you'll think it's some type of maple tree. Catch a glimpse of the dainty, five-petaled flower among those maple leaves, and you realize it certainly is not a true maple (Acer spp.). Over 150 species of flowering maples exist, all of which don't respond well to prolonged freezing winter temperatures. Whether maturing as trees, shrubs or more seasonal perennial or annual herbs, grow them as house plants if you don't live in USDA hardiness zone 8 or warmer.
While scores of different species of flowering maples exist, most gardeners encounter only a few species and then dozens of hybrids derived from various breeding crosses among them. The trailing abutilon (Abutilon megapotamicum) from Brazil is winter hardy into the mildest areas of USDA zone 7 and warmer. Frost knocks back foliage and stems to the ground, but new growth sprouts each spring with pendent heart-shaped flowers by summer. Another species of note is Abutilon pictum, also listed as Abutilon striatum in some literature. Its flowers are bell-shaped and pendent.
Flowering maples' most ornate feature among all the species is the flowers. Looking like hibiscus blossoms, they are usually bell-, cup- or bowl-shaped and appear in the branches, emanating from the leaf stem bases during warm weather from spring to autumn. Their flower petals range from white, pink, red, yellow and orange to variations of those as well as contrasting colors in the petal veins. Leaves may be entire blades or more often attractively shaped with three, five or seven lobes, mimicking the look of a real maple leaf. Some selections of flowering maple bear variegated leaves with white, yellow and green coloration.
Grow all flowering maples in a fertile, well-draining soil where they will receive at least 6 hours of direct sunlight daily. Soil should remain consistently moist from spring to fall when new growth and flowers appear. In hot or arid climates, dappled shade in the heat of the afternoon keeps plants from wilting. Water flowering maples less in winter in frost-free climates. If grown as indoor house plants, water and fertilize freely from spring to early autumn and reduce watering and stop fertilizing across the winter months when sunlight is not intense.
Rust and abutilon mosaic virus occur in many flowering maples, affecting the integrity of their leaves and petals. Moreover, high humidity, overly wet soils and poor air circulation can lead to bouts with leaf spots caused by Alternaria and Cercospora fungi. Indoors, many more insect pests may arise, including whiteflies, spider mites, scale and mealybugs.
Deciduous flowering maples can be pruned back hard each early spring to allow for rejuvenating stems to sprout and grow across the summer and fall. Evergreen species tend to produce flowers on older stems, so only lightly tip prune stems in mid to late spring, if at all. Plants grown more for their ornately colored leaves can be pruned more heavily than if flowers are also desired. To propagate flowering maples, sow seed in spring when soil temperatures range between 59 and 64 degrees F or make green softwood cuttings in summer, according to the "A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants."
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- Posted January 27, 2013 by
Reminders of WWII: Motobu Airfield
One of the many parts of Okinawa's long history is the Battle of Okinawa which was fought as part of WWII. The battle between the Japanese and American forces forever left it's mark on the island. Today reminders of WWII are still scattered throughout the island. Some of these reminders are in the form of monuments and memorials mourning the losses of the battle. Others mark a significant turn in the fight. Then there is the Motobu Airfield.
The fighting that took place during the Battle of Okinawa included air power and where there are planes there most certainly air airfields. The small island of Okinawa housed ten of the airfields on it's main island with an eleventh on Ie Island off the coast near the Motobu Peninsula. Some of these airfields remain today such as MCAS Futenma, Kadena Air base and what is now known as Camp Kinser. One of the airfields which is still around today but no longer operational in any way is the Motobu Airfield. This Airfield was used only for a brief time during WWII and decommissioned shortly after it's construction.
Nowadays the airfield sits in an area that is now surrounded by farm land. It's a quiet area on the peninsula without many people who pass by. It is no longer it's entire length due to come ware and tear following it's decommissioned status in 1945.
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Researchers at the Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), will conduct the trials. The experimental vaccine against SARS, or severe acute respiratory syndrome, will be tested on 10 healthy volunteers at the NIH Clinical Center in Bethesda, MD. The clinic will do periodic follow-up exams on each volunteer for 32 weeks.
"This experimental vaccine is an outstanding achievement by NIAID researchers," said Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy G. Thompson. "It is a model for research that could greatly shorten the time needed to create vaccines to be tested against other diseases."
"The Vaccine Research Center, a cutting-edge facility established here at NIH just five years ago, encompasses the entire spectrum of vaccine development from basic research to clinical testing," says NIH Director Elias A. Zerhouni, M.D. "This is why our team at NIAID has been able to develop this vaccine at an unprecedented pace, using technological discoveries that were not available just a few short years ago."
The primary goal of the study is to determine if the experimental vaccine is safe in people. A secondary goal is to assess how well the vaccine stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies and cellular immunity, in this case, focusing on the SARS spike protein. The spike protein protrudes from the virus' outer envelope and helps it bind to cells it infects.
SARS was spotted first in China in November 2002. The virus sickened 8,096 and killed 774 worldwide by July 2003, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). SARS was
Contact: Linda Joy
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
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Getting started with C4D XL, splines and NURBS.
This example introduces a few basic concepts in C4D:
Making a bowl: Step 1 - Set up your windows
When you first start C4D, several windows and palettes will be opened for you. Start by arranging these in the most useful layout for your monitor.
The main project window (which starts out as "Untitled") is where most of the action will take place, so make it large enough.
You will also need the Object Manager and the Material Manager, and the default palettes. Leave these around for now. The other stuff can be put away if you need the space on your monitor.
We'll start making the bowl by drawing its cross section. To do this, we want to be looking "flat" at it, so set the main window to the "XY" view by clicking on this palette button:
Now you're ready to make the bowl's cross section --> proceed to step 2.
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The number of prescriptions for medications used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in B.C. tripled in the past decade, according to the Ministry of Health.
At the request of The Vancouver Sun, ministry staff checked the province’s prescription tracking system, PharmaNet, and found that 312,304 prescriptions to treat ADHD were filled in 2011, while 94,251 were filled in 2000.
ADHD is primarily diagnosed in children who behave impulsively and cannot concentrate or stay still.
The data do not indicate the number of individuals treated with these prescriptions; one person may fill several prescriptions each year. There were no change in prescribing procedures over the decade that would have skewed the figures.
Medications counted in this tally are: amphetamine/dextroamphetamine (Adderall); atomoxetine (Strattera and generics); biphentin, dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine), methylphenidate (Concerta, Ritalin and generics) and lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (Vyvanse).
PharmaNet also doesn’t record the diagnosis for which the medications where recommended. They are all generally used for ADHD although some may be prescribed for narcolepsy, for instance.
Using drugs to treat ADHD remains controversial because rates of use are higher in North America than in Europe. A three-country study on the use of psychotropic medication published in 2008 found that about 4.6 per cent of U.S. children under the age of 19 took a stimulant used to treat ADHD in 2000. In the Netherlands. the number was about one per cent; 0.7 per cent in Germany.
Critics say an ADHD diagnosis turns normal childhood rambunctiousness and short attention spans into a disease.
But a Vancouver-based an expert in ADHD says the condition generally remains under-diagnosed and under-treated in Canada.
“The rate of use of medication still does not meet the prevalence of the disorder. So statistically, we’re definitely not over-treating (it),” said Dr. Margaret Weiss, a clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of British Columbia, in a recent telephone interview.
“In terms of the rise of treatment for ADHD, that’s totally appropriate given the recognition that it exists in boys and girls, that it exists in multiple sub-types and that it exists in adults. In other words, when we see those people who are suffering and very much impaired and we have a treatment that’s available to reduce that suffering, it’s very appropriate that those people are getting the care they deserve.”
Weiss says untreated ADHD contributes to depression, car accidents due to inattention and self-medication with other drugs. Medication is a first step, she says, that should be used in conjunction with teaching people coping skills along with extra help in schools.
A University of British Columbia study published in the Canadian Medical Association Journal earlier this year looked at the records of almost a million children in the province between the ages of six and 12 over the decade between Dec. 1997 to Nov. 2008. It noted a gradual increase in the treatment and diagnosis of ADHD. During the whole period, 6.9 per cent of boys were diagnosed with ADHD and 5.5 per cent were treated for it. For girls the percentages were 2.2 and 1.6, respectively.
The study’s lead author Richard Morrow said Thursday that the more dramatic rise in prescriptions could indicate growing use among teenagers and adults.
The Centre for ADHD Awareness in Canada says many parents don’t seek help for their kids, who are often labelled problem children and fall behind in school, because of the stigma associated with ADHD. It is a neurobiological condition recognized by medical science and not a result of bad parenting, lazy teachers or too much sugar, says the group, which recently ran a national awareness week funded by Shire Canada, the makers of Adderall and Vyvanse.
A joint U.S.-U.K. project funded by a privately endowed registered charity, the Wellcome Trust, jumped into the debate last month with a collection of voice recordings from children on both sides of the Atlantic who have taken medications such as Ritalin. They speak of being able to concentrate on a test or resist getting into a fight. ADHD Voices (www.adhdvoices.com) says it hopes to address the emotions stirred in society over the growing use of drugs in child psychiatry.
Psychiatrist Weiss, who will open her own North Shore clinic focusing on ADHD in January, says there’s no getting around a negative public perception about pharmaceutical companies and doctors who consult for them.
“In terms of physicians in the pharmaceutical industry, I think it is a universal belief right now that any physician who works with industry is necessarily “selling out” to industry, or necessarily biased. But I think it’s really important and very straightforward that if you’re going to be prescribing medication you want those medications to be effective.”
The doctors on the board of CADDRA, the Canadian ADHD Resource Alliance which has set diagnosis and treatment guidelines for the condition, have all declared links to pharmaceutical companies for either speaking engagements or consulting. The group is meeting in Vancouver this weekend for a conference on the treatment and care of ADHD patients.
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|Right Ascension|| 15 : 48 : 34.3 (h:m:s)
|Declination|| +28 : 09 : 24 (deg:m:s)
|Visual brightness|| 5.85 .. 14.8 (mag)
|Spectra type|| G0Iep
This variable star has been discovered by Edward Pigott in 1795 (Pigott & Englefield, 1797).
R Coronae Borealis is the prototype star of the R Coronae Borealis (RCB) type variables. These stars are hydrogen-deficient and carbon-rich supergiants of spectral type F or G, which go into "outburst" not by brightening like many other variables, but by fading! R CrB is normally shining at maximum around magnitude 6 and therefore at the limit of naked-eye visibility. At irregular intervals, however, its brightness drops in a sharp decline by up to 8 magnitudes, down to 14 mag, within a few weeks. Then, the star uses to remain faint for an extended period of time, or has several recoveries and declines in succession, until it returns to its usual brightness after several months to a year. Recent significant minima ocurred in 1995-6 and 1999-2000.
A possible explanation is that carbon particles at the outer layers of the star are more or less periodically (chaotic ?) are build up and then blown away darkening the radiation of the star. The origin of the dust is still subject to theoretical research (G.C. Clayton 1996). According to the currently preferred model, the so-called Dust Puff Theory, the material comes from the RCB star itself. Mass is lost from the RCB star and then moves away from the star until it reaches the condensation temperature of carbon dust (at about 20 stellar radii). Once the carbon dust has formed, the photosphere of the star is eclipsed, the star goes into minimum, and emission lines appear. When the dust is blown away by radiation pressure the photosphere of the star may again be seen.
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You Can Influence How Well Our Body Ages
Feb 26, 2014 - 11:10:42 AM
The age accelerators are things that promote free radical damage and inflammation. They may also increase your risk for age-related diseases. Seven age accelerators that you can modify are:
1. Smoking: This is no surprise. Smoking damages your genetic material, and accelerates aging inside and out. On the outside, it causes skin damage and wrinkles. On the inside, it may lead to cancer and heart disease. It also increases the risk of many other age-related diseases such as cataracts and macular degeneration.
2. Stress: Learn how to minimize the stressors in your life because they influence several factors associated with aging. Unmanaged stress and anxiety can lead to high blood pressure and cholesterol, clotting and inflammation: all factors which increase your risk of heart attack and stroke. Stress also hampers immunity and mental function, reduces libido and it can lead to elevated cortisol levels, which may cause unwanted belly fat.
3. Obesity: Our lives depend on cellular division. For example, a blood cell typically only lasts about 120 days. Each time a cell divides, its telomere loses a small amount of DNA. When the telomere becomes too short, cells can no longer divide One British study on cellular division found that obese people have higher-than-normal levels of leptin, which is an appetite-inhibiting hormone that is also associated with telomere shortening. The lead researcher told the media, "The difference between being obese and being lean corresponds to 8.8 years of extra aging."
4. Inflammation: Now recognized as a significant contributor to many age-related diseases, inflammation is a normal part of your body's immune response. When it goes into overdrive or malfunctions, it can become chronic. Chronic inflammation is associated with arthritis, heart disease, Crohn's disease and other maladies.
5. Lack of sleep: Getting insufficient rest may increase inflammation and your blood pressure. It can also increase your risk of blood clots.
6. Excessive sun exposure: The sun's rays accelerate skin aging, and causes premature including wrinkling and changes in pigmentation (sun spots). Sun exposure also increases your risk of skin cancer.
7. Poor diet. High sugar intake promotes insulin resistance. A poor diet can also rob you of energy.
What do you love to do so much that you hope to continue doing it for many years to come? Here are five positive things you can do to promote healthy aging:
1. Exercise. If you're trying to move through your life while sitting down, make today the day that you change your ways. Exercise helps to keep your joints limber and promotes flexibility. It also helps you to maintain a healthy body weight, improves cardiovascular and lung function, and in general is the great aging inhibitor!
2. Sleep well. Learn techniques for better sleep such as making your room dark, turning down the thermostat at night, and leaving all of your electronic devices in another room. Supplements, beverages and other products fortified with Suntheanine may also help to slow your brain waves, which helps you to counteract the stress in your life and helps you to relax so that you can sleep better at night.
3. Put up a fight against free radical damage. It's difficult to get enough antioxidants from diet alone. Complement the fight with supplements. Certain supplements that have been shown in animal studies to extend lifespan include Coenzyme Q10, grape seed extract, tocotrienols, Green Tea high in EGCg and omega-3 fatty acids.
4. Feast on superfoods. Some foods simply pack a bigger nutritional punch than others. These include antioxidant-rich berries, garlic, fish, leafy greens and trumpet mushrooms.
5. Nurture your friendships. A 2012 university study found a strong correlation between loneliness and rapid motor decline in older people.
What will you do today to potentially add years of better living to your life?
Sherry Torkos, BSc, Phm--Biographical Summary
Sherry Torkos is a pharmacist, author, certified fitness instructor and health enthusiast who enjoys sharing her passion with others. Sherry graduated with honors from the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science in 1992. Since that time she has been practicing holistic pharmacy in the Niagara region of Ontario. Her philosophy of practice is to integrate conventional and complementary therapies to optimize health and prevent disease. Sherry has won several national pharmacy awards for providing excellence in patient care. As a leading health expert, she has delivered hundreds of lectures to medical professionals and the public. Sherry is frequently interviewed on radio and TV talk shows throughout North America and abroad on health matters. Sherry has authored 16 books and booklets, including Saving Women's Hearts, The Canadian Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine, and The Glycemic Index Made Simple.
For advertising and promotion on HealthNewsDigest.com, call Mike McCurdy: 877-634-9180 or [email protected] We have over 7,000 journalists as subscribers.
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BIEL (Bienne), town in the Swiss canton of Berne. Citizenship (Buergerrecht) was granted to several Jewish families in 1305, although Jews probably settled in Biel earlier. They were allowed to trade freely and engage in moneylending, until their expulsion from the city, the date of which is unknown. Communal life revived after 1848, when several Jewish families from
settled in Biel. A Moorish-style synagogue was built in 1883. Between 1916 and 1945 the Orthodox Chaim Lauer was its rabbi. For some years there was a separate East European minyan. The number of members of the Biel Jewish community dwindled from 1945. This problem was met by a closer cooperation with the community of
and by state recognition for both communities in the 1990s along with the right to levy taxes by the state.
A. Welder-Steinberg, Geschichte der Juden in der Schweiz, 1 (1966), 68; Schweizerischer Israelitischer Gemeindebund, Festschrift 1904–1954 (1954), 313. ADD. BIBLIOGRAPHY: E. Dreifuss, Juden in Bern. Ein Gang durch die Jahrhunderte (1983).
Judaica. © 2008 The Gale Group.
All Rights Reserved.
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OCD Related Disorders Information
One percent of the U.S. adult population has obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and according to OCD statistics, 50% of those cases are classified as severe. The World Health Organization ranks OCD as the 10th most disabling condition of all mental and physical illnesses.
"Forget about dating. I couldn’t touch anybody. I couldn’t hug. People would flock around me but I would only let them get so close." - Diance, 35 years old
1 in 200 children have OCD, even if they aren't diagnosed with it as children. Many OCD adults can look back and see the beginnings of OCD in childhood.
"With OCD, it's like I have demons inside me controlling everything I do and I can't stand it." - Garrett
The DSM-5 has a new category, OCD and Related Disorders, that groups similar disorders together because they contain OCD-like symptoms (obsessions and compulsions). They include Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD), Excoriation (Skin-Picking) Disorder, Hoarding Disorder, Trichotillomania (Hair-Pulling Disorder), Substance and Medication Induced OCD and Related Disorder, OCD and Related Disorder Due to Medical Condition. We have extensive information on OCD and Related Disorders.
If you are looking for OCD support, come check out the HealthyPlace OCD Forums and Chat. Sometimes, communicating with others who have similar experiences can bring comfort and be a great help.
OCD and Related Disorders Quick Links
OCD and Related Disorders
- What is OCD?
- OCD Signs, Symptoms
- OCD Test
- OCD Obsessions, Compulsions
- OCD Causes
- Effects of OCD
- OCD Treatment
- OCD Therapy
- Cure for OCD?
- OCD Support
- OCD Help, Self-Help
- OCD in Children
Body Dysmorphic Disorder, BDD Information
- What is Body Dysmorphic Disorder, BDD (DSM-5)?
- Body Dysmorphic Disorder Signs, Symptoms, Causes
- Body Dysmorphic Disorder Test
- Body Dysmorphic Disorder Treatment
- Muscle Dysmorphia, Bigorexia, Reverse Anorexia
Trichotillomania (Hair Pulling) Information
- What is Trichotillomania?
- Trichotillomania Symptoms
- Trichotillomania Causes
- Effects of Pulling Out Hair
- Trichotillomania Treatment
- Cure for Trichotillomania?
- Hair Pulling Help
- Hair Pulling in Children
Induced OCD Information
OCD Related Blogs
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OCD Related Disorders Articles
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Our educational animals serve as ambassadors for their individual species. All of our ambassadors have permanent homes at PWC. They each came from a rescue situation, most commonly from an owner-surrender. Our raptors were all rehabilitated after obtaining extensive injuries, but deemed non-releasable due to their inability to fly. Each ambassador has an important lesson to teach about wildlife conservation. Through their lessons, they teach citizens how easy it is to help conserve wildlife and our hope is that these lessons get passed on to others.
Give us a call at 919-489-0900 if you would like to have any of our wildlife ambassadors visit your group or school.
|Otus – Eastern Screech Owl (Megascops asio)– a small owl, ranging from 6.3 to 9.8 inches as adults, with either rusty or dark gray intricately patterned plumage and streaking on the underparts. Did You Know? The 1992 comedy My Cousin Vinny featured a scene where the owl’s screech kept the movie characters awake – however, the movie audio didn’t accurately portray the owl’s screech.
Otus was found in May 2009 as a juvenile in Wilkes County and unable to fly. Upon examination at the Carolina Raptor Center, he was found to have a fractured left humerus that did not heal properly. Because of his injury, he cannot fly to catch his prey or escape from a predator. The CRC staff selected Otus to be placed with Piedmont Wildlife Center because they felt his temperament would make him a good education bird. He has proven to be just that! Otus is attending events and education programs and is available for booking at your next event, school or group program.
|Ivan – Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)– one of the largest members of the genus Buteo in North America, typically weighing from 1.5 to 3.5 pounds and measuring 18 to 26 inches in length, with a wingspan from 43 to 57 inches. Did You Know? In Native American culture their feathers are considered sacred by some tribes and used in religious ceremonies.
