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Emancipation Proclamation made 150 years ago by President Abraham Lincoln
On January 1, 1863, a proclamation started the United States on a new path, one of equality for all. The Emancipation Proclamation signed by President Abraham Lincoln declared that people held as slaves in states that had receded from the Union would, from now on, be free.
There was no way to enforce such a proclamation. The Civil War was in the midst of its third year of ghastly conflict. Slavery didn’t end overnight, but became the issue that raised the stakes of the already terrible war. More years of fighting would ensue. The North would eventually prevail in preserving the Union of states. But it would be decades, even a century, before civil rights of all Americans began to level.
On this day, the first of a new year, we remember this remarkable document of our history, enacted 150 years ago.
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Growing Basil - advice on how to grow Basil
Growing Basil is relatively easy as long as the growing environments has suitable light and temperature levels.
Basil is grown for its fragrant tasty leaves that can be added raw to salads, sandwiches or used in cooked dishessuch as the ever popular pasta with tomato and basil sauce.
If growing Basil in pots then ensure that adequate drainage is allowed from the base of the pot (line with coarse gravel if necessary).
If growing outside then ensure the soil is well dug over and weed free before sowing.
Before sowing ensure that the compost or soil is moist (water generously the day before sowing).
It is vital that Basil is not exposed to the last spring frosts so if sowing outside be patient and sow in late March. Sow at any time if the plant is always to be kept indoors. If sowing inside and planting outside late then you can sow in late february.
Sow the seed thinly and if growing in pots sow enough for a few plants in each pot. Cover the seeds with 1/2 cm of compost and firm gently.
Basil seeds should germinate in about a week and once the seedlings have developed 2 pairs of true leaves then you can thin out the weakest seedlings in each pot, leaving each pots strongest.
Basil should be grown in a position that receives a good amount of sunlight - around 6-8 hours a day. Basil can be grown indoors on a sunny windowsill or outdoors in containers or soil. If growing outside try and position the Basil in a sheltered spot that avoids cold winds.
Basil likes a fertile soil that has been welll dug to allow good soil air circulation. Introducing well rotted organic compost or manure into the soil a month or so before sowing will help this.
If growing in pots then a general purpose compost is a suitable soil solution.
If growing indoors in pots using compost then weeds shouldn't be a problem. If growing outdoors then you can add an organic mulch around the Basil plants to help aid soil moisture retention and prevent weed establishment.
If growing Basil in containers or indoor pots then add a small amount of fertiliser every month or so.
Water every week (more often if growing in outdoor containers or indoors).
When watering your Basil make sure to water at the base of the plant avoiding showering the leaves and stems.
Be sure to pinch out any flowers that appear. This will help preserve the plants flavour and also channel the plants energies into more leaf growth.
Basil is a pick and come again crop. It is best to pick a few leaves off a number of plants than picking all the leaves off one plant. Harvest the top most leaves first. Basil will grow all year round indoors but outdoor plants should be dug up and brought indoors before the first fall frosts if you want to extend the plants growing season into the winter.
Once harvested Basil can be frozen for later use.
Basil can be used in fresh or dried form. To dry Basil cut the stems at soil level and dry them in a dehydrator or hang bunches of stems up to air dry in a warm room, this should take about a week. Once the leaves are dried you can remove them from the stems and then store them in a dry airtight container for up to 12 months.
The most popular variety of Basil is Sweet Basil and this is the variety most often used in cooking. Other varieties include Purple Basil (purple leaves) and Lemon Basil (a mild lemon flavour). There is also Greek Basil which has much smaller leaves as shown below.
Basil can help to discourage the fruit fly. Basil is often a target of slugs.
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Born: c. 325 AD
Birthplace: Antioch, Syria
Died: 395 AD
Location of death: Rome, Italy
Cause of death: unspecified
Race or Ethnicity: White
Nationality: Ancient Rome
Executive summary: Last important Roman historian
The last Roman historian of importance, born about AD 325-330 at Antioch; the date of his death is unknown, but he must have lived until 391, as he mentions Aurelius Victor as the city prefect for that year. He was a Greek, and his enrollment among the protectores domestici (household guards) shows that he was of noble birth. He entered the army at an early age, when Constantius II was emperor of the East, and was sent to serve under Ursicinus, governor of Nisibis and magister militiae. He returned to Italy with Ursicinus, when he was recalled by Constantius, and accompanied him on the expedition against Silvanus the Frank, who had been forced by the unjust accusations of his enemies into proclaiming himself emperor in Gaul. With Ursicinus he went twice to the East, and barely escaped with his life from Amida or Amid (now Diarbekr), when it was taken by the Persian king Shapur (Sapor) II. When Ursicinus lost his office and the favor of Constantius, Ammianus seems to have shared his downfall; but under Julian, Constantius's successor, he regained his position. He accompanied this emperor, for whom he expresses enthusiastic admiration, in his campaigns against the Alamanni and the Persians; after his death he took part in the retreat of Jovian as far as Antioch, where he was residing when the conspiracy of Theodoras (371) was discovered and cruelly put down. Eventually he settled in Rome, where, at an advanced age, he wrote (in Latin) a history of the Roman empire from the accession of Nerva to the death of Valens (96 to 378), thus forming a continuation of the work of Tacitus. This history (Rerum Gestarum Libri XXXI) was originally in thirty-one books; of these the first thirteen are lost, the eighteen which remain cover the period from 353 to 378. As a whole it is extremely valuable, being a clear, comprehensive and impartial account of events by a contemporary of soldierly honesty, independent judgment and wide reading. "Ammianus is an accurate and faithful guide, who composed the history of his own times without indulging the prejudices and passions which usually affect the mind of a contemporary" (Edward Gibbon). Although Animianus was no doubt a heathen, his altitude towards Christianity is that of a man of the world, free from prejudices in favor of any form of belief. If anything he himself inclined to neo-Platonism. His style is generally harsh, often pompous and extremely obscure, occasionally even journalistic in tone, but the author's foreign origin and his military life and training partially explain this. Further, the work being intended for public recitation, some rhetorical embellishment was necessary, even at the cost of simplicity. It is a striking fact that Ammianus, though a professional soldier, gives excellent pictures of social and economic problems, and in his attitude to the non-Roman peoples of the empire he is far more broad-minded than writers like Livy and Tacitus; his digressions on the various countries he had visited are peculiarly interesting. In his description of the empire -- the exhaustion produced by excessive taxation, the financial ruin of the middle classes, the progressive decline in the morale of the army -- we find the explanation of its fall before the Goths twenty years after his death.
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The p53 protein is known to be a critical player in our body's natural defense against cancer--it is absent in many types of tumor cells--but it also represents an intriguing paradox when it comes to the broader roles this protein plays in our well being. Past work has shown that in animal models, hyperactivation of the p53 protein is beneficial in terms of bestowing extra protection against tumor formation, but at the same time it has a significant negative effect: a shortening of lifespan, accompanied by hallmarks of accelerated aging, including osteoporosis, decreased stress resistance, and organ atrophy.
The work is reported by Stephen Helfand and colleagues at Brown Universtiy, University of Connecticut Health Center, and University of Texas Southwest Medical Center.
The researchers investigated the role of p53 in aging by observing the effects of disrupting this protein in the neurons of adult fruit flies. They found that expression of a so-called "dominant-negative" version of p53--that is, a disfunctional version of the protein that inhibits the activity of normal p53--extended flies' life span and increased their ability to withstand gene-damaging stress. The authors found that this disruption of p53 did not further increase the lifespan of flies on a calorie-restricted diet, suggesting that decreased p53 activity and calorie restriction may influence lifespan through a common molecular mechanism.
Because neurons are less prone to tumor for mation than other cell types, and because disruption of p53 activity in neurons was sufficient to extend lifespan in the fruit fly, the new findings suggest that by attending to p53 activity in different cell types, it may be possible to take therapeutic advantage of p53's tumor-preventing activity while avoiding its unwanted negative effects on lifespan.
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Thrush is a form of yeast infection caused by the Candida fungus. It often affects the mouth and causes white patches inside the mouth, on the gums and on the tongue. Painful lesions and open red sores can develop under these curd-like white patches. Thrush can occur on other areas of the body, as well, causing vaginal yeast infections in women and diaper rash in infants. Thrush can affect anyone, but it is more prevalent in infants, older adults and those with delicate or weak immune systems.
Home Remedies for Getting Rid of Oral Thrush
1Try "oil pulling." Oil pulling rests on the yet-untested theory that oils literally pulls toxins out of your system. Although results haven't been conclusive, many people use oil pulling to fight the Candida fungus and to provide temporary relief. Here's how to do it. The process is quite simple.
- Brush your teeth beforehand. Oil pull on an empty stomach if at all possible.
- Take one tablespoon of oil and swill it around in your mouth for 5 to 10 minutes. Make sure it coats every possible part of your mouth — under you tongue, in your gums, the roof of your mouth.
- After 5 to 10 minutes, spit the oil out and rinse with saltwater.
- Use coconut oil for best results, although olive oil works too. Coconut oil is rumored to be particularly effective in fighting fungi.
2Try taking thyme. The herb thyme is also supposed to be an effective aid in getting rid of oral thrush, although science has yet to substantiate it. In Europe, thyme is used to treat upper respiratory conditions and thrush. Try sprinkling a moderate amount of thyme on any dish that will take it! You could even make a tincture out of it.
3Swish with apple cider vinegar. Take a little bit of apple cider vinegar, dilute it with about a half part of distilled water, and swish it in your mouth for several minutes.
- Another option is to mix one tablespoon of apple cider vinegar in a full 8 ounces of water and drink before every meal. The vinegar is supposed to fight off intestinal yeast overgrowth that sometimes contributes to oral thrush.
4Try eating more garlic. Garlic, replete with several different sulphur-containing compounds such as allicin, alliin, alliinase and S-allylcysteine, is reputed to help fight a broad range of fungi, including thrush. Fresh garlic works better than garlic pills, so try to find a way to get more of it into your diet.
- For best results, try taking 4 to 5 crushed cloves of garlic per day. If you're worried about chaotic garlic breath, try drinking 3 to 4 cups of garlic tea daily.
5Use a bit of tea tree oil. Tee tree oil is renowned for its anti-fungal (and anti-bacterial) properties. It's a common home remedy for everything from acne to athlete's foot. But it's also used for thrush. Dilute one or two drops into a tablespoon of distilled water, insert Q-tip, and dab onto sores inside the mouth. Rinse mouth afterwards with saltwater.
1Take preventative measures to keep oral thrush from returning. This includes:
- Brushing your teeth 2 to 3 times a day.
- Replacing your toothbrush often, especially during a thrush outbreak.
- Being sure to floss your teeth once a day.
2Refrain from using mouthwash, breath sprays or breath mints. These products tend to upset the normal microorganism balance in your mouth. Remember that your body contains a host of good microorganisms that effectively serve to fight "bad" ones. Harming these may pave the way for the bad ones to take over.
3Visit your dentist at least twice a year and more often if you wear dentures or have diabetes or a weak immune system. A dentist may be able to spot a thrush outbreak, or possible outbreak, sooner than you will, leading to quicker treatment.
4Cut down on your sugar and starch intake. Candida fungus thrives on sugar. To stop it from thriving, you should cut down on the amount of starches you eat. This includes beer, bread, soda, alcohol, most cereals and wine. These foods feed the fungus and can prolong the Candida infection.
5Quit smoking. Smokers are more likely to develop oral thrush than non-smokers.
Medically-Verified Ways of Getting Rid of Oral Thrush
1Visit your dentist or your family doctor for an evaluation and diagnosis, if you think you have thrush. If a medical professional determines that you have oral thrush, he will start your treatment immediately. Healthy adults and children can get rid of thrush more easily than others.
2Begin treatment as soon as possible. Treatment for thrush in healthy patients generally starts with acidophilus tablets. A medical professional may also suggest eating plain unsweetened yogurt.
- Acidophilus and plain yogurt will not destroy fungus, but they will reduce the infection and help restore a normal balance of bacterial flora in your body. Acidophilus and yogurts are both probiotics.
3Rinse your mouth with a warm saltwater solution. Saltwater temporarily creates an inhospitable environment for the thrush fungus to live in.
- Add 1/2 teaspoon (2.5 ml) of table salt to 1 cup (237 ml) warm water. Stir well before rinsing.
4Take an anti-fungal medication prescribed by your medical professional, if symptoms persist or if you have a weak immune system.
- You will generally take an anti-fungal medication for a period of 10 to 14 days. This medication is available in tablets, lozenges and liquid forms.
- Make certain you take this medication as directed and in its entirety.
5Use amphotericin B when other medications don't work or are no longer effective. Candida fungus often becomes resistant to anti-fungal medications, especially in people with HIV and other illnesses that cause weak immune systems.
Getting Rid of Vaginal Thrush
1Menstruate. Vaginal thrush is actually just a yeast infection. While you can't dictate when you go on your period, menstruation will change the pH of the vagina, rendering it less hospitable for the Candida fungus.
2Use the laced-tampon strategy. Lace your tampon with a little something, although probably not during your period. Here are some suggestions for what to lace your tampon with in order to combat vaginal thrush:
- Dip it in unsweetened yogurt. Apply the tampon immediately, before it expands. Guard especially against leakage.
