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Fencing Events in the Summer Olympics
Although it might not be quite as exciting as the to-the-death duels you see in swashbuckling movies, Olympic fencing is quite an intense and dramatic sport in its own right. The basic goal of fencing is to score the most hits (or touches) on your opponent with your weapon.
A single competition, or bout, is conducted in three 3-minute sessions. The first person to score 15 hits (or the person who has the most hits at the end of the bout, whichever comes first) wins.
Touché! is a phrase people sometimes use to mean, You make an excellent point; I’ll give you credit for that. This common exclamation comes from the sport of fencing. Literally, it means touched in French — as in Touched by the other fencer. Point scored!
The roots of Olympic fencing are based, of course, in real-life military combat with swords and knives, the weapons of the day. While modern warfare has mostly moved beyond hand-held weapons, the popularity of fencing as a sport endures. In fact, fencing is one of only four sports to be a part of every modern Olympic Games since they debuted in Athens, Greece, in 1896.
Modern Olympic fencing competition is a cross-breed of techniques developed all over the world but mostly from Spain, Italy, and France. The sport landed on French for its terminology when a French fencer named Henri de Saint-Didier published an instructional book about fencing, and the descriptive (French) terms he used stuck.
Olympic fencing weapons and scoring
Hits are recorded electronically and verified by referees. What counts as a hit or touch depends on the kind of weapon you’re using — each weapon targets a different area of the body, and only certain parts of each weapon can be used to score a touch. While they might seem similar, the strategies and the scoring are quite different. There are three types of fencing weapons:
The foil is the lightest fencing weapon, primarily used to thrust at the target. The target for a foil is the torso (front and back). Only a touch in the target area with the tip of the foil scores a point — you cannot score by touching with the side of the blade. If a touch is made, the clock stops and the fencers reset, even if the touch was not counted. If two fencers touch each other at the same time, a point is only awarded to the fencer who was on the attack.
The sabre is the modern-day cavalry sword. It is heavier than the foil, and you can score points by touching the opponent with either the tip or the side edges of the weapon. A sabre hit only counts if it is above the waist. The referee determines who scores in the event of simultaneous hits. The clock does not stop when an off-target touch is made.
The epée is the heaviest of the three fencing weapons. Like the foil, a touch only counts if it is made with the tip of epée; however, both fencers can score from touches made at the same time. An epée hit counts anywhere on the body.
Olympic fencing events
Fencing competition is conducted on a platform called a piste. The surface is 14 m long and 1.5 meters to 2 meters wide. Ten Olympic fencing events (6 individual and 4 team events) are presented in the Summer Olympics. About 8 or 9 teams may compete in each event, depending on how the qualifying teams are distributed.
Men's Olympic fencing events include
Women's Olympic fencing events began with the women’s foil in 1924. Other women’s events did not become an official part of the Olympic Games until much later: épée in 1996 and sabre in 2004. Women’s Olympic fencing events include
Only once has a single athlete won a gold medal with all three weapons in the same Olympic Games. This feat was accomplished by Italian fencer Nedo Nadi in the 1920 Games.
Team events involve teams of three competing against their opponents over a series of nine 3-minute bouts; the goal is scoring 45 hits to win the match. In the event of a tie, the competitors fight for another minute; the first to score the next hit wins.
For more information on Olympic fencing, visit the website of the sport’s governing body, International Fencing Federation (FIE).
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Let's assume, for argument's sake, that the Galilean transformation holds rather than the Lorentz transformation.
Then your questions would become
Why is infinite speed arbitrarily the limit? Why is it that exactly
at infinite speed is where infinite energy is required to accelerate
any object with mass?
I suspect that you wouldn't, in fact, think of asking such questions since they almost answer themselves.
Moreover, infinite speed would be an invariant speed - a speed that is measured to be the same in all reference frames - since (loosely speaking) $\infty + v = \infty$.
If we ask the question "what if there is a finite invariant speed", the mathematical answer is the Lorentz transformation where $c$ is the finite invariant speed.
Indeed, if we let $c \rightarrow \infty$ in the Lorentz transformation, we recover the Galilean transformation.
From this perspective, the result that accelerating to the invariant speed requires infinite energy and is thus impossible, doesn't seem so odd.
To summarize, without postulating that the speed of light is invariant, one can derive the form of the Lorentz transformations from just the principle of relativity. In this form, there is an undetermined finite invariant speed.
That light propagates at the invariant speed is then simply an empirical fact rather than a postulate.
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Carnation/Tolt -- Thumbnail History
HistoryLink.org Essay 391
: Printer-Friendly Format
Carnation (previously Tolt), a rural community along the Snoqualmie River in eastern King County, was founded early in the settlement of the county. The town was named after the world-famous Carnation Dairy, a dairy operation that located in Tolt in 1910.
The city of Carnation has seen many changes over the years, not the least of which is its own name.
The confluence of the Tolt and Snoqualmie rivers has been the main village site for the Snoqualmie tribe for thousands of years. When white settlers arrived in the 1850s, the tribe greeted them in a friendly manner, so much so that in 1855, Chief Patkanim ceded the valley and tribal sites to the United States, opening the way for many homesteaders.
From Deserter to Respected Citizen
The first white settler, James Entwistle, had deserted the Union Army at Fort Steilacoom (located along Puget Sound, just south of present-day Tacoma). Entwistle took up 169 acres of land at the confluence of the rivers, established a trading post, and later became successful in hop farming. At the time of his death in 1902, he was very well respected in the community.
Soon after Entwistle arrived, many others came to the valley to work the land. Once the heavy underbrush was cleared in the valley, small logging camps began dotting the hillsides. Skid roads (roads made of greased logs)were built from the hills to the Snoqualmie River, and they were used to get the logs down to the water. With the valley cleared of brush, the fertile land beneath was ready for farming.
Getting to Tolt from Seattle was no easy task, but many prospective farmers did. W. A. Templeton, writing in 1953, remembered as a child taking the ferry across Lake Washington, riding pack horses to Redmond, and then following 20 miles of trails to Tolt. Once at the river, goods were transported across in a large Indian canoe.
By 1879, enough families were living in Tolt to necessitate the construction of a school, which was no more than a log shack. In 1882, schoolchildren moved to a larger building. In 1895, a proper schoolhouse was built. This grammar school would serve Tolt children for almost 40 years.
By the end of the nineteenth century, the community of Tolt mainly consisted of cabins, the school, a church, and a social club. On May 6, 1902, the town was platted and soon more businesses and services became available to the loggers, farmers, and their families. On New Years' Eve, 1912, the town of Tolt was incorporated.
The Railroad Arrives
Many events, but especially the introduction of railroads to the area, led to the incorporation of Tolt. The Great Northern Railroad had reached Tolt from the north in 1910. In 1911, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad built a branch line from the South. The Milwaukee would later take over the Great Northern tracks up to Monroe, 15 miles to the north.
The Milwaukee Railroad also built a railyard and depot in Tolt. The railroad introduced a fast and reliable method of transportation and permitted Tolt to become a boomtown. Before the railroad, logs and dairy goods had been shipped on the unreliable river, with its heavy flooding in the early spring and low water levels at the end of the summer.
Home of Contented Cows
Dairy farming was an economic staple for Tolt ever since the brush had been cleared, but Carnation Dairy put the town on the map. In 1910, Elbridge Amos Stuart cleared 350 acres of timber and brush and brought in a purebred bull and 86 registered Holstein cows to form a research herd. Two years later, he cleared 400 more acres, and today the farm rests on some 1,200 acres of land.
The valley became world-famous as the "Home for Contented Cows." One cow from the herd, nicknamed "Possum Sweetheart," produced more than 37,000 pounds of milk in one year -- a world record. Over the years many famous people visited the farm to see her, including boxer Jack Dempsey, who tried his hand at milking her.
What's In a Name?
In 1917, the town of Tolt changed its name to Carnation, in honor of the farms. Unfortunately this did not sit well with the Indians and early settlers. The area had always been known as Tolt, even before white settlers arrived. The Snoqualmie name "Tolthue" (river of swift waters) had been in use for more than 10,000 years. To the Indians and pioneers, the use of the name Tolt over a few millennia of seemed like a good test of time.
Over the next few years, as resources dwindled, the logging camps ceased operations and the town's heyday was over. The swift changes that brought the community into being had reached a plateau, and since then the local farms have provided a steady economy.
The controversy over the name change continued, though, and in 1928 the town decided to change the name back to Tolt. Unfortunately, the train depot and the post office names remained as Carnation, and for the next two decades, confusion reigned. Some maps showed the town as Tolt, some as Carnation. Some maps showed both.
Finally, in 1951, the city changed its name back to Carnation to end the discrepancies once and for all. In the late 1990s, with an estimated population of about 1,500 (U.S. Census Bureau, 1996), the town was officially named Carnation, but there are those who still call it Tolt. Some things you can't ever change.
Clarence Bagley, History of King County (Chicago: S. J. Clarke Publishing Co, 1929), Vol. I, 811-813. Also see: Isabel Jones, A History of Tolt/Carnation: A Town Remembered (Snohomish, WA: Tolt Historical Society, 1987).
Note: This essay was corrected on August 27, 2009, to correctly spell the name of James Entwistle.
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How to grow and prepare blueberries
A gardener and a chef team up with advice on growing and cooking blueberries, including a recipe for a cool and elegant summer dessert.
Blueberries are extremists, says Anne, the gardener. They need intensely acid soil, a pH of 4.0 to 5.0. Add sunshine and a steady supply of water to the roots and you will produce a bumper crop of those tasty berries.
Acid soil necessary
To acidify soil that is too “sweet” (alkaline), use agricultural sulphur according to label directions. After you plant the blueberry bushes, use acid-producing organic mulches such as pine, oak, or hemlock leaves/needles at least two inches thick. You can also use a fertilizer formulated for acid plants.
You can prune blueberry bushes into ornamental shapes so they will even fit into a street-side garden. They have little bell-shaped blossoms in the spring, which turn into plump berries, first a kind of pink and then the rich blue.
You will know when the berries are ripe because they will easily spill into your hand when you gently tug on the clusters.
Northern and Southern blueberries
Gardeners in the North can grow the Northern highbush varieties that withstand the cold and snowy winters. If you live in a warmer climate, you’ll want to seek out the Southern highbush and rabbiteye blueberries, which tolerate heat and humidity.
Some of the newer varieties don’t require a pollinator to produce fruit, but you will have a larger crop if you plant two different cultivars. For cross-pollination, be sure to purchase two that bloom at the same time.
Be sure to use some of your ripe berries for this scrumptious dessert Linda has designed.
A spectacular, cool, and delicious dessert
Like most cooks, says Linda the chef, I lie awake at night trying to think of new recipes. What recipe could I create that would befit a Sunday afternoon dessert in the garden, be easy to make, and taste like heaven on a plate?
Blueberry and lime napoleons with glazed blueberry-lime topping was the answer that came one night.
The next day when I was recipe testing, I put one napoleon together and then I tried to take photos of it. Unfortunately, I took a bite before I had finished shooting. I ate it all! There was nothing left to send but a photo of an empty dessert plate.
Ashamed I was. On the other hand, I was thinking about how glad I was that I had made only one. Otherwise, I would have eaten the other one, too!
Blueberry-Lime Napoleons With Glazed Blueberry & Lime Topping
1 package phyllo dough
Follow package directions for defrosting, preparation, and storage of dough. (I used 10 sheets of 9-by-14-inch dough.)
Preheat the oven to 400 degrees F. On a baking sheet, place a sheet of parchment paper.
Melt one-half stick of butter.
Place a sheet of phyllo on the parchment paper and using a pastry brush, lightly butter the dough.
Sprinkle lightly with sugar. Keep layering with butter and sugar until you have 5 sheets of prepared phyllo dough.
Butter and sugar the top layer of dough, and add as many sliced almonds as you like. Slice the dough across the middle lengthwise, and then divide down into four sections.
Place the phyllo dough in the hot oven to bake for about 10 minutes. Watch it and make sure it does not get too dark or burn. Remove to a plate to cool while you make another stack of cookies.
3/4 cup heavy cream
3/4 teaspoon vanilla
1/3 cup sugar
3/4 cup whipped cream cheese
1 tablespoon lime zest
1-3/4 tablespoons lime juice
3/4 cup fresh blueberries
Using an electric mixer with a whip attachment, whip the cream with the vanilla and sugar until thickened. Add the whipped cream cheese, salt, zest, and lime juice, and beat until thick. Fold in the fresh blueberries. Refrigerate until ready to use.
Glazed Blueberries With Lime
2 cups blueberries
Juice of 1 lime
4-1/2 tablespoons to 1/3 cup sugar (depending on sweetness of blueberries)
Place the blueberries, lime juice, and 4-1/2 tablespoons sugar in a small saucepan. Cook until sugar is melted and blueberries take on a shiny glaze. Taste for sweetness. Add more sugar if needed.
Prepare 4 dessert plates by placing one phyllo cookie on each plate. Divide cream filling into two equal containers. Spoon equal amounts of cream on each layer of the four phyllo cookies. Add another cookie to the top of the filling, and spoon the remaining container of filling equally onto each of 4 cookies. Add the last phyllo cookie to the top of each napoleon. You will have two layers of filling and three phyllo cookies on each plate. Divide the glazed blueberries between the 4 phyllo cookie tops to finish the Napoleons. Serve immediately. Serves 4. (You will have phyllo cookies left over; save for another use.)
Editor's Note: To read more of Anne and Linda's "how to grow and prepare" series, click here.
Linda Weiss and Anne Moore met while Linda was the food editor and Anne was the garden editor for South Carolina Homes & Gardens magazine. They now write articles for the ETV GardenSMART television show website, where Anne is the horticulture editor, gardening consultant, and e-newsletter editor. Anne has written for magazines and newspapers. She is a member of and a recipient of a Silver Award for magazine writing from the Garden Writers Association. Linda is a personal chef. She attended Le Cordon Bleu of Paris’ catering program, has appeared as a guest chef on numerous television shows, has been a culinary educator for 10 years, and a food writer for a number of magazines. She is a professional member of The James Beard Foundation and the Southern Foodways Alliance. She has written a cookbook, "Memories From Home, Cooking with Family and Friends."
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The Eleusinian and Bacchic Mysteries, by Thomas Taylor, , at sacred-texts.com
Nymphs and Centaurs.
Aporrheta, Greek απορῥητα—The instructions given by the hierophant or interpreter in the Eleusinian Mysteries, not to be disclosed on pain of death. There was said to be a synopsis of them in the petroma or two stone tablets, which, it is said, were bound together in the form of a book.
Apostatise—To fall or descend, as the spiritual part of the soul is said to descend from its divine home to the world of nature.
Cathartic—Purifying. The term was used by the Platonists and others in connection with the ceremonies of purification before initiation, also to the corresponding performance of rites and duties which renewed the moral life. The cathartic virtues were the duties and mode of living, which conduced to that end. The phrase is used but once or twice in this edition.
Cause—The agent by which things are generated or produced.
Circulation—The peculiar spiral motion or progress by which the spiritual nature or “intellect” descended from the divine region of the universe into the world of sense.
Cogitative—Relating to the understanding: dianoetic.
Conjecture, or Opinion—A mental conception that can be changed by argument.
Coré—A name of Ceres or Demeter, applied by the Orphic and later writers to her daughter Persephoné or Proserpina. She was supposed to typify the spiritual nature which was abducted
by Hades or Pluto into the Underworld, the figure signifying the apostasy or descent of the soul from the higher life to the material body.
Corically—After the manner of Proserpina, i. e., as if descending into death from the supernal world.
Dæmon—A designation of a certain class of divinities. Different authors employ the term differently. Hesiod regards them as the souls of the men who lived in the Golden Age, now acting as guardian or tutelary spirits. Socrates, in the Cratylus, says “that dæmon is a term denoting wisdom, and that every good man is dæmonian, both while living and when dead, and is rightly called a dæmon.” His own attendant spirit that checked him whenever he endeavored to do what he might not, was styled his Dæmon. Iamblichus places Dæmons in the second order of spiritual existence.—Cleanthes, in his celebrated Hymn, styles Zeus δαιμον (daimon).
Demiurgus—The creator. It was the title of the; chief-magistrate in several Grecian States, and in this work is applied to Zeus or Jupiter, or the Ruler of the Universe. The latter Platonists, and more especially the Gnostics, who regarded matter as constituting or containing the principle of Evil, sometimes applied this term to the Evil Potency, who, some of them affirmed, was the Hebrew God.
Distributed—Reduced from a whole to parts and scattered. The spiritual nature or intellect in its higher estate was regarded as a whole, but in descending to worldly conditions became divided into parts or perhaps characteristics.
Divisible—Made into parts or attributes, as the mind, intellect, or spiritual, first a whole, became thus distinguished in its descent. This division was regarded as a fall into a lower plane of life.
Energise, Greek ενεργεω—To operate or work, especially to undergo discipline of the heart and character.
Eternal—Existing through all past time, and still continuing.
Faith—The correct conception of a thing as it seems,—fidelity.
Freedom—The ruling power of ones life; a power over what pertains to ones self in life.
Friendship—Union of sentiment; a communion in doing well.
Fury—The peculiar mania, ardor, or enthusiasm which inspired and actuated prophets, poets, interpreters of oracles, and others; also a title of the goddesses Demeter and Persephone as the chastisers of the wicked,—also of the Eumenides.
Generation, Greek γενεσις—Generated existence, the mode of life peculiar to this world, but which is equivalent to death, so far as the pure intellect or spiritual nature is concerned; the process by which the soul is separated from the higher form of existence, and brought into the conditions of life upon the earth. It was regarded as a punishment, and according to Mr. Taylor, was prefigured by the abduction of Proserpina. The soul is supposed to have pre-existed with God as a pure intellect like him, but not actually identical—at one but not absolutely the same.
Good—That which is desired on its own account.
Hades—A name of Pluto; the Underworld, the state or region of departed souls, as understood by classic writers; the physical nature, the corporeal existence, the condition of the soul while in the bodily life.
Herald, Greek κηρυξ—The crier at the Mysteries.
Hierophant—The interpreter who explained the purport of the mystic doctrines and dramas to the candidates.
Holiness, Greek ὁσιοτης—Attention to the honor due to God.
Idea—A principle in all minds underlying our cognitions of the sensible world.
Imprudent—Without foresight; deprived of sagacity.
Infernal regions—Hades, the Underworld.
Instruction—A power to cure the soul.
Intellect, Greek νους—Also rendered pure reason, and by Professor Cocker, intuitive reason, and the rational soul; the spiritual nature. “The organ of self-evident, necessary, and universal truth. In an immediate, direct, and intuitive manner, it takes hold on truth with absolute certainty. The reason, through the medium of ideas, holds communion with the world of real Being. These ideas are the light which reveals the world of unseen realities, as the sun reveals the world of sensible forms. The Idea of the good is the Sun of the Intelligible World; it sheds on objects the light of truth, and gives to the soul that knows the power of knowing. Under this light the eye of reason apprehends the eternal world of being as truly, yet more truly, than the eye of sense apprehends the world of phenomena. This power the rational soul possesses by virtue of its having a nature kindred, or even homogeneous with the Divinity. It was generated by the Divine Father, and like him, it is in a certain sense eternal. Not that we are to understand Plato as teaching that the rational soul had an independent and underived existence; it was created or generated in eternity, and even now, in its incorporate state, is not amenable to the condition of time and space, but, in a peculiar sense, dwells in eternity: and therefore is capable of beholding eternal realities, and coming into communion with absolute beauty, and goodness, and truth—that is, with God, the Absolute Being.”—Christianity and Greek Philosophy, x. pp. 349, 350.
Intellective—Intuitive; perceivable by spiritual insight.
Intelligible—Relating to the higher reason.
Interpreter—The hierophant or sacerdotal teacher who, on the last day of the Eleusinia, explained the petroma or stone book to the candidates, and unfolded the final meaning of the representations and symbols. In the Phoenician language he was called פתר, peter. Hence the petroma, consisting of two tablets of stone, was a pun on the designation, to imply the
wisdom to be unfolded. It has been suggested by the Rev, Mr. Hyslop, that the Pope derived his claim, as the successor of Peter, from his succession to the rank and function of the Hierophant of the Mysteries, and not from the celebrated Apostle, who probably was never in Rome.
Just—Productive of Justice.
Justice—The harmony or perfect proportional action of all the powers of the soul, and comprising equity, veracity, fidelity, usefulness, benevolence, and purity of mind, or holiness.
Judgment—A peremptory decision covering a disputed matter; also διανοια, dianoia, or understanding.
Knowledge—A comprehension by the mind of fact not to be overthrown or modified by argument.
Lesser Mysteries—The τελεται, teletai, or ceremonies of purification, which were celebrated at Agræ, prior to full initiation at Eleusis. Those initiated on this occasion were styled μυσται, mystæ, from μυω, muo, to vail; and their initiation was called μυησις, muesis, or vailing, as expressive of being vailed from the former life.
Magic—Persian mag, Sanscrit maha, great. Relating to the order of the Magi of Persia and Assyria.
Material dæmons—Spirits of a nature so gross as to be able to assume visible bodies like individuals still living on the Earth.
Matter—The elements of the world, and especially of the human body, in which the idea of evil is contained and the soul incarcerated. Greek ὑλη, Hulé or Hylé.
Muesis, Greek μυησις, from μυω, to vail—The last act in the Lesser Mysteries, or τελεται, teletai, denoting the separating of the initiate from the former exotic life.
Mysteries—Sacred dramas performed at stated periods. The most celebrated were those of Isis, Sabazius, Cybelè, and Eleusis.
Mystic—Relating to the Mysteries: a person initiated in the Lesser Mysteries—Greek μυσται.
Occult—Arcane; hidden; pertaining to the mystical sense.
Orgies, Greek οργιαι—The peculiar rites of the Bacchic Mysteries.
Opinion—A hypothesis or conjecture.
Partial—Divided, in parts, and not a whole.
Philologist—One pursuing literature.
Philosopher—One skilled in philosophy; one disciplined in a right life.
Philosophise—To investigate final causes; to undergo discipline of the life.
Philosophy—The aspiration of the soul after wisdom and truth, “Plato asserted philosophy to be the science of unconditioned being, and asserted that this was known to the soul by its intuitive reason (intellect or spiritual instinct) which is the organ of all philosophic insight. The reason perceives substance; the understanding, only phenomena. Being (το ον), which is the reality in all actuality, is in the ideas or thoughts of God; and nothing exists (or appears outwardly), except by the force of this indwelling idea. The word is the true expression of the nature of every object: for each has its divine and natural name, besides its accidental human appellation. Philosophy is the recollection of what the soul has seen of things and their names.” (J. Freeman Clarke.)
Plotinus—A philosopher who lived in the Third Century, and revived the doctrines of Plato.
Purgation, purification—The introduction into the Teletæ or Lesser Mysteries; a separation of the external principles from the soul.
Punishment—The curing of the soul of its errors.
Prophet, Greek μαντις,—One possessing the prophetic mania, or inspiration.
Priest—Greek μαντις—A prophet or inspired person, ἱερευς—a sacerdotal person.
Revolt—A rolling away, the career of the soul in its descent from the pristine divine condition.
Science—The knowledge of universal, necessary, unchangeable, and eternal ideas.
Shows—The peculiar dramatic representations of the Mysteries.
Teleté, Greek τελετη—The finishing or consummation; the Lesser Mysteries.
Theologist—A teacher of the literature relating to the gods.
Torch bearer—A priest who bore a torch at the Mysteries.
Titans—The beings who made war against Kronos or Saturn. E. Pococke identifies them with the Daityas of India, who resisted the Brahmans. In the Orphic legend, they are described as slaying the child Bacchus-Zagreus.
Titanic—Relating to the nature of Titans.
Transmigration—The passage of the soul from one condition of being to another. This has not any necessary reference to any rehabilitation in a corporeal nature, or body of flesh and blood. See I Corinthians, XV.
Virtue—A good mental condition; a stable disposition.
Virtues—Agencies, rites, influences. Cathartic Virtues—Purifying rites or influences.
Wisdom—The knowledge of things as they exist; “the approach to God as the substance of goodness in truth.”
World—The cosmos, the universe, as distinguished from the earth and human existence upon it.
Eleusinian Priest and Assistants.
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Knox County Sheriff - Sheriff J.J. Jones
Family Crisis Unit
Domestic Violence is a pattern of abusive behaviors used by one individual, to exert power and control over another person, usually in an intimate relationship. It can be physical, sexual, or psychological. The primary purpose is to control, to dominate, or to hurt another within the relationship. Domestic Violence may occur between a male abuser and a female victim; a female abuser and a male victim; two women; or two men. The Domestic Violence statute also extends protection to the elderly and to children.
ABUSE under our statute in Tennessee is:
- Threats of violence
- Malicious destruction of property
- Holding against the will
- Placing in fear
- Sexual assault
Physical and sexual assaults, or threats to commit them, are the most apparent forms of domestic violence and are usually
the actions that allow others to become aware of the problem. However, regular use of other abusive behaviors by the
batterer, when reinforced by one or more acts of physical violence, make up a larger system of abuse. Although physical assaults may occur only once or occasionally, they instill threat of future violent attacks and allow the abuser to take control of the woman’s life and circumstances.
The Power & Control diagram is a particularly helpful tool in understanding the overall pattern of abusive and violent behaviors, which are used by a batterer to establish and maintain control over his partner. Very often, one or more violent
incidents are accompanied by an array of these other types of abuse. They are less easily identified, yet firmly establish a pattern of intimidation and control in the relationship.
Minimization and Denial
In this stage the victim denies the seriousness of the situation and excuses the abuser: “He doesn’t know his own strength. He was out of control/drunk/high. It didn’t hurt that much.”
The abuser, who rarely gets beyond this stage, says: “I didn’t really hurt her much. She made me angry or pushed my buttons. I didn’t know what I was doing. I was out of control/drunk/high.”
This is an inescapable feature of life with a batterer as well as being a recurring component in psychological reactions to trauma.
The victim is irresolute at this stage, trying one alternative after another. It is at this point that the victim may respond to the batterer’s attempts to reconcile, or initiate their own attempts at reconciliation. It is the victim’s behavior during this stage which appears to cause the greatest frustration and anger to individuals in the helping professions, friends or family members. Most often, these attempts at reconciliation do not work, but most, end in further abuse.
This stage can last for years as the victim slowly gets the strength and support from each voyage to the “outer world” to overcome the psychological restraints to move onto the final stage:
Living without Violence
Although a survivor of domestic abuse may live without violence after leaving an abusive relationship, she may well suffer from long-term depression and Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome along with a host of other stress reactions to the violence and trauma she suffered.
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Help support New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more all for only $19.99...
An important town of the Pueblo group, inhabited by Indians speaking the Tigua language of Shoshonean linguistic stock, and situated on Taos River, Taos County, New Mexico, United States of America, about fifty miles north-east from Santa Fe. From an estimated population of 2500 in 1630, and 2000 just previous to the outbreak of the rebellion in 1680, it had dwindled to 578 in 1788 and stands now at about 450. It was first visited by Coronado's men in 1540. About the year 1620 a Spanish-Franciscan mission was established there under the name of San Geronimo de Taos. In the great Pueblo revolt of 1680 the people of Taos took a prominent part, their town being the headquarters of Pope, the leader of the rebellion; the two resident missionaries were killed. On the reconquest of the country some fifteen years later, most of the missions were re-established, but under the attacks of the wild Ute and Navaho the prosperity of the Pueblo steadily declined. In 1847 the people of Taos resisted the American occupation, killing the newly-appointed governor, Charles Bent, and a number of others. As a result their town was stormed by the American troops, and some 150 of the Indians were killed in addition to sixteen others afterwards executed for their part in the massacre. In 1910 troops were again called out to quell a threatened rising. In general culture and condition the Taos people resemble the other Pueblos, but are noted for their extreme tenacity of ancient custom, and for a greater boldness of spirit, probably due to the large admixture of Ute blood. The mission of San Geronimo still exists, served by a secular priest, and the principal festival occasion is the patronal feast of San Geronimo, 30 Sept., a leading feature being a relay foot-race; but many of the old-time tribal rites are still kept up by a large proportion of the people.
MILLER, Prelim. Study of the Pueblo of Taos in University of Chicago publications (Chicago, 1898); see also bibliography under PUEBLO INDIANS.
APA citation. (1912). Taos Pueblo. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14448a.htm
MLA citation. "Taos Pueblo." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14448a.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Thomas M. Barrett. Dedicated to the Taos people.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. July 1, 1912. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is webmaster at newadvent.org. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.
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Could it be possible that medical researchers from the Mayo Clinic College of Medicine have found the secret of the “fountain of youth” while experimenting with the genetics of mice?
In an article posted on Popular Mechanics, cell biologists Darren Baker and Jan van Deursen are noted as the researchers responsible for this developing medical breakthrough. The process they took seems to be an approach that anyone could suggest without an extensive medical background: take out dead, stagnant cells that have stopped reproducing in order to make more room for the active cells to reproduce.
The seven-year study by Baker and van Deursen showed, through careful observation, that the use of the tumor-suppressing protein molecule, “p16lnk41” (or “p16” as referred to by the article), altered the genetic coding of the mice which caused them to secrete “caspase,” an agent that self-destroys when it is within a cell. By making stagnant cells secrete caspase, these cells self-exploded, resulting in the decrease of stagnant cells in the body and the increase in lifespan and quality.
By removing these stagnant cells, the lifespans of the mice in the study not only increased by 25%, but the removal of stagnant cells also showed a reverse in the signs of aging. These cells, referred to as senescent cells, are normally cycled through the immune system to be ejected from the body; but, as the body ages, this function slows and becomes less effective which in turn leads to an increase in senescent cells in the body.
Gizmag notes a quote from Jan van Deursen that explains the negative side effects of the pile up of senescent cells as, “largely bad, do bad things to your organs and tissues, and therefore shorten your life but also the healthy phase of your life.”
When organisms age, whether they be mice or humans, it is assumed that the quality of life decreases as their age increases (diseases, joint problems, and inability to perform daily tasks to name a few side effects of aging); however, this is not the case. By removing the stagnant cells in mice, results showed that their quality of life improved alongside their extended lifespan. The treated mice were noted as having lower amounts of cataracts and being overall more physically active in comparison to mice in their age range that were untreated.
By furthering their knowledge of this study and altering the genetic coding of humans over time, Baker and van Deursen are hopeful that there is a way to implement this practice in humans to improve lifespan and overall quality of life.
With the positive outcome that the p16 protein molecule had on decreasing the amount of stagnant cells in mice, Baker, van Deursen, and other medical researchers outside of the study have noted this experiment as “remarkable” and have high hopes of developing a form that is safe and effective for humans in the future.
Steven Maxwell writes for ActivistPost.com. This article may be shared in part or in full with author attribution and source link.
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This article was originally published in the September/October 1994 issue of Home Energy Magazine. Some formatting inconsistencies may be evident in older archive content.
| Home Energy Home Page | Back Issues of Home Energy |
Home Energy Magazine Online September/October 1994
The Green Plug Dilemma
Several new types of electricity-saving devices are becoming common. These gadgets rely on electronics to operate an appliance more efficiently. Perhaps the best known example is the Green Plug, which adjusts the voltage applied to motors to improve their performance--but there are also motor controllers, smart thermostats, and sensors now available. We are delighted that the power of integrated circuit logic is now being applied to saving energy; there are many situations where a little intelligence can save energy and sometimes provide new services and amenities.
One trouble with this new generation of electronic energy savers is that they are much more difficult to test (and therefore verify) than previous energy-saving devices. There are few recognized test procedures to evaluate energy savings for these types of devices. When no recognized test procedure exists, manufacturers must design their own and unscrupulous manufacturers may design a test which favors their product and exaggerates the related energy savings.
Furthermore, the situations where these devices save energy are not as obvious as with more familiar hardware-type conservation measures. For example, it's simple to understand that ceiling insulation will save energy in colder climates. In contrast, the greatest savings from a motor controller are likely to occur when the voltage of the utility power is above 115 volts. The voltage supplied to a house is not something a consumer can easily measure. Moreover, just because the voltage in one house is excessive doesn't mean that a nearby town has the same problem. Therefore it is impossible to make blanket recommendations about the value of a device.
These new electronic devices are often very successful in specific situations where an unusual energy consumption situation exists. These niches exist because standard conservation measures are not flexible enough to address all conditions (such as complex thermostat schedule or lights with unusual usage patterns). Yet manufacturers typically claim their devices achieve that maximum savings everywhere. For example, a motor controller manufacturer might claim that its product will cut energy use by 20%, even when this is true only for old refrigerators located in high voltage areas.
There is no way for consumers to easily verify that those savings were achieved in circumstances similar to those found in their own homes. Better information could go a long way towards repairing this problem. For example, prescription drugs list the conditions under which use of the drug is justified. A similar kind of recommendation is needed for electronics-based conservation devices.
Finally, there are virtually no sources of independent verification of manufacturers' claims. Occasionally Consumer Reports will publish the test results of an isolated device, but the magazine has been lamentably unsophisticated in its evaluations of electronic thermostats and other devices. Utility companies--which are constantly studying new energy-using and -saving equipment--know much more, but are afraid to release their findings due to lawsuits the results may trigger. The federal government is much further behind; it barely recognizes that such devices even exist. In any event, regulations ensure that the government won't be able to provide information to consumers to distinguish between legitimate energy savers, niche-savers, and outright frauds.
The good news is that new energy-saving devices are becoming available which can save energy in unusual circumstances. They may also provide additional convenience or security. The bad news is that circumstances in which cost-effective savings are achieved may be rare, or at least difficult for consumers to determine.
Alan Meier (signature)
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RailgunResearchers fire 1,000th shot on laboratory railgun
Scientists reached a milestone in the Electromagnetic Railgun program when they fired a laboratory-scale system for the 1,000th time on 31 October, the raygun is a long-range weapon that launches projectiles using electricity instead of chemical propellants
Scientists at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) reached a materials research milestone in the Office of Naval Research’s (ONR) Electromagnetic Railgun program when they fired a laboratory-scale system for the 1,000th time on 31 October.
“A significant amount of development has been coming out of NRL to support the program,” said Roger Ellis, ONR’s Electromagnetic Railgun (EMRG) program officer. “It’s a key piece of making railgun successful.”
An Office of Naval Research release reports that the EMRG is a long-range weapon that launches projectiles using electricity instead of chemical propellants. Under development by the Department of the Navy (DON) for use aboard ships, the system will provide sailors with multi-mission capability, allowing them to conduct precise naval surface fire support, or land strikes; cruise missile and ballistic missile defense; and surface warfare to deter enemy vessels.
“The weapon does all its damage because of its speed,” said Dr. Roger McGinnis, program executive for ONR’s Naval Air Warfare and Weapons Department, which oversees EMRG. Launched at 2 to 2.5 kilometers per second (4,500 to 5,600 mph) without using explosives, the projectile reaches its target at speeds that require only a small charge similar to that found in automobile airbags to dispense its payload, eliminating the objective through the inherent kinetic energy.
“EMRG will provide the Department of Defense with an advantage in future conflicts by giving troops the ability to fire weapons inexpensively against targets,” McGinnis said.
As part of the EMRG development program, ONR and NRL co-funded scientists at NRL to build and operate a 6-meter long, 50 mm diameter railgun as a subscale experimental lab at the Materials Testing Facility (MTF). Researchers fired the first shot in March 2007. After improving the gun’s sliding armature and rails, the lab has fired an average of 300 shots per year since 2008.
A railgun launches projectiles by generating magnetic fields created by high electrical currents that accelerate a sliding metal conductor, or armature, between two rails.
“The 1,000th shot is testing new ideas of how the armature interacts with the rails,” said Dr. Robert Meger, head of NRL’s charged particle physics branch, which conducts about 30 experiments annually on the railgun. Following each test firing, researchers dismantle the gun to examine all the components. They slice up the rails for further analysis under a microscope to reveal surface damage.
The release notes that during the course of firing all 1,000 shots, NRL scientists have experimented with a variety of materials and geometries to determine which ones can withstand the metal-melting temperatures and pressures of shooting a 1.5-megajoule energy weapon. One megajoule of energy is equivalent to a 1-ton car traveling at 100 miles per hour.
“We’ve really explored a lot of territory,” ONR’s Ellis said. “When you couple what we’re seeing in testing with what we’re seeing in modeling and simulation, it results in some interesting barrel shapes that you wouldn’t intuitively think about. Railgun barrels don’t necessarily have to be round as in most conventional gun designs.”
Since 2005, scientists have been working to increase the railgun’s barrel life, muzzle energy and size. Ultimately, their work will help to produce a 64-megajoule railgun with a range of about 220 nautical miles.
“You really have to look at the course of our understanding from the first day they shot to the 1,000th shot today, and how much our understanding of the rail life has dramatically increased, and how much science we have applied to ensure that we’re on the path toward a future fieldable system,” Ellis said.
Materials science breakthroughs resulting from the test firings have given researchers confidence to transition new technologies to a scaled-up experimental launcher at Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren,Virginia, which fired a world record setting 33-megajoule shot in December 2010.
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Have you seen good ideas crushed by bullies, cynics or naysayers where you work? Before Michael Merzenich became the world’s leading researcher on brain plasticity, cynics with hard science credentials, insisted brainpower and intelligence was fixed. Simply put, people insisted that elderly brains don’t change much, for instance, and that broken brains stay broke. In contrast, my friend and colleague, Lisa Haneberg, executive at Management Performance International, inspires many of us for mind-bending innovations.
What you do in a day literally changes your brain
Lisa Haneberg, over at Management Craft, and I just had a fireside chat about how plasticity boosts brainpower for current challenges at work! It was fun to learn from one another’s leadership approaches. Check out Lisa’s podcast here, and share your ideas about brainpower, Century-21- leadership, and innovation. When brainpower fuels a workplace renewal results! How so?
Thanks to persistence, and the power of innovation, it’s common knowledge now that learning not only increases what we know, but it changes the very structure and operation of the brain itself. To learn at all ages is to increase your brain’s capacity to learn.
Plasticity opens a winning pathway to innovation, which is especially good news if you work in a broken system. How does it work?
Neurons come with 3 cool parts
Connected to chemical and electrical circuitry that sparks innovative change or deepens ruts, are dendrites, cell bodies, and axons.
1). Dendrites –or treelike branches attached to the cell body, receive their input from other neurons.
2). Cell body – fuels the life of each cell and contain your unique DNA pool.
3). Axon – like electrical wires that can be short or can be 6 ft long, & carry electrical impulses at speeds from 2 to 200 mph toward the dendrites of other neurons.
Neurons receive signals that either excite or inhibit. If a neuron gets enough excitatory signals from other neurons, it fires off its own signal. If it receives many inhibitory signals – it is less likely to fire.
Axons don’t quite touch nearby dendrites. They are separated by microscopic space called a synapse. When an electrical signal reaches the end of an axon, it triggers release of the chemical messenger, called a neurotransmitter, into the synapse.
The chemical messenger sails over the dendrite of nearby neuron, exciting or inhibiting it.
Neurons rewire in REM sleep, based on what you did that day
Neurons rewire nightly as you sleep – which means that changes occur at the synapse. Act calm under pressure, for instance, and you build new neuron pathways to calmly solve the next calamity that comes along. Either the change strengthens and increases the number of connections or change weakens and decreases the number of connections between the neurons.
It’s really a matter of neurons and dendrites that spark new synapses for change. Remember, a neuron‘s nothing more than a nerve cell, and your brain holds about 100 billion of these little critters.
Neurons build innovation with a few carefully crafted acts.
Neurons project extensions called dendrite brain cells – which connect and reconnect daily, based on what you do. Axons, in contrast, relay information back from the body back to the brain. In a rather complex electrochemical process, neurons communicate with each other in synapses, and that connection creates chemicals called neurotransmitters. Chemicals release at each synapse, and these shape mood, open brains to optimize learning and stoke creative solutions to complex problems. Many mysteries still occur in the quadrillion synapses within a human brain, and yet wonderful benefits await people who act on what recent research suggests.
How will you change your brain today?
Here are 25 ways to add brainpower through innovation, by changing up routines. Apply novel approaches and you encounter ruts inside the human brain. Have you seen it happen? Transformation, especially ethical renewal that adds dividends for all, takes risk! Try one you’d least like do in an ordinary day, and expect a mind-bending performance along plasticity’s pathway to innovation.
Further plasticity triumphs through personal stories
You can read more about dendrites, and discover their function for your workplace with Dr. Eric Kandel., who along with, JH Schwartz, TM Jessell, offers tips in the book Principles of Neural Science.
I was also intrigued by Dr. Norman Doidge’s new book, The Brain that Changes Itself. The book shows research and backs ideas with facts in a way that engages a reader to see why new ideas about the brain’s ability to rewire itself – really count.
What will you do differently today to optimize your brain’s plasticity? How will you ratchet up more brainpower to overcome challenging situations?
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What is my credit score?
Answer: A credit score predicts how likely you are to pay back a loan on time. A scoring model uses information from your credit report to create your credit score.
Your credit score starts with the information about you from your credit report. A mathematical formula – called a scoring model – is then used to create your credit score.
Credit scores are used by companies to make decisions such as whether to approve a mortgage at a certain rate or issue a credit card. Different lenders use different scoring formulas, so your score can vary from lender to lender. Usually a higher score makes it easier to qualify for a loan and may result in a better interest rate. Most scores range from 300-850.
There is no “one” credit score-there are many credit scoring formulas available to you as a consumer as well as to lenders, and the score will also depend on the data used to calculate it.
You can read the CFPB’s report on the differences between the credit scores available to you and the credit scores sold to lenders.
To get and keep a good credit score:
- Pay all your bills on time
- Only apply for the credit that you need
- Don’t use too much of the credit that is available to you
- Order your credit report every year and dispute any errors you find
If you have a problem with credit reporting, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB online.
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“Improving the Taunton watershed will need big-picture thinking and local actions.”
- The Nature Conservancy's Cathy Bozek
The problem at Taunton’s City Hall parking lot wasn’t pretty: Rainwater carried pollutants directly from the parking lot straight into the Mill River. In heavy storms, runoff caused erosion along the riverbanks.
The solution is remarkably pretty: A new park with flower-filled rain gardens and swales—grassy areas designed to manage excess water—filter water from the nearby parking lots and reduce risk of flooding. With technical assistance and funding, The Nature Conservancy provided support to this and other projects that help keep the Taunton River basin healthy for nature and people. We hope these projects will inspire many more.
This is just one example of how communities are rethinking and retooling ways to keep rivers healthy through green infrastructure projects.
“It’s really using nature to help manage stormwater, in combination with the traditional pipes and sewers,” says Cathy Bozek, an aquatic ecologist for The Nature Conservancy in Massachusetts. “Green infrastructure can include building rain gardens or protecting natural areas that help soak up water.”
The Conservancy is leading efforts to clean and restore the wild and scenic Taunton River and its tributaries for many reasons. We want to see the river clean and healthy for community drinking water, recreational use and wildlife and fish habitats, including restored herring runs.
In addition to Taunton’s Mill River Park, the Conservancy has helped green infrastructure projects at Bridgewater State University and Bristol County Agricultural School.
Now we’re working with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to identify communities and other projects that can inspire a clean, healthy Taunton River basin.
“We’re in this for the long haul,” Bozek says. “Improving the Taunton watershed will need big-picture thinking and local actions.”
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Comet Hale-Bopp has an orbit about the Sun with eccentricity e = 0.9951 and semimajor axis length a = 186.5 AU. What is the sidereal orbital period of Comet Hale-Bopp? What is Comet Hale-Bopp's distance from the Sun at perihelion? What is its distance from the Sun at aphelion? Comet Hale-Bopp passed through perihelion on 1997 April 1; did the previous perihelion passage of Comet Hale-Bopp occur before or after the birth of Aristotle?
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Ezekiel Chapter 41 - New International Version
2. The entrance was ten cubits wide, and the projecting walls on each side of it were five cubits wide. He also measured the outer sanctuary; it was forty cubits long and twenty cubits wide.
3. Then he went into the inner sanctuary and measured the jambs of the entrance; each was two cubits wide. The entrance was six cubits wide, and the projecting walls on each side of it were seven cubits wide.
4. And he measured the length of the inner sanctuary; it was twenty cubits, and its width was twenty cubits across the end of the outer sanctuary. He said to me, "This is the Most Holy Place."
5. Then he measured the wall of the temple; it was six cubits thick, and each side room around the temple was four cubits wide.
6. The side rooms were on three levels, one above another, thirty on each level. There were ledges all around the wall of the temple to serve as supports for the side rooms, so that the supports were not inserted into the wall of the temple.
7. The side rooms all around the temple were wider at each successive level. The structure surrounding the temple was built in ascending stages, so that the rooms widened as one went upward. A stairway went up from the lowest floor to the top floor through the middle floor.
8. I saw that the temple had a raised base all around it, forming the foundation of the side rooms. It was the length of the rod, six long cubits.
9. The outer wall of the side rooms was five cubits thick. The open area between the side rooms of the temple
10. and the [priests'] rooms was twenty cubits wide all around the temple.
11. There were entrances to the side rooms from the open area, one on the north and another on the south; and the base adjoining the open area was five cubits wide all around.
12. The building facing the temple courtyard on the west side was seventy cubits wide. The wall of the building was five cubits thick all around, and its length was ninety cubits.
13. Then he measured the temple; it was a hundred cubits long, and the temple courtyard and the building with its walls were also a hundred cubits long.
14. The width of the temple courtyard on the east, including the front of the temple, was a hundred cubits.
15. Then he measured the length of the building facing the courtyard at the rear of the temple, including its galleries on each side; it was a hundred cubits. The outer sanctuary, the inner sanctuary and the portico facing the court,
16. as well as the thresholds and the narrow windows and galleries around the three of them--everything beyond and including the threshold was covered with wood. The floor, the wall up to the windows, and the windows were covered.
17. In the space above the outside of the entrance to the inner sanctuary and on the walls at regular intervals all around the inner and outer sanctuary
18. were carved cherubim and palm trees. Palm trees alternated with cherubim. Each cherub had two faces:
19. the face of a man toward the palm tree on one side and the face of a lion toward the palm tree on the other. They were carved all around the whole temple.