Ivan was found in July 2009 in Gaston County with numerous injuries after he was transferred from an emergency vet clinic. He had a chip out of its upper beak, he had major feather damage to his right wing and tail and will not fly. He has no chance of survival in the wild if he cannot fly to catch prey or to escape from predators. He has made wonderful progress over the last 6 months and has molted in new wing feathers and tail feathers! He is still unable to fly but is much more mobile in his habitat and has been working very well on the glove with our volunteer raptor group. He is making regular public appearances at events and education programs.
| Athena – Barred Owl (Strix varia) -a medium sized owl measuring 16-25 inches in length with an average 38-50 inch wingspan. Did You Know? Barred owls are vocal birds and are notably heard singing “Who cook, who cooks, who cooks for you.” They are also commonly known as Hoot owls.
Athena, the barred owl, was found in Lincoln County in December of 2009 with major feather damage, a fractured pelvis, two fractured bones in her right wing and blind in her right eye. Her pelvic and wing injuries were repaired surgically by the Carolina Raptor Center in hopes of returning her back to the wild. The wing injuries healed but not well enough for Athena to be able to hunt and survive in the wild. After many months of rehabilitation, flight exercises and physical therapy the staff at CRC decided she was non-releaseable. Athena is an adult bird of unknown age and most likely a female because of her weight and size. She arrived at PWC on February 24, 2011 along with another barred owl named Lily.
Athena is a favorite among many of our raptor care and handling volunteers!
|Bellatrix- Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)
Meet Bellatrix! She is a great horned owl that was believed to be hit by a car. She went to Carolina Raptor Center with multiple fractures to her left wing. She can fly, but not that well and wouldn’t survive in the wild. The Great Horned Owl is one of the most common owls in the Americas. These large owls have prominent ear tufts and brightly colored eyes.Great Horned Owls have an extremely broad diet: small to medium sized mammals and rodents, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and even small invertebrates are part of their diet. These owls are capable of taking large prey as well, even other large birds like Barred Owls and Ospreys. They are also the only animals to prey upon Skunks as a normal part of their diet. Great Horned Owls are mostly crepuscular; they hunt most between dawn and dusk.
Willow – The red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus)
Willow was found in a road in Huntersville, NC with a squirrel nearby. We assume that she was hunting the squirrel and was hit by a vehicle. Willow sustained a list of injuries, including a fractured radius, a fractured ulna, and a fractured metacarpus. Willow needed two pins to reset the bones in her left wing, both of which have since been removed. However, due to the severity of the injury, Willow is only partially flighted.
Willow arrived at the Piedmont Wildlife Center in October 2014.
|Katara – The red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamiacensis)Katara was just a juvenile when she came to the Piedmont Wildlife Center from Atlanta, Georgia in October 2014. A man found Katara with an injured wing after she had flown into his window. He contacted Atlanta Wildlife Animal Rescue Effort, who treated Katara for her injuries. Katara’s right humerus had been damaged and did not heal properly so she can no longer fly.
Katara arrived at the Piedmont Wildlife Center in October 2014.
|Kiri- Red Shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus)
Kiri was found just after Thanksgiving in 2009 and brought to the Carolina Raptor Center with a broken wing most likely the result of an incident with a car. She had a badly broken right humerus and underwent surgery but her bones didn’t heal properly. While at the Raptor Center she had a blood test and confirmed that she is a female.We acquired her in September 2010. Kiri is a particularly vocal Red-Shouldered Hawk, she often whistles at visitors. You will probably hear her soon if you haven’t already, this is just a territorial call to let you know she is there.NOT AVAILABLE FOR PROGRAMS
|Parsley- Domestic Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
In the winter of 2013, Piedmont Wildlife Center received a phone call about a domestic rabbit on the side of the road in Durham, NC. Assuming it was really an eastern cottontail, we asked the person to send in photos. What we saw was not an Eastern cottontail, but was a very cute juvenile domestic rabbit. Not fit for survival on the side of a busy road in Durham, or outside at all, PWC picked her up from the person that called.Since the day Parsley arrived, she has been the sweetest bunny. She quickly allowed program participants to pet her and is learning to walk on a leash! She’s a huge hit among all guests at our programs and among the staff at PWC. How could you not love that sweet face?
|Izzy- Eastern Milksnake (Lampropeltis triangulum)
Izzy was purchased in 2013 at a reptile show in NC, and donated to PWC after his owner could no longer care for him.Izzy is shy, spending a large amount of time hiding, but he is very friendly when picked up and never bites.Fun Fact: The name “milksnake” was derived from old wives tales about snakes sneaking into barns at night, and stealing milk from cows!
Kellogg – Eastern Corn Snake (Elaphe guttata)
Kellogg came to us as a two-month old baby in 2007 from the NC Museum of Natural Sciences. The Museum veterinarian had bred a number of corn snakes and donated Kellogg to us.
He is a favorite of the children (and some adults) who attend our programs.
Eastern Kingsnake (Lampropeltis getula getula)
Reina was donated to us in 2011. She was previously being used as an educational animal, but was no longer needed by her owner. Reina’s owner donated her to Piedmont Wildlife Center and she has been a great addition after a little bit of socialization!
Kingsnakes are resistant to venom and they will eat venomous snakes that are found in your yard, such as copperheads, cottonmouths, and rattlesnakes!
Kingsnakes also frequently rattle their tails to mimic rattlesnakes. This is one way they defend themselves from unwelcome predators!
|Jade – Greenish Rat Snake (Elaphe obsoleta)
The greenish rat snake is a hybrid between the native black rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta), which is found in the mountains and Piedmont area, and the yellow rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta quadrivittata), located in the Coastal Plains. They hybridize naturally in the wild between the Coastal Plain and Piedmont. The black rat snake is a non-venomous constrictor and mainly eats rodents; however, they can occasionally be found feeding on chicken eggs, which has earned them the nickname “chicken snakes.”
Rat snakes are found throughout North Carolina. They are a very common species, and black rats have been seen often throughout Leigh Farm Park. They are adept tree climbers, using the scales on their bellies to grip the bark. They have adapted to living in urban environments, and you may find one in your yard!
Jade is very social and loves watching your every move. She loves to be outside and enjoys going to outreach events.
|Miracle– Silky Ringneck Dove
The silky dove is one of many domesticated doves or pigeons, bred for particular characteristics. Miracle is a white dove with “frizzled” ends on his feathers, causing the dove not to be able to gain lift and fly. He flutters to the ground whenever he tries to fly.Did You Know? Miracle was born in a library when the librarian that took care of his parents didn’t notice a third egg laid in the cage and only removed the normal two eggs laid by the parents each spring. Birds in the wild will lay multiple eggs and double clutches of eggs to ensure that their offspring have a better chance of survival.
Miracle was donated to us in 2009 by “Birdman” Dave Gulick when he moved from the area and couldn’t take Miracle with him. Miracle is very friendly and likes to be held by the children attending our programs.
|Penelope– Virginia Opossum (Didelphis virginianus)Penelope came to Piedmont Wildlife Center in October, 2014. She came from the Atlanta Wild Animal Rescue Effort in Atlanta, Georgia when she was just four months old. She was found in the road, covered in black goo, possibly asphalt. She was disoriented. She was found to have neurological issues that inhibit her ability to climb, so she would not survive in the wild.Penelope is very sweet and enjoys her daily cuddle time. We are very excited to have her as one of our Wildlife Ambassadors!
|Terra– Eastern Diamondback Terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin)Terra came to Piedmont Wildlife Center because her previous owners were downsizing their family. When Terra is not swimming she is usually digging in her rocks looking for food. She loves minnows and worms, but watch out, your finger might look like a tasty treat to Terra!Terrapins can be found along the Atlantic coast of the eastern U.S. from Cape Cod to the Florida Keys and along the Gulf Coast to Texas. They are believed to be the only turtle in the world that lives only in brackish water (where salt and fresh water meet).
|Sheldon, Shelly, Vinny, and Bob- Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) – Eastern Box Turtles are a native species of turtle that is found along the east coast of the United States. Their shells have unique markings, with males being more brightly colored than females (Sheldon). Males have brightly colored heads and front legs with red eyes, whereas females usually have a brown/tan head and front legs. Occasionally females will have red eyes. Males also have a slight indentation on their carapace (bottom side of shell) as well as having flared scutes on the back side of their carapace (top side of shell).
The Box turtle received its name because it can close completely in its shell. Box turtles are the only terrestrial turtles in the United States. They are usually found near wooded areas, but are frequently found crossing streets due to habitat loss and fragmentation. Their population is in decline, but we have a healthy population at Leigh Farm Park. To see more about our conservation efforts at PWC, go here.
Sheldon & Shelly were rescues from a group of 100 turtles that were surrendered. All the turtles had been living indoors together for about 20+ years. They currently cohabit with our chickens in the warm months and are doing very well.
Vinny was stolen off the side of a highway in Virginia. The people who found him saw him on the side of a busy road and, like most people, thought they were helping him by bringing him back home to Fayetteville. Luckily, before Vinny was released into their backyard they researched box turtles. What they found was that when box turtles are relocated outside of their (approximately) 1 acre home-range, they spend the rest of their lives trying to get back home. In this time, the turtles will not eat or drink and usually perish. When they found this out they called PWC and we were able to take him in to become a wildlife ambassador. If we had known where Vinny was picked up, we could have put him back, but all they knew was somewhere off the highway.
|Nessie – Bearded Dragon (Pogona vitticeps) –The bearded dragon is not a native species of lizard. Bearded dragons are reptiles that are found in central Australia and are desert-dwellers. Beardies were smuggled into the U.S., and before 1990 it was rare to find one in a pet store. Now there are countless breeders all over the U.S., but they all descend from a common Australian relative. They are generally a tan/brown color, but can be bred to be all different colors. As adults they can reach 1.5 to 2 feet in length. Beardies are omnivores and like dark greens, veggies, fruits and a variety of insects.They are social animals in the wild; however, some males will be aggressive towards one another. They are docile towards humans and make great educational animals for this reason. Bearded dragons received their name from the behavior they make when mating or defending territory. They inflate their throat and it can turn black in color, which makes them appear to have a beard. This is common in many types of lizards, including the native Green Anole which puffs up its red dewlap when it wants the attention of a female.Nessie once lived in a pet store, until she lost part of her tail which made her unable to be sold. An employee “rescued” her and later donated her to us. Nessie is quite calm and does great at educational events!
|Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) –
The chickens joined us during the summer of 2011and Spring of 2012. We received a couple of them from the Pittsboro feed store, by one of our extraordinary CIT, Colin. The others came to us from Green Button Farm in Bahama, NC. They are a wonderful addition to Piedmont Wildlife Center providing us with eggs and entertainment.Our chickens are free-range and enjoy a variety of bugs and plants while roaming around the park. They are becoming well-socialized and help children get back to the basics about where our food comes from.
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characteristics of liquid state of matter
Best Results From Yahoo Answers Encyclopedia Youtube
liquid one of the three commonly recognized states in which matter occurs, i.e., that state, as distinguished from solid and gas, in which a substance has a definite volume but no definite shape. Properties of Liquids In general, liquids show expansion on heating, contraction on cooling; water, however, does not follow the rule exactly. A liquid changes at its boiling point to a gas and at its freezing point, or melting point , to a solid. The boiling point is especially important because, since liquids change their states at different temperatures, those in a mixture can be separated from one another by raising the temperature of the mixture gradually so that each component in turn undergoes vaporization at its boiling point. This process is known as fractional distillation. Liquids, like gases, exhibit the property of diffusion. When two miscible liquids (i.e., they mix without separation) are poured carefully into a container so that the denser one forms a separate layer on the bottom, each will diffuse slowly into the other until they are thoroughly mixed. Liquids, like gases, differ from solids in that they are fluids, that is, they flow into the shape of a containing vessel. Liquids exert pressure on the sides of a containing vessel and on any body immersed in them, and pressure is transmitted through a liquid undiminished and in all directions. Liquids exert a buoyant force on an immersed body equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the body (see Archimedes' principle and specific gravity ). Unlike gases, liquids are very nearly incompressible, and for that reason are useful in such devices as the hydraulic press. Liquids are useful as solvents. No one liquid can dissolve all substances; each takes into solution only certain specific substances. Molecular Structure of Liquids The molecules (or atoms or ions) of a liquid, like those of a solid (and unlike those of a gas), are quite close together; however, while molecules in a solid are held in fixed positions by intermolecular forces, molecules in a liquid have too much thermal energy to be bound by these forces and move about freely within the liquid, although they cannot escape the liquid easily. Although the molecules of a liquid have greater cohesion than those of a gas, it is not sufficient to prevent some of those at the free surface of the liquid from bounding off (see evaporation ). On the other hand, the cohesive forces between the molecules at the surface of a mass of liquid and those within cause the free surface to act somewhat like a stretched elastic membrane; it tends to draw inward toward the center of the liquid mass, to draw the liquid into the shape of a sphere, thus exhibiting the phenomenon known as surface tension . A liquid is said to "wet" a solid substance when the attractive force between the molecules of the liquid and those of the solid is great enough to hold the liquid's molecules at the solid surface. For example, water "wets" glass since its molecules cling to glass surfaces, whereas mercury does not since the adhesive force between its molecules and those of glass is not strong enough to hold them together. Capillarity is an example of surface tension and adhesion acting at the same time.
From Yahoo Answers
Answers:It would be (d). Liquids have a small compressibility and solids have a *very* small compressibility. Gases, on the other hand, are usually described as having very large compressibility.
Answers:Solid: constant shape, constant volume, particles bound together rigidly Liquid: variable shape, constant volume, particles bound togetehr but flexibly Gas: variable shape, variable volume, particles not bound together
Answers:Bring in an ice cube, a small glass dish, and some type of Bunsen burner. Show how the ice cube starts as a solid, melts to a liquid, and then evaporates as it boils to a gas. If you bring in a jug, or thermos with a lot of ice in it, then you should have plenty of unmelted ice cubes to work with. If your class is at the end of the day, ask someone in the cafeteria if they can keep it in the freezer for you. Each of you can take turns talking about each phase.
Answers:all of the states are physical. plasma and the bose-einstein condensate would likely be the only nuclear-homogeneous states. interestingly enough, string theory has shown that in the right conditions, the bose-einstein condensate and the plasma will act exactly the same.
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The Ryan Firebee is widely considered the first true UAV developed by the US military, however, it was far from their first attempt. Take Operation Aphrodite, which loaded B-17s with high explosives and remotely crashed them into enemy targets, for instance. This early UAV program wasn't just an abject failure, it may…
50 years ago today, on September 12, 1962, President John F. Kennedy delivered one of his best and most inspiring speeches. Arguably, one of the best in the history of the United States.
There are few moments in history as defining for a nation and the world as May 25, 1961. That's when President John F. Kennedy announced a plan to put a man on the Moon before the decade was over.
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Vomiting and Nausea
Vomiting and Nausea Facts
Vomiting and nausea are common symptoms that accompany many diseases and conditions. Problems with nausea and vomiting are related to the cause. Nausea and vomiting from motion sickness, seasickness, food poisoning, or cancer therapy can result in loss of water and electrolytes, which can lead to dehydration. Vomiting and nausea known as morning sickness may occur during pregnancy.
- Nausea is an unpleasant, queasy feeling in the throat or stomach that may result in vomiting.
- Vomiting is emptying the stomach as a result of strong gagging and retching that leads to throwing up. The stomach's contents are forcefully expelled through the mouth. Vomiting can come in waves as the natural movement (muscle contractions of the digestive system known as peristalses) is reversed, and involuntary contractions in the walls of the stomach and esophagus force the stomach contents out. Sometimes coughing or spitting up mucus from the lungs is confused with vomiting. Vomiting can only come from the stomach.
- Retching is the reverse movement (peristalsis) of the stomach and esophagus without vomiting. Sometimes this is called the dry heaves.
Vomiting and Nausea Causes
Nausea and vomiting are controlled by the same parts of the brain that control involuntary bodily functions. Vomiting is actually a reflex triggered by a signal from the brain.
The signal to vomit can result from several stimuli such as smells, taste, various illnesses, emotions (such as fear), pain, injury, infection, food irritation, dizziness, motion, and other changes in the body, specifically these:
- Eating disorders (anorexia and bulimia)
- Food poisoning
- Certain viral infections
- Motion sickness (car sickness, seasickness)
- Vertigo (the sensation that the room is spinning around)
- Head injuries (such as a concussion or bleeding injury)
- Gallbladder disease
- Migraine (a severe form of headache)
- Brain tumors
- Brain infections (such as meningitis)
- Hydrocephalus (too much fluid in the brain)
- Side effects of anesthesia used for surgery
- Stomach problems such as blockage (pyloric obstruction, a condition that causes forceful spitting up in infants)
- Bleeding into the stomach from different causes
- Infection, irritation, or blockage of the intestines
- Low or high body chemicals and minerals
- Presence of toxins in the body
- Excessive alcohol intake
- Alcohol from beer, wine, and liquor is turned into a chemical (acetaldehyde), which results in the sensation of nausea that is felt the next morning, known as a "hangover"
- Nausea and vomiting occur frequently in pregnancy. Morning sickness usually happens in the first few months but sometimes can last throughout the pregnancy.
Nausea and vomiting are common side effects of some medications. Usually nausea is not an allergy to a drug (which is a severe reaction that can include skin rash or trouble breathing), but an unwanted side effect of the medicine. Some medicines such as those used in cancer treatment (chemotherapy), antibiotics like erythomycin, and strong pain killers are well known to cause nausea and vomiting.
Medically Reviewed by a Doctor on 3/2/2016
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Patient Comments & Reviews
The eMedicineHealth doctors ask about Vomiting and Nausea:
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lox is a kind of smoked salmon, from Yiddish לאַקס laks, from Old High German lahs "salmon". The Proto-Indo-European root is *laḱs- "salmon". The IEW has laḱ- 653 "to be spotted, salmon".
lakh/lac/lack is Anglo-Indian for "one hundred thousand", from Hindi लाख lākh, related to Sanskrit लक्ष lakṣa "one hundred thousand", also "mark, sign, token". Hobson-Jobson says the word has been borrowed into Southeast Asian languages like Malay and Javanese.
Pokorny derives Sanskrit lakṣa from *laḱ-; the sense development is presumably something like "spotted > lots of marks > a vast amount like one hundred thousand".
There is a homophonous Hindi word लाख lākh "gum-lac, a kind of wax formed by the Coccus lacca" (a scale insect that feeds on certain trees in south Asia). This is related to Sanskrit लाक्ष lākṣa "a kind of red dye", which is also possibly from *laḱs- (because salmon are red?). The Hindi word found its way to French as laque en écailles, which was calqued into English as shellac, that is, "shell-lac" - lac that has been melted and run into thin plates (OED).
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Photo: Jeff Harris Studio
A tough economy and environmental concerns over plastic have Americans laying off the bottle: Last year sales of bottled water were flat for the first time in more than two decades, according to Beverage Marketing Corporation, a research group in New York City. But is the stuff coming out of your tap safe? "America's drinking water is among the safest in the world," assures Mae Wu, an expert on drinking water safety at the Natural Resources Defense Council, a nonprofit environmental advocacy group. Still, she offers a few suggestions for those who want to be sure.
If your water comes from a public system: The only reason to test is if you're worried about the pipes in your house. (The EPA enforces regular testing and monitoring of public water supplies and requires that suppliers notify consumers of any serious contamination within 24 hours.) Lead can turn up in structures built before 1930 and, surprisingly, in those less than five years old, according to the EPA. The older buildings may have lead pipes; newer ones tend to have copper pipes held together with lead solder; some also have brass fittings. Both the solder and the brass can leach lead into water for up to five years. You can contact your local health department for information on testing for the harmful metal.
If you have a private well: The EPA recommends that you test for bacteria and nitrates yearly. These contaminants can enter your well through cracked ground pipes or in runoff from snow and rain. Depending on where you live, you may also need to periodically test for arsenic, radium, radon, and several other dangerous substances. These occur naturally in the soil and water in certain areas of the country (radon, for example, is an issue in northeastern states). Your county health department can tell you what to check for and direct you to certified testing laboratories, or you can call the EPA's Safe Drinking Water Hotline (800-426-4791).
Should a test detect lead or pesticides, a simple filter—either a pitcher with a filtering device built in or a faucet-mounted system (look for one that is NSF certified)—is all a healthy adult needs, says Wu. But if bacteria turns up or if you have children, are pregnant or elderly, or have a chronic disease, invest in a more thorough filter, such as a reverse osmosis system.
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Do You Have the Diabetes That’s in Between?
It’s called type 1.5 diabetes, also known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). About 10% of people with diabetes have it, making it even more widespread than type 1.