- Dip it in diluted tea tree oil. Apply the tampon immediately, before it expands. Guard especially against leakage.
3Try to avoid using latex condoms, spermicidal creams, and lubricants. In fact, in addition to avoiding these, try to avoid sex during a yeast infection. Yeast infections can be transmitted back and forth during sex, creating a vicious cycle and prolonging the infection.
- If you have thrush and are nursing your infant, it's important to treat the infant and yourself to prevent the yeast infection from going back and forth.
- If you are sexually active and have thrush, it's important for both you and your partner to receive treatment. Otherwise, you may pass the infection back and forth.
- Rinse all infant nipples, pacifiers, bottles, teething toys and detachable breast pump parts with equal parts of water and white vinegar. Allow these items to air dry to prevent fungus growth.
- Wash bras and nursing pads in hot water with bleach.
- Never share your toothbrush with others.
- Never take anti-fungal medications without having periodic blood test to monitor liver functions. Some anti-fungal medications can result in liver disease, especially with prolonged use or in cases where there is a history of liver disease.
Things You'll Need
- Acidophilus tablets
- Plain unsweetened yogurt
- 1/2 teaspoon (2.5 ml) table salt
- 1 cup (237 ml) warm water
- Anti-fungal medication
- Amphotericin B
- Dental floss
Sources and Citations
- ↑ http://www.thecandidadiet.com/unusual-effective-treatment-oral-thrush/
- ↑ http://www.drweil.com/drw/u/ART02853/thrush.html
- ↑ http://foodmatters.tv/articles-1/how-to-overcome-candida-naturally
- ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9055360
- ↑ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-4018/The-wonders-Tea-Tree-oil.html
- ↑ http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/oral-thrush/DS00408/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs
Categories: Oral Diseases
In other languages:
Español: deshacerse de la candidiasis bucal, Português: se Livrar de Candidíase, Deutsch: Eine orale Pilzinfektion lindern, Italiano: Eliminare le Infezioni da Candida, 中文: 摆脱鹅口疮, Français: se débarrasser d'une mycose, Nederlands: Van spruw of candida afkomen, Русский: избавиться от молочницы, Čeština: Jak se zbavit kvasinkové infekce, Bahasa Indonesia: Menyingkirkan Sariawan, العربية: التخلّص من قرح الفم, हिन्दी: छालों से छुटकारा पाएँ
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 804,947 times.
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Who ever made a new years resolution and stuck to it? Well, just because we adults may not be the greatest resolution-keepers doesn’t mean we shouldn’t encourage our kids to start the year right.
The American Academy of Pediatrics has come up with suggested resolutions for kids depending on their ages. From eating right to minimizing screen time to communicating about problems, the list has something in it for every kid. And parent.
Here’s are a few samples:
- I will clean up my toys and put them where they belong.
- I will brush my teeth twice a day and wash my hands after going to the bathroom and before eating.
Kids, 5 to 12 years old
- I will try to find a sport (like basketball or soccer) or an activity (like playing tag, jumping rope, dancing or riding my bike) that I like and do it at least three times a week!
- I will always wear a helmet when riding a bike.
Kids, 13 years old and older
- I will try to eat two servings of fruit and two servings of vegetables every day, and I will drink sodas only at special times.
- I will help out in my community – through giving some of my time to help others, working with community groups or by joining a group that helps people in need.
- When faced with a difficult decision, I will talk about my choices with an adult whom I can trust.
- When I notice my friends are struggling or making risky choices, I will talk with a trusted adult and attempt to find a way that I can help them.
The lists for each age group are much longer. You can see the full list here.
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On this day in 1800, President John Adams, in the last year of his only term as president, moved into the newly constructed President’s House, the original name for what is known today as the White House.
Adams had been living in temporary digs at Tunnicliffe’s City Hotel near the half-finished Capitol building since June 1800, when the federal government was moved from Philadelphia to the new capital city of Washington, D.C. In his biography of Adams, historian David McCullough recorded that when Adams first arrived in Washington, he wrote to his wife Abigail, at their home in Quincy, Massachusetts, that he was pleased with the new site for the federal government and had explored the soon-to-be President’s House with satisfaction.
Although workmen had rushed to finish plastering and painting walls before Adams returned to D.C. from a visit to Quincy in late October, construction remained unfinished when Adams rolled up in his carriage on November 1. However, the Adams’ furniture from their Philadelphia home was in place and a portrait of George Washington was already hanging in one room. The next day, Adams sent a note to Abigail, who would arrive in Washington later that month, saying that he hoped “none but honest and wise men [shall] ever rule under this roof.”
Although Adams was initially enthusiastic about the presidential mansion, he and Abigail soon found it to be cold and damp during the winter. Abigail, in a letter to a friend, wrote that the building was tolerable only so long as fires were lit in every room. She also noted that she had to hang their washing in an empty “audience room” (the current East Room).
John and Abigail Adams lived in what she called “the great castle” for only five months. Shortly after they moved in, Thomas Jefferson defeated Adams in his bid for re-election. Abigail was happy to leave Washington and departed in February 1801 for Quincy. As Jefferson was being sworn in on March 4, 1801, John Adams was already on his way back to Massachusetts, where he and Abigail lived out the rest of their days at their family farm.
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What is ACNE ? and How it cause ?
Acne vulgaris (or acne) is a common human skin disease, characterized by areas of skin with seborrhea (scaly red skin), comedones (blackheads and whiteheads), papules (pinheads), pustules (pimples), nodules (large papules) and possibly scarring. Acne affects mostly skin with the densest population of sebaceous follicles; these areas include the face, the upper part of the chest, and the back. Severe acne is inflammatory, but acne can also manifest in noninflammatory forms. The lesions are caused by changes in pilosebaceous units, skin structures consisting of a hair follicle and its associated sebaceous gland, changes that require androgen stimulation.
Acne scars are the result of inflammation within the dermis brought on by acne. The scar is created by the wound trying to heal itself resulting in too much collagen in one spot.
Physical acne scars are often referred to as "Icepick" scars. This is because the scars tend to cause an indentation in the skin's surface. There are a range of treatments available. Although quite rare, the medical condition Atrophia Maculosa Varioliformis Cutis also results in "acne-like" depressed scars on the face.
- Ice pick scars: Deep pits, that are the most common and a classic sign of acne scarring.
- Box car scars: Angular scars that usually occur on the temple and cheeks, and can be either superficial or deep, these are similar to chickenpox scars.
- Rolling scars: Scars that give the skin a wave-like appearance.
- Hypertrophic scars: Thickened, or keloid scars.
Pigmented scars is a slightly misleading term, as it suggests a change in the skin's pigmentation and that they are true scars; however, neither is true. Pigmented scars are usually the result of nodular or cystic acne (the painful 'bumps' lying under the skin). They often leave behind an inflamed red mark. Often, the pigmentation scars can be avoided simply by avoiding aggravation of the nodule or cyst. Pigmentation scars nearly always fade with time taking between three months to two years to do so, although can last forever if untreated.
Tips to control ACNE
- Wash the skin twice a day using a mild soap, especially after exercise.
- Avoid scrubbing the skin. Hard scrubbing of the skin is harmful because it irritates the openings of the oil glands and can cause them to be more tightly closed.
- Avoid putting any oily or greasy substances on the face. Oily and greasy substances make acne worse by blocking oil glands. If unavoidable, use water-based cover-up cosmetics, and wash them off at bedtime.
- Shampoo the hair daily. Avoid hair tonics or hair creams especially greasy ones. These substances spread to the face and aggravate the acne.
- Avoid picking blackheads as this delays healing. In general, it is better not to "pop" pimples.
- Exercise regularly and keep fit.
- Wash your pillow covers regularly and always use clean face towels. Dirty towels and pillows can harbor bacteria and germs that can make acne worse.
- Don't stop the acne medicine too soon. It may take up to 8 weeks for a good response.
- Avoid exposing your skin to other sources of oil and irritants. Break the habit of touching your face as your hands are often dirty.
- Drink plenty of water.
ALSO THE RESULT FOR:
How to | what are |control acne treatment | stop acne breakout | birth control pills | acne home remedies | acne cure | acne treatment | pimples on face home remedies | pigmentation removal | skin pigmentation removal |
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Herb gardens are great for people who love to cook all of their own meals. They allow you to simply pull what you need directly from the plant once you are ready to use it. Most herb gardens are grown from seeds, and you must take care to go through the right steps in order to ensure success. For example, all seeds must go through a germination period. Some gardeners choose to moisten damp paper towels with the seeds wrapped inside. Then they are stored in a dark and warm place. The seeds usually sprout roots within 24-48 hours.
Once the seeds have been germinated, you need to transfer them to soil. Once you do, they will show young sprouts or shoots. This is when your herb garden is most vulnerable. Take care when watering the sprouts so that you do not wash them our or drown them. Lightly mist them with a spray bottle to make sure that they get all of the moisture that they need. Additionally, you need to make sure that they do not get too much sunlight during the early stages of life. Care for your sprouts the way you would care for anything else that is fragile.
Consult online guides and grow books so that you understand when to transfer your new plants to larger pots. If you wait too long to do so, they might become what is called, “root-bound.” This condition is characterized by the roots becoming entangled. They often cut one another off, and this does not allow water or nutrients to reach the plants. When you do transfer them, take care not to touch the tender roots with your bare hands. Handle them with care, and they will grow up to produce plenty of herbs.
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http://www.plantcultures.org.uk/growing-herbs-from-seed/
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Consumers buy much more paint than they need. The U.S. EPA estimates that 10% of paint sold becomes waste. It is the single largest waste stream managed by local government household hazardous waste (HHW) programs. In 2008 it cost California $27 million dollars to manage the nearly 2 million gallons of leftover paint that were disposed.
Supporting Paint Stewardship
As a result of five years of hard work led by the California Product Stewardship Council, California became the first state in the nation with a permanent paint stewardship program. CPSC worked closely with the American Coatings Association to lay the foundation for a producer financed, designed and managed post-consumer paint recovery system. In 2010, the Governor of California approved AB 1343. California’s Paint Stewardship Program, PaintCare. now has over 700 collection sites throughout the state.
Implementation of the Paint Stewardship Program in
Canada, Oregon and California
Articles & Press
- Putting a Lid on Paint— Heidi Sanborn, WasteAge.com 5/1/11
- — Heidi Sanborn, Waste Advantage Magazine 5/2011
- Tehama County Part of Unique Pilot Program — Corning Observer 1/22/10
- CalRecycle’s Paint Webpage
- National Paint Product Stewardship Initiative
- PaintCare California Program
- Paint Stewardship and Counties: Examining product stewardship and paint recycling efforts in California, Minnesota and Oregon – 10/2015
- AB 1343 Architectural Paint Recovery Act – Adopted 9/28/2010
- Green Seal Certified Recycled-Content Latex Paint
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<urn:uuid:4edc7a3c-872b-46c3-ac2c-b7b587ebc0c1>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://calpsc.org/products/paint/
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| 0.899277
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Learn something new every day
More Info... by email
Some of the best natural antibiotics include remedies such as grapefruit seed extract, echinacea, and garlic. These may be consumed as herbal supplements, in powder form, or as capsules or tablets. Aloe vera is said to have natural antibiotic properties and may be taken internally or as a topical treatment. Honey is also considered to have antibiotic or healing benefits when used topically or ingested.
Benefits to using natural antibiotics instead of prescription medications include little risk of reinforcing a resistant strain of bacteria that the body cannot eradicate. This is why physicians and medical experts discourage long-term use of prescription antibiotics. These antibiotics, however, typically produce fewer side effects than other medications.
Many individuals take garlic supplements as a means of protection from pathogens. Microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungal infections may be combated with garlic supplements, according to medical researchers and experts. A natural alloy found in garlic called an organosulfur has health benefits that may keep pathogens at bay. Garlic, when prepared in food, may be one source of natural antibiotics that can be consumed regularly.
An herbal supplement known as echinacea may be considered a good natural remedy. Some experts believe that echinacea works in conjunction with the immune system to improve health. Some individuals take this herb as a supplement during cold and flu season and also when experiencing severe cold or flu symptoms. Echinacea has little risk for toxicity and is thought to produce minimal side effects.
Natural antibiotics can also be found in aloe vera. For skin irritations and minor cuts, scrapes, or burns, the topical use of aloe can be helpful. A good way to ensure a plentiful supply is to keep a few aloe plants in the home. Cutting a leaf at the base and extracting the juice is a simple and effective way to use the gel directly on the skin. Not only is aloe soothing to skin sores and eruptions, but may it also have antiseptic properties.
One of nature's defenses against pathogens and germs can be found in the kitchen cabinet of many homes. Honey is a great antiseptic and may be applied directly to infected skin and also consumed orally. Although there is no conclusive scientific evidence to substantiate this, many experts believe honey is an effective natural remedy. Parents should never feed honey to infants under 12 months of age, however. Babies who consume honey during the first year of life are at risk of infant botulism.