20. From the floor to the area above the entrance, cherubim and palm trees were carved on the wall of the outer sanctuary.
21. The outer sanctuary had a rectangular doorframe, and the one at the front of the Most Holy Place was similar.
23. Both the outer sanctuary and the Most Holy Place had double doors.
24. Each door had two leaves--two hinged leaves for each door.
25. And on the doors of the outer sanctuary were carved cherubim and palm trees like those carved on the walls, and there was a wooden overhang on the front of the portico.
26. On the sidewalls of the portico were narrow windows with palm trees carved on each side. The side rooms of the temple also had overhangs.[read chapter]
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“When people take precautionary measures, their behavior often changes as a result,” said Ravi Sundaram, an associate professor in the College of Computer and Information Science at Northeastern University. For example, people wearing seatbelts may drive faster, people who’ve received flu shots may skip washing their hands before eating, and those who’ve been vaccinated against sexually transmitted diseases may tend to engage in more risky behavior.
But how do these behavioral changes affect a contagion’s spread when the precaution is not foolproof? This is precisely the question that Sundaram and his colleague, professor Rajmohan Rajaraman asked in research recently published in the Journal PLOS ONE.
The duo used network science techniques to look specifically at the influenza vaccine, which has a 20 to 40 percent chance of failing, and the HIV/AIDS antiretroviral, which is unsuccessful 25 to 75 percent of the time.
Given these statistics, Rajaraman said, “if the level of risky behavior exceeds a certain threshold, then you arrive at some strange scenarios in which the more you intervene the worse you’re making it.”
The flu virus only requires that one person make a poor decision before it jumps to another host. In this case, if the vaccination rates are low, then increased vaccination will tend to make the problem worse. This anomaly does not occur, however, when a large fraction of the population is vaccinated, which will outweigh the negative impacts of risky behavior.
However, things aren’t this simple with STDs, which require two parties’ participation to be transmitted from one host to another. Here, risky behavior is overcome by increased vaccinations—but only to a point. Using a computational model based on data from the New River Valley in Virginia, the researchers found that after about 40 percent of the population was vaccinated, the tables turned. Now the risky behavior outweighed the positive impacts of the vaccine.
“What happens in the HIV case is that since the risky behavior requires consent on both sides, the number of risky interactions for low levels of vaccination is still very small,” said Rajaraman. “So you benefit with increased vaccination. But this may no longer hold at high levels of vaccination.” That is, one person’s risky intention will not translate into risky behavior until the second party is also vaccinated.
The critical takeaway of the research, Sundaram said, “is that we have to have some kind of behavioral intervention that is coordinated with the medical intervention. So we tell people go get a flu shot, but then you also need to accompany it with some kind of behavioral intervention in which you tell people to be aware that it isn’t perfect.”
The research is part of an ongoing collaborative study with computer scientists at Virginia Tech and epidemiologists at Pennsylvania State University in which the team is looking at similar problems across a variety of contagions.
The results, if confirmed in real-world settings, could have significant policy implications, said epidemiologist Stephen Eubank, one of the team’s collaborators at Virginia Tech University.
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The environmental history of East Africa as a whole
Hartford Web Publishing is not the author of the documents in
World History Archives and does not
presume to validate their accuracy or authenticity nor to
release their copyright.
- La Nina Threatens East Africa
- By Philip Ngunjiri, 14 September 1998. Improved guidelines
on early warning systems would go a long way to improve
Africa's economic condition, at the same time save more
lives when La Nina effects are felt.
- East Africans Move to Boost Coral
- Panafrican News Agency (Dakar), 19 March 2001. A
pioneering initiative, aimed at boosting the fortunes of
East Africa's world-famous coral reefs and their
globally important wildlife is to be unveiled in
Nairobi. Several reefs in Kenya, the Seychelles and
Madagascar, have been chosen for development.
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Despite all the attempts at obfuscation and misdirection as to the causes of the American Civil War we all know now that slavery indeed was the primary issue that drove the debates and acrimony throughout Congress and the nation and eventually ’caused the War. Fearing the spread of slavery throughout the newly acquired territories much heated debates took place in Washington leading to compromises and accommodations to defuse the situation. Legislative agreements such as the Missouri Compromise, the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Wilmot Proviso were only stop-gap measures that slowed but not stopped the inexorable descent into outright war. Later the seven debates between Lincoln and Stephen Douglas high-lighted the issue of slavery and alerted the South as to Lincoln’s intentions should he become president.
COULD IT HAVE BEEN PREVENTED?
Whenever I am asked if the American Civil War could have been prevented I emphatically reply that it could have and should have been prevented. I base this assertion on the simple foundation that has been laid before us in the opening sentence of the Declaration of Independence:
“When in the course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another”etc.
This original declaration asserted the fundamental right of the Colonists to declare their freedom from the tyranny of Britain! But when the South espoused similar rights Lincoln was careful to avoid and ignore these profound philosophical concepts. Instead the devious and duplicitous attorney/politician focused the nation’s on the sanctity of the Union as man’s last great hope for American democracy and the nation’s integrity. He thus concentrated the nation’s energies into the carnage that we know as the American Civil War in order to “save the Union”,and the nation swallowed it hook, line and sinker!
I conclude that the South should have been allowed to state their own Declaration of Independence, to go their own way to form a society of like-minded peoples free from oppression by the North!
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http://theliethatislincoln-blog.authorsxpress.com/
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Appendix A: Glossary
Items in boldface are defined in this glossary.
A | B | C | D | E | F | H | L | P | S
- ADA: average daily attendance
- A data item upon which many state and federal reports are based. Refers to the average number of students in attendance each day within a school or district over a specific time period.
- ADM: average daily membership
- A data item upon which many state and federal reports are based. Refers to the average number of students enrolled within a school or district each day over a specific time period.
- Combining separately reported data into a larger group; e.g., combining individual student attendance records into an overall district rate of attendance.
- business rule
- A guideline for standardizing how data are entered, validated, corrected, or applied. A fundamental tool in ensuring quality data. See decision rule, edit, process rule.
- Report or data element conforming to legal and regulatory requirements.
- confidential information
- Information that, if disclosed, would generally be considered harmful or an invasion of privacy. In FERPA, any information that is not directory information is considered confidential; furthermore, parents have the right to request that directory information be kept confidential.
- data analysis
- Activities that seek to discern meaningful patterns and trends within data for the purpose of supporting effective decisions.
- data audit
- A procedure for monitoring the quality of data by analyzing reports for anomalies, inaccuracies, and missing data.
- data calendar
- A timeline, Gantt chart, table, or calendar showing the dates related to all events pertinent to the creation, movement, reporting, correcting, analyzing, or application of data.
- data dictionary
- A document defining the data elements collected and tracked by a system, indicating the nature of the element, any format restrictions, any rules that apply to the values (see business rule), and how the data will be used.
- data element
- The name of the most basic unit of data that can be defined and measured, e.g., Student Last Name. In some contexts, a data element is divisible into data items. Often used interchangeably with data item.
- data event
- Any occurrence that generates new data or information. Examples of data events include a test, an absence, and the registration of a new student.
- data item
- In some contexts, the smallest component of a data element. Sometimes a value classified under a data element (e.g., the data element "free or reduced lunch status" contains the data items "free," "reduced," and "paid"). Often used interchangeably with data element.
- data ownership
- Acknowledgement by each person involved with creating and applying data that he or she is responsible for the quality of the data: its accuracy, timeliness, utility, and security.
- data quality standards
- Criteria for measuring the quality of data or a report; e.g., "The grade field may have no more than 5 percent null entries on the mid-year report."
- data silos
- Separate repositories of data, the managers of which do not communicate with each other.
- data steward/data coordinator
- Staff member or staff members responsible for ensuring that the statistical information reviewed by senior staff presents data that have been entered accurately and collected systematically. Also responsible for enhancing the information reporting process through staff development and collaboration with the various offices and programs responsible for producing data and information.
- data system
- Usually refers to a computer-based application that holds information about a set of similar items (e.g., students, books, employees), with one record corresponding to each individual item in the set, and fields (e.g., first name, address, title) defined to hold specific data describing each item. In the larger sense, it is any combination of paper, electronics, and personnel that create, store, manage, and report on data.
- data validation
- A procedure for determining that all data values entered into a system are accurate.
- data warehouse
- A central repository of all, or a significant portion of, the data that an enterprise collects. A data warehouse generally provides access to data over a time span.
- decision rule
- A business rule that defines criteria for making a specific decision; e.g., "A student who scores below the proficient level on the state math assessment will be assigned to a remediation class until he or she achieves percent mastery of material."
- decision support system
- A cohesive, integrated hardware and software system designed specifically to manipulate data and enable users to distill and compile useful information from disparate sources of raw data to support problem solving and decisionmaking.
- directory information
- In FERPA, information not generally considered harmful or an invasion of privacy if disclosed. This is the information that would normally be included in a publicly available LEA directory or yearbook and defined by a district on an annual basis. Parents can request that student information normally included in a directory be kept confidential. Also defined as non-confidential information.
- Breaking one element of a report into subsidiary groups; e.g., disaggregating a districtís student test scores into separate scores for each gender.
- dropout rates
- Two types:
Specific formulas for determining dropout rates vary from state to state, although an effort to define a nationwide standard is under way.
- annual student-the percentage of students who drop out in a given year
- cohort-the percentage of students from a specific grade cohort (e.g., the class of 2009) who are dropouts at the time the cohort ends
- EDEN: Education Data Exchange Network
- EDEN: Education Data Exchange Network
A set of K-12 statistical reports gathered from state agencies by the U.S. Department of Education. Formerly known as the Performance-Based Data Management Initiative, EDEN attempts to gather statistics from each state such as school populations within subgroups (race, gender, etc.), graduation rates, and school spending.
- A business rule programmed into the system into which data are entered, limiting the possibility of entering inaccurate or inappropriate data.
- educational indicator
- A measure of the status of, or change in, an educational system with regard to its goals; e.g., student graduation rates.
- FERPA: Family Educational Records and Privacy Act
- Federal law governing the confidentiality of student records. FERPA is administered at the federal level by the Family Policy Compliance Office of the U.S. Department of Education.
- HIPAA: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
- Federal law governing the confidentiality of health records, both for students and staff.
- LEA: Local Education Agency
- A governmental administrative unit at the local level that exists primarily to operate schools or to contract for educational services.
- personally identifiable information
- Information contained in a record that would make the identity of a student easily traceable or discernible. It includes, but is not limited to, the studentís name, the name of the studentís parent or other family members, a personal identifier (such as a Social Security Number or student number), a list of personal characteristics that would make the studentís identity easily traceable, or other information that would make the studentís identity easily traceable.
- Data elements and combinations of data elements that have been shown to accurately forecast other measures, e.g., the rate of student absenteeism is a predictor of dropout rates.
- process rule
- A business rule defining the steps for entering, verifying, or correcting data.
- SEA: State Education Agency
- The agency of the state charged with primary responsibility for coordinating and supervising public elementary and secondary instruction, including the setting of standards for instructional programs.
- Component of quality data related to the confidentiality of student and staff records and to the technical issues associated with keeping data safe (firewalls, data backups, etc.).
- SIF: School Interoperability Framework
- A set of specifications that allows school-based data systems (SIS, cafeteria, library, etc.) to automatically keep data consistent across all applications.
- SIS or SMS: Student Information System or Student Management System
- Two of many acronyms and terms for a data system by which schools keep track of student demographic (address, birthdate, gender, ethnicity, etc.), enrollment, and schedule information. Typically the largest source of student data.
- staff identifier
- Unique code assigned to an individual employee of an LEA. Although historically often the same as the employeeís Social Security number, it is now generally considered better to assign a different identifying code.
- student identifier
- Unique code assigned to an individual student. Can be assigned on an LEA or statewide basis (that is, identifier can be unique within the school or district or unique within the entire state). LEA identifiers are often generated by a SIS.
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<urn:uuid:a434a6d6-9809-460c-ad01-92e08d3279b5>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2007/curriculum/glossary.asp
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| 0.899852
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Weiss, Armin; Mögel, Gudrun and Kunz, Stefan (2006) Development of "Boni-Protect" - a yeast preparation for use in the control of postharvest diseases of apples. In: Boos, Markus (Ed.) ecofruit - 12th International Conference on Cultivation Technique and Phytopathological Problems in Organic Fruit-Growing: Proceedings to the Conference from 31st January to 2nd February 2006 at Weinsberg/Germany, Fördergemeinschaft Ökologischer Obstbau e.V. (FÖKO), Weinsberg, Germany, pp. 113-117.
Postharvest pathogens cause major losses in apple production. Gloeosporium album (Pezicula alba) and Gloeosporium perennans (Pezicula malicorticis) are the main pathogens in organic fruit growing. There are several microorganisms with an antagonistic efficency against these fungi. Out of these organisms two yeast isolates have been chosen to develop the plant strengthener Boni-Protect. Boni-Protect reduced the symp-tom development of P. malicorticis, B. cinerea and P. expansum after artificial inoculation of apple wounds. In several field trials preharvest applications of Boni-Protect led to reduced disease development during stor-age.
|EPrint Type:||Conference paper, poster, etc.|
|Type of presentation:||Paper|
|Keywords:||Postharvest disease of apples, Boni-Protect, Gloeosporium, Botrytis, Penicillium, apple|
|Subjects:|| Crop husbandry > Crop health, quality, protection|
Crop husbandry > Production systems > Fruit and berries
|Research affiliation:|| International Conferences > 2006: Ecofruit|
Germany > Fördergemeinschaft Ökologischer Obstbau - FÖKO
|Related Links:||http://www.ecofruit.net, http://www.foeko.de/ecofruit.htm|
|Deposited By:||Boos, Markus|
|Deposited On:||26 Jul 2006|
|Last Modified:||26 Aug 2010 13:03|
|Refereed:||Peer-reviewed and accepted|
|Additional Publishing Information:||The proceedings are available as paperback at Fördergemeinschaft Ökologischer Obstbau e.V. (FÖKO), Traubenplatz 5, D-74189 Weinsberg, www.foeko.de|
Repository Staff Only: item control page
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Jennifer Schultz Nelson
Extension Educator, Horticulture
I know in my head that it usually takes a period of time for a plant to develop a problem. But it seems to me that one of my little dwarf Alberta spruces turned entirely brown overnight. Thinking it was a goner, I figured it was time to shop for a new tree, and also time to figure out what happened to the brown one.
Dwarf Alberta spruce, Picea glauca var. Albertiana 'Conica', is a dwarf cultivar of the Alberta White spruce, Picea glauca var. Albertiana. The spruce genus, Picea, is derived from the word pix or pitch, meaning the sticky resin in the tree's bark. The species name, glauca, means "glaucous", in reference to the lighter color of the tree's needles as compared to other evergreens.
As an ornamental tree, dwarf Alberta spruce is prized for its compact pyramidal growth habit, and tiny half-inch needles which are densely packed on its branches. It is also a very slow grower, only two to four inches per year. This makes it suitable for container plantings, as it will not outgrow its container very quickly.
Since dwarf Alberta spruce has a very distinct, pleasing pyramidal shape, it lends itself to formal landscape designs. It is a great choice for lining an entryway or other focal point in the landscape.
At maturity, dwarf Alberta spruce will reach about ten feet tall by three feet wide. My parents have had two dwarf Alberta spruces as long as I can remember—they are full sized now, but looking back, its fun to see how their growth progressed along with my sisters and I in family pictures.
One great asset to having a dwarf Alberta spruce in the landscape is that they very rarely need pruning. They naturally maintain their shape. Their needles are thin, but grow very densely on the tree, giving it a very solid and full appearance. The branches also persist all the way to the ground, without the lower limb dieback common to some evergreens as they age.
There is one significant time when a dwarf Alberta spruce will need pruning. The dwarf Alberta spruce is essentially a mutant of the much larger Alberta White spruce. Occasionally, especially in older trees, new growth on branches will change in appearance, the needles appearing much longer and growing much faster. These sections are called "revertants" meaning that on the DNA level, cells are losing the dwarf mutation and reverting to the Alberta White spruce form, the "original" or "wild type" form of the plant.
If you wish to keep your dwarf Alberta spruce a dwarf, any revertant sections need to be removed promptly. Prune just below the area where the revertant branch form begins.
Just as an aside, revertants are common in many other ornamental plants. It is commonly seen in plant cultivars valued for their variegated or novel foliage. I have a hosta in my garden with some novel variegation that I love—half of the plant has come up solid green this year. I love the wiegela 'My Monet' for its pink and cream variegation, but I have to keep an eye out for the occasional solid green branch that pops up. Sometimes reversion occurs so frequently, it makes a cultivar unmarketable. Mostly it's just a random curiosity.
Dwarf Alberta spruces prefer to be planted in full or partial sun with very well-drained soil. They will not tolerate wet feet. Unfortunately, they are also not very tolerant of urban environments. Pollution, road salt, and high heat are all not well-tolerated by this tree. This is probably why many trees never reach maturity—city life does them in!
As far as my poor little brown tree, it looks like he's a victim of spider mites, and extremely common problem for dwarf Alberta spruce. Oregon State University sources say that when spring and summer is very wet, mites are more likely to be a problem. Spider mites prefer hot dry conditions to flourish, so why would a wet spring like we've had predispose my tree to their infestation?
The answer is stress. Generally speaking, a stressed plant is far more likely to be affected by pests or disease. Dwarf Alberta spruces are stressed in extremely wet conditions—it is no coincidence that I first noticed this problem a couple of weeks ago, after we recorded 10+ inches of rain at my house.
To confirm the presence of spider mites, place a sheet of white paper beneath some branches and shake the branches over the paper. If you see tiny red specks that are moving, you have the mites.
There are several methods for controlling spider mites on dwarf Alberta spruce. The non-chemical method is to use a forceful stream of water to knock the mites off the tree. Since dwarf Alberta spruce hates wet feet, this may not be the best choice.
Chemical controls are numerous, and include the active ingredients bifenthrin, dicofol, and fentabutatin-oxide. Other chemical choices include canola, clove, cottonseed, petroleum or sesame oils, and insecticidal soap.
I thought the tree was totally dead, so I didn't even think it was possible to save. I looked closer at it yesterday, and it has new growth at the end of the branches. Despite the extensive needle loss, if I can save the tree the new growth should disguise this. My parent's trees have had spider mites over the years and have consistently recovered from them, so I'm hopeful mine will survive.
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As scientists debate whether global warming could cause stronger hurricanes, the head of the United Nations Environment Programme points to climate change as the likely culprit behind recent extreme weather events in Europe and other parts of the world. UNEP Executive Director Klaus Toepfer describes the need to help developing nations prepare for a changing climate. Plus, he weighs in on a new climate agreement between the United States, China, India and other countries, and what he says is an absence of U.S. involvement on international environmental agreements.
Brian Stempeck: Hello and welcome to OnPoint. I'm Brian Stempeck. Joining me today is Klaus Toepfer, executive director of United Nations Environment Program. Mr. Toepfer thanks a lot for being here.
Klaus Toepfer: Oh it's a pleasure.
Brian Stempeck: I want to ask you about a quote you recently told to the Financial Times in an interview. What you said is that climate change is already happening and what you're talking about was basically a lot of the flooding and wildfires and major events that have occurred in Europe this summer. How much climate change and weather events affected by global warming do you think are happening right now?
Klaus Toepfer: I don't believe that you can make this in a percentage figure, but all the indicators, scientists make as a prognosis for climate change are now on the table. As the change will be in the Arctic if you see the melting of the ice there. It is a clear link to a change of climate. We made this study for the glaciers in the Alps, you see it. It's happening. And scientists give us information that we have an increase of extreme weather situations and a higher amplitude of those events. And this is likely happening as well all around the world. So you cannot make one correlation between this event is dynamically linked exclusively with the climate change. But that there is an increase in the amplitude, this is underlined again and again by scientists.
Brian Stempeck: One of the major events, of course right now as we tape this interview, is a major hurricane has just hit New Orleans. Do you think this is the type of event that we're going to see more of in the future, these types of strong hurricanes?
Klaus Toepfer: Again, we have to be very careful. It's not helpful to make after all those terrible events with lots of so terrible consequences for people, that we make now a direct link to the change of the climate. But again, yes, it is expected that we have more of those events. And if you go a little bit around world right now, if you see the situation in Europe where there are big floodings as well in Switzerland, in Germany, in Austria, where we have the terrible other events. And we are headquartered in Nairobi and Kenya in Africa and you see the changes there as well. This gives us a clear basis that climate change is happening without any doubt. Therefore, unluckily, we have not only to discuss the medication of this. We have to decrease the carbon intensity of our energy structure without any doubt. But we also requested, especially from developing countries, what is possible to do adaptation, because we cannot stop it fully. We can hopefully decrease the increase rate, but there is climate change already now, with all the negative consequences. And people come back and say please give us backing. How to handle it if you go from the small island states up to the situation in Africa and other countries where the investment and the knowledge is not available to fight against this.
Brian Stempeck: I want to ask you about something that happened earlier this summer. The United States had just come up with the new agreement with Australia with China and India, a few of the developing countries that are considered the biggest emitters of carbon dioxide. What was your take in that agreement? It's basically there's no hard targets like there are in the Kyoto Protocol. What's your reaction to what the United States did in July?
Klaus Toepfer: First and foremost is to underline each and every activity, to stimulate technology, to change the structure of our energy supply. But especially also the energy demand so that we are fighting the negative consequence of the use of fossil fuel for the climate. And that we need more technology. That we have to invest in those technologies goes without saying. And we have not to exclude whatever, we have to concentrate on renewables. We have to concentrate on hydropower. We have to try to single out what is the hydrogen possibility, knowing that to produce hydrogen you need energy. We have to concentrate to those topics like carbon sequestration and end. It is not a case where you're only to go in this direction. This has got -- especially also on the demand side, we have to increase the energy efficiency around the world, but especially, particularly also there where the efficiency right now is very low. And we have to do it especially also with regard to our mobility.
Brian Stempeck: The United States was already working on a lot of these agreements already. They had individual partnerships with China, with India, and they've been working on the technology question for quite some time, investing a lot of money in that. Do you see this as anything new or is this just a continuation of what the White House has already been doing?
Klaus Toepfer: Now first let me add also to your question before, all of what is happening there cannot of course substitute and should not substitute their obligation to Kyoto Protocol. We actually need to convince the decision of all other industrialized countries, and numbers of developing countries, to ratify Kyoto with their obligation, is a cornerstone to fight climate change. Also in changing technologies, but this has to ask also what is happening beyond Kyoto? What is happening in 2010, 2012? And it is necessary to make those arrangements with the intensively growing economies around the world, especially China and India. So this is clear. There is a lot of those activities going, luckily, and of course you can say why then to do it once more? I believe it is a good signal to say we want to do even more. We come together to do more, but please don't make it something like a substitute for the legally binding arrangement in United Nation framework conventional climate change and the Kyoto Protocol directly linked with this convention.
Brian Stempeck: I was going to say, some of the people who have criticized this agreement say that this could be a way to undermine the Kyoto Protocol. You have the United States, Australia, China and India, countries that don't have any binding targets under the Kyoto Protocol or have not signed onto that. Is this just an alternative for them? Is this the way to say, kind of get cover? Say this is something that we're doing and actually not have to actually reduce emissions?
Klaus Toepfer: To underline once more, of course, much of people around the world would be extremely, extremely happy and convinced that this is a great step forward. If also other countries are joining the obligation of Kyoto, especially of course the United States of America. I have to underline that as the industrialized countries ratified Kyoto, except the United States and Australia. So that is a great -- and that is also necessary for the overall accountability of the global family and fighting climate change. India and China, in the Kyoto Protocol, don't have an obligation for concrete targets and there will be, of course, a need to use all our brains how can we develop the energy supply for those countries with a less carbon consequence? And I believe that is not only an environment topic, it is a huge economic topic. If you have an increase of 9 percent of the [Gross National Product] in China and we have the target of the Chinese government and the parties there to quadruple the GNP of China until the year of 2020. It's a GNP of 1.3 billion people and they need it to fight poverty. Then you must know there are huge consequences for energy. For a long time there was always a direct interrelation yearly of one -- there's an increase of GNP and the increase of energy demand. So if we are not changing the demand side with higher energy efficiency and the supply side with less dependence on fossil fuels, you cannot do it without destabilizing a lot of those developments and the stability in the developed countries as well. Therefore it is a must also from the economic point of view, to invest in modern technology to change this intensive dependence on fossil fuel in the world, after the security question. All this, I went to underline, is now very clear on the table. It's absolutely clear, not only does the environment request a change in energy policy, but the economic situation as well.
Brian Stempeck: I wanted to ask also, this thing that you mentioned before, you're talking about adaptation and helping some of the countries that are going to be most affected by climate change. That's one of the topics we see every year at the conference of the parties and which will be coming up in November in Montreal. What do you see as the top priorities coming up during that conference? And what do you see as the efforts moving forward, as countries start to look at 2012 and beyond?
Klaus Toepfer: Well you see what I mentioned, we have to prove in the developed countries that they're honest in implementing their targets in mitigation. It is absolutely the precondition. As long as this is not clear for the developing countries they will always come back and say then we have to consider mainly to adaptation. This is a little bit very closely linked.
Brian Stempeck: Right.
Klaus Toepfer: And therefore it is so immensely important not to come to a more resignative position and say we cannot win the fight against climate change, so we have to invest to adaptation only. That would be, I believe, a very wrong consequence. Therefore, we should link very closely these two options, these two ways, mitigation and adaptation. It's good that in Kyoto Protocol we have an adaptation regulation that there can be made funds available for those countries. If you go for example in Africa and you know that is stimulating the any how running decertification process, what can we do to fight against this? The link also, biodiversity in plantations and others. There is a lot of those possibilities. Not only is it a question of what can you do at the end of the day against sea level rise? And the smaller island states, or those parts of the world which are already now under the sea level, if you saw it in New Orleans or if you go to Bangladesh or you go to Europe to the Netherlands. And you have then a rise of the sea level. There it is of course very difficult to understand how we can adapt. Again, nature is doing a lot. We must of course, especially on these coastlines make a very clear policy for those topics like marshlands. Those topics like mangroves and coral reefs because they are protecting again against those disasters. There is a lot to do with regard to adaptation without any doubt. It costs money. It costs also technology and therefore it's a very, very good place to incorporate into developing again the -- in this one world.
Brian Stempeck: I want to turn to another major pollution problem that we're looking at from a global perspective, which of course is mercury. You said in the past that it could be a -- you know, there's talks right now about potentially coming up with a treaty to go after mercury emissions worldwide. Most countries realize that this is a major problem. Where do you see those talks right now and what do you see as the future for a potential treaty in the future on mercury?
Klaus Toepfer: First and foremost the organization I'm responsible for is the United Nation Environmental Program, did a wonderful assessment of the situation on mercury. Highly praised by all the governments around the world. In our governing concept was a long discussion on this already in February of this year. So it's not a long time ago. The discussion I'll be starting immediately to negotiate a convention on heavy metals, especially mercury, but cadmium and lead. Or I'll be going first and foremost in concrete action and the governing concepts -- they opted for the second possibility. So now we have a common commitment to act, not to start already negotiation, but to make concrete projects available. If you know the situation of mercury linked with this assessment I mentioned, with regard to the coal power station, with regard to gold mining, with regard to the chemical industry, all this is very, very well known. And we can now go and concentrate our activity and this is truly a global problem because mercury is not linked with the border of specific regions or nations. It's going around the world and here we see is a mercury problem in the Arctic, where never, ever mercury was used or was more or less a consequence of activities there. Then you see this global challenge for handling the mercury problem. It is absolutely necessary to do concrete work as soon as possible and then we will see what is necessary also to come to more binding agreements in this field.
Brian Stempeck: The United States has said that it's interested in some kind of mercury treaty like this, but it could take as long as eight years to get towards a treaty. They've also been very -- the United States has also been very slow to adopt other treaties, the chemicals treaty, the POP treaty, they haven't signed Kyoto. Do you see a trend here in how the United States is reacting to some of these international environmental treaties and how damaging is it?
Klaus Toepfer: I think there's an overall trend of a specific fatigue concerning conventions and protocols. That is for sure. Therefore, once more, it was not the resignation we couldn't start the negotiation for a treaty on or a convention on mercury, but we have to act immediately because the threats are now. And then we are not excluding other possibilities. I believe that's a right way to go and we do this, for example, in the pollution of the sea from land-based sources. Where we also saw such an action program, not legally binding, but with a clear program agreed by the member states, where we have sufficient agreement. This is a very, very solid development. I have to, simply to resist other facts, yes, yes, the United States is not a member of the conventional biological diversity. And the others, the chemical arena you mentioned, that is a matter of fact and so we have nevertheless to act. We have those conventions and those protocols entered into force and we have a legally binding instrument now for those who accepted it. And it just gives the lot of push and a lot of expectation to others as well.
Brian Stempeck: One last question for you because we're running out of time. What message would you deliver to members of Congress, to people at the White House, and say that you're not involved on these various international treaties? How do you try and get them back at the table?
Klaus Toepfer: I believe the most important argumentation is always to prove that those problems cannot be solved without global cooperation. The mercury problem you cannot solve only in the United States itself. So there's a lot to do without any doubt, but there is a global interrelation. The climate change you cannot solve only from one country, as important as it is, especially for the United States of America. Its importance in energy consumption. There are lots of those examples. The POPs, the persistent organic pollutants and chemicals are another example. Kofi Annan once mentioned that these are the travellers without passports. They're going around the world and they are harmful for human beings and for environment wherever they are. So it is in the self interest of all countries around the world, whether they are the smallest or the biggest, to cooperate and to solve those global topics. You know we are in the time of globalization, of globalization of markets, of information, of interrelations. So we must be aware that the environment component was the first and is until now the most important consequence of globalization as well. And therefore let's cooperate. Let's come to concrete, harmonized and reliable activities. It is in the best benefit for all the people in the world, including specifically also the citizens of this wonderful outstanding nation.
Brian Stempeck: All right, we're out of time. We're going to have to stop there. I'd like to thank our guest today. That was Klaus Toepfer, executive director of the United Nations Environment Program. I'm Brian Stempeck. This is OnPoint. Thanks for watching.
[End of Audio]
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Iowa is the only state completely within the tallgrass prairie formation. Thanks to rich soil, adequate rainfall, and warm summer temperatures, hundreds of species combine to produce a diverse and colorful and ever-changing landscape. Using text and maps by Paul Christiansen and drawings by Mark Müller, this first comprehensive guide to the prairie plants native to Iowa, originally published in 1999 and now available digitally through a partnership between the University of Iowa Press and the UI Libraries, provides all the information necessary for identifying and distinguishing even the most similar species.
Species are described from the ground up: stem, leaf, bud, flower, fruit, and habitat. Each species is paired with a distribution map and illustrations capture the general plant shapes and characteristic features. A guide to family identification, information about extant and restored prairies in Iowa, and a glossary are also included. This guide is designed to enable those who want to go beyond the most common plants to identify native species and to learn moreRead full preface and acknowledgements >>
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|An eminent moral novelist of the
19th century, was born in the island of Burra, in Orkney, November 1, 1778. Her father was Colonel Thomas Balfour of Elwick, a cadet of one the most respectable families in the county of Orkney. Her mother was Frances Ligonier, only daughter of Colonel Ligonier of the 13th dragoons, and niece of the Earl of Ligonier, under whose care she was educated. Previous to her sixteenth year, Mary Balfour had received some instructions in music, and in French and Italian, from her mother; and her education was completed by a short residence at a boarding-school in Edinburgh. At the early age mentioned, she had to under take the charge of her father's household, from which she was removed in her twentieth year, to be the wife of the Rev. Alexander Brunton, minister of the parish of Bolton in East Lothian. In the retirement, and moderate elegance of a Scottish manse, Mrs. Brunton was only at first conspicuous for her attention to her household duties. Afterwards, however, the tastes of her husband led her gradually into habits of study, and she went, with his direction and assistance, through a course of reading, in history, philosophy, criticism, and the belles lettres. The promotion of her husband to a ministerial charge at Edinburgh, which took place six years after her marriage, was favourable to the expansion and improvement of her intellect, by introducing her into a circle of society more enlightened than any in which she had hitherto moved. The native powers of her mind were slowly developed; she ripened from the simple house-wife into the clear-minded and intelligent savante. Yet for many years, she was only known as a well-informed, but perfectly unpretending female. So far from displaying any disposition to active literature, she felt the composition of a letter to be burdensome. A trivial circumstance is said to have operated, with several other causes, in inducing her to attempt a regular work. She had often urged her husband to undertake some literary work, and once she appealed to an intimate friend, who was present, whether he would not publish it. This third party expressed a ready consent, but said he would at least as willingly publish a book of her own writing. This seemed at the time to strike her with a sense of her powers hitherto not entertained, and she asked more than once whether he was in earnest. She then appears to have commenced her novel, entitled "Self Control," of which she had finished a considerable part of the first volume before making even her husband privy to her design. In 1811, the work was published at Edinburgh, in two volumes, and the impression which it made upon the public was immediate and decisive. It was acknowledged that there were faults of a radical and most unfortunate kind - such as the perpetual danger to which the honour of the heroine was exposed, (an intolerable subject of fictitious writing,) but everyone appreciated the beauty and correctness of the style, and the acuteness of observation, and loftiness of sentiment, which pervaded the whole. The modesty of Mrs. Brunton, which was almost fantastic, induced her to give this composition to the world without her name. Four years afterwards, she published a second novel in three volumes, entitled "Discipline," which was only admired in a degree inferior to the first. She afterwards commenced a third tale under the title "Emmeline," which she did not live to finish.
Mrs Brunton had been married twenty years without being blessed with any offspring. In the summer of 1818, when a prospect of that blessing occurred, she became impressed with a belief that she should not survive. With a tranquillity, therefore, which could only be the result of great strength of mind, joined to the purest sentiments of religion and virtue, she made every preparation for death, exactly as if she had been about to leave her home upon a journey. The clothes in which she was to be laid in the grave, were selected by herself; she herself had chosen and labelled some tokens of remembrance for her more intimate friends; and she even prepared with her own hand a list of the individuals to whom she wished intimations of her death to be sent. Yet these anticipations, though so deeply fixed, neither shook her fortitude, nor diminished her cheerfulness. They neither altered her wish to live, nor the ardour with which she prepared to meet the duties of returning health, if returning health were to be her portion.
To the inexpressible grief of her husband and friends, and, it may be said, of the literary world at large, the unfortunate lady's anticipations proved true. On the 7th of December, she gave birth to a still-born son, and for some days recovered with a rapidity beyond the hopes of her medical attendants. A fever, however, took place, and, advancing with fatal violence, terminated her valuable life on the 19th, in the forty-first year of her age.
The whole mind and character of Mrs. Brunton was "one pure and perfect, chrysolite" of excellence. We are so agreeably anticipated in an estimate of her worth by an obituary tribute paid to her memory by Mrs Joanna Baillie, that we shall make no scruple for laying it before the reader:-
No more shall bed-rid pauper watch
The gentle rising of the latch
And as she enters shift his place,
To hear her voice and see her face.
The helpless vagrant, oft relieved,
From her hath his last dole received.
The circle, social and enlightened,
Whose evening hours her converse brightened,
Have seen her quit the friendly door,
Whose threshold she shall cross no more.
And he, by holy ties endear'd,
Whose life her love so sweetly cheer'd,
Of her cold clay, the mind's void cell,
Hath ta'en a speechless last farewell.
Yea, those who never saw her face,
Now did on blue horizon trace
One mountain of her native land,
Nor turn that leaf with eager hand,
On which appears the unfinish'd page,
Of her whose works did oft engage
Untired attention, interest deep,
While searching, healthful thoughts would creep
To the heart's core, like balmy air,
To leave a kindly feeling there,-
And gaze, till stain of fallen tears,
Upon the snowy blank appears,
Now all who did her friendship claim,
With alter'd voice pronounce her name,
And quickly turn, with wistful ear,
Her praise from stranger's lips to hear,
And hoard as saintly relics gain'd,
Aught that to her hath e'er pertain'd.
The last beautiful allusion is to the unfinished tale of Emmeline, which was published by her husband, Dr. Brunton (now professor of Oriental Languages in the university of Edinburgh), along with a brief, but most elegant and touching memoir of her life.
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Knitting can help the arthritic person.
Arthritis is a painful disease which attacks the joints in our bodies. People who have arthritis notice swelling and stiffness in these areas. Due to this discomfort, many think they need to give up activities that are loved, such as knitting. Even when joints are inflamed it is important to keep moving. Knitting is one way to help keep the fingers moving in a gentle way. Keep in mind that if you are in pain, you can put the knitting aside until later.
If you are having a hard time knitting, try a different kind of needle. Working with bamboo or plastic are lighter options in weight and are warmer to the touch than aluminum needles are. Use circular needles instead of straight needles to help move the weight of the material to the lap instead of the hands and wrists.
Knit with wool or wool blends. These materials are more flexible than cotton or other fibers which is easier move around and places less stress on the joints.
Wear compression or fingerless gloves when knitting. Compression gloves add stability to the joints while still allowing the fingers and thumb the ability to move. Opt for fingerless gloves if compression glove are not comfortable, the warmth on the joint will help with the pain.
Use a knitting loom or knitting machine instead of needles. These still allow the knitter to do their craft, just in another way. Use of a knitting loom still requires some dexterity, but it is a different movement that may not aggravate the joints. Push the shuttle across the board to make stitches with a knitting machine; if a variety of stitches are involved, there is some manipulation required.
Staying active has value beyond meeting physical needs. Because people who have arthritis are likely to experience depression, becoming involved or continuing hobbies is important for well-being.
If knitting causes pain, there are ways to minimize it. Do your knitting immediately after you take your pain medication or at a time of day when you feel better. Also using a heat treatment before the activity and taking frequent breaks to stretch your hands and fingers can help.
There are also some knitting aids available on the market such as:
Clamp-It ... an adjustable craft tool holder designed for use by individuals with use of only one hand, arthritis, or fine motor or physical disabilities. Clamp-It is mounted on four suction cups, and can be used vertically or horizontally to hold an item in a fixed position.
Knit-One is another knitting Aid designed for use by individuals with use of only one hand. The unit clamps to a table or a suitable chair arm. The user adjusts the top to the desired knitting angle and slides the needle into position for knitting. The device holds the stitches in position on the clamped needle. The yarn can easily be moved along the needle. The kit comes with an instruction booklet, 1 clamp and 3 pairs of handmade steel knitting needles.
Helping Hands Knitting Aid. The new and inventive solution for knitters seeking that extra little ‘Helping Hand'. Its simple and effective design lets you remain in control of your knitting. Padded support for your wrists whilst you knit. Let go of your needles and they stay where you left them. End of the row? Simple, turn Helping Hands over once and your needles swap.
Pen & Pencil Cushion. Helpful for arthritis or other dexterity challenges.Builds up the pen/pencil for improving the grip comfortable to use with knitting needles, too. Helpful in relieving the pain of arthritis, use the Pen/Pencil Cushions when you need a little extra help grasping the knitting needles.
Square Knitting Needles keep your hands from hurting during long knitting sessions they are easier on your hands if you have arthritis, stiffness in fingers, or even carpal tunnel syndrome and are ergonomically a better fit for the human hand.
Susan Bates Luxite 14-Inch Jiffy Knitting Needles are knitting designed for use by individuals with arthritis. These extra-thick, brightly-colored single-point needles are made from Luxite plastic, and are lightweight, durable, and warm to the touch.
Pain isn't the only limitation. Problems with strength, grip, and range of motion are important factors also. But if you're willing to modify your activities and learn to use adaptive devices, experts say the benefits are worth it.
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The Big Moving Adventure
By Sesame Street
Open iTunes to buy and download apps.
This is an app for families coping with a recent or pending move, which will help teach your child about what to expect when relocating.
Make moving fun with Sesame Street's The Big Moving Adventure! Your young child (ages 2–5) can create his own muppet friend and help him or her through the moving process, including: Hearing the news, packing, saying goodbye, expressing feelings, traveling, exploring the new home, and making new friends. The Parents Section contains more detailed tips and suggestions on these same topics to help families who are in the process of relocating.
• Customize a muppet friend and help him/her move to a new home.
• Decide which toys and books to pack in a box, and which special comfort items to bring along in a backpack.
• Explore different ways to say goodbye to people, places, and things at the old home.
• Choose how the muppet friend could be feeling about the big move.
• Color in a postcard from toys as they travel on the moving truck to the new house.
• Explore the new home and unpack toys and books from the moving truck.
• Meet new friends at the new home, including some familiar, furry faces!
The average military child moves about 6 to 9 times between kindergarten and high school. Moving can be stressful for all family members, but children are especially vulnerable to changes in routine and environment. The Big Moving Adventure app was created to help children prepare both physical and emotionally for any type of move.
• Familiarizes children with important moving steps like packing, traveling over a distance, and getting used to a new room.
• Models different ways to say goodbye to people and places.
• Helps children explore their feelings about moving.
• Introduces strategies for making new friends.
• Sesame Workshop is the nonprofit educational organization that revolutionized children’s media with the landmark Sesame Street. Learn more at www.sesameworkshop.org
• This app is part of Sesame Workshop’s ongoing efforts to support military families and encourage the development of resilience skills in all young children. For more information and resources for military families, visit MilitaryFamiliesNearAndFar.org.
What's New in Version 1.0.6
Optimization and bug fixes.
Educational and fun!
Loved the bright colors and fun sounds of this app! It not only gave me ideas of how to approach the big move with my kids but it also gave them a chance to interactive and see how fun moving can be! Definitely a must have app for a moving family!!
My 22 month old son loves this game. Only a few days ago I guess after the last update the sound disappeared. I tried downloading it on another iPad thinking there could be a problem with his iPad but it's the same thing. Please fix this bug because if it wasn't for that I'd give it five stars. My son tries to play it and gets very upset when he realizes there's no sound.
Boo you stink!
Customers Also Bought
- Category: Games
- Updated: Aug 26, 2015
- Version: 1.0.6
- Size: 56.9 MB
- Language: English
- Seller: Sesame Workshop Apps
- © 2013 Sesame Workshop. All Rights Reserved.
Compatibility: Requires iOS 6.0 or later. Compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch.
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What would you do if a four-foot tall bird strolled into your quiet, suburban backyard? It seems a moot point for most of us, since birds the size of people do not roam freely in most neighborhoods. But one week ago, Stanley and Margaret Wainwright of Derbyshire, England had to answer that question for real when a Rhea turned up in their garden. Their response, as reported by BBC News, is an offer of avian adoption.
Stan Wainwright said: “We saw it Monday morning. It came through the paddock at the rear of the field.
“We rang the police up but they didn’t know anything about it.
“Someone’s told us it could be a rhea of the ostrich family. That is all we know about it.”
The Wainwrights, who already keep 11 geese, have made appeals in local newspapers and on BBC Radio Nottingham to try to trace the owner but have not had any replies.
Rheas are large flightless birds native to South America. This particular bird is probably, based on its size, a Greater Rhea (Rhea americanus) the larger of the two rhea species and the largest bird in South America. They are not, as Mr. Wainwright suggests, of the ostrich family, but they are related. Rheas, along with Ostriches, Emus, Cassowaries and Kiwis, belong to the Order Struthioniformes. These species are collectively called ratites. They are all flightless birds without a keeled breastbone, and, with the exception of the cuddly kiwi, are far and away the tallest birds in their respective territory.
Odds are that the wayward ratite was a farm animal. The Rhea and Emu Association, based in Leicestershire, states that rheas present ‘new opportunities for farmers looking for a profitable alternative to more conventional and traditional ventures’ since these birds have no difficulty in adapting to the climate in the UK. Ostrich, emu, and rhea are raised as livestock in the U.S., Australia, Israel, France, New Zealand, China, Korea, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Holland, Poland, and Canada. Most producers today raise ostrich, emu, and rhea for their meat, with the hides, feathers, fat, egg shells, and other parts of the birds as by-products.
We wish the Wainwright’s luck with their new charge. Rheas make excellent pets because they eat just about anything. Rheas are grazing animals, feeding primarily on grasses, but supplement their diet with other vegetable matter, insects, lizards, and other small animals. They’re also easy to manage, disease resistant, and hardy. Last but not least, they are as close to Big Bird as most kids are ever going to get.
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Going from a sitting or lying position to a standing position often brings out symptoms of low blood pressure. This occurs because standing causes blood to "settle" in the veins of the lower body, and this can lower the blood pressure. If the blood pressure is already low, standing can make the low pressure worse, to the point of causing symptoms. The development of lightheadedness, dizziness, or fainting upon standing caused by low blood pressure is called orthostatic hypotension. Normal individuals are able to compensate rapidly for the low pressure created by standing with the responses discussed previously and do not develop orthostatic hypotension.
When there is insufficient blood pressure to deliver blood to the coronary arteries (the arteries that supply blood to the heart's muscle), a person can develop chest pain (a symptom of angina) or even a heart attack.
When insufficient blood is delivered to the kidneys, the kidneys fail to eliminate wastes from the body, for example, urea and creatinine, and an increase in their levels in the blood occur (for example, elevations of blood urea nitrogen or BUN and serum creatinine, respectively).
Shock is a life-threatening condition where persistently low blood pressure causes organs such as kidney(s), liver, heart, lung, and brain to fail rapidly.
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The Dickson/Dixon (and other derivates) family name
was first found in Scotland. Early records show Thomas Dicson, a
follower of the Douglas clan, at the capture of Castle Douglas in 1307.
Although the name was Scottish in it's origin,
with the spelling of Dicson or Dickson (the most common usage in
Scotland today), being a Borders counties name it also spread to the
north and midlands of England to become a popular family name with the
spelling of Dixon.
It was during the 11th century that the use of
surnames was introduced to the British Isles by the Normans. They were
usually local (a place or landmark), patronymic ("son of"), a
trade or profession name, or a nickname. The name Dixon/Dickson is a
patronymic name, meaning "Dick's son" or "son of
Dick". Coming from Scotland it might seem strange that it is not
"MacDick", but this is simply explained again by it's Borders
The ancient family motto is said to be
"Fortes Fortuna Juvat", which is Latin for "Fortune
Favors the Brave".