Have you been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes? This may surprise you: An estimated 1 in 5 people with type 2 might have type 1.5 (latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, or LADA), a slow-progressing form of type 1. Just as its name implies, type 1.5 has characteristics that fall between type 1 and type 2, so it can be difficult to pinpoint. Yet it’s important to ensure your diagnosis is accurate because it can affect your treatment.
For example, oral medications may be ineffective in people with type 1.5. In fact, researchers have found that starting insulin earlier can help people with LADA achieve better blood sugar control, according to a study in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. As researchers learn more about this subtype, treatment may become more targeted.
For now, discuss any concerns with your healthcare team to feel assured that your diagnosis and treatment are on track.
Type 2—or type 1.5?
Review these with your endocrinologist.
- How old were you when you were diagnosed with type 2?
- Are you on the slimmer side?
- Do you have an autoimmune disease such as thyroid hormone deficiency or rheumatoid arthritis or a family history of autoimmune disease?
- Were you able to go without insulin for the first six months after your diagnosis?
- Are you taking oral medications and “doing everything right,” yet you’re still having trouble stabilizing your blood sugar levels?
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Do you like to make small talk? Do you prefer one-to-one conversations or group activities? These questions and many others often show up in personality quizzes to reveal how introverted or extroverted you are, but what does that really mean? Here's what science tells us about extroversion and introversion.
What Are Extroversion and Introversion?
Extroversion and introversion (E/I) are recognized as core aspects of people's personalities. Today, they are included as part of a number of different personality scales, including the ever-popular Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the Big Five Aspects Scales, but the idea of E/I goes back nearly a century.
In the 1920s, noted psychologist Carl Jung coined the terms "introverted" and "extroverted" in his 1920s work, Psychologische Typen (Psychological Types). In his model, differences between the personalities basically boil down to energy: Extroverted people are energized by social interactions, whereas those same engagements are energetically taxing for introverts. So after attending a party or other social gathering, introverts need time alone to "recharge."
Extroverts are typically thought of as those people who are outspoken, outgoing and predominately concerned with what's going on with the outer world. Introverts, by contrast, are quiet, reflective and focused on the inner (mental) world. However, E/I is often seen as a kind of continuum, with people exhibiting a mix of introverted and extroverted tendencies — "ambiverts" fall somewhere in the middle of this continuum.
Even Jung didn't think people could be completely introverted or extroverted. "There is no such thing as a pure introvert or extrovert," he reportedly said. "Such a person would be in the lunatic asylum."
Several decades ago, German psychologist Hans Eysenck came up with a more biologically based model for E/I. According to Eysenck's theory, the behaviors of introverts and extroverts are due to differences in cortical arousal (the speed and amount of the brain's activity). Compared with extroverts, introverts have naturally high cortical arousal, and may process more information per second.
This means, essentially, that if you put introverts into an environment with a lot of stimulation, such as a loud restaurant, they will quickly become overwhelmed or overloaded, causing them to sort of shut down to stop the influx of information. Because of this fact, introverts tend to avoid such active environments. Extroverts, on the other hand, are only minimally aroused, so they seek out highly stimulating environments to augment their arousal levels.
Other theories for E/I also exist. One prominent idea stresses the involvement of people's brain reward systems, suggesting that extroverts' brains are more sensitive to rewards — such as those inherent in social interactions — than introverts' brains. This sensitively leads extroverts to gravitate towards certain situations and events.
Given that some theories behind E/I invoke a neurobiological explanation, scientists have long tried to find experimental evidence for these theories. And let's be clear: There have been tons of neuroscience studies conducted on E/I over the years, many of which show that the brains of introverts and extroverts really are different.
Back in 1999, scientists measured the cerebral blood flow of introverted and extroverted people with positron emission tomography (PET) scans while they thought freely. They found that the introverts had more blood flow in their frontal lobes and anterior thalamus — brain regions involved with recalling events, making plans and solving problems. Extroverts had more blood flow in brain areas involved with interpreting sensory data, including the anterior cingulate gyrus, the temporal lobes and the posterior thalamus. The data suggested —as Jung believed — that the extroverts' attention focused outwards and the introverts' attention focused inwards.
Research has also shown that introverts have more neuronal activity than extroverts in brain regions associated with learning, motor control and vigilance control, and that their premotor cortexes process external stimuli more quickly.
Various studies have supported Eysenck's arousal model of E/I — the research shows that the reticular activating system (RAS), which is responsible for regulating arousal, has higher basal activity for introverts than for extroverts. Interestingly, the "lemon juice experiment" also lends credence to the arousal theory. The RAS responds to all types of stimuli, including food — because introverts have increased RAS activity, they salivate more in response to lemon juice.
At the same time, other research shows that there's something to the reward theory of E/I. In a study published earlier this year, researchers gave participants Ritalin, a drug that stimulates the release of the chemical dopamine, which is involved in reward and motivation. While on Ritalin, the participants watched videos showing random nature scenes. After three days, the scientists took away the drug, and then had the participants watch videos in the lab again — the extroverts were excited by the videos, while the introverts were not. LiveScience explains:
The results suggest that Ritalin's effects on the dopamine system didn't translate into reward or motivation for the introverts. That suggests that introverts have a fundamental difference in how strongly they process rewards from their environment, with the brains of introverts weighing internal cues more strongly than external motivational and reward cues, the researchers write in the paper.
Studies have also suggested that the brains of extroverts pay more attention to human faces than the brains of introverts. In fact, researchers have found that the brains of introverts respond to faces in a similar way that they respond to images of flowers, whereas the extroverts' brains show a stronger response to faces — this suggests that human faces, or people in general, hold more significance to extroverts (which, perhaps, partially explains why they seek out other people's company).
Abstraction and Risk-Taking
Our personality is part of what makes us who we are, so it's not so surprising that our levels of introversion and extroversion have wide ranging effects on our lives, including on everything from our language to our risk-taking behaviors to our mental health and happiness.
In terms of language, research has suggested that extroverts and introverts speak differently. Specifically, extroverts talk more abstractly, while introverts talk more concretely, at least when it comes to describing things. Researchers had participants describe (out loud) what was going on in different photos, and found that introverts were more precise in their descriptions.
But when it comes to learning a second language, extroverts may have the upper hand because they are more likely to "take their existing language system to the limit." Unlike their quiet counterparts, extroverts more readily use what they learn and engage in conversations both inside and outside the classroom — they have more risk-taking behavior.
That risk-taking behavior extends to other areas of life. For example, researchers have found that risky sexual behavior, such as having unprotected sex, is associated with "sensation seeking," a trait that is related to high extroversion. People with personalities that are low in conscientiousness but high in extroversion or neuroticism are also more likely to be the ones getting involved with high-risk sports, including paragliding and skydiving. Additionally, research has linked high extroversion (and high self-esteem, which may be influenced by extroversion) with adolescent smoking.
Scientists have found numerous other behavioral traits that are influenced by E/I. In 1990, a study suggested that extroverts wear more decorative clothing, whereas introverts are more practical in their clothing choice. More recently, researchers found that unlike introverts, extroverts tend to go for immediate gratification and pass up on potential future opportunities.
Perhaps one of the most important (and consistent) findings in E/I research is that extroverts are overall happier than introverts, and this increased happiness lasts for decades. Scientists have struggled to pinpoint the cause of extroverts' happiness, though they are certainly not without ideas.
Researchers have proposed that extroverts may feel greater happiness than introverts because they are more sensitive to rewarding social situations (as seen above). On the other hand, others have suggested that extroverts are happier because they engage in more social activities. Some scientists think that extroverts' perpetual happiness stems from their greater mood regulation abilities. Or maybe they're happy because they hold on tightly to all of those good memories.
At the same time, however, scientists have questioned whether extroverts really are happier, or if they're just more declarative with their feelings. There's also the issue of how, exactly, you define and measure "happiness." Whatever the case, extroverts and introverts likely benefit from different happiness increasing strategies, given the inherent differences in the personality types.
In a recent book on introversion, author Susan Cain explains that although introverts make up a third to a half of the population, Western society — the United States, in particular — is extroversion-centric. She notes that schools and workplaces are designed for extroverts, under the belief that collaboration is key to creativity and productivity (the opposite of which is true for introverts). What's more, extroverted traits, such as being a gregarious "people person," are highly valued in today's society, and this can make introverts feel like something is wrong with them (and perhaps, make the unhappy). She calls for a new system that gives introverts the solitude they need to thrive.
Check out her inspiring TED Talk below.
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HistoryThe wind instrument Bansuri cahas been in vogue since the times of the Rig Veda, and is even found in the murals of Ajanta and Ellora caves. Bansuri is basically a folk instrument, invariably linked to the lives and playfulnesses of Krishna. However, it was during the Bhakti movement that the Bansuri raised to prominence. During the latter part of the 19th century, the Karnatic musical geniuses took up the Bansuri as an inseparable part of a concert ensemble.
Slowly, it also was infused into the North Indian musical arena, basically by the untiring efforts of Pt. Pannalal Gosh. Untilthe 20th century the Indian musical instrument Bansuri was regarded as a purely folkloristic instrument. In Indian art and culture Bansuri is inextricably interlinked with the life and loves of Krishna. Musicologists convey that, along with the veena and the mridang, bansuri is one of the oldest Indian instruments.
Brief introductionThe majority of Bansuris in India are made of an untreated piece of bamboo cane around which strings are tightly wrapped in several places. It is basically to prevent the bamboo cane from cracking. The Indian Bansuri has a mouthpiece that is played in a similar way as the western transverse flute with either 6 or 7 finger-holes. The holes of bansuri have to be precisely covered either fully or half by the phalanxes of the fingers and not by the fingertips. Such technique simplifies the playing of longer Bansuris. Due to the fluent movements of the fingers the typical sliding transitions between notes, typical Indian music is achieved. The basic note usually describes the Indian note "Sa" which is obtained by closing the first three finger-holes and then blowing the Bansuri.
Parts of the BansuriDandi - The dandi is the body of the bansuri.
Mukha Randhra - This is the embouchure, or the blowing hole. Professional quality bansuris in India are invariably of the transverse variety.
Swar Randhra - These are the finger holes. They are the holes that are used to play the melodies.
Garbha Randhra - This is the opening of the bansuri. It should remain unoccluded at all times
Rassi - The body of the bansuri tends to crack. The cracking is reduced or eliminated by tightly binding the body with twine.
How to play a BansuriGetting sound is the most crucial aspect of playing the bansuri which is the one that makes 99% of potential bansuri players quit on day one. It might take several days before a new player can get a consistent sound, but once a player learns to play, then it is forever so it is very important to concentrate for the first few days. To hear the sound, touch the mouth hole to the point half-way down your lower lip, and blow air basically across the top of the hole, like half of the air should be going into the hole and half over it. Should not cover more than the first couple holes, for if any hole is not entirely closed you will not hear sound. Covering only one or two holes at first or none at all is always recommended by experts. For balancing the flute when no holes are closed, use both thumbs and your right pinky. Your mouth serves as the 4th point of balance.
Great Bansuri maestros such as Pannalal and Hariprasad Chaurasia have further developed the playing technique of the Bansuri in a way that the status as a classical instrument was achieved. Thanks to the repertoire of Hariprasad Charasia the instrument was extended by elements from the style of the plucked stringed instruments and by elements from the Dhrupad-Alap. Pannalal Ghosh adapted the Khyal singing style and thus enriched the repertoire. As solo instruments also mostly the longer Bansuris are in use whose basic note usually is D - E.
Some of the top ranking professionals who play Bansuri in their concerts include maestros like Pt. Hariparsad Chaurasia, Pt.Ronu Majumdar, Pt. Amarnath, Pravin Godkhindi, Kailash Sharma, K S Rajesh, Keshav L. Ginde, Deepak Ram, Mujtaba hussain, David philipson, Butto, G. S. Rajan, Kudamaloor Janardanan, Flute Raman, Ravichandra Kullur, Naveen who is popularly known for his works with A. R. Rahman & one of the leading Flutists in Indian Film industry.
Where to Learn to play the BansuriThere are many insititutions which teach bansuri like Bansuri Foundation, Hariparsah Chaurasiyas Bansuri Guru and other Bansuri Schools which help individuals to develop skills to learn and play Bansuri
TARANG School for Classical Indian Dance and Music
Manager: Marie-Luise Siebenkaes
Johannisstrasse 14D-90763 Fuerth
Germany Telephone: +49-(0)911-6708040
Fax: +49 (0)1212-512616701 USt-IdNr.: DE228189973
Where to buy a BansuriContact: Mr Ashish Shrivastava
Sathyadeep Musical Palace
Beside Vysya Bank
Andhra Pradesh Pin- 515134
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An article in MIT's Technology Review on a new liquid battery technology got me rethinking an assumption I've been making for some time concerning the synergy between renewable energy and better batteries. The article's author makes a similar assumption, suggesting that with bigger, cheaper batteries, electricity from solar power might be supplied around the clock. But while this new battery, consisting of a combination of molten metals and molten salts, looks clever, I'm not sure it would make sense to use it to store solar electricity in the way the author envisions. The main impediment to the large-scale application of solar power today is not so much its cyclical nature--which storage can address--but its high cost per generated kilowatt-hour, compared to other technologies. The power likeliest to be stored for later delivery won't be the most expensive, but the cheapest.
My focus here is not on the rooftop solar panels being installed on homes. Storage isn't an issue in most such cases, unless you're in a remote location or insist on grid independence. Net metering--the ability to sell excess electricity back to the grid and buy power from it when the sun isn't shining--typically offers a much better deal for homeowners than batteries, by effectively using the grid as free storage. Since rooftop solar has the inherent advantage of competing with retail, rather than wholesale electricity prices, I'm more interested in the utility-scale solar installations springing up all over. These compete directly with the output of gas-fired simple-cycle turbines, the standard "peaking" power plant technology. Utility solar projects currently cost around $6,000 per installed kilowatt (kW) based on several recent project announcements turned up by a quick web search. Even with the 30% solar investment tax credit and a site in a sunny location, such as Florida, that results in an amortized cost of generation of roughly $0.25 per kilowatt-hour (kWh), based on a 20-year life and 6% interest rate. That might be acceptable for peak demand periods, such as hot, sunny afternoons, but it doesn't compare very well to off-peak wholesale power costs from other technologies, including wind and gas turbines, let alone coal or nuclear power.
Nor is the cost per kWh the only barrier solar power must overcome, in order to be competitive around the clock, even if the cost of storing it were negligible--which is certainly not the case today. The capital involved in amassing enough capacity to serve a given market 24/7 is much higher for utility-scale solar power than for other technologies because solar's capacity factors, reflecting the fraction of time when these facilities are available and generating peak power, often average below 20%. In the Florida example above, a solar array would receive an average amount of sunlight equivalent to 4-4.5 hours of peak sun per day. That equates to a capacity factor between 17-19%. Replacing the baseload power from a 500 MW coal-fired power plant operating at an average capacity factor of 80% would require 2,200 MW of solar power plus a commensurate amount of storage. So at $6,000/kW, a solar power plant capable of generating as many kWhs as a $1.5 B coal-fired plant would cost $13.2 B, excluding the cost of delivering power when needed, instead of when the sun happens to be shining. (It also implies a very high cost per ton for the avoided CO2 emissions.)
With current solar technology, the entire proposition of storing lots of solar power looks impractical and unnecessary. Using large-scale, cheap storage--of whatever technology, whether batteries, compressed air, or pumped water--to time-shift renewable power makes much more sense when applied to lower-cost generation from wind power, the normal output of which also has a much poorer overlap with typical daily and seasonal power demand curves than solar power. In most markets, solar power should be going after the premium associated with the afternoon demand peak. Solar needs little or no storage for that, other than to buffer the effects of cloudiness or extend its output by an hour or two on either side of its natural output peaks. That looks easiest with solar thermal technology, which stores energy as heat, rather than electricity. As a result, developers of new batteries should not pin their hopes on the growth of a market for storing solar power.
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PowerPoint 2007 - Editing Images
Note: The image editing capabilities in PowerPoint are very basic. You can use it to resize, crop, and group images, but on a very simple level (see below). Another program such as Microsoft Photo Editor or Adobe Photoshop is recommended for more advanced image editing.
For some pointers on how to optimize your images for PowerPoint, check out this tutorial. It was written for an earlier release of PowerPoint, but most of the directions apply to PowerPoint 07 as well.
To format an image in PowerPoint, you can use either the Format tab or the Format Picture dialog box.
Format Picture Tab & Menu
After you insert an image the Picture Tools - Format tab will automatically appear. It will disappear if you click outside of an image. To reactivate the tab, just click on the picture you wish to edit. PowerPoint will show a preview of all formatting changes as you roll your mouse over them.
You can also use the Format Picture menu to make many of the adjustments described below. To access this menu, press the arrow button on the bottom right of any of the groups on the Picture Tools tab.
The Adjust group on the Picture Tools tab allows you to adjust the brightness and contrast of your image. You can also use the recoloring options to change the tint of your picture.
If you find that your PowerPoint presentation is loading slowly, the Compress Pictures option may help it run faster. A dialog box will appear that gives you the choice of compressing all the images in your presentation or only the ones currently selected. Under Options on this dialog, you can also choose to compress your images based on how you intend to deliver your presentation - through print, on the web or a projector, or through email.
If you would like to replace your picture, an easy way to do this is to use the Change Picture option. By using Change Picture, your replacement image will retain the same size and position settings as the original. Changes to the brightness, contrast, and color of the picture will not carry over, but any border, style, and arrangement settings will be applied.
If after making adjustments to your image you find that you would like to start over, use the Reset Picture option. Note: This will reset the size of your image as well!
With the Picture Styles group you can add some interesting effects to your images, including regular borders and shaped borders, shadows and reflections, and 3-D rotation options. PowerPoint comes with a number of built-in options, or you can customize your own using the drop down Picture Shape, Picture Border, and Picture Effects menus on the right.
PowerPoint allows you to overlap objects, so that for example you could have a text box or a callout over an image, or two images that overlap each other, or several solid shapes and lines arranged to make an interesting background on a slide master.
To determine the order of
images or objects you have several options:
- To put the image on top of or behind all other objects, select the image and then click on Bring to Front or Send to Back.
- If you have more than two objects to arrange, use the menu arrows beside the Bring to Front or Send to Back buttons to bring the image forward or backwards by one.
- If you have a lot of objects click on Selection Pane to bring up a list of all the elements on your slide. Using the options on the pane you can re-order the objects, hide individual items, and show or hide everything.
You can always move objects by clicking and dragging them, but if you want to be more exact with your placement, use the options under the Align menu. You can use this to place objects to the right, left, top, bottom, and center of the slide, make sure the object is both horizontally or vertically centered by using the distribute options, or display a grid to help with your manual placements.
PowerPoint also has the ability to rotate a picture. Click on Rotate to rotate the picture 90° right or left, or to flip the image vertically or horizontally. If you would like to specify another angle for your image, choose More Rotation Options under the Rotate menu to bring up the Size and Position dialog.
In the example to the left, our image is rotated by -18° (click for a full-size view). You can also use the Size and Position dialog to alter other aspects of your image, such as the scale and its position on the slide.
The final option in the Arrange section is the Group button. This button is used to combine objects into one so that they can be moved and edited all at once. Note: This button will remain inactive unless you have multiple objects selected.
To select and group multiple objects:
- Click on the first object
- Hold down the Shift or Ctrl button on your keyboard while clicking on any other items you wish to group together
- Click the Group button
If you wish to ungroup the objects, select the combined object, click on the Group button and choose Ungroup.
The last group in the Picture Tools tab is the Size group.
Here you can specify the height and the width of the selected image.
You can also use the Crop tool to remove unnecessary parts of your images. Cropping resizes an image by hiding horizontal or vertical edges.
To crop an image, click the Crop button. Special handles will appear around your image, as seen below.
Click and drag the handles inward to hide that part of your image. You can also use out-cropping to add a margin to an image. Simply drag the handles away from the image rather than inward.
If you want to undo a crop, you can either click crop again and drag the handles outward to make the hidden part visible or simply click the Reset Image button.
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Kevin Doyle’s classroom at Aragon High School, in San Mateo, Calif., may smell of boiled cabbage, but it’s all for a good cause. The veteran chemistry teacher has cooked up a vat of the purple vegetable. He is using its broth to dye paper coffee filters for a lesson on acids and bases.
When his students arrive at their lab stations, they find stacks of the dried filters and an array of common household products. A lanky tenth grader, wearing a San Francisco Giants T shirt and safety goggles, takes a Q-tip and dips it into a beaker of clear shampoo. When he touches it to the filter paper, it leaves a white dot. So does the hydrogen peroxide. The vinegar and lemon juice leave pink dots. The glass cleaner leaves a green blob. A drop of bleach briefly turns green, and then white. The kids are impressed. They start to paint swirly patterns.