Other natural antibiotics include olive leaf extract and tea tree oil, both of which can be used as topical solutions. These products may generally be found in health food stores. The root of golden seal, typically used in powder form, may also have natural healing properties. This may typically be purchased at health food stores and natural food supply stores. Prior to beginning any type of home treatment plan that incorporates herbal supplements, it is advised to consult with a physician.
@ocelot60- There is a very good reason why using natural antibiotics for any issue before seeking medical attention isn't a good idea. That reason is that by the time you realize that the natural remedy isn't working, your infection could become very serious and more difficult to treat with any type of antibiotic.
There are many types of bacterial infections, and some are more resistant to medications than others. Some are definitely too serious to respond to a natural antibiotic. However, only a doctor can tell for sure and advise the patient about the best medications to treat his or her infection. Trying to treat on your own is just too risky, and should never be done without approval from a doctor.
I like the idea of treating bacterial infections of all kinds with natural antibiotics, because prescription antibiotics always give me unpleasant side effects. Would there be any harm in giving one of the natural remedies mentioned in this article a try first the next time I need one? I would seek medical attention if it didn't work.
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http://www.wisegeekhealth.com/what-are-the-best-natural-antibiotics.htm
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The ECAR Study of Undergraduate Students and Information Technology offers interesting info graphics and information regarding the changing shape of students and technology usage in the classroom. Over 100,000 students across various institutions in the United States are sampled.
I find the ECAR findings interesting as they show the relationship students have with technology as well as their expectations for the classroom.
This years recommendations to institutions and faculty:
- Students expect their instructors—not others—to train them to effectively use the technology required for coursework (e.g., use of the CMS, hardware, and software—including specialty software and common productivity software). Instructors need support, encouragement, and possibly incentives to do so.
- Educate your students about MOOCs; most students are unaware of them. Institutions have a fleeting opportunity to contextualize MOOCs for students in a way that will mesh with the institution’s own MOOC strategy.
- Create (or update) a strategy for incorporating mobile device use into the classroom. Address the IT infrastructure barriers (such as a lack of convenient charging outlets and/or charging stations and insufficient network access) that keep students from using their devices effectively while on campus.
- Approach learner analytics purposefully and thoughtfully by adhering to information privacy principles. Collect data for a stated and transparent purpose in order to build students’ confidence in learner analytics activities.
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http://blogs.otis.edu/library/2014/02/06/ecar-2013-report-available-from-educause/
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Pronunciation: (fyOOm), [key]
—n., v., fumed, fum•ing.
1. Often, fumes. any smokelike or vaporous exhalation from matter or substances, esp. of an odorous or harmful nature: tobacco fumes; noxious fumes of carbon monoxide.
2. an irritable or angry mood: He has been in a fume ever since the contract fell through.
1. to emit or exhale, as fumes or vapor: giant stacks fuming their sooty smoke.
2. to treat with or expose to fumes.
3. to show fretful irritation or anger: She always fumes when the mail is late.
1. to rise, or pass off, as fumes: smoke fuming from an ashtray.
2. to emit fumes: The leaky pipe fumed alarmingly.
Pronunciation: (fy-mā'), [key]
Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Copyright © 1997, by Random House, Inc., on Infoplease.
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| 0.83084
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| 2.734375
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System designers are concerned about resource contention and consumption. Embedded and real-time systems, such as the braking and ignition systems in an automobile, must share limited resources (e.g., memory, power, and bandwidth).
Shared, limited resources result in strong requirements for controlled resource utilization to ensure predictable order, timing, and completion of tasks. These interaction dynamics must often be stringently assured across multiple resources and types of resources to ensure that the system will meet its mission to a specified level of reliability.
More than proper system behavior is of concern. For instance, devices that use less power contribute to lower cost, lower weight, longer battery life, and the like. Power consumption is critical for hand-held, battery-powered mobile computing devices, satellite systems, and aircraft—but important anywhere power supplies or fuses limit available power.
The SEI uses model-based engineering tools, methods, and techniques give system designers insight into resource budget and use. Using this information, system designers can verify—in a more automated, integrated, well defined, and traceable way—the adequacy of system resources, evaluate options, and make choices.
|Resource Analysis Concern||SEI Approach||Answer|
|Resource allocation||YES||Account for allocation decisions of application components to processors and to memory and any specification of actual resource usage|
|Network bandwidth analysis||YES||Provide analysis based on inferred and explicit binding of connections to buses|
|Power consumption||YES||Check connections for mismatches in supplied and required power characteristics and modeling of the power capacity of a physical system entity|
|Scheduling system partitions as virtual processors||YES||Support management of end-to-end latency|
The SEI uses the Architecture Analysis and Design Language (AADL) to document a system architecture and provide a platform for multiple analyses. AADL, an international industry standard, supports multiple analyses from a single architectural model, enables modeling and analysis throughout the life cycle, and provides analysis of runtime behavior such as availability, performance, and security.
The SEI offers the Open Source AADL Tool Environment (OSATE) plug-in for resource budget and allocations. This analysis allows users to perform resource budgeting for processors, memory, and network bandwidth and to analyze whether the capacity is exceeded by the budgets—early and throughout the development life cycle. It includes
AADL also can be used with
Read our information sheet on this analysis.
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http://www.sei.cmu.edu/dependability/consulting/resourceconsumption/?location=tertiary-nav&source=7021
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| 0.877704
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A cannon-launched contraption made of wire, wood and PVC pipe could ramp up the search for water on Mars.
The inauspicious prototype for the device, called the Mars Time Domain Electromagnetic Sounder, is a long wire loop that lays flat on the ground and creates a changing magnetic field. That field triggers electrical currents that flow deep underground and shift in response to features they pass through, such as bedrock or liquid water.
A consortium of scientists is testing the gadget, which could be launched from a lander or rover to peer below the Martian surface - through solid rock - and see deeper than any subsurface radar to date. The currents generated by the device create their own magnetic fields that the wire at the surface can detect and use to paint a picture of what lies beneath.
"We think there are small amounts of water in there," Robert Grimm, the project's principal investigator at the Southwest Research Institute in Colorado told SPACE.com. "What the biologists want to find is some kind of aquifer, a sponge of moisture at a certain depth - a depth where Mars' own geothermal heat can sustain liquid water."
Grimm's paper research the device is detailed in the online May 15 edition of the journal Planetary and Space Science.
Shoot 'em up
The loop envisioned for Mars would consist of about 656 feet (200 meters) of copper wire. The device's masterminds tossed around several ideas for how earthbound engineers could unspool and arrange the wire in the dust of Mars. They could trawl it out behind a rover that rolls in a wide circle, they thought, but in the interest of ease, not to mention dramatic flare, they decided to shoot it out. A compressed gas cannon fires projectiles that rapidly uncoil the wire behind them in flight.
Now the wire is launched from a PVC pipe tacked on to an off-the-shelf pressurized air tank, but if it is ever sees Martian soil, the launch tubes will likely be aluminum, Grimm said.
?The main challenge was getting the spooling right,? said Robert Warden, a mechanical engineer at Ball Aerospace and Technologies Corp., which built the deployment system. The spools had to be compact but pay out quickly at nearly 70 mph (112 kph).
From the test launches the scientists determined that a similar device built for a Mars mission would weigh less than 13 pounds (6 kg) and could detect groundwater as deep as 3 miles (5 km) beneath the Martian crust.
The device measures how anything below the surface conducts electricity. It could detect conductivity in the soil, bedrock, metals and groundwater. Such devices, minus the launchers, are already used for underground exploration here on Earth. They are called inductive systems.
"The whole idea of using induction is still frankly a little bit novel to the space science community, they haven't seen anything like this since Apollo," Grimm said. Apollo astronauts used magnetometers to make lunar induction measurements during NASA?s manned moon missions between, according to NASA records.
The launched-wire device generates electricity to detect magnetic fields in a manner similar to another version of such devices on Earth that passively detect the planet's natural electromagnetic energy underground. Grimm is building a new water detector for Mars that would use the same principle. Since it would not need to generate electricity it would be more compact. There is one hitch, though.
"The big question on Mars is to know if that energy is there. We have to go there to measure it to see if we can use it," Grimm said.
NASA has no plans to use the induction systems now, but if it were to deploy one, it would likely fly out on a rover, Grimm said. Or it could be designed to crash-land from a Mars orbit, the blow softened by air bags, for example, he says.
"It just comes down to the 'who cares factor,'" he says. "If people want to find out if there's some kind of water locked deep down then they'll have to go with the induction method."
- Video - Hunting Mars Water with a Cannon
- Image Gallery - Visualizations of Mars
- SPACE.com Video Show - Rover Tracks on Mars
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<urn:uuid:85ec2703-b4c6-4f65-ab7e-23f4c74d58bf>
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http://www.space.com/6931-contraption-hunt-mars-water-real-blast.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398873.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00032-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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| 0.950929
| 866
| 3.28125
| 3
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EqPlot plots 2D graphs from complex equations. The application comprises algebraic, trigonometric, hyperbolic and transcendental functions. EqPlot can be used to verify the results of nonlinear regression analysis program.
Graphically Review Equations:EqPlot gives engineers and researchers the power to graphically review equations, by putting a large number of equations at their fingertips. Up to ten equations could be plotted at the same time, so that intersections and domains could be studied visually.
Understandable And Convenient Interface:A flexible work area lets you type in your equations directly. It is as simple as a regular text editor. Annotate, edit and repeat your graphings in the work area. You can also paste your equations into the editor panel.
Example Of Mathematical Expression:5.22 - (2 * x) + square(x) + power(x;3) + power(2.55;4) - logbaseN(4;6.25)
Save your work for later use into a text or graphic file. Comprehensive online help is easily accessed within the program.
*Unlimited expression length
*More than 35 functions*More than 40 constants
*User-friendly error messages
*Simple mode (medium size on desktop)
*Paste expressions into EqPlot
*All the benefits that Windows bestows, such as multi-tasking and print formatting are available
(3.37MB, Extension: EXE)
Download alternate to EqPlot solution
Look at the free or trial alternatives and similar apps to EqPlot software by the tags. It's possible also to find substitutes for the most popular titles in the E-Learning and Hobby category.
History updates (Complete changelogs since the listing on this site)
Other versions : 1.3.12 1.3.11 1.3.10 1.3.9 1.3.8 1.3.7 1.3.6 1.3.4 1.3.3 1.3
Many new features and enhancement of the underlying algorithms
Overhaul of the underlying algorithms; and many new features
Enhancement of the underlying algorithms
Improved 38-digit precision math emulator
File and documentation
Predicted future versions and notices:
The doDownload.com constantly monitors the update of all programs, including information from the EqPlot 1.3.14 changelog file, however sometimes it can happen that data are not complete or are outdated.We assume that author continue's to develop 1.4.0 version with further advanced features, and soon you will be informed. Equally important 2.0.0 upgrades of the program we will continue to monitor. Full EqPlot description has been compared with the overall software database and our algorithm has found the following applications (are showed below).
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<urn:uuid:b3e4d6b7-b51b-467f-899f-0e5ed1169ef0>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.dodownload.com/learning-home-hobby/mathematics/equation-graph-plotter-eqplot.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403502.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00069-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.828001
| 587
| 2.71875
| 3
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Randomized trials to study the nonspecific effects of vaccines in children in low-income countries
The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) has led to large reductions in morbidity and mortality among children in low-income countries. However, the basic EPI schedule may no longer be optimal because of changes in vaccines, programs, and epidemiologic circumstances. In addition, evidence has accumulated that some EPI vaccines may have nonspecific effects that increase or decrease mortality from subsequent infections with other unrelated organisms. There is therefore a need for randomized trials to evaluate the effects of alternative EPI schedules on all-cause mortality, as well as vaccine efficacy against the target diseases. We have reviewed the available literature on the nonspecific effects of vaccines on mortality, and compiled a list of potential trials that might address this issue. We have then ranked the trials based on the potential importance of the results and the ethical and practical considerations. Trials of early BCG vaccination in low-birth-weight babies, early measles vaccination, and altered timing of DTP vaccination all have a high priority. © 2010 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
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<urn:uuid:81f62137-dded-4348-852e-ef1f4f8e44e3>
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http://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/11523
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en
| 0.949554
| 231
| 2.65625
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Hangovers are caused by drinking too much alcohol. A single alcoholic drink is enough to trigger a hangover for some people, while others may drink heavily and escape a hangover entirely.
Various factors may contribute to a hangover. For example:
Dec. 20, 2014
- Alcohol causes your body to produce more urine. In turn, urinating more than usual can lead to dehydration — often indicated by thirst, dizziness and lightheadedness.
- Alcohol triggers an inflammatory response from your immune system. Your immune system may trigger certain agents that commonly produce physical symptoms, such as an inability to concentrate, memory problems, decreased appetite and loss of interest in usual activities.
- Alcohol irritates the lining of your stomach. Alcohol increases the production of stomach acid and delays stomach emptying. Any of these factors can cause abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting.
- Alcohol can cause your blood sugar to fall. If your blood sugar dips too low, you may experience fatigue, weakness, shakiness, mood disturbances and even seizures.
- Alcohol causes your blood vessels to expand, which can lead to headaches.
- Alcohol can make you sleepy, but your quality of sleep will decrease. This may leave you groggy and tired.