In his book, The Border and Riding Clans and a
Shorter History of Clan Dixon, (published by Albany, New York, 1888) B.
Homer Dixon wrote: - "In a charter from King Robert Bruce about
A.D. 1306 to Thomas Dickson it [the name] occurs as Filius Ricardi (son
of Richard) and the Charter is endorsed Carta Thomas fil Dick."
in his Heraldry (Edinburgh, 1722) says 'The Dicksons are descended from
one Richard Keith, said to be a son of the family of Keith's Earls
Marshalls of Scotland.' and in proof thereof carry the chief of Keith
Marischal. This Richard was commonly called Dick and the 'son' was
styled after him. The affix of son in the Lowlands answering to the
prefix Mac in the Highlands."
Because of the connection to Richard Keith, the
descendants of Thomas Dicson/Dickson are considered part of the Clan
Keith and use their tartan.
The Chief of Clan Keith has the Latin motto "Veritas Vincit,"
which translates "Truth Conquers" which is also used on their
In 1583, a list of Gentlemen
and Surnames in the Marches of England and Scotland includes the name
Dixon as Gentlemen of the East March. Many Dixons can also be found
within the English East March, presumably having begun their association
there when Berwick-Upon-Tweed was Scottish and it's Governor, the Keith
Thomas Dickson himself has quite a history. He was
associated in some way with William Wallace of "Braveheart",
and he was killed by the English in 1307 in battle. Tradition states
that he was slashed across the abdomen but continued to fight holding
the abdominal wound closed with one hand until he finally dropped dead.
He is buried in the churchyard of St. Bride of Douglas, and his marker
shows him with a sword in one hand and holding his belly with the
other. Robert de Brus (Bruce) had made him Castellan of Castle
Douglas the year before he was killed.
The Dixons (and other Borders
Families) were formally recognized as a Clan by the Scottish Parliament
in 1587 when the Parliament of Scotland passed a statute "For
the quieting and keping in obiedince of the disorderit subiectis
inhabitantis of the bordors hielands and Ilis." Attached to the
statute was a Roll of the Clans, and contained both a borders portion
and a highland portion. The borders part of the Roll, shows the Dixons
as a clan with chiefs in the East March. According to
the book, Traits and Stories of the Scottish People, London, 1867, the
Clan Dixon was known as 'The Famous Dicksons'!
Their daughters appear to have
been likewise eminent, in their case we must suppose both for beauty and
accomplishments, as the old rhyme says:
"Boughtrip and Belchester
Hatchetknows and Darnchester
Leetholm and the Peel;
If ye dinna get a wife in ane of thae places
Ye'll ne'er do weel."
Buhtrig, Belchester, Leitholm
and the Peel were Dickson baronies. Darchester belonged at one time to
In 1591, two bonds were signed
by the principal Barons and Gentlemen of the East Marches pledging
themselves to serve the King against Bothwell, and of the forty-one
subscribers whose names have been preserved four were Dicksons.
In 1603, when the crowns of
Scotland and England were united under James VI of Scotland, he found it
expedient to disperse the unruly Border Clans to England, northern
Scotland and to Ireland.
Border clans naturally differed quite widely from
Highland clans, who after all had an active existence that lasted a
century and a half longer than that of the border clans, giving them
extra time for development. A main point of difference was the
possession by the Highland clans of Gaelic speech and a unique culture
of their own until 1745. The Highlanders were also geographically
much more isolated from the general course of Scottish history than were
the Scottish Borderers. Both Border and Highland clans, however, had the
essential feature of chiefship, and had territories in which a majority
of their clansmen lived.
Border clans did practice some Gaelic customs,
such as tutorship when an heir who was a minor succeeded to the
chiefship, and giving bonds of manrent. Although feudalism existed,
tribal loyalty was much more important, and this is what distinguished
the Borderers from other lowland Scots. In fact, the same is also true
of the English Borderers.
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Using dance can bring history to life. Looking at dancers in photographs, films and other images, and reading about dancing and its role in celebrations, commemorations, and other events can help students learn about issues and events that were considered important in a community, how people celebrated, what mores and values were important, and how people dressed when going to these events. Dance can help students meet Common Core State Standards, including those related to integrating visual materials to material in print and visual texts as well as those related to evaluating multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats and media.
One person who studied dance and how people used dance in select cultures was Katherine Dunham, a pioneer in what she called dance anthropology. After completing her studies in dance and anthropology at the University of Chicago, Dunham received a fellowship to study dance in the Caribbean. Her studies in Haiti, Jamaica, and the West Indies led to a number of publications, but also changed how Dunham viewed dance and how she choreographed and taught dance. The Library of Congress is extremely fortunate to offer online resources from the Katherine Dunham Collection to help students of dance and of history learn a different way of viewing history as well as a different way of dance.
To help students use dance to learn about a community’s values and experiences, show the video of the dancers performing the Mazouk. Encourage them to record their thinking on the Library’s primary source analysis tool as they watch the dance. Ask them to think about what is happening in this dance and what they might be celebrating. Then play the recording of Dunham talking about the history of the dance. How does this change their perception of the dance? If time allows, show the video again, and ask students to update the analysis tool with additional observations, reflections, and questions.
In addition, students can watch the Eugenie to compare the Mazouk to a traditional waltz. What are the similarities and differences? Why would dancers from the African American and African Caribbean communities want to dance in the same way as the members of the Anglo community?
Encourage students to identify events they attend that include dancing. What role does dance play in the event? How would the event be changed without dancing?
How else can you use dance to study history? Tell us in the comments.
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The Parthenon Sculptures
The question of where the surviving sculptures from the Parthenon should now be displayed has long been a subject of public discussion. This page provides key information for understanding the complex history of the Parthenon and its sculpture. The main arguments of the debate are also presented here. For another view, see the website of the Hellenic Ministry of Culture: www.culture.gr
What is the Parthenon and how did the sculptures come to London?
The Parthenon in Athens has a long and complex history. Built nearly 2,500 years ago as a temple dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena, it was for a thousand years the church of the Virgin Mary of the Athenians, then a mosque, and finally an archaeological ruin. The building was altered and the sculptures much damaged over the course of the centuries. The first major loss occurred around AD 500 when the Parthenon was converted into a church. When the city was under siege by the Venetians in 1687, the Parthenon itself was used as a gunpowder store. A huge explosion blew the roof off and destroyed a large portion of the remaining sculptures. The building has been a ruin ever since. Archaeologists worldwide are agreed that the surviving sculptures could never be re-attached to the structure.
By 1800 only about half of the original sculptural decoration remained. Between 1801 and 1805 Lord Elgin, the British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, of which Athens had been a part for some 350 years, acting with the full knowledge and permission of the Ottoman authorities, removed about half of the remaining sculptures from the fallen ruins and from the building itself. Lord Elgin was passionate about ancient Greek art and transported the sculptures back to Britain. The arrival of the sculptures in London had a profound effect on the European public, regenerating interest in ancient Greek culture and influencing contemporary artistic trends. These sculptures were acquired from Lord Elgin by the British Museum in 1816 following a Parliamentary Select Committee enquiry which fully investigated and approved the legality of Lord Elgin’s actions. Since then the sculptures have all been on display to the public in the British Museum, free of entry charge.
Where can the surviving sculptures from the Parthenon be seen?
About 65% of the original sculptures from the Parthenon survive and are located in museums across Europe. The majority of the sculptures are divided between the Acropolis Museum in Athens and the British Museum in London (about 30% each), while important pieces are also held by other major European museums, including the Louvre and the Vatican.
1. Parthenon Sculptures in Athens
The Greek authorities have removed the remaining sculptures from the Parthenon, work that was begun over 200 years ago by Elgin. All of the sculptures have now been removed from the building and are displayed in the Acropolis Museum.
2. Parthenon Sculptures in London
The sculptures in London, sometimes known as the ‘Elgin Marbles’, have been on permanent public display in the British Museum since 1817, free of charge. Here they are seen by a world audience and are actively studied and researched to promote worldwide understanding of ancient Greek culture. The Museum has published the results of its research extensively. Working closely with colleagues at the Acropolis Museum, new discoveries of ancient applied colour on the sculptures have been made with the application of special imaging technology.
3. Parthenon Sculptures in other museums
The following institutions also hold sculpture from the Parthenon:
- Musée du Louvre, Paris
- Vatican Museums
- National Museum, Copenhagen
- Kunsthistorisches Museum,Vienna
- University Museum, Würzburg
- Glyptothek, Munich
What has the Greek Government asked for?
Since the early 1980s Greek governments have argued for the permanent removal to Athens of all the Parthenon sculptures in the British Museum. The Greek government has also disputed the British Museum Trustees’ legal title to the sculptures. For more information on the Greek Government’s official position, see the website of the Hellenic Ministry of Culture: www.culture.gr
What is the British Museum’s position?
The British Museum tells the story of cultural achievement throughout the world, from the dawn of human history over two million years ago until the present day. The Parthenon Sculptures are a significant part of that story. The Museum is a unique resource for the world: the breadth and depth of its collection allows a world-wide public to re-examine cultural identities and explore the complex network of interconnected human cultures. The Trustees lend extensively all over the world and over two million objects from the collection are available to study online. The Parthenon Sculptures are a vital element in this interconnected world collection. They are a part of the world’s shared heritage and transcend political boundaries.
The Acropolis Museum allows the Parthenon sculptures that are in Athens (approximately half of what survive from antiquity) to be appreciated against the backdrop of ancient Greek and Athenian history. The Parthenon sculptures in London are an important representation of ancient Athenian civilisation in the context of world history. Each year millions of visitors, free of charge, admire the artistry of the sculptures and gain insight into how ancient Greece influenced – and was influenced by – the other civilisations that it encountered.
The Trustees are convinced that the current division allows different and complementary stories to be told about the surviving sculptures, highlighting their significance within world culture and affirming the place of Ancient Greece among the great cultures of the world.
The following books provide good introductions to the Parthenon and its sculptures:
- Mary Beard, The Parthenon (Profile, 2002)
- Brian Cook, The Elgin Marbles (British Museum Press, 1984)
- Ian Jenkins, The Parthenon Frieze (British Museum Press, 1994)
- Ian Jenkins, The Parthenon Sculptures in the British Museum (British Museum Press, 2007)
- Ian Jenkins, Greek Architecture and its sculpture in the British Museum (British Museum Press, 2006)
- Ian Jenkins and Kate Morton, Explore the Parthenon – an ancient Greek temple and its sculptures (British Museum Press, 2009)
- William St Clair, Lord Elgin and the Marbles (3rd edition Oxford University Press, 1998)
These titles, and others, are available in the British Museum shop.
- The position of the British Museum Trustees and common misconceptions
- Loan of a Parthenon sculpture to the Hermitage: a marble ambassador of a European ideal
For further information or images please contact the Press Office
+44 (0)20 7323 8394 / 8583, or
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Do not forget that the newlyweds, to whom you gave your money many years ago, have no insurance.
Yes, of course, the adverbial phrase 'many years ago' modifies the verb. Adverbs never modify nouns. I did not give my diagram due care.
This is how I see the adverb phrase:
[many [years]] ago;
'many years' is an adverbial objective, a NP functioning as an adverb (modifies 'ago')
How would you diagram this sentence:
'You are right, aren't you?'?
I think you did a very good job Konderosi.
I DO think Parser is right about the placement of "many years ago" under "gave" as opposed to "money"
An "x" could have been placed on the sloping line for an understood "by" i.e. "ago by many years"
At some point I learned to call little clauses like "...aren't you?" as "tag questions". I think they work syntactically as little tiny sentences in their own right -- even though they are not standardly punctuated like them.
Biber says tag clauses (they are finite sub-clauses) are a type of peripheral clause; they are loosely attached to the end (sometimes the middle) of another clause. They include question tags and declarative tags. They have the effect of reinforcing the speaker's commitment to the proposition in the main clause.
Frank, do you like this?
They said, 'Yes sir,' and saluted.
Last edited by Kondorosi; 15-Dec-2009 at 13:33.
"They said and saluted." "Yes, sir" is the direct object of the first verb in the compound simple predicate. That direct object is made up of an interjection and a noun of direct address.
I would love to diagram it, but I don't know how to do it online. I must learn.
Do you think it would be possible to scan a hand-drawn diagram and then post it here? That is what I would really like to do.
Today I am not in school. The Farmer part of Linguist Farmer fell off a barn roof a few weeks ago, and I am missing some days from school. Therefore, the images are not blocked for me, and I can see them.
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Page 7 of 18
Focus was invented by Sid Sackson.
Focus is played on a square board with some of the corners removed. Here is the board with the pieces in the initial position. Players move, and must move, in turn. White moves first.
In Focus stacks of men emerge in any combination of colors. A stack is owned by the player who's color is on top.
- When a stack grows over five pieces tall, the remaining men are removed from the bottom of the stack. Men of a player's own color become 'reserves' to be re-entered into the game at a later time, while pieces of the opponent's color are captured.
- Instead of moving a piece, a player may choose to enter one of his reserves on any square of the board, whether vacant, or occupied by a piece of either color.
A player wins when his opponent cannot move a piece, nor enter a reserve on the board.
Note: Focus gave rise to Crossfire.
download applet play online a word on notation
|You can download this MindSports applet, which is tailored to save games played in the Pit, offline.|
Focus © Hasbro
Java applet © Ed van Zon
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21st Century Viking: Digging Deeper Into The Coal Train Controversy
By Brian LeBlanc
Last month while writing an article about the coal train controversy, I talked to Herb Krohn, a railroad union representative at a WSDOT rail transportation public workshop. Krohn made several points that I felt needed further investigation.
Digging deeper into this issue has made me realize how long and complicated a process the decisions to build the coal terminals are going to be, but also how important it is to stay involved to the end.
The points that Krohn made that I felt were worth investigating further were: coal dust was not hazardous except in confined spaces, that people were getting worked up about coal when there are much more hazardous materials being transported on the rails every day, and that environmentalists were attacking the railroads to stop the use of this particular commodity.
While he explained to me the details of how the railroads transport coal, I asked him if putting covers on the train cars could reduce the coal dust. Krohn informed me that coal dust is combustible in small and enclosed spaces and that the loads can be sprayed down with surfactant to reduce the coal dust.
Before I contacted the Sierra Club, I wanted to learn more about how the railroads used the surfactant. I was surprised to learn that Burlington Northern Santa Fe (BNSF), one of the railroads that would be shipping the coal, “has determined that coal dust poses a serious threat to the stability of our track structure and thus to the operational integrity of our lines in the Powder River Basin.”
In 2011, BNSF won a decision from the Surface Transportation Board, which regulates the railroads, that confirms they can force the coal companies to “establish reasonable coal loading requirements that will prevent the loss of coal dust from the tops of open-top coal cars.” BNSF wants the coal companies to modify the way the train cars are loaded and also spray surfactant on the loads. These measures will not only reduce the coal dust coming off the cars but also increase the cost of shipping the coal. Read BNSF’s Coal FAQ here: http://www.bnsf.com/customers/what-can-i-ship/coal/coal-dust.html
When I called the Sierra Club, I asked Robin Everett with the Coal Free Northwest campaign about the issues Krohn raised. I mentioned BNSF’s efforts to reduce coal dust and asked her if there are there any compromises or mitigations that the railroad and the coal terminals could make to their proposals that would satisfy the Sierra Club. “There is no mitigation that we would accept,” said Everett.
I asked if it is the goal of the Sierra Club to stop the use of coal period. “Yes,” Everett replied.
I asked Everett about Krohn’s calling into question why people were protesting coal as there are more dangerous things being transported by rail. She called it “a false argument,” saying that coal was dangerous because it is, as she says, “the number one source of global warming.” “Just because you have nuclear waste being transported on the tracks doesn’t make coal OK.” Everett did emphasize, however, that the Sierra Club is not against railroads and transportation, but against coal exports.
Finally, I asked about the jobs that the pro-coal train advocates say would be created as a result of building the terminals. Everett acknowledged that it’s a tough economy and jobs are a concern, but “the project has a potential to hurt jobs in the long run,” especially those of fishermen and farmers along the routes. Instead of jobs based on coal exports, the Sierra Club is advocating for ones based on clean energy. She also mentioned that studies are currently being done, including the one commissioned by Mayor McGinn, that are trying to investigate the possible net benefits of the coal terminals to the region.
The initial period of public commentary on the proposed coal terminal at Cherry Point ended Monday, Jan. 21. This public commentary will be used to inform the first round of the environmental review process, which is required by law. The entire environmental review process will take a couple of years and will be used by Federal, state, and Whatcom County officials to help them decide whether to issue the permits to build the Cherry Point coal terminal. The same process will inform the proposed one in Longview and the ones in Oregon.
There’s a lot at stake. These projects could affect Ballard, Washington and the entire Pacific Northwest. These officials are already getting a lot of pressure from two sides that seem unwilling to compromise. In the end, however, these officials are going to make the decision and we can only hope that we pay attention and hope they make the right call.
As concerned citizens, we need to understand the tangle of issues involved, educate ourselves on how the decision-making process works, and be willing to play the long game in order to make a difference.
Follow Ballard News-Tribune on Facebook at http://www.facebook.com/ballardnewstrib
And Twitter at http://twitter.com/ballardnewstrib
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Echoes of Oregon History Learning Guide
Declaration of Intention, 1849
Transcript of original document:
United States of America}
Territory of Oregon } SS
Clackamas County }
Be it remembered that on this 21st day of April in the year of 1849 personally appeared before me, Isaac W Gilbert Clerk of the County Court of Champeog County Andrew LaChapell the undersigned and made oath that he was born in Lower Canada in the province of Great Britian in the year of 1801 that he emigrated from said Kingdom of Great Britian to the United States of America in the year of 1817 and to Oregon the same year in which said Territory the said Chapell has continued to reside ever since that he has become much acquainted with the laws and institutuions of the United States Therefore I Andrew LaChapell do hereby make known my intentions of becoming a citizen of the United States and taking the oath of naturalization I do solemnly swear that I absolve all allegiance to all foreign princes kings potentates particularly to Queen Victoria Queen of Great Britian and Ireland and that I will support the constitution of the United States and the act to establish a Territorial Government in Oregon so help me God.
Andrew X LaChapell
When Oregon became a United States territory in 1849, residents could not hold dual citizenship. Hudson's Bay Company employees who had settled in Oregon needed to become U.S. citizens so that their land holdings would be officially recognized. Many immediately filed Declarations of Intention to become citizens. This Declaration of Intention shows that Andrew LaChapell was born in Canada in 1801 and came to Oregon in 1817, when he was sixteen years old. To become a citizen, LaChapell renounces his allegiance to Queen Victoria. Note also that LaChapell signed the Declaration with his mark, evidence that he could not read or write.
Words and Terms
For Further Discussion
1. What does this document tell you about Andrew LaChapell?
2. What does a Declaration of Intention do?
3. What could Andrew LaChapell expect in return for this Declaration?
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The Database Hacker's Handbook: Defending Database Servers
In this essential follow-up to The Shellcoder's Handbook, four of the world's top security experts teach you to break into and defend the seven most popular database servers. You'll learn how to identify vulnerabilities, how attacks are carried out, and how to stop the carnage. The bad guys already know all this. You need to know it too.
* Identify and plug the new holes in Oracle and Microsoft(r) SQL Server
* Learn the best defenses for IBM's DB2(r), PostgreSQL, Sybase ASE, and MySQL(r) servers
* Discover how buffer overflow exploitation, privilege escalation through SQL, stored procedure or trigger abuse, and SQL injection enable hacker access
* Recognize vulnerabilities peculiar to each database
* Find out what the attackers already know
Go to www.wiley.com/go/dbhackershandbook for code samples, security alerts , and programs available for download.
Part I: Introduction.
Chapter 1: Why Care About Database Security?
Part II: Oracle.
Chapter 2: The Oracle Architecture.
Chapter 3: Attacking Oracle.
Chapter 4: Oracle: Moving Further into the Network.
Chapter 5: Securing Oracle.
Part III: DB2.
Chapter 6: IBM DB2 Universal Database.
Chapter 7: DB2: Discovery, Attack, and Defense.
Chapter 8: Attacking DB2.
Chapter 9: Securing DB2.
Part IV: Informix.
Chapter 10: The Informix Architecture.
Chapter 11: Informix: Discovery, Attack, and Defense.
Chapter 12: Securing Informix.
Part V: Sybase ASE.
Chapter 13: Sybase Architecture.
Chapter 14: Sybase: Discovery, Attack, and Defense.
Chapter 15: Sybase: Moving Further into the Network.
Chapter 16: Securing Sybase.
Part VI: MySQL.
Chapter 17: MySQL Architecture.
Chapter 18: MySQL: Discovery, Attack, and Defense.
Chapter 19: MySQL: Moving Further into the Network.
Chapter 20: Securing MySQL.
Part VII: SQL Server.
Chapter 21: Microsoft SQL Server Architecture.
Chapter 22: SQL Server: Exploitation, Attack, and Defense.
Chapter 23: Securing SQL Server.
Part VIII: PostgreSQL.
Chapter 24: The PostgreSQL Architecture.
Chapter 25: PostgreSQL: Discovery and Attack.
Chapter 26: Securing PostgreSQL.
Appendix A: Example C Code for a Time-Delay SQL Injection Harness.
Appendix B: Dangerous Extended Stored Procedures.
Appendix C: Oracle Default Usernames and Passwords.
Chris Anley is a co-author of The Shellcoder’s Handbook, a best-selling book about security vulnerability research. He has published whitepapers and security advisories on a number of database systems, including SQL Server, Sybase, MySQL, DB2, and Oracle.
John Heasman is a principal security consultant at NGS Software. He is a prolific security researcher and has published many security advisories relating to high-profile products such as Microsoft Windows, Real Player, Apple Quick-Time, and PostgreSQL.
Bill Grindlay is a senior security consultant and software engineer at NGS Software. He has worked on both the generalized vulnerability scanner Typhon III and the NGSSQuirreL family of database security scanners. He is a co-author of the database administrator’s guide, SQL Server Security.
Next Generation Security Software Ltd is a UK-based company that develops a suite of database server vulnerability assessment tools, the NGSSQuirreL family. Founded in 2001, NGS Software’s consulting arm is the largest dedicated security team in Europe. All four authors of this book work for NGS Software.
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Researchers at Kaspersky Lab say a tool first thought to be a module of the Flame malware is actually an independent piece of malware in its own right.
Kaspersky Lab is calling the interoperable tool 'miniFlame'. Designed to steal data and control compromised computers in the name of espionage, the malware was first discovered by Kaspersky Lab in July. During a more in-depth analysis of Flame's command and control (C&C) in September however, they discovered the tool was not a module after all. Instead it actually could be used both as an independent malicious program or a plug-in for both Flame and Gauss – a fact the company said further proves there was cooperation between the creators of those two programs.
The discovery is the latest twist in the story of Flame and Gauss, espionage tools discovered by security pros earlier this year. Both pieces of malware had numerous commonalities, including similar achitectural platforms, module structures, code bases and communication methods with command and control servers. Flame, along with Stuxnet, is believed by many to have been part of a state-sponsored cyber-operation by the United States and Israel.
According to Kaspersky Lab, miniFlame – called SPE in the code of Flame's original C&C servers – is based on the same architectural platform as Flame and operates as a backdoor designed for data theft and direct access to infected computers. In addition, it is also capable of taking screenshots of victims' computers while the computer is using a Web browser, Adobe Reader, Microsoft Office, an instant messenger or FTP client.
The tool uploads the stolen data by connecting to its C&C server. An additional data-stealing module can be sent to an infected system to target USB devices and use them to store data collected from machines.
Development of miniFlame is believed to have started as early as 2007. Several versions of miniFlame were created between 2010 and 2011, with some still active in the wild today, according to the company.
The original infection vector of miniFlame has not been determined by Kaspersky Lab. However, unlike Flame or Gauss, which had high number of infections, the amount of infections for miniFlame is small – about 50-60 machines worldwide.
“miniFlame is a high precision attack tool," said Alexander Gostev, chief security expert, Kaspersky Lab, in a statement. "Most likely it is a targeted cyberweapon used in what can be defined as the second wave of a cyberattack."
"First, Flame or Gauss are used to infect as many victims as possible to collect large quantities of information," he continued. "After data is collected and reviewed, a potentially interesting victim is defined and identified, and miniFlame is installed in order to conduct more in-depth surveillance and cyber-espionage. The discovery of miniFlame also gives us additional evidence of the cooperation between the creators of the most notable malicious programs used for cyber warfare operations: Stuxnet, Duqu, Flame and Gauss.”
A detailed analysis of miniFlame can be found here.
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Incubation Instructions for Teachers
If you plan to use an incubator to hatch eggs, always carefully read and follow the manufacturer's instructions.
The following instructions are for teachers in Lancaster County, Nebraska who are using incubators as part of the 4-H School Enrichment program.
- Incubator Set Up for 4-H Embryology - Nebraska Extension in Lancaster County, NE: How to set up a Hova-Bator model 1588 circulated air incubator.
- Brooder Set Up for 4-H Embryology - Nebraska Extension in Lancaster County, NE: How to setup a brooder for baby chickens in a classroom.
Incubator Types used for 4-H Embryology:
Printable Incubator Instructions:
General Incubation Instructions
1) Location of Incubator:
- Ideal room conditions are 70-75 degrees Fahrenheit
- Place the incubator away from drafts, out of direct sunlight and placed on an inside wall.
2) Start and Regulate:
- Follow the Incubator Directions.
Teachers: If you are using the wooden or square stryofoam incubators, you must begin to calibrate them at least two weeks prior to your scheduled embryology presentation. It is absolutely necessary that the incubator be calibrated before setting the eggs.
3) Setting the Fertile Eggs:
- Place the fertile eggs in the incubator. Do not change the temperature settings. The eggs are cool and it will take a few hours to warm them up.
4) Incubating the Eggs:
*Maintain the temperature at no more than 102 degrees F. In general, overheating can cause more problems than underheating.
IMPORTANT NOTE: In working with local teachers, a temperature of 102 degrees F has increased the hatching success rates in our classrooms. This may be because students and teachers are opening the lids of the incubators more to work with the eggs than in a typical situation. If you are not opening the incubator, then adjust the temperature accordingly by following the instructions that came with your incubator and/or checking the resources listed below.
*When adding water to the incubators, always use warm water.
*Turn the eggs three times each day. Always turn eggs an odd number of times. Rotate eggs once a day.
*For teachers - On weekends you can turn the eggs once a day and rotate them once each day.
*At about 9:00 a.m. on Day 19, turn the eggs once and rotate them once. Follow the directions for your incubator. You may need to add warm water and/or wet sponges. Close the incubator and DO NOT OPEN until the baby chicks hatch.
When Chicks Hatch
Chicks will begin pipping (pecking through the shell) around the 21st day of incubation. Pipping will take place for one to six hours before the chick emerges from the shell.
After emerging from the shell, the chicks will dry, become strong and begin to move about. This may take four to six hours. It is important to leave the chicks in the incubator until they are completely dry.
Remove the hatched chicks from the incubator and place in a heated box. The heated box should contain a 40-watt light bulb lowered to within six inches from the bottom of the box. Keep the box in a warm place and away from drafts.
Remove empty shells from the incubator and clean it.
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2007 Schools Wikipedia Selection. Related subjects: Recent History; World War II
The events of March 12, 1938, marked the culmination of historical cross-national pressures to unify the German populations of Austria and Germany under one nation. However, the 1938 Anschluss, regardless of its popularity, was enacted by Germany. Earlier, Hitlerian Germany had provided support for the Austrian National Socialist Party in its bid to seize power from Austria's Austrofascist leadership. Fully devoted to remaining independent but amidst growing pressures, the chancellor of Austria, Kurt Schuschnigg, tried to hold a plebiscite.
Although he expected Austria to vote in favour of maintaining autonomy, a well-planned internal overthrow by the Austrian Nazi Party of Austria's state institutions in Vienna took place on March 11, prior to the vote. With power quickly transferred over to Germany, the Wehrmacht troops entered Austria to enforce the Anschluss. The Nazis held a plebiscite within the following month, where they received 99.73% of the vote. No fighting ever took place and the strongest voices against the annexation, particularly Fascist Italy, France and the United Kingdom: the Stresa Front, were powerless or, in case of Italy, appeased. The Allies were, on paper, committed to upholding the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, which specifically prohibited the union of Austria and Germany.
Nevertheless, the Anschluss was among the first major steps in Adolf Hitler's long-desired creation of an empire including German-speaking lands and territories Germany had lost after World War I. Already prior to the 1938, the Rhineland was retaken and the Saar region was returned to Germany after fifteen years of occupation (see: Treaty of Versailles). After the Anschluss, the predominantly German Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia was taken, with the rest of the country becoming a protectorate to Germany in 1939. That same year, Memelland was returned from Lithuania, the final event and antecedent before the invasion of Poland, prompting World War II.
Austria ceased to exist as a fully independent nation until 1955. A preliminary Austrian government was reinstated on April 27, 1945, and was legally recognized by the Allies in the following months.
Situation before the Anschluss
The idea of grouping all Germans into one state had been the subject of inconclusive debate since the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. Prior to 1866, it was generally thought that the unification of the Germans could only succeed under Austrian leadership, but the rise of Prussia was largely unpredicted. This created a rivarly between the two that made unification through a Großdeutschland solution impossible. Also, due to the multi-ethnic composition of the Austro-Hungarian Empire centralized in Vienna, many rejected this notion and it was unthinkable that Austria would give up her "non-German" territories, let alone submit to Prussia. Nevertheless, a series of wars, including the Austro-Prussian War, led to the expulsion of Austria from German affairs, allowed for the creation of the Norddeutsche Bund ( North German Confederation) and consolidated the German states through Prussia, enabling the creation of a German Empire in 1871. Otto von Bismarck played a fundamental role in this process, with the end result representing a Kleindeutsche solution that did not include the German-speaking parts of Austria-Hungary . When the latter broke up in 1918, many German-speaking Austrians hoped to join with Germany in the realignment of Europe, but the Treaty of Versailles (1919) and the Treaty of Saint-Germain of 1919 explicitly vetoed the inclusion of Austria within a German state, because France and Britain feared the power of a larger Germany, and had already begun to disempower the current one. Also Austrian particularism, especially among the nobility, played a huge role, as Austria was Roman Catholic, while Germany was dominated, especially in government, more by Protestants.
In the early 1930s, popular support for union with Germany remained overwhelming, and the Austrian government looked to a possible customs union with Germany in 1931. However Hitler's and the Nazis' rise to power in Germany left the Austrian government with little enthusiasm for such formal ties. Hitler, born in Austria, had promoted an "all-German Reich" from the early beginnings of his leadership in the NSDAP and had publicly stated as early as 1924 in Mein Kampf that he would attempt a union, by force if necessary.
Austria shared the economic turbulence of post-1929 Europe with a high unemployment rate and unstable commerce and industry. Similar to its northern and southern neighbours these uncertain conditions made the young democracy very vulnerable. The First Republic, dominated from the late 1920s by the Catholic nationalist Christian Social Party (CS), gradually disintegrated from 1933 (dissolution of parliament and ban of the Austrian National Socialists) to 1934 ( Austrian Civil War in February and ban of all remaining parties except the CS) and evolved into a pseudo- fascist, corporatist model of one-party government which combined the CS and the paramilitary Heimwehr with absolute state domination of labour relations and no freedom of the press (see Austrofascism and Patriotic Front). Power was centralized in the office of the Chancellor who was empowered to rule by decree. The predominance of the Christian Social Party (whose economic policies were based on the papal encyclical Rerum novarum) was an Austrian phenomenon in that Austria's national identity had strong Catholic elements which were incorporated into the movement by way of clerical authoritarian tendencies which are certainly not to be found in Nazism. Both Engelbert Dollfuss and his successor Kurt Schuschnigg turned to Austria's other fascist neighbour, Italy, for inspiration and support. Indeed, the statist corporatism often referred to as Austrofascism bore more resemblance to Italian Fascism than German National Socialism. Benito Mussolini was able to support the independent aspirations of the Austrian dictatorship until his need for German support in Ethiopia forced him into a client relationship with Berlin that began with the 1937 Berlin-Rome Axis.
When Chancellor Dollfuss was assassinated by Austrian Nazis on 25 July 1934 in a failed coup, the second civil war within only one year followed, lasting until August 1934. Afterwards, many leading Austrian Nazis fled to Germany and continued to coordinate their actions from there while the remaining Austrian Nazis started to make use of terrorist attacks against the Austrian governmental institutions (causing a death toll of more than 800 between 1934 and 1938). Dollfuss' successor Schuschnigg, who followed the political course of Dollfuss, took drastic actions against the Nazis, for instance the rounding up of Nazis (but also Social Democrats) in internment camps.
The Anschluss of 1938
Hitler's first moves
In early 1938, Hitler had consolidated his power in Germany and was ready to reach out to fulfil his long-planned expansion. After a lengthy period of pressure by Germany, Hitler met Schuschnigg on 12 February 1938 in Berchtesgaden ( Bavaria) and instructed him to lift the ban of political parties, reinstate full party freedoms, release all imprisoned members of the Nazi party and let them participate in the government. Otherwise, he would take military action. Schuschnigg complied with Hitler's demands and appointed Arthur Seyss-Inquart, a Nazi lawyer, as Interior Minister and another Nazi, Edmund Glaise-Horstenau, as Minister, even without a portfolio.
Before the February meeting, Schuschnigg was already under considerable pressure from Germany. This may be seen in the demand to remove the chief of staff of the Austrian Army, Alfred Jansa, from his position in January 1938. Jansa and his staff had developed a scenario for Austria's defense against a German attack, a situation Hitler wanted to avoid at all costs. Schuschnigg subsequently complied with the demand.
During the following weeks, Schuschnigg realized that his newly appointed ministers were working to take over his authority. Schuschnigg tried to gather support throughout Austria and inflame patriotism among the people. For the first time since 12 February 1934 (the time of the Austrian Civil War), socialists and communists could legally appear in public again. The communists announced their unconditional support for the Austrian government, understandable in light of Nazi pressure on Austria. The socialists demanded further concessions from Schuschnigg before they were willing to side with him.
Schuschnigg announces a referendum
On 9 March, as a last resort to preserve Austria's independence, Schuschnigg scheduled a plebiscite on the independence of Austria for 13 March. To secure a large majority in the referendum, Schuschnigg set the minimum voting age at 24 in order to exclude younger voters who largely sympathized with Nazi ideology. Holding a referendum was a highly risky gamble for Schuschnigg, and, on the next day, it became apparent that Hitler would not simply stand by while Austria declared its independence by public vote. Hitler declared that the plebiscite would be subject to major fraud and that Germany would not accept it. In addition, the German Ministry of Propaganda issued press reports that riots had broken out in Austria and that large parts of the Austrian population were calling for German troops to restore order. Schuschnigg immediately publicly replied that the reports of riots were nothing but lies-—as they actually were.
Hitler sent an ultimatum to Schuschnigg on 11 March, demanding that he hand over all power to the Austrian National Socialists or face an invasion. The ultimatum was set to expire at noon, but was extended by two hours. However, without waiting for an answer, Hitler had already signed the order to send troops into Austria at one o'clock, issuing it to Hermann Göring only hours later.
Schuschnigg desperately sought support for Austrian independence in the hours following the ultimatum, but, realizing that neither France nor the United Kingdom were willing to take steps, he resigned as Chancellor that evening. In the radio broadcast in which he announced his resignation, he argued that he accepted the changes and allowed the Nazis to take over the government in order to avoid bloodshed. Meanwhile, Austrian President Wilhelm Miklas refused to appoint Seyss-Inquart Chancellor and asked other Austrian politicians such as Michael Skubl and Sigismund Schilhawsky to assume the office. However, the Nazis were well organised. Within hours they managed to take control of many parts of Vienna, including the Ministry of Internal Affairs (controlling the Police). As Miklas continued to refuse to appoint a Nazi government and Seyss-Inquart still could not send a telegram in the name of the Austrian government demanding German troops to restore order, Hitler became furious. At about 10 PM, well after Hitler had signed and issued the order for the invasion, Göring and Hitler gave up on waiting and published a forged telegram containing a request by the Austrian Government for German troops to enter Austria. Around midnight, after nearly all critical offices and buildings had fallen into Nazi hands in Vienna and the main political party members of the old government had been arrested, Miklas finally conceded to appoint Seyss-Inquart Chancellor.
German troops march into Austria
On the morning of 12 March, the 8th Army of the German Wehrmacht crossed the German-Austrian border. They did not face resistance by the Austrian Army-—on the contrary, the German troops were greeted by cheering Austrians. Although the invading forces were badly organized and coordination between the units was poor, it mattered little because no fighting took place. It did, however, serve as a warning to German commanders in future military operations, such as that against Czechoslovakia.
Hitler's car crossed the border in the afternoon at Braunau, his birthplace. In the evening, he arrived at Linz and was given an enthusiastic welcome in the city hall. The atmosphere was so intense that Göring, in a telephone call that evening, stated: "There is unbelievable jubilation in Austria. We ourselves did not think that sympathies would be so intense."
Hitler's further travel through Austria changed into a triumphal tour that climaxed in Vienna, when around 200,000 Austrians gathered on the Heldenplatz (Square of Heroes) to hear Hitler proclaim the Austrian Anschluss ( Video: Hitler proclaims Austria's inclusion in the Reich (2MB)). Hitler later commented: "Certain foreign newspapers have said that we fell on Austria with brutal methods. I can only say: even in death they cannot stop lying. I have in the course of my political struggle won much love from my people, but when I crossed the former frontier (into Austria) there met me such a stream of love as I have never experienced. Not as tyrants have we come, but as liberators."
The Anschluss was given immediate effect by legislative act on 13 March, subject to ratification by a plebiscite. Austria became the province of Ostmark, and Seyss-Inquart was appointed Governor. The plebiscite was held on 10 April and officially recorded a support of 99.73% of the voters. While historians concur that the result itself was not manipulated, the voting process was neither free nor secret. Officials were present directly beside the voting booths and received the voting ballot by hand (in contrast to a secret vote where the voting ballot is inserted into a closed box). In addition, Hitler's brutal methods to emasculate any opposition had been immediately implemented in the weeks preceding the referendum. Even before the first German soldier crossed the border, Heinrich Himmler and a few SS officers landed in Vienna to arrest prominent representatives of the First Republic such as Richard Schmitz, Leopold Figl, Friedrich Hillegeist and Franz Olah. During the weeks following the Anschluss (and before the plebiscite), Social Democrats, Communists, and other potential political dissenters, as well as Jews, were rounded up and either imprisoned or sent to concentration camps. Within only a few days of 12 March, 70,000 people had been arrested. The referendum itself was subject to large-scale propaganda and to the abrogation of the voting rights of around 400,000 people (nearly 10% of the eligible voting population), mainly former members of left-wing parties and Jews. Interestingly, in some remote areas of Austria the referendum on the independence of Austria on 13 March was held despite the Wehrmacht's presence in Austria (it took up to 3 days to occupy every part of Austria). For instance, in the village of Innervillgraten a majority of 95% voted for Austria's independence.
Austria remained part of the Third Reich until the end of World War II when a preliminary Austrian Government declared the Anschluss " null und nichtig" ( void and null) on April 27, 1945. After the war, then allied-occupied Austria was recognized and treated as a separate country, but was not restored to sovereignty until the Austrian State Treaty and Austrian Declaration of Neutrality, both of 1955, largely due to the rapid development of the Cold War and disputes between the Soviet Union and its former allies over its foreign policy.
Reactions and consequences of the Anschluss
The picture of Austria in the first days of its existence in the Third Reich is one of contradictions: at one and the same time, Hitler's terror regime began to tighten its grip in every area of society, beginning with mass arrests and thousands of Austrians attempting to flee in every direction; yet Austrians could be seen cheering and welcoming German troops entering Austrian territory. Many Austrian political figures did not hesitate to announce their support of the Anschluss and their relief that it happened without violence.
Cardinal Theodor Innitzer (a political figure of the CS) declared as early as 12 March: "The Viennese Catholics should thank the Lord for the bloodless way this great political change has occurred, and they should pray for a great future for Austria. Needless to say, everyone should obey the orders of the new institutions." The other Austrian bishops followed suit some days later. Vatican Radio, however, immediately broadcast a vehement denunciation of the German action, and Cardinal Pacelli ordered Innitzer to report to Rome. Before meeting with the pope, Innitzer met with Pacelli, who had been outraged by Innitzer's statement. He made it clear that Innitzer needed to retract; he was made to sign a new statement, issued on behalf of all the Austrian bishops, which provided: “The solemn declaration of the Austrian bishops ... was clearly not intended to be an approval of something that was not and is not compatible with God's law”. The Vatican newspaper also reported that the bishops' earlier statement had been issued without the approval from Rome.
Robert Kauer, President of the Protestants in Austria, greeted Hitler on 13 March as "saviour of the 350,000 German Protestants in Austria and liberator from a five-year hardship." Even Karl Renner, the most famous Social Democrat of the First Republic, announced his support for the Anschluss and appealed to all Austrians to vote in favour of it on 10 April.
The international response to the expansion of Germany may be described as moderate. The Times commented that 200 years ago Scotland had joined England as well and that this event would not really differ much. On 14 March, the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain noted in the House of Commons:
His Majesty's Government have throughout been in the closest touch with the situation. The Foreign Secretary saw the German Foreign Minister on the 10th of March and addressed to him a grave warning on the Austrian situation and upon what appeared to be the policy of the German Government in regard to it.... Late on the 11th of March our Ambassador in Berlin registered a protest in strong terms with the German Government against such use of coercion, backed by force, against an independent State in order to create a situation incompatible with its national independence.
However the speech concluded:
I imagine that according to the temperament of the individual the events which are in our minds to-day will be the cause of regret, of sorrow, perhaps of indignation. They cannot be regarded by His Majesty's Government with indifference or equanimity. They are bound to have effects which cannot yet be measured. The immediate result must be to intensify the sense of uncertainty and insecurity in Europe. Unfortunately, while the policy of appeasement would lead to a relaxation of the economic pressure under which many countries are suffering to-day, what has just occurred must inevitably retard economic recovery and, indeed, increased care will be required to ensure that marked deterioration does not set in. This is not a moment for hasty decisions or for careless words. We must consider the new situation quickly, but with cool judgement... As regards our defence programmes, we have always made it clear that they were flexible and that they would have to be reviewed from time to time in the light of any development in the international situation. It would be idle to pretend that recent events do not constitute a change of the kind that we had in mind. Accordingly we have decided to make a fresh review, and in due course we shall announce what further steps we may think it necessary to take.
The moderate reaction to the Anschluss was the first major consequence of the strictly followed appeasement British foreign policy strategy. The international reaction on the events of March 12 1938 led Hitler to conclude that he could use even more aggressive tactics in his roadmap to expand the Third Reich, as he would later in annexing the Sudetenland. The relatively bloodless Anschluss helped pave the way for the Treaty of Munich in September 1938 and the annexation of Czechoslovakia in 1939, because it reinforced appeasement as the right way for Britain to deal with Hitler's Germany.
Legacy of the 1938 Anschluss
The Anschluss: annexation or union?
Some historical sources, for instance Encyclopædia Britannica and the Encarta Encyclopedia describe the Anschluss as an "annexation". Outside this context "Anschluss" is properly translated as "join", "connection", "unification" or "political union". The German word "Annektierung" would mean military annexation unambiguously. However, the word commonly used in German for the process of spring 1938 is Anschluss.
The precise character of the Anschluss remains a difficulty essential to Austria's understanding of its history and the obligations it entails.
The appeal of Nazism to Austrians
The Anschluss can be misunderstood as simply a military annexation of an unwilling Austria, but this lends itself to confusion with other German military occupations of European countries. Despite the subversion of Austrian political process by Hitler's sympathisers and associates in Austria, Austrian acceptance of direct government by Hitler's Germany is a very different phenomenon from the administration of other collaborationist countries.
With the break-up of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy in 1918, popular opinion was for unification with Germany, in realization of the Grossdeutschland concept--this however was forbidden by the Treaty of St. Germain, to which the newly formed Austrian republic was obliged. This was in stark contrast to the general concept of self-determination which governed the Versailles talks, as was the inclusion of the Sudetenland, a German-populated area of the former Austro-Hungarian province of Bohemia (whose population favoured joining German-speaking Austria), in the newly formed Czechoslovak republic, giving rise to revisionist sentiment. This laid the grounds for the general willingness of the populations of both Austria and the Sudetenland for inclusion into the Third Reich, as well as the relative acceptance of the Western Governments, who made little protest until March 1939, when the irredentist argument lost its value following the annexation of the rest of Czech-speaking Bohemia, as well as Moravia and Czech Silesia.
The small Republic of Austria was seen by many of its citizens as economically nonviable, a feeling that was exacerbated by the Depression of the 1930s. In contrast, the Nazi dictatorship appeared to have found a solution to the economic crisis of the 1930s. Furthermore, the break-up had thrown Austria into a crisis of identity, and many Austrians, of both the left and the right, felt that Austria should be part of a larger German nation.
Politically, Austria had not had the time to develop a strongly democratic society to resist the onslaught of totalitarianism. The final version of the First Republic's constitution had only lasted from 1929 to 1933. The First Republic was ridden by violent strife between the different political camps; the Christian Social Party were complicit in the murder of large numbers of adherents of the decidedly left-wing Social Democratic Party by the police during the July Revolt of 1927. In fact, with the end of democracy in 1933 and the establishment of Austrofascism, Austria had already purged its democratic institutions and instituted a dictatorship long before the Anschluss. There is thus little to distinguish radically the institutions of, at least the post-1934 Austrian government, before or after 12 March 1938.
The members of the leading Christian Social Party were fervent Catholics, but not particularly anti-Semitic. For instance, Jews were not prohibited from exercising any profession, in sharp contrast to the Third Reich. Many prominent Austrian scientists, professors, and lawyers at the time were Jewish; in fact Vienna, with its Jewish population of about 200,000, was considered a safe haven from 1933 to 1938 by many Jews who fled Nazi Germany. However, the Nazis' anti-Semitism found fertile soil in Austria. Anti-Semitic elements had emerged as a force in Austrian politics in the late nineteenth century, with the rise in prominence of figures such as Georg Ritter von Schönerer and Karl Lueger (who had influenced the young Hitler) and, in the 1930s, anti-Semitism was rampant, as Jews were a convenient scapegoat for economic problems.