“Make sure you look at the colors dry and wet,” Doyle says, as he walks among his students. “Talk to each other about this; don’t just wait for me to come around. Are these products acidic or alkaline? Can you rank them in ascending pH order? Don’t think you have to make a claim for something you don’t have evidence for.”
Doyle is a highly qualified teacher, with a bachelor’s degree in applied chemistry and a master’s in materials science. He has been working at Aragon High School for 14 years. But it wasn’t until last summer that he gained a deep understanding of how chemistry is best taught.
Doyle and his Aragon colleagues, Leigh-Anne Edklund and Arron Apperson, were among 24 Northern California educators invited to participate in an innovative Stanford professional development program called Chemistry EXperiments and EXperiences for High School Teachers, or ChemEx2 for short. Developed by scholars at the Center to Support Excellence in Teaching (CSET) at the Graduate School of Education, in partnership with Chris Chidsey, associate professor of chemistry, and his colleagues in the Department of Chemistry, the eight-day program showed participants how to build thought-provoking laboratory classes around easy-to-see chemical phenomena. Students encounter these phenomena in the classroom, gather evidence from them, and then use that evidence to build arguments to explain what happened. The idea is to pique students’ curiosity first, and hit them with lectures about abstract theory later.
It sounds simple, but for Doyle it was a revelation. Chemistry textbooks almost always start with atomic structure, as do most high school courses. Yet many 15-year-olds have a hard time picturing molecules and atoms, let alone protons, neutrons and electrons. “Why do we teach theory first?” he wondered. “The giants of chemistry didn’t start that way. They started with, ‘Hey, when I mix this stuff with that stuff, this happens consistently.’ They started with phenomena — things happening.”
Doyle and his colleagues were so impressed by the workshop’s upside-down, “phenomena-first” approach that they went to their principal last fall and asked if they could revamp Aragon High School’s entire chemistry curriculum. “Today,” he said, “we start all of our units by making things happen, and having our students observe. Only then do we slowly add on the layers of understanding.”
Stanford has a long history of engagement with Bay Area chemistry teachers. Graduate students often visit local schools to help with lab demonstrations, and faculty regularly work with teachers on special summer projects in the university’s state-of-the-art labs. The idea behind ChemEx2 was to bring even more chemistry teachers to campus, and have them interact with each other. The program is one in a series of professional development courses in a range of subjects for experienced teachers offered through CSET’s Stanford Summer Teaching Institute, which enrolled more than 300 participants in 2012. Registration just opened for its fifth year of courses at http://cset.stanford.edu/programs/ssti/2013.
ChemEx2 program coordinator Cristina So said that last summer’s program had 75 applicants — nearly three times more than the available slots. One participant drove in every day from Stockton. CSET’s faculty director, education professor Pam Grossman, said she’s not surprised. Most professional development programs for teachers are fairly generic, dealing with topics like classroom management and the needs of particular student populations. “The need for high quality, subject-specific professional development is just enormous,” Grossman said.
At the same time, state standards for chemistry courses have been expanding like bubbles in a hot test tube. “There’s a giant checklist of things teachers have to get through in the lab, and a lot of the people who teach chemistry are biologists or physicists by training,” said Jennifer Schwartz Poehlmann, a Stanford senior chemistry lecturer who helped put the summer program together. “Teachers are saying they don’t have time to teach everything; they don’t have the resources, and some are put into positions where they are not comfortable with all the material. All of these factors are squeezing the fun out of chemistry.”
Her colleague, Chidsey, agreed. “Even in eighth grade physical sciences, the textbooks are so thick, it’s overwhelming,” he lamented. “The burden is put on teachers to try and figure out what’s important and what’s doable. That’s one reason we wanted to get a lot of teachers together on campus, so they could realize they’re not the only ones struggling with this. In ChemEx2, they could ask each other questions, and in the process decide, ‘Of all the things we could teach, which are the most foundational?’
Each of last summer’s ChemEx2 sessions began with a different phenomenon. Like the cabbage juice lab, they used simple materials. One day teachers inflated bags with a variety of gases on tap at Stanford’s Mudd Chemistry Building. On another day, participants used plastic soda bottles, topped with balloons, to illustrate how much carbon dioxide is put out by varying concentrations of baking soda in vinegar.
After each demonstration, the teachers were solicited for their input and encouraged to think about how the phenomenon might be used to teach a variety of concepts in their own classrooms. “They jumped into it with such aplomb,” said Jean Lythcott, a veteran science teacher educator who helped design the sessions. “One of the wonderful pieces of feedback that we got from them was, ‘It’s so fabulous to be a chemistry nerd in a group of chemistry nerds!’ They loved having the freedom to muck around.”
Once the school year started, ChemEx2 participants kept in touch with each other via the program’s website. They gathered on campus again in November and earlier this month for day-long follow-up workshops. In an afternoon brainstorming session on March 9, one teacher solicited advice about handling students who lack the basic math skills necessary for chemistry. Another, determined to incorporate more phenomena into her classes, said she had taped a sheet of paper over her desk listing things to change for next year. She’s not alone. When asked how likely they were to use ChemEx2 material in their classrooms, nearly every teacher in the program responded with a 5 out 5.
Back at Aragon High School, Kevin Doyle and his colleagues are now in their seventh month of the new curriculum. It’s been a lot of work, rethinking classes that they have been teaching for years. But the results should pay off big time when the new Common Core state standardized tests roll around. “Even today, on this little activity with cabbage juice on coffee filters, my students are writing page-long arguments that start with, ‘These must be acids because . . .’” Doyle said proudly. The kids are thinking a lot more now about what they are doing in chemistry class – and that’s a winning formula indeed.
Theresa Johnston, '83, is a Palo Alto freelance writer and frequent contributor to Stanford print and online publications.
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Pedophilia and pedophiles are terms that are often used incorrectly to describe someone who has had sexual contact with children. This information is presented to increase knowledge of pedophilia and clarify the use of terminology.
Clinical pedophilia is not the same as child sexual abuse or offending; a person can be diagnosed as having clinical pedophilia without committing criminal sexual acts with children. Many pedophiles may not be child sex offenders (they are attracted to children but do not act on those feelings), and many people who sexually molest children are not pedophiles. In other words, they are people who are primarily sexually attracted to adults, but in a specific situation, may molest a child.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Sexual Disorders, or DSM IV-TR, defines a person with pedophilia as a person who:
- Over a period of at least 6 months, has recurrent, intense sexual arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child or children (generally 13 years or younger).
- The person has acted on these urges, or the sexual urges or fantasies cause marked distress or interpersonal difficulty
- The person is at least age 16 years and at least 5 years older than the child or children in Criterion a.
The DSM IV-TR notes that this definition does not include an individual in late adolescence involved in an ongoing sexual relationship with a 13-year-old. It also asks clinicians to differentiate based on the sex of the preferred child, whether the behavior is limited to incest (a family member), and whether the attraction is exclusive (attracted only to children) or non-exclusive. [xlii]
Ephebophilia is a preferential sexual attraction to adolescents. It is not considered pedophilia, and given the proliferation of images of sexualized adolescents in the media, it is fairly common. Ephebophilia's legality is determined by state sexual consent laws; in other words, once a young person reaches the state's legal age of consent, it is not a crime to have sex with them. Nepiophilia is a sexual attraction to infants.
Pedophilic behavior usually begins during adolescence or early adulthood. Pedophiles are said to “groom children.” It is rare for their contact to be forced upon a child. Rather, “they may begin with flattery and gifts or take the child on “dates” (outings), while proceeding from intimate conversation to sexual talk and sexual touch, gradually getting the child accustomed to each new step.” Children who are lonely, depressed, or angry with their parents are most vulnerable to these special attentions. [xliii]
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About a year ago, NASA held a press conference to describe the preliminary results of its analysis of the LCROSS experiment, in which a spent rocket stage plowed into the Cabeus crater at the Moon's south pole. As the impact took place, there was no visible debris plume, but NASA captured it in the UV and IR portions of the spectrum, and was able to announce that there were "significant quantities" of water seen in the debris. Now that the dust has long since settled, a total of six papers and a perspective that describe the results have appeared in Science.
One of the papers describes the impact site in the Cabeus Crater, and other polar craters like it, based on thermal data from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO). The shaded areas near the craters' walls, which never receive sunlight, should in theory be exceptionally cold, with the only heat coming from radiation by the opposing, sunlit crater wall. An LRO instrument confirms that this is actually the case, producing estimates that these "cold traps" are hovering only 38K above absolute zero.
"Temperatures in the Moon’s larger cold traps are closer to those expected for the poles of Pluto than for Earth’s closest neighbor," the authors conclude.
All of which made Cabeus a great choice to crash a rocket into, since temperatures that cold mean that relatively volatile compounds, including water, don't sublimate (go directly from solid to gaseous form) at appreciable rates, even if no atmosphere is present.
And, as NASA first announced, the infrared instrument that followed the rocket in picked up evidence of water in the impact plume. The new data analysis now goes a long way towards telling us how much is there by estimating both the total size of the plume and the percentage of water in it.
As a separate paper describes it, the debris plume actually became visible in stages. First up was mineral material, the dust and rocks blasted out of the crater by the impact itself. By 30 seconds after impact, however, this material had started to fall back towards the lunar surface, after which the spectrum of the debris cloud became dominated by materials in gaseous form, such as vaporized water. The instrument was also able to estimate the total size of the cloud, which was essential for figuring out the volume of material blasted free by the impact.
Running the numbers, the scientists concluded that the surface material in Cabeus is between five and six percent water, with most of that in the form of pure ice covered by a protective layer of dust. The results confirm that the signal doesn't arise from water incorporated into a mineral, or from compounds like aluminum hydroxide. All told, several hundred kilograms of water were liberated during the LCROSS impact.
Water wasn't the only volatile compound that showed up in the data, however. Signals corresponded to various organic species, including carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and various nitrogen and sulfur bonds. And, in a bit of a surprise, hydrogen seems to have been present in its molecular form (a neutral H2 molecule). Presumably, it's absorbed onto the surface of a mineral in the lunar material. Roughly 140kg of hydrogen was blasted free by the impact—by weight, that's more than the magnesium present.
The infrared instrument also may have picked up signs of sodium and silver, while a UV instrument on the LRO mission found signs of mercury, calcium, and magnesium.
All in all, these are pretty significant results. Some of the earlier hints of water on the Moon were consistent with the water being produced as protons are delivered to the Moon's surface by the solar wind. The significant quantities of other volatiles seem to suggest something more complex is going on; "Going by the evolving spectra, the impact released a variety of volatiles besides water, which suggests a variety of possible sources besides solar wind implantation," the authors of one paper conclude. These possible sources would include delivery of material via comets and a more active surface chemistry than anyone expected.
A perspective that describes all of these results suggests that we probably won't learn much more about how these materials got there without going to see them in their native state ourselves. And that's looking a bit more manageable. Assuming we can keep the water free of the mercury that's also present and deal with Pluto-level temperatures, then there should be useful quantities of water present in Cabeus and other cold sinks.
(The DOI link is for the perspective, which contains references for the other papers.)
Listing image by NASA
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India Prepares to Launch Mars Orbiter in Space Race With China
India is preparing to launch a spacecraft to Mars tomorrow, striving to put a probe into orbit around the red planet before China and Japan.
A rocket is scheduled to blast off at 2:38 p.m. from southeast India, embarking on a journey of 423 million miles (680 million kilometers) that will take almost a year, according to the Indian Space Research Organization. Only the U.S., Europe and Russia have successfully orbited Mars.
“There is an ongoing race for space-related power and prestige currently in Asia, although few officials will admit it,” said James Moltz, a professor at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California, who has written books about the space race. “India is clearly concerned about China’s recent rise in space prestige and wants to minimize that damage.”
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh has rebuffed critics of the mission, who say India can ill-afford the project’s 4.5 billion-rupee ($73 million) price tag when about two-thirds of the nation’s 1.2 billion people live on less than $2 a day. He’s counting on the space program to yield technological advances that bolster the country’s development prospects.
“Questions are sometimes asked about whether a poor country like India can afford a space program and whether the funds spent on space exploration, albeit modest, could be better utilized elsewhere,” Singh, who served on the country’s Space Commission in the 1970s, said in a speech last year. “This misses the point that a nation’s state of development is finally a product of its technological prowess.”
The mission aims to map the Martian surface, study the atmosphere and search for methane gas, a sign that the planet can support life, according to the ISRO, a government agency. Earlier this year, India successfully launched a satellite that provides a space-based navigation system.
ISRO’s Chairman K. Radhakrishnan denied there was a space race with countries such as China, adding there would be a “trickle down” of technology from the research and design of the orbiter that will benefit the economy.
India spends about $1.1 billion a year on its space programs, compared with $3.3 billion in Japan and $17.9 billion in the U.S. Japan failed in its 1998 bid to send a satellite to orbit Mars. China’s probe was destroyed about two years ago.
India and China have become competitors in the space industry over the past decade. China has taken the lead, putting its first woman astronaut into space as it strives toward goals such as establishing a manned space station.
“India is a major space power today, but it faces competition from countries such as China that have greater resources,” Moltz said. “It cannot expect to match China mission for mission. But it can develop a solid technical competency in space activities that will help its economy, military, and scientific potential.”
India’s Mars mission is much cheaper than a U.S. launch to the planet later this month, according to Mayank N. Vahia, an academic at the Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in Mumbai.
Unlike China, which has sent astronauts into space, India has focused on less costly missions that provide technology for the aerospace and pharmaceutical sectors, he said.
The space program amounts to about half what India spends providing free school lunches and nutrition programs for the country’s 160 million children under the age of six. India has the world’s highest percentage of malnourished children except for East Timor, according to the 2012 annual Global Hunger Index.
Whether it’s right for a country with substantial poverty to invest in space exploration remains an emotive issue, said Satish Misra, a political analyst at the Observer Research Foundation in New Delhi.
India launched its first space rocket in 1963 and its first satellite in 1975. An unmanned mission to the moon ended in August 2009 after scientists failed to restore contact with the Chandrayaan-1 craft. Data from the probe showed water formation may be an ongoing process on the moon.
The country’s satellites form one of the largest communications systems in the world. Last month, they tracked a cyclone heading for Odisha state in eastern India, giving the government time to evacuate a million people, according to Vahia.
“We invested in satellites that gave us the exact details of the way the weather was going,” Vahia said. “As a result, we have saved hundreds or thousands of lives.”
For Related News and Information: India’s $82 Million Mission to Mars Orbit Planned for 2013 Water Discovery on Moon’s Surface Spurs India’s Lunar Ambition
To contact the editor responsible for this story: Daniel Ten Kate at firstname.lastname@example.org
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THE most famous of the ancient religious Mysteries were the Eleusinian, whose rites were celebrated every five years in the city of Eleusis to honor Ceres (Demeter, Rhea, or Isis) and her daughter, Persephone. The initiates of the Eleusinian School were famous throughout Greece for the beauty of their philosophic concepts and the high standards of morality which they demonstrated in their daily lives. Because of their excellence, these Mysteries spread to Rome and Britain, and later the initiations were given in both these countries. The Eleusinian Mysteries, named for the community in Attica where the sacred dramas were first presented, are generally believed to have been founded by Eumolpos about fourteen hundred years before the birth of Christ, and through the Platonic system of philosophy their principles have been preserved to modern times.
The rites of Eleusis, with their Mystic interpretations of Nature's most precious secrets, overshadowed the civilizations of their time and gradually absorbed many smaller schools, incorporating into their own system whatever valuable information these lesser institutions possessed. Heckethorn sees in the Mysteries of Ceres and Bacchus a metamorphosis of the rites of Isis and Osiris, and there is every reason to believe that all so-called secret schools of the ancient world were branches from one philosophic tree which, with its root in heaven and its branches on the earth, is--like the spirit of man--an invisible but ever-present cause of the objectified vehicles that give it expression. The Mysteries were the channels through which this one philosophic light was disseminated, and their initiates, resplendent with intellectual and spiritual understanding, were the perfect fruitage of the divine tree, bearing witness before the material world of the recondite source of all Light and Truth.
The rites of Eleusis were divided into what were called the Lesser and the Greater Mysteries. According to James Gardner, the Lesser Mysteries were celebrated in the spring (probably at the time of the vernal equinox) in the town of Agræ, and the Greater, in the fall (the time of the autumnal equinox) at Eleusis or Athens. It is supposed that the former were given annually and the latter every five years. The rituals of the Eleusinians were highly involved, and to understand them required a deep study of Greek mythology, which they interpreted in its esoteric light with the aid of their secret keys.
The Lesser Mysteries were dedicated to Persephone. In his Eleusinian and Bacchic Mysteries, Thomas Taylor sums up their purpose as follows: "The Lesser Mysteries were designed by the ancient theologists, their founders, to signify occultly the condition of the unpurified soul invested with an earthy body, and enveloped in a material and physical nature."
The legend used in the Lesser rites is that of the abduction of the goddess Persephone, the daughter of Ceres, by Pluto, the lord of the underworld, or Hades. While Persephone is picking flowers in a beautiful meadow, the earth suddenly opens and the gloomy lord of death, riding in a magnificent chariot, emerges from its somber depths and, grasping her in his arms, carries the screaming and struggling goddess to his subterranean palace, where he forces her to become his queen.
It is doubtful whether many of the initiates themselves understood the mystic meaning of this allegory, for most of them apparently believed that it referred solely to the succession of the seasons. It is difficult to obtain satisfactory information concerning the Mysteries, for the candidates were bound by inviolable oaths never to reveal their inner secrets to the profane. At the beginning of the ceremony of initiation, the candidate stood upon the skins of animals sacrificed for the purpose, and vowed that death should seal his lips before he would divulge the sacred truths which were about to be communicated to him. Through indirect channels, however, some of their secrets have been preserved. The teachings given to the neophytes were substantially as follows:
The soul of man--often called Psyche, and in the Eleusinian Mysteries symbolized by Persephone--is essentially a spiritual thing. Its true home is in the higher worlds, where, free from the bondage of material form and material concepts, it is said to be truly alive and self-expressive. The human, or physical, nature of man, according to this doctrine, is a tomb, a quagmire, a false and impermanent thing, the source of all sorrow and suffering. Plato describes the body as the sepulcher of the soul; and by this he means not only the human form but also the human nature.
The gloom and depression of the Lesser Mysteries represented the agony of the spiritual soul unable to express itself because it has accepted the limitations and illusions of the human environment. The crux of the Eleusinian argument was that man is neither better nor wiser after death than during life. If he does not rise above ignorance during his sojourn here, man goes at death into eternity to wander about forever, making the same mistakes which he made here. If he does not outgrow the desire for material possessions here, he will carry it with him into the invisible world, where, because he can never gratify the desire, he will continue in endless agony. Dante's Inferno is symbolically descriptive of the sufferings of those who never freed their spiritual natures from the cravings, habits, viewpoints, and limitations of their Plutonic personalities. Those who made no endeavor to improve themselves (whose souls have slept) during their physical lives, passed at death into Hades, where, lying in rows, they slept through all eternity as they had slept through life.
To the Eleusinian philosophers, birch into the physical world was death in the fullest sense of the word, and the only true birth was that of the spiritual soul of man rising out of the womb of his own fleshly nature. "The soul is dead that slumbers," says Longfellow, and in this he strikes the keynote of the Eleusinian Mysteries. Just as Narcissus, gazing at himself in the water (the ancients used this mobile element to symbolize the transitory, illusionary, material universe) lost his life trying to embrace a reflection, so man, gazing into the mirror of Nature and accepting as his real self the senseless clay that he sees reflected, loses the opportunity afforded by physical life to unfold his immortal, invisible Self.
An ancient initiate once said that the living are ruled by the dead. Only those conversant with the Eleusinian concept of life could understand that statement. It means that the majority of people are not ruled by their living spirits but by their senseless (hence dead) animal personalities. Transmigration and reincarnation were taught in these Mysteries, but in a somewhat unusual manner. It was believed that at midnight the invisible worlds were closest to the Terrestrial sphere and that souls coming into material existence slipped in during the midnight hour. For this reason many of the Eleusinian
Click to enlarge
THE RAPE OF PERSEPHONE.
From Thomassin's Recucil des Figures, Groupes, Themes, Fontaines, Vases et autres Ornements.