- Alcoholic beverages contain ingredients called congeners, which give many types of alcoholic beverages their flavor and can contribute to hangovers. Congeners are found in larger amounts in dark liquors, such as brandy and whiskey, than in clear liquors, such as vodka and gin.
- Beyond hangovers: Understanding alcohol's impact on your health. National Institute on Alcohol and Alcoholism. http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/Hangovers/beyondHangovers.htm. Accessed Nov. 10, 2014.
- Prat G, et al. Alcohol hangover: A critical review of explanatory factors. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental. 2009;24:259.
- Maranan J. Too much fun? Natural Health. 2010;41:1.
- Alcohol use and health. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/fact-sheets/alcohol-use.htm. Accessed Nov. 10, 2014.
- The elusive hangover cure. British Columbia Drug and Poison Information Centre. http://dpic.org/article/professional/elusive-hangover-cure. Accessed Nov. 10, 2014.
- Hangover cures. NHS Choices. http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/alcohol/Pages/Hangovers.aspx. Accessed Nov. 10, 2014.
- Penning R, et al. Cognitive aspects: Alcohol hangover symptoms and their contribution to the overall hangover severity. Alcohol and Alcoholism. 2012;47:248.
- Alcohol overdose: The dangers of drinking too much. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/AlcoholOverdoseFactsheet/Overdosefact.htm. Accessed Nov. 10, 2014.
- A word about alcohol poisoning. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-poisoning. Accessed Nov. 10, 2014.
- Schneekloth TD (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Dec. 6, 2014.
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<urn:uuid:b1c3c7b6-70b8-445e-98bf-034822eaa3d4>
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http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hangovers/basics/causes/CON-20025464
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| 0.82712
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| 2.921875
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Civil unions have to be explained and do not get the same respect as a marriage.
Only the word married conveys the universally understood meaning applicable to the lifetime commitment many couples make. Regardless of whether civil union and marriage offer the same benefits and obligations on paper, when the government relegates same-sex couples to civil union rather than marriage, it forces them to explain the difference at work, at school, in hospitals and elsewhere. Those couples lose the respect and dignity that they deserve.
Civil unions create more harm outside the state.
Although the federal government and some states still disrespect same-sex married couples, problems are further compounded for a couple with a civil union. When a couple's own state creates a separate status other than marriage, it makes them even more vulnerable within their state and when they travel to another state.
A separate and unequal status invites others to discriminate.
When the government decides one group cannot have the same option as others, it marks them as inferior and invites others to discriminate against them, as well. Same-sex couples may face discrimination from employers, businesses, police, emergency room workers and others.
Civil unions break the promise of equality.
Civil unions were created as a political compromise, because some people were not ready to provide same-sex couples with the right to marry. The highest courts in four states—California, Connecticut, Iowa and Massachusetts—have said that maintaining a separate legal status like civil unions for a minority, rather than treating everyone the same, is a violation of the constitutional promises of equality.
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<urn:uuid:0ae87cc4-34ea-42b8-bd2a-72165e128851>
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http://www.lambdalegal.org/sites/illinois-marriage/take-action/illinois-marriage/how-civil-unions-have-failed.html
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Photo by Hillary and Anna
Let’s remix a famous Christmas poem, give it a Thanksgiving theme, and teach our students advanced poetry concepts at the same time.
Students learn about rhyme scheme, but meter is a great way to extend their understanding of poetry. Meter defines a poem’s rhythm through stressed and unstressed syllables.
Introduce stressed/unstressed syllables using students’ names:
- Jennifer, not Jennifer
- Melissa, not Melissa
- Dennis, not Dennis
They need to be comfortable identifying stresses before moving on.
Shakespeare and Seuss
Shakespeare is famous for alternating stressed and unstressed syllables. If exaggerated, it sounds like “da dum” repeated over and over.
A pair of syllables with the “da dum” pattern is called an “iamb.”
Here’s Sonnet 18:
Dr. Seuss also dabbled in “iambs”:
Dr. Seuss is more famous for three syllables in a “da da dum” pattern.
The “da da dum” pattern is called an “anapest.” Since Suess uses four anapests per line, and tetra means four, this meter is called “anapest tetrameter”. It gives a poetry a fun, galloping feel.
A Visit From St. Nicholas
A Visit From St. Nicholas is the most famous poem built on anapest tetrameter.
Note: Detail-oriented students will catch that not all lines perfectly obey this meter.
Building The Remix
Here’s where rookie Ian would have gone wrong. Rather than scaffolding this task, I would have tossed the kids in. Some would have succeeded, but many would have struggled.
Instead, let’s build up to the large task by scaffolding smaller pieces and modeling the process.
1. Brainstorm Vocab
Let’s begin by brainstorming Thanksgiving-related words. Multisyllabic words are best since they have both stressed and unstressed syllables.
|autumn||corn on the cob||horn of plenty|
2. Break Down Stresses
Then find the stresses:
|autumn||corn on the cob||horn of plenty|
We also need some single-stressed-syllable words like: pie, fork, and plate.
You could even group these into categories based on stresses so kids have ammunition when they attack their own poem: first syllable stressed, second syllable stressed, etc.
3. Build An Anapest
Now model building an anapest for your students. We’ll start with “turkey.” It might help kids to have a table to fill out with 12 boxes to help structure their lines:
- The stress is on the first syllable: “turkey.”
- We need two unstressed syllables to go first: “We’ll have turkey.”
- Finish off that second anapest: “We’ll have turkey and pie.”
Now we have two anapests for our first line. Let’s fill in our table:
4. Finish Line
The original poem uses tetrameter, so we need a total of four anapests per line. I love that “cranberry sauce” already has an anapest built in, so let’s use that:
We’ve demonstrated how to build one line in anapest tetrameter that mirrors the famous poem A Visit From St. Nicholas. Now let’s rhyme it!
5. Rhyme The Line
Since the original poem’s rhyme scheme is an AABB pattern, we just need to rhyme “sauce.”
Show students that before writing this second line, it’s a good idea to plan the rhyme first. I’m going to end with “floss” and build from there.
We’ll have turkey and pie and some cranberry sauce.
We will eat so much food that I’d better bring floss!
Building The Final Product
Novices think creation happens linearly, but anyone who’s filmed a video, written a song, or penned an essay knows that creation is organic and often chaotic. My first lines might end up in the middle or the very end of the poem.
To emphasize this, have students write each line on a notecard, then move the cards around, finding the best order as they write.
How Long? The original poem is dozens of lines long, which will burn your kids out. Try remixing just the first six lines.
Groups? I’d limit this activity to friendly pairs or singles. Highly creative tasks don’t work well when we force kids to collaborate.
- Of course some type of classroom reading is a must.
- Consider traveling the school and reading to younger students.
- Add illustrations and build small books.
- Use Garageband to record readings, adding music and sound effects as well.
- For kids intrigued by “iambs” and “anapests,” let them browse this page for others syllable patterns.
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The United States, the world's richest nation by household assets, is close to last in key areas of health that include infant mortality, HIV, drug-related deaths and obesity, according to the study issued Wednesday by the National Research Council and the Institute of Medicine. The study compared the United States with affluent countries such as Australia, Canada and Japan.
The health gap has worsened for three decades, especially for women, and disproportionately affects children and teens, who die at higher rates from traffic accidents and homicide. For males, almost two-thirds of the life expectancy difference can be attributed to deaths before age 50, and those who reach that age arrive in poorer health than in other wealthy nations.
"The pervasiveness of the problem was really staggering," Steven Woolf, a family medicine professor at Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond and chairman of the panel that wrote the report, said in an interview. "I don't think American parents know their children will live a shorter life with greater disease rates than other countries."
The gap in health conditions exists from birth - the U.S. has the highest infant mortality rate of any high-income country - to age 75. The leading contributors include unintentional injuries such as car wrecks and poisonings, as well as non- communicable ailments such as heart disease and diabetes, according to the study. The report also cited drug abuse and a negative physical environment that centers on automobiles.
The panel analyzed U.S. health conditions against 16 nations: Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the Netherlands and Britain.
The U.S. life expectancy for men is about 76 and ranks last in the 17 countries studied. For women, the life expectancy is about 81 years and ranked 16, followed by Denmark.
"Why are we falling behind leads to broader, complex questions," Woolf said. "We were not surprised there was a health disadvantage, but by how big and pervasive it was."
The disadvantage exists even though the U.S. spends more per capita on health care than any other nation, partly because of a large uninsured population and inaccessible or unaffordable medical care, according to the study. Americans also have riskier health behaviors, including being involved in more traffic accidents that involve alcohol and using firearms in acts of violence. Americans who don't smoke and are not overweight also appear to have higher rates of disease.
The U.S. also has higher levels of poverty than other countries, based on the report.
The nation's large population of recent immigrants is generally in better health than native-born Americans, according to the report.
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Despite the fact that albinism is equally rare among all vertebrates from humans to fish and birds, the real albino dogs are even rarer due to two reasons. The first reason is that the most “albino” dogs pictures on the internet depicting pretty normal dogs with white fur. The second one — it’s a bit hard to figure out if your dog is real albino.
The most visible effect of in-born genetic deviation known as albinism is the lack of pigment melanin in skin, hair and eyes. However, most of the time even in albinos’ eyes are enough pigment to make them look not freaky pinkish red, so not all albinos have red eyes. This is true for humans, for dogs and any other creature affected by albinism.
Most normal dogs are black. Their fur could be even white, but underneath they are all black from nose to tail. If you want to determine the real albino dog, look at its nose — it should be light pink in color. Not like pig’s snout but much lighter and cleaner looking. But this is not enough. Another thing you should note is the dog’s eyelids. Albino’s eyes could be pretty dark but the eyelids will tell everything. Here are some examples:
This is real albino dog. You can say it by its nose and eyelids color. Note that the skin of this dog is the same light pink color as its tongue and lips. Though, the eyes aren’t red at all, they are lighter than the normal dogs’ eyes.
This is fake albino. Or, better to say, not albino at all. This is pretty normal and very handsome American Eskimo with snow white fur which is common for the bread. Note its charcoal black eyelids.
Here more examples of the real albino dogs:
And the rare of the rarest — half albino half normal dog:
Patti Pierson has sent us the picture of her 11 month old puppy with the following note: “I came across your article in regards to albino dogs. I am sending a picture of my comet he is now 11 weeks old and his eyes are light blue skin light pink and his pads of feet are pink as well, he has no black on him anywhere. He was the only puppy born in the litter. Please let me know what you think?” So, can you help Patti to find out if her dog is a real albino?
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David Bourget (Western Ontario)
David Chalmers (ANU, NYU)
Rafael De Clercq
Ezio Di Nucci
Jack Alan Reynolds
Learn more about PhilPapers
Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27 (4):491-503 (2004)
In order to formulate hypotheses about the evolutionary underpinnings that preceded the first glimmerings of language, mother-infant gestural and vocal interactions are compared in chimpanzees and humans and used to model those of early hominins. These data, along with paleoanthropological evidence, suggest that prelinguistic vocal substrates for protolanguage that had prosodic features similar to contemporary motherese evolved as the trend for enlarging brains in late australopithecines/early Homo progressively increased the difficulty of parturition, thus causing a selective shift toward females that gave birth to relatively undeveloped neonates. It is hypothesized that hominin mothers adopted new foraging strategies that entailed maternal silencing, reassuring, and controlling of the behaviors of physically removed infants (i.e., that shared human babies' inability to cling to their mothers' bodies). As mothers increasingly used prosodic and gestural markings to encourage juveniles to behave and to follow, the meanings of certain utterances (words) became conventionalized. This hypothesis is based on the premises that hominin mothers that attended vigilantly to infants were strongly selected for, and that such mothers had genetically based potentials for consciously modifying vocalizations and gestures to control infants, both of which receive support from the literature. Key Words: bipedalism; brain size; chimpanzees; foraging; gestures; hominins; infant riding; motherese; prosody; protolanguage.
|Keywords||bipedalism brain size chimpanzees foraging gestures hominins infant riding motherese prosody protolanguage|
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S. Gallagher (2008). Direct Perception in the Intersubjective Context. Consciousness and Cognition 17 (2):535-543.
W. Tecumseh Fitch (2006). The Biology and Evolution of Music: A Comparative Perspective. Cognition 100 (1):173-215.
Frederick J. Newmeyer (2016). Form and Function in the Evolution of Grammar. Cognitive Science 40 (4):n/a-n/a.
Barbara J. King (2008). Primates and Religion: A Biological Anthropologist's Response to J. Wentzel Van Huyssteen's Alone in the World? Zygon 43 (2):451-466.
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Dēmos · Classical Athenian Democracy · a Stoa Publication
→ Legislation Initiated by the Assembly.
Christopher W. Blackwell, edition of January 24, 2003
page 6 of 11
At the first meeting of the Assembly for the year, in the month of Hekatombaion, the Athenians held votes on the whole body of laws (Dem. 24.20; see Dem. 24.23 where the month of Hekatombaion is specified). This is how Demosthenes describes the process:
“In the first presidency and on the eleventh day thereof, in the Assembly, the Herald having read prayers, a vote shall be taken on the laws, to wit, first upon laws respecting the Council, and secondly upon general statutes, and then upon statutes enacted for the nine Archons, and then upon laws affecting other authorities. Those who are content with the laws respecting the Council shall hold up their hands first, and then those who are not content; and in like manner in respect of general statutes. All voting upon laws shall be in accordance with laws already in force” (Dem. 24.20).