In addition to the economic appeal of the Anschluss, the popular underpinning of Nazi politics as a total art form (the refinement of film propaganda exemplified by Riefenstahl's Triumph of the Will and mythological aestheticism of a broadly conceived national destiny of the German people within a "Thousand-Year Reich") gave the Nazis a massive advantage in advancing their claims to power. Moreover Austrofascism was less grand in its appeal than the choice between Stalin and Hitler to which many European intellectuals of the time believed themselves reduced by the end of the decade. Austria had effectively no alternative view of its historical mission when the choice was upon it. In spite of Dollfuss' and Schuschnigg's hostility to Nazi political ambitions, the Nazis succeeded in convincing many Austrians to accept what they viewed as the historical destiny of the German people rather than continue as part of a distinct sovereign.
The Second Republic
The Moscow Declaration
The governments of the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States of America are agreed that Austria, the first free country to fall a victim to Hitlerite aggression, shall be liberated from German domination.
They regard the annexation imposed on Austria by Germany on 15 March 1938, as null and void. They consider themselves as in no way bound by any charges affected in Austria since that date. They declare that they wish to see re-established a free and independent Austria and thereby to open the way for the Austrian people themselves, as well as those neighbouring States which will be faced with similar problems, to find that political and economic security which is the only basis for lasting peace.
Austria is reminded, however that she has a responsibility, which she cannot evade, for participation in the war at the side of Hitlerite Germany, and that in the final settlement account will inevitably be taken of her own contribution to her liberation.
To judge from the last paragraph and subsequent determinations at the Nuremberg Trial, the Declaration was intended to serve as propaganda aimed at stirring Austrian resistance (although there are Austrians counted as Righteous Among the Nations, there never was an effective Austrian armed resistance of the sort found in other countries under German occupation) more than anything else, although the exact text of the declaration is said to have a somewhat complex drafting history. At Nuremberg Arthur Seyss-Inquart and Franz von Papen, in particular, were both indicted under count one (conspiracy to commit crimes against peace) specifically for their activities in support of the Austrian Nazi Party and the Anschluss, but neither was convicted of this count. In acquitting von Papen, the court noted that his actions were in its view political immoralities but not crimes under its charter. Seyss-Inquart was convicted of other serious war crimes, most of which took place in Poland and the Netherlands, and was sentenced to death.
Austrian identity and the "victim theory"
After World War II, many Austrians sought comfort in the myth of Austria as "the Nazis' first victim". Although the Nazi party was promptly banned, Austria did not have the same thorough process of de-Nazification at the top of government which was imposed on Germany for a time. Lacking outside pressure for political reform, factions of Austrian society tried for a long time to advance the view that the Anschluss was only an annexation at bayonet point.
This view of the events of 1938 has deep roots in the ten years of Allied occupation and the struggle to regain Austrian sovereignty: The victim theory played an essential role in the negotiations on the Austrian State Treaty with the Soviets, and by pointing to the Moscow Declaration Austrian politicians heavily relied on it to achieve a solution for Austria different from the division into East and West in Germany. The State Treaty, alongside with the subsequent Austrian declaration of permanent neutrality marked important milestones for the solidification of Austria's independent national identity during the following decades.
As Austrian politicians of the left and right attempted to reconcile their differences in order to avoid the violent conflict that had dominated the first republic, discussions of both Austrofascism and Austria's role in Nazism were largely avoided. Still, the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) has advanced and still sometimes advances the argument that the establishment of the Dollfuss dictatorship was necessary in order to maintain Austrian independence, while the Austrian Social Democratic Party (SPÖ) argues that the dictatorship stripped the country of the democratic resources necessary to repel Hitler.
For decades, the victim theory established in the Austrian mind remained largely undisputed. The Austrian public was only rarely forced to confront the legacy of the Third Reich (most notably during the events of 1965 concerning Taras Borodajkewycz, a professor of economic history notorious for anti-Semitic remarks, when Ernst Kirchweger, a concentration camp survivor, was killed by a right-wing protester during riots). It was not until the 1980s that Austrians were finally massively confronted with their past. The main catalyst for the start of a Vergangenheitsbewältigung was the so-called Waldheim affair. The Austrian reply to allegations during the 1986 Presidential election campaign that successful candidate and former UN Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim had been a member of the Nazi party and of the infamous SA (he was later absolved of direct involvement in war crimes) was that scrutiny was an unwelcome intervention in the country's internal affairs. Despite the politicians' reactions to international criticism of Waldheim, the Waldheim affair started the first serious major discussion on Austria's past and the Anschluss.
Another main factor for Austria and its coming to terms with the past emerged in the 1980s: Jörg Haider and the rise of the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ). The party had combined elements of the pan-German right with free-market liberalism since its foundation in 1955, but after Haider had ascended to the party chairmanship in 1986, the liberal elements became increasingly marginalized while Haider began to openly use nationalist and anti-immigrant rhetoric. He was often criticised for tactics such as the völkisch (ethnic) definition of national interest ("Austria for Austrians") and his apologism for Austria's past, notably calling members of the Waffen-SS "men of honour". Following an enormous electoral rise in the 1990s peaking in the 1999 elections, the FPÖ, now purged of its liberal elements, entered a coalition with the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) led by Wolfgang Schüssel that met international condemnation in 2000. This coalition triggered the regular Donnerstagsdemonstrationen (Thursday demonstrations) in protest against the government, which took place on the Heldenplatz, where Hitler had greeted the masses during the Anschluss. Haider's tactics and rhetoric, which were often criticised as sympathetic to Nazism, again forced Austrians to reconsider their relationship to the past.
But it is not Jörg Haider alone who has made questionable remarks on Austria's past: Jörg Haider's coalition partner the current Chancellor Wolfgang Schüssel in an interview with the Jerusalem Post as late as 2000 stated that Austria was the first victim of Hitler-Germany.
Tearing into the simplism of the victim theory and the time of the Austrofascism, Thomas Bernhard's last play, Heldenplatz, was highly controversial even before it appeared on stage in 1988, fifty years after Hitler's visit. Bernhard's achievement was to make the elimination of references to Hitler's reception in Vienna emblematic of Austrian attempts to claim their history and culture under questionable criteria. Many politicians from all political factions called Bernhard a Nestbeschmutzer (so. damaging the reputation of his country) and openly demanded that the play should not be staged in Vienna's Burgtheater. Kurt Waldheim, who was at that time still Austrian president called the play a crude insult to the Austrian people.
The Historical Commission and outstanding legal issues
In the context of the postwar Federal Republic of Germany, one encounters a Vergangenheitsbewältigung ("struggle to come to terms with the past") that has been partially institutionalised, variably in literary, cultural, political, and educational contexts (its development and difficulties have not been trivial; see, for example, the Historikerstreit). Austria formed a Historikerkommission ("Historian's Commission" or "Historical Commission") in 1998 with a mandate to review Austria's role in the Nazi expropriation of Jewish property from a scholarly rather than legal perspective, partly in response to continuing criticism of its handling of property claims. Its membership was based on recommendations from various quarters, including Simon Wiesenthal and Yad Vashem. The Commission delivered its report in 2003. Noted Holocaust historian Raul Hilberg refused to participate in the Commission and in an interview stated his strenuous objections in terms both personal and in reference to larger questions about Austrian culpability and liability, comparing what he to be relative inattention to the settlement governing the Swiss bank holdings of those who died or were displaced by the Holocaust:
I personally would like to know why the WJC World Jewish Congress has hardly put any pressure on Austria, even as leading Nazis and SS leaders were Austrians, Hitler included... Immediately after the war, the US wanted to make the Russians withdraw from Austria, and the Russians wanted to keep Austria neutral, therefore there was a common interest to grant Austria victim status. And later Austria could cry poor - though its per capita income is as high as Germany's. And, most importantly, the Austrian PR machinery works better. Austria has the opera ball, the imperial castle, Mozartkugeln [a chocolate]. Americans like that. And Austrians invest and export relatively little to the US, therefore they are less vulnerable to blackmail. In the meantime, they set up a commission in Austria to clarify what happened to Jewish property. Victor Klima, the former chancellor, has asked me to join. My father fought for Austria in the First World War and in 1939 he was kicked out of Austria. After the war they offered him ten dollars per month as compensation. For this reason I told Klima, no thank you, this makes me sick.
The Simon Wiesenthal Centre continues to criticise Austria (as recently as June 2005) for its alleged historical and ongoing unwillingness aggressively to pursue investigations and trials against Nazis for war crimes and crimes against humanity from the seventies onwards. Its 2001 report offered the following characterization:
Given the extensive participation of numerous Austrians, including at the highest levels, in the implementation of the Final Solution and other Nazi crimes, Austria should have been a leader in the prosecution of Holocaust perpetrators over the course of the past four decades, as has been the case in Germany. Unfortunately relatively little has been achieved by the Austrian authorities in this regard and in fact, with the exception of the case of Dr. Heinrich Gross which was suspended this year under highly suspicious circumstances (he claimed to be medically unfit, but outside the court proved to be healthy) not a single Nazi war crimes prosecution has been conducted in Austria since the mid-seventies.
In 2003, the Center launched a worldwide effort named "Operation: Last Chance" in order to collect further information about those Nazis still alive that are potentially subject to prosecution. Although reports issued shortly thereafter credited Austria for initiating large-scale investigations, there has been one case where criticism of Austrian authorities arose recently: The Centre has put 92-year old Croatian Milivoj Asner on its 2005 top ten list. Asner fled to Austria in 2004 after Croatia announced it would start investigations in the case of war crimes he may have been involved in. In response to objections about Asner's continued freedom, Austria's federal government has deferred to either extradition requests from Croatia or prosecutorial actions from Klagenfurt, neither of which appears forthcoming (as of June 2005). Extradition is not an option since Asner also holds Austrian citizenship, having lived in the country from 1946 to 1991.
Austrian political and military leaders in Nazi Germany
- Adolf Hitler
- Arthur Seyss-Inquart
- Ernst Kaltenbrunner
- Odilo Globocnik
- Amon Göth
- Lothar Rendulic
- Alfred Ritter von Hubicki
- Alexander Löhr
- Franz Böhme
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The U.S. can avoid a potential economic policy disaster and place government finances on a more sustainable long-run path by delaying the tax increases scheduled at the beginning of next year until the unemployment rate falls to a more acceptable level.
Under current law, at the beginning of next year taxes will increase substantially. The income tax cuts enacted in 2001 and 2003 were originally written to expire at the end of 2010, but a deal between President Barack Obama and congressional Republicans extended them through 2012. That agreement also included a cut in Social Security payroll taxes that expires at the end of this year.
In 2013, the combined effects of these tax increases and the automatic spending cuts mandated following last year's debt ceiling standoff would a be severe one-two punch to the economy. Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke has dubbed this scenario the "fiscal cliff," with the implication that going over it could put an already weak recovery in jeopardy.
The recent experience of Britain is a warning — the Conservative-led coalition government, which took office in May 2010, immediately focused on reducing its budget deficit, and its policies have helped push the British economy back into a recession.
In the longer run, however, going over the fiscal cliff would prevent the ballooning of federal debt that would occur if the tax cuts were made permanent. In essence, we would return to tax rates that prevailed at the end of the Clinton administration. Although nobody likes higher taxes, the experience of the 1990s showed that this level of taxation would not prevent the economy from growing vigorously. Moreover, the tax revenue that would be generated is roughly consistent with the amount of spending required to maintain current programs.
The tax increases could be made to occur at a more appropriate time by instituting triggering criteria that would delay them until the state of the economy has improved and then phase them in. For example, the tax changes could be set to begin once the unemployment rate has fallen to a more reasonable level, like 5.5 percent, and remained there for six months. At that point, the increases could occur in three or four steps, with each one occurring as long as the unemployment rate has remained below a specified level for six months.
This would minimize the risk of pushing the economy back into recession by waiting until the economy has recovered enough to bring the unemployment rate down to a level more consistent with a healthy economy. It would also create confidence that the U.S. is not headed for a debt crisis (though low interest rates suggest that financial markets are not worried about this now). An automatic trigger would take the guesswork out of deciding on an appropriate time frame for an extension of the tax cuts, and spare the country further political brinksmanship over renewing them again.
This is not an ideal economic policy — with so many people still unemployed, the economy could benefit from more support, but unfortunately more stimulus to bring the unemployment rate down faster appears to be a nonstarter in Congress. Some would like to see dramatic changes in the role of government such as cuts to Medicare and Social Security obligations, but this, too, is politically unlikely in the current environment. Also unlikely for the time being is a fundamental reform of our too-complicated tax system.
Instituting a trigger for the fiscal cliff has the benefit of being modest — it does not require the various forces in Washington to come to agreement on any far-reaching reforms. By sparing the economy a big blow next year, while putting government debt on a reasonable long-run path, it would buy some time to work out bigger issues after the next election.
Bill Craighead is an assistant professor of economics at Wesleyan University.
Post Your Comment Below
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Planting mangroves Credit: Will Lorrimer
Atlantic Rising: planting mangroves to fortify coastlines
27th October, 2009
The world's largest ever mangrove planting project is underway in Senegal, providing work, habitat and coastal defence all in one
'Become a superhero: plant your mangrove today', declared the poster.
Eager to join the pantheon of mangrove superheroes we headed to the
Saloum Delta in Senegal where the world's largest ever mangrove planting project is underway. Organised by local NGO, Oceanium, almost 30 million mangroves have been planted since June.
The mangrove itself is a hero among flora. It provides firewood for cooking and smoking fish, branches for tortoise-shaped village rooftops,
and breeding grounds for countless species of fish, including oysters
that cling stubbornly to the mangroves' spider-like roots.
Abdoulaye Diouf, Chef de Zone in Sandicoly, tells us that the fishermen
had noticed a decline in the number of fish in recent years. This was
attributed to over-fishing and a decline in mangrove coverage caused by unseasonal heavy rains.
As well as replenishing depleted mangrove stocks, Jean Goepp, Oceanium's Project Coordinator, says that the project teaches people to conserve their resources.
'People must re-plant their common resources, not just their gardens,' he says. Mr Diouf says the village is now aware that it must use all its resources sustainably - the sea, forest and mangroves.
The mangroves were chosen as the resource to launch this
behaviour-changing initiative because once planted they require no human input. Occupying the swampy inter-tidal zone they require no watering and are naturally protected from bush fires and hungry cattle.
80,000 people have been involved in the project, planting and collecting
seedlings from the flowering mangrove trees for which they are paid
1,000 CFA (about £1.50) per sack. Oceanium provides a financial
incentive to the community as well.
Planting is simple. You create a hole in the wet inter-tidal sand with
an extended index finger and plug it with a seedling. Superhero status
is easily attained, but well deserved.
In Sandicoly, the project has been accompanied by footballing success
and the village is through to the regional cup final. They will use the
mangrove money to take their supporters to the match. It will be ice
creams all round as the mangrove superheroes cheer on their footballing stars.
Atlantic Rising project website
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|Name: _________________________||Period: ___________________|
This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. What does H realize about himself in chapter 48?
(a) H has the flu.
(b) H is spiritually sick.
(c) H is happy living on his own.
(d) H is tougher than he thought.
2. How does H plan to win the friendship of American troops?
(a) Run errands for them.
(b) Show them around Kobe.
(c) Bring them snacks.
(d) Draw sketches of them for free.
3. What spurs H to storm out of the apartment?
(a) His mother takes rice to the neighbors.
(b) His father sells the sewing machine.
(c) His sister draws in his sketchbook.
(d) His parents cancel their newspaper subscription.
4. After the bombing of Hiroshima, which country declares war on Japan?
(c) The Soviet Union.
5. What message does Mr. Kawano send to H?
(a) That he must move back home.
(b) That his friend is in trouble.
(c) That Mr. Naito is a bad influence.
(d) That H might fail his class.
6. What does H do at his new job?
(a) Paints signs.
(b) Draws portraits.
(c) Designs uniforms.
(d) Paints houses.
7. As H and Toshiko flee, where are they heading for?
(a) The sea.
(b) The country.
(c) The church.
(d) The town centre.
8. Who objects to Toshiko feeding the starving soldier?
9. Why is Toshiko distant when H comes to visit in Chapter 48?
(a) Toshiko is embarassed by her behavior.
(b) Toshiko feels H has betrayed her.
(c) Toshiko is afraid that H will become violent again.
(d) Toshiko is still angry with H.
10. Who is assigned to clean up the city's bombsites?
(a) Military police.
(b) All Kobe citizens.
(c) Civil servants.
11. Which country announces its surrender?
(a) The Soviet Union.
12. Who arranges H's first paying job?
(a) Mr. Naito.
(d) Uncle Hadano.
13. Who helps H graduate?
(a) Mr. Tamori.
(b) Mr. Kawano.
(c) Mr. Naito and Mr. Matsumoto.
14. Who is Koiso?
(a) An artist.
(b) A wounded soldier.
(c) A political candidate.
(d) A doctor.
15. How does H decide to help with his family's financial problems?
(a) By searching debris for valuables.
(b) By selling sketches to soldiers.
(c) By moving out of the apartment.
(d) By working part-time at a noodle shop.
Short Answer Questions
1. Why does H often get beaten up?
2. Who do H and Yukawa meet at the armory?
3. Why does H rip down the Japanese Progressive Party poster?
4. What shocks H about the artists he meets?
5. What transportation do the American troops use?
This section contains 447 words
(approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page)
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Building an alt-energy power plant is risky and expensive, but thanks to a new ruling by an Environmental Protection Agency panel, building a coal plant may become riskier and more expensive.
The Environmental Appeals Board blocked the EPA from issuing a permit to a proposed coal plant addition near Vernal, Utah, about 150 miles east of Salt Lake City.
Perhaps more importantly, the quasi-independent board, composed of four highly regarded, experienced judges, ruled that the EPA needs to develop a single nationwide standard for dealing with carbon dioxide.
"I don’t want to understate its significance. I think it’s very significant," said Bob Graham, chair of Jenner & Block’s Environmental, Energy and Natural Resources Law Practice, a noted environmental law expert who was not involved with the case. "In the long run, it advances the ball on climate change issues and that’s positive."
On Thursday, the EPA panel blocked the Bonanza Coal Power Plant’s bid for a permit, reversing an earlier decision, and placing over 100 coal plants into regulatory limbo. The rulemaking process will likely yield greater CO2 emissions regulation and will take more than a year, say lawyers familiar with the EPA process. That puts prospective coal power-plant builders in a tough spot, especially with financing already in short supply thanks to the credit crunch. The ruling introduces more risk into the coal industry, which could drive away investors and their limited cash.
And that, said the Sierra Club’s chief climate counsel, David Bookbinder, is good news for new clean tech companies.
"Where do you think that money is going to go? It’s going to go to wind. It’s going to go to solar. It’s going to go to something that’s going to get built," Bookbinder said. "This is incredibly good for green energy."
Following a landmark 2007 decision by the Supreme Court that carbon dioxide could be regulated as a pollutant under the 1970s-era Clean Air Act, environmental groups have been pushing the EPA to stop issuing permits to coal plants, which produce massive amounts of CO2. But under the Bush administration, the EPA had resisted taking action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from industrial sources.
Still, the Sierra Club persisted, using a relatively small addition to Deseret Power Electric Cooperative’s preexisting Bonanza Power Plant in Utah, to make a stand against the permitting process. They lost the first round, when the Denver regional EPA office issued a permit, saying they need not consider greenhouse emissions. On appeal, however, the Sierra Club appears to have won a much wider-reaching victory.
The Board did not actually side with the Sierra Club’s interpretation of the Clean Air Act, but in deciding to send the decision back to the EPA with the instruction to come up with a nationwide plan for regulating greenhouse gases, the Sierra Club effectively stopped new coal plants in their tracks.
"It’s punting in a technical, legal sense but what it does is give us everything we wanted," Bookbinder said. "This plant is dead and every other one is going to have to sit around."
The current EPA, for its part, was none too happy that they must reconsider their policies, even if it will ultimately give the organization wider powers.
"While we are disappointed that the issue was remanded, EPA looks forward to the opportunity to consider this issue on remand," the agency said in a statement. "EPA is firmly committed to taking sensible action to address the long-term challenge of global climate change."
The definition of "sensible action," however is likely to change under Barack Obama, who many policy watchers anticipate will grant the EPA far more leeway to deal with greenhouse gas regulation.
"Do I think that the Obama administration would pursue this further? Yes, I think they will," Graham said.
The American Petroleum Institute filed a brief opposing the Sierra Club, arguing that the Clean Air Act, a version of which first passed in 1963 long before climate change became an environmental issue, is the wrong vehicle for reducing carbon dioxide emissions.
"Overall, API does not support regulating greenhouse gases under the current Clean Air Act because it would be a mess," said Lee Hayden, the American Petroleum Institute’s Washington, D.C., representative. " It’s not designed for greenhouse gas emissions."
But the Appeals Board decision combined with the Supreme Court ruling makes it likely that the EPA will begin using the Clean Air Act in just that way, which will have implications that will reverberate through the economy.
The stricter the EPA limits on carbon dioxide, the more money coal plant operators will have to throw at technologies to reduce their CO2 emissions. That will eventually make coal power more expensive, which climate-change action advocates hope will make solar, wind, nuclear and other low-carbon technologies more competitive.
"I’m feeling pretty damn good today," said Bookbinder.
- New High-Res Map of U.S. Per-Capita CO2 Emissions | Wired Science …
- CO2 Pollution Could Erase Coral Reefs | Wired Science from Wired.com
- Bush Announces Greenhouse Gas Strategy — Surprise! It’s Bad …
- New Jersey Takes Lead in Fighting Greenhouse Gases | Wired Science …
- Enviros and Energy Industry Agree: Greenhouse Gas Cuts Easy …
- FutureGen "Cleanish Coal" Plant Cancelled | Wired Science from …
- DOE Report Says More Wind Than Coal Planned for US Grid | Wired …
- Kansas Nixes New Coal Plant Because It’s Unhealthy | Wired Science …
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NASA trials robots for space surgery
American space agency NASA has today begun a series of tests on remote controlled robots it hopes will one day be used to perform surgery during space flights.
The trials are taking place in an underwater operating theatre that simulates conditions in space.
The robots, called Raven and M-7, are operated by surgeons on a land station via the Internet.
Thomas Lendvay is one of those taking part in the tests and he is confident the robots will meet expectations.
"The movements are all intuitive in the sense that if I move my left arm from left to right, the instrument moves in the exact same way," he said.
"As I travel through space, as I twist my wrist the instrument will also twist."
The two robots could one day be used to perform emergency surgery, should an accident occur on a manned NASA mission.
But its makers say it could potentially be used to operate on injured soldiers in war zones.
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In a bold move, Wal-Mart has called on its suppliers to cut 20 million metric tons of greenhouse gases out of the production process by 2015. A Wal-Mart press release said this move would have the same emission-reducing effect as taking 3.8 million cars off the road for more than a year.
Wal-Mart is teaming up with the Environmental Defense Fund to reduce its environmental impact and measure actual reductions. The EDF and Wal-Mart will work to improve the company’s practices by focusing on seven main areas:
• China: Wal-Mart aims to improve environmental practices at Chinese factories and reward suppliers that produce eco-friendly products.
• Global warming: Wal-Mart wants to reduce its carbon footprint by 20 million metric tons by 2015.
• Packaging: Wal-Mart will track solid waste packaging to see how changing the packaging of products might affect greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental concerns.
• Production innovation: Wal-Mart will work with designers and suppliers to improve the sustainability of products.
• Plastic bag waste: Wal-Mart will emphasize the importance of reducing, reusing and recycling to decrease plastic bag waste.
• Sustainable agriculture: Wal-Mart says it will create a strategy to improve food production and processing that will result in better water quality and the more efficient use of water.
• Toxic materials: Wal-Mart will develop a tool that it and other retailers can use to lower the amount of toxins used in products.
Watch Wal-Mart’s senior vice president of sustainability, Matt Kistler, make the announcement.
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Single Solar Event: Multiple Views (July 12, 2013)
Hi-res TIF (2.8M)
When an event occurs anywhere on the Sun, we get to observe it. This graphic illustrates how a combination of spacecraft have the Sun well covered. From their positions near the Sun-Earth line, SDO and SOHO observed this small CME (coronal mass ejection) on July 4, 2013. At the same time, both the STEREO Ahead and Behind spacecraft watched the eruption as well. The size, direction, speed, and velocity can all be determined when we have multiple points of view. Other instruments on these spacecraft capture a lot of additional information about solar activity as well. And we will have this 360-degree capability for years to come.
SOHO began its Weekly Pick some time after sending a weekly image or video clip to the American Museum of Natural History (Rose Center) in New York City. There, the SOHO Weekly Pick is displayed with some annotations on a large plasma display.
If your institution would also like to receive the same Weekly Pick from us for display (usually in Photoshop or QuickTime format), please send your inquiry to email@example.com.
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Read an Excerpt
SHERMANThe Ruthless Victor
By Agostino Von Hassell Ed Breslin
Thomas NelsonCopyright © 2011 Agostino Von Hassell and Ed Breslin
All right reserved.
Chapter OneNamed for a Warrior
General William Tecumseh Sherman's name didn't include "William" until his Catholic foster mother insisted that he be given a proper Christian name at a formal baptism and added William. No matter—for his whole life, family called him "Cumpy" or "Cump," and later his classmates and fellow officers called him simply "Sherman." There is a story behind "Tecumseh," the unusual original first name. His father, Judge Charles R. Sherman, chose the name because he admired the Shawnee chief who had fought so well for the British during the War of 1812. Chief Tecumseh had presented a deadly threat to the settlers in Ohio when Sherman's forebears first settled there. It was provocative of Charles to name his son after an enemy, and fellow settlers did not appreciate it. When one of them protested, Judge Sherman replied flatly that "Tecumseh was a great warrior"—and that settled that. This decisive attitude more accurately foreshadows General Ulysses S. Grant's treatment of General Robert E. Lee than General Sherman's inconsistent stance during and after the Civil War. The Shermans were a prominent family of lawyers, judges, militia leaders, and legislators. There had been Shermans in New England since the beginning of the seventeenth century, and the family could trace its roots even further back to the town of Dedham in Essex county, England. Almost certainly the surname "Sherman" derives from "shearman," which indicates the family was involved in the wool trade.
The Shermans quickly distinguished themselves as leaders and professionals in the American colonies. Daniel Sherman sat in the Connecticut General Assembly for three decades and played a fiery role in rallying forces during the American Revolution. Roger Sherman was a member of the "Committee of Five" that wrote the Declaration of Independence in a fetid room above a tavern on Chestnut Street in Philadelphia during the summer of 1776. In 1811, twenty-three-year-old Charles R. Sherman relocated on the advice of his attorney father, Taylor Sherman, to what was then called the "West." He advised Charles to settle down, establish his law practice, raise his family, and seek his fortune. When Charles Sherman took his father's advice and traveled west to Lancaster, Ohio, he fell into a social set made up of the newly booming settlement's principal families. He tactfully positioned himself for judicial assignments and his law practice soon became prosperous. After a short time he became a circuit judge, and then President James Madison appointed him revenue collector for the Third District of Ohio. His father had held this same position in Connecticut. Charles was seeking to relive his father's success, but, being an ambitious man, he overextended his time and his means.
In 1817, the U. S. Treasury Department suddenly declared that it would accept payment only in coin or in U. S. Bank notes. In Ohio, notes drawn on local banks had long been acceptable as loan payments by individuals and were even accepted by the federal government in payment for taxes. Suddenly these notes were worthless as federal payment. Left with significant debt, Charles Sherman was nearly bankrupted by this new law. He pledged to make good on every penny of the debt he had incurred, and this commitment, though admirable, proved onerous in the end. By 1828, he was a circuit judge and a revenue collector, the father of eleven children, struggling with debt, and overloaded with duties and responsibilities.
In time he was offered an appointment to the Ohio Supreme Court but vacillated about taking the position. Finally, he decided to take the job but did not hold it long. After the sudden onset of a fever one year later in 1829, the judge died.
Nine-year-old Tecumseh's world fell apart. This moment would mark the beginning of a new life for the entire family and a season of torturous turmoil for Tecumseh. In many historians' eyes, this serves as the most defining experience in General Sherman's developing psychology.
Friends and family rallied to the widow Mary's side, but it was clear that the family had to be broken up, the children separated. The two oldest had more or less reached adulthood. Charles Hoyt Sherman was on the brink of graduating from nearby Ohio University in Athens and went to work soon after in an established lawyer's office. His younger sister Elizabeth was already set to marry William Reese. As for the three youngest children, their mother was determined to keep them with her in the family's clapboard house on Main Street. The six middle children, including Tecumseh, were to be dispersed among relatives and friends.
In addition to losing his father and any close contact with his mother, Tecumseh was also separated from his grandmother, Elizabeth Stoddard Sherman, who had earlier migrated west to live with her son Charles and his family, but had to find other living arrangements after Charles died. A strong and sensible woman, Grandmother Stoddard had been a stabilizing influence on the entire family. Now, along with both of his parents, her positive force was gone for young Tecumseh too. It is difficult to say with certainty whether these changes were directly related to the violent frustration of his later years. Undoubtedly, though, these monumental shifts in his home life at such a young age left a permanent mark.
In the eighteen years that Judge Sherman and his wife, Mary, had lived in Lancaster, they had become close friends with the leading families in town, all of whom, like them, lived on Main Street. Charles Sherman made friends with a fellow barrister named Thomas Ewing. Thomas, a year his junior, was not only a genius in the law but also possessed a keen business mind, especially for real estate investment. He prospered, too, as part-owner of the Kanawha Salt Works.
In 1831, Tom was elected to one of the inaugural senate seats for Ohio. Ewing's wife, Maria Boyle, was devoutly Catholic. This was the household young Tecumseh was raised in, and the Ewing influence molded Sherman to a remarkable degree. His new foster mother immediately insisted that a priest baptize young Tecumseh, who carried the name "William Tecumseh" from then on.
Sherman never took his Catholicism seriously, nor any other form of religion. His biological father was a nominal Congregationalist whose strongest affiliation was to the Masons—so much so that on his deathbed he refused to see any member of the clergy and requested a funeral in the Masonic rite. His foster father, Tom Ewing, even more tellingly, never practiced any religion and seems to have regarded all religion as void of meaning. In these matters, Sherman followed in the footsteps of both men his entire life. Sherman lived with the four Ewing children and three other foster children. Maria was a notoriously harsh disciplinarian, unlike her husband. A generous man, Tom insisted that Sherman make himself at home and consider himself equal with Ewing's own children. As any child psychologist can confirm, this transposition rarely works out smoothly and often leaves scars. This seems to have been the case with Sherman.
Tom noted that Sherman was bashful and not fully at home with them. Many years later he commented that he had never known a boy as young as Sherman to be so dutiful and prompt about fulfilling chores and errands. Overly conscientious children often feel deprived of any real childhood.
Nevertheless Sherman was privileged in many ways while growing up. Maria Ewing encouraged all the children to read and insisted they receive a first-class education. Both Judge Sherman and Tom Ewing had been driving forces in setting up the first school in Lancaster, and Sherman attended there with the rest of his foster siblings. When Sherman was twelve years old, the school came under the supervision of an esteemed set of teachers known as the Howe brothers, who then taught all the lessons. From these two gifted instructors, Sherman learned French, Latin, and the rudiments of Greek. He also acquired his first taste of Shakespeare and of Sir Walter Scott, as well as reading a wide range of fiction, history, arithmetic, and geography.
The Ewing household was lavish in contrast to the Sherman home from which William had been removed. Not only did he feel the gnawing insecurity of being an outsider in his new home—of having lost his sense of belonging—he also was aware of the contrast between his wildly successful foster father and his miserably failed natural father. For the remainder of his life, William Sherman refused to discuss the judge, claiming his memories were sparse and sketchy. Furthermore, it seems that living under a legend such as Tom Ewing caused a mixture of admiration and rebellion in Sherman and an inclination to free himself of dependency on his foster father. This proved to be much more difficult than he might have imagined.
Ewing's politics played an undeniable role in Sherman's development. In the senate, Ewing was a staunch Whig and had no time for abolitionists. Sherman permanently adopted both his foster father's political party and his attitude toward slavery, including a sympathy toward the South. Senator Ewing became a ranking member within the Whig Party and hobnobbed with fellow senators Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, and the fiery John C. Calhoun. All three were among the most influential and eloquent senators ever to sit in the upper chamber of Congress. For the most part, Ewing shared a negative view toward President Andrew Jackson with most Whigs, referring to the swashbuckling hero of the Battle of New Orleans as "King Andrew" and deeming his administration tyrannical and hideously corrupt. Ewing and Calhoun parted company over the issue of states' rights, however. Like the late Judge Sherman, Ewing was a bedrock constitutionalist and a devout believer in the importance of the union's preservation. His family considered the union sacred.
So it was that William Tecumseh Sherman acquired his political convictions. At the heart of his civic worldview was a belief in the sanctity of the American union. When the time came in 1861, Sherman was ready and willing to do his part.
Chapter TwoAt Home at West Point0
In the summer of 1835, Sherman completed his studies at the Howe brothers' academy. When it came time to choose a career for him, the Ewings followed Charles and Mary Sherman's wishes that Sherman pursue national service in the military. Judge Sherman had wished his third-born son to enter either the army or the navy, but his wife believed the navy too dangerous, and her fears regarding her son's safety took priority. Thus, West Point became the sole option.
Charles Ewing's influence played a primary role in Sherman's appointment to West Point. In 1835 Ewing wrote to Secretary of War Lewis Cass about the possibility of William being admitted. Cass wrote back that the deadline for consideration for that year had passed, but Ewing, persistent and efficient as always, wrote again in early 1836. In short order young Sherman received his appointment to the academy for the class of 1840, admitted as cadets in the fall of 1836. Sherman resigned himself to his fate, initially nervous at the prospect of living under a strict military regimen for four long years. Sherman had some time to kill before he left the following summer for West Point. Again, the senator stepped in. Ever a man with projects under way, Ewing was president of the company in charge of building the Lancaster Lateral Canal, which would connect the town of Lancaster to the larger Ohio Canal. Thanks to him, Sherman acquired a job working as an assistant to the surveyor engaged in laying out the canal path.
This was Sherman's first job, and it paid him half a dollar a day. Like any teenager he enjoyed having his own money, but that was not the job's only benefit. He acquired surveying skills that would prove helpful in his West Point engineering classes. The job also instilled in him a keen awareness of terrain and its possibilities— a critical skill for military command. Yet psychologically there was a dark side to all this good fortune for Sherman. He was developing an aversion to the feeling of indebtedness brought on by his foster father's power and generosity. He had ended up under the senator's roof as a child because of chance, but Sherman's progress in adult life was now beginning to owe itself entirely to Ewing's influence. Sherman struggled for decades to wrest his identity from that connection and pursue goals absent any boost from Ewing. According to his biographers, Sherman, like many intensely driven young men, wanted to emerge as his own man. It's a measure of his commitment to that goal that during the time he worked on the Lancaster Canal he devoted his free time to studying mathematics and French, two core subjects at West Point. In May 1836, the day of departure arrived. Both foster parents and Mary, Sherman's mother, tearfully bid the boy farewell. It was time for the future general to embark on his first long journey. He climbed aboard the waiting stagecoach and headed east for the first time in his life, taking the initial step toward becoming the celebrated conqueror of the Confederacy twenty-nine years later.
Young William was absorbed by his first trip across the country to visit the fabled sites long described by his foster father. At that time in America, the earliest railroads were only one or two years old, and passengers were exposed to smoke and cinders thrown back by prototype engines. It was not uncommon for the clothing of passengers to catch fire. In some instances, the engines—which were merely primitive boilers—had been known to explode and scald passengers.
And so, perhaps wisely, Sherman chose to take a coach instead of a train for the entire trip to Washington. The first three days of travel landed him in Frederick, Maryland, after having been confined the whole trip to the inside of the coach by extremely inclement weather. At Frederick, he exchanged coaches and headed for the capital, avoiding a train ride not only for safety reasons but because he wanted to see the countryside. The love of topography that would make him a fine engineer and military leader already drew him. This last leg of the journey took the remainder of the month of May and on June 1 Sherman showed up in Washington, D.C. at "Mrs. Hill's," the boarding house favored by many senators and where Tom Ewing resided.
Sherman's first taste of Washington must have been overwhelming. At that time Washington was nothing like the sophisticated cosmopolitan metropolis it is today. In fact, it was scarcely more than a giant village with dirt streets that produced clouds of choking dust in the dry season and a mire of mud when the rains came. It was built on swampland, and the city was like a steaming cauldron in the summer months, making the congressional recess a blessed institution very early on.
When Sherman arrived, the capital was anything but placid. President Andrew Jackson, also known as "Old Hickory" and the "hero of the Battle of New Orleans," was stirring things up, revamping the national banking and currency systems and causing dramatic change in many areas. Some suspected Jackson enjoyed stirring up the old wags of the Whig Party, of which Senator Ewing was a prominent and longstanding member. Jackson's fondness for drink and habitual cronyism also drew much criticism, and caricatures of him set a standard for future political cartoonists. In short, Washington was a town in full foment. The impressionable young Sherman went out for a walk one day and, passing the White House, spotted the president pacing the gravel drive, wrapped in his overcoat and cap, looking very much the old soldier and apparently deep in contemplation. The impression the legendary hero made on Sherman was that Jackson was somehow smaller and less monumental than expected. Nevertheless, Sherman watched the president for a full hour from the far side of a wooden fence.
Excerpted from SHERMAN by Agostino Von Hassell Ed Breslin Copyright © 2011 by Agostino Von Hassell and Ed Breslin. Excerpted by permission of Thomas Nelson. All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.
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Genetic factors, such as a tendency to develop moles, combined with fair skin and hair, increase the risk for melanoma. Those with blond or red hair and light-colored eyes and fair skin are 6 times (1) more likely to develop melanoma than those with darker features, and people with numerous moles also have several times the melanoma risk as those with fewer moles.
Excessive sun exposure, especially during childhood, is also a risk factor associated with melanoma.
Skin cancer and sun exposure
Can excessive sun exposure cause skin cancer? Absolutely. However, an appropriate amount of sunshine actually prevents cancer. Exposure to sunshine provides many health benefits, such as promoting the formation of vitamin D.
The key is to never burn. We absolutely need sunshine to stay healthy. If we don't get a regular dose of sunshine, our health will suffer in many ways, one of which is depression.
We should not have excessive exposure to the sun as it is dangerous. However, one should be outdoors for 1 hour per day if possible. When we are outdoors, 1500 different wavelengths of light hit our retina and supply us with an essential component for being healthy.
No clear evidence that sunscreens prevent melanomaSunscreens can prevent the most common types of skin cancer - squamous cell and basal cell carcinomas. But studies have failed to show clear evidence that sunscreens help prevent melanoma, the more rare but deadly type of skin cancer, according to researchers at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York.(2)
It thus appears that getting MODERATE sun exposure is of the utmost importance. There are some researchers who believe that the skin exposure to chlorine which we have today through bathing and swimming in chlorinated pools is the main reason we have an increased incidence of melanoma, although there is no conclusive evidence on this.
But there are other measures which one can take to help PREVENT skin cancer - and cancer in general, in fact. Need we emphasize the importance of green leafy vegetables in a healing diet - vegetable juicing is an excellent way to achieve this. But there is something more:
I've discussed many times the importance of the omega 6:3 oil ratio.
Studies (3) indicate that there is an important link between the omega 6:3 oil ratio and skin cancer:
“Epidemiological, experimental, and mechanistic data implicate omega-6 fat as stimulators and long-chain omega-3 fats as inhibitors of development and progression of a range of human cancers, including melanoma.”(3)
Last year, the prestigious "National Academy of Sciences" published a comprehensive review (4) which shows that the omega 6:3 ratio is key to preventing the development of skin cancer. An Australian study (5) done 10 years ago showed a 40% reduction in melanoma for people who eat fish regularly. And this was without paying any attention to lowering the omega-6 fats.
I spend a lot of time researching the best prices for supplements on the internet, and in my opinion the best prices for high quality Omega 3 cod liver oil are here. The best prices for high quality Omega 3 fish oil are here.
In summary, we need to avoid getting sucked into the hype that "sunlight is dangerous". It is only dangerous if you take it in excess, and are clueless about fats which are good for you. If you choose to ignore your omega 6:3 ratio and avoid the sun completely, you could limit your risk of skin cancer, but you would be doing it at the expense of the many health benefits we get from sunshine.
can occur anywhere - on the arms, legs, the back, the neck, even on palms
of the hand or the soles of the feet.
It's important to perform those self examinations yourself every month. You can get a doctor's opinion as well, but it is your responsibility to do the examinations. It is YOUR health. The last time I had a dermatologist examine my skin for skin cancer, he did a summary "look over", and then he said "OK, everything looks good". I was still wearing my pants. I said "Are you not going to examine my legs too?" He looked at me and said "Well, are there any moles that concern you on your legs?" $150 later, I was walking out of the doctor's clinic in disbelief.
IF you have skin cancer, you have a few options. One is to see your doctor. You may also want to explore cancer salves, which have been used successfully by many to heal from skin cancer using herbs. Beforehand, however, make sure you THOROUGHLY research cancer salves and know how to use them. These salves are powerful and not to be used without thorough knowledge of them.
Do not expect your doctor to agree with much of the information found on this page, or much of this web site, in fact. You may not realize it, but there are only 3 legal treatments for cancer in most of the United States. The laws of California, for example, make it a serious case of "unprofessional conduct" for a doctor to diagnose cancer and then treat it with anything other than the approved methods - chemotherapy, radiation or surgery. He can lose his license to practice medicine. He could even go to jail.
So it is up to each one of us, to take measures in our own lives, to respect our bodies, to better our health.
© 2003 Healing Daily
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News Release, Kansas Geological Survey, Dec. 30, 2011
LAWRENCE--A new full-color geologic map of Saline County showing broad river valleys dissecting hilly terrain is available from the Kansas Geological Survey based at the University of Kansas.
Surficial geologic maps highlight the type and age of rock layers found on the surface or immediately below the vegetation and soil. The map also has a three-dimensional quality that accentuates the area's topography.
"This map, the first detailed geologic map of Saline County, is an important addition to the Survey's decades-long geologic mapping effort," said Survey Interim Director Rex Buchanan.
Mapped by now-retired Survey geologist James McCauley, the county's varied surface geology ranges in age from Permian and Cretaceous to recently deposited stream sediment.
Permian and Cretaceous rock layers--formed from deposits in shallow seas that rose and receded across the area more than 275 million years ago and about 100 million years ago, respectively--are composed mainly of sandstone, siltstone, and shale.
The Smoky Hills, capped by Cretaceous-age Dakota and Kiowa sandstones and found mainly in the western part of the county, offer the most noticeable relief. The highest point in the county, approximately 1,660 feet above sea level, is three miles northwest of Brookville.
"The Dakota and Kiowa sandstones dominant in the bedrock of the Smoky Hills provide some of the best scenic vistas in the state," Buchanan said.
In much more recent times, the Smoky Hill, Saline, and Solomon rivers and their tributaries cut through the rugged landscape to create wide, relatively flat stream valleys filled with clay, silt, sand, and gravel deposits.
Almost all of Saline County's towns, including Salina, Brookville, Gypsum, Assaria, Smolan, and New Cambria, are located in these valleys. Old river channels, carved out and abandoned over thousands of years, and small wind-derived sand dunes south of Gypsum are shown on the map.
Once flowing southward to the Arkansas River, the Smoky Hill was diverted during the glacial age several hundred thousand years ago into a neighboring waterway through the process of stream capture, or stream piracy, and now runs northeast to the Kansas River.
Many of the county's natural resources have been extracted for commercial use. Nearly 22.8 million barrels of oil have been produced in Saline County since 1929. In 2010, 65,720 barrels of oil were produced from 101 wells.
Sand and gravel from alluvium deposits along the Smoky Hill, Saline, and Solomon rivers, is used mainly for construction aggregate. Open pits are marked on the map.
In the late nineteenth century, gypsum was mined east of Salina and near the town of Gypsum. Near the confluence of the Solomon and Smoky Hill rivers, the dissolution of underlying gypsum beds created a broad area of subsidence.
Although salt also occurs in the subsurface, in western Saline County, it has never been commercially mined here. For a short time, calcite-cemented Kiowa sandstone, locally called "quartzite," was quarried just east of Bavaria.
In addition to geologic and hydrologic characteristics, the map includes towns, roads (from Federal highways to unimproved roadways), elevation contours at 10-meter intervals, township and range boundaries, and the boundary of the Smoky Hills National Guard Range.
Drawn in full-color to differentiate rock layers, the computer-generated geologic map features shaded relief to give the map its three-dimensional look and emphasize the landscape's topography. The map is at a scale of 1:50,000 so that one inch on the map equals about 3/4 mile of actual distance.
Besides the map, the 59" x 40" sheet contains an illustrated rock column, which shows the order in which the rock units were deposited over time, and a description of each unit.
Copies of the Saline County map are available from the Kansas Geological Survey at 1930 Constant Ave., Lawrence, KS 66047-3724 (phone 785-864-3965, email email@example.com) and at 4150 W. Monroe St., Wichita, KS 67209-2640 (phone 316-943-2343, email firstname.lastname@example.org).
The cost is $15 plus shipping and handling. Inquire about shipping and handling charges and, for Kansas residents, sales tax. More information about the maps and other KGS products is available at the Survey's web site (http://www.kgs.ku.edu/).
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Steel coated, bendable tracks are one of the key elements in making the new Goliath coaster under construction at Six Flags Great American in Gurneee on April 30. (Stacey Wescott / Chicago Tribune)
Nathan Unterman didn't always know how to ride a roller coaster, but after 28 years of taking high schoolers on amusement park attractions, he's got a pretty good idea.
Those who savor that moment before the coaster plunges down should ride in the front car — inching over the crest will be tantalizingly slow.