Pluto, the lord of the underworld, represents the body intelligence of man; and the rape of Persephone is symbolic of the divine nature assaulted and defiled by the animal soul and dragged downward into the somber darkness of Hades, which is here used as a synonym for the material, or objective, sphere of consciousness.
In his Disquisitions upon the Painted Greek Vases, James Christie presents Meursius' version of the occurrences taking place during the nine days required for the enactment of the Greater Eleusinian Rites. The first day was that of general meeting, during which those to be initiated were questioned concerning their several qualifications. The second day was spent in a procession to the sea, possibly for the submerging of a image of the presiding goddess. The third day was opened by the sacrifice of a mullet. On the fourth day the mystic basket containing certain sacred symbols was brought to Eleusis, accompanied by a number of female devotees carrying smaller baskets. On the evening of the fifth day there was a torch race, on the sixth a procession led by a statue of Iacchus, and on the seventh an athletic contest. The eighth day was devoted to a repetition of the ceremonial for the benefit of any who might have been prevented from coming sooner. The ninth and last day was devoted to the deepest philosophical issues of the Eleusinia, during which an urn or jar--the symbol of Bacchus--was exhibited as an emblem of supreme importance.
ceremonies were performed at midnight. Some of those sleeping spirits who had failed to awaken their higher natures during the earth life and who now floated around in the invisible worlds, surrounded by a darkness of their own making, occasionally slipped through at this hour and assumed the forms of various creatures.
The mystics of Eleusis also laid stress upon the evil of suicide, explaining that there was a profound mystery concerning this crime of which they could not speak, but warning their disciples that a great sorrow comes to all who take their own lives. This, in substance, constitutes the esoteric doctrine given to the initiates of the Lesser Mysteries. As the degree dealt largely with the miseries of those who failed to make the best use of their philosophic opportunities, the chambers of initiation were subterranean and the horrors of Hades were vividly depicted in a complicated ritualistic drama. After passing successfully through the tortuous passageways, with their trials and dangers, the candidate received the honorary title of Mystes. This meant one who saw through a veil or had a clouded vision. It also signified that the candidate had been brought up to the veil, which would be torn away in the higher degree. The modern word mystic, as referring to a seeker after truth according to the dictates of the heart along the path of faith, is probably derived from this ancient word, for faith is belief in the reality of things unseen or veiled.
The Greater Mysteries (into which the candidate was admitted only after he had successfully passed through the ordeals of the Lesser, and not always then) were sacred to Ceres, the mother of Persephone, and represent her as wandering through the world in quest of her abducted daughter. Ceres carried two torches, intuition and reason, to aid her in the search for her lost child (the soul). At last she found Persephone not far from Eleusis, and out of gratitude taught the people there to cultivate corn, which is sacred to her. She also founded the Mysteries. Ceres appeared before Pluto, god of the souls of the dead, and pleaded with him to allow Persephone to return to her home. This the god at first refused to do, because Persephone had eaten of the pomegranate, the fruit of mortality. At last, however, he compromised and agreed to permit Persephone to live in the upper world half of the year if she would stay with him in the darkness of Hades for the remaining half.
The Greeks believed that Persephone was a manifestation of the solar energy, which in the winter months lived under the earth with Pluto, but in the summer returned again with the goddess of productiveness. There is a legend that the flowers loved Persephone and that every year when she left for the dark realms of Pluto, the plants and shrubs would die of grief. While the profane and uninitiated had their own opinions on these subjects, the truths of the Greek allegories remained safely concealed by the priests, who alone recognized the sublimity of these great philosophic and religious parables.
Thomas Taylor epitomizes the doctrines of the Greater Mysteries in the following statement: "The Greater (Mysteries) obscurely intimated, by mystic and splendid visions, the felicity of the soul both here and hereafter when purified from the defilement of a material nature, and constantly elevated to the realities of intellectual (spiritual) vision."
Just as the Lesser Mysteries discussed the prenatal epoch of man when the consciousness in its nine days (embryologically, months) was descending into the realm of illusion and assuming the veil of unreality, so the Greater Mysteries discussed the principles of spiritual regeneration and revealed to initiates not only the simplest but also the most direct and complete method of liberating their higher natures from the bondage of material ignorance. Like Prometheus chained to the top of Mount Caucasus, man's higher nature is chained to his inadequate personality. The nine days of initiation were also symbolic of the nine spheres through which the human soul descends during the process of assuming a terrestrial form. The secret exercises for spiritual unfoldment given to disciples of the higher degrees are unknown, but there is every reason to believe that they were similar to the Brahmanic Mysteries, since it is known that the Eleusinian ceremonies were closed with the Sanskrit words "Konx Om Pax."
That part of the allegory referring to the two six-month periods during one of which Persephone must remain with Pluto, while during the other she may revisit the upper world, offers material for deep consideration. It is probable that the Eleusinians realized that the soul left the body during steep, or at least was made capable of leaving by the special training which undoubtedly they were in a position to give. Thus Persephone would remain as the queen of Pluto's realm during the waking hours, but would ascend to the spiritual worlds during the periods of sleep. The initiate was taught how to intercede with Pluto to permit Persephone (the initiate's soul) to ascend from the darkness of his material nature into the light of understanding. When thus freed from the shackles of clay and crystallized concepts, the initiate was liberated not only for the period of his life but for all eternity, for never thereafter was he divested of those soul qualities which after death were his vehicles for manifestation and expression in the so-called heaven world.
In contrast to the idea of Hades as a state of darkness below, the gods were said to inhabit the tops of mountains, a well-known example being Mount Olympus, where the twelve deities of the Greek pantheon were said to dwell together. In his initiatory wanderings the neophyte therefore entered chambers of ever-increasing brilliancy to portray the ascent of the spirit from the lower worlds into the realms of bliss. As the climax to such wanderings he entered a great vaulted room, in the center of which stood a brilliantly illumined statue of the goddess Ceres. Here, in the presence of the hierophant and surrounded by priests in magnificent robes, he was instructed in the highest of the secret mysteries of the Eleusis. At the conclusion of this ceremony he was hailed as an Epoptes, which means one who has beheld or seen directly. For this reason also initiation was termed autopsy. The Epoptes was then given certain sacred books, probably written in cipher, together with tablets of stone on which secret instructions were engraved.
In The Obelisk in Freemasonry, John A. Weisse describes the officiating personages of the Eleusinian Mysteries as consisting of a male and a female hierophant who directed the initiations; a male and a female torchbearer; a male herald; and a male and a female altar attendant. There were also numerous minor officials. He states that, according to Porphyry, the hierophant represents Plato's Demiurgus, or Creator of the world; the torch bearer, the Sun; the altar man, the Moon; the herald, Hermes, or Mercury; and the other officials, minor stars.
From the records available, a number of strange and apparently supernatural phenomena accompanied the rituals. Many initiates claim to have actually seen the living gods themselves. Whether this was the result of religious ecstasy or the actual cooperation of invisible powers with the visible priests must remain a mystery. In The Metamorphosis, or Golden Ass, Apuleius thus describes what in all probability is his initiation into the Eleusinian Mysteries:
"I approached to the confines of death, and having trod on the threshold of Proserpine I, returned from it, being carried through all the elements. At midnight I saw the sun shining with a splendid light; and I manifestly drew near to, the gods beneath, and the gods above, and proximately adored them."
Women and children were admitted to the Eleusinian Mysteries, and at one time there were literally thousands of initiates. Because this vast host was not prepared for the highest spiritual and mystical doctrines, a division necessarily took place within the society itself. The higher teachings were given to only a limited number of initiates who, because of superior mentality, showed a comprehensive grasp of their underlying philosophical concepts. Socrates refused to be initiated into the Eleusinian Mysteries, for knowing its principles without being a member of the order he realized that membership would seal his tongue. That the Mysteries of Eleusis were based upon great and eternal truths is attested by the veneration in which they were held by the great minds of the ancient world. M. Ouvaroff asks, "Would Pindar, Plato, Cicero, Epictetus, have spoken of them with such admiration, if the hierophant had satisfied himself with loudly proclaiming his own opinions, or those of his order?"
The garments in which candidates were initiated were preserved for many years and were believed to possess almost sacred properties. Just as the soul can have no covering save wisdom and virtue, so the candidates--being as yet without true knowledge--were presented to the Mysteries unclothed, being first: given the skin of an animal and later a consecrated robe to symbolize the philosophical teachings received by the initiate. During the course of initiation the candidate
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CERES, THE PATRON OF THE MYSTERIES.
From a mural painting in Pompeii.
Ceres, or Demeter, was the daughter of Kronos and Rhea, and by Zeus the mother of Persephone. Some believe her to be the goddess of the earth, but more correctly she is the deity protecting agriculture in general and corn in particular. The Poppy is sacred to Ceres and she is often shown carrying or ornamented by a garland of these flowers. In the Mysteries, Ceres represented riding in a chariot drawn by winged serpents.
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THE PROCESSIONAL OF THE BACCHIC RITES.
From Ovid's Metamorphosis.
In the initiation, of the Bacchic Mysteries, the rôle of Bacchus is played by the candidate who, set upon by priests in the guise of the Titans, is slain and finally restored to life amidst great rejoicing. The Bacchic Mysteries were given every three years, and like the Eleusinian Mysteries, were divided into two degrees. The initiates were crowned with myrtle and ivy, plants which were sacred to Bacchus.
In the Anacalypsis, Godfrey Higgins conclusively establishes Bacchus (Dionysos) as one of the early pagan forms of the Christos myth, "The birthplace of Bacchus, called Sabazius or Sabaoth, was claimed by several places in Greece; but on Mount Zelmisus, in Thrace, his worship seems to have been chiefly celebrated. He was born of a virgin on the 25th of December; he performed great miracles for the good of mankind; particularly one in which he changed water into wine; he rode in a triumphal procession on an ass; he was put to death by the Titans, and rose again from the dead on the 25th of March: he was always called the Saviour. In his mysteries, he was shown to the people, as an infant is by the Christians at this day, on Christmas Day morning in Rome."
While Apollo most generally represents the sun, Bacchus is also a form of solar energy, for his resurrection was accomplished with the assistance of Apollo. The resurrection of Bacchus signifies merely the extraction or disentanglement of the various Parts of the Bacchic constitution from the Titanic constitution of the world. This is symbolized by the smoke or soot rising from the burned bodies of the Titans. The soul is symbolized by smoke because it is extracted by the fire of the Mysteries. Smoke signifies the ascension of the soul, far evolution is the process of the soul rising, like smoke, from the divinely consumed material mass. At me time the Bacchic Rites were of a high order, but later they became much degraded . The Bacchanalia, or orgies of Bacchus, are famous in literature.
passed through two gates. The first led downward into the lower worlds and symbolized his birth into ignorance. The second led upward into a room brilliantly lighted by unseen lamps, in which was the statue of Ceres and which symbolized the upper world, or the abode of Light and Truth. Strabo states that the great temple of Eleusis would hold between twenty and thirty thousand people. The caves dedicated by Zarathustra also had these two doors, symbolizing the avenues of birth and death.
The following paragraph from Porphyry gives a fairly adequate conception of Eleusinian symbolism: "God being a luminous principle, residing in the midst of the most subtile fire, he remains for ever invisible to the eyes of those who do not elevate themselves above material life: on this account, the sight of transparent bodies, such as crystal, Parian marble, and even ivory, recalls the idea of divine light; as the sight of gold excites an idea of its purity, for gold cannot he sullied. Some have thought by a black stone was signified the invisibility of the divine essence. To express supreme reason, the Divinity was represented under the human form--and beautiful, for God is the source of beauty; of different ages, and in various attitudes, sitting or upright; of one or the other sex, as a virgin or a young man, a husband or a bride, that all the shades and gradations might be marked. Every thing luminous was subsequently attributed to the gods; the sphere, and all that is spherical, to the universe, to the sun and the moon--sometimes to Fortune and to Hope. The circle, and all circular figures, to eternity--to the celestial movements; to the circles and zones of the heavens. The section of circles, to the phases of the moon; and pyramids and obelisks, to the igneous principle, and through that to the gods of Heaven. A cone expresses the sun, a cylinder the earth; the phallus and triangle (a symbol of the matrix) designate generation." (From Essay on the Mysteries of Eleusis by M. Ouvaroff.)
The Eleusinian Mysteries, according to Heckethorn, survived all others and did not cease to exist as an institution until nearly four hundred years after Christ, when they were finally suppressed by Theodosius (styled the Great), who cruelly destroyed all who did not accept the Christian faith. Of this greatest of all philosophical institutions Cicero said that it taught men not only how to live but also how to die.
Orpheus, the Thracian bard, the great initiator of the Greeks, ceased to be known as a man and was celebrated as a divinity several centuries before the Christian Era. "As to Orpheus himself * * *, " writes Thomas Taylor, "scarcely a vestige of his life is to be found amongst the immense ruins of time. For who has ever been able to affirm any thing with certainty of his origin, his age, his country, and condition? This alone may be depended on, from general assent, that there formerly lived a person named Orpheus, who was the founder of theology among the Greeks; the institutor of their lives and morals; the first of prophets, and the prince of poets; himself the offspring of a Muse; who taught the Greeks their sacred rites and mysteries, and from whose wisdom, as from a perennial and abundant fountain, the divine muse of Homer and the sublime theology of Pythagoras and Plato flowed." (See The Mystical Hymns of Orpheus.)
Orpheus was founder of the Grecian mythological system which he used as the medium for the promulgation of his philosophical doctrines. The origin of his philosophy is uncertain. He may have got it from the Brahmins, there being legends to the effect that he got it was a Hindu, his name possibly being derived from ὀρφανῖος, meaning "dark." Orpheus was initiated into the Egyptian Mysteries, from which he secured extensive knowledge of magic, astrology, sorcery, and medicine. The Mysteries of the Cabiri at Samothrace were also conferred upon him, and these undoubtedly contributed to his knowledge of medicine and music.
The romance of Orpheus and Eurydice is one of the tragic episodes of Greek mythology and apparently constitutes the outstanding feature
of the Orphic Rite. Eurydice, in her attempt to escape from a villain seeking to seduce her, died from the venom of a poisonous serpent which stung her in the heel. Orpheus, penetrating to the very heart of the underworld, so charmed Pluto and Persephone with the beauty of his music that they agreed to permit Eurydice to return to life if Orpheus could lead her back to the sphere of the living without once looking round to see if she were following. So great was his fear, however, that she would stray from him that he turned his head, and Eurydice with a heartbroken cry was swept back into the land of death.
Orpheus wandered the earth for a while disconsolate, and there are several conflicting accounts of the manner of his death. Some declare that he was slain by a bolt of lightning; others, that failing to save his beloved Eurydice, he committed suicide. The generally accepted version of his death, however, is that he was torn to pieces by Ciconian women whose advances he had spurned. In the tenth book of Plato's Republic it is declared that, because of his sad fate at the hands of women, the soul that had once been Orpheus, upon being destined to live again in the physical world, chose rather to return in the body of a swan than be born of woman. The head of Orpheus, after being torn from his body, was cast with his lyre into the river Hebrus, down which it floated to the sea, where, wedging in a cleft in a rock, it gave oracles for many years. The lyre, after being stolen from its shrine and working the destruction of the thief, was picked up by the gods and fashioned into a constellation.
Orpheus has long been sung as the patron of music. On his seven-stringed lyre he played such perfect harmonies that the gods themselves were moved to acclaim his power. When he touched the strings of his instrument the birds and beasts gathered about him, and as he wandered through the forests his enchanting melodies caused even the ancient trees with mighty effort to draw their gnarled roots from out the earth and follow him. Orpheus is one of the many Immortals who have sacrificed themselves that mankind might have the wisdom of the gods. By the symbolism of his music he communicated the divine secrets to humanity, and several authors have declared that the gods, though loving him, feared that he would overthrow their kingdom and therefore reluctantly encompassed his destruction.
As time passed on the historical Orpheus became hopelessly confounded with the doctrine he represented and eventually became the symbol of the Greek school of the ancient wisdom. Thus Orpheus was declared to be the son of Apollo, the divine and perfect truth, and Calliope, the Muse of harmony and rhythm. In other words, Orpheus is the secret doctrine (Apollo) revealed through music (Calliope). Eurydice is humanity dead from the sting of the serpent of false knowledge and imprisoned in the underworld of ignorance. In this allegory Orpheus signifies theology, which wins her from the king of the dead but fails to accomplish her resurrection because it falsely estimates and mistrusts the innate understanding within the human soul. The Ciconian women who tore Orpheus limb from limb symbolize the various contending theological factions which destroy the body of Truth. They cannot accomplish this, however, until their discordant cries drown out the harmony drawn by Orpheus from his magic lyre. The head of Orpheus signifies the esoteric doctrines of his cult. These doctrines continue to live and speak even after his body (the cult) has been destroyed. The lyre is the secret teaching of Orpheus; the seven strings are the seven divine truths which are the keys to universal knowledge. The differing accounts of his death represent the various means used to destroy the secret teachings: wisdom can die in many ways at the same time. The allegory of Orpheus incarnating in the white swan merely signifies that the spiritual truths he promulgated will continue and will be taught by the illumined initiates of all future ages. The swan is the symbol of the initiates of the Mysteries; it is a symbol also of the divine power which is the progenitor of the world.
The Bacchic Rite centers around the allegory of the youthful Bacchus (Dionysos or Zagreus) being torn to pieces by the Titans. These giants accomplished the destruction of Bacchus by causing him to become fascinated by his own image in a mirror. After dismembering him, the Titans first boiled the pieces in water and afterwards roasted them. Pallas rescued the heart of the murdered god, and by this precaution Bacchus (Dionysos) was enabled to spring forth again in all his former glory. Jupiter, the Demiurgus, beholding the crime of the Titans, hurled his thunderbolts and slew them, burning their bodies to ashes with heavenly fire. Our of the ashes of the Titans--which also contained a portion of the flesh of Bacchus, whose body they had partly devoured--the human race was created. Thus the mundane life of every man was said to contain a portion of the Bacchic life.
For this reason the Greek Mysteries warned against suicide. He who attempts to destroy himself raises his hand against the nature of Bacchus within him, since man's body is indirectly the tomb of this god and consequently must be preserved with the greatest care.
Bacchus (Dionysos) represents the rational soul of the inferior world. He is the chief of the Titans--the artificers of the mundane spheres. The Pythagoreans called him the Titanic monad. Thus Bacchus is the all-inclusive idea of the Titanic sphere and the Titans--or gods of the fragments--the active agencies by means of which universal substance is fashioned into the pattern of this idea. The Bacchic state signifies the unity of the rational soul in a state of self-knowledge, and the Titanic state the diversity of the rational soul which, being scattered throughout creation, loses the consciousness of its own essential one-ness. The mirror into which Bacchus gazes and which is the cause of his fall is the great sea of illusion--the lower world fashioned by the Titans. Bacchus (the mundane rational soul), seeing his image before him, accepts the image as a likeness of himself and ensouls the likeness; that is, the rational idea ensouls its reflection--the irrational universe. By ensouling the irrational image it implants in it the urge to become like its source, the rational image. Therefore the ancients said that man does not know the gods by logic or by reason but rather by realizing the presence of the gods within himself.
After Bacchus gazed into the mirror and followed his own reflection into matter, the rational soul of the world was broken up and distributed by the Titans throughout the mundane sphere of which it is the essential nature, but the heart, or source, of it they could not: scatter. The Titans took the dismembered body of Bacchus and boiled it in water--symbol of immersion in the material universe--which represents the incorporation of the Bacchic principle in form. The pieces were afterwards roasted to signify the subsequent ascension of the spiritual nature out of form.
When Jupiter, the father of Bacchus and the Demiurgus of the universe, saw that the Titans were hopelessly involving the rational or divine idea by scattering its members through the constituent parts of the lower world, he slew the Titans in order that the divine idea might not be entirely lost. From the ashes of the Titans he formed mankind, whose purpose of existence was to preserve and eventually to release the Bacchic idea, or rational soul, from the Titanic fabrication. Jupiter, being the Demiurgus and fabricator of the material universe, is the third person of the Creative Triad, consequently the Lord of Death, for death exists only in the lower sphere of being over which he presides. Disintegration takes place so that reintegration may follow upon a higher level of form or intelligence. The thunderbolts of Jupiter are emblematic of his disintegrative power; they reveal the purpose of death, which is to rescue the rational soul from the devouring power of the irrational nature.