This passage tells us several things. First, it suggests that the laws of Athens were divided into several categories. There were laws concerning the Council (περὶ τῶν βουλευτικῶν); this presumably included laws governing the Nomothetae and the procedure for legislation itself, since it was the Council that appointed the panels of Nomothetae (Dem. 24.27; Dem. 24.47-48). There were laws “common” to all Athenians (τῶν κοινῶν). There were laws having to do with the nine Archons (οἳ κεῖνται τοῖς ἐννέα ἄρχουσιν). And there were laws having to do with “other authorities” (τῶν ἄλλων ἀρχῶν). This passage also tells us that the Assembly voted on the existing laws by a show of hands (χειροτονία) (Dem. 24.20).
Demosthenes continues his description of the annual review: “If any law already in force be rejected on show of hands, the presidents [τοὺς πρυτάνεις, the ‘Prytaneis’ described in the article on the Council — CWB] in whose term of office the voting takes place shall appoint the last of the three meetings of the Assembly for the consideration of laws so rejected. The commissioners [τοὺς προέδρους, the ‘Proedroi’ — CWB] who preside by lot at the Assembly are required, immediately after religious observances, to put the question respecting the sessions of the Nomothetae (τῶν νομοθετῶν), and respecting the fund from which their fees are to be paid. The Nomothetae (τοὺς δὲ νομοθέτας) shall consist of persons who have taken the judicial oath” (Dem. 24.21).
So, if the Assembly voted against any of the current laws, several things happened. First, the Prytaneis (those in charge of the Council for that month, who set the agendas for meetings of the Assembly) would set aside the last meeting of the Assembly in that month for discussion of the laws. The Nomothetae, ordinary citizens selected out of those who had sworn the oath that all jurors swore, would conduct the actual process of legislation, but the Assembly would decide certain details regarding the meetings of the Nomothetae. Specifically, the Assembly would discuss payment for the Nomothetae (mentioned here at Dem. 24.21), and how much the Nomothetae should be given to conduct their business (this is mentioned more specifically at Dem. 21.23).
The Athenians took this process very seriously, as Demosthenes tells us, and specified severe penalties for any official who deviated from the proper procedure: “If the Prytaneis do not convene the Assembly according to the written regulations, or if the Proedroi do not put the question, each president shall forfeit one thousand drachmas of sacred money to Athene, and each commissioner shall forfeit forty drachmas of sacred money to Athene, and information thereof shall be laid before the Thesmothetae in such manner as when a man holds office being in debt to the treasury; and the Thesmothetae shall bring before the Court according to the law all persons against whom such information is laid; otherwise they shall not be raised to the Council of the Areopagus, as obstructing the rectification of the statutes” (Dem. 24.22).
So the punishment for failing to follow the proper procedure was a 1000 drachma fine, and in the case of one of the archons, disqualification from serving on the Council of the Areopagus after his term in office.
Before this meeting of the Assembly, when the Athenians voted on the existing laws, anyone who wanted to change the laws was supposed to make public specific proposals for new laws: “Before the meeting of the Assembly any Athenian citizen who wishes shall write down the laws proposed by him and exhibit the same in front of the Eponymous Heroes, to the end that the People may vote on the question of the time allowed to the Nomothetae with due regard to the total number of laws proposed. Whosoever proposes a new statute shall write it on a white board and exhibit it in front of the statues of the Eponymous Heroes on every day until the meeting of the Assembly” (Dem. 24.23).
This must have meant that the vote on the existing laws was equivalent to a vote on the proposed changes. If the citizens liked the suggestions posted beforehand, they could vote against the existing laws, thus starting a process of legislation. If the citizens did not like the posted suggestions, they would vote in favor of the existing laws. Requiring proposed changes before the meeting would allow the Assembly to make an informed decision regarding how long the Nomothetae should take to conduct their business (see also Dem. 20.94; Dem. 24.36; Aeschin. 3.39).
Demosthenes says, elsewhere in his speech against Timocrates, that it was lawful for any citizen to propose changing an existing law, but only if he suggested a new law to take its place (Dem. 24.33).
The Assembly, at this first meeting of the year (on the 11th day of the month Hekatombaion), would also choose five citizens to “speak in defence of laws proposed for repeal before the Nomothetae” (Dem. 24.23). This suggests that the process of legislation was very much like a trial in a courtroom, with some people “prosecuting” the existing laws (and advocating new laws), and others defending the existing laws (Dem. 24.23; Dem. 24.36).
After this first meeting of the Assembly for the year, if the voting determined that the laws should be reviewed and possibly changed, there was a delay, presumably to let people consider matters. No further action happened at the next meeting of the Assembly in that month, but at the third meeting, the Assembly decided how long the Nomothetae should spend legislating, and details of their pay (Dem. 21.24).
The Nomothetae were not chosen until the actual day assigned for legislation; on the morning of that day they were chosen by lot from those who had sworn the Heliastic Oath that all jurors swore (Dem. 24.27). A board of nomothetae could be huge: Demosthenes reports that in
The meeting of the Nomothetae was conducted by Proedroi (τοὺς προέδρους mentioned at Dem. 24.33). One of these served as chairman (ἐπιστάτης τῶν προέδρων) (IG II2 222.41-52). The meeting was conducted like a trial, with advocates speaking in favor of the existing laws (τοὺς συναπολογησομένους τὸν δῆμον τοῖς νόμοις; Dem. 24.23), and others speaking in favor of changing the laws (τοὺς συνηγόρους) (Dem. 24.36). When both parties had spoken, the Nomothetae voted by show of hands (Dem. 24.33).
page 6 of 11
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Central Church, Jackson, was organized in 1889 as an outgrowth of the Jackson Mission, organized in 1866, and First Church, organized 1876. The mission was located in the area now occupied by Millsaps College on North State Street, and First Church was at the corner of Lamar and Fortification streets. The first sanctuary was a brick structure built in 1892. The present building on North Farish Street, in the Historic Farish Street area, was completed in 1966. James R. Lynch, Mississippi Secretary of State during Reconstruction, was a central figure in the development of the mission that was to become Central Church, and he served as a presiding elder.
Source: Jenkins, William L. Mississippi United Methodist Churches: Two Hundred Years of Heritage and Hope. Franklin, Tennessee: Providence House. 1998. Additional information: Middleton, Mabel Pittman. The Central Connection: A History of the First One Hundred Years at Central United Methodist Church. Jackson, Miss.: Town Square Books. 1998. (Both titles are available at the J. B. Cain Archives.)
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Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2006.08.15
Helen King (ed.), Health in Antiquity. London and New York: Routledge, 2005. Pp. 292. ISBN 0-415-22065-3. $87.50.
Reviewed by Philip van der Eijk, Newcastle University, School of Historical Studies
Word count: 1608 words
[Authors and titles are listed at the end of the review.]
History of medicine as an academic discipline has long been devoted to the study of disease and human suffering in the past and of the responses of individuals and social groups to disease as reflected in beliefs and theories about sickness and the body and in corresponding healing practices. Yet more recently, there has been a shift towards the study of disease's counterpart, health, its varying understandings and definitions through time and its relationship to other values held in a given society, as well as the ways in which health was believed to be capable of being maintained, managed and enhanced, both privately and in the public domain. The present collection of studies testifies to this development and applies some of its insights to the ancient world. This is very welcome and entirely appropriate, since for most Greek and Roman medical writers -- as well as their readers and patients -- the preservation and promotion of health was just as much part of the doctor's business as the treatment of disease, and they went into very considerable detail defining health and specifying its requirements.
In the introduction, the editor usefully discusses the plurality of definitions given for health both in antiquity and the modern world, ranging from the absence of disease (however defined) to happiness and mental well-being. She also discusses differences of perspective when it comes to the question of who decides, and by what authority, whether someone is healthy or ill -- the patient vs. the doctor, the individual vs. the society, Western vs. non-Western medicine, subjective experience vs. objective biomedical definition, etc.
After this introduction, the collection essentially falls into two groups of papers (though these are not designated as such in the volume). One group is devoted to a reconstruction -- largely on the basis of archaeological, palaeopathological and demographic evidence -- of the conditions of health and disease in various parts of the Greco-Roman world during different periods of antiquity. In other words, these are twenty-first century scientific attempts at assessment, by contemporary Western biomedical standards of health and disease, of the physical quality of life in the ancient world as constituted by nutrition patterns, hygiene, water and food supply, living conditions, environmental factors, spread of disease etc. The most interesting paper here is that by Charlotte Roberts et al., who offer an illuminating overview of the recent history of palaeopathological research into health and disease in ancient Greece (largely on the basis of skeletal evidence and, later, DNA) as initiated by Rudolf Virchow and greatly developed by the influential physical anthropologist and classicist J.L. Angel (a bibliography of whose publications is printed as an appendix); they also provide a balanced and sobering account of the opportunities and limitations of this kind of research (only a small minority of conditions leave traces in the archaeological record) and its methodological difficulties. Other studies are devoted to specific periods and areas. Thus Robert Arnott writes on health and the spread of disease in the prehistoric Aegean, while Sherry Fox provides a detailed report (backed up by statistics) on the incidence of various kinds of disease and injury in Hellenistic-Roman Cyprus (esp. Paphos) and Corinth. Ray Laurence describes health and the life course at Herculaneum; and Neville Morley assesses the healthiness of the Roman city, again by modern standards.
The second group of papers studies ancient understandings, experiences, perceptions, representations and attempts at management of health as reflected in Greco-Roman medical writings, literary texts, inscriptions and papyri, vase paintings, religious practice and surgical instruments. Thus Helen King deals with the interesting question of whether the (male) authors of the gynaecological writings in the so-called Hippocratic Corpus understood the health of the female body as fundamentally different from that of men, and whether their notion of female health automatically included conception and childbirth. Emma Stafford examines the cult of Hygieia in Greece and her rapid spread in the form of statues and votive reliefs since the introduction of the cult of Asclepius in Athens in 420. John Wilkins deals with that branch of ancient medicine devoted to health management, dietetics, and discusses -- in a critical evaluation of Ludwig Edelstein's influential 1931 (not 1967) paper on Greek dietetics -- to what extent ancient treatises on dietetics were prescriptive or descriptive and took account of social class distinctions (but his discussion would have been more valuable if it had not been restricted to the writings of Athenaeus of Naucratis but had also considered the evidence provided by the Hippocratic treatise On Regimen III 68-69, which offers exactly such a class-distinction, and by authors such as Diocles, Mnesitheus and Dieuches, who provided specialised dietetic advice to travellers, sea-farers etc.). Nicholas Vlahogiannis deals with ancient perceptions of disability (regrettably, the editor's caveats against generalisations about the Greek comprehension of disabilities are lost on this author). Peter Barefoot discusses archaeological evidence for the architecture of ancient health centres, with particular attention to the role of light and water (though one may have reservations about his holistic linking of past and present through the vehicle of the four elements). Ralph Jackson offers a rich account of bone surgery and instrumentation in the Roman empire (based largely on Celsus' De medicina and on surgical instruments) -- though obviously this is concerned with the treatment of disease and injury rather than health. Finally, Gillian Clark and Dominic Montserrat deal - in two separate papers - with the transformation of attitudes to health and disease in Neoplatonic and Christian thought, with Clark cautioning against the often too ready assumption that the Neoplatonists did not value bodily health (the ascetic Porphyry being an exception), and Montserrat discussing the Christian hagiographer Sophronius of Jerusalem's account of secular and saintly healing practices.
The only paper that fits in neither category is Karelisa Hartigan's discussion of drama as an ancient and modern healing practice. This should not have been included, for it manipulates the evidence in order to push through a modern agenda. Its main thesis, that drama was an instrumental part of the healing practice in the Asclepius cult, is entirely speculative, if not refuted by the fact - noted elsewhere in the volume - that no theatre was present at Cos, one of the most prominent Asclepius sanctuaries in the ancient world. Nor is it correct, as she argues, that the Hippocratic treatise On Regimen credits a healing power to dreams: to this Hippocratic writer, dreams only have a prognostic significance, but the prevention of disease is to be achieved by a combination of dietetic measures and prayer to the gods.