Those who prefer to be whipsawed over the top should try the back seat for a slightly faster ride at that point. And anyone too scared to look should contemplate the physics involved.
While Six Flags Great America prepares to open its newest roller coaster — the record-breaking Goliath is due to debut to the general public Thursday after a preview for media and special guests Wednesday — fans like Unterman have already figured out some of its tricks, designed to safely scare the screams out of its riders.
As a physics teacher at Glenbrook North High School in Northbrook, Unterman helps bring thousands of students to the park every year for Physics Day. Students take accelerometers on the rides to measure acceleration, then determine changes in speed and direction, distance covered and the forces involved.
It's a reverse-engineering approach to what roller coaster designers do: figure out how much force they need to do the tricks they want to do.
Roller coasters operate on the basic scientific premise that energy can neither be created nor destroyed. So when a coaster is towed to the top of the track, gravity gives it all the potential energy it's going to have. By the time it uses that energy to hurtle through loops, twists and turns, it will have converted all that to kinetic energy, or motion.
By calculating the changing energy, designers can figure out how fast the coaster will go and what twists and turns it can take along the way.
Over thousands of measurements on Physics Day, Unterman has discovered that the acceleration on rides at Great America generally tops out at just under four times the force of gravity. While fighter pilots can handle twice that, sustained high Gs would be very unpleasant for most people.
Coasters are so named because, after their cars are lifted to the top of the tracks, they typically coast the rest of the way down. Engineers must use the momentum from that initial drop to generate enough speed for the ride to make it through any loops or crests.
In the early days of coasters, the cars needed so much speed to make it through the circular loops that riders reportedly suffered neck injuries. Since then, designers have used more oval-shaped "clothoid" loops, which reduce the distance traveled at the top, and thereby reduce the need for speed.
To make sure cars don't run off the rails or stall in midloop, designers calculate how much force the rides need. That's where the old standby equation — force equals mass times acceleration — comes in handy, Northwestern University physics lecturer Arthur Schmidt said. If calculated closely enough, the coaster doesn't even need the track at the top of a loop.
To demonstrate his point to his students, Schmidt runs a toy car down a plastic track and through a loop. Then he removes the top piece of track in the loop, and the car, as if by magic, jumps the gap while upside down and continues on its way.
"I tell my students the next thrill will be to remove the rails at the top and have the coaster jump through the air," Schmidt said. Then, with classic physics-lecturer understatement, he adds, "But it would probably be impractical, because if you didn't hit the right speed you wouldn't connect with the other rail."
Sometimes coasters aren't held back by the physics of the ride but the mechanics of the passenger restraints.
At Mount Olympus Theme Park in the Wisconsin Dells, owner Nick Laskaris said he wanted to build what at the time was the only wooden roller coaster with an upside-down corkscrew turn. But a key appeal of wooden coasters is that they traditionally have cars that are open on the top, with a lap bar or belt for restraint, rather than an over-the-shoulder harness. But a lap belt for the track at Mount Olympus wouldn't keep the passengers in.
Once a manufacturer made a restraint system to keep passengers snug, Laskaris expanded his coaster to include a full corkscrew, and now he calls it Hades 360.
Despite the need to engineer rides safely, coaster lovers say the mere physics of a structure will never equate with the rush of the ride.
Jeff Peters, of Salem, Wis., has been an enthusiast since he worked at Great America operating and maintaining rides in the 1980s. He even met his wife at the park. His connections got him a preview ride last weekend on Goliath — touted as the fastest wooden roller coaster with the longest, steepest drop and features such as over-banked turns, inversions and a 180-degree, zero-G roll twist. Peters called it "fantastic, awesome, incredible."
As a coaster aficionado, he can talk at length about steel versus wooden coasters and how computer design has revitalized the industry. But in the end, he tries not to over-analyze the experience.
"I don't claim to be a physicist," he said. "I just want the thrill."
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The Tri-County Health Department in northern Colorado has confirmed a case of rabies in a skunk.
The rabid skunk was found on a private property in Brighton, and collected for testing by a veterinarian who identified cues that meant the animal could be infected.
Now the health department is warning that an increase in rabid skunks has increased the risk for people and unvaccinated animals.
"This rabid skunk in Adams County, along with several others identified over the last few years, confirms that rabies is endemic in skunks in the Front Range and Eastern pPlains," said the department's director Richard L. Vogt in a news release.
In Adams County, this is the second rabid skunk identified since 2007, when skunk rabies emerged. The first was identified in May 2010 in a rural part of the county just south of Morgan County.
In the recent case, officials are not aware of any exposure the skunk may have had with humans or other animals.
But the department has renewed a call for rabies vaccinations for pets and livestock in addition to taking other precautions to prevent exposure to any rabid animal in the future.
People are warned not to feed wild animals or leave pet food or livestock feed accessible outdoors.
Junk piles that could provide nesting areas for animals should be removed, and pets should not be allowed to roam freely, since this increases the risk that they become exposed to the virus without the owner's knowledge.
The rabies virus affects the animal's nervous system and is nearly always fatal.
The virus is shed in the saliva of infected animals, and spread through the bite of a rabid animal or through saliva if it comes into contact with eyes, nose, mouth or open wounds of a person or another mammal.
Immediate medical treatment is required after exposure.
Anyone with questions can call COHELP, the statewide public health information line at 1-877-462-2911 or go online at www.tchd.org/rabies.htm
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EDUCATION; About Education
By Fred M. Hechinger
Published: January 3, 1990
In a happy academic coalition, Fiorello H. La Guardia Community College in Long Island City, Queens, which admits all applicants, and highly selective Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, N.Y., have become what they describe as an academic ''odd couple.''
Their goal: to remove roadblocks that keep bright minority students from making the leap from two-year colleges to four-year campuses at a time when prestigious colleges complain that they cannot find enough minority students.
Last month, the Charles A. Dana Foundation gave its annual award for pioneering achievement in higher education to the creators of the ''odd couple,'' officially known as Exploring Transfer, Drs. Janet E. Lieberman of La Guardia and Colton Johnson of Vassar.
Two-year community colleges began to flourish after World War II. They gave new validity to the American dream of college for everybody. In California, where every high school graduate was guaranteed access to higher education, all those who could not make it into the elite universities or the state colleges were automatically admitted to two-year colleges.
Other states copied the example, as did New York City, when its public university system instituted open admission in 1970.
From the beginning, these colleges were divided into two programs: training for jobs and academic studies leading to transfers to four-year colleges.
Today, public community colleges enroll more than 4.3 million students, one-third of them full time. But over the years, the percentage of those transferring to four-year schools has declined. The trend is discouraging because the community colleges attract large numbers of black and Hispanic students, and those groups are already underrepresented in the pool of candidates for bachelor's and graduate degrees.
By the time La Guardia began its collaboration with Vassar five years ago, Dr. Lieberman said, 50 percent of all the nation's college freshmen were enrolled in community colleges and less than 20 percent were going on to four-year colleges. Today, she added, the figures are about the same.
What could be done? The Lieberman-Johnson team, with help from the Ford Foundation, created a partnership that annually sent 50 selected La Guardia students to five weeks of summer study at Vassar as a first step to transfer to such a college. ''At $60,000 a summer, it's a very inexpensive program,'' Dr. Lieberman said.
The two colleges could not have been more different - 19-year-old La Guardia, which had grown from an initial 450 students to 9,000, is an urban college on the subway line; 128-year-old Vassar offers its 1,100 students a 700-acre campus.
Exploring Transfer, Dr. Lieberman said, is built on the premise that students have to see their aspirations raised. They need self-esteem that grows out of positive experience.
''These students do not think colleges like Vassar are for them,'' Dr. Lieberman said. ''They have never been fully challenged academically, and many have serious doubts about their capacity to succeed.''
The summer program combines tough standards and hard work with personal support from faculty members.
Students, all from families who have not had any past college experience, are nominated by teachers in the fall after completion of their first year at LaGuardia. Once selected, they are counseled continuously through the school year until the next summer's study program on the Vassar campus.
At Vassar, they are taught by teams of teachers from both institutions. They are helped by previous community college students who transferred to Vassar, by academic counselors and by writing specialists.
''We believed that this program would change lives,'' Dr. Johnson said.
Indications are he was right. By now, 70 percent of those in the program in the last five years are attending or planning to go to four-year colleges. Twenty-five attend Vassar. Their majors include English, anthropology, biopsychology, mathematics and computer science. Their cumulative grades are above B. Six have graduated. Of the five graduates of the class of 1989, four achieved honors and three were elected to Phi Beta Kappa, the honor society.
Dr. Johnson said a senior faculty member at Vassar told him that with the La Guardia group he ''had to get used to teaching students who were always there and always prepared,'' not always his experience with Vassar students.
Last year, 177 La Guardia students applied for the 50 places.
The program has made converts. Other public and private four-year colleges in the metropolitan region, including Queens and Brooklyn Colleges and St. John's and Hofstra Universities, and additional community colleges have formed partnerships, though without the advantages of residential summer programs.
Exploring Transfer, Dr. Lieberman said, has been copied by Smith College in Massachusetts, Agnes Scott College in Georgia, Bucknell University in Pennsylvania, Hamilton College in New York and Lewis and Clark College in Oregon.
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We envision a social and economic system:
• That is aimed at providing for the needs of people and aspirations for a humane, empowering and liberating life in a manner that respects the earth’s capacity to regenerate, and to sustain life based on the integrity of natural systems;
• That is based on and promotes equity, parity, solidarity and mutual respect among people and nations regardless of gender, race, ethnicity, culture, capabilities and class;
• That promotes sharing of land, water, forests, atmosphere, eco-systems and territories based on the principles of stewardship and not private ownership, and the rights of all people to equitable and responsible access to, and use of the commons;
• Where there is equitable and democratic control of economic resources;
• Where there is peace based on justice, and not the overcoming of conflict through the use of deception and military might.
Our sufferings and struggles have been compounded by multiple, recurring global crises of food, energy, finance and climate. These crises are symptoms and results of the fundamental flaws and injustices of the global capitalist system.
The recurring crises of the global capitalist system have spawned various efforts to save the system and keep generating profits, most recent of which is the “Green Economy” being proposed by global institutions and now the subject of debate in the Rio+20 process.
We reject the “Green Economy” as proposed and envisioned for the following reasons:
• The Green Economy is not characterized by a redistribution of the ownership and control of economic resources. It is premised on a highly inequitable and undemocratic structure where a few control a vast portion of resources – natural, economic, financial.
• The Green Economy is not oriented towards providing for peoples’ needs in a manner that is in harmony with the environment and within the earth’s carrying capacity. Instead it upholds profit generation as the main motivation for economic undertakings, aggregate growth as the main measure of success, and markets as main determinants of what goods and services are sold and who can buy them.
• A strong and sustainable global economy can only be founded on strong, vibrant, sustainable and equitable national and local economies. The Green Economy is premised on continued integration of national and local economies of South countries with global markets, resulting in the net outflow of resources and wealth from the South to the North, a race to the bottom in terms of wages and prices of our materials, and weak economies. Only Asian elites are benefiting from these kinds of national and local economies.
• The Green economy does not recognize and account for discrimination and disparities based on gender, class, race and ethnicity, nor does it recognize social reproduction and activities outside of the public sphere such as the invisible work of women. Economies that are blind to these conditions will only serve to reinforce injustices arising from these.
• The Green Economy will not green agriculture, feed the hungry, generate decent jobs or eliminate poverty. Instead it will distort entitlements in favor of those who can pay, cut subsidies in areas crucial to the poor and lead to the disintegration of local, diverse food systems.
• The Green Economy does not recognize the principle that land, water, forests, atmosphere, eco-systems and territories should not be subjected to private ownership and control, nor does it recognize the rights of all to fair and sustainable access to and use of the commons.
• In fact, the Green Economy is being defined on quite the opposite principle – to treat nature and the functions of nature as capital. This “natural capital” and accompanying low carbon technologies will supposedly be the new drivers of what will now be “green growth.” These propositions are supposedly what primarily differentiate the green economy from the “brown economy”.
Capital by definition is owned, can be bought, sold, traded, on the basis of which financial instruments can be derived several times over. The proposal to treat nature and the capacities and functions of nature as capital is clearly intended to subject them to private ownership, and to package them as commodities for trading in global markets and for profit generation.
• This Green Economy will definitely not result in “improved human well-being and social equity while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities.”
• Instead, the Green Economy will raise the commodification, privatization and financialization of nature and concentration of control over nature by elites to new heights.
o Commodification, privatization and financialization of natural resources have been happening for some time. The Green Economy will deepen these processes and expand them to include all resources that are crucial to life, e.g., water, biodiversity, atmosphere, forests, lands, seeds, etc. The Green Economy will intensify the globalization of the right to own and monopolize these resources, the globalization of such markets, and the globalization of impacts.
o Commodification, privatization and financialization of whole eco-systems and specific functions of nature has just began, as exemplified by REDD. The Green Economy will complete, consolidate and globalize this process.
Our Calls and Demands
1. Humans do not own nature; rather, we are part of nature. We call for the re-establishment of the balance with our Earth System and preserve the vital cycles of nature. We call for an immediate stop to the commodification, privatization and financialization of nature, and all its components and functions.
2. Lands, water, territories, eco-systems and the wealth of natural systems must be defended from all forms of privatization, commodification and corporate control. We call for a stop to all policies and laws that allow land-grabbing. We support governance systems that ensure equitable access of local communities and peoples to the natural commons.
3. The world must move decisively and immediately towards drastic reduction of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and shift to low-carbon, equitable and climate-resilient systems. The transition to low-carbon and climate-resilient systems should be socially just, rather than an opportunity for further expansion of finance capital and commodification of nature and life. Those principally responsible for the climate crisis – the rich, industrialized countries – should deliver on their legally binding obligations to make drastic cuts in their GHG emissions based on historical and differentiated responsibilities, and fulfilled through direct domestic measures without loopholes and offsets. All false solutions, especially those involving the commodification nature and its functions and the violation of peoples’ rights, must be stopped. We also denounce the labeling of nuclear power as “green” and “clean” energy.
4. The obligations of rich, industrialized countries also include providing the appropriate technology and covering the full cost of enabling people of the South to deal with the impacts of climate change, and to make the shift to low carbon, climate resilient and equitable systems. Climate finance must be new and additional, not in the form of loans and debt-creating instruments, not treated as aid, or as investments to generate profit from.
5. There must be a rapid shift to economic systems and methods of production (industrial and agricultural), social reproduction and consumption that are compatible with the limits of the planet and are aimed at meeting the needs of people. Profits must never be given primacy over people’s rights. Economic systems must provide secure, sustainable and decent jobs and livelihoods for all with no discrimination based on gender, race, ethnicity and belief systems, and uphold the rights of workers, farmers, fishers, women and indigenous peoples.
6. There must be redistributive measures to democratize control, stewardship and access to economic resources, and to re-organize economic relations to redress power imbalances. Economic decision-making should be democratic and ensure the participation of workers, farmers, fishers, women and communities. The rights of workers to organize, strike and conduct collective bargaining must be upheld.
7. The power and excessive privileges of Transnational Corporations (TNCs) should be dismantled and their profits should be taxed heavily. Laws should not favor corporations. They must be subject to strict, high and mandatory environmental, social and labor standards.
8. We call for the reversal of export led growth strategies based on the exploitation of labor and the environment, and aimed primarily at increasing the volume of exports and the constant expansion of market access. There must be a departure from the current free trade and investment regime that promotes export-led growth. Trade and investment agreements and programs must enable sustainable production and consumption, strengthen national and local economies, and ensure equitable distribution of benefits.
9. We call for food sovereignty, whereby food is produced not for the accumulation of capital and generation of profits, but to guarantee the sustainable livelihoods of small-scale food providers and to fulfill the rights to food of all peoples. We recognize that it is small-scale food producers who feed people, not corporations, and demand that national/local policies enhance the capacities of small-scale food producers and providers.
10. Agricultural production must shift from industrial, monoculture oriented and chemically intensive models to agroecological systems and practices. Agroecology will revive and recover agricultural biodiversity, sustain food and other agricultural production, and heal the deep rift that has been created by industrial agricultural production. Agroecological family farmers farm not to get carbon credits, but to care for nature and ensure safe and healthy lives for their families, communities and societies. We call for the rejection of “smart agriculture” promoted by global institutions, corporations and many governments.
11. The transformation of the financial architecture is vital. There should be strong regulation and redirection of finance capital to ensure that it serves a social and economic system aimed at providing peoples' needs in a sustainable and equitable manner. We call for an immediate halt to the liberalization of finance at all levels. Capital controls and monetary policies must curb speculation, especially of crucial items such as food, and the volatility of capital and commodity markets.
12. Finance must be governed through a participatory and transparency regime at all levels. We call for the dismantling of all undemocratic international and regional financial institutions such as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund and the Asian Development Bank.
13. We call for all governments to provide essential services such as health, housing, education, water services and social protection to citizens. Privatization and corporatization of these services in all variations—including public-private-partnerships--must be reversed and stopped.
14. We call for effective systems and infrastructure for progressive taxation to generate domestic resources and facilitate the move away from aid and debt dependency. We support calls for financial transaction taxes, which have the potential for generating finance for development and the transition to a low carbon and equitable society. Funds for environmental and social protection should be generated by levying carbon and environmental taxes in a fair and just manner, ensuring that the burden does not fall on the poor and vulnerable.
15. We call for comprehensive, transparent and participatory government audits on public debt, and the pursuit of debt repudiation and unconditional debt cancellation initiatives, beginning with all unjust and illegitimate debts, and debts of countries in crisis.
16. We call for the full recognition of the capacities and contribution of women to production and social reproduction, and the social and economic empowerment of women towards emancipation and equality. We call for an immediate end to gender discrimination in the economy and in all spheres of society. The social and economic system must respect and fulfill the rights of women, including reproductive rights.
17. We call for a global economic system that uphold peoples’ sovereignty and human rights, and foster economic relations that are fair, mutually beneficial and founded on respect, parity and solidarity.
SIGNATORIES June 10, 2012
REGIONAL MOVEMENTS AND ORGANIZATIONS
Jubilee South-Asia Pacific Movement on Debt & Development (JSAPMDD)
Asia-Pacific Network on Food Sovereignty (APNFS)
Asian Regional Exchange for New Alternatives (ARENA)
Focus on the Global South
Migrant Forum in Asia (MFA)
NGO Forum on ADB
South Asia Alliance for Poverty Eradication (SAAPE)
Bangladesh Krishok Federation
Coastal Livelihood, Ecology and Adaptation Network (CLEAN), Bangladesh
Equity and Justice Working Group (EquityBD), Bangladesh
Jatiyo Sramik Jote, Bangladesh
Participatory Research & Action Network (PRAN), Bangladesh
Resource Integration Centre, Bangladesh
Adivasi Mulvasi Astitva Rakcha Manch Jharkhand, India
All India Peoples Science Movement
Environics Trust, India
Himalaya Niti Abhiyan, India
Indian Biodiversity Forum
Indian Social Action Forum (INSAF)
mines, minerals and People (mmP), India
Nadi Ghati Morcha, India
National Alliance for People's Movements, India
National Hawkers Federation, India
River Basin Friends, NE India
RTE Forum, India
Water Initiatives Odisha, India
Indonesian Political Economy Association (AEPI)
KIARA (The People's Coalition for Fisheries Justice), Indonesia
Koalisi Anti-Utang, Indonesia
Serikat Petani Indonesia (SPI)
Solidaritas Perempuan, Indonesia
WALHI/Friends of the Earth Indonesia
Monitoring Sustainability of Globalisation (MSN), Malaysia
All Nepal Peasants' Federation (ANPFa)
All Nepal Women Association (ANWA)
Campaign for Climate Justice Network (CCJN), Nepal
Human Rights Alliance Nepal
Rural Reconstruction Nepal (RRN)
Pakistan Fisherfolk Forum
Pakistan Kissan Rabita Committee
Centre for Environmental Justice/Friends of the Earth Sri Lanka
Tourism Investigation & Monitoring Team, Thailand
MOKATIL, Timor Leste
Alliance of Progressive Labor, Philippines
Alliance of Progressive Labor – Women, Philippines
Aniban ng Manggagawa sa Agrikultura (AMA), Philippines
Association of Major Religious Superiors in the Philippines
Center for Migrant Advocacy (CMA), Philippines
Consumer Rights for Safe Food (CRSF), Philippines
Ecological Society of the Philippines
Evangelical Youth for Social Action (EYSA), Philippines
Faith-based Congress Against Immoral Debts (FCAID), Philippines
Freedom from Debt Coalition (FDC), Philippines http://www.fdc.ph
Gitib, Inc., Philippines
Green Convergence for Safe Food, Healthy Environment and Sustainable Economy
Institute of Religious Education and Philosophy (IREP) - San Sebastian College
Institute for Studies in Asian Church and Culture, Philippines
KAISA-University of the Philippines
Kilusang Mangingisda (KM), Philippines
Koalisyon Pabahay ng Pilipinas, Philippines
Laya Kababaihan, Philippines
Penuel School of Theology, Philippines
Philippine Alliance of Human Rights Advocates (PAHRA)
Philippine Movement for Climate Justice (PMCJ)
Philippine Network of Rural Development Institutes (PhilNet-RDI)
Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement (PRRM)
Save Sierra Madre Network Alliance (SSMNAI), Philippines
Task Force Food Sovereignty, Philippines
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Stage 3: Two-point, Three-point, and U-Turns – Part 1
Location: City and residential streets
Length of Lesson: 35-45 minutes
I don’t want to get off on a rant here, but I find it so frustrating that our driver licensing system puts a huge emphasis on parallel parking, but ignores so many other important skills. Now, I understand the reasons (although it doesn’t excuse the system’s ineptitude) why the behind-the-wheel test doesn’t include highway driving. It has to do with safety and funding. However, I find it inexcusable that the behind-the-wheel test doesn’t cover two-point, three-point, and u-turns. These maneuvers are tricky, yet they are a necessity for every driver. Parallel parking, on the other hand, while important, isn’t a skill that every single driver uses. There are many drivers who will go years without needing to parallel park.
I apologize for going off on a tangent there. The point is that being able to reverse your driving direction is darned important. There are 3 ways to do this: two-point, three-point, and u-turns.
Let’s start with U-Turns
When practicing u-turns with your teen, the most important task is to determine whether or not it’s legal to make the turn. Your job is to show your teen where to look for the no u-turn sign. As long as there isn’t a sign, you can safely assume that performing a u-turn is an acceptable action…sort of.
Just because there’s isn’t a “No U-Turn Sign”, it doesn’t mean it’s safe
We’ve all witnessed the driver who attempts to make a u-turn and half-way through the turn realizes that they’re not going to make it. If they continued forward, they’d end up hitting the curb of the new road. So, what do they do? They reverse in the middle of traffic which is essentially performing a 3-point turn.
It’s difficult for most cars to perform a u-turn unless they’re turning into a road with two lanes. Performing a 180-degree turn within the width of one lane is impossible…unless you’re driving a bicycle.
To avoid this type of disaster and successfully complete a U-Turn, follow these steps:
- Make sure that approaching vehicles are more than 200 feet away.
- Activate your left turn signal and begin braking.
- Check your rearview mirror to make sure that no one is tailgating you. Tapping your brakes will indicate to other drivers that you’re going to slow down. Your turn signal should also make this clear. However, since the driver behind you doesn’t know you’re making a u-turn (which requires a slower approach than a left turn), they may follow too closely. That’s why it’s important to slow down early.
- Position your car in the right side of your lane (be careful not to drift into the lane next to you).
- It can be tempting to swing wildly out to the right before making your u-turn. Don’t do this. You’re not driving a truck. If the turn is so tight that this is required, you shouldn’t be attempting a u-turn.
- Turn your wheel to the left as far as it will go. Brake through the beginning of the turn. As you start to exit the turn, lightly accelerate.
- If your turn signal doesn’t turn off automatically (which would be extremely odd in the case of a u-turn), turn it off.
What exactly is a “point”?
I get this question fairly often. A “point”, in the context of two-point and three-point turns, is defined as a spot where your vehicle stops and subsequently initiates a turn.
So, during a two-point turn, your vehicle will come to rest twice before the turn is completed. In a three-point turn, it will stop a total of three times before you finish the turn. Therefore, a u-turn would be defined as a zero-point turn.
- Be a second set of eyes: When practicing two-point and three-point turns with your new driver, you should be checking their mirrors religiously. These turns are tricky and nerve-wracking for new drivers. Whenever you’re changing directions or driving across lanes of traffic, you must be diligent in checking traffic in all directions.
- Help them judge closing distances: New drivers don’t yet have a great feel for the closure rates of oncoming cars. They also don’t have a good feel for how long it’s going to take them to complete a maneuver such as reversing into a driveway or completing a three-point turn. For instance, help them determine when it’s safe to initiate a three-point turn. You don’t want them to block traffic or cause a dangerous situation.
Two-point turns are a safer way to change direction than a three-point turn. Whenever possible, perform a two-point turn as opposed to a three-point. You can perform two-point turns on the left or right side of the street.
In Stage 2, you practiced <changing directions by reversing on a street>. This included two variations of two-point turns. So, your teen should have some experience with this maneuver.
Learn more about two-point turns in part 2.
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Over the past five years, solar panels in Yukon have been delivering trouble-free electricity in all but the coldest, darkest months, says a Yukon Government report.
The Yukon Energy Solutions Centre report kept tabs for five years on solar panels installed on government buildings.
Centre director Shane Andre says solar power is getting cheaper all the time, and although solar isn't likely to take the place of diesel or LNG power generation anytime soon, Andre says it has certainly proved itself to be reliable in the North.
"There's no moving parts, nothing to break," he says.
Andre says the study shows solar power can be installed now for around $4 per watt. He says that's just slightly higher than diesel power, but solar panel costs have been going down steadily.
Still the Yukon government's Energy Solutions Centre says Yukon homeowners are probably better off investing in energy conservation projects instead of new solar power panels.
"There's a lot of energy savings to be had through making your home more energy efficient," says Andre.
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/solar-power-proven-reliable-in-north-yukon-report-1.2582214?cmp=rss
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399425.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00047-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
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Euphorbia lactea or Candelabra plant, a native of India, is a cactus-like plant with 3- or 4-angled branches that are deeply scalloped with black spines. It is used medicinally in India as a hot jam to treat rheumatism. All plant parts are considered poisonous, especially the white, milky sap. It is irritating to the skin, eyes and mouth.
Blooming Time: It is not known to flower in captivity.
Culture: Euphorbia lactea need full sun to partial shade with warm temperatures. We use a soil mix consisting of equal part of loam and sand. The plant should be allowed to dry thoroughly between waterings. In the winter months, water should be restricted to once over the winter. The most common failure in growing this plant is over-watering, especially during the winter months.
Propagation: Euphorbia lactea are propagated by cuttings. Cuttings should be allowed to dry for a period of 3-4 weeks before potting.
Euphorbia lactea was featured as Plant of the Week February 9-15, 2001.
Guide to Past Plants-of-the-Week:
Cal's Plant of the Week was provided as a service by the University of Oklahoma Department of Microbiology & Plant Biology and specifically the late Cal Lemke, who used to be OU's botany greenhouse grower and an avid gardener at home as well. If the above links don't work, then try the overview site. You may also like to look at the thumbnail index. ©1998-2012 All rights reserved.
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<urn:uuid:8a92c3dc-8eaf-4626-8786-16c06d1e80f0>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.plantoftheweek.org/week113.shtml
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en
| 0.954076
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| 2.890625
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Crater Lake National Park
Crater Lake National Park was dedicated in 1902 and encompasses 645 km2 (250 mi2) of pristine forested and alpine terrain, including the lake itself, virtually all of Mount Mazama. The Park is classiï¬ed as wilderness and is administered by the National Park Service. It is always open, but some of the roads and facilities are closed during the winter months. Approximately 500,000 people visit Crater Lake each year, and in the summer months visitors can participate in hiking, boat tours, trolley tours, ranger-guided programs, swimming, fishing, camping, and many other activities. In the winter, rangers lead snowshoe hikes on the weekends and cross-country skiing is available on many trails.
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<urn:uuid:89ccd529-3d78-4b6b-bdf3-dcfcf9b02558>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/crater_lake/crater_lake_geo_hist_139.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00138-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.964344
| 157
| 2.546875
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German Chancellor Angela Merkel's recent visit to China was seen in both countries as a major event marking a policy shift.
As Der Spiegel magazine noted, "Back in 2007, German Chancellor Angela Merkel was happy to provoke the Chinese leadership by receiving the Dalai Lama in Berlin, a gesture that led to an icy period in German-Chinese relations. [...] By traveling to China with an entourage of cabinet ministers and industry representatives, Merkel was eager to show how much Berlin values its relation to Beijing."
The Wall Street Journal noted German officials termed ties with China a "special relationship," a term normally reserved for explicit allies. Similar changes are taking place across much of Europe.
There is no mystery regarding the reasons for Europe's changing relations with China. China is crucial for the economic choices facing Germany.
Exports are decisive for Germany's economy, accounting for over 50 percent of GDP. Traditionally, Germany relied on exports to Europe, with 59 percent of its exports going to the EU. But with the EU in recession, Germany has to pay increased attention to non-European trade partners.
The US is an even more stagnant export market than the EU. From 2005 to 2011, Germany's exports to the US rose by only 6 percent compared to 24 percent to the EU. In contrast, rapidly expanding BRIC economies are crucial for Germany.
China is easily the most important of these trade partners. From 2005 to 2011, German exports to China rose by 206 percent, with China overtaking the US to become Germany's largest non-European trade partner. Germany's trade turnover in 2011 with China was 144 billion euros ($181 billion) versus 122 billion with the US.
Sino-German trade is particularly beneficial as both countries have complimentary economic structures. Germany exports high-tech capital equipment required to modernize China's economy.
China exports medium technology capital goods, which Germany's high wage economy can no longer produce economically, and competitively priced consumer goods.
However until recently, Germany's political rhetoric hindered its rational economic choices.
In principle this conflict between Germany's economic interests and its foreign policy is no different to that facing Japan, which has also damaged its economy by implementing anti-China political policies at the behest of US administrations.
But the relation of forces and issues in Europe are different to those in Asia and more favorable to China.
Strategically Germany is committed to the euro as it cements most of Europe into a stable trading unit in which Germany is the dominant partner. In contrast many in the US would like the euro to collapse as they see it as challenging the dollar's international dominance.
Therefore, while Germany negotiates toughly in the EU over individual issues, it has been prepared to pay a significant price to keep the euro intact. But Germany will welcome help in taking the economic strain of stabilizing the euro.
The obvious partner is a financially strong China, which also welcomes the euro. Both short-term trade issues and strategic questions therefore lead Germany to seek the best possible relations with China, which requires backing off political stances China dislikes.
A similar shift has taken place across large parts of Europe. For example, in 2008 France's then president Nicolas Sarkozy was discussing boycotting the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympic Games.
But in 2010 in a different economic climate, when Chinese President Hu Jintao visited France, Sarkozy went beyond diplomatic protocol by personally meeting him at the airport.
There should be no exaggeration.
Voices hostile to China remain strong and Merkel's approach during her recent visit was attacked by pro-US administration circles in Germany. But whereas in East Asia the Obama administration has succeeded in stirring up anti-China sentiment, in Europe Markel's visit highlights a shift in directions favorable to China.
The author is a visiting professor at Antai College of Economics and Management of Shanghai Jiao Tong University. email@example.com
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<urn:uuid:56c435f0-b593-49ef-a68d-bd813fa10fc5>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/730828.shtml
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en
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Pisaster ochraceous can be found on wave-washed rocky shores, from above the low-tide zone to 90 m in depth. Because they can live in shallow water they need to survive in these living conditions, including strong surges, big temperature changes, dilution by rainfall, and dessication. Pisaster ochraceous is very resistant to dessication and it can tolerate a loss of thirty-percent of its body weight in body fluids.
Range depth: 90 (high) m.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; saltwater or marine
Aquatic Biomes: coastal
Other Habitat Features: intertidal or littoral
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<urn:uuid:47c59211-bdc2-4f80-b972-cb67949fd053>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.eol.org/data_objects/18667153
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en
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The first battle of Altenkirchen (4 June 1796) was an early success during the French invasion of Germany in the summer of 1796, and saw General Kléber force the Austrians to abandon their positions around Altenkirchen and retreat to the Lahn.
The French plan was for General Jourdan's Army of the Sambre-and-Meuse to cross the Rhine around Dusseldorf. This would force the Archduke Charles to abandon his positions on the west bank of the Rhine west of Mainz to face Jourdan, and this in turn would allow General Moreau's Army of the Rhine-and-Moselle to cross the Rhine much further to the south and advance towards the Danube.
The Austrian right wing, under the Duke of Wurttemberg, was posted on the west bank of the Rhine between Neuwied (on the Rhine) and Altenkirchen, twenty miles further north, with a line of outposts along the River Sieg, which flows into the Rhine opposite Bonn.
On 30 May General Kléber crossed the Rhine at Dusseldorf and advanced south. On 1 June he captured the bridge at Siegburg and forced the Austrians to pull back ten miles south-east to Uckerath, where the Duke of Wurttemberg had gathered a division. Kléber prepared to attack Uckerath, but the Austrians retreated again, this time to a strongly fortified position at Altenkirchen. Kléber arrived in front of the new Austrian position on 3 June and decided to mount an attack on the following day.
The Austrian line stretched east from Altenkirchen to Kroppach, and was really too long for the number of troops available. Kléber decided to attack in three columns. On the left General Soult advanced south east from Hilgenroth (north of Altenkirchen) towards Kroppach. Lefebvre took command of the central column, which attacked Altenkirchen. The right attacked Almersbach, two miles to the south-west of the town. General Collaud had command of a central reserve and General Ney, with a strong detachment of light troops was sent south west to turn the Austrian left and get onto their lines of communication.
The French attack was a total success. Soult pinned down the Austrian reserves. The French right took Schonberg and Almersbach, and forced a regiment of Austrian Grenadiers to surrender. Lefebvre and Collaud advanced to the foot of the heights of Altenkirchen, supported by a heavy artillery bombardment.
With his left turned Wurttemberg was forced to abandon Altenkirchen. Overnight the Austrians retreated twelve miles south-east to Freilingen, while by the end of the day Lefebvre had reached Hachenburg, eight miles to the east of Altenkirchen. The French took 1,500 prisoners and captured 12 cannons and four flags during the battle.
The Archduke Charles reacted to the French victories at Siegburg and Altenkirchen exactly as the French had hoped. He moved his main force back across the Rhine and moved north to face Jourdan. Würmser, who now had command of the Austrian left, was ordered to protect Mainz, giving Moreau a chance to cross the Rhine. Two weeks later, at Wetzlar, the Archduke outmanoeuvred Jourdan and forced him to retreat back across the Rhine, but by then the French attack had achieved its main aims.
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<urn:uuid:c1880d86-e9ed-4c3e-83b8-d1768bf60567>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_altenkirchen_first.html
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en
| 0.970947
| 765
| 3.34375
| 3
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We’ve seen enough crazy weather in the last 12 months to no longer have to question whether or not global warming exists.
But contrary to what some would have you believe, the US didn’t single-handedly destroy the environment with our love of S.U.V.s and penchant for waste. The World Health Organization just conducted a study to see who the biggest polluters are across the globe.
The WHO study looked at air quality in 91 countries, measured by the amount of PM10 particles per cubic meter. PM10 particles are particles of 10 micrometers or less that can cause diseases and infections. According to the WHO, PM10 levels above 20 micrograms per cubic meter can cause health risks. The top ten most polluted countries have PM10 levels from six times to 14 times that level.
Dayum! Which countries managed to hit those levels? And where does the U.S. fall in all of this? Flip through to find out.
Pollution level: 123 ug/m3
Kuwait is one of four oil-rich Middle Eastern nations to make the list. It is also the fourth largest exporter of oil among OPEC countries, with the petroleum industry accounting for half of Kuwait’s GDP.
Pollution level: 124 ug/m3
Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the eighth most populous in the world with over 155 million people.
Pollution level: 124 ug/m3
Iran is home to the world’s most polluted city — Ahvaz, which has three-times the average amount of pollution in the country. Ahvaz, known for its oil fields, is a heavily industrialized desert city of 1.3 million people.
7. United Arab Emirates
Pollution level: 132 ug/m3
The United Arab Emirates is the world’s fourth biggest oil exporter and one of the most developed economies in the Middle East.
Pollution level: 138 ug/m3
Home to one of the world’s oldest civilizations, Egypt is one of four African nations to make the list of the most polluted countries.
5. Saudi Arabia
Pollution level: 143 ug/m3
Saudi Arabia is the world’s largest producer and exporter of petroleum. It also the second largest oil producer and holds one-fifth of the world’s oil reserves.
Pollution level: 145 ug/m3
Inadequate urban planning amid rapid economic development over the past few decades has landed Senegal in the top five most polluted countries in the world.
Pollution level: 198 ug/m3
Pakistan’s air pollution is nearly ten times higher than levels considered dangerous by the WHO.
Political instability, corruption and a lack of government measures to curb carbon emissions have led to a cloak of thick smoke over major cities like Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad. In 2008, a government study revealed that every car in Pakistan, regardless of its age, generates 25 percent more carbon than one in the U.S.
Karachi, Pakistan’s biggest city has a capacity for only 700 vehicles per hour, but according to the study, there are more than 11,000 vehicles per hour on the roads. The city, which already has more than half the country’s 3.5 million vehicles, adds up to 400 new cars a day.
Water pollution from raw sewage and industrial waste has also become a major problem in the country. In addition, Pakistan’s water supply is evaporating so quickly that it will become a “water-famine” country by the end of this decade, according to the country’s Centre for Research and Security Studies.
Pollution level: 216 ug/m3
It might seem strange that a country with a population of only 2 million people, and the largest proportion of land under conservation in the world, is the second most polluted nation in the world. But, that is the case of Botswana, 80 percent of which is covered by the Kalahari Desert.
The country was one of the poorest nations in Africa at the time of its independence from Britain in 1966. Today, Botswana is one of the world’s fastest growing economies, and the largest producer of diamonds. The country has transformed itself into a middle-income economy with an annual average growth rate of about 9 percent, according to The World Bank. Mineral revenues account for about 40 percent of government revenues.
With growing wealth, the southern African nation has experienced widespread environmental damage. Wild fires and pollution from the mineral industry are the main sources of the country’s poor air quality. Copper smelting for example has been blamed for sulfur dioxide and nickel emissions.
Pollution level: 279 ug/m3
Mongolia is the world’s most polluted country and also home to one of the world’s most polluted cities — Ulaanbaatar.
The city of 1.2 million accounts for about 45 percent of Mongolia’s population. During the coldest months of the year — December to February — Ulaanbaatar’s horizon is completely hidden behind a thick grey-brown smoky haze.
The country’s main sources of pollution are its traditional coal-fuelled stoves and boilers used for heating and cooking, as well as congested traffic and old cars. Heating is essential for the survival of its people for about eight months of year. The country uses everything from coal, wood to refuse, such as black tar-dipped bricks and old car tires to fuel stoves and boilers. Ulaanbaatar’s dry climate and severe windstorms further worsen its dangerous levels of airborne dust.
Rapid urbanization has also been a major factor behind the country’s pollution problem. Ulaanbaatar’s population has expanded by 70 percent over the last 20 years with the city’s infrastructure unable to keep up with growth. With an air pollution level 14-times higher than the WHO’s standard threat level, the number of premature deaths, chronic bronchitis and respiratory related hospital admissions are on a rapid rise. The government has been trying to mitigate the problems by introducing measures such as cleaner coal-based fuel and modern stoves to address its pollution crisis.
Read more about each of these countries and their pollution status here
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<urn:uuid:ba06f369-b0a2-48d6-8872-04d869992f2a>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://bossip.com/470467/its-a-dirty-dirty-world-10-countries-where-humans-are-speeding-up-the-end-of-days-with-pollution12006/10/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399385.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00078-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.944038
| 1,327
| 2.625
| 3
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What's the Latest Development?
While most scientists are non-believers, a few influential researchers have recently written in favor of a new harmony between theology and science. "Jürgen Schmidhuber, a prominent researcher in artificial intelligence, calls for what he has dubbed 'computational theology,' while Baylor College of Medicine neuroscientist David Eagleman has proposed a kind of religious perspective that he calls 'Possibilianism.' Neither argues for anything like a conventional Judeo-Christian deity, but both point to something beyond the natural universe." Is it then possible that science might lead one to believe in a deity?
What's the Big Idea?
Eagleman often speaks of an astronomical discovery in which one portion of the universe considered to be free of matter is now known to contain a thousand trillion stars, "all of them with the potential to house unknown forms of biology." But even Eagleman's defense of the powers of mystery comes up short, said Professory Gary Marcus of New York University. "[Eagleman] implies that if we learn something new about the big bang or DNA, we might somehow discover a deity we had otherwise overlooked, but he offers no specifics. More than that, Eagleman ignores something that is central to modern science: meta-analysis, a set of tools for weighing and combining evidence."
Photo credit: Shutterstock.com
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<urn:uuid:9ea58d89-0ff9-44d1-9986-e19aa67a83b3>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://bigthink.com/ideafeed/can-science-lead-to-faith-in-god
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00117-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.941182
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January 14, 2013
Executive Order 6102, which went into effect on April 5, 1933, required everyone in the United States to deliver gold coins, gold bullion and gold certificates to a Federal Reserve Bank or any of its branches by April 28, 1933. The banks in return would redeem their gold with paper currency. Additionally, Section 9 stated: Whoever willfully violates any provision of this Executive Order or of these regulations or license issued there under may be fined not more than $10,000 or if a natural person may be imprisoned for not more than ten years or both.
Following the 1933 recall of gold coins by former President Theodore Roosevelt, many U.S. gold coins in circulation and in bank vaults were melted and converted to gold bars. One of the greatest victims of that melting is the now famed 1927-D Saint Gauden's Double Eagle. With an original mintage of 180,000 coins, most wouldn't consider this a scarce or rare coin. However, due to the destruction of most of these coins, it is believed today that there are only about 11 – 15 survivors, making it one of the rarest regular issue coins ever struck by the U.S. Mint.
In the 1940's through 1960's some coin dealers and collectors considered other dates such as the 1924-S and 1926-D to be scarcer dates that the 1927-D. But as time went by a few more examples of the 1924-S and 1926-D turned up in Europe. Ultimately the 1927-D became rarer than almost all dates in the Saint Gaudens Double Eagle series, with the exception of the 1933 Double Eagle which is illegal to own (except one lone example for which the government legalized ownership).
It is believed that many 1927-D Double Eagles survived for several years after they were struck and remained in gold vaults up until at least 1931, as transfer journals from the U.S. Treasury make no mention of any 1927-D Double Eagles being moved. Some researchers also indicate that coins were still available to order from the Treasury Department up to late in 1932 and anyone could have ordered them at face value plus a minimal handling fee. Unfortunately at the time no one really knew how rare this issue would ultimately become and no one bothered to order the coins from the Mint.
Because of Executive Order 6102 many other gold coins were melted and became very rare because of the gold recall. This included the 1933 Double Eagle which became the world's most expensive coin ever sold at auction, when it realized 7.59 million in 2002. The gold recall created many coin rarities and the 1927-D Saint Gaudens Double Eagle remains foremost among them.
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<urn:uuid:925be419-5b65-4ca8-9b20-7822db56d11d>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.pcgs.com/News/1927d-saint-gaudens-double-eagle/
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en
| 0.976496
| 543
| 3.125
| 3
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Bipolar disorder, also called manic depression, is an illness that affects thoughts, feelings, perceptions and behavior. It even makes a difference in how a person feels physically - known clinically as psychosomatic presentations.These severe mood swings are not necessarily related to events in the person’s life.
Bipolar disorder affects approximately one per cent of the population. It typically starts in late adolescence or early adulthood and affects men and women equally.
Bipolar disorder can be treated. Many of the treatments have been improved over the years, and research shows new advances to help those living with this illness to lead normal and healthy lives.
Facts about bipolar disorder
Bipolar disorder is an illness that affects thoughts, feelings, perceptions and behavior. A person with bipolar disorder will also feel physical changes. Most often, a person with manic-depression experiences moods that shift from high to low and back again in varying degrees of severity. The two poles of bipolar disorder are mania and depression. This is the least complicated form of the illness.
Some signs of bipolar disorder
Feelings of exhilaration, extreme optimism, exaggerated self-esteem.
Rapid speech and unrestrained thought processes.
Decreased need for sleep, individual has the feeling of never getting run down.
Impulsive and potentially reckless behaviour.
Mania is a very different emotional state. A person can have a manic episode that is characterized by an emotional state of intense but unfounded elation that is often coupled with irritability, hyperactivity, talkativeness, lack of focus, and impractical, extravagant plans for the future.
Hypomania is a less extreme form of a manic episode. Symptoms may include:
- Having extreme confidence in yourself
- Being able to focus well on projects
- Feeling creative or innovative
- Being able to brush off problems that would paralyze you during depression
- Feeling "on top of the world" but without going over the top.
Cyclothymia is a form of bipolar disorder distinguished by short periods of mild depression and short periods of hypomania, separated by short periods of normal mood. A person with cyclothymia is never completely free of the symptoms of depression or of hypomania for more than two months at a time.
Cyclothymia is equally common in men and women and affects up to one per centof the population. The disorder usually appears in the teen years or early adulthood. If left untreated, approximately 30 per cent of those with cyclothymia eventually experience a full-blown manic episode and their diagnosis is changed to bipolar I disorder or bipolar.
While a person with cyclothymia is not likely to end up in the hospital, the intense mood swings can seriously disrupt their life. Imagine feeling on top of the world, ready to take on any project one day, just to wake up the next morning feeling down and depressed. This is what it's like living with cyclothymia.
An individual who has mixed episodes of hypomania and depression is usually diagnosed with bipolar II disorder, whereas regular depression mixed with mania is known as bipolar I disorder.
It is not known what causes bipolar disorder I or II. Research suggests that people with this condition have a genetic disposition. It tends to run in families. Drug abuse and stressful or traumatic events may contribute to or trigger episodes.