Man is a composite creature, his lower nature consisting of the fragments of the Titans and his higher nature the sacred, immortal flesh (life) of Bacchus. Therefore man is capable of either a Titanic (irrational) or a Bacchic (rational) existence. The Titans of Hesiod, who were twelve in number, are probably analogous to the celestial zodiac, whereas the Titans who murdered and dismembered Bacchus represent the zodiacal powers distorted by their involvement in the material world. Thus Bacchus represents the sun who is dismembered by the signs of the zodiac and from whose body the universe is formed. When the terrestrial forms were created from the various parts of his body the sense of wholeness was lost and the sense of separateness established. The heart of Bacchus, which was saved by Pallas, or Minerva, was lifted out of the four elements symbolized by his dismembered body and placed in the ether. The heart of Bacchus is the immortal center of the rational soul.
After the rational soul had been distributed throughout creation and the nature of man, the Bacchic Mysteries were instituted for the purpose of disentangling it from the irrational Titanic nature. This disentanglement was the process of lifting the soul out of the state of separateness into that of unity. The various parts and members of Bacchus were collected from the different corners of the earth. When all the rational parts are gathered Bacchus is resurrected.
The Rites of Dionysos were very similar to those of Bacchus, and by many these two gods are considered as one. Statues of Dionysos were carried in the Eleusinian Mysteries, especially the lesser degrees. Bacchus, representing the soul of the mundane sphere, was capable of an infinite multiplicity of form and designations. Dionysos apparently was his solar aspect.
The Dionysiac Architects constituted an ancient secret society, in principles and doctrines much like the modern Freemasonic Order. They were an organization of builders bound together by their secret knowledge of the relationship between the earthly and the divine sciences of architectonics. They were supposedly employed by King Solomon in the building of his Temple, although they were not Jews, nor did they worship the God of the Jews, being followers of Bacchus and Dionysos. The Dionysiac Architects erected many of the great monuments of antiquity. They possessed a secret language and a system of marking their stones. They had annual convocations and sacred feasts. The exact nature of their doctrines is unknown. It is believed that CHiram Abiff was an initiate of this society.
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Dr Wood first injected a patient with morphine in 1853. He gave a description of his innovation in a paper entitled "A New Method for Treating Neuralgia by the Direct Application of Opiates to Painful Points", published in the Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal (1855). However, intravenous anaesthesia did not become popular until the introduction of barbiturates like thiopentone in the 1930s.
The first recorded fatality from a hypodermic-syringe induced overdose was Dr Wood's wife. The tragedy arose because she was injecting morphine to excess. Later, in the American Civl War (1861-65), an estimated 400,000 soldiers became addicted to opiates after liberal use or morphine injections as well as opium pills: "The returning veteran could be...identified because he had a leather thong around his neck and a leather bag (with) Morphine Sulfate tablets, along with a syringe and a needle issued to the soldier on his discharge...This was called the "Soldier's Disease". (Gerald Starkey)
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conveyance of written communications is one of the most important objects
of civilized society, and without
the consideration of telegraphic dispatch, it is accomplished by railroad
in these days with a celerity and certainty altogether astonishing.
The only written correspondence
which took place in former ages was between princes on matters of state,
or the more powerful nobility,
on matters of consequence to themselves, and the functionaries to whom the
responsible duty of its conveyance was entrusted, were called Nuncios.
Edward IV. of England, during his war with the Scots in 1481, established
Posts twenty miles distant from each other, where relays of horses
were stationed for the transmission of letters from one to another, which
was duly performed at the rate of two hundred miles a day. From this early
arrangement, it would thus appear, arose the name of the national
establishment which has now attained such universal magnitude.
Long after this time the public conveyance of literary
correspondence remained in the hands of private individuals, but letters
were transmitted by special messengers among the higher classes, who did
not choose to commit them to the dilatory progress and uncertainty of the
stage-waggon, or horseman; for the injunction which so frequently
accompanied the superscription, ‘haste poste, haste,’ indicates an
occasional want of punctuality in those carriers of the good old times.
It was soon perceived that the ‘promiscuous use of
transmitting or taking up of letters, whereby the secrets of the realm
might be disclosed,’ ought not to be entrusted to private enterprise, but
that it was of political and pecuniary importance for Government to assume
the sole management of epistolary conveyance. A proclamation of Charles I.
was issued in 1635, for regulating the ‘letter office,’ and a running post
was established between Edinburgh and London, to go thither and return in
six days. The city of London and other parties, nevertheless, maintained
for a considerable time a rivalry with the Government ‘master of the
posts, messengers, and couriers,’ but all opposition was finally put down
in 1656, by an Act which instituted ‘one general post-office and one
postmaster-general of England.’
The post-office of Scotland was settled by Act of 1698,
but it was so troublesome and unprofitable, that a grant of £300 a-year,
with the whole receipts, would not induce Sir Robert Sinclair to retain
his situation of superintendent! The penny postage which had been
established in Edinburgh by Peter Williamson, a person who attained
celebrity by having lived many years among the American Indians, into
whose hands he had fallen, was purchased by Government about 1760.
From the nature of the country, it was much more
difficult to establish a regular system of post conveyance in the northern
part of the kingdom; and at this day the transmission of letters in many
Highland districts is accomplished with considerable difficulty and delay.
It would seem, at the same time, that the post—office authorities decline
the conveyance of letters to parts of the country which do not pay the
expense, or are considered too insignificant to receive the favour, for
the proprietors of remote districts, as the Isles of Lewis, Barra, etc.,
are obliged to keep yachts for the purpose of communication with the
It is said that the first Duke of Gordon, who received
the title in 1684, was accustomed to dispatch a confidential retainer to
the south country, in order that he might glean in his travels all news of
importance, which he was to relate faithfully to his Grace on return, and
traditions exist as to the same practice in other families. These
messengers were expected to bring home an ample budget of various
information from ‘beyond the month.’
The Gille-ruithe, or running footman, was a member of
the Luchdtachd, a body of personal attendants kept by a Highland laird,
and his most important duty was to carry throughout the country, at his
chief’s behest, all missives and messages.
The Highland postman must be qualified for his toilsome
occupation by great activity and hardihood, having to traverse
unremittingly, in all weathers, a country, in many parts very uninviting
in the finest season. He has not often the advantage
of a regular road, but knowing all the localities, he urges his way even
in the darksome night, through hill and glen, fording the streams when
they cross his path. This last is one of his greatest perils, for the
mountain torrents come down so suddenly, that the wayfarer is often
surprised by finding a flooded river when it is quite unlooked for.
The post bags sometimes get wet to the damage of their
contents, and it is said that one of those useful and adventurous
couriers, in passing a river while her Majesty sojourned at Ard Ferigie,
having got the mail packet wet, the circumstance gave rise to the idle
story of some of the royal letters having been opened in transitu!
An old man, who died about thirty years ago, carried
the letters for Braemar during thirty-six years, in which time it was
calculated he had walked no less than about 260,000 miles!
The postman here represented is a specimen of these
hardy pedestrians, who, it will be seen, are occasionally loaded with
other property than letters or papers. He is always a welcome
visitor,—except, indeed, when he unhaply brings evil news. When he has any
time to spare, he gratifies his eager hearers with all the news he has
acquired; and as those for whom he has letters are often in remote
localities, the epistles are frequently left with others, who cheerfully
undertake to transmit their charge to the proper parties, either by some
one going the way of their dwellings, or personally delivering the letters
on meeting them at kirk or market.
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Taking vitamin B supplements may help reduce your risk of stroke, a new review shows.
Previous research has yielded conflicting findings about whether taking vitamin B supplements affects the risk of stroke and heart attack. Some studies have concluded that taking vitamin B supplements may actually increase the risk, according to the review authors.
They analyzed the findings of 14 clinical trials that included a total of nearly 55,000 people. All of the trials compared vitamin B supplement use with a placebo or very low-dose vitamin B.
The participants were followed for a minimum of six months. There were a total of nearly 2,500 strokes among the participants in the studies, all of which showed some benefit of taking vitamin B.
Overall, vitamin B supplements reduced the risk of stroke by 7 percent but did not appear to reduce the severity of strokes or the risk of death from stroke, according to the review, which was published in the Sept. 18 online issue of the journal Neurology.
The researchers found that folic acid, a supplemental form of folate (B-9) that is common in fortified cereals, appeared to reduce the beneficial effect of vitamin B. They also found that vitamin B-12 had no effect on stroke risk.
“Based on our results, the ability of vitamin B to reduce stroke risk may be influenced by a number of other factors, such as the body’s absorption rate, the amount of folic acid or vitamin B-12 concentration in the blood, and whether a person has kidney disease or high blood pressure,” review author Xu Yuming, of Zhengzhou University in China, said in a journal news release.
“Before you begin taking any supplements, you should always talk to your doctor,” Yuming added.
One expert agrees, noting that strokes can be caused by many varying factors.
“Ischemic strokes can have many different causes, the most common being hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol, smoking and obesity,” says Dr. Rafael Alexander Ortiz, director of neuro-endovascular surgery and stroke at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City.
“There is a group of patients that may suffer a stroke due to deficiency of vitamins and enzymes. It is appropriate to perform a comprehensive work-up, including [for] vitamin deficiencies, in patients that have suffered a stroke.”
Another expert says the findings are important.
“[The report] identifies a substance which is readily available and has been demonstrated to have a positive effect in stroke risk reduction in certain population subgroups,” says Dr. Albert Favate, director of the Comprehensive Stroke Center at NYU Langone Medical Center in New York City. “The article also reflects the increased public thirst for dietary prevention of stroke.”
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By STEPHANIE BARRY
AMHERST - In the heart of Western Massachusetts' activism belt, a pioneer of human rights is celebrated annually.
Thomas Paine, an 18th century British-born civil rights activist, still draws a decent crowd at the Jones Library on the anniversary of his death.
A local nonprofit group on Saturday hosted the 15th annual Thomas Paine Day, whose attendance was dampened somewhat by local Democratic caucuses, which drew elected officials who perennially attend the event.
Among little-known Paine lore expounded there: Paine was originally buried in the United States, until his bones were reclaimed and shipped back to Britain.
"It is said part of his skull might be in the monument in New Rochelle," said folk musician Barbara Dean, who performed tracks from "Tom Paine Blues" with her husband, Graham Dean.
The couple is from Great Barrington. The event also featured other local musicians.
Paine was known as a radical intellectual whose pamphlet "Common Sense," published in 1776, urged colonial America's independence from Britain.
Martha Spiegelman, secretary of the Thomas Paine Friends, said a local group began formally celebrating Paine at people's homes 15 years ago. The group publishes a newsletter and hosts discussions about Paine's work.
"Most of the people here like to relate his ideals to contemporary issues," Spiegelman said, noting that Paine advocated for universal health care, equal rights and a social welfare system for the young and elderly long before his time.
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The Sustainable Aquaculture Initiative’s priorities include effective knowledge sharing and efficient technology transfer as it pertains to (small-scale) fish production systems that provide high-yield protein to an average family as well as a potential income generating activity through fish sales. The SAI strives to help people in developing countries grow their own food and become less dependent on expensive foreign imports and international aid over time. We help people improve and secure livelihoods and provide food security for their families and communities.
One of the most important aspects of our approach to address the issue of malnutrition is to help identify valuable (unrealized) botanical species that can be used to formulate feeds that can be used to increase the yield of existing livestock production; our focus has been on fish diets but much of the research can be applied to poultry and goats. During the course of our work in Haiti we have identified a variety of underutilized plant material, analyzed this material to assess its nutritional components and formulated feeds that have been tested in live fish trials to determine the fishes’ ability to convert these plant based diets into high quality animal protein.
Our research yields recipes that compete favorably with high quality imported feeds. According to published reports, access to animal feed is the biggest impediment to production of high quality protein, particularly in resource limited countries. We focus considerable effort to evaluate alternative feeds that can be used to increase yields of fish/poultry using simple, easily obtainable agricultural by-products. The results have been life changing. Fish production can be increased significantly via simple submerged compost bins placed in ponds and installing submerged substrate for periphyton (twofold production increase over traditional “green water” methods). The paper resulting from this research is one of the most requested “how to” publications offered by various NGOs. Great care has been exercised to develop production enhancing techniques that can be utilized in a variety of fish production systems depending on the resources (human and otherwise) available.
REAL PEOPLE, REAL IMPACT
The SAI’s greatest impact is made through application of its scientific and aquaculture skills and resources to develop and share effective means for others to replicate. The Sustainable Aquaculture Initiative works directly with aid organizations that wish to include aquaculture in their projects by offering consultation, expert advice and hands-on training based on over 45 years in the field and 10+ years in Haiti. We train and mentor individual farmers to build small scale, low-resource high-output fish ponds with in-country training and ongoing mentoring. Through local and remote learning centers and easily accessible training material we aim to reach the greatest number of clients and create a ripple effect. The SAI helps to build capacity through knowledge and technology sharing, which can then be perpetuated, and eventually eliminate further dependency on intentional aid money and foreign imports.
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Amanita muscaria, commonly known as the fly agaric or fly amanita, is a poisonous and psychoactive basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus Amanita. Native throughout the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere, Amanita muscaria has been unintentionally introduced to many countries in the southern hemisphere, generally as a symbiont with pine plantations, and is now a true cosmopolitan species. It associates with various deciduous and coniferous trees.
The quintessential toadstool, it is a large white-gilled, white-spotted, usually red mushroom, one of the most recognizable and widely encountered in popular culture. Several subspecies with differing cap color have been recognized, including the brown regalis (considered a separate species), the yellow-orange flavivolvata, guessowii, formosa, and the pinkish persicina. Genetic studies published in 2006 and 2008 show several sharply delineated clades that may represent separate species.
Although it is generally considered poisonous, there are no documented human deaths from its consumption, and it is eaten as a food in parts of Europe, Asia, and North America after parboiling. Amanita muscaria is noted for its hallucinogenic properties, with its main psychoactive constituent being the compound muscimol. It was used as an intoxicant and entheogen by the peoples of Siberia, and has a religious significance in these cultures. There has been much speculation on traditional use of this mushroom as an intoxicant in places other than Siberia, but such traditions are far less well documented. The American banker and amateur ethnomycologist R. Gordon Wasson proposed that the fly agaric was the soma of the ancient Rig Veda texts of India; since its introduction in 1968 this theory has gained both followers and detractors in anthropological literature.
Amanita muscaria is the type species of the genus. By extension, it is also the type species of Amanita subgenus Amanita, as well as section Amanita within this subgenus. Amanita subgenus Amanita includes all Amanita with inamyloid spores. Amanita section Amanita includes the species which have very patchy universal veil remnants, including a volva that is reduced to a series of concentric rings and the veil remnants on the cap to a series of patches or warts. Most species in this group also have a bulbous base. Amanita section Amanita consists of A. muscaria and its close relatives, including A. pantherina (the panther cap), A. gemmata, A. farinosa, and A. xanthocephala. Modern fungal taxonomists have classified Amanita muscaria and its allies this way based on gross morphology and spore inamyloidy. Two recent molecular phylogenetic studies have confirmed this classification as natural.
Amanita muscaria varies considerably in its morphology, and many authorities recognize several subspecies or varieties within the species. In The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy, German mycologist Rolf Singer listed three subspecies, though without description: A. muscaria ssp. muscaria, A. muscaria ssp. americana, and A. muscaria ssp. flavivolvata.
Contemporary authorities recognize up to seven varieties:
- var. muscaria, the typical red-and-white spotted variety. Some authorities, such as Rodham Tulloss, only use this name for Eurasian and western Alaskan populations.
- var. flavivolvata is red, with yellow to yellowish-white warts. It is found from southern Alaska down through the Rocky Mountains, through Central America, all the way to Andean Colombia. Rodham Tulloss uses this name to describe all "typical" A. muscaria from indigenous New World populations.
- var. alba, an uncommon fungus, has a white to a silvery white cap that has white warts but is similar to the usual form of mushroom.
- var. formosa, has a yellow to orange-yellow cap with yellowish warts and stem (which may be tan). Some authorities (cf. Jenkins) use the name for all A. muscaria which fit this description worldwide, others (cf. Tulloss) restrict its use to Eurasian populations.
- var. guessowii has a yellow to orange cap, with the centre more orange or perhaps even reddish orange. It is found most commonly in northeastern North America, from Newfoundland and Quebec south all the way to the state of Tennessee. Some authorities (cf. Jenkins) treat these populations as A. muscaria var. formosa, while others (cf. Tulloss) recognize them as a distinct variety.
- var. persicina is pinkish to orangish, sometimes called "melon"-coloured, with poorly formed, or at times absent remnants of universal veil on the stem and vassal bulb; it is known from the southeastern coastal areas of the United States, and was described in 1977. Recent DNA sequencing suggests this may be a separate species which may require naming.
- var. regalis, from Scandinavia and Alaska. is liver-brown and has yellow warts. It appears to be distinctive, and some authorities (cf. Tulloss) treat it as a separate species, while others (cf. Jenkins) treat it as a variety of the A. muscaria.
A 2006 molecular phylogenetic study of different regional populations of A. muscaria by mycologist József Geml and colleagues found three distinct clades within this species representing, roughly, Eurasian, Eurasian "subalpine", and North American populations. Specimens belonging to all three clades have been found in Alaska; this has led to the hypothesis that this was the centre of diversification for this species. The study also looked at four named varieties of the species: var. alba, var. flavivolvata, var. formosa (including var. guessowii), and var. regalis from both areas. All four varieties were found within both the Eurasian and North American clades, evidence that these morphological forms are polymorphisms rather than distinct subspecies or varieties. Further molecular study by Geml and colleagues published in 2008 show that these three genetic groups, plus a fourth associated with oak–hickory–pine forest in the southeastern United States and two more on Santa Cruz Island in California, are delineated from each other enough genetically to be considered separate species; thus A. muscaria as it stands currently is evidently a species complex. The complex also includes at least three other closely related taxa that are currently regarded as species: A. breckonii is a buff-capped mushroom associated with conifers from the Pacific Northwest, and the brown-capped A. gioiosa and A. heterochroma from the Mediterranean Basin and from Sardinia respectively. Both of these last two are found with Eucalyptus and Cistus trees, and it is unclear whether they are native or introduced from Australia.
A large conspicuous mushroom, Amanita muscaria is generally common and numerous where it grows, and is often found in groups with basidiocarps in all stages of development. Fly agaric fruiting bodies emerge from the soil looking like white eggs. After emerging from the ground, the cap is covered with numerous small white to yellow pyramid-shaped warts. These are remnants of the universal veil, a membrane that encloses the entire mushroom when it is still very young. Dissecting the mushroom at this stage will reveal a characteristic yellowish layer of skin under the veil; this is helpful in identification. As the fungus grows, the red colour appears through the broken veil and the warts become less prominent; they do not change in size, but are reduced relative to the expanding skin area. The cap changes from globose to hemispherical, and finally to plate-like and flat in mature specimens. Fully grown, the bright red cap is usually around 8–20 cm (3–8 in) in diameter, although larger specimens have been found. The red colour may fade after rain and in older mushrooms.
The free gills are white, as is the spore print. The oval spores measure 9–13 by 6.5–9 μm; they do not turn blue with the application of iodine. The stipe is white, 5–20 cm high (2–8 in) by 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) wide, and has the slightly brittle, fibrous texture typical of many large mushrooms. At the base is a bulb that bears universal veil remnants in the form of two to four distinct rings or ruffs. Between the basal universal veil remnants and gills are remnants of the partial veil (which covers the gills during development) in the form of a white ring. It can be quite wide and flaccid with age. There is generally no associated smell other than a mild earthiness.
Although very distinctive in appearance, the fly agaric has been mistaken for other yellow to red mushroom species in the Americas, such as Armillaria cf. mellea and the edible Amanita basii—a Mexican species similar to A. caesarea of Europe. Poison control centres in the U.S. and Canada have become aware that amarill (Spanish for 'yellow') is a common name for the A. caesarea-like species in Mexico. Amanita caesarea can be distinguished by its entirely orange to red cap which lacks the numerous white warty spots of the fly agaric. Furthermore the stem, gills and ring of A. caesarea are bright yellow, not white. The volva is a distinct white bag, not broken into scales. In Australia, the introduced fly agaric may be confused with the native vermilion grisette (Amanita xanthocephala), which grows in association with eucalypts. The latter species generally lacks the white warts of A. muscaria and bears no ring.
Amanita muscaria poisoning has occurred in young children and in people who ingested the mushrooms in order to have a hallucinogenic experience. Occasionally it has been ingested in error, because immature button forms resemble puffballs. The white spots sometimes wash away during heavy rain and the mushrooms then may appear to be the edible A. caesarea.