From the Preface we learn that this collection has arisen from a conference held in Exeter in 1994, and that some of the papers read at the conference were not included in the volume, while several other chapters were added at a later stage. One sympathises with the editor for having to take the project through this long and no doubt difficult gestation process which, together with a certain unclarity as to the kind of audience for whom this book is intended, probably accounts for some unevenness, duplication and inconsistency in presentation: thus we are told several times what the incubation practices in the Asclepius cult were like, we are given two translations of the hymn to Hygieia, and the editor's introductory observations are not always followed up in the rest of the volume. As so often with volumes of this kind, readers will peruse it for the individual papers it contains rather than for any overarching perspective that would make the whole more than the sum of its parts - let alone for comprehensiveness, for this has clearly not been achieved (and, presumably, not intended), some of the most obvious omissions being the theory and practice of ancient sport and fitness, Galen's systematic theory of health, and the use of the health metaphor in ancient political thought. Nevertheless, most papers in this volume provide stimulating facets of ancient beliefs, experiences, practices and representations of health or of the physical conditions in which these were developed. The volume is nicely illustrated, there is a comprehensive bibliography (though it is odd to see no reference to Georg Wöhrle's Studien zur Theorie der antiken Gesundheitslehre or I. Leventi's Hygieia in Greek Art) and a useful general index, though regrettably no index of passages cited (the preparation of which would have brought to light inconsistencies such as the references to 'Loeb II, 70' and 'Loeb II, 7' and 'Loeb II, 6', all on p. 155).
Introduction: what is health? (H. King);
1. Disease and the Prehistory of the Aegean (R. Armott);
2. Health and Disease in Greece: Past, present and future (C. Roberts, C. Boubou, A. Lagia, S. Triantaphyllou, A. Tsaliki);
3. Health in Hellenistic and Roman Times: The case studies of Paphos, Cyprus and Corinth, Greece (S. Fox);
4. Health and the Life Course at Herculaneum and Pompeii (R. Laurence);
5. Holding on to Health? Bone surgery and instrumentation in the Roman empire (R. Jackson);
6. 'Without You No One is Happy': The cult of health in ancient Greece (E. Stafford);
7. Hygieia at Dinner and at the Symposium (J. Wilkins);
8. Women's Health and Recovery in the Hippocratic Corpus (H. King);
9. Drama and Healing: Ancient and modern (K. Hartigan);
10. 'Curing' Disability (N. Vlahogiannis);
11. The Salubriousness of the Roman City (N. Morley);
12. Buildings for Health: Then and now (P. Barefoot);
13. The Health of the Spiritual Athlete (G. Clark);
14. 'Carrying on the Work of the Earlier Firm': Doctors, medicine and Christianity in the Thaumata of Sophronius of Jerusalem (D. Montserrat);
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Convert 14.54 mg CO2 to mols C.
0.01454/44.01 = ?
Convert 3.97 g H2O to mols H.
0.00397*2/18.015 = ?
Find the whole number ratio for C and H and that will be the empirical formula.
For molecular formula,
(272/(mass empirical formula) = x
round x to a whole number and molecular formula is
I know how to find the empirical formula if you find the moles of each element. I am unsure about what to do when given compounds. How do I find how many moles there are of carbond and hydrogen?
14.54 mg = 0.01454 g CO2.
mols CO2 = (0.01454/molar mass CO2).
There is 1 mol C in 1 mol CO2; therefore, the mol C mols CO2.
mols H2O = grams/molar mass H2O.
Then 2x that for mols H.
Okay thank you, and what about oxygen? Do i do anything with oxygen?
To be honest with you I missed that part of the problem when I read it. What I've told you is right but we need to rearrange some of it.
sample + oxygen = CO2 + H2O
I guess we are to assume that if we convert to carbon and hydrogen that the rest of the sample was oxygen. Does your problem say that we are to do that. Anyway, I'll assume that.
So we convert CO2 to grams C.
0.01454 x (atomic mass C/molar mass CO2) = 0.01454 x (12.01/44.01) = grams C.
Same for the H2O.
grams H = 0.00397 x (2*atomic mass H)/molar mass H2O = 0.00397 x (2/18.015) = ? grams H.
Then 0.00500 - g C - g H = g O.
You can use mols C you already have.
You can use mols H you already have.
Add mols O = grams O/16 = ?
Then find the ratio for the empirical formula and continue for the molecular formula. Sorry I didn't read the problem very well. I'm glad you brought it to my attention.
I got the right answer by following DrBob222's step
for empirical formula C=3.97mg; H=0.44mg; and O=5mg-3.97mg-0.44mg=0.59mgO Then 0.59mg/16g=0.036mmol. Then you good to go!
Thank you DrBob222:D
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Geography in TasmaniaEdit This
Tasmania is shaped like an arrowhead pointing to the South Pole. It is several hundred kilometres from North to South and a similar width along its North coast. The southern end does not taper to a single point, but is truncated to two Capes - South East and South West - which are less than 100 kilometres apart. The following paragraph is from "Tasmania at a Glance" published by the Australian Bureau of Statistics:
"The state of Tasmania is a group of islands that lie south of the south-eastern corner of the Australian mainland. The total area of the state, including its smaller islands, is 68,119 square kilometres, about 0.9% of the total area of Australia. Tasmania is separated from the mainland by a body of water known as Bass Strait, which averages 240 kilometres in width. The remaining coastline is bounded by the Southern Ocean on the south and west and the Tasman Sea on the east. At its greatest length, Tasmania spans some 296 kilometres from north to south; at its greatest width, it is 315 kilometres from the eastern coast to the west coast."
Although Tasmania is relatively low-lying (the highest point is ~1600 metres or ~5500 feet) it is Australia's most mountainous state, with no truly flat terrain. The major mountain ranges lie along the Western half of the state, starting at the coast in the South West and extending inland as one travels north. They are the remnants of an ancient range of volcanic mountains from the period of Gondwana, and are the source of a large portion of Tasmania's wealth in the form of mining. Although the eastern half of the state is generally lower and flatter, there are several significant mountain ranges in the East.
On account of its rugged topography and high rainfall, Tasmania has a great number of rivers, almost all of which have been dammed at some point to provide enough hydroelectricity for the entire state's needs. Almost all the major rivers begin in the Central highlands and flow to the coast. The Derwent River flows South East and reaches the coast at Hobart, the Esk, Tamar and Mersey rivers flow North to the coast at Launceston (somewhat inland) and Devonport. The Franklin and Gordon rivers flow west to meet the coast at Strahan - The Franklin is still undammed along its entire length.
Tasmania has a generally cooler and wetter climate than Australia, something that attracted settlers in the nineteenth century who found it more similar to England than the drier mainland. The temperature in winter can go as low as -10 °C in the highlands in winter, although the coastal areas rarely go below freezing. Summer temperatures can reach up to 35 °C, but in general will be in the range 20-30 °C. The mean daily maximums and minimums for Hobart are 17.6 and 9.2 °C respectively.
In general Tasmania receives its weather from the West. In winter there are a steady stream of cold fronts from the Southern Ocean, while in summer they are subdued by high pressure systems moving south from central Australia. Given the western orientation of both the weather and the topography, most of the precipitation falls across the West coast, where it promotes the extensive growth of temperate rainforests. The East of the state is much drier, and can even experience drought conditions in certain years. The vegetation is thus markedly different - dominated by eucalypts and hard-leaved plants.
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When you’re preparing for GCSE, AS or A2 exams, sometimes it seems like you can’t move for revision tips. And while most of the tips for revision you get offered are well-intentioned, it can be hard to pick out the useful ones.
To help you get off to on the right foot with your revision, we've created these useful revision tips. They are equally valid for GCSE, AS and A2 exams.
Revision tip one: Plan your revision
It’s important to take a structured approach to exam revision, because it means you can be sure of covering everything you need in the time available.
People who do not plan their revision often end up spending most of their time covering areas they already know well. A proper revision plan will help you focus revision on the subject areas you really need to cover:
- When creating your revision plan, work backwards from the date of your first exam. Plan to revise for six weeks or so.
- Allocate more time to tricky subjects and areas you don’t know well. These will have the biggest impact on your eventual results.
- Be realistic when creating a timetable. You can’t spend every minute revising – build in time for breaks and other commitments too.
- Stick your revision timetable up somewhere and tell your friends and family about it so they can help you focus on sticking to your plan.
Revision tip two: Create the right environment
We know the importance of a good study environment, which is why we take great care to create an effective environment for our revision courses. When you revise at home, follow these revision tips to build surroundings that will help you revise effectively:
- Try and set aside an area that’s just for revision. Avoid your bedroom if possible – you want to create a space you associate only with revision.
- Make sure your desk is lit well (with natural light, if possible) and in a quiet spot, away from distractions like the TV.
- Most people revise most effectively in a quiet environment. However, at certain times playing music may motivate and inspire you.
- Find a spot where it’s easy to avoid distractions. Turn your phone off, move away from the TV and shut down your internet connection
- Have everything to hand before starting. That means pens, pencils, paper, textbooks, exam papers – anything you need to revise.
Revision tip three: Think about your technique
Without the right revision technique, your meticulously-planned revision schedule and revision materials will be useless. These revision tips will help you make productive use of every minute of your revision time:
- Simply reading textbooks and notes is not enough for effective revision. You need to be active, making notes and diagrams.
- Short chunks of revision work best for most people. For instance, revise for 30 minutes, then take a ten-minute break.
- Use past papers, textbooks and syllabuses to work out what you should be revising. You don’t want to concentrate on the wrong right areas.
- Use a whole variety of materials: notes, textbooks, online resources – and create mind maps, diagrams and posters.
- Past papers are a really valuable way to test your knowledge. When you work through questions, make sure you have the mark scheme too.
- Set aside time to think as well as read and write. It’s important – switch environments for this,. Maybe go to a cafe, a park or for a walk.
- Go over material more than once, but leave a day or two in between. This will help reinforce knowledge and fix it in your mind.
Revision tip four: Don’t overdo your revision
Push yourself too far and you’ll burn out, get tired or simply become less-effective. It’s important to think about your mind, your body and when you perform best:
- Take frequent breaks. Ten minutes off every 30 – 40 minutes is a good balance for most people.
- Stay hydrated and don’t get too hungry. Keep a glass of water on hand, along with healthy snacks like fruit and nuts.
- Remember your friends and family. Spending time with them will keep you stimulated and stop you going ‘stir crazy’!
- If things aren’t going quite to plan, don’t panic – just re-evaluate what you can cover in the remaining time, and focus on what you can achieve.
There are lots of other places online to get revision tips and advice.
See our recommended revision resources
If you'd like some further tips or advice, chat with one of our advisors on 0845 619 5779 who will be happy to help.
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When the banks of the Sweden, Norway and Iceland went out of control, the people refused to bail them out, and the economies of all three countries were the better for it. Instead of allowing themselves to be bullied by international investors represented by the IMF and the European Union, the Cypriots who are facing a similar crisis today might want to learn from the Viking example.
The Cyprus banking sector went rogue to the point that it became eight times larger than the rest of the country’s economy. Perhaps the bankers thought they would become too big to fail, requiring the country to rescue them. But why should citizens rescue bankers?
There is a better way, which is what the Scandinavians insisted on.
When it comes to a financial crisis, what’s needed is the combination of popular will and the existence of an alternative. The Vikings combined smart economics with the organizing muscle to make it happen. As a presidential candidate in 2008, Barack Obama said he knew that the Swedes handled their banking crisis in the correct way, but he also acknowledged that the United States wouldn’t follow the Swedish path. Why? Obama believed that we wouldn’t back him with a mass direct action movement in a confrontation with Wall Street.
So, what is the alternative to bailouts for rogue banks? And what can a movement do when the party in power is in bed with the 1 percent?
What democracy looks like when banks go out of control
In the 1980s, Norway and Sweden set aside what had been working for them — democratic socialism — and flirted with neo-liberalism. They deregulated, setting free the financial sectors. The private banks speculated, creating housing bubbles. By the early ’90s, the bubbles burst. Both nations headed into crisis.
In Sweden, 90 percent of the banking sector experienced massive losses. Fortunately, the Social Democrats, the party of the working class, was in power and decided against bailouts. The government nationalized two of the banks, sheltered some that looked like they could survive, and allowed the rest to go bankrupt. Stockholders were left empty-handed.
As it turned out, three of the other large banks were able to raise necessary capital privately. Regulation was re-imposed and Sweden came back strong.
This Swedish version of “tough love” put the economy in such a strong position that when the 2008 financial crisis hit most of Europe, Sweden could use a series of flexible measures that minimized disruption. Its banks had already been cleaned up. Its famous social safety net kept Swedes accessing unemployment insurance, health care, education and job training.
The result: By 2011 the Washington Post was calling Sweden the “rock star of the recovery,” with a growth rate twice that of the United States, lower unemployment and a robust currency.
When Norway’s banks went out of control, the Labor government seized the three biggest banks of Norway, fired the senior management and made sure the shareholders didn’t get a krone.
The now publicly owned banks were given new, accountable management and time to clean up. The government told the rest of the private banking sector that it were on its own: If bankers had money in their mattresses with which they could re-capitalize, fine; if not, they could go bankrupt. There was no way Norwegian citizens would bail them out.
The lesson for Norway’s entire financial sector was unmistakable. No more moral hazard: Risk your own money, not other people’s. Failing banks will be allowed to fail, no matter what their size.
The government gradually sold its shares in the banks it had seized and made a net profit. It kept a majority stake in the largest bank, probably as a safeguard to prevent the bank from being sold to foreign owners.
The St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank’s vice president, Richard G. Anderson, studied the responses of Sweden and Norway to their parallel financial crises: “The Nordic bank resolution is widely regarded as among the most successful in history,” he concluded. By bouncing back through effective governmental intervention, Norway and Sweden avoided the “lost decade” syndrome that dogged Japan after its crash in the early 1990s and that is now the reality for the United States and much of Europe.