Treatment is available
Recognizing the signs and triggers of bipolar disorder enables individuals to work with their physicians, other members of their healthcare team, family, and friends to prevent recurrences from becoming severe.
Bipolar disorder is mainly treated with a combination of medication and psychotherapy. Individuals are prescribed medication that helps to stabilize their moods. Therapy helps them detect and recognize patterns and triggers. The clinician works with the individual to use the information in developing strategies to manage their symptoms.
More information about bipolar disorder:
Canadian Mental Health Association
Mood Disorders Society of Canada
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<urn:uuid:162f77e2-7bdd-4fdd-aebb-6c2adfefc3bf>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.ourhealthyminds.com/MentalHealthand/ArticleDetails/tabid/60/ArticleID/51/Default.aspx
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en
| 0.9507
| 802
| 3.71875
| 4
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Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and questioning (LGBTQ) issues in schools
The BCTF has created the LGBTQ Action Group to help support you in your work as teachers or social justice activists. One of our immediate goals is to improve access to resources on lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and questioning (LGBTQ) issues for teachers. Another goal is to provide support for rural and isolated locals. We have developed a comprehensive action plan with actions and timelines over a multi-year period.
You'll find information and resources to help you in your classroom on the following pages.
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<urn:uuid:4d2af99d-3c04-463c-b4fe-0d32e0282495>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.bctf.ca/SocialJustice.aspx?id=6106
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en
| 0.956429
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The great pestilence in Virginia: being an historical account of the origin, general character, and ravages of the yellow fever in Norfolk and Portsmouth in 1855 : together with sketches of some of the victims, incidents of the scourge, etc
- New York : Derby & Jackson, 1856
- Yellow Fever -- epidemiology Epidemics Virginia -- epidemiology
- The National Library of Medicine believes this item to be in the public domain.
- xiii, 326 p., leaf of plates
- NLM Unique ID:
- 65021120R (See catalog record)
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<urn:uuid:62ea3c3c-21ed-4f3c-9bbe-8472bcf57830>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-65021120R-bk
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396887.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00035-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.720303
| 120
| 2.796875
| 3
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Signs of an infection of a pierced ear are tenderness, a yellow discharge, redness, and some swelling.
The most common causes of infection are piercing the ears with unsterile equipment, inserting unsterile posts, or frequently touching the earlobes with dirty hands.
Another frequent cause is earrings that are too tight either because the post is too short (the thickness of earlobes varies) or the clasp is closed too tightly. Tight earrings don't allow air to enter the channel through the earlobe. Also, the pressure from tight earrings reduces blood flow to the earlobe and makes it more vulnerable to infection.
Some inexpensive earrings have rough areas on the posts that scratch the channel and can cause an infection. Inserting the post at the wrong angle also can scratch the channel, so a mirror should be used until insertion becomes second nature. Posts containing nickel can also cause an itchy, allergic reaction.
With proper care, most mild earlobe infections will clear up in 1 to 2 weeks. Recurrences are common if the youngster is not conscientious in ear and earring care.
If the ear is infected, clean both sides of the earlobe with rubbing alcohol. Remove the earring and post 3 times a day and cleanse them with rubbing alcohol.
Apply an antibiotic ointment (a nonprescription item) to the post and reinsert it. Continue the antibiotic ointment for 2 days beyond the time the infection seems cleared.
Pierced earrings should not be worn until a child is old enough (usually older than 4 years) to know not to fidget with them (which can lead to infections) or take them out and put them in her mouth (which can lead to swallowing or choking on them). Ideally, the ears should not be pierced until a child can play an active part in the decision (usually past age 8).
Remind your child that dangling earrings can lead to a torn earlobe requiring plastic surgery. Such earrings should not be worn during sports. Your child should also take precautions while dancing, hair washing, or handling young children who might yank the earrings.
Call IMMEDIATELY if:
Call within 24 hours if:
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Climate Catastrophe: A Superstorm for Global Warming Research
Part 8: The Invention of the Two-Degree Target
Climate models involve some of the most demanding computations of any simulations, and only a handful of institutes worldwide have the necessary supercomputers. The computers must run at full capacity for months to work their way through the jungle of data produced by coupled differential equations.
All of this is much too complicated for politicians, who aren't terribly interested in the details. They have little use for radiation budgets and ocean-atmosphere circulation models. Instead, they prefer simple targets.
For this reason a group of German scientists, yielding to political pressure, invented an easily digestible message in the mid-1990s: the two-degree target. To avoid even greater damage to human beings and nature, the scientists warned, the temperature on Earth could not be more than two degrees Celsius higher than it was before the beginning of industrialization.
It was a pretty audacious estimate. Nevertheless, the powers-that-be finally had a tangible number to work with. An amazing success story was about to begin.
'Clearly a Political Goal'
Rarely has a scientific idea had such a strong impact on world politics. Most countries have now recognized the two-degree target. If the two-degree limit were exceeded, German Environment Minister Norbert Röttgen announced ahead of the failed Copenhagen summit, "life on our planet, as we know it today, would no longer be possible."
But this is scientific nonsense. "Two degrees is not a magical limit -- it's clearly a political goal," says Hans Joachim Schellnhuber, director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK). "The world will not come to an end right away in the event of stronger warming, nor are we definitely saved if warming is not as significant. The reality, of course, is much more complicated."
Schellnhuber ought to know. He is the father of the two-degree target.
"Yes, I plead guilty," he says, smiling. The idea didn't hurt his career. In fact, it made him Germany's most influential climatologist. Schellnhuber, a theoretical physicist, became Chancellor Angela Merkel's chief scientific adviser -- a position any researcher would envy.
Rule of Thumb
The story of the two-degree target began in the German Advisory Council on Global Change (WBGU). Administration politicians had asked the council for climate protection guidelines, and the scientists under Schellnhuber's leadership came up with a strikingly simple idea. "We looked at the history of the climate since the rise of homo sapiens," Schellnhuber recalls. "This showed us that average global temperatures in the last 130,000 years were no more than two degrees higher than before the beginning of the industrial revolution. To be on the safe side, we came up with a rule of thumb stating that it would be better not to depart from this field of experience in human evolution. Otherwise we would be treading on terra incognita."
As tempting as it sounds, on closer inspection this approach proves to be nothing but a sleight of hand. That's because humans are children of an ice age. For many thousands of years, they struggled to survive in a climate that was as least four degrees colder than it is today, and at times even more than eight degrees colder.
This means that, on balance, mankind has already survived far more severe temperature fluctuations than two degrees. And the cold periods were always the worst periods. Besides, modern civilizations have far more technical means of adapting to climate change than earlier societies had.
Since the first rough estimate was made, many other good reasons have emerged to support the two-degree target, says Schellnhuber. At the same time, however, the constant appearance of new studies has also made the picture significantly more complex.
Coral reefs, for example, could already be doomed if the oceans heat up by 1.5 degrees Celsius. On the other hand, crop yields in agriculture are likely to rise at temperature increases of up to 2.5 degrees Celsius -- good news for the world's growing population.
But what good are all the predictions? It's difficult enough to calculate exactly how far temperatures will rise in the coming decades. It becomes completely speculative to predict in detail how warming temperatures will benefit tourism or harm biodiversity.
"Of course, the conclusions of climate impact research are not as reliable as we'd like them to be," Schellnhuber admits. "But we can't exactly drop 10,000 studies from Science and Nature on our political leaders' desks. That would obviously be too much for them. Instead we, as experts, must attempt to condense the large number of analyses into plausible scenarios."
Critics say that the climate impact researchers have gone too far with their brand of political advice. "The two-degree target has little to do with serious science," says Hans von Storch. Many of his fellow scientists, he adds, now see themselves too much as political activists who want to get something done. This, in turn, harms the credibility of science as a whole, he adds, and it is also a more deep-seated cause of the Climategate affair and the sloppy work on the IPCC report.
"Unfortunately, some of my colleagues behave like pastors, who present their results in precisely such a way that they'll fit to their sermons," says Storch. "It's certainly no coincidence that all the mistakes that became public always tended in the direction of exaggeration and alarmism."
Such suspicions irritate PIK Director Hans Joachim Schellnhuber, particularly when they are directed against him or his institute. Schellnhuber, a native of Bavaria, normally speaks quietly and diplomatically, but he raises his voice when discussing the accusations. He says that he is far from being an environmental activist or someone who acts purely for political reasons.
"That's completely absurd!" he says heatedly. "I don't participate in protest marches, I'm not a member of the Green Party, I like to eat meat and I drive a BMW. And I didn't study physics to become a climatologist, either."
But no, he adds, he happens to be someone who has acquired inside knowledge about a looming disaster, knowledge that he cannot keep to himself. "If I'm a passenger on a ship and I see, through my binoculars, that we're headed for an iceberg," says Schellnhuber, "I have to warn the captain immediately."
But exactly how far away is that iceberg? How much time is left to steer the ship onto an alternate course? And how great is the risk of collision? These are key questions. In reality, it isn't about stopping a luxury ocean liner, but about the massive effort that is required to end the age of oil and coal as quickly as possible.
Time to React
"We climatologists can only describe possible futures," Storch points out. "It's also possible that things will be completely different."
Storch, a native of northern Germany and one of the pioneers of climate modeling, recommends a more dispassionate approach. He grew up on the North Sea island of Föhr, where he experienced storm tides at first hand. He learned that humans are tough and adaptable beings.
"Fearmongering is the wrong way to go about it," says Storch. "Climate change isn't going to happen overnight. We still have enough time to react."
Translated from the German by Christopher Sultan
- Part 1: A Superstorm for Global Warming Research
- Part 2: Politically Charged Science
- Part 3: A Climate Rebel Takes on the Establishment
- Part 4: The Smoking Gun of Climatology
- Part 5: The Reality of Rising Sea Levels
- Part 6: The Myth of the Monster Storm
- Part 7: Climate Change's Winners and Losers
- Part 8: The Invention of the Two-Degree Target
© SPIEGEL ONLINE 2010
All Rights Reserved
Reproduction only allowed with the permission of SPIEGELnet GmbH
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Prevent Infections During Pregnancy
If you're pregnant or planning a pregnancy, there are simple steps you can take to protect your fetus or newborn from infections that cause serious health problems.
Group B Strep
If you are pregnant—or know anyone who is—you need to know about group B strep. About 1 in 4 women in the United States carry the bacteria that cause group B strep infection. Babies can get very sick and even die if their mothers pass group B strep bacteria to them during childbirth. If you are pregnant and test positive for group B strep, doctors can give you an antibiotic during labor that prevents the bacteria from spreading to your baby. That's why it's so important for you to get tested for group B strep each time you get pregnant.
- Talk with your doctor or midwife about getting a group B strep test when you are 35 through 37 weeks pregnant.
- If the test shows that you carry the bacteria, talk with your doctor or midwife about a plan for your labor. Be sure to tell them if you are allergic to penicillin or other antibiotics.
- If you go into labor or your water breaks before you are tested for group B strep, remind the labor and delivery staff that you have not had a group B strep test.
More Information on Group B Strep and Your Pregnancy
- Learn more about preventing group B strep.
- Learn about staying healthy during pregnancy.
- Protect Your Baby from Group B Strep [PODCAST - 6:14 minutes]
- Send a Health-e-Card to a friend or family member.
A pregnant woman infected with CMV can pass the virus to her baby during pregnancy. Most babies born with CMV infection will be fine and will not have symptoms or develop health problems. However, some babies will have permanent problems, such as hearing or vision loss or mental disabilities, at birth, or develop problems later on.
CMV is passed from infected people to others through body fluids, such as saliva, urine, blood, vaginal secretions, and semen. Infants and young children are more likely to shed CMV in their saliva and urine than older children and adults. For pregnant women, the two most common ways they are exposed to CMV is through contact with saliva and urine of children with CMV infection and sexual activity.
Regular hand washing, particularly after changing diapers, is a commonly recommended step to decrease the spread of infections and may reduce exposures to CMV.
More Information on CMV and Pregnant Women
- Get disease details on cytomegalovirus and congenital CMV infection.
- Learn more about preventing congenital CMV infection.
- Send an eCard to a pregnant friend or family member:
- Download a podcast:
- Put Your Hands Together [PODCAST - 3:48 minutes]
Listeriosis and Pregnancy
- 35-37 weeks pregnant? Ask your health care provider about getting a group B strep test.
- Pregnant or planning a pregnancy? The best way to protect your fetus from cytomegalovirus (CMV) is to protect yourself — especially by washing your hands.
- Pregnant women are about 10 times more likely than the general population to get a serious infection called listeriosis, but you can take steps to protect yourself as well as your fetus or newborn.
Listeriosis is a rare but serious infection caused by eating food contaminated with bacteria called Listeria. Listeriosis mostly affects pregnant women, newborns, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems. Pregnant women are 10 times more likely than other people to get listeriosis. About 1 in 6 cases of listeriosis are associated with pregnancy.
Pregnant women typically experience only fever and other flu-like symptoms, such as fatigue and muscle aches (see “What are the symptoms of listeriosis?”). However, infections during pregnancy can lead to miscarriage, stillbirth, premature delivery, or life-threatening infection of the newborn.
In general, you can protect yourself from listeriosis by following these guidelines:
- Avoid eating cheese made from unpasteurized milk.
- Soft cheeses made with pasteurized milk, including commercial cottage cheese, cream cheese, and mozzarella, are generally regarded as safe. However, some soft cheeses made with pasteurized milk, including Hispanic-style soft cheeses, have become contaminated with Listeria during processing. This could occur again.
- Avoid raw (unpasteurized) milk.
- Do not eat raw or lightly cooked sprouts of any kind (including alfalfa, clover, radish, and mung bean sprouts).
- Eat cut melon right away or refrigerate it at 40° F or colder and for no more than 7 days. Throw away cut melons left at room temperature for more than 4 hours.
- Avoid eating hot dogs, lunch meats, cold cuts, other deli meats (such as bologna), or fermented or dry sausages unless they are heated to an internal temperature of 165°F or until steaming hot just before serving. Don’t let juice from hot dog and lunch meat packages get on other foods, utensils, and food preparation surfaces. Wash hands after handling hot dogs, lunch meats, and deli meats.
- Do not eat refrigerated pâté or meat spreads from a deli or meat counter or from the refrigerated section of a store. Foods that do not need refrigeration, like canned or shelf-stable pâté and meat spreads, are safe to eat. Refrigerate these foods after opening.
- Do not eat refrigerated smoked seafood unless it is in a cooked dish, such as a casserole, or unless it is canned or shelf-stable.
If you are pregnant and Hispanic, your risk of getting listeriosis is even greater. Pregnant Hispanic women are about 24 times more likely than the general population to get listeriosis. Be aware that some Hispanic-style cheeses, such as queso fresco, that were made from pasteurized milk but were contaminated when the cheese was being made, have also caused Listeria infections. Hispanic-style soft cheeses include queso fresco, queso blanco, queso blando, queso Cotija, queso panela, queso ranchero, cuajada en terrón, and others. Learn about additional ways to reduce your risk for listeriosis.
Pregnant women are about 10 times more likely than the general population to get listeriosis.
If you are pregnant and have a fever and other symptoms of possible listeriosis, such as fatigue and muscle aches, within two months after eating a possibly contaminated food, you should seek medical care and tell the doctor about eating possibly contaminated food. If you are infected, your health care provider can give you antibiotics that can protect your fetus or newborn. If you ate food possibly contaminated with Listeria and do not feel sick, most experts believe you do not need tests or treatment, even if you are in a group that is more likely to get listeriosis.
More Information on Listeriosis and Foods to Avoid During Pregnancy
- Recipe for Food Safety: Protecting people from deadly Listeria food poisoning
- Fotonovela: While pregnant, be careful with queso fresco [2.9 MB, 3 pages] (Spanish [2.9 MB, 3 pages])
- Infographic: Check the cheese, avoid Listeria [2.0 MB, 1 page] (Spanish [2.1 MB, 1 page])
- Fact Sheet: While pregnant, be careful with queso fresco [145 KB, 1 page] (Spanish [136 KB, 1 page])
- CDC website: Listeria (Spanish)
- Foodsafety.gov checklist: Foods to avoid during pregnancy
- Information from USDA: Protect your baby and yourself from listeriosis
Zika and Pregnancy
Zika virus can be passed from a pregnant woman to her unborn baby during pregnancy or around the time of birth. Zika virus infection during pregnancy is a cause of microcephaly and other severe fetal brain defects. In addition, other problems have been detected in pregnancies and among unborn babies and infants infected with Zika before birth, such as miscarriage, stillbirth, absent or poorly developed brain structures, defects of the eye, hearing deficits, and impaired growth. Zika is primarily spread through the bite of an infected Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus mosquito. However, Zika can also be spread during sex by a man infected with Zika to his partners.
CDC has issued a travel notice (Level 2-Practice Enhanced Precautions) for people traveling to places where Zika virus is spreading. Specific areas where Zika is spreading are often difficult to determine and are likely to change over time. As more information becomes available, CDC's Zika travel notices will be updated. Please check CDC's Zika Travel Information website frequently for the most up-to-date travel recommendations.
- Should not travel to areas with Zika.
- Who must travel to one of these areas should talk to their doctor or healthcare provider first and strictly follow steps to prevent mosquito bites during the trip.
- Who have a male partner who lives in or has traveled to an area with Zika should either use condoms correctly, from start to finish, every time they have sex, or not have sex during the pregnancy. This includes vaginal, anal, and oral (mouth-to-penis) sex.
Women trying to become pregnant
- Should consult with their healthcare provider before traveling to areas with Zika, and they and their partners should strictly follow steps to prevent mosquito bites during the trip.
- Should review CDC's guidance for men and women who are thinking about pregnancy in the context of the Zika outbreak.
Men who live in or have traveled to an area with Zika
- Should take steps to prevent mosquito bites.
- Should use a condom correctly(http://www.cdc.gov/condomeffectiveness/male-condom-use.html) (warning: this link contains sexually graphic images), from start to finish, every time they have sex. This includes vaginal, anal and oral (mouth-to-penis) sex. Not having sex is the only way to be sure that Zika will not spread through sex.
- Should talk to a healthcare provider about how to prevent sexual transmission of Zika during pregnancy and reduce the risk of birth defects related to Zika.
For more information, visit our Zika and Pregnancy webpage.
How do I protect myself from mosquito bites?
- Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants.
- Stay in places with air conditioning or that use window and door screens to keep mosquitoes outside.
- Sleep under a mosquito bed net if air conditioned or screened rooms are not available or if sleeping outdoors.
- Use Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-registered insect repellents with one of the following active ingredients: DEET, picaridin, IR3535, oil of lemon eucalyptus, or para-menthane-diol. When used as directed, EPA-registered insect repellents are proven safe and effective, even for pregnant and breastfeeding women.
- Always follow the product label instructions.
- Reapply insect repellent as directed.
- Do not spray repellent on the skin under clothing.
- If you are also using sunscreen, apply sunscreen before applying insect repellent.
Protect yourself when traveling
Learn about country-specific travel advice, health risks, and how to stay safe by visiting CDC Travelers' Health website.
- Page last reviewed: June 10, 2016
- Page last updated: June 10, 2016
- Content source:
- National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases
- Page maintained by: Office of the Associate Director for Communication, Digital Media Branch, Division of Public Affairs
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The Omega-3 fatty acid, predominantly found in fish oil has several health benefits; it contributes to overall physical and mental health of a person. Researchers have found that consuming fish oil as daily diet or fish oil tablets can prevent or delay many diseases. The natural components of the fish oil have medicinal qualities to cure many diseases.
The breakthrough discoveries of science have disclosed many secret benefits of fish oil and its components. Hence, the fish oil tablets have been prescribed medicine for many common and rare diseases.
Physical Benefits of Fish Oil Tablets
- Fish oil and fish oil tablets may reduce the risk of heart diseases.
- The anti-inflammatory properties of fish oil can help people with lupus.
- Fish oil tablets can reduce the arthritis symptoms and other autoimmune diseases
- Taking fish oil tablets may also help diminishing the risk for macular degeneration.
- Fish oil also reduces the risk of sexual dysfunction.
Benefits of Fish Oil Tablets for Mental Health
- Fish oil tablets, taken alone or with other mood enhancer, can work wonders for depression.
- The tablets are also beneficial for eye sight.
- The Omega-3 fatty acids of fish oil also help the patients with mild Alzheimier’s disease.
The fish oil tablets are prepared with right proportion of the ingredients that are essential for particular kind of disease. There are certain side effects of taking high doses of fish oil tablets. Besides, taking of fish oil pills depend on the physical condition, and health needs. Hence, it is vital to take any fish oil supplement under the prescription of an experienced physician.
Several health benefits of fish oil supplements have been proved in the last few years. But as per a new research by an Australian team of scientists, regular intake of fish oil supplements containing Omega-3 fatty acids along with moderate exercises like walking for 45mins can significantly help people suffering from obesity to lose weight.
Obesity is not only the most common nutritional disorder but is also a risk factor for a number of diseases. A number of metabolic syndromes associated with obesity include blood pressure, high blood triglycerides, precursor to diabetes, insulin resistance or heightened insulin levels. But as per the research finding, the Omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oil are actually are polyunsaturated fats which helps in oxidising or burning of body fat. However, merely regular intake of fish oil supplements won’t have much effect in fighting obesity. Regular exercise is also a must to increase the metabolic rate in order to lower body fat. Fish oil in addition with regular exercises increases the elasticity of blood vessel walls and improves the flow of blood to muscles during exercises. The research confirmed people losing an average of 4.5lb of weight over a period of three months.
Hence those of you loves eating oily fish like sardines, here is another reason to add them frequently to your lunch or dinner. The Omega-3 fatty acids present in the fish oil not only make you age slowly and maintain good health but also help to keep your weight down. The fish oil is also helpful in fighting visceral obesity typically found in obese men. The 3 long chain of fatty acids namely eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and Omega-3 fatty acids lower the plasma triacylglycerols and hence a potentially effective treatment for obesity-related dyslipidemia.
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On twin panels of fine silk, Xu Xi [fl. ca. early 10th c.] of Jiangnan and his generation had painted clusters of blossoms and layers of rocks accompanied by herbs and sprouts interspersed with the marvels of birds, wasps, and cicadas. The works were then presented to [the ruler] Li Yu to be hung as decoration in palaces. They were hence known as “palace-covering flowers” and also sometimes called “hall-decking flowers.” The intent behind their arrangement is majestic as well as orderly and precise, but many of them do not capture a lifelike or natural manner, which is why viewers often do not appreciate them very much.
Copyright © National Palace Museum. All Rights Reserved. Suggested resolution,1024x768 or greater.
Add: No.221, Sec. 2, Zhishan Rd., Shilin Dist., Taipei City 11143, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Tel:+886-2-2881-2021, +886-2-66103600 E-mail:email@example.com
[ Copyright Declaration | Privacy Statement | Security Policy | Accessibility Info ]
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>> Please note that this is an archived page and is no longer maintained or updated.
Information contained on it is no longer current and links may be dead. <<
Blazing a TrailMichael Pollan has been compared to marine biologist and conservationist, Rachel Carson, who is credited with launching the enviromental movement with the publication of her 1962 book, Silent Spring. This book, which documented the detrimental effects of pesticides on the environment and challenged the practices of agricultural scientists and the government, motivated a generation to take action. In 2006 it was chosen as one of the "25 Greatest Science Books of All Time" by Discover Magazine, listed 16th among such ground-breaking works as Charles Darwin's The Voyage of the Beagle (1845) and The Origin of Species, and Albert Einstein's Relativity: The Special and General Theory (1916) to name a few.
"[Michael] Pollen's work ... brings similar attention to the environmental and public health risks of industrial agriculture, which relies on the massive use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers to produce only a few staple crops (primarily corn, wheat and soy)." 1
A little more about Rachel Carson:
1 "Michael Pollan Delivers Lecture on How We Eat," Columbia University, accessed June 11, 2012, http://news.columbia.edu/oncampus/1476.
Michael Schwartz Library
Cleveland State University
We bring people & information together.
2121 Euclid Avenue
Cleveland, Ohio 44115-2214
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Fears for Irish health as UK reports 'high' levels of pollution
Elevated readings recorded blamed on Saharan dust
Published 02/04/2014 | 13:16
The quality of air in Ireland has suffered in line with dust carried from continental air flow from the Sahara desert.
A factor in the recent 'high' level pollution warnings in the UK, there are fears that this dust may also have a detrimental impact on the health of Irish people.
According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), "Automated air quality monitoring sites in Dublin recorded slightly elevated particulate matter readings between March 27-31, consistent with a contribution from the Saharan dust."
"The EPA will continue to monitor the situation and continue to provide information to the public on its website."
The EPA's Air Quality Index for Health is a number from one to 10 that tells you what the air quality currently is in a certain region.
An Index reading of 10 means the air quality is 'very poor' and a reading of one to three inclusive means that the air quality is 'good'.
This morning's forecast from UK group Defra reported that large parts of southern England have "high" levels of pollution, with some parts "very high".
Across most of England, moderate to high air pollution levels are forecast, with extreme cases expected in parts of East Anglia and the East Midlands.
Yet an EPA spokesperson has told independent.ie that Ireland has no need to act as yet. "Current air quality is 'good' for all areas with index readings of 1-3."
"You can see current readings on the AQIH map. The Air Quality Index for Health is calculated every hour and information about the current air quality status is tweeted twice a day via @EPAairquality (8am and 5pm)."
In the event of air quality not being 'good', advice is available to the public on the EPA website on what precautions to take.
For Ireland, with the fourth highest prevalence of asthma in the world, the consequences could be quite serious.
For people suffering the effects of high levels of pollution - including sore eyes, coughs and sore throats - Asthma UK have advised them to cut down the amount of activity they take outside.
Asthma Society of Ireland CEO Sharon Cosgrove told independent.ie: “The rain here today is allowing us avoid the worst of any pollution, so we have nothing to worry about today!"
"But the advice given by Asthma UK is appropriate (for their scenario).”
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Source and activity 7
Portait used in 'Unlikely stories, mostly'
[NLS reference: Acc.10191/15]
View larger portait image
This image is called 'The Problem'. It was used as an illustration for a story of that name included in 'Unlikely Stories, Mostly', a book of short stories written by Alasdair Gray and published by Canongate Books in 1983.
The initial pencil sketch and the subsequent, more finished pen and ink drawing demonstrate the Gray's distinctive, stylised approach for book illustration and art, even for naturalistic subjects such as portraits.
You might like to use this image as a starting point for considering the constraints and advantages of choosing different materials, tools, and techniques, such as pencil and pen and ink.
Compare the two very similar images, and consider what difference the choice of materials makes to the portraits.
For example, observe how the softer pencil shading is used to capture shadow and detail in the first picture, and how this is depicted using cross-hatching when the artist uses pen and ink.
You could try creating a series of portraits or self-portraits using different materials and techniques.
Find out more about Alasdair Gray in our collections
The Alasdair Gray Archive is listed under 'G' in our Guide to Manuscripts Collections.
Search our catalogue for books by or about Alasdair Gray.
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China, like the United States, has an income inequality problem: the country's GINI coefficient, a measure which tracks economic equality, was 0.474 in 2012, making it more unequal than countries like Peru and the Philippines. Often, inequality in China is blamed on the country's high rural population—39 percent of China's citizens worked in the agricultural sector in 2008, a number much higher than that of developed economies. The situation isn't lost on China, either. Prime Minister Li Keqiang has unveiled a plan to urbanize the country, betting that doing so would help balance China's economy.
But there's a lot of evidence that inequality is more than just a binary issue of urban versus rural: significant regional differences exist, too. Using data from the 2011 China Statistical Yearbook, China-based blogger Matthew Hartzell created maps that show just how large the income gap is in the country. Here are three maps, for instance, that measure annual per capita income, urban disposable income, and rural income by province:
The first map is conventional: China's coastal provinces are relatively wealthy, and the country gradually becomes poorer the further west it goes. This is hardly an earth-shattering fact: In most countries, coastal areas are wealthier than inland areas, and it wasn't an accident that China's Communist Party initiated economic reforms along the coast before trying them in the rest of the country.
But the second and third maps reveal something a little less obvious. Urban disposable income in coastal cities is much higher than it is in the interior, and rural Chinese people, too, do better along the coast than they do in the interior. The data shows that, no matter if you're a city-slicker or a farmer, you're better off living in Jiangsu than you are in Sichuan.
So is the real divide in China between coastal and interior, rather than urban and rural? Not necessarily. Chinese economic statistics don't adequately account for internal migration, a trend involving over 100 million people each year within the country. Because each Chinese person has a hukou, a household registration document that functions as an internal passport, they are only eligible to retain social benefits in their city of origin. Therefore, those who migrate internally are essentially undocumented workers and do not count toward municipal economic statistics. As a result, Beijing's income is actually poorer than it seems, simply because so many of its poorer workers technically "live" elsewhere.
However, the hukou alone cannot mask regional disparities in China: the sort that has driven internal migration in the first place. Why do these differences exist? Uneven investment and development is one explanation, but another significant factor is internal barriers to trade: Since the first years of reform, Communist Party officials in Beijing delegated economic policy-making to provincial and local authorities, who then established tariffs and other roadblocks that slowed trade within the country. In some cases, as this report shows, Chinese provinces have even had an easier time trading with foreign countries than with other parts of China.
This doesn't mean that Premier Li's urbanization plan is necessarily a bad idea - China's economy would indeed benefit from having less of the population engaged in agricultural work - but that, in terms of the country's development, solving the east-west divide may be just as important.
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Human Resources and Security Specialists should use this tool to determine the correct investigation level for any covered position within the U.S. Federal Government.
An open government is transparent, participatory, and collaborative. Transparency means sharing data and information. Participation means hearing and implementing ideas from many kinds of people and organizations. Collaboration means engaging in ongoing conversation with employees and the public and working together to solve problems. Doing these things not only increases our own accountability but also build trust with the American people.
You can read various versions of our Open Government Plan on our Web site.
Our take on openness has been to start by focusing on collaboration, both inside OPM and with people who were not affiliated with us before we wrote the first version of our Open Government Plan. For example, we have worked with other agencies to share technology solutions and with members of the public on improving responsiveness to our stakeholders.
A flagship initiative is a large project. All departments and agencies that were required to have an Open Government Plan also need to have one flagship initiative for the first version their Open Government Plans. We are all working on our second versions, which will also include at least one flagship per department or agency.
For our first flagship initiative, we are implementing collaboration and knowledge management technologies at OPM. Examples of these technologies include e-libraries, document management tools, collaboration tools, and Web 2.0 technologies. The tools will be accessible virtually by OPM employees wherever they may be working as well as by agencies and the public. These technologies will support a learning culture that will continuously build employees’ knowledge, enable better management of workforce talent, and provide sustainable knowledge documentation, sharing, and collaboration for the public, other agencies, and our own employees.
For our second flagship initiative, we are centralizing our call centers and help desks. Our expectation is to provide seamless, accurate, and timely customer service through a logical, tiered approach. We will make it easier for members of the public to get answers from OPM quickly. Centralizing call centers and help desks will also encourage employees to work together and speak in one voice, and it will produce cost savings over the medium and long terms by reducing duplication of operational functions.
You can read more about our first flagship initiative in version 1 and about our second flagship in version 2 of our Open Government Plan.
Much of the work of our initial flagship initiative involves learning more about the types of information and documents our stakeholders want from OPM. As we do so, to improve public knowledge of our work, we will highlight documents that might seem buried in our site or that you might not think to look for. In this way, we will make it easier for you to find the information you need when you need it.
For our second flagship initiative, we are centralizing our call centers and help desks to provide seamless, accurate, and timely customer service through a logical, tiered approach. This will make it easier for you get answers from us quickly. It will also help us speak in one voice, thereby reducing the potential for confusion. Finally, it will benefit taxpayers by producing cost savings over the medium and long terms through a reduction in duplication of operational functions.
Collaboration implies partnership – two-way communication and working together to solve problems. To identify ways to become more open and evaluate our progress, we initially formed teams of members from many groups and organizations: offices throughout OPM, our union, other agencies, government watchdog groups and other non-profit entities, and colleges and universities. Internally, this has meant new opportunities for some OPM employees who do not commonly take leadership roles but have great ideas to bring to the table. Externally, it has meant opening a window into our daily work. As we transition from planning to action, many of these individuals remain engaged in our efforts.
We are also working with a broad range of other agencies on technology solutions that will help us organize, find, and share information so we can provide better customer service to our stakeholders.
The Open Government Directive requires agencies to make information of various kinds easily available to the public. Each agency’s Open Government Plan includes a Strategic Plan for Transparency that details what the agency will make available and how it will do so. Below you will find information about some of the high-value information we make publicly available, and you can find more links to information sources in the Strategic Plan for Transparency in our initial Open Government Plan.
We make a considerable amount of information available to the public electronically. One example is Fedscope, where you can access federal human resources data. We also provide policies related to the appeal process, staffing information, veterans’ preference information, Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) reports, pay and leave information, classification standards, and retirement information, all on our website, opm.gov, or through other federal Web sites (see version 1 of our Open Government Plan for details).
You can find a lot of OPM data on Data.gov, as well as on our Federal Employment Statistics site or through our list of datasets. We also provide financial data for publication on USAspending.gov. Our Testimony page presents testimony dating back to the 109th Congress (2005-2006). Reports to other entities, such as the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), can be found in our Reports Portal.
We develop human resources policies for the Federal government. Many policies can be found in the archives of the Chief Human Capital Officers (CHCO) Council, dating back to 1996. Others are available through our publications database.
OPM Alert is the official operating status app of the US Office of Personnel Management (OPM). This free app provides a real time look at the current operating status for Federal Government offices in the Washington, DC area.
Check it out at http://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/snow-dismissal-procedures/mobile-app/
No subtopics exist.
There was an unexpected error when performing your action.
Your error has been logged and the appropriate people notified. You may close this message and try your command again, perhaps after refreshing the page. If you continue to experience issues, please notify the site administrator.
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Harry Potter & the Engineering Design Process
Solving Voldemort-Sized Problems in Test and Measurement.
The engineering design process—based closely on the scientific method—is “the set of steps that a designer takes to go from first, identifying a problem or need to, at the end, creating and developing a solution that solves the problem or meets the need.”
The steps of the engineering design process are to:
- Define the Problem
- Do Background Research
- Specify Requirements
- Brainstorm Solutions
- Choose the Best Solution
- Do Development Work
- Build a Prototype
- Test and Redesign
As pointed out in this month’s Measurement article, defining the problem can start on the “back of a napkin.” It worked for J.K. Rowling (although it is a myth it is one that is so appealing it persists and is one I am willing to perpetuate for the sake of this column). The renowned children’s writer started her writing process by jotting down endless notes on the back of napkin’s and finished with one of the most popular series of novels of all time, Harry Potter (not to mention some of the highest grossing movies of all-time based on those novels).
For the custom CMM styli developer, “back of the napkin” usually refers to a fax or email with a freehand diagram of a proposed stylus and a crude sketch of the part it’s supposed to measure, hastily prepared by a CMM operator that is in a hurry to get the right probe and styli to do the job.
You can follow the correlations between styli development and the engineering design process—featuring intriguing analogies to pizza and lollipops—in Mark Osterstock’s article, “Custom CMM Styli.”
Applying the process to a process, this month’s Software article touches on the last point of the engineering design process—Test and Redesign—testing the efficiency of the long-standing gage repeatability and reproducibility (R&R) process.
Take 10 parts and have three operators measure each two times. It’s the essence of the standard approach to Gage R&R.
But our authors ask the questions: How accurate of an assessment can you expect using just 10 parts? What about using four operators? Why not three times?
They performed studies to find out, first simulating 1,000 studies using 30 parts, and then 100 parts, with three operators measuring each part two times. Next, they performed these studies using four operators and, lastly, with three replicates instead of two, varying the number of parts and operators as they conducted different iterations on the standard to build comparisons of effectiveness, skewness and variation.
What did they find? The authors write, “While it might not be perfect, the standard Gage R&R approach is a powerful tool for measurement system analysis.”
For the full story and the results of their experiments, read “How Does Standard Gage R&R Measure Up?” by Joel Smith and Eston Martz in
this month’s Quality.
Enjoy and thanks for reading!
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Pregnancy and Infant Health
The CHDS began as a study of the factors that influenced the healthy progress of pregnancy and infant development. This research resulted in hundreds of scientific publications. Here are highlights of this research and some ways it has been used by health professionals:
- Helped set standards for which blood pressure changes could be considered healthy during pregnancy so physicians could identify women who need special care
- Discovered one of the first clues that smoking causes changes in the placenta, affecting the growth and development of the fetus
- Developed standards based on birth weight and length of pregnancy to identify which babies were at highest risk of early death and disability, providing doctors better information about which children needed special care
- Identified which drugs are safe for pregnant women and their babies
- Contributed information about which infants were at risk for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, helping to identify which children need monitoring
Child, Adolescent, and Adult Health of CHDS OffspringThrough follow-up studies with families when CHDS children were between the ages of 5-7, 9-11, and as adolescents, the CHDS has learned more about possible links between experiences in early life, even before birth, and health in childhood, adolescence and early adulthood. Highlights of CHDS research in this area:
- Examined whether convulsions that occur commonly during high fevers in childhood needed to be treated, helping to avoid unnecessary medications
- Provided information to physicians about normal gains in weight and height for children, giving them better information about when a child might need special tests to identify growth and development problems
- Identified risk factors for adolescent smoking to help campaigns to prevent smoking in teens
- Showed that schizophrenia, a serious mental disorder that begins in adolescence or young adulthood, may be caused by events that occur before birth.
- Contributed research to the growing field of environmental exposures by showing that exposure to some pesticides during the mother's pregnancy could alter the daughter's ability to become pregnant in adulthood and the son's risk of testicular cancer. Read more...
Health of CHDS Parents
As the CHDS parents have aged, our studies have examined how events in young adulthood affect health in mid-life and old age. Areas of focus include breast and prostate cancers and heart disease. Studies with CHDS parents have:
- Revealed protective factors of pregnancy on breast health, such as placental hormones and special proteins that are present only during pregnancy
- Identified hormonal and other biological markers in blood to help physicians assess prostate cancer risk
- Provided valuable information about the lasting consequences of exposure to pesticides like DDT on cancer risk and the health and development of offspring
- Discovered that women with preeclampsia during pregnancy have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, particularly if the preeclampsia occurs early in the pregnancy. This finding identifies a new high-risk group to target for heart disease screening and intervention.
See our complete list of publications.
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Red-Blooded Doctors Cure Anemia
Researchers persisted with strange methods despite skepticism
By Nicole Jacovino
Special to the Gazette
There was no cure for what was known as the "blood thinning" disease. People who developed pernicious anemia -- characterized by dangerously low counts of red blood cells -- were left exhausted, hospitalized, and without the hope of being cured.
In the early 1920s, most doctors believed that pernicious anemia was caused by a toxic substance in the body, and they prescribed doses of arsenic, transfusions, or removal of the spleen as treatments. But after these remedies were administered, patients had relapses. Death was inevitable. Across the world, 6,000 lives a year were lost to the scourge of pernicious anemia.
The idea that would eventually lead to a cure occurred to George R. Minot in 1912. Minot had received an A.B. from Harvard College in 1908, and an M.D. from Harvard Medical School in 1912. As a house officer at Massachusetts General Hospital, Minot saw many patients with pernicious anemia, and "the idea that something in food might be of advantage to patients" occurred to him then.
One of Minot's teachers was Homer Wright, a physician who developed staining techniques for the microscopic study of blood, and Minot had developed what would become a lifelong interest in the study of blood diseases. He pursued such work at Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1913-15, and came back to Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital as a staff member in 1915, where he continued his investigations.
In 1923, Minot met and joined forces with William P. Murphy, a young physician who had graduated from Harvard Medical School in 1922, and was to become an assistant instructor at Harvard Medical School in 1924.
In their investigations to find a cure for pernicious anemia, Minot believed that research by George Whipple, a researcher whom he had known while both were at Johns Hopkins Hospital, was particularly significant. Whipple had completed experiments in which he bled dogs to make them anemic. Then he determined which foods restored their red blood cells. His results showed that red meat and certain vegetables were effective treatments, but liver was the best treatment.
Minot wondered if Whipple's findings with dogs could be duplicated in humans. He and Murphy were determined to try it, and proceeded to do so with their private patients. Observing an increase in the patients' red blood cell counts, they thought they were on the right track, and decided to try the experiment with hospitalized patients.
Other physicians were openly skeptical -- how could a disease like pernicious anemia be caused by something as simple as a dietary deficiency? And the disapproval of other researchers was a powerful force -- the skepticism of colleagues had convinced one of Whipple's collaborators, Charles Hooper, to give up on promising results he had achieved in 1918 by feeding liver to three human patients with pernicious anemia. Hooper's abandonment of his experiment ultimately was a tragedy -- if he had persevered, thousands of lives might have been saved.
In trying the treatment, Murphy and Minot were also hampered by a matter of taste -- some patients, even though gravely ill, were reluctant to eat a half-pound of liver a day.
But the treatment worked. And in 1926, the results of the researchers' program were presented at a medical meeting in Atlantic City. By that time, Minot and Murphy had successfully treated 45 patients, in which "clinical improvement had been obvious, usually within two weeks."
As Murphy later put it, the two men had shared the "thrill of watching the patient through a few days of depression following the institution of liver therapy until remission occurs, with its often sudden and almost unbelievable sense of well-being, simultaneously with the maximum increase of the reticulocytes, or new red blood cells."
For their research, Minot, Murphy, and Whipple shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1934.
The work didn't end with the announcement of Minot and Murphy's discovery in 1926, of course. Critically ill patients couldn't eat, thus the liver was forced into them through stomach tubes. In 1928, Edwin Cohn, a Harvard physical chemist, condensed and purified a liver extract that could be eaten or injected into a muscle. This extract was between 50 and 100 times as potent as liver, and it was less expensive.
But there was still a big question: what was the active ingredient in liver?
A series of experiments by William Castle, another Harvard physician, found that something in the stomach was related to the disease. Castle had noted that people who had their stomachs removed because of cancer often died because of pernicious anemia, and that red meat other than liver didn't work.
In what can only be described as a disgusting experiment, Castle ate red meat, made himself vomit, and then had patients eat it. But it worked -- his regurgitated stomach contents were as effective as liver. The stomach, he decided, normally contains an "intrinsic factor" that together with an "extrinsic factor" in meat is necessary for red blood cell formation.
Later it was determined that this "intrinsic factor" allowed the absorption of what was, in 1948, isolated and named vitamin B12 -- found abundantly in liver. Since then, the cure for pernicious anemia has involved injections of vitamin B12.
Taken all together, the work by these researchers showed the power of pursuing novel treatment methods, even if they involved unpopular ideas that were laughed at by the medical establishment. In presenting the Nobel Prize in 1934 to Minot, Murphy, and Whipple, Israel Holmgren of the Karolinska Institute paid them the ultimate compliment that can be bestowed upon a physician: "This new method . . . has already saved thousands of lives, and will in the future save innumerable human beings from death."
Copyright 1998 President and Fellows of Harvard College
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http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/1998/01.22/Red-BloodedDoct.html
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One of the interesting things to learn is that the first regulations for very wide streets long predated the automobile, and were in fact a reaction of debatable justifiability to conditions in the mid-19th century English industrial city rather than the spatial needs of the car (those regulations in turn drawing inspiration from the Baroque city planning of the previous two centuries, the aesthetic vision of which was super-human scale designed to awe and impress regardless of cost or utility, often as an expression of the political power of emerging centralized nation-states).
Another point is that the economic wastefulness of the required street standards during the modern suburban expansion was well-known and in fact strongly opposed by the homebuilders of the time, and that it was the crucial linkage of the standards to FHA mortgage qualifications, along with copycat municipal planning standards, that essentially mandated the construction of this costly, inefficient, overscaled and unsafe (due to speeding) form:
"In 1938 the FHA Technical and Land Planning divisions initiated a free review program in which prospective developers could submit preliminary plans to the FHA, whose consultants would then suggest layouts conforming to FHA. It was a powerful control mechanism, and naturally almost all subdivision developers submitted their plans for review to ensure a guaranteed mortgage. Thus, the federal government was able to exercise tremendous authority and power through the simple act of 'making an offer that could not be refused.'The entire article, Street Standards and the Shaping of Suburbia, is available as a PDF here. Lots of nice photos and diagrams included.
"[The National Association of Home Builders] strongly opposed what it saw as excessive standards. In its 1950s Manual for Land Development the organization asked: 'Why is it that the widths of local residential roadways up to 36 and 40 feet are still advocated by some highway engineers and planning commissions?' The manual gave as the apparent reasons (1) misunderstanding of the relationship between street location, alignment width, and use; (2) adherence to the obsolete theory that every street should be designed as a traffic street; (3) insistence on continuous alignment of minor streets; and (4) disregard of economic aspects such as the cost of constructing, maintaining, and repairing from 38 to 54 percent more roadway surface than is needed .... [Emphasis added].
"The building industry's emphasis on reconsidering street standards was met with considerable reluctance by local planning agencies. The specter of substandard, street layouts along with the rise in vehicular ownership promoted a continuation of technocratic design for subdivisions."
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In what is one of the most dramatic dioramas in the Museum, a giant squid is caught in the sperm whale’s mouth, its tentacles grasping at the whale’s head, which is actually an oversized snout. Sperm whales (Physeter macrocephulus) interpret reflections of sounds generated by this uniquely shaped snout, employing a form of echolocation akin to that used by bats, to “see” their way through deep, dark water and to hunt prey. Unlike baleen whales which feed by straining large quantities of water, sperm whales are in the category known as toothed whales and they pursue individual prey.
The sperm whale and giant squid diorama in the Irma and Paul Milstein Family Hall of Ocean Life is now celebrating the 10th anniversary of a masterful renovation.
Visitors often ask why the sperm whale and giant squid diorama is so dark and why, unlike all other dioramas, there is no glass on the front. The darkness is deliberate—to approximate the pitch-black conditions of the deep ocean where no sunlight penetrates. The glass was removed in the 2003 renovation because reflections created a mirror effect against dark interior leading visitors to think the diorama was empty. Also in 2003, blue-colored fluorescent light was installed and color, based on the best scientific data available at the time, was added to the figures, which originally had been painted a flat black.