Amanita muscaria contains several biologically active agents, at least one of which, muscimol, is known to be psychoactive. Ibotenic acid, a neurotoxin, serves as a prodrug to muscimol, with approximately 10-20% converting to muscimol after ingestion. A toxic dose in adults is approximately 6 mg muscimol or 30 to 60 mg ibotenic acid; this is typically about the amount found in one cap of Amanita muscaria. The amount and ratio of chemical compounds per mushroom varies widely from region to region and season to season, which can further confuse the issue. Spring and summer mushrooms have been reported to contain up to 10 times more ibotenic acid and muscimol than autumn fruitings.
A fatal dose has been calculated as 15 caps.Deaths from this fungus A. muscaria have been reported in historical journal articles and newspaper reports but with modern medical treatment, fatal poisoning from ingesting this mushroom is extremely rare. Many older books list Amanita muscaria as "deadly", but this is an error that implies the mushroom is more toxic than it is. The North American Mycological Association has stated there were no reliably documented fatalities from eating this mushroom during the 20th century. The vast majority (90% or more) of mushroom poisoning deaths are from eating the greenish to yellowish "death cap", (A. phalloides) or perhaps even one of the several white Amanita species which are known as destroying angels.
The active constituents of this species are water soluble, and boiling and then discarding the cooking water at least partly detoxifies A. muscaria. Drying may increase potency, as the process facilitates the conversion of ibotenic acid to the more potent muscimol. According to some sources, once detoxified, the mushroom becomes edible.
Muscarine, discovered in 1869,was long thought to be the active hallucinogenic agent in A. muscaria. Muscarine binds with muscarinic acetylcholine receptors leading to the excitation of neurons bearing these receptors. The levels of muscarine in Amanita muscaria are minute when compared with other poisonous fungi such as Inocybe erubescens, the small white Clitocybe species C. dealbata and C. rivulosa. The level of muscarine in A. muscaria is too low to play a role in the symptoms of poisoning.
The major toxins involved in A. muscaria poisoning are muscimol (3-hydroxy-5-aminomethyl-1-isoxazole, an unsaturated cyclic hydroxamic acid) and the related amino acid ibotenic acid. Muscimol is the product of the decarboxylation (usually by drying) of ibotenic acid. Muscimol and ibotenic acid were discovered in the mid-20th century. Researchers in England, Japan, and Switzerland showed that the effects produced were due mainly to ibotenic acid and muscimol, not muscarine.These toxins are not distributed uniformly in the mushroom. Most are detected in the cap of the fruit, rather than in the base, with the smallest amount in the stalk (Lampe, 1978; Tsunoda et al., 1993). Quite rapidly, between 20 and 90 minutes after ingestion, a substantial fraction of ibotenic acid is excreted unmetabolised in the urine of the consumer. Almost no muscimol is excreted when pure ibotenic acid is eaten, but muscimol is detectable in the urine after eating A. muscaria, which contains both ibotenic acid and muscimol.
Ibotenic acid and muscimol are structurally related to each other and to two major neurotransmitters of the central nervous system: glutamic acid and GABA respectively. Ibotenic acid and muscimol act like these neurotransmitters, muscimol being a potent GABAA agonist, while ibotenic acid is an agonist of NMDA glutamate receptors and certain metabotropic glutamate receptors which are involved in the control of neuronal activity. It is these interactions which are thought to cause the psychoactive effects found in intoxication. Muscimol is the agent responsible for the majority of the psychoactivity.
Muscazone is another compound that has more recently been isolated from European specimens of the fly agaric. It is a product of the breakdown of ibotenic acid by ultra-violet radiation. Muscazone is of minor pharmacological activity compared with the other agents. Amanita muscaria and related species are known as effective bioaccumulators of vanadium; some species concentrate vanadium to levels of up to 400 times those typically found in plants. Vanadium is present in fruit-bodies as an organometallic compound called amavadine. The biological importance of the accumulation process is unknown.
Fly agarics are known for the unpredictability of their effects. Depending on habitat and the amount ingested per body weight, effects can range from nausea and twitching to drowsiness, cholinergic crisis-like effects (low blood pressure, sweating and salivation), auditory and visual distortions, mood changes, euphoria, relaxation, ataxia, and loss of equilibrium.
In cases of serious poisoning the mushroom causes delirium, somewhat similar in effect to anticholinergic poisoning (such as that caused by Datura stramonium), characterized by bouts of marked agitation with confusion, hallucinations, and irritability followed by periods of central nervous system depression. Seizures and coma may also occur in severe poisonings. Symptoms typically appear after around 30 to 90 minutes and peak within three hours, but certain effects can last for several days. In the majority of cases recovery is complete within 12 to 24 hours. The effect is highly variable between individuals, with similar doses potentially causing quite different reactions. Some people suffering intoxication have exhibited headaches up to ten hours afterwards. Retrograde amnesia and somnolence can result following recovery. to fluid and electrolyte imbalances; intravenous rehydration or electrolyte replacement may be required. Serious cases may develop loss of consciousness or coma, and may need intubation and artificial ventilation Hemodialysis can remove the toxins, although this intervention is generally considered unnecessary. With modern medical treatment the prognosis is typically good following supportive treatment.
Unlike psilocybin mushrooms, Amanita muscaria has rarely been consumed because of its toxicity and unpredictable psychological effects. Following the outlawing of psilocybin mushrooms in the United Kingdom, an increased quantity of legal A. muscaria mushrooms began to be sold for recreational and entheogenic use.
Professor Marija Gimbutas, a renowned Lithuanian historian, reported to R. Gordon Wasson on the use of this mushroom in Lithuania. In remote areas of Lithuania Amanita muscaria has been consumed at wedding feasts, in which mushrooms were mixed with vodka. The professor also reported that the Lithuanians used to export A. muscaria to the Lapps in the Far North for use in shamanic rituals. The Lithuanian festivities are the only report that Wasson received of ingestion of fly agaric for recreational use in Eastern Europe.
Amanita muscaria was widely used as an entheogen by many of the indigenous peoples of Siberia. Its use was known among almost all of the Uralic-speaking peoples of western Siberia and the Paleosiberian-speaking peoples of the Russian Far East. There are only isolated reports of A. muscaria use among the Tungusic and Turkic peoples of central Siberia and it is believed that entheogenic use of A. muscaria was largely not practiced by these peoples. In western Siberia, the use of A. muscaria was restricted to shamans, who used it as an alternative method of achieving a trance state. (Normally, Siberian shamans achieve trance by prolonged drumming and dancing.) In eastern Siberia, A. muscaria was used by both shamans and laypeople alike, and was used recreationally as well as religiously. In eastern Siberia, the shaman would take the mushrooms, and others would drink his urine. This urine, still containing psychoactive elements, may be more potent than the A. muscaria mushrooms with fewer negative effects such as sweating and twitching, suggesting that the initial user may act as a screening filter for other components in the mushroom.
The Koryak of eastern Siberia have a story about the fly agaric (wapaq) which enabled Big Raven to carry a whale to its home. In the story, the deity Vahiyinin ("Existence") spat onto earth, and his spittle became the wapaq, and his saliva becomes the warts. After experiencing the power of the wapaq, Raven was so exhilarated that he told it to grow forever on earth so his children, the people, could learn from it. Among the Koryaks, one report said that the poor would consume the urine of the wealthy, who could afford to buy the mushrooms.
Beyond Siberia, there are only isolated and unconfirmed reports of the entheogenic use of A. muscaria. The Finnish historian T. I. Itkonen mentions that it was once used among the Sami people: sorcerers in Inari would consume fly agarics with seven spots. In 1979, Said Gholam Mochtar and Hartmut Geerken published an article in which they claim to have discovered a tradition of medicinal and recreational use of this mushroom among a Parachi-speaking group in Afghanistan. There are also unconfirmed reports of religious use of A. muscaria among two Subarctic Native American tribes. Ojibwa ethnobotanist Keewaydinoquay Peschel reported its use among her people, where it was known as the miskwedo. This information was enthusiastically received by Wasson, although evidence from other sources was lacking. There is also one account of a Euro-American who claims to have been initiated into traditional Tlicho use of Amanita muscaria.
In 1968, R. Gordon Wasson proposed that A. muscaria was the Soma talked about in the Rig Veda of India, a claim which received widespread publicity and popular support at the time. He noted that descriptions of Soma omitted any description of roots, stems or seeds, which suggested a mushroom, and used the adjective hári "dazzling" or "flaming" which the author interprets as meaning red. One line described men urinating Soma; this recalled the practice of recycling urine in Siberia. Soma is mentioned as coming "from the mountains", which Wasson interpreted as the mushroom having being brought in with the Aryan invaders from the north. Indian scholars Santosh Kumar Dash and Sachinanda Padhy pointed out that both eating of mushrooms and drinking of urine were proscribed, using as a source the Manusmṛti.In 1971, Vedic scholar John Brough from Cambridge University rejected Wasson's theory and noted that the language was too vague to determine a description of Soma. In his 1976 survey, Hallucinogens and Culture, anthropologist Peter T. Furst evaluated the evidence for and against the identification of the fly agaric mushroom as the Vedic Soma, concluding cautiously in its favour.
The notion that Vikings used A. muscaria to produce their berserker rages was first suggested by the Swedish professor Samuel Ödmann in 1784. Ödmann based his theories on reports about the use of fly agaric among Siberian shamans. The notion has become widespread since the 19th century, but no contemporary sources mention this use or anything similar in their description of berserkers. Today, this idea is generally considered to be an urban legend, or at best speculation that cannot be proven. Muscimol is generally a mild relaxant, but it can create a range of different reactions within a group of people. It is possible that it could make a person angry, or cause them to be "very jolly or sad, jump about, dance, sing or give way to great fright".
Biblical scholar John Marco Allegro proposed that early Christian theology was derived from a sex and psychedelic mushroom cult in his 1970 book The Sacred Mushroom and the Cross, but his theory has found little support by scholars outside the field of ethnomycology. The book was roundly discredited by academics and theologians, including ar, Emeritus Professor of Semitic Philology at Oxford University, and Henry Chadwick, the Dean of Christ Church, Oxford. Christian author John C. King wrote a detailed rebuttal of Allegro's theory in the 1970 book A Christian View of the Mushroom Myth; he notes that neither fly agarics nor their host trees are found in the Middle East, even though cedars and pines are found there, and highlights the tenuous nature of the links between biblical and Sumerian names coined by Allegro. He concludes that if the theory was true, the use of the mushroom must have been "the best kept secret in the world" as it was so well concealed for two thousand years.
In Magic Mushrooms in Religion and Alchemy (formerly called Strange Fruit), Clark Heinrich suggests A. muscaria usage by Adam and Eve, Moses, Elijah and Elisha, Isaiah, Ezekiel, Jonah, Jesus and his disciples, and John of Patmos. In the book Apples of Apollo, the mushroom is identified in a wide range of mythological tales such as those involving Perseus, Prometheus, Heracles, Jason and the Argonauts, Jesus and the Holy Grail.
An account of the journeys of Philip von Strahlenberg to Siberia and his descriptions of the use of the mukhomor there was published in English in 1736. The drinking of urine of those who had consumed the mushroom was commented on by Anglo-Irish writer Oliver Goldsmith in his widely read 1762 novel, Citizen of the World. The mushroom had been identified as the fly agaric by this time. Other authors recorded the distortions of the size of perceived objects while intoxicated by the fungus, including naturalist Mordecai Cubitt Cooke in his books The Seven Sisters of Sleep and A Plain and Easy Account of British Fungi. This observation is thought to have formed the basis of the effects of eating the mushroom in the 1865 popular story Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. A hallucinogenic "scarlet toadstool" from Lappland is featured as a plot element in Charles Kingsley's 1866 novel Hereward the Wake based on the medieval figure of the same name. Fly agaric shamanism is explored in the 2003 novel Thursbitch by Alan Garner.
To buy psychoactive fungi and mushroom caps and spores visit the Ethno botanical Superstore by going to our store or clicking the banner at the top of thepage
Psilocybin mushrooms are fungi that contain psychoactive indole alkaloids. There are multiple colloquial terms for psilocybin mushrooms, the most common being shrooms and magic mushrooms. Biological genera containing psilocybin mushrooms include Agrocybe, Conocybe, Copelandia, Galerina, Gerronema, Gymnopilus, Hypholoma, Inocybe, Mycena, Panaeolus, Pluteus, and Psilocybe. There are approximately 190 species of psilocybin mushrooms and most of them fall in the genus Psilocybe.
Psilocybin mushrooms have likely been used since prehistoric times and may have been depicted in rock art. Many cultures have used these mushrooms in religious rites. In modern Western society they are used recreationally for their psychedelic effects. Recent studies done at Imperial College London and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine conclude that when used properly, psilocybin acts as an anti-depressant as suggested by fMRI brain scans.
There is archaeological evidence for the use of psilocybin-containing mushrooms in ancient times. Several mesolithic rock paintings from Tassili n'Ajjer (a prehistoric North African site identified with the Capsian culture) have been identified by author Giorgio Samorini as possibly depicting the shamanic use of mushrooms, possibly Psilocybe.
Hallucinogenic species of Psilocybe have a history of use among the native peoples of Mesoamerica for religious communion, divination, and healing, from pre-Columbian times up to the present day. Mushroom-shaped statuettes found at archaeological sites seem to indicate that ritual use of hallucinogenic mushrooms is quite ancient. Mushroom stones and motifs have been found in Mayan temple ruins in Guatemala. A statuette dating from ca. 200 AD and depicting a mushroom strongly resembling Psilocybe mexicana was found in a west Mexican shaft and chamber tomb in the state of Colima. Hallucinogenic Psilocybe were known to the Aztecs as teonanácatl (literally "divine mushroom" - agglutinative form of teó (god, sacred) and nanácatl (mushroom) in Náhuatl) and were reportedly served at the coronation of the Aztec ruler Moctezuma II in 1502. Aztecs and Mazatecs referred to psilocybin mushrooms as genius mushrooms, divinatory mushrooms, and wondrous mushrooms, when translated into English. Bernardino de Sahagún reported ritualistic use of teonanácatl by the Aztecs, when he traveled to Central America after the expedition of Hernán Cortés.
After the Spanish conquest, Catholic missionaries campaigned against the "pagan idolatry," and as a result the use of hallucinogenic plants and mushrooms like other pre-Christian traditions were quickly suppressed. The Spanish believed the mushroom allowed the Aztecs and others to communicate with "devils". In converting people to Catholicism, the Spanish pushed for a switch from teonanácatl to the Catholic sacrament of the Eucharist. Despite this history, in some remote areas, the use of teonanácatl has remained.
The first mention of hallucinogenic mushrooms in the Western medicinal literature appeared in the London Medical and Physical Journal in 1799: a man had served Psilocybe semilanceata mushrooms that he had picked for breakfast in London's Green Park to his family. The doctor who treated them later described how the youngest child "was attacked with fits of immoderate laughter, nor could the threats of his father or mother refrain him."
In 1955, Valentina and R. Gordon Wasson became the first Westerners to actively participate in an indigenous mushroom ceremony. The Wassons did much to publicize their discovery, even publishing an article on their experiences in Life in 1957. In 1956 Roger Heim identified the psychoactive mushroom that the Wassons had brought back from Mexico as Psilocybe, and in 1958, Albert Hofmann first identified psilocybin and psilocin as the active compounds in these mushrooms.
Inspired by the Wassons' Life article, Timothy Leary traveled to Mexico to experience psilocybin mushrooms firsthand. Upon returning to Harvard in 1960, he and Richard Alpert started the Harvard Psilocybin Project, promoting psychological and religious study of psilocybin and other psychedelic drugs. After Leary and Alpert were dismissed by Harvard in 1963, they turned their attention toward promoting the psychedelic experience to the nascent hippie counterculture.
The popularization of entheogens by Wasson, Leary, authors Terence McKenna and Robert Anton Wilson, and others has led to an explosion in the use of psilocybin mushrooms throughout the world. By the early 1970s, many psilocybin mushroom species were described from temperate North America, Europe, and Asia and were widely collected. Books describing methods of cultivating Psilocybe cubensis in large quantities were also published. The availability of psilocybin mushrooms from wild and cultivated sources has made it among the most widely used of the psychedelic drugs.
At present, psilocybin mushroom use has been reported among some groups spanning from central Mexico to Oaxaca, including groups of Nahua, Mixtecs, Mixe, Mazatecs, Zapotecs, and others. An important figure of mushroom usage in Mexico was María Sabina. Occurrence
Psilocybin is present in varying concentrations in over 200 species of Basidiomycota mushrooms. In a 2000 review on the worldwide distribution of psilocybin mushrooms, Gastón Guzmán and colleagues considered these to be distributed amongst the following genera: Psilocybe (116 species), Gymnopilus (14), Panaeolus (13), Copelandia (12), Hypholoma (6), Pluteus (6) Inocybe (6), Conocybe (4), Panaeolina (4), Gerronema (2), Agrocybe (1), Galerina (1) and Mycena (1). Guzmán increased his estimate of the number of psilocybin-containing Psilocybe to 144 species in a 2005 review.
The majority of these are found in Mexico (53 species), with the remainder distributed in the US and Canada (22), Europe (16), Asia (15), Africa (4), and Australia and associated islands (19). In general, psilocybin-containing species are dark-spored, gilled mushrooms that grow in meadows and woods of the subtropics and tropics, usually in soils rich in humus and plant debris. Psilocybin mushrooms occur on all continents, but the majority of species are found in subtropical humid forests. Psilocybe species commonly found in the tropics include P. cubensis and P. subcubensis. P. semilanceata—considered by Guzmán to be the world's most widely distributed psilocybin mushroom—is found in Europe, North America, Asia, South America, Australia and New Zealand, but is entirely absent from Mexico.
The effects of psilocybin mushrooms come from psilocybin and psilocin. They create short-term increases in tolerance of users, thus making it difficult to abuse them because the more often they are taken within a short period of time, the weaker the resultant effects are. Poisonous (sometimes lethal) wild picked mushrooms can be easily mistaken for psilocybin mushrooms. When psilocybin is ingested, it is broken down to produce psilocin, which is responsible for the psychedelic effects.
As with many psychedelic substances, the effects of psychedelic mushrooms are subjective and can vary considerably among individual users. The mind-altering effects of psilocybin-containing mushrooms typically last anywhere from 3 to 8 hours depending on dosage, preparation method, and personal metabolism. However, the effects can seem to last much longer to the user because of psilocybin's ability to alter time perception.
Some users suffer from hallucinogen persisting perception disorder, although this is uncommon. Perceptual disturbances causing discomfort are rarely reported after using psilocybin mushrooms, but they may be more likely if the drug is mixed with cannabis. There have been reports of such disturbances lasting months or years. Nevertheless, magic mushrooms were rated as causing some of the least damage in the UK compared to other recreational drugs by experts in a study by the Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs. Other researchers have said that psilocybin is "remarkably non-toxic to the body's organ systems", explaining that the risks are indirect: higher dosages are more likely to cause fear and may result in dangerous behavior.
One study found that the most desirable results may come from starting with very low doses first, and trying slightly higher doses over months. The researchers explain that the peak experiences occur at quantities that are only slightly lower than a sort of anxiety threshold. Although risks of experiencing fear and anxiety increased somewhat consistently along with dosage and overall quality of experience, at dosages exceeding the individual's threshold, there was suddenly greater increases in anxiety than before. In other words, after finding the optimum dose, there are diminishing returns for using more (since risks of anxiety now increase at a greater rate).
Noticeable changes to the audio, visual, and tactile senses may become apparent around thirty minutes to an hour after ingestion. These shifts in perception visually include enhancement and contrasting of colors, strange light phenomena (such as auras or "halos" around light sources), increased visual acuity, surfaces that seem to ripple, shimmer, or breathe; complex open and closed eye visuals of form constants or images, objects that warp, morph, or change solid colours; a sense of melting into the environment, and trails behind moving objects. Sounds seem to be heard with increased clarity; music, for example, can often take on a profound sense of cadence and depth. Some users experience synesthesia, wherein they perceive, for example, a visualization of color upon hearing a particular sound.
As with other psychedelics such as LSD, the experience, or "trip," is strongly dependent upon set and setting. A negative environment could likely induce a bad trip, whereas a comfortable and familiar environment would allow for a pleasant experience. Many users find it preferable to ingest the mushrooms with friends, people they are familiar with, or people who are also 'tripping'.
In 2006, the United States government funded a randomized and double-blinded study by Johns Hopkins University which studied the spiritual effects of psilocybin in particular. That is, they did not use mushrooms specifically (in fact, each individual mushroom piece can vary widely in psilocybin and psilocin content). The study involved 36 college-educated adults (average age of 46) who had never tried psilocybin nor had a history of drug use, and who had religious or spiritual interests. The participants were closely observed for eight-hour intervals in a laboratory while under the influence of psilocybin.