For activists in the many countries now confronting austerity programs, these examples can serve as a concrete alternative with a track record of success.
But what if your government is in the hands of the 1 percent?
For decades, Iceland followed the “Nordic model,” with high standards of living, free university education, universal health care, full employment and a robust labor movement. The government owned the major banks.
Then, in the late ’90s, Iceland’s political leadership shifted. It began to privatize banks and joined the international trend initiated by the repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act in the United States, a law that separates investment banking from ordinary banking. Now the banks were free to take ownership stakes in their customers’ companies.
Building on Iceland’s economic credibility, the largest banks opened branches abroad and bought foreign financial institutions. They made the Norwegian and Swedish banks’ mistake of creating a real estate bubble, and then went beyond that by making high-risk loans to holding companies. Like Cyprus, Iceland’s banks blew themselves up like balloons, becoming several times the size of Iceland’s gross national product.
In 2008, Iceland suffered one of the worst banking collapses in history. Unemployment and inflation shot up. By September the Icelandic economy was in free fall.
Activists formed a grassroots nonviolent movement to demand resignation of the government. They massed outside the parliament building, banging pots and pans to disrupt the meetings inside — the “Kitchenware Revolution,” they called it.
The crowds grew to 10,000 — out of a total population of 320,000 — and the increasing turbulence forced Prime Minister Geir H. Haarde to announce that he and his cabinet would resign and new elections would be held. Although the politicians responsible for Iceland’s financial life were resigning, the campaigners didn’t stop there; they demanded — and won — the resignation of the governing board of the Central Bank.
The party representing the working class stepped in and pledged that there would be no bailouts, and the three largest banks therefore failed. The government made sure that Icelandic depositors got their money back and gave debt relief to struggling homeowners. For businesses facing bankruptcy but experiencing a positive cash flow, debts were forgiven. The government devaluated its currency in order to support Iceland’s important export market.
The next part will be especially interesting to Cypriot activists who want to fight back: Iceland then repudiated the billions of dollars of debt owed to U.K. and Dutch citizens who had invested money through online subsidiaries of Icelandic banks. The move sent shudders through the international financial world, but still ordinary Icelanders refused to accept responsibility for the frenzied behavior of their bankers. The question was twice put before voters in referenda, and twice Icelanders said “No.”
Instead of trying to pacify international investors, Iceland created controls on the movement of capital. Instead of demanding austerity, the government expanded its social safety net. The result? Iceland is recovering. By July 2012 unemployment was hovering at 6 percent and falling. The economy was expected to grow by 2. 8 percent.
As The Independent’s Ben Chu has pointed out, ever since the 2008 international crisis both European politicians and ratings agencies “have demanded that national governments honor the debts of their banking sectors, protect their exchange rates, eschew capital movement restrictions, and impose massive austerity to earn back the confidence of bond markets.”
Iceland largely ignored those demands. Did the investors punish Iceland for being so smart and self-respecting? No. In June 2011, the government issued $1 billion in sovereign debt at 6 percent interest, an offering that was twice oversubscribed by investors.
It may be time for Cyprus to join Iceland in treating the bullies like, well, bullies. It may be the little countries that need to act like grown-ups and enforce accountability: Those who make the mess should clean it up. But it will take people’s movements to make sure that happens, movements that have an idea what the alternative is.
This story was made possible by our members. Become one today.
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London, Mar. 26: The unusual proximity of the moon to earth or, the Super Moon phenomenon that took place earlier this month, is being cited as the key reason for the washing up of almost 100 unexploded Second World War bombs on Calshot Beach in Hampshire.
The Royal Navy has said they fear more of the mortars could wash up on the shore
According to experts, the lunar phenomenon lowered tides so far that it uncovered the 70-year-old mortar shells, which were then pushed onshore as the tide came in.
After imposing a 600-yard exclusion zone and detonating them, the Navy team was shocked to see another 87 appear over the next 24 hours.
"We blow them up when they are covered with water because it absorbs a lot of the shock," the Daily Mail quoted explosives expert Lieutenant Commander Al Nekrews, as saying.
He also said that it was ''unprecedented'' to find so many unexploded bombs.
A Navy spokesman said the bombs were English but it was not known whether they had been fired from land or from a ship. (ANI)
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|At its core, GIS is the
combination of graphical maps with tabular information (such
as databases). It provides a tool to assist with solving
real-world problems. This tool allows visualization and
analysis of spatial information in ways
not previously possible. Databases do not lend themselves to visual
interpretation like maps do. But with relatively simple
GIS operations a user can transform a database into a
picture that is easy to interpret at a glance. For
example: A tabular listing of businesses sorted by address could
have 10,000 entries.Looking at it might not be very useful.
But by plotting their locations on a map and color coding by
business classes, you can instantly tell if there is a
restaurant near you.
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(CBS News) Exercise doesn't only change your body's appearance, it can change your core - right down to your DNA.
A new study in the March issue of Cell Metabolism shows that that when people exercise for something as little as a 20 minute workout, it can alter their DNA almost immediately.
While the main genetic code isn't changed - which means you won't go from a blonde to a brunette - the DNA molecules within your muscles are structurally changed at specific locations. The research concluded that the changes, known as so-called "epigenetic modifications," seem to be the early precursor to the genetic reprogramming of muscle for strength, structure and the metabolic benefits of exercise.
"Our muscles are really plastic," says Juleen Zierath of Karolinska Institutet in Sweden said in a written statement. "We often say 'You are what you eat.' Well, muscle adapts to what you do. If you don't use it, you lose it, and this is one of the mechanisms that allows that to happen."
For the study, researchers examined 14 men and women as they used an exercise bike at various activity levels. Then they donated a piece of their quadriceps - the front thigh muscles - for testing.
The researchers also found out that caffeine can change muscle in similar ways. Zierath explained that the researchers made the muscle samples contract in lab dishes and observed that both the muscles that had been exercised and the ones that had been exposed to caffeine showed fewer DNA chemical marks than they did before exercise. This suggests the muscles were activating genes important to exercise. The more rigorous the workout, the more the chemical marks changed.
Zierath steered clear of recommending coffee over exercise however, but noted that athletes who drink coffee before training might be doing something right.
"Most of the physiological effect of the caffeine we drink is on the central nervous system, and not dispersed to all the muscles," she told TIME. "In order to get the same kind of effect we saw in the cells, you would have to drink 50 cups of coffee a day, which is close to the lethal dose. In my mind, half an hour of moderately high intensity exercise is sufficient to do the same thing."
While the research shows the great benefits of exercise for everyone, it also highlights why exercise is important for people prone to type 2 diabetes. These affected individuals have a hard time maintaining a healthy blood sugar level. Molecular physiologist Juleen Zierath of the Karolinska Institute told The Scientist that exercise is one known way to maintain insulin sensitivity of organs and prevent diabetes. Her previous study showed that diabetics have different DNA methyl group patterns than healthy individuals, partially explaining why they cannot regulate their insulin levels.
Said Zierath, "Exercise is medicine."
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The Puritans dream was to create a model society for the rest of Christendom. Their goal was to make a society in every way connected to god. Every aspect of their lives, from political status and employment to even recreation and dress, was taken into account in order to live a more pious life.
But to really understand what the aspirations of the puritans were, we must first understand their beliefs. "Their goal was absolute purity; to live with out sin in a sinful world was to them the supreme challenge in life. They were derisively called Puritans because they sought to purify the Church of England of the popish and antichristian stuff with which they believed the simplicity of the primitive Christian church had been encrusted.” The Puritans believed that man's only purpose in life was "to glorify God on earth and, if he were especially fortunate, to continue the good work in Heaven.”
For the puritans, to glorify god meant keeping him in mind at all times, working to the best of their ability at whatever job god had fated them to do, and following a strict moral code based on the bible. "Every act and thought was either a glorification of god or its opposite.” Thus, leading a pious life in the form of working hard, praying, and churchgoing, was considered paying homage to God. Through all of these things, the most important was to be mindful of God at all times. Pride, complacency, and gratification of the senses could not be permitted if they captured the place in the mind reserved for the Almighty.
This does not mean, however, (as many people have believed) that the Puritans did not allow themselves to be comfortable and happy. First of all, the Puritans took happiness in the knowledge that they were living a pure life the way God had intended it to be. Second they believed in working hard, and if one acquired wealth by working hard, saving, and staying sober, than that was evidence of God favoring that person. ...
Page 1 of 7
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According to a study published by a team of psychologists, telling a spider you are frightened of its ugly and terrifying self is the path to setting yourself free from a fear of arachnids.
Methods of modifying human behaviour when it comes to battling fear range from shaping that behaviour through positive reinforcement or acclimatising an individual to a feared object through systematic desensitisation. Regulating emotions through positive verbal reinforcement is also a popular practice — for instance, encouraging those afraid of spiders to approach the arachnid in question while repeating the words “that spider can’t hurt me and I’m not afraid of it”.
However, a UCLA team of psychologists has decided to try a new tact — looking that spider in the eye (all eight of them) and telling it just how terrified of it you are. Naming an emotion, the team suggests, is the way to set yourself free of being bound to it.
Read the whole story: Wired
Leave a comment below and continue the conversation.
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The concept calls for targeting an enzyme within brain cells
THURSDAY, April 24 (HealthDay News) -- German researchers are reporting a new approach to the possible prevention of the molecular "debris" that's associated with the development of Alzheimer's disease.
The basic idea -- to block the activity of an enzyme called beta-secretase -- is not new, said study lead author Dr. Kai Simons, a professor of cell biology at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics in Dresden.
A number of laboratories, both academic and commercial, are working on methods to prevent the enzyme from slicing a protein into beta amyloid fragments that form the brain plaques found in people with the disease. All work on the same principle. "If we decrease the amount of cleavage, we could in all likelihood reduce the likelihood of the disease," Simons said.
Most experts now agree that formation of the beta amyloid plaques is directly linked to the development of Alzheimer's. The problem with most proposed methods of blocking beta-secretase, Simons said, is that they are designed to work outside of the affected brain cells.
"This process of cleaving takes place inside cells," he said. "We have constructed an inhibitor which binds outside, on the cell membrane, and goes into the cell where the cleavage occurs."
Reporting in the April 25 issue of the journal Science, Simons and his colleagues described both test-tube experiments and animal studies in which the combination of an anchoring molecule and a beta-secretase inhibitor reduced the formation of beta amyloid plaque by more than 50 percent over four hours, while the inhibitor alone was ineffective.
The success is just one small step toward a medically useful preventive therapy for Alzheimer's disease, Simons acknowledged. For one thing, the treatment was given by injection into the brains of the experimental animals (fruit flies and mice), something not likely to be done with people.
"This is proof of principle," Simons said. "The idea would be to get it into the blood in humans and then over the blood-brain barrier into the brain. There are many ways for molecules to get into the brain."
The blood-brain barrier is a network of tightly packed cells that prevents most molecules from entering the brain.
William J. Netzer, an Alzheimer's researcher at the Fisher Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research Foundation at Rockefeller University in New York City, called the new study "a profoundly interesting line of research."
"It is not implausible that one might improve the effectiveness of a drug by coaxing it to go into a region where the enzymes it blocks exist," Netzer said.
But medical use of such a product can raise questions, he said. "When you put an inhibitor into a living being, the chemical you put in can be modified in the body. Where a compound goes into a cell is a complicated issue when you put it into a human being," he added.
Dr. James Galvin, associate professor of neurology and psychiatry at Washington University in St. Louis, called the German research "a novel idea."
If the concept works, it would solve a puzzle about how to best target the enzyme, Galvin said. And it is a concept with broader medical possibilities, he said.
"You can potentially inhibit other enzymes where cleavage occurs within membranes," he said.
Learn more about Alzheimer's disease from the U.S. Library of Medicine.
SOURCES: Kai Simons, M.D., Ph.D., professor of cell biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany; William J. Netzer, Ph.D., research associate, Fisher Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research Foundation, Rockefeller University, New York City; James Galvin, M.D., associate professor of neurology and psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis; April 25, 2008, Science
All rights reserved
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Laura Wilbur Mcgarrity
Study of language and meaning, and survey of several influential modern approaches, including the semantic, general semantic, behavioral, and analytic philosophical. Relates theories of language and meaning to the study of speech communication.
The central goal of this course is to develop an understanding of what language is, how it is structured, and how it is used in the wider context. With this goal in mind, we will address the following themes: -- The difference between language and communication -- The acquisition of language -- The connection between language, thought, and identity -- The use of language in different personal, cultural and political contexts
Student learning goals
General method of instruction
Class assignments and grading
There will be a series of short, weekly, written reading responses, weekly in-class quizzes, and 2 exams (a midterm and a final).
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School Lunches Get a Garnish.
Mystery Meat No More
But school lunch still gets a bad rap, says Sheah Rarback, an American Dietetic Association spokeswoman and the director of nutrition at the Mailman Center for Child Development at the University of Miami in Florida.
"It's an easy target because kids are picky eaters, but school lunch does meet guidelines for having certain nutritional standards," she says.