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by Staff Writers
Washington DC (SPX) Jun 05, 2012
One idea for fighting global warming is to increase the amount of aerosols in the atmosphere, scattering incoming solar energy away from the Earth's surface. But scientists theorize that this solar geoengineering could have a side effect of whitening the sky during the day.
New research from Carnegie's Ben Kravitz and Ken Caldeira indicates that blocking 2% of the sun's light would make the sky three-to-five times brighter, as well as whiter. Their work is published in Geophysical Research Letters, a journal of the American Geophysical Union.
Carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of coal, oil, and gas have been increasing over the past decades, causing the Earth to get hotter and hotter. Large volcanic eruptions cool the planet by creating lots of small particles in the stratosphere, but the particles fall out within a couple of years, and the planet heats back up.
The idea behind solar geoengineering is to constantly replenish a layer of small particles in the stratosphere, mimicking this volcanic aftermath and scattering sunlight back to space.
Using advanced models, Kravitz and Caldeira-along with Douglas MacMartin from the California Institute of Technology-examined changes to sky color and brightness from using sulfate-based aerosols in this way. They found that, depending on the size of the particles, the sky would whiten during the day and sunsets would have afterglows.
Their models predict that the sky would still be blue, but it would be a lighter shade than what most people are used to looking at now. The research team's work shows that skies everywhere could look like those over urban areas in a world with this type of geoengineering taking place. In urban areas, the sky often looks hazy and white.
"These results give people one more thing to consider before deciding whether we really want to go down this road," Kravitz said. "Although our study did not address the potential psychological impact of these changes to the sky, they are important to consider as well."
There are several larger environmental implications to the group's findings, too. Because plants grow more efficiently under diffuse light conditions such as this, global photosynthetic activity could increase, pulling more of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.
On the other hand, the effectiveness of solar power could be diminished, as less sunlight would reach solar-power generators.
"I hope that we never get to the point where people feel the need to spray aerosols in the sky to offset rampant global warming," Caldeira said. "This is one study where I am not eager to have our predictions proven right by a global stratospheric aerosol layer in the real world."
Climate Science News - Modeling, Mitigation Adaptation
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http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Geoengineering_A_whiter_sky_999.html
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- freely available
Sensors 2012, 12(5), 5752-5774; doi:10.3390/s120505752
Abstract: The rearing of poultry for meat production (broilers) is an agricultural food industry with high relevance to the economy and development of some countries. Periodic episodes of extreme climatic conditions during the summer season can cause high mortality among birds, resulting in economic losses. In this context, ventilation systems within poultry houses play a critical role to ensure appropriate indoor climatic conditions. The objective of this study was to develop a multisensor system to evaluate the design of the ventilation system in broiler houses. A measurement system equipped with three types of sensors: air velocity, temperature and differential pressure was designed and built. The system consisted in a laptop, a data acquisition card, a multiplexor module and a set of 24 air temperature, 24 air velocity and two differential pressure sensors. The system was able to acquire up to a maximum of 128 signals simultaneously at 5 second intervals. The multisensor system was calibrated under laboratory conditions and it was then tested in field tests. Field tests were conducted in a commercial broiler farm under four different pressure and ventilation scenarios in two sections within the building. The calibration curves obtained under laboratory conditions showed similar regression coefficients among temperature, air velocity and pressure sensors and a high goodness fit (R2 = 0.99) with the reference. Under field test conditions, the multisensor system showed a high number of input signals from different locations with minimum internal delay in acquiring signals. The variation among air velocity sensors was not significant. The developed multisensor system was able to integrate calibrated sensors of temperature, air velocity and differential pressure and operated succesfully under different conditions in a mechanically-ventilated broiler farm. This system can be used to obtain quasi-instantaneous fields of the air velocity and temperature, as well as differential pressure maps to assess the design and functioning of ventilation system and as a verification and validation (V&V) system of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations in poultry farms.
Broiler production is an essential food industry in many countries. Currently, modern poultry production chains supply safe, nutritious and relatively cheap high-quality protein; for this reason, large-scale commercial poultry production plays nowadays an essential role supplying food to a rapidly growing, urban middle class worldwide . From 2000 to 2010, the production of the poultry meat sector has increased more than 4% per year, compared to 2.1% for pig and 1.1% for beef. As a result, its share in global meat production has increased from 15% in the 1970 decade to 33.5% at present 2010 . This growth has been accompanied and supported by rapid technological, scientific and industrial changes associated with the development of highly industrialized landless intensive systems. Recent developments of poultry meat production have consisted in huge genetic improvements, the use of concentrated feed, an improvement of preventive disease controls and biosecurity measures, and the use of technology to exhaustively control in-house environmental conditions . In this context, ventilation of poultry houses plays a critical role to ensure appropriate indoor conditions for achieving a high animal productivity (growth and food conversion) and a low mortality [4–6].
The dominant ventilation system in modern broiler houses uses forced ventilation, mainly through negative-pressure systems. Ventilation design is based in three basic principles: the rate of air exchange, air distribution and air velocity range at the animal level [7–9]. However, the design of ventilation systems for poultry housing has seen a certain amount of development by trial and error in the absence of precise guidelines . Therefore, it seems that further research is necessary to establish standardised protocols to design ventilation systems for poultry houses. The air exchange rate is calculated according to animal age and number in the building and is achieved with exhaust fans. The number of fans installed and operated will depend on ventilation needs and the performance of each fan. The air exchange rate must ensure a proper control of indoor temperature as well as an effective evacuation of air moisture and air pollutants . On the contrary, the uniform distribution of air inside the house and the air velocity at animal level depend mainly on farm design and operation factors which interact in a complex way. Design factors (building geometry and location) and also operational factors (fan operation, adjustment of air inlet openings and pressure drop) become essential to define an optimal ventilation system [7–9]. However, the distribution of air may be affected under field conditions by unplanned openings (open doors and windows as well as cracks in walls or ceilings), bad adjustment of openings or impaired performance of exhaust fans caused by equipment ageing, bad maintenance or changes in electricity supply [7,11].
Some authors have indicated that poultry farms with inadequate ventilation systems suffer from higher mortality rates when the indoor air is hot, humid and still in the zones occupied by animals. Even more, it has been reported that chicken's welfare is more influenced by the ventilation system than by the animal stocking density . For this reason, the inappropriate design or malfunctioning of ventilation systems can enhance the occurrence of lethal environmental conditions within production buildings, thus leading to significant economic losses. Moreover, even well designed and operated buildings may be insufficient to cope with extreme circumstances. In this context, massive deaths of approximately 500,000 birds occurred in 2003 because of heat stress in the Valencian Community (Spain), a region with an approximate stock of 9,000,000 birds .
To assess the design and operation of ventilation systems in livestock houses direct measurements with appropriate instrumentation and measurement protocols are required. Alternatively, there is an increasing use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to indirectly evaluate ventilation systems in agricultural systems [15–20]. However, this indirect method also needs verification and validation (V&V), and thus using adequate instrumentation is also necessary. This instrumentation must allow simultaneous measurement of air velocity at different locations inside the house, but at the same time must be precise enough in the usual range of air velocity in broiler houses, which is normally lower than 3 m/s. Current commercial instrumentation systems, however, are not thought to evaluate ventilation systems of commercial farms because they normally measure only point values and their measurement thresholds are higher than the usual air velocity found in the farms. Furthermore, complex measurement systems should be avoided. One author indicated that an instrumentation operator may produce distortions in the airflow inside the farm and its use may be unpractical under field conditions.
Recent studies have focused on the use of electronic instrumentation and sensors in farms. Some authors have developed systems to measure ventilation rates in livestock buildings, which are based on different sensors. So, turbinemeters have been used to determine the ventilation rate in livestock buildings or a portable anemometer to determine the fan performance curve . One study implemented an instrumentation system for performing environmental measurements in broiler and swine housing, whereas another study used an ultrasonic anemometer to measure the air velocity in animal-occupied zones in a swine farms. Another interesting study used hot-wire anemometry to measure the air velocity based on monitoring thermal losses in a heated measuring element . However, in all cases, research until now has recorded only measurements taken at one or a few points and not addressed long term measurements using a large number of sensors.
Recently, a basic system for measuring temperature and air velocity in poultry houses was described , which has been used in later experiments . The same authors suggested that the described measurement system could be used as a basis to develop a measurement system equipped with a larger number of sensors fulfilling the essential premise of simultaneous measurement at multiple points. To achieve this premise, the time delay between two consecutive acquisitions needs to be minimized and a multiplexing system arises as an essential element in the design of this ideal measurement system. A multiplexer allows for data acquisition in a quasi-simultaneous regime at different locations including animal level and other heights, minimising potential distortions of airflow inside the farm.
It must be considered that the airflow inside a mechanically ventilated building is turbulent by nature. The presence of animals intensifies this internal turbulent atmosphere, creating sudden changes of environmental parameters both in time and space. An instrumentation to evaluate the indoor climate of a livestock building must therefore receive as many input signals per time unit as possible, from a large number of widely distributed measuring locations, particularly from zones occupied by animals [21,27,28]. As indicated above, it is also necessary to measure differential pressure because of its critical influence on ventilation performance of a mechanically ventilated farm.
The main objective of this study was to develop a multisensor system to evaluate the design of the ventilation system in broiler houses. The system was designed to measure simultaneously air velocity, temperature and differential pressure with different sensors. This system was calibrated and then tested under farm conditions and may serve as a useful tool to evaluate the indoor environment of poultry farms, as affected by farm design, for troubleshooting, and as a V&V system of CFD simulations.
2. Materials and Methods
In this section, the developed measurement system, as well as the methodology followed for its field validation, will be described.
2.1. Measurement System Development
2.1.1. General Description
A configurable multi-sensor device aimed at measuring air velocity, temperature and differential pressure in multiple locations at the same time was designed and built. The system consisted in a portable PC (Pentium III, 64 Mb RAM) and a National Instruments Corporation (Austin, TX, USA) DAQCARD 6024E data acquisition card with 16 analogue inputs and a maximum sampling rate of 200 kS/s. Its absolute accuracy at full scale was 10.568 mV. As 16 channels were less than those needed, a central multiplexor data collection module was designed. The multiplexing modules were able to concentrate eight signals into a single channel. Therefore, the system extended the 16 channels of the acquisition card to a maximum of 128 signals. To reduce interferences, all information was sent in current mode instead of voltage mode. The card also had eight digital input-output channels, which were used to control multiplexing units.
In this paper, we describe a system adapted to operate with 24 air velocity sensors, 24 temperature sensors, two differential pressure modules and seven multiplexers. A schematic of the system is shown in Figure 1.
Data was acquired in the PC by using specifically developed software. This software was based on the National Instruments Corporation LabVIEW 8.2 platform . The software was able to acquire and monitor signals from sensors, as well as control the multiplexing and demultiplexing functions.
Two programs were developed in LabVIEW. One to monitor all the sensors used in the installation at real time, and another one that shows on the screen the time evolution of the sensors and can record data on the PC at the programmed rate. In this experiment, data of all sensors is taken every five seconds and kept for an average of 120 readings (every ten minutes).
2.1.2. Temperature Material and Circuit
A platinum resistance temperature detector (RTD) thin film detector Pt100 (Omega, Inc., Stamford, CT, USA) printed on a ceramic substrate was chosen as the temperature sensor; the technical characteristics of the device are consistent with Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN)-43760 and British Standard (BS)1904. Figure 2 shows the circuit of the temperature sensor. It is used to linearise the response of the Pt100 and to regulate the zero offset by the variable resistor of 200 Ω.
2.1.3. Temperature Calibration
In order to calibrate temperature sensors, a Fluke Corporation (Everett, WA, USA) temperature calibrator Fluke-724 that simulates a Pt100 was used. The sensor was disconnected from the electronic circuit and connected to the simulator. It was also connected to the acquisition system in the temperature module to measure the output voltage from the different temperatures simulated using the Fluke-724. Calibration temperature ranged from 0 °C to 44 °C. This range is found within the common range of temperatures in commercial poultry farms. For each of the 24 sensors, two consecutive calibrations were conducted to study potential hysteresis. The first calibration lay between 0 °C and 44 °C, whereas the second lay between 44 °C to 0 °C. Each calibration was performed at 2 °C intervals within each range. Therefore, a total of forty six temperature values were used to calibrate each sensor.
For each calibration, the output potential (Ut) was measured as a linear function of temperature, including a quadratic term following Equation (1). The quadratic term was used to account for those cases where the linear effect varied with increases in temperature:
To detect differences between sensors a unique regression analysis integrating all sensors with dummy variables was used following the model:
E(Ut): Mean value of the measured potential Ut (volts) in both calibrations with the multimeter.
T: Air temperature (°C).
Si: Sensor i (dummy variable) that takes 0 and 1 values; for any specific sensor, the variable takes a value of 1 and 0 in all cases (1 for the sensor that corresponds to the observation and 0 for the rest of the sensors).
α0: Independent coefficient of regression.
β0: Regression coefficient of variable temperature (T) simulated at calibrator “Fluke 724” (in °C).
βi: Regression coefficient of the interaction between variables T and Si.
γ0: Regression coefficient of the variable for the square of the temperature (T2).
αi: Regression coefficient of the variable sensor (Si).
γi: Regression coefficient of the interaction between variables T2 and Si.
The dummy variables (Si) had to be created so that they assume a value equal to the number of variables minus 1; thus, a reference sensor was used to determine all variables. If the sensor assumes a value of 0, the rest assume a value 1 with respect to one of these variables . Differences between sensors in the model were detected in three ways: changes in the intercept (α coefficients), changes in the slope (β coefficients) and the square coefficients (γ).
This analysis was performed with the PROC REG procedure of SAS . Maximum and minimum differences between measures and estimated observations were taken as a practical criterion of the accuracy of the model.
2.1.4. Air Velocity Material and Circuit
Among the different available technologies used to measure air velocity , hot-wire anemometry was chosen because of its various advantages. The basic principle of hot-wire anemometry is very simple: a fluid (in this case air) crosses an (electrically) heated wire at a constant temperature; thus, an energy balance can be established between the power supply to the heated wire and the dissipation, which is proportional to the air velocity.
Based on hot-wire anemometry, an RTD was chosen as air velocity sensor. An RTD consists of a thin wire, sheet or metallic component that is generally supported by a ceramic. In this case, the RTD featured a thin platinum piece, whose processing offered a resistance of 100 Ω at 0 °C; thus, the RTD was referred to as Pt100. In fact, Pt100 has great advantages: minimal thermal mass, the ability to detect small mass velocity, mechanical robustness and no moving components, easy mounting, very fast response time, ability to perform a simple electronic analysis, the best price-performance ratio, good repeatability and great stability over time . For these reasons, the same sensor as in temperature determinations (platinum resistor Pt100, printed on a ceramic substrate, thin film detector (TFD), Omega Inc. ) was chosen for the velocity measurements. The electronic circuit of the air velocity sensor is shown in Figure 3.
The circuit operates as follows: the resistors of 10 Ω, 60.18 Ω and 19.6 Ω and the Pt100 form a Wheatstone bridge. To make this bridge balanced, the resistance of the Pt100 should be 119.168 Ω which is equivalent to a temperature of 49.41 °C. If the bridge becomes unbalanced, the operational amplifier TL072/A and the transistor 2N2907 act until the bridge is balanced again.
2.1.5. Air Velocity Calibration
The equation governing the thermal equilibrium between the heating of the sensor to a constant temperature and the dissipation of the air is:
Under quasi-stationary conditions, the thermal energy stored is constant, so:
Assuming convection is the main mode of heat transmission (neglecting radiation and conducting losses):
A wind tunnel was designed to calibrate the velocity sensors (Figure 4).
Fifteen velocity values were measured in the wind tunnel within the range from 0.1 to 4.5 m/s. These velocities were obtained varying the fan power. A calibrated Testo 425 hot-wire anemometer was used to obtain reference values (Testo Inc., Sparta, NJ, USA; error 0.03 m/s + 5% of the measured value) .
The follow Equation (14) results:
A least-square algorithm is used to obtain the coefficients of the linear regression (δ, λ) between the reference air velocity (Vf) measured with the reference anemometer and the terms included in y (Equation (12)), so that TW, the temperature of the wire that is fixed by the electronic circuit (TW = 49.41 °C), the output voltage of the velocity (Uv) and temperature (Ut) sensors was measured; in turn, the output voltage of the temperature it used to calculated the sensor temperature (Tf) through its corresponding calibration, as explained before. In conclusion, a collection of values (Uv, Vf, Ta) was measured simultaneously while controlling the fan power.
MATLAB software was used to create a program to sum up the whole process, and then calculate the regression coefficients δ and λ of the Equation (14) by the PROC REG procedure of the SAS program . A curve of specific calibration was obtained for every module sensor.
Once all regressions were obtained for the different sensors, in order to ascertain the validity of the calibrations a linear regression analysis between the velocity measured by the anemometer (Vf(real)) and the estimated velocity (Vf(e)) by the calibration procedure described, done as . The statistical model used in order to compare calibration curves was a linear regression using the PROC REG procedure of SAS too:
E(Vf(real)): Mean air velocity measured with the hot-wire anemometer (m/s).
Vf(e): Estimated velocity determined by the calibration procedure for the sensors.
Si: Sensor i (dummy variable) that take 0 and 1 values; for a specific sensor, the variable takes a value of 1 and 0 in all cases (1 for the sensor that corresponds to the observation and 0 for the rest of the sensors).
α0: Independent coefficient of regression.
β0: Regression coefficient of the Vf(e) variable.
αi: Regression coefficient of the variable Si.
βi: The regression coefficient of the interaction Si by Vf(e).
Maximum and minimum differences between measures and estimated observations were taken as a practical criterion of the accuracy of the model.
2.1.6. Differential Pressure Module
A sensor with a range between 0 and 100 Pa was selected as the operating conditions rarely exceed 60 Pa. A HCXM010D6V differential pressure-sensing module based on a pre-amplified silicon gauge pressure sensor (Sensortechnics Inc., Puchheim, Germany); nonlinear and hysteretic error <0.5% ) was used. This module has previously been used in mechanically ventilated poultry farms . An electronic circuit was designed to obtain a range between 0 and 100 Pa by a non-inverting, operational amplifier with a gain of 11, as shown in Figure 5.
The differential pressure modules were calibrated using a differential manometer (U-shaped tube filled with distilled water), a dropper and the data acquisition system. The calibration was performed with water at 4 °C because, at this temperature, the water density is 1 g/mL. Different output voltages related to the displacements of the liquid column were measured. These displacements were observed along a vertical ruler using a magnifying glass. Moreover, in order to improve the precision, the volume of water injected was registered and counted drop by drop. The maximum range of calibration (100 Pa) corresponded to one centimetre of displacement and 13 drops of 100 μL. The calibration equation was as follows:
U: Measured voltage (in volts).
α0: Independent coefficient of regression.
β1: Regression coefficient of independent variables.
P: Pressure (in Pa) calculated from the displacement of the water column.
Through a regression analysis using SAS , the regression coefficients were estimated. A regression equation was developed for each of the two sensors. As with air temperature and air velocity sensors, maximum and minimum differences between measures and estimated observations were taken as a practical criterion of the accuracy of the model.
2.2. Field Experiments
2.2.1. Assay Building
The system was tested in a commercial broiler farm which was selected for its location (Villarreal, Castellón, Spain) and climatic conditions that are representative of the Mediterranean region. These climatic conditions are characterized by high temperatures and high relative humidity (e.g., >30 °C, >70% RH).
The farm featured a mechanical cross-ventilation system. The dimensions of the building were: length, 110 metres; width, 12.60 metres; sidewall height, 2.6 metres; slope cover, 21.53%. Sixteen exhaust fans were installed: nine large fans with a diameter of 1.28 m (Gigola & Riccardi, Cazzago San Martino, Italy, model Gigola ES-140, with a power consumption of 0.74 kW and a nominal ventilation flow of 34,956 m3·h−1 to ΔP = 0 Pa) and seven 0.68 m diameter small ones (Ziehl-Abegg A.G., Küzelsau, Germany, model FC063-6D, power consumption 0.58 kW and nominal ventilation flow 12,750 m3·h−1 to ΔP = 0 Pa). The farm was equipped with 66 Tuffigo© air inlets (Quimper, France, model Kan'Air, 0.795 × 0.24 metres placed at 1.51 metres height) controlled by an automatic system for automatically management in three groups of 22 inlets. The building was empty during the experiments to avoid possible interference due to the presence of animals.
2.2.2. Measurement Conditions (Scenarios)
To test the measurement system, four different boundary conditions were established: (I) 30 Pa using only large fans, (II) 38 Pa working all fans, (III) 50 Pa working large fans and (IV) 50 Pa working all fans). Two sections were studied, one (Section A) was located near one extreme of the building, whereas the second (Section B) was in the centre. Table 1 shows trial scenarios.
For each scenario, all 24 air velocity and temperature sensors, two differential pressure sensors and seven multiplexers were placed on 12 tripods; two sensors were placed on each tripod: one of them at the level of the birds (0.25 metres) and the other at a height of 1.75 metres. A detail of a tripod when measuring in the building is shown in the photograph, Figure 6.
To sum up, eight trials were conducted (two sections with four boundaries) with 12 measurement positions as indicated in Figure 7. The location of the sensors was chosen according the situation of inlets and fans and considering where the farmer had observed any anomaly such as a greater or lesser concentrations of chicken or increased mortality. Acquisition time for each trial was 10 minutes. As the system was programmed for measuring each 5 seconds, each value was the mean of 120 data.
For all tests, the two differential pressure sensors were used to control the opening of the inlets and performance of the fans precisely.
2.2.3. Statistical Procedures
In order to study the effect of factors involved in the performance of the system under field conditions, an analysis of variance following the next model was developed:
|Yijkl:||Air velocity measured in the Section i at conditions j at k height by sensor l.|
|Zi:||Measurement Section (2).|
|Bj:||Boundary conditions (4).|
|Hk:||Height of sensor (2).|
|Sl(k):||Sensor (24) hierarchical to height.|
|(Z × B)ij:||Interaction Section-Boundary (8).|
|(Z × H)ik:||Interaction Section-Height (8).|
|(B × H)jk:||Interaction Boundary-Height (8).|
|(Z × B × H)ijk:||Triple interaction Section-Boundary-Height (16).|
|(Z × S)il(k):||Interaction Section-Sensor (48).|
|(B × S)jl(k):||Interaction Boundary-Sensor (96).|
|(Z × B × S)ijl(k):||Triple interaction Section-Boundary-Sensor (residual term of the model).|
Numbers in parentheses indicate number of factors. To study these effects, all factors were considered to be at random. The model was analysed by the GLM procedure of SAS systems .
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Sensor Calibration
3.1.1. Temperature Calibration
Table 2 presents the regression coefficients resulting from applying the regression model in Equation (2). Five regression equations were obtained for different groups of sensors according to the nature of the calibration curves (Equations (20) to (24)). In all cases the regressions showed high significance (P < 0.001) and goodness fit (R2 = 0.99). The first line in Table 2 (Equation (20)), represents the reference sensor's regression coefficients after applying Equation (3), i.e., α0 = 2.00, β0 = 0.152 and γ0 = 0, and thirteen other sensors that were not significantly different from it, i.e., αi = 0, βi = 0 and γi = 0, after applying Equation (4).
The difference between Equations (20) and (21) was the temperature coefficient, representing the slope of the regression line. The four sensors grouped in Equation (21) showed a slightly lower slope than sensors grouped in Equation (20). Equations (23) and (24) only grouped one sensor each and showed a higher temperature coefficient (slope) (Equation (23)) or lower intercept (Equation (24)) than sensors grouped in Equation (20). Equation (22) grouped four sensors and showed the most different coefficients. Equation (23) showed a lower intercept and a higher slope than sensors grouped in Equation (20), but a negative quadratic term. The effect of the quadratic term indicated that an increase in the temperature reduced the slope of the regression equation. In this case, clearing the temperature produced a second-degree polynomial equation.
For Equations (20) and (24) the maximum error measured was 0.33 °C and the minimum was <0.01 °C, for Equation (21) the maximum error measured was 0.07 °C and the minimum was <0.01 °C, for Equation (22) the maximum error measured was 0.05 °C and the minimum was <0.01 °C and finally for Equation (23) the maximum error measured was 0.32 °C and the minimum was <0.01 °C. As in all cases the minimum error was lower than the reading of the simulator (0.01 °C), we used these minimum errors for estimations. In all cases a very low error hysteresis value was obtained (±0.0227%).
3.1.2. Air Velocity Calibration
The estimated velocities (Vf(e)) (m/s) were obtained from the regression of each sensor. Comparing these estimated velocities with real velocities Vf(real) (m/s), using the model of Equation (15), we obtained a high significance (P < 0.001) with a high goodness of fit (R2= 0.99), but no differences between sensors were detected. Consequently, only one calibration curve was obtained for all velocity sensors:
The maximum error measured was 0.018 m/s, and the minimum was 0.002 m/s. Since these errors were smaller than the error of the anemometer (0.03 m/s + 5% of the reading), we used the anemometer error for calculations.
3.1.3. Differential Pressure Calibration
The calibration results for the differential pressure sensors shows two similar calibration curves:
The regressions were similar with respect to their intercepts and slopes. To obtain dP from the measured voltage (U), only Equations (26) and (27) had to be changed. The maximum error measured was 0.41 Pa, and the minimum was 0.22 Pa for differential pressure sensor 1 and the maximum error measured was 0.29 Pa, and the minimum was 0.20 Pa for differential pressure sensor 2.
3.2. Field Experiment
Considering all scenarios and sensors, 23,040 data values of air velocity were measured with the designed system. Table 3 shows the results of the ANOVA analysis. The variable sensor resulted not significant, as section, boundary and height and some interactions. Only the interactions “Section by Sensor (Height)” and “Boundary by Sensor (Height)” were significant.
Table 4 shows the obtained air velocity values according the different variables (Section, Boundary and Height) and some interactions. These values shows that the air velocities achieved in all boundaries are very homogeneous, the minimum value is 0.37 ± 0.30 m/s (Section B, Boundary I) and the maximum value is 0.80 ± 0.31 m/s (Section B, Boundary III) although there are peak measurements (not reflected in Table 4) between 0.06 m/s to 3.52 m/s.
3.3.1. Measurement System Development
The measurement system developed in this study was able to integrate calibrated sensors of temperature, air velocity and differential pressure and operated succesfully in different conditions in a mechanically-ventilated poultry farm.
It is currently accepted that wireless sensor networks can be applied to monitor environmental parameters in agricultural systems [44,45]. However, wired sensors were used because they were considered more appropriate for our measurement needs than wireless sensors. In this sense, hot-wire air velocity sensors operated with a frequent data collection interval (10 minutes in this work) which imply a high energy consumption. Therefore the batteries required for a wireless system are not able to guarantee energy supply for long-term measurements. This wired acquisition system can operate during one whole rearing cycle of broilers (6 to 7 weeks) with minimum maintenance, which avoids disturbing the normal operation in the farm. Similar wired systems to measure environmental parameters have also been used recently obtaining succesful results.
In addition, this measurement system can receive the environmental signals without the physical presence of a technician (avoiding then the interference on measured values). This is due to its large data storing and adquisition capacity as well as its autonomy in terms of energy consumption .
Regarding to sensors nature, air velocity and temperature are hot-wire type sensors and RTDs, respectively. They were chosen based on their advantages, such as their robustness observed for similar uses . On the other hand, there is still a need to test differential pressure sensors in mechanically ventilated poultry farms .
According to the results of this work, a single calibration curve was obtained for all velocity sensors. The error of the calibration curve was lower than the measurement error of the anemometer used for the calibration (±5% of reading) which indicates a good agreement among all sensors. On the contrary, several calibration curves were required for different temperature sensors. The results indicated that the sensors in this study could be classified into five statistically different groups, but differences between the five calibration equations were irrelevant in practical terms. This indicates that slight differences among sensors could arise from differences in the fabrication process or components. Regarding the calibration of differential pressure sensors, similar calibration curves were obtained, as expected considering the nature of these sensors.
The use of dummy variables for sensor calibration has been an innovative method for this purpose. So, using this tool allows obtaining optimum number of calibration curves according to statistical criteria. Ideally, a single calibration curve should be used, nevertheless a variety of factors including differences in fabrication, components or welds, make it not always possible in practice. Moreover, the precision required for measurement systems plays an crucial role, and using this methodology sensors can be grouped in homogeneous groups when small differences are observed. As indicated above, this is the case of temperature sensors in this study.
3.3.2. Field Experiments
The sensors and the measurement system were tested in a commercial farm located in Eastern Spain. It is important to remark that despite commercial broiler farms do not follow any standard in terms of geometry or construction design, according to a wide knowledge base regarding the general construction characteristics of poultry farms in the region , this farm had typical dimensions and can therefore be considered representative of typical mediterranean broiler buildings.
Although the tests conducted in this study were performed in an empty broiler house, the configuration of the system and materials used, make the system robust enough to resist the aggressive environmental conditions (e.g., dust, high relative humidity, and gas concentration), occurring in buildings during animal rearing. Nevertheless, air velocity changes when psychometric conditions are modified by fluctuations of temperature or air density must be kept in mind. In this sense, in occupied farms, indoor environmental boundary conditions are more complex than in an empty farm. The reasons for this difference are the influence of broiler heat, chemical reactions of litter, as well as the refrigeration or heating systems. In any case, when using this system in occupied building, some improvements are recommendable. First, sensors placed at animal level must be protected (e.g., using a mesh) to avoid access by the animals. Second, it is also recommendable to include more sensors at a different level above the birds' heads in order to reduce the effect of the animals on measurements. Other practices such as frequent revisions and cleaning of sensors are also recommendable. Nevertheless, it would be necessary to test the system with animals to study the system's reliability.
In this paper, only air velocity data were presented and discussed since temperature and differential pressure conditions were similar for all situations investigated. In this regard, despite the fact that in this work only air velocity data were presented, in the case of occupied farms, when refrigeration and heating systems are operating or when significative differences between exterior and internal temperatures occur, additional studies on the results of temperature should be developed. Moreover, additional sensors (i.e., humidity sensors, etc.) can be implemented at the other channels of the collecting module for wider studies, for example when measurement conditions take place under different environmental conditions.
According to the evaluation of effects on air velocity records, results obtained show that the variation between sensors was not significant, as expected according to the information obtained in the calibration procedure. Moreover, the interactions “Section by Sensor (Height)” and “Boundary by Sensor (Height)” were the only significant interactions. The lack of statistical significance of the variable “Sensor” in this simple effect indicates homogeneous behaviour of all sensors on average for the different sections and boundaries studied. However, the interaction “Boundary by Sensor (Height)” indicates that the effects of the air velocity changing the boundary conditions are not identical in all the sensors, i.e., this interaction indicates that the differences between the boundaries that do not appear in the average because the factor is not significant (boundaries). In the same way, the interaction “Section by Sensor (Height)” indicates that the air velocity changes at each section is not identical in all sensors, i.e., this interaction indicates the differences between sections that do not appear in the average because the factor is not significant (sections). These results are in accordance with the continuity equation for the case of infinite points , and they have important consequences in determining the locations of the sensors.
Regarding the performance of the ventilation system, when the best scenarios under which high mortality would be prevented during summer months was explored and a high value of the air velocity was not obtained at the level of the birds (a maximum of 0.80 ± 0.31 m/s in Section B, Boundary III). For this reason, it can be concluded that cross-mechanical ventilation is a good system for mild weather, but it is neccessary to explore other conditions of the ventilation system to prevent episodes of high mortality during summer months because this mechanical system of ventilation does not offer high air velocities at the level of the birds.
Moreover, it was interesting to note the great fluctuation in the values of air velocity in a mechanically ventilated poultry farm. As observed in the Table 4, the overall mean is 0.63 ± 0.54 m/s, the means by section are 0.59 ± 0.50 m/s (Section A) and 0.68 ± 0.58 m/s (Section B) and by 0.51 ± 0.70 m/s (Boundary I), 0.64 ± 0.37 m/s (Boundary II), 0.75 ± 0.39 m/s (Boundary III) and 0.64 ± 0.62 m/s (Boundary IV). This variability is due air turbulence in farm building and the location of sensors [21,27]. Environmental parameters values obtained through this measurement system can be utilised for V&V procedures of CFD works and futures studies.
An on-line computerized multisensor system for measuring air velocities, temperatures and differential pressure in multiple locations in poultry houses at the same time was designed and built. The system consisted in a laptop, a data acquisition card, a multiplexor module and a set of 24 air temperature, 24 air velocity and two differential pressure sensors. The system was able to acquire up to a maximum of 128 signals simultaneously at 5 second intervals.
The statistical procedures used to obtain calibration curves demonstrate the robustness of the system regarding temperature sensors. A single regression curve was obtained for 14 sensors, two curves for four sensors, and only two individual curves. Moreover, for air velocity sensors a single calibration curve was obtained. The regression error was smaller than the error of the reference anemometer.
Under field tests in a commercial broiler farm, the multipoint sensor system allowed for the measurement of a high number of input signals from different locations with minimum internal delay in acquiring signals. In terms of air velocity, the results allow to conclude that the variation among sensors was not significant. It also demonstrated to be robust and portable and could be used without presence of any operator which could disturb air velocity profiles.
The developed multisensor system can be used to obtain quasi-instantaneous fields of the air velocity and temperature, as well as differential pressure maps to assess the design and functioning of ventilation system and as a V&V system of CFD simulations.
This work was funded by the project GV04B-511 (Generalitat Valenciana, Spain). The authors would like to thank Victoria Blanes-Vidal of the Southern Denmark University, for her helpful comments and suggestions. We are also grateful for the comments and assistance provided by anonymous referees of earlier versions of this paper.
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|Assay Section||Differential Pressure (Pa)||Ventilation Rate 1 m3/h||Operating Fans||Boundary Condition|
|38||276,204||Large + Small||II|
|50||250,472||Large + Small||IV|
|38||276,204||Large + Small||II|
|50||250,472||Large + Small||IV|
1Ventilation rates were measured in each scenario as indicated by .
|Numbers of Sensors||N (Data Number)||Regression Estimated Coefficient|
|Intercept||Temperature Coefficient||Square Temperature Coefficient||Equation|
|α0 + αi||β0 + βi||γ0 + γi|
|DF||Sum of Squares||Mean Square||F-Ratio||P-Value|
|Section × Boundary||3||0.10||0.03||0.11||0.9471|
|Section × Height||1||0.35||0.35||0.46||0.5076|
|Boundary × Height||3||0.82||0.27||0.72||0.5760|
|Section × Sensor(Height)||22||13.46||0.61||5.71||<0.0001|
|Boundary × Sensor(Height)||66||14.69||0.22||2.08||0.0017|
|Boundary Conditions||Height||Section A||Section B||All|
|I||0.25 m||0.62 ± 0.86 (12)||0.37 ± 0.30 (12)||0.50 ± 0.65 (24)|
|1.75 m||0.37 ± 0.39 (12)||0.66 ± 1.00 (12)||0.52 ± 0.76 (24)|
|All||0.50 ± 0.67 (24)||0.53 ± 0.74 (24)||0.51 ± 0.70 (48)|
|II||0.25 m||0.70 ± 0.35 (12)||0.71 ± 0.29 (12)||0.71 ± 0.33 (24)|
|1.75 m||0.47 ± 0.32 (12)||0.68 ± 0.47 (12)||0.58 ± 0.41 (24)|
|All||0.59 ± 0.35 (24)||0.70 ± 0.38 (24)||0.64 ± 0.37 (48)|
|III||0.25 m||0.78 ± 0.41 (12)||0.80 ± 0.31 (12)||0.79 ± 0.35 (24)|
|1.75 m||0.63 ± 0.34 (12)||0.77 ± 0.50 (12)||0.70 ± 0.42 (24)|
|All||0.71 ± 0.37 (24)||0.79 ± 0.41 (24)||0.75 ± 0.39 (48)|
|IV||0.25 m||0.42 ± 0.26 (12)||0.65 ± 0.59 (12)||0.54 ± 0.46 (24)|
|1.75 m||0.72 ± 0.69 (12)||0.77 ± 0.87 (12)||0.74 ± 0.75 (24)|
|All||0.57 ± 0.53 (24)||0.71 ± 0.71 (24)||0.64 ± 0.62 (48)|
|All||0.25 m||0.63 ± 0.53 (48)||0.63 ± 0.41 (48)||0.63 ± 0.47 (96)|
|1.75 m||0.55 ± 0.47 (48)||0.72 ± 0.71 (48)||0.63 ± 0.61 (96)|
|All||0.59 ± 0.50 (96)||0.68 ± 0.58 (96)||0.63 ± 0.54 (192)|
© 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
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Mark Lawrence Kornbluh. Why America Stopped Voting: The Decline of Participatory Democracy and the Emergence of Modern American Politics. New York: New York University Press, 2000. xv + 243 pp. $40.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-8147-4708-7.
Reviewed by Mark W. Summers (University of Kentucky)
Published on H-SHGAPE (September, 2002)
Somewhere around the dawn of the twentieth century, the political system reformed itself so badly that it may never recover. The law made voting cleaner, more orderly, more honest. The parties lost their grip over the election process and, to some extent, over the hearts of the electorate. At the same time, and not by coincidence, Americans dropped out of active political involvement in droves. More of them could vote than ever before; fewer of them wanted to. This is the story that historians have told, and with as many explanations for why and how it happened as there are monographs on the subject. Now Mark Lawrence Kornbluh brings that scholarship together and adds to it, in the first really comprehensive survey of Why America Stopped Voting.
An associate professor of history at Michigan State University, Kornbluh has had this book years in the making, since it began as a dissertation at Johns Hopkins, but the results are well worth the wait. Looking first at what partisanship meant in the 1800s, and how it permeated white adult males' lives, this monograph chronicles the transformation, rounding up the usual suspects and a good many more besides. It turns out that many of the competing historians are right, and mistaken only in deprecating rival theories of vote decline. Voters stopped voting for various reasons including the party system no longer had the organizational machinery or the set of rewards (the spoils, that is) to bring them out in force; the press and popular culture turned partisanship into a dirty word; social changes made politics so much less central to the public's sense of how to amuse itself; the voting laws were changed to make it harder for would-be electors simply to show up on Election Day and cast a ballot; American politics in the 1890s evolved into two sectional, uncompetitive one-party systems, instead of a national, competitive two-party system; functions that once the party-run state had done were taken out of the arena of competitive politics and handed over to administrative agencies; and, the needs of the burgeoning republic were growing too technical for political hacks to handle them, and too diverse for grass-roots democracy to meet them all. The growth of an administrative state only sped up as the partisan competitiveness diminished. With no pressing need for spoils, and with laws on the books cutting into the range of those spoils, the parties no longer were willing to fight to the death to keep every function of government in their hands, and, with some of the most ticklish responsibilities, even welcomed the chance to be free of what might be a political liability if the voters had to pass on how elected officials had handled matters. But the more independent agencies made policy, the less reason voters had to reward or punish parties at election time--or even to show up at all. Government became something separate from politics and still more from the people. Somehow, in making good government, reforms had stripped it of its good name as a people's government.
Kornbluh is at his very best in analyzing voter turnout, using sophisticated methods and statistical techniques. He shows when the vote fell off and where, and by how much. This is no modest achievement. Nor is it so paltry an accomplishment to give a convincing, comprehensive synthesis of the reasons why and the mechanics of how this shift occurred. It matters, if we are to appreciate the mess that American politics are in today, and how little hope there is of reversing the trend.
And yet, granting that America Stops Voting is a tremendous work of synthesis, and a very useful echo of many other fine books and discoveries (and, when it comes to statistical analysis a very good work of original scholarship in the decline of popular politics, South as well as North), the delving moles of the historical profession cannot read the endnote without a pang--however impressed and admiring they certainly will be. There can hardly be a secondary source that Kornbluh has missed. That is the book's strength, and the shadow of what many readers will find its weakness. To see how politics worked--and stopped working--there are so many other sources that capture both the life and the day-to-day meaning better than an article in a scholarly journal: legislative debates, memoirs, newspapers, congressional hearings, and private manuscripts, to name just a few. Anyone wanting to see vote buying in all its rich variety would do well to dip into the Houk Family Papers in Knoxville, and for the excitement, the hoopla, and the sinuous partisan designs behind so many reforms, newspapers like the New York Herald, the New York Sun, and the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, to name but a few, hardly can be done without. Kornbluh has none of them. A quotation from the Congressional Record turns out to be a quotation second-hand, taken from a history of Republican administrative structures, but there are not even many of these. Readers hoping for a glimpse of the mysticism and fanaticism that stirred the heart and soul of the partisan, the white-hot passion of the reformer, had best look elsewhere. Those who are comfortable with vote-explaining formulae like "PPVI=[abs(P%Dy - P%Dy+4)] + [abs (P%Ry -P%Ry+4)]/2" will aappreciate the quantitative measures, as well as accepting them on faith. Those that love a mystery (one easily solved, fortunately, if one reads the text at the same time as the tables) will delight in pie-graphs labeled Figure 4.9, 4.10, 4.11, and so on, with no other explanation or title explaining just what the pie-graphs represent.
If there is additional discussion of this review, you may access it through the network, at: https://networks.h-net.org/h-shgape.
Mark W. Summers. Review of Kornbluh, Mark Lawrence, Why America Stopped Voting: The Decline of Participatory Democracy and the Emergence of Modern American Politics.
H-SHGAPE, H-Net Reviews.
Copyright © 2002 by H-Net, all rights reserved. H-Net permits the redistribution and reprinting of this work for nonprofit, educational purposes, with full and accurate attribution to the author, web location, date of publication, originating list, and H-Net: Humanities & Social Sciences Online. For any other proposed use, contact the Reviews editorial staff at email@example.com.
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It was a case that baffled everyone involved. The 74-year-old woman had initially been troubled by a rash that wouldn’t go away. By the time she arrived at the hospital, her lower right leg was covered in waxy lumps, eruptions of angry red and livid purple. Tests confirmed the worst suspicions: it was carcinoma, a form of skin cancer.
The future looked bleak. Given the spread of the tumours, radiotherapy would not have been effective; nor could the doctors dig the tumours from the skin. Amputation was perhaps the best option, says Alan Irvine, the patient’s doctor at St James’ Hospital, Dublin – but at her age, she was unlikely to adapt well to a prosthetic limb. After a long and frank discussion, they decided to wait as they weighed up the options. “We had a lot of agonising for what to do,” says Irvine.
Then the “miracle” started. Despite receiving no treatment at all, the tumours were shrinking and shrivelling before their eyes. “We watched for a period of a few months and the tumours just disappeared,” says Irvine. After 20 weeks, the patient was cancer-free. “There had been no doubt about her diagnosis,” he says. “But now there was nothing in the biopsies, or the scans.”
Somehow, she had healed herself of arguably our most feared disease. “Everyone was thrilled, and a bit puzzled,” Irvine says, with some understatement. “It shows that it is possible for the body to clear cancer – even if it is incredibly rare.”
The question is, how? Irvine’s patient believed it was the hand of God; she had kissed a religious relic just before the healing set in. But scientists are instead looking to the underlying biology of so-called “spontaneous regression” to hunt for clues that could make these rare cases of self-healing more common. “If you can train the body to do this on a broader scale, you could have something that’s very widely applicable,” says Irvine.
In theory, our immune system should hunt out and destroy mutated cells before they ever develop into cancer. Occasionally, however, these cells manage to sneak under the radar, reproducing until they grow into a full-blown tumour.
By the time the cancer has reached the attention of doctors, unaided recovery is highly unlikely: overall, just one in 100,000 cancer patients are thought to shed the disease without treatment.
Within those scant reports, though, there are some truly incredible stories. A hospital in the UK, for instance, recently reported the case of a woman who had experienced long-lasting fertility problems. She then discovered that she had a tumour between her rectum and her uterus, but before doctors could operate, she finally conceived. All went well and a healthy baby was delivered – only for the doctors to find that the cancer had mysteriously vanished during the pregnancy. Nine years later, she shows no sign of relapse.
Similarly spectacular recoveries have now been recorded in many different kinds of cancer, including extremely aggressive forms like acute myeloid leukaemia, which involves the abnormal growth of white blood cells. “If you leave the patient untreated, they usually die within weeks, if not days,” says Armin Rashidi at Washington University in St Louis. Yet he has found 46 cases in which acute myeloid leukaemia regressed of its own accord, although only eight avoided a relapse in the long term. “If you find a random oncologist and ask if this can this happen, 99% would say no – it makes no sense,” says Rashidi, who worked with colleague Stephen Fisher on the paper.
In contrast, dramatic recoveries from a childhood cancer called neuroblastoma are surprisingly frequent – offering some of the best clues about what might trigger spontaneous remission. This cancer arises from tumours in the nervous system and hormonal glands. If it then spreads, or metastasises, it can lead to nodules on the skin and growths in the liver, with swelling in the abdomen that makes it difficult for the infant to breathe.
Neuroblastoma is very distressing, yet it can sometimes disappear as quickly as it came, even without medical intervention. In fact, for infants less than one year old, regression is so common that doctors tend to avoid starting chemotherapy immediately, in the hope that the tumour will shrink by itself. “I can remember three cases with rather impressive skin metastases and an enlarged liver, but we literally just observed them – and they did well,” says Garrett Brodeur at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia.
The decision to sit and observe can be difficult, though: although the chance to avoid harrowing treatment comes as a relief to some parents, others find inaction and helplessness difficult to stomach. The agony of that period is one of the reasons that Brodeur wants to understand the mechanisms behind the cancer’s vanishing act. “We want to develop very specific agents that might initiate regression – so we don’t need to wait for nature to run its course or for ‘god’ to decide,” he says.
So far, Brodeur has some strong leads. For instance, unlike other nerve cells, the cells in neuroblastoma tumours seem to have developed the ability to survive without “nerve growth factor” (NGF) – allowing them to flourish in the wrong parts of the body where NGF is absent. Spontaneous remission may be triggered by a natural change in the neuroblastoma tumour cells, perhaps involving the cell receptors that NGF binds to. Whatever the change is, it might mean that the cells can no longer survive without the essential nutrient.