One-third of the participants reported that the experience was the single most spiritually significant moment of their lives and more than two-thirds reported it was among the top five most spiritually significant experiences. Two months after the study, 79% of the participants reported increased well-being or satisfaction; friends, relatives, and associates confirmed this. They also reported anxiety and depression symptoms to be decreased or completely gone. Fourteen months after the study 64% of participants said they still experienced an increase in well-being or life satisfaction.
Despite highly controlled conditions to minimize adverse effects, 22% of subjects (8 of 36) had notable experiences of fear, some with paranoia. The authors, however, reported that all these instances were "readily managed with reassurance."
Some people have been asking for medical investigation of the use of synthetic and mushroom-derived psilocybin for the development of improved treatments of various mental conditions, including chronic cluster headaches, following numerous anecdotal reports of benefits. There are also studies which include reports of psilocybin mushrooms sending both obsessive-compulsive disorders ("OCD") and OCD-related clinical depression (both being widespread and debilitating mental health conditions) into complete remission immediately and for up to months at a time, compared to current medications which often have both limited efficacy and frequent undesirable side-effects.
Dosage of mushrooms containing psilocybin depends on the potency of the mushroom (the total psilocybin and psilocin content of the mushrooms), which varies significantly both between species and within the same species, but is typically around 0.5–2% of the dried weight of the mushroom. A typical dose of the rather common species, Psilocybe cubensis, is approximately 2 to 3.5 grams, while about 4 to 7.5 grams dried mushroom material is considered a strong dose. Above 8 dried grams is often considered a heavy dose.
The concentration of active psilocybin mushroom compounds varies not only from species to species, but also from mushroom to mushroom inside a given species, subspecies or variety. The same holds true even for different parts of the same mushroom. In the species Psilocybe samuiensis Guzmán, Bandala and Allen, the dried cap of the mushroom contains the most psilocybin at about 0.23%–0.90%.The mycelia contain about 0.24%–0.32%.
Psilocybin and psilocin are listed as Schedule I drugs under the United Nations 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances. Schedule I drugs are deemed to have a high potential for abuse and are not recognized for medical use. However, psilocybin mushrooms are not covered by UN drug treaties.
Psilocybin mushrooms are regulated or prohibited in many countries, often carrying severe legal penalties (for example, the U.S. Psychotropic Substances Act, the UK Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 and Drugs Act 2005, and the Canadian Controlled Drugs and Substances Act).
Magic mushrooms in their fresh form still remain legal in some countries like Austria. On November 29, 2008, The Netherlands announced it would ban the cultivation and use of psilocybin-containing fungi beginning December 1, 2008.The UK ban on fresh mushrooms (dried ones were illegal as they were considered a psilocybin-containing preparation) introduced in 2005 came under much criticism, but was rushed through at the end of the 2001-2005 Parliament; until then magic mushrooms had been sold in the UK.
New Mexico appeals court ruled on June 14, 2005, that growing psilocybin mushrooms for personal consumption could not be considered "manufacturing a controlled substance" under state law. However it still remains illegal under federal law
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Revolutionary War Battlefield Found
Tuesday, April 30, 2013
WILKES CO., GEORGIA—Carr’s Fort has been discovered by a team of archaeologists after a month-long search of more than 2,700 wooded acres. “The search for Carr’s Fort was like looking for a needle in a haystack, only harder. We had no map and few descriptions of the fort, so its location was entirely unknown,” said Daniel Elliott of the LAMAR Institute. Captain Robert Carr of the Georgia Patriot militia and more than 100 soldiers were stationed at his frontier home when they were overtaken by Loyalist soldiers in 1779. Additional Patriot forces laid siege to the fort in an attempt to take it back, but they were forced to retreat. Carr was later killed by a raiding party of Loyalist Creek Indians. Archaeologists used metal detectors to find evidence of the battle, including musket balls, musket parts, and eighteenth-century iron and brass artifacts.
Pirates of the Caribbean, evidence for the oldest Irishman, Iron Age Swiss cheese, India’s cannabis frescoes, and the Silk Road route to Nepal
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|CPDS Home Contact||Moving Australia Beyond Traditional Multiculturalism Keeping Religion out of Australian Politics Bringing Balanced Understandings about Islam into Australian Schools Australia's National History Curriculum: Making Education Futile and Highlighting the Importance of Christianity? A Deeper Look at Religion A Case for Restoring Universities Sex Education in Schools: Addressing the Really Difficult Issues All Systematic / Shared Worldviews are Religions But Not All Are Equally Beneficial|
In debating state versus private schooling, there has been criticism of the values that are taught in state schools. In this context it is suggested that careful consideration be given to:
There has been a growing debate about state versus private schooling - and particularly about the values that are taught in state schools.
This has arisen because federal funding for schools has (in the Commonwealth's view) been arranged to allow parents to have a choice between state and private schooling. Under this regime state school enrolments have been stagnant for the past decade, while private school enrolments have risen rapidly. This is widely seen to reflect parents' preference for the disciplined environments and traditional values taught in private schools , as parents rate moral philosophy as the most important reason for paying fees . 40% of secondary students now attend private schools .
At the same time claims have been made that state schools do not teach appropriate values .
An alternative view is that the shift from state to private education reflects the inadequate funding of state schools [1, 2] - which may be due to Australia's vertical fiscal imbalance . 2/3 of Commonwealth school funding is directed to private schools - though this is presumably not the case for public funding of schools overall (which includes that by states for state schools). Moreover state schools have been seen as an essential element of society - with attacks on them being equivalent to erosion of universal health care and social welfare for the unemployed . Criticism has been seen as insulting to state schools, teachers and students .
It is also argued that the values taught in state schools are appropriate and reflect Australian norms.
Some 'middle ground' views are that:
The Federal education minister commissioned a study of values education - and this identified ten values to inculcate - tolerance and understanding; respect; responsibility; social justice; excellence; care; inclusion and trust; honesty; freedom and being ethical .
A researcher involved in that process concluded that (a) values need to be presented in the context of a supporting world-view (eg a religion) and (b) values taught have to be consistent with Australia's democratic system of government .
This document is only concerned with contextual issues which might usefully be considered in evaluating the values that are imparted through the education process - as the author has no sound basis for commenting on the benefits of state versus private schooling.
In order to understand the significance of what values are taught in schools it first useful to note that many debates about culture and values have emerged in Australia in recent years.
Four issues that might be given careful consideration is assessing the values taught in state schools are outlined below.
What does tolerance mean?
Tolerance and understanding of all people, is quite different to teaching that all ideas and cultures are equally valid and valuable, because:
Thus it is not valid to argue that 'tolerance' is always a positive value - because, if applied to ideas and cultures (as compared with its application to people), it may involve the endorsement of dysfunctional values.
Moreover the practical consequences of cultural assumptions need to be addressed in the way information is provided to students concerning various traditions. In particular:
It is because of issues like these that students need to be made aware of the consequences of cultural traditions at the same time that they are encouraged to understand them and objectively assess their relevance.
It is frequently asserted that the values taught in state schools need to be compatible with Australia's democratic system of government. Achieving this requires vigilance, because not all value systems are compatible with democratic traditions (see Spiritual and Philosophical Programs must be Compatible with Australia's Institutions). The latter also notes that not all value systems are compatible with Australia's egalitarian (social equality) aspirations.
Ensuring A Flexible Basis for Moral Interpersonal Relationships
Australia seems to suffer substantial social dysfunctions as a consequence of the widespread loss of the traditional ethical basis for interpersonal morality (see Moral Foundations of Individual Liberty).
'values' debate is of great practical significance - as it is vital that a
very solid ethical basis for interpersonal morality be established.
Such liberty seems possible only where:
This has far-reaching consequences, because:
Postmodernism: A Philosophical Over-reaction
with Serious Consequences
These theories challenge the validity of claims to real-world knowledge on the basis that such claims are, to a greater or lesser extent, a 'social construct' which have political implications (through reflecting what is advantageous to some groups). This view encourages:
The whole basis for criticism which is being levelled at values in the state schooling system seems to be based (to the extent that it has any validity) on these consequences of post-modern theories. Some of that critique makes specific reference to post-modern theory .
However post-modern theories have not only had an impact in education and there is now a significant body of experience to illustrated their deficiencies in other areas. An account of philosophical and real-world problems associated with the adoption of 'post modern' assumptions is presented in Eroding the West's Foundations. This refers, for example, to:
Extreme caution in endorsement of 'homosexual rights' may be warranted. This issue may be nowhere near as clear-cut as it has been popularly presented.
In fact public acceptance of homosexual behaviour (which some groups apparently label 'homophilia' ) seems morally indefensible because it may (often unwittingly) involve: (a) giving tacit endorsement to past child abuse and neglect - which seems often to play a role in breeding 'gays'; and (b) facilitating future child sex abuse.
The problem is that:
If the above claim that homosexual behaviour is an emotional / addictive affliction in many / most cases is valid, then it makes no more sense to either: (a) try to prevent it by law; or (b) endorse it as a 'right relationship', than would be be the case for anorexia nervosa.
A Parallel? It was suggested (by a prominent US psychiatrist) that transgenderism (ie a perception that one's real sexuality is different to one's biological sexuality - which differs from, but is presumably not unrelated to, same sex attraction) is a mental disorder that merits treatment. It is seen as a disorder similar to anorexia nervosa which can lead to grim psychological outcomes. 70-80 percent of children who express transgender feelings were suggested to spontaneously lose those feelings over time. Providing 'sex education' which suggests that their situation is normal was seen to lead to severe problems for transgender children.
Also some US and New Zealand studies indicate that between the ages of 16 and 26 some 80% of same-sex attracted boys and girls become opposite-sex attracted as adults. If this is so, then the common claim that sexual attraction is unchangeable is a myth (see Ritch C Savin-Williams and Geoffrey L Ream, “Prevalence and stability of sexual orientation components during adolescence and young adulthood”, Archives of Sexual Behavior, Vol. 36, Issue 3, June 2007, pp 385 394 and N Dickson, C Paul and P Herbison, “Same-sex attraction in a birth cohort: Prevalence and persistence in early adulthood”, Social Science & Medicine, Vol. 56, April 2003, pp 1607–1615).
Moreover, if apparently-informed-observers' claims about the widespread incidence of child sexual abuse are valid (ie that sexual abuse might impact 12% of boys and 25% of girls) and if child abuse is a major factor in the breeding of 'gays' (as suggested above), then the public acceptance of homosexual behaviour as 'normal' would constitute belated and morally-indefensible endorsement of the neglect or abuse of children by adults who were supposed to be caring for them. Also if suggestions (op cit) that sexual abuse tends to arise in situations where children live with adults who are not their biological parents, then the breakdown of traditional lifelong marriages (which leads to the the emergence of blended families) would be a contributing factor to both large numbers of sexually-abused children and 'gay' adults.
There is a massive reluctance by the general community in Australia (and by governments on their behalf) to seriously investigate either the widespread incidence of child sexual abuse in the community or wither it is valid to claim that there is nothing wrong with homosexual behaviour given the relationship between such claims and the abuse and neglect of children (see Public Policy Complexities in About Child Sexual Abuse).
Furthermore, if the public acceptance of homosexual behaviour makes children more vulnerable to sexual abuse, there must be some uncertainty about the motives for supporting homosexual 'rights' by adults in institutions and non-biological families where children are most at risk of sexual abuse. Also the existence of unproven (yet not implausible) indicators of involvement in child sexual abuse by some with official roles that potentially allow them to stifle attempts to investigate anything that would raise public awareness / concerns about child sexual abuse can also be noted.
Finally it is noted that the Judeo-Christian scriptures (the traditional guidebook on morality in Western societies, that is now increasingly regarded this way worldwide) does not seem to endorse homosexual behaviour anywhere - quite the reverse in fact.
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Breast Cancer Peace of Mind
4 noninvasive ways to fight breast cancer
Lynn Canavan, M.D., breast surgeon on the medical staff at Baylor Scott & White Medical Center - Plano, outlines four simple, painless ways to detect and assess your risk for breast cancer.
1. Family History and Genetic Testing
Your family history of cancer—primarily breast and ovarian, but others too—has a lot to do with your breast cancer risk.
Women with a personal and/or a strong family history of breast or ovarian cancer may take the blood test for inherited mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2, the “breast cancer genes.” The average woman has a 12 percent risk of developing breast cancer during her lifetime; the BRCA mutations increase that 50 to 80 percent.
“For women with the BRCA mutations, we recommend increased surveillance, such as a clinical breast exam and mammogram every six months instead of every year, or more detailed imaging such as breast MRI,” says Dr. Canavan. Some women opt for bilateral mastectomy, which reduces the risk of breast cancer by about 90 percent. There are also medications which can reduce risk of breast cancer by as much as 50%
It’s important to note that the BRCA mutations are responsible for only 5 percent to 10 percent of breast cancers, Dr. Canavan says. The vast majority of breast cancer occurs in women with no family history.
2. Clinical Breast Exam
The clinical breast exam (CBE) can detect early-stage breast cancers. The American Cancer Society (ACS) recommends women in their 20s and 30s begin having a CBE with their gynecologist or other health professional every year.
3. Annual Mammogram
Aside from the controversy, the annual mammogram starting at age 40 remains an important and effective screening tool.
A mammogram is essentially an X-ray of the breast. “It’s noninvasive, quick, and capable of detecting very early breast cancers, especially the digital mammography that we’re using now,” says Dr. Canavan. “We can detect much smaller and more subtle changes in breast tissue from year to year.”
4. Monthly Self-Exam
The monthly breast self-exam is recommended for women starting in their 20s. For an illustrated guide to the proper technique, visit the ACS website, cancer.org, and search for the “How to Perform a Breast Self-Exam” page.
Consistency is key, Dr. Canavan says. “Breast tissue is very dynamic; during the course of a month, various lumps and bumps come and go, caused by hormonal fluctuations, the immune system, caffeine intake and even stress. The idea is to become familiar with the normal look and texture of your own breasts so that anything different will immediately stand out.”
Perform your self-exam on the same day each month, (preferably immediately after menstruation has ceased as breasts are their least swollen at this time) and report anything suspicious to your doctor right away.
Have you had a mammogram this year? We offer convenient scheduling, including Saturdays. Call 1.800.4BAYLOR to schedule yours at one of Baylor Scott & White - Plano’s three convenient locations.
Copyright © 2016 Baylor Scott & White Health. All Rights Reserved. |
3500 Gaston Ave., Dallas, TX 75246-2017 | 1.800.4BAYLOR
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A new study has revealed that more than a third of stroke patients with no known history of heart disease have significant tightening of the arteries around their heart (coronary artery disease) and three percent will go on to suffer a heart attack within a year.
The research, led by Professor Pankaj Sharma at the Institute of Cardiovascular Research at Royal Holloway, University of London and Ashford and St Peter's Hospital, Surrey, reviewed data from 50,000 individuals to establish the risk of heart disease and heart attack in stroke patients with no medical history of heart problems.
The research, published in BMJ Open, establishes that stroke patients are significantly at risk of coronary artery disease and heart attack even in the absence of symptoms associated with the disease. Those with silent heart disease do not experience any symptoms and therefore can remain undiagnosed, without access to treatment that can help manage the symptoms and reduce the future chance of a heart attack.
In the largest study of its kind, researchers found that one in three stroke patients have 50 percent coronary stenosis - meaning that plaque build-up is constricting the inner diameter of the artery by half, restricting the flow of blood and oxygen to the heart. In 3 percent of cases, patients will experience a heart attack within one year of their stroke - higher than previously thought.
The researchers recommend that following a stroke all patients should be assessed by cardiologists and screened for silent heart disease and this new protocol should be mandated by the NHS, something not routinely done in the UK.
Lead researcher Professor Pankaj Sharma from the Institute of Cardiovascular Research at Royal Holloway, said: "Following a stroke most stroke patients go on to die of heart disease rather than their stroke. Our research findings go a long way to explaining why this is the case. We are urging the NHS to screen all stroke patients for silent heart disease to prevent the deaths of thousands of patients each year.
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10.12.09 - Vulture populations are studied for learning opportunities and safety aspects.
11.20.09 - Kennedy Space Center turned to the sun for a one megawatt power plant that could point to future energy production techniques.
09.28.09 - Electric cars haven't been perfected, but they are making an impact on NASA's Kennedy Space Center.
07.29.09 - Propellants North Facility qualifies for the U.S. Green Building Council's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design.
05.27.09 - America's Space Program and Florida get new green power source.
07.02.08 - A rare, beached whale is rescued by center volunteers.
04.17.08 - Wildlife and humans benefit by volunteers' unselfish actions.
09.28.05 - Every fall, about a dozen pairs of American bald eagles descend on Kennedy Space Center to launch their offspring.
11.22.06 - A Kennedy team developed a slick way to clean up water and soils contaminated by solvents.
07.27.06 - Kennedy's Applied Technology Directorate develops eco-friendly technologies.
02.16.06 - Conference at Kennedy spurs discussion on ways satellites track changes in the ocean's health.
02.01.06 - Kennedy's Corrosion Technology Laboratory is working to reduce the impact of corrosion and even develop new corrosion-prevention technologies.
04.22.05 - Kennedy clean-up program takes off at the ground level.
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The study, released last month out of Brown University featuring children aged 9-15 from Boston area schools, found that the snacks consumed by younger children improved their overall diet quality, while older children’s snacks had the reverse effect. Why? The researchers deduce that parents provide snacks for younger children, while teens make more of their own choices, which ultimately wind up being less nutritious selections. Considering that the average child snacks three times per day, it’s worth investing some time to provide healthier snacks options from day one to help encourage good snacking when old enough to make their own decisions.
"Snacks don't have to be vilified," said study author E. Whitney Evans, a postdoctoral research fellow at Brown University and the Weight Control and Diabetes Center at The Miriam Hospital. “It's important to help adolescents understand the implications of snacking... for example, snacks that could occur as mindless eating in front of the television may be the ones that increase their weight over time."
So what constitutes a “healthy snack?” While it’s easy to run through the grocery store and grab the convenient snack-pack-sizes of chips, cookies and even the all-time favorite “Goldfish” crackers, pass on these for options like fresh fruits, veggies, whole grains, yogurts and cheeses (sticks and slices are portable and kid-friendly). By offering better, nutrient-rich options at an early age, and stocking the home fridge and pantry with healthy snack options, your child may grow to one day leave the crème-filled cookies on the store shelves and prefer to chomp on an apple after school. One can hope!
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are legendary creatures
in Korean mythology
.The style of the dragon was heavily influenced by the Chinese dragon
. Although generally comparable with Chinese dragons
in appearance and symbolic significance, Korean dragons have unique culture-specific properties that differentiate them from dragons
in other cultures
Whereas most dragons in European mythology
are generally related to the elements of fire and destruction, dragons in Korean mythology are mostly viewed as benevolent beings related to water and agriculture, often considered bringers of rain and clouds
. Hence, many Korean dragons are said to have resided in rivers, lakes, oceans, or even deep ponds within mountains.
The symbol of the dragon has been used extensively, both in Korean mythology and ancient Korean art.
Ancient texts sometimes mention sentient speaking
dragons, capable of understanding such complex emotions such as devotion, kindness, and gratitude. One particular Korean legend speaks of the great King Munmu
, who on his deathbed wished to become a "Dragon of the East Sea in order to protect Korea".
The Korean dragon was said to have certain specific traits, generally like the Chinese dragon, but it developed a longer beard. It is in many ways very similar in appearance to dragons of Chinese and Japanese mythology.
Very occasionally a dragon may be depicted as carrying a dragon orb
known as the Yeouiju (여의주) in one or more of its claws. Modeled... Read More
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A group of kids are remembering America's heroes.
The Children of the American Revolution have family ties to America's past wars.
They honored Gen. William Palmer by placing a wreath near his grave.
"It's a remembrance of what he did," said Thomas Jenkins.
Palmer received his Medal of Honor after he, and his troops, captured more than 100 Confederate soldiers without losing a man in Red Hill, Ala., during the Civil War.
Gloria Hamilton is president of the group. She said she feels the kids should learn about America's heroes since their family participated in America's wars.
"For them to remember (America's heroes) with some degree of honor and respect, I think it's important," she said.
The group also honored Pfc. Floyd Lindstrom.
National Medal of Honor Day is Tuesday.
Colorado is home to three of more than 70 Medal of Honor recipients who are still alive.
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