If so, a drug that targets those receptors could kick-start recovery in other patients. Brodeur says that two drug companies already have some candidates, and he hopes trials will begin soon. “It would selectively kill tumour cells that are sensitive to this pathway, so it could spare patients from chemotherapy, radiotherapy or surgery,” he says. “It wouldn’t make them sick or their hair fall out, or cause their blood cell count to fall.”
Unfortunately, unexpected recoveries from other kinds of cancer have been less well studied, perhaps because of their rarity. But there are some clues, and they could come from the pioneering work of a little-known American doctor more than 100 years ago.
It was the late 19th Century, and William Bradley Coley was struggling to save a patient with a large tumour in his neck. Five operations had failed to eradicate the cancer. Then the patient caught a nasty skin infection with a scorching fever. By the time he’d recovered, the tumour was gone. Testing the principle on a small number of other patients, Coley found that deliberately infecting them with bacteria, or treating them with toxins harvested from microbes, destroyed otherwise inoperable tumours.
Could infection be the key to stimulating spontaneous remission more generally? Analyses of the recent evidence certainly make a compelling case for exploring the idea. Rashidi and Fisher’s study found that 90% of the patients recovering from leukaemia had suffered another illness such as pneumonia shortly before the cancer disappeared. Other papers have noted tumours vanishing after diphtheria, gonorrhoea, hepatitis, influenza, malaria, measles, smallpox and syphilis. What doesn’t kill you really can make you stronger in these strange circumstances.
It’s not the microbes, per se, that bring about the healing; rather, the infection is thought to trigger an immune response that is inhospitable to the tumour. The heat of the fever, for instance, may itself render the tumour cells more vulnerable, and trigger cell suicide. Or perhaps it’s significant that when we are fighting bacteria or viruses, our blood is awash with inflammatory molecules that are a call to arms for the body’s macrophages, turning these immune cells into warriors that kill and engulf microbes – and potentially the cancer too. “I think the infection changes the innate immune cells from helping the tumours to killing them,” says Henrik Schmidt at Aarhus University Hospital in Denmark. That, in turn, may also stimulate other parts of the immune system – such as our dendritic cells and T-cells – to learn to recognise the tumorous cells, so that they can attack the cancer again should it return.
Schmidt thinks that understanding the process of spontaneous remission is vital, since it could help refine the emerging class of “immunotherapies” that hijack our natural defences to combat cancer. In one treatment, for instance, doctors inject some cancer patients with inflammatory “cytokines” in order to kick the immune system into action. The side effects – such as high fever and flu-like symptoms – are typically treated with drugs like paracetamol, to improve the patient’s comfort.
But given that the fever itself may trigger remission, Schmidt suspected that the paracetamol might sap the treatment’s potency. Sure enough, he has found that more than twice as many patients – 25% versus 10% – survive past the two-year follow-up, if they were instead left to weather the fever.
There could be many other simple but powerful steps to improve cancer treatment inspired by these insights. One man experienced spontaneous remission after a tetanus and diphtheria vaccination, for instance – perhaps because vaccines also act as a call to arms for the immune system. Along these lines, Rashidi points out that a receiving standard vaccine booster – such as the BCG jab against tuberculosis – seems to reduce the chance of melanoma relapse after chemotherapy.
Catching a cure
Others are considering a far more radical line of attack. For instance, one approach aims to deliberately infect cancer patients with a tropical disease.
The technique, developed by American start-up PrimeVax, involves a two-pronged approach. It would begin by taking a sample of the tumour, and collecting dendritic cells from the patient’s blood. These cells help coordinate the immune system’s response to a threat, and by exposing them to the tumour in the lab, it is possible to programme them to recognise the cancerous cells. Meanwhile, the patient is given a dose of dengue fever, a disease normally carried by mosquitoes, before they are injected with the newly trained dendritic cells.
Under the supervision of doctors in a hospital, the patient would begin to develop a 40.5C fever, combined with the widespread release of inflammatory molecules – putting the rest of the immune system on red alert. Where the tumour was once able to lurk under the radar, it should now become a prime target for an intense attack from the immune cells, led by the programmed dendritic cells. “Dengue fever crashes and regroups the immune system, so that it is reset to kill tumour cells,” says Bruce Lyday at PrimeVax.
Infecting vulnerable patients with a tropical illness may sound foolhardy, but dengue fever is less likely to kill the average adult than the common cold – making it the safest choice of infection. Importantly, once the fever has subsided, the programmed immune cells will remain on the lookout for the tumour, should it reappear. “Cancer is a moving target. Most therapies attack from just one side – but we’re trying to put it in a lose-lose situation, now and in the future,” says Lyday.
No one could fault the ambition behind this kind of therapy. “Our mission is to replicate spontaneous remission in as standardised way as possible,” says Lyday’s colleague Tony Chen. Even so, they are keen to emphasise that their idea is still at a very early stage of development – and they cannot know how it will play out until they begin a clinical trial. The first tests, they hope, will begin with advanced melanoma patients, perhaps by the end of the year.
Clearly, caution is necessary. As Irvine points out: “Spontaneous remission is a little clue in a big complicated jigsaw.” But if – and that is a massive if – they succeed, the implications would be staggering. A rapid, relatively painless recovery from cancer is now considered a miracle. The dream is that it might just become the norm.
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Just one in 100,000 cancer patients shed the disease – but why?
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Although many Indian nations fought in the Civil War, historians have given little attention to the role Native Americans played in the conflict. Indian nations did, in fact, suffer a higher percentage of casualties than any Union or Confederate state, and the war almost destroyed the Cherokee Nation. In The Confederate Cherokees, W. Craig Gaines provides an absorbing account of the Cherokees’ involvement in the early years of the Civil War, focusing in particular on the actions of one group, John Drew’s Regiment of Mounted Rifles.
As the war began, The Cherokees were torn by internal political dissension and a simmering thirty-year-old blood feud. Entry into the war on the Confederate side did little to resolve these intratribal tensions. One faction, loyal to Chief John Ross, formed a regiment led by John Drew, Ross’s nephew by marriage. Another regiment was formed by Ross’s rival, Stand Watie. The Watie regiment was largely por-Confederate, whereas many of Drew’s soldiers, though fighting for the Confederate cause, were secretly members of a pro-Union, antislavery society known as the Keetoowahs. They had little sympathy for the southern whites, who had driven them from their ancestral homelands in Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, Kentucky, and Tennessee. Drew’s regiment nonetheless earned a degree of infamy during the Battle of Pea Ridge, in Arkansas, for scalping Union soldiers.
Gaines writes not only about the actions of Drew’s regiment but about military events in the Indian Territory in general. United action was almost impossible because of continuing factionalism within the tribes and the desertion of many Indians to the Union forces. Desertion was so high that Drew’s regiment was effectively disbanded by mid-1862, and the soldiers did not complete their one-year enlistment. Drew’s regiment bears the distinction of being the only Confederate regiment to lose almost its entire membership through desertion to the Union ranks.
W. Craig Gaines, a former civilian employee of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, is currently a senior reservoir engineer in the private sector. He is the author of The Confederate Cherokees: John Drew's Regiment of Mounted Rifles and Civil War Gold and Other Lost Treasures. He lives in Edmond and Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Found an Error? Tell us about it.
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Wetlands Protection Has Long Received Inadequate Funding, Even Though they Absorb Some of the Destructive Power of a Hurricane
Flood control measures in southern Lousiana have led to large-scale damage to wetlands. An elaborate system of levees, dams, spillways, and pumps has allowed the presence of a major metropolis like New Orleans in an area that is below sea-level. But by straight-jacketing the Mississippi River, this system has also prevented the natural flooding on which the area’s wetlands and barrier islands depend for replenishing sediments. Without the river’s silt—channeled out into the Gulf of Mexico instead—the land must increasingly subside.
As a rule of thumb, every 2.5 miles of wetlands reduces the storm surge by 1 foot.
Some 1,900 square miles of coastal islands and marshland have vanished in Louisiana since the 1930s. Each year, an additional area of 25-35 square miles—roughly equivalent to Manhattan—are lost to the sea. Hurricanes Katrina and Rita submerged at least 118 square miles of marshland—an area almost twice the size of Washington, DC.
Mike Tidwell, “Goodbye, New Orleans. It’s Time We Stopped Pretending,” Orion Online.
Matthew Brown, “Coastal Losses Greater Than Thought,” The Times-Picayune, 15 February 2006.
Cornelia Dean and Andrew C. Revkin, “After Centuries of 'Controlling' Land, Gulf Learns Who's the Boss,” New York Times, August 30, 2005.
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noun, plural: animals
(1) being eukaryotic (i.e. the cell contains a membrane-bound nucleus) and usually multicellular (unlike bacteria and most protists, an animal is composed of several cells performing specific functions)
2) being heterotrophic (unlike plants and algae that are autotrophic, an animal depends on another organism for sustenance) and generally digesting food in an internal chamber (such as a digestive tract)
(3) lacking cell wall (unlike plants, algae and some fungi that possess cell walls)
(4) being generally motile, that is being able to move voluntarily
(5) embryos passing through a blastula stage
(6) possessing specialized sensory organs for recognizing and responding to stimuli in the environment
Of or relating to animals, e.g. animal functions.
The following are the grand divisions, or subkingdoms, and the principal classes under them, generally recognized at the present time: Vertebrata, including Mammalia or mammals, Aves or birds, Reptilia, Amphibia, Pisces or fishes, Marsipobranchiata (Craniota); and Leptocardia (Acrania). Tunicata, including the Thaliacea, and Ascidioidea or ascidians. Articulata or Annulosa, including Insecta, Myriapoda, Malacapoda, Arachnida, Pycnogonida, Merostomata, Crustacea (Arthropoda); and Annelida, Gehyrea (Anarthropoda). Helminthes or vermes, including Rotifera, Chaetognatha, Nematoidea, Acanthocephala, Nemertina, Turbellaria, Trematoda, Cestoidea, Mesozea. Molluscoidea, including Brachiopoda and Bryozoa. Mollusca, including Cephalopoda, Gastropoda, Pteropoda, Scaphopoda, Lamellibranchiata or Acephala. Echinodermata, including Holothurioidea, Echinoidea, Asterioidea, Ophiuroidea, and Crinoidea. Coelenterata, including Anthozoa or polyps, Ctenophora, and Hydrozoa or Acalephs. Spongiozoa or Porifera, including the sponges. Protozoa, including Infusoria and Rhizopoda. For definitions, see these names in the vocabulary.
Word origin: Middle English, from Latin, from animāle, neuter of animālis, living, from anima, soul.
Related forms: Animalia (noun), animalian (adjective).
Related phrases: Animal Kingdom, animal pole, animal cell culture, animal cell immobilization, germ-free animal, sentinel animal, animal testing, warm-blooded animal, animal rights, conventional animal.
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Throughout time there have been many people who have left their mark of greatness for the world to see today. Michelangelo Buonarroti is one of the best examples of such greatness. During his long life he accomplished more than most artists could in a hundred life times. He played a major role in the Renaissance, and help to make great advances through his works.
Michelangelo Buonarroti was born March 6, 1475 in the small village of Caprese, Italy. A gifted artist and poet, he helped set the pace of the Renaissance. Michelangelo's father, Ludovico Buonarroti had connection to the Medici family. He studies at the gardens when he was 15 years old and was invited into the household of Lorenzo de' Medici, the magnificent. Michelangelo's future was shaped to a large degree by his life in Lorenzo's household. When Lorenzo died in 1942 at the age of 43, Michelangelo designed the tombs for Lorenzo as well as his brother, Guiliano de Medici. The two complex tombs were conceived as representing opposite types. Lorenzo is the contemplative, introspective personality, while Guiliano is the active, extroverted one. He put magnificent nude representations of dawn and dusk on Lorenzo's tomb and representations of day and night on Guiliano's tomb. Work on the Medici tombs continued long after Michelangelo went back to Rome in 1534. In 1505 Pope Julius II called Michelangelo back to Rome, for two commissions. The most important one was for the frescoes of the Sistine chapel ceiling. Working lying on his back on scaffolding, Michelangelo painted between 1508 and 1512 some of the finest pictorial images of all time. On the vault of the papal chapel, he devised an intricate system of decoration that included nine scenes from the Book of Genesis. Beginning with God Separating Light from Darkness and including the creation of Adam, the Creation of Eve, the Temptation and Fall of Adam and Eve, and the Flood. In order for
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Fin whales are brownish grey above and white below. The color pattern is asymmetrical: the lower jaw is white on the right side and dark on the left. Fin whales are second only to blue whales in length but are more slightly built. The dorsal fin is strongly curved and is about 60 cm high. Fin whales have an average of 85 throat grooves that extend to the navel. Each side of the upper jaw bears 350-400 baleen plates. At physical maturity, males and females average 19 and 20 meters in length, respectively. Adults have not been weighed, but calculations suggest that a 25 m animal could weigh as much as 70,000 kg.
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Displaying kept leopards
Whereas foreign researchers have sometimes been beguiled into believing that leopard-keeping is really practised on Unguja, some Zanzibari researchers and others have sought to reconcile their own witchcraft beliefs with conservation science in a quite different way, by proposing that kept leopards be displayed to the public and tourists in particular. Zanzibar had a zoo (of sorts) in the period after the Revolution, and exotic animals have been displayed from time to time. In the mid-1990s a small private zoo, Zala Park, that houses mainly reptiles and amphibians, was established in Muungoni village near to Jozani Forest. But it seems most likely that the modern idea of displaying leopards arose in response to the research that was being undertaken at that time. One of the questions that SIT (School for International Training) student Benjamin Selkow asked his interviewees in 1995 was: “Hypothetically, how would you feel if a zoo or holding pen with a Zanzibar leopard was built somewhere in Zanzibar?” (1995: 12). He reports:
Several interviewees were against this proposal or would support it with some reservations. One man suggested breeding leopards to increase the population, and then distribute them to zoos at hotels around the island for educational and revenue purposes. A hunter from Upenja was quite adamant against breeding them, saying that only two to four should be kept. He wanted all offspring to be killed because he believed that they should only be for exhibition and not re-introduced into the wild. Another man said it would be a good idea for future generations, but not for the present because there is still too much “aggressive fear.” A hunter from Paje supported this and said that exhibiting a Zanzibar leopard would [be] touching too sensitive an area with locals. He proposed exhibiting a mainland sub-species as a first step. Finally, several interviewees thought it would be a bad idea because the zoo would shame hunters, exhibit a creature that had too many superstitious and magical issues associated with it, and make owners vengeful because the respect by fear status that owners enjoy would be downgraded. (1995: 20)
Did Selkow help to plant the idea of a leopard pen or zoo? We may never know, but certainly by the time that we began joint fieldwork in July 1996 it wasn’t a new idea. MTW’s field assistant, who was an experienced hunter and former Secretary of the government-subsidised Wasasi wa Kitaifa (National Hunters’ organisation), enthusiastically asked a number of our interviewees whether it would be feasible to persuade leopard keepers to display their leopards to the public and fee-paying tourists. The same idea also came up in the discussion that followed our end-of-fieldwork presentation to JCBCP and other government staff (Walsh 1996). We were careful in that meeting not to overtly criticise the beliefs of the many people in the audience who believed in leopard-keeping, and we didn’t question the display proposal as directly as we might have done otherwise.
Zala Park. When pressed, they didn’t have a clear idea of how they would obtain the animals. Perhaps they would buy them from a keeper whose leopard had given birth to cubs, and who could then instruct them on how to take care of the growing animals. In this case they’d also make use of the knowledge of ‘experts’ at the Commission. Or they might capture wild leopards using a cage trap with live bait. They opined that it would cost around Tshs 300,000 to purchase or capture a single leopard. Once they had a leopard in captivity, they would display it in an enclosure among bushes near the shore. This would be some 30 m x 20 m, and quite high. They also planned to build a reception area and small restaurant, at a cost of some Tshs 700,000. At this point in the conversation it seemed that they might be angling for support from the Commission, but they didn’t ask for this explicitly. Leopard keepers would show them how to train leopards. They wanted to start with two: a male and a female. One of the group of men suggested that they might kill surplus leopards, and sell the skins, but, sensing HVG’s unspoken disapproval, one of his colleagues countered that they would set them free in the bush. Before taking leave, Wahira let them know that the Commission would consider their idea, but that if it was approved, it would only be on a trial basis. The men agreed. On their way back to Zanzibar town HVG expressed her doubts about the proposal to Wahira, and did not hear about it again.
The leopard display idea clearly didn’t wither and die after the dissemination of our final report, in which we made it clear that we thought leopard-keeping to be wholly imaginary (Goldman and Walsh 1997). Indeed it surfaced in a quite unexpected place, in a debate in the Zanzibar House of Representatives in April 2003, when the Deputy Minister for Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment and Co-operatives declared that his ministry would be happy to buy leopards to display them to tourists. At least this is how it was reported in the press:
THE MINISTRY for Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment and Co-operatives in Zanzibar has said that it is ready to buy Leopards if people come forward to sell them, reports MWANTANGA AME.
This announcement was made the day before yesterday in the hall of the House of Representatives in Zanzibar town. It was made by the Deputy Minister and Representative for Uzini constituency, Tafana Kassim Mzee, when he was contributing to the debate about starting a special fund.
He declared that his Ministry was ready to buy Leopards so that they could be displayed in tourist areas.
The Representative pointed out that some tourists already came to Zanzibar to see snakes. If Zanzibar had enough Leopards for the purpose then revenues could be raised accordingly. Tafana said that if the country had these animals they would increase government income, and he asked for citizens to sell them to the state.
He let it be known that the long-held fear that anyone caught with a Leopard would be punished was a thing of the past, and that the government had no plans to do that again.
“There’s a fear that if anyone appears with a Leopard, then he’ll feel the noose around his neck. Get rid of that fear: my Ministry is ready to buy Leopards; I declare that we will buy those Leopards”, he said.
Another Representative who contributed to this debate, Brigadier-General (Rtd.) Adam Mwakanjuki, said that in the past Zanzibar had a lot of Leopards, but that now they had disappeared.
He said that it was good that the Ministry was thinking of obtaining these animals so that they could be put in a special reserve and the government make money.
He said that it was sad that Zanzibar now only had one specimen of that animal in the museum at Mnazi Mmoja in Zanzibar town. (Ame 2003)
To anyone who has studied the history of Zanzibar leopard-killing since the Revolution, this statement represents an ironic turnaround. Adam Mwakanjuki was one of the original revolutionaries, and for many years the Minister of Agriculture responsible for a policy that classed leopards as vermin and contradicted the legal protection that the law was supposed to offer to them. As far as we are aware no one has yet come forward to sell a live Zanzibar leopard to the government.
Ame, Mwantanga 2003. Serikali iko tayari kununua chui. Zanzibar Leo, Sunday 13 April 2003, 6.
Goldman, Helle V. and Martin T. Walsh 1997. A Leopard in Jeopardy: An Anthropological Survey of Practices and Beliefs which Threaten the Survival of the Zanzibar Leopard (Panthera pardus adersi). Zanzibar Forestry Technical Paper No. 63, Jozani Chwaka Bay Conservation Project, Commission for Natural Resources, Zanzibar.
Selkow, Benjamin 1995. A Survey of Villager Perceptions of the Zanzibar Leopard. Unpublished student paper, prepared for the SIT Study Abroad program, Zanzibar.
Walsh, Martin T. 1996. The Zanzibar Leopard: An Anthropological Survey. End of Fieldwork Summary. Report to Jozani Chwaka Bay Conservation Project, CARE Tanzania, and Commission for Natural Resources, Zanzibar.
Walsh, Martin T. and Helle V. Goldman 2010. Chasing imaginary leopards: science, witchcraft and the politics of conservation in Zanzibar. Paper prepared for the VIII European Swahili Workshop, Contemporary Issues in Swahili Ethnography, University of Oxford, 19-21 September 2010.
See also Martin Walsh's blog post on the 'Imaginary animals of Zanzibar', East African Notes and Records, posted 25 September 2010.
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Sugar maple is a prolific fall seed producer. Although the fruit is a lightweight papery winged samara, the seed is heavy and fruit dispersal occurs over short distances. Seeds and seedlings are shade tolerant but growth is suppressed growth for many years before a light gap opens. Sugar maple is appreciated for its brilliant fall color and maple syrup production. Trees with large canopies may yield up to 60 gallons of sap per year to provide approximately 1.5 gallon syrup. The largest New York sugar maple has grown to a height of 95 feet and a trunk circumference off 230 inches. This tree is located in Jefferson County. The oldest North American sugar maple is located on Huron Mountain, Michigan.
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What are the types of participation worker?
Types of Worker’s Participation are as follows:
Worker’s participation into management may take several forms, for example:
(1) Formal participation: It comprises some plan for labour management cooperation.
(2) Informal participation: This is more classically at the work group level; here the foreman increases the opportunities for the group of workers to take part into decision making process or a problem solving.
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Mary Todd Lincoln, wife of the sixteenth president of the United States, was born in Lexington, Kentucky, on December 13, 1818. The fourth of sixteen children, Mary was daughter to one of the town’s wealthier and more prominent men, Robert Smith Todd. A businessman and politician, Todd provided his children from two marriages with the social standing and material advantages Abraham Lincoln lacked in his own youth.
Although a town of less than seven thousand residents in the 1830s, Lexington was compared to Philadelphia and Boston in its wealth and cosmopolitan sophistication. Mary moved in the highest levels of Bluegrass society and acquired an extensive education from Frenchwoman Madame Charlotte Mentelle. At her father’s large home on Main Street, maintained by household slaves, Mary mingled with influential political guests. The most prominent of these was Senator Henry Clay, three-time presidential candidate and leader of the young Whig party. Clay, a family friend, resided less than two miles from the Todds. He once promised young Mary she would be among his first guests in Washington should he become president. Mary Todd’s path to the White House, however, ran in a different course.
In 1832, Mary’s older sister Elizabeth married the son of a former governor of Illinois. After his graduation from Lexington’s Transylvania University, Ninian Edwards moved with Elizabeth to Springfield, which soon became Illinois’ new state capital. Mary followed in 1839. At a dance she met a junior partner in cousin John Todd Stuart’s law firm, Abraham Lincoln.
Lincoln and Mary Todd were a study in contrasts. Nine years older, Lincoln came from a comparatively poor and undistinguished background. He was socially awkward, with less than two years of formal education. Her vivacity and occasional flashes of the “Todd temper” was in marked contrast to his self-deprecating personality. Yet many things brought them together, including a love of poetry, literature, and a deep interest in Whig politics. Mary recognized Lincoln’s intellectual depth and political ambition before many others did. They wed in November, 1842.
In marrying Lincoln, Mary exchanged her life of relative ease and privilege for that of a working lawyer’s wife. While he was gone for extended periods riding circuit, she was doing much of the household labor and raising four sons. But Mary continued to advance her husband’s political career. He valued her judgment and once observed he had no reason to read a book after Mary had reviewed it for him. Still, Lincoln’s career progressed slowly. One term in Congress came amidst several failures to gain his party’s nomination for political office. Defeat in a race for the United States Senate in 1858 came at the hands of Mary’s former suitor, Stephen A. Douglas. Yet as the division between the northern and southern sections of the country widened, Lincoln’s much admired speeches on limiting the spread of slavery while preserving the union secured him election as the nation’s first Republican president in 1860.
Mary Todd Lincoln’s life in the White House was marked by controversy and tragedy. Many felt she was simply a rustic from the “west ” out of her depth in Washington. Some unfairly assumed that as the product of a slave-holding Kentucky family she had confederate sympathies, while others felt her partnership with Lincoln was a betrayal of her Southern heritage. Furthermore, several of Mary’s siblings supported the Confederacy through marriage or military service. Not surprisingly, the divided loyalties within the Todd family fueled much controversy in the nation’s press.
Mary’s own behavior, however, at times alienated those who might otherwise have sympathized with her situation. Her expenditures on the White House were publicized as extravagant and pretentious, even scandalous, in time of war. And her sometimes public displays of temper overshadowed her valuable work with contraband slaves and wounded soldiers.
Yet few denied that Mary Todd Lincoln suffered greatly in the White House. The pressures and anxieties of the war were unrelenting. Mary watched her husband age visibly under the strain. In early 1862 when she lost eleven year-old son Willie to typhoid fever, Mary was prostrate with grief. And in early 1865 the heaviest blow fell. Lincoln’s assassination at Ford’s Theater on April 14th was a shock from which Mary never recovered. Although she lived for seventeen years after her husband’s death, Mary never escaped from the shadow of that event.
With a small circle of family and friends she could look to for support and aid, Mary took solace in travel and a growing interest in the practice of spiritualism. After an extended sojourn in Europe with his mother, eighteen year-old Tad died of pneumonia and pleurisy in 1871. Increasingly dependent on medications such as laudanum and chloral hydrate for a variety of physical and emotional ailments, the bereft Mary's episodes of erratic behavior resulted in a brief period of confinement in 1875 at an asylum in Batavia, Illinois, at son Robert's instigation. Estranged from her only surviving child, Mary retired to Europe to live out her life in some semblance of peace. Illness eventually forced her to return to the United States where she died July, 1882, having spent much of her last year in seclusion at her sister Elizabeth's home. Mary is entombed, along with her husband, in Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield, Illinois.
March 15 - Nov 30
Mon. - Sat. (closed Sun.)
Tours hourly 10AM - 3PM
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Mercedes-Benz is launching its first series-produced electric car with a fuel cell on the road: the new B-Class F-CELL. The small-scale production of the environmentally friendly electric car is already underway. The first of around 200 vehicles will be delivered to customers in Europe and the USA in spring next year. At the heart of the B-Class F-CELL is the new-generation electric drive system powered by a fuel cell, which is compact, powerful, safe and fully suited for everyday use. The fuel cell generates the electrical power on board, while producing little more than pure water and zero emissions.
The key drive components are located in the sandwich floor, where they are protected and do not take up much space, leaving the vehicle’s interior and boot fully usable. Thanks to its long range of around 400 kilometers and short refueling times, the B-Class F-CELL combines local zero-emission mobility with long-distance comfort and compelling performance. Driving pleasure and performance on a par with a 2.0-liter petrol car come courtesy of the 100-kW/136-hp electric motor, which develops effortlessly superior torque of 290 Nm. The B-Class F-CELL consumes the equivalent of 3.3 liters of diesel per 100 kilometers in the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC).
The technology for the B-Class F-CELL drive system is based on the optimized latest-generation fuel cell system. It is some 40 percent smaller than the system in the A-Class F-CELL from 2004, but develops 30 percent more power while consuming 30 percent less fuel. The main drive system components include:
* A compact fuel cell stack
* A powerful lithium-ion battery
* Three 700-bar tanks for the hydrogen and
* A compact, lightweight drive motor at the front axle.
Cold-start capability down to minus 25 degrees Celsius
The fuel cell module in the B-Class F-CELL, the stack, boasts outstanding cold-start capability down to minus 25 degrees Celsius. The system features a new humidification system consisting of hollow fibres that ensures, unlike with the first-generation fuel cell, that water no longer freezes in the stack, a characteristic that used to impair cold-start capability. Even at minus 15 degrees Celsius the B-Class F-CELL starts just as quickly as the very latest diesel engine. A dedicated operating strategy helps ensure the fuel cell stack reaches its optimum operating temperature of around 80 degrees Celsius as quickly as possible each time the vehicle is started. Thanks to the powerful cooling system and intelligent temperature management, this ‘pleasant temperature’ is maintained constant under all operating conditions.
Range of around 400 kilometres with the tanks full
The hydrogen used to run the fuel cell is stored in three tanks at a pressure of 700 bar. Each tank holds just under 4 kilograms of the gaseous fuel. The tanks are hermetically sealed from the outside world, preventing the loss of hydrogen into the atmosphere even if the vehicle is left to stand for long periods. Thanks to the high compression ratio, the B-Class F-CELL can cover long ranges of up to 400 kilometres with the tanks full, over twice as far as the A-Class F-CELL. If the tanks are empty, they can be filled simply and quickly in less than three minutes, thanks to a standardised refuelling system.
Equivalent of just 3.3 liters of diesel per 100 kilometers
The electric motor – a permanently excited synchronous motor – develops a peak output of 100 kW/136 hp and a maximum torque of 290 Nm – typical of the high torque generated by an electric motor -, which is available from the instant the engine starts to turn. It ensures that the B-Class F-CELL, whose impressive dynamic handling properties are in some cases far better than those of a two-litre petrol car, gets off to an excellent start. Nonetheless, the local zero-emission electric drive with fuel cells consumes the equivalent of just 3.3 litres of diesel per 100 kilometres (NEDC).
Compact lithium-ion battery with large storage capacity
A powerful high-voltage lithium-ion battery is used to store the power. It boasts an energy capacity of 1.4 kWh and is cooled via the air-conditioning system circuit. When it came to the battery for the B-Class F-CELL, Mercedes-Benz drew on the experience garnered during the development of the lithium-ion technology for the S 400 HYBRID. Advantages of the lithium-ion battery include its compact dimensions and much superior performance compared with nickel metal hydride batteries (NiMH). The energy density is 30 percent higher than with NiMH technology; the power density 50 percent higher by comparison. Furthermore, high recharge efficiency and a long service life make the technology even more compelling.
Intelligent drive system management for superb efficiency
Mercedes-Benz has further enhanced the operating strategy of the electric drive with fuel cells for the B-Class F-CELL. As the outside temperature plummets, the electric motor receives its electrical energy during a cold start both from the lithium-ion battery and from the fuel cell system as it “powers up”. Battery power is sufficient as the outside temperature warms up; the fuel cell then comes on line later – depending on the power requirements. In drive mode, the energy management system constantly maintains the F-CELL system in the optimum operating range. The lithium-ion battery dynamically smoothes out variations with regard to the electrical power required in the current driving situation.
Whenever the driver brakes or as soon as they take their foot off the accelerator, the electric motor converts kinetic energy into electrical energy, which is then stored in the battery, using a process known as recuperation. While manoeuvring or on short journeys, the electric drive motor uses battery power. If the battery capacity is not sufficient, the fuel cell automatically kicks in. In a bid to ensure optimum efficiency and customer benefits, the intelligent drive management system decides whether the electrical energy is used from the lithium-ion battery, the fuel cell, or a combination of the two systems.
Full everyday practicality thanks to sandwich floor
Four fully fledged seats and a boot capacity of 416 litres make the B-Class F-CELL fully suitable for day-to-day and family use. The F-CELL concept has been realised on the basis of the unique sandwich floor architecture, which Mercedes-Benz introduced 10 years ago in order to integrate alternative drive systems with the first-generation A-Class, and which has been honed consistently since then. The key components for the electric drive with fuel cells are optimally protected in the vehicle underbody, thanks to a space-saving design that also promotes a low centre of gravity. Advantages of the design include:
* The generous interior space in the B-Class is fully retained. As the entire fuel cell system is integrated into the spacious sandwich floor, no compromises are necessary with respect to passenger space, luggage capacity, or variability
* The drive technology built into the sandwich floor ensures a low centre of gravity and, consequently, extremely reliable, agile handling
* Crash safety meets the extremely high standards associated with Mercedes thanks to the sandwich concept and housing key drive components and the hydrogen tanks between the axles
The B-Class F-CELL offers consummate driving pleasure and full day-to-day suitability – without local emissions. The innovative electric car also has a great deal to offer when it comes to equipment and appointments, including the bonamite silver special paint finish and exclusive 10-spoke light-alloy wheels. In the interior, leather upholstery, heated seats, automatic climate control and the COMAND system, as well as other features, ensure a high level of comfort. The dynamic energy flow display in the COMAND system display keeps the driver constantly abreast of the battery charge status, operating mode of the fuel cell system, as well as providing information on nearby hydrogen filling stations.
Safety first: uncompromising safety standards
Mercedes-Benz applies the same high safety standards to the B-Class F-CELL as to any of its other series-production models. The starting point is the outstanding crash safety of the Mercedes-Benz B-Class, which received the highest five-star rating in the European NCAP (New Car Assessment Programme). The integrated safety concept of the B-Class F-CELL takes the specific characteristics of the innovative drive system into account. The experience garnered over many years by Mercedes-Benz with the electric drive powered by fuel cells from the A-Class F-CELL and the high-voltage technology involving the lithium-ion battery from the S 400 HYBRID went into honing the concept.
Mercedes engineers have tested the safety of the drive-specific components including the hydrogen tank in the B-Class F-CELL in more than 30 crash tests. The hydrogen tanks are installed in the sandwich floor and therefore well protected in the event of an impact. They hold the hydrogen which is pressurised to 700 bar and have been designed to withstand all conceivable loads.
In the event of a crash, safety valves close the hydrogen supply lines to the fuel cell and decouple the tanks from the other system components. Even after a serious accident, the hydrogen poses no risk whatsoever. If a fire leads to excessive heat, a temperature-controlled value vents the tank contents in a controlled manner.
The lithium-ion battery and high-voltage system in the B-Class F-CELL feature – based on the experience garnered with hybrid technology in the S 400 HYBRID -an extensive, seven-stage safety concept.
* All the wiring is colour-coded to avoid confusion, and marked with safety instructions. This prevents assembly errors in production, and makes the quality checks easier to carry out
* Comprehensive contact protection for the entire system by means of generous insulation and dedicated connectors
* The lithium-ion battery is accommodated in a high-strength steel housing. Further safety features: blow-off vent with a rupture disc and a separate cooling circuit. An internal electronic controller continuously monitors the safety requirements and immediately signals any malfunctions
* All high-voltage components are connected by an electric loop. In the event of a malfunction the high-voltage system is automatically switched off
* As soon as the ignition is switched to “Off”, or in the event of a possible malfunction, the high-voltage system is actively discharged
* During an accident, the high-voltage system is completely switched off within fractions of a second
* The system is continuously monitored for short circuits
The high level of safety means Mercedes-Benz fuel cell vehicles can use underground car parks, multi-storey car parks or tunnels with no restrictions whatsoever.
F-CELL – paving the way for the mass-produced fuel cell
With the B-Class F-CELL, Mercedes-Benz has for the first time applied all development and production standards associated with series production to an electric vehicle with fuel cells. All F-CELL components meet the familiar Mercedes-Benz high standards in terms of quality, reliability and service life, thus putting in place the ideal conditions for mass production of the fuel cell powered electric drive including battery to improve efficiency and reduce costs. From 2012, the company intends to fit its vehicles with lithium-ion batteries produced by its joint venture Deutsche Accumotive GmbH.
Modular system for tomorrow’s electric cars
Along the same strategy adopted for developing the hybrid, the Mercedes engineers have also developed a modular system for electric vehicles with batteries and fuel cells. This enables amongst others the same parts to be shared efficiently across all electric vehicles. All key components of electric vehicles are ideally suited to modularisation: from the electric motor and the transmission, the battery and high-voltage safety concept to the high-voltage wiring, and software modules. Specific components, such as stacks and hydrogen tanks, can be used as standard components for entirely different vehicles in the F-CELL line-up. For instance, simply by varying the quantity as necessary: for example, the Mercedes-Benz fuel cell bus is powered by two passenger car systems of the same type that is also used in a B-Class F-CELL.
The close to series Concept BlueZERO is testimony to just how the company has implemented the modular concept with future electric vehicles featuring a battery and fuel cells. As with the B-Class F-CELL, the Concept BlueZERO also houses the key drive components in the sandwich floor in a crash-resistant configuration. Based on a single vehicle architecture, the variable concept paves the way for three variants with different drive system configurations, which can meet all customer requirements for sustainable mobility – also, and in particular as regards the key aspects of safety and range:
* The BlueZERO E-CELL with its pure battery-electric drive boasts a range of up to 200 kilometres
* The BlueZERO F-CELL with fuel cell is also suitable for long-distance journeys thanks to its electric range of well over 400 kilometres
* The BlueZERO E-CELL PLUS with electric drive and additional combustion engine as a power generator (range extender) boasts a total range of up to 600 kilometres and can cover a distance of up to 100 kilometres using electric drive alone
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Appendix C. Literature cited for Appendices A and B.
Bertram, D. F., I. L. Jones, E. G. Cooch, H. A. Knechtel, and F. Cooke. 2000. Survival rates of Cassin's and Rhinoceros Auklets at Triangle Island, British Columbia. Condor 102:155162.
Braune, B. M. 1987. Body morphometrics and molt of Bonaparte's gulls in the Quoddy region, New Brunswick, Canada. Condor 89:150157.
Brown, L. H., and T. J. Cade. 1971. Age classes and population dynamics of the bateleur and African fish eagle. Ostrich 43:116.
Chapdelaine, G. 1997. Pattern of recoveries of banded Razorbills (Alca torda) in the western Atlantic and survival rates of adults and immatures. Colonial Waterbirds 20:4754.
Diamond, A. W. 1980. The red-footed booby colony on Little Cayman: size, structure and significance. Atoll Research Bulletin:165170.
Dunning, J. B., Jr. 1992. CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.
Flanders-Wanner, B. L., G. C. White, and L. McDaniel. 2004. Validity of prairie grouse harvest-age ratios as production indices. Journal of Wildlife Management 68:10881094.
Frederiksen, M., and A. Petersen. 1999. Philopatry and dispersal within a Black Guillemot colony. Waterbirds 22:274281.
Gaston, A. J. 1990. Population parameters of the Ancient Murrelet. Condor 92:9981011.
Gaston, A. J. 1992. Annual survival of breeding Cassin's auklets in the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Condor 94:10191021.
Gaston, A. J., and I. L. Jones. 1998. The Auks. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Gerrard, J. M., P. N. Gerrard, P. M. Gerrard, G. R. Bortolotti, and E. H. Dzus. 1992. A 24-year study of bald eagles on Besnard Lake, Saskatchewan. Journal of Raptor Research 26:159166.
Harris, M. P., S. N. Freeman, S. Wanless, B. J. T. Morgan, and C. V. Wernham. 1997. Factors influencing the survival of Puffins Fratercula arctica at a North Sea colony over a 20-year period. Journal of Avian Biology 28:287295.
Jones, I. L., F. M. Hunter, and G. J. Robertson. 2002. Annual adult survival of Least Auklets (Aves, Alcidae) varies with large-scale climatic conditions of the North Pacific Ocean. Oecologia 133:3844.
Kadlec, J. A., and W. H. Drury. 1968. Structure of the New England herring gull population. Ecology 49:644676.
King, J. R., D. S. Farner, and L. R. Mewaldt. 1965. Seasonal sex and age ratios in populations of the white-crowned sparrows of the race gambelii. Condor 67:489504.
Leopold, A. S., and M. F. Dedon. 1983. Resident mourning doves in Berkeley, California. Journal of Wildlife Management 47:780789.
Nelson, D. A. 1991. Demography of the Pigeon Guillemot on Southeast Farallon-Island, California. Condor 93:765768.
Newton, I. 1999a. Age ratios in a Bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula population over six years. Bird Study 46:330335.
Newton, I. 1999b. An alternative approach to the measurement of seasonal trends in bird breeding success: a case study of the bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula. Journal of Animal Ecology 68:698707.
Paterson, A. M. 1987. A study of seabirds in Malaga Bay, Spain. Ardeola 34:167192.
Schluter, D. 1982. Distributions of Galapagos ground finches along an altitudinal gradient: the importance of food supply. Ecology 63:15041517.
Snow, D. W. 1956. The annual mortality of the blue tit in different parts of its range. British Birds 49:174177.
Strong, C. S. 1995. Use of age ratio at-sea to estimate reproductive output of Marbled Murrelets and other alcids on the Oregon Coast, 19921995. Crescent Coastal Research, Crescent City, California, USA.
Summers, R. W. 1985. The size and composition of sheld-geese populations and their food consumption on different vegetation types in the Falkland Islands. Journal of Applied Ecology 22:117.
Sydeman, W. J. 1993. Survivorship of Common Murres on Southeast Farallon Island, California. Ornis Scandinavica 24:135141.
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Several videos are available through NASA's Central Operation of Resources for Educators (NASA CORE). Educators can search the NASA educational products and resources database at http://core.nasa.gov. A search using the word “rocket” or “flight” produces several products.
History of Space Flight: Reaching for the Stars, Finley-Holiday Films, 2001, 90-minute DVD for ages 9–18. Follow space travel from rockets of ancient times to Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, the space shuttle, and future missions. Historical images, recent coverage, and computer animations are used to illustrate the history of space exploration.
Liftoff to Learning: Newton in Space, 1992, 13-minute video for ages 8–11. Astronauts demonstrate Newton's Laws of Motion.
Flight of Apollo 11 (The Eagle Has Landed), 1969, 30-minute video for ages 12–18. The first Moon landing is portrayed from launch to recovery.
Apollo Moon Landing: Out of This World, Finley-Holiday Films, 2001, 70-minute DVD for ages 9–18. The story of human space flight is presented from President Kennedy's challenge to the Apollo missions.
America In Space — The First 40 Years, Finley-Holiday Films, 1996, 60-minute DVD for ages 12 to adult. This program chronicles America's space history.
May 27, 2009
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SUMMARY: Rice University’s SciRave series of science-oriented games is now available for mobile devices.
Rice’s SciRave goes mobile with STEMscopes apps
Android and iPad rock with science-oriented fun for students
HOUSTON – (Dec. 13, 2012) – Rice University’s SciRave has had students dancing to the beat of science for a couple of years. Now mobile versions of the program have them dancing with their fingers.
STEMscopes, a K-12 science curriculum based at Rice, has released six new apps to teach science to youngsters through games and songs. They are available for Android devices through Google Play and for the iPad through Apple’s App Store.
SciRave, first developed by Rice chemist James Tour with the support of the National Science Foundation, combines the power of music, the fun of tactile learning and the world of science in a series of fast-paced games.
“Students can sing along to science songs while matching a series of moving arrows with destination targets,” said Reid Whitaker, director of STEMscopes and executive director of the Rice Center for Digital Learning and Scholarship. “It’s a meeting of kinesthetic learning and music packed with science content.”
As students dive into the apps, they learn standards-based vocabulary through interaction tailored to diverse learning styles. “We envision the app being used in center-based instruction, as an intervention tool and for home enrichment as well as a cross-curricular connection to music, theater and dance classes,” Whitaker said. “In addition, the app is particularly useful with English-language learners and special-needs students, who often struggle to learn and retain new science content.”
The apps cover physical, Earth and life science for grades K-five, but plans are in the works for apps that address students in grades six to eight.
STEMscopes has found great success in Texas. From its beginning less than two years ago, the program has become the top online science curriculum in Texas, with more than 1.2 million student users.
To learn more about SciRave apps, visit stemscopes.com/scirave.
This news release can be found online at news-network.rice.edu/news.
Follow Rice News and Media Relations via Twitter @RiceUNews
Image for download:
SciRave, a set of Rice University science education-oriented games, is now being offered by Rice’s STEMscopes programs as apps for the iPad and for Android devices. (Credit: STEMscopes/Rice University)
Located on a 300-acre forested campus in Houston, Rice University is consistently ranked among the nation’s top 20 universities by U.S. News & World Report. Rice has highly respected schools of Architecture, Business, Continuing Studies, Engineering, Humanities, Music, Natural Sciences and Social Sciences and is home to the Baker Institute for Public Policy. With 3,708 undergraduates and 2,374 graduate students, Rice’s undergraduate student-to-faculty ratio is 6-to-1. Its residential college system builds close-knit communities and lifelong friendships, just one reason why Rice has been ranked No. 1 for best quality of life multiple times by the Princeton Review and No. 2 for “best value” among private universities by Kiplinger’s Personal Finance. To read “What they’re saying about Rice,” go to http://tinyurl.com/AboutRice.
If you do not wish to receive news releases from Rice University, reply to this email and write “unsubscribe” in the subject line. Office of News and Media Relations – MS 300, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005
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In my previous column I presented a few suggestions as to how the role of a composer in higher education could be expanded by integrating composition into the music education curriculum. I should point out, however, that as important as introducing the basic concepts of composing and musical creativity to budding music educators is, the primary goal for a composition faculty should still be the instruction and guidance of student composers. For many students and teachers in composition education, this primary goal can seem at cross-purposes with itself. It is this natural internal conflict that makes the teaching of composition so challenging—and yet there is currently very little focus given to preparing potential composition educators for that challenge.
One of the toughest parts of teaching composition—indeed, teaching any artistic medium—is not only teaching the subject, but guiding the implementation and ultimately the transcendence of the subject material; in other words, not only teaching someone how to compose, but how to be a composer. There are many nuanced reasons for this, but much of it has to do with the indirect nature of how we learn, and subsequently how many educators teach, composition. Regardless of the various processes that are available to composers that allow for the creation of material, at some point each artist is forced to make their own decisions, take risks, and hope that it will work. It is that aspect of risk-taking—to allow oneself or one’s students to make mistakes—that can often hold back both students and educators from doing their best work.
Earlier this week, my new NMBx colleague Isaac Schankler illustrated the strong effect that mentor composers have on their students. His description of how well-meaning instructors inadvertently triggered feelings of self-doubt must sound familiar to many current and former students as well as educators. The same self-doubt can be found in many composition instructors when they first start teaching. Even though they may have just finished numerous years of graduate study, once they start teaching they realize that their coursework never prepared them for one-on-one instruction with student composers with varying degrees of experience.
It is this gap in composition education that can and should to be addressed. A few years ago I decided to begin a graduate course in the pedagogy of composition to compliment the music theory pedagogy course that graduate students were required to take. In my preparation, I was dismayed to find very little current research on the subject (with the exception of music education research on composition in general education) and only one existing course in the subject being taught at the college level. Led by Jim Mobberley at the University of Missouri-Kansas City Conservatory of Music, it is an extremely well structured course that includes hands-on experiences with teaching in both individual and classroom environments (graduates teaching undergrads, undergrads teaching pre-college students) as well as discussions on assessment, curriculum, and methodologies.
While it may all sound a bit…well, academic…this topic is very important to the future of new music because the large majority of creative artists who will be shaping music will at some point study composition at the collegiate level and, whether or not their work will exist because of or in reaction to their experiences in academia, we as a community need to be aware of the deficiencies that exist and strive to improve them—not only in composition pedagogy, as I’ve mentioned here, but also in educating composers in entrepreneurship, which I will cover in next week’s post.
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