"Now the schools are competing with fast-food establishments, so they are working to make foods competitive and appealing," Rarback says. The American School Food Service Association estimates that 13% of U.S. public schools sell fast foods, including food from such chains as Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, Arby's, and Subway.
New, improved school lunches must be coupled with education, says Rarback, also the chairwoman of the Dade County School's food and nutrition advisory board.
"We try to use more whole grains and ... have meatless entrees, and it's a great idea, but it needs to be coupled with nutritional education," she says.
"The big picture," she says, "is making better choices in the cafeteria and having some program to support and encourage children to do this."
But everyone agrees that another piece of this pie is physical activity.
"Nutrition can't function alone. We have known that it is a combination of knowledge of nutrition and eating right, but also good amount of physical activity," says Procter.
"Physical activity in schools has gone down in priority and frequency," Berkowitz tells WebMD. "There's less physical education, less funding for physical education. We need to rethink how we get kids to be more physically active and try to reduce sedentary behavior."
Another problem plaguing school children is calcium deficiency and the risk of the bone-thinning disease osteoporosis.
But who is going to drink milk when there is soda?
Enter E-moo, a fizzy, calcium-rich, and low-fat drink that comes in such flavors as orange creamsicle and bubble gum. Developed by scientists at Cornell University in Ithaca, N.Y., E-moo is available in most top food markets in the Northeast and is about to go nationwide.
A few hurdles exist before it's offered in the schools, says Mary Ann Clark, RN, vice president of technical services at Mac Farms, Inc., of Burlington, Mass, but the product was extremely well-received at a recent school foods fair.
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LYNN NEARY, HOST:
Under Kim Jong Il, North Korea declared itself a nuclear weapons state in 2006, when it first tested a nuclear bomb underground. A second test came in 2009. Still, it's believed North Korea's stockpile of nuclear bombs is small. And in something of a surprise, Pyongyang has voluntarily refrained from making plutonium and more bombs for the past four years.
NPR's Mike Shuster has that story.
MIKE SHUSTER, BYLINE: Reliable details about North Korea's nuclear weapons are hard to come by, but here's what is believed to be the case. The North Koreans currently hold between four and 10 nuclear bombs. All of them are made from plutonium, which the North has manufactured since the early 1990s. There's currently no plutonium left in their stockpile. It's all been turned into bombs.
North Korea does have more than 100 tons of fresh nuclear fuel rods that could be inserted into an active nuclear reactor. That could produce more plutonium. But, says Joel Wit, an expert on North Korea at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, North Korea hasn't done that.
JOEL WIT: Essentially, over the past few years, they haven't produced any.
SHUSTER: Why they haven't produced more plutonium is something of a puzzle.
WIT: They haven't restarted this reactor that was shut down under President Bush, although they threatened to do it many times. So if they did restart it, they could load it up with these fuel rods.
SHUSTER: North Korea has agreed to shut down its plutonium production a couple of times over the past 20 years. Each time, negotiations with the U.S. and North Korea's neighbors broke down, and Pyongyang took steps to restart its nuclear program - except this last time.
Dan Sneider, a Korea expert at Stanford University's Asia-Pacific Research Center, believes there could be several reasons.
DAN SNEIDER: First of all, the reactor is old and has problems. Secondly, it may well be that they have decided to move on to uranium enrichment over plutonium as bomb material, and that they have decided to - basically, to sell the plutonium reactor for whatever they could get from it, in a international-negotiating sense.
SHUSTER: Last year, North Korea disclosed that it had developed secretly a gas centrifuge facility to enrich uranium. It is not certain whether the facility has enriched any uranium - either highly enriched uranium for bombs or, as the North Koreans assert, low enriched uranium for reactor fuel.
And then, says Dan Sneider, there is the issue of their work on making a nuclear warhead that could be fitted into the nose cone of a missile.
SNEIDER: This is, I think, the matter of greatest concern for people who are watching the North Korean nuclear program; that is that - their progress towards miniaturizing a warhead sufficient to be able to marry it to the ballistic missiles that they are also developing.
SHUSTER: For much of this year, North Korea has not hidden its desire to see international negotiations restart over its nuclear activities. There have been several sets of lower-level talks between U.S. and North Korean diplomats.
The Obama administration has proceeded with extreme caution. If Pyongyang now shows as much eagerness for talks as Kim Jong Il did before he died, it could be an early, important sign of the new leadership's approach to nuclear bargaining, says Joel Wit.
WIT: It'll be an early indicator of stability in North Korean policy and also, stability in decision-making.
SHUSTER: At the same time, there's talk that North Korea is planning a long-range missile test, and possibly another underground nuclear test, in 2012. That, too, would be an early indicator of where North Korea's nuclear weapons program is headed.
Mike Shuster, NPR News.
(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)
ROBERT SIEGEL, HOST:
This is NPR News.
NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by Verb8tm, Inc., an NPR contractor, and produced using a proprietary transcription process developed with NPR. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR’s programming is the audio record.
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This was a bellows-concept mobile vehicle which could 'inch' its way across almost any kind of lunar surface. Design studies were made of the concept as applied to a small unmanned vehicle, a supply vehicle, a small lunar shelter, and a large lunar shelter.
FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR LUNAR WORM PLANETARY ROVING VEHICLE CONCEPT
Prepared under Contract No. NAS 1-5709 - MAY 1966
By. F. A. Dobson and D. G. Fulton
Aeronutronic, Division of Philco Corporation
A feasibility study has been carried out of various concepts of using a bellows to provide cross country mobility, particularly on the moon. Effort was directed primarily toward analytical treatment of bellows mobility and of bellows structure including both corrugated and membrane bellows, and applying the results to several brief design studies of typical missions. All concepts studied can have all moving parts internally located in a protected, pressurized environment and can be considerably foreshortened during delivery.
The concept wherein the bottom surface of the vehicle moves in the form of a traveling wave similar to the motion used by snakes and centipedes appears to be potentially the most versatile. As compared with current cross country vehicles, it is capable of moderate to high speeds over rough terrain with a smoother ride and less vehicle bounce, good maneuverability, good propulsive efficiency, better ability to climb obstacles and to bridge crevices. It can be designed with a very low footprint pressure for use over a wide variety of surfaces including even fluid-like soils through which it is capable of swimming.
The double-acting bellows concept, which is a variation of rib-walking, where adjacent ribs contacting the surface are 180 ° out of phase, appears quite suitable for unmanned vehicles with regard to simplicity, ease of deployment, weight and power requirements but the ride tends to be rough and ability to clear obstacles is somewhat limited, A version of this concept can be designed which is within the present state-of-the-art of metal bellows technology,
The extension-contraction bellows concept, wherein the vehicle alternately shortens and lengthens and propulsion is derived from asymmetry built into the lower surface, is the simplest concept considered but also requires the most power because of friction in sliding over the terrain. It is restricted in footprint loading and maneuverability but is uniquely suited for incorporation of a novel solar-mechanical energy transfer system which holds some promise as a lightweight, inexpensive means for supplying mechanical energy for propulsion.
The study also includes fundamental analytical treatment of a stepped surface planing over soil, of wave motions which might be used by a variety of vehicles and of the structure of membrane bellows. A lunar soil model suitable for short stroke and cyclic motion studies was developed.
MANNED EXTENDED-RANGE ROVING VEHICLE
This section contains a preliminary design study of an extended range roving vehicle suitable for use by two men to carry out traverses of the lunar surface or perhaps to transport supplies. It utilizes the traveling wave mode with a membrane bellows structure. The vehicle is flexible and steerable both horizontally and vertically and can be collapsed for shipment or storage. It produces a smooth, constant-velocity motion, and appears capable of high speed. The configuration requirements selected for it are as follows:
Total mass 3000 lbm
Useful load 1000 lbm
Average speed 5 mph
Minimum range 100 miles
Minimum life 6 months
Power Requirement 1.23 kW in motion Diameter of crew cabin 6 to 10 feet
Length of crew cabin 10 feet
The vehicle is made up of two coaxial bellows of which the inner one is pressurized to a living atmosphere, such as 5 psi, and forms the main structure of the vehicle. This inner bellows is reinforced by frames which determine its shape and support the payload and equipment. Also, each frame carries a transverse shaft with a crank on each end. These cranks are driven in synchronism and fixed phase relationship by a power transmission system, and each crank carries with it an outer frame to which is attached the outer bellows.
The outer bellows is of flexible material and is pressurized to a comparatively low pressure. The movement of the outer frames causes this bellows to deform in a manner which supports and propels the vehicle. Since the main structural member is a bellows, it has some flexibility and can be warped horizontally or vertically by cables running along the sides as in the Aeronutronic BOA model.
A traveling wave bellows design concept utilizing membrane construction appears quite attractive for a manned extended-range roving vehicle. Both structural weight and power requirements are considered quite low. The vehicle tends to mold itself to the terrain with a very low footprint pressure which should permit travel: (1) over a spiny type surface (such as a bed of nails), (2) over and through very soft soils, and (3) over rough terrain without vehicle lift-off and bounce under low gravity conditions. Its feasibility is dependent upon the availability of a suitable membrane covering material. This cover must withstand the lunar environment while still remaining flexible and abrasion resistant. The concept produces a smooth, constant-velocity motion and appears capable of moderate to high speed and efficiency as well as great versatility.
SMALL UNMANNED VEHICLE
This section contains a preliminary design study of a small unmanned exploration vehicle utilizing the double-acting bellows concept, employing a circular convoluted stainless steel bellows.
The following design requirements for the vehicle have been selected:
Useful load, including power plant 100 lbm
Average speed 1 mph
Total range 10 miles
Total life 15 days
Diameter 3 feet
Bellows working length 9 feet
The double-acting bellows principle selected for the small manned vehicle study can be utilized in a variety of configurations. The version shown in the illustration is an arrangement for achieving roll stability. Here, two circular bellows are used side-by-side. This is probably the simplest way to create a small vehicle, since standard components could be used. The lower surface of the bellows would require protection, and, because of the possibility of high local loads, the concept probably would be applicable only to small vehicles. Subject to this limitation, the concept appears to be quite practicable.
Crew Size: 2. Habitable Volume: 7.00 m3. Electric System: 1.23 kWh.
Gross mass: 1,360 kg (2,990 lb).
Payload: 450 kg (990 lb).
Height: 10.77 m (35.33 ft).
Diameter: 2.74 m (8.98 ft).
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Wayne Stollings wrote:
Wayne you state that "You mean it is like the MWP where there was a significant anomoly in the north Atlantic basin, but not so much evidenced in other areas?" which is kinda correct but we go back to the ANDRILL results and they state that they have evidence for the MWP in their core samples and are going to be investigating it further in one of their funding reports that I linked to before.
If this signal is correct then the MWP was a global event with variations in the southern hemisphere and it will be interesting to see what they conclude when they get to drilling again.
The MWP has been confirmed by many studies all throughout the globe.
From the Tibetan Plateau (Liu et al. 2011
The period is earlier in China? There were two warm periods, W4 and W5, during 784–
1014 AD, most likely corresponding to Zhu’s result
that there was a warming interval during 600–1000 AD in
the Sui and Tang dynasties. It seemed that the duration of
the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) was earlier in China
than in the Western Hemisphere . However, at almost
the same time as a warm period during 900–1000 AD observed
in the GISP2 δ18O records of an Greenland ice core
, W5 occurred on the Tibetan Plateau. This suggested
that the MWP existed worldwide or at least synchronously
at the high elevations of western China and high latitudes of
the Northern Hemisphere. It should also be noted that the
longest cold period was 1595–1713 AD, which was homochronous
with the worldwide LIA maximum .
To South Africa (Tyson et al. 2000
Anohter time frame and if you add the later paper from the same group on a reconstruction some 30 feet away you will seen an entirely different temperature pattern. So much for confirmation of the data.
Geography would put these in the North Atlantic region.
It was a Global phenomena, with many places having seen substantially warmer climates during the MWP than the CWP.
Depending on how you redefine the MWP and cherry pick the data.
I bolded a section in the paper that you didn't like (or decided not to bold).
Why would I not like it? It along with the other data indicates warming blips within a large range which may or may not be global in nature.
Spongebob is correct that the MWP was probably Global, as ice core readings in Antarctica, far away from Europe, Asia and North America confirm that the MWP existed there as well.
The MWP during what years and for how long? A warming spike of a few years maximum in a locality within a range of four centuries have what impact on the global temperature average?
I don't see why some try and deny Earth's climatic history when they try and argue that most of the warming in the CWP was anthropogenic.
Who denies the history? All we deny is the attempt to draw invalid conclusions by redefinition and cherry picking of data. To define the MWP as a couple of decades long warming spike within a 400 year window just does not match that of the normal definition of MWP previously used.
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Virtual Herbarium Project
The Hodgdon Herbarium is a member of the Consortium of Northeastern Herbaria and the U.S. Virtual Herbarium project. Over the past several years, the availability of computer-related tools to facilitate specimen-level databasing of natural history collections has increased dramatically. As a result, the number of specimen collections from universities, natural history museums, and other institutions that are available over the internet has begun to grow rapidly. Large numbers of these collection databases are tied together through regional, national, and international internet portals, such as the National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII) and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Through these portals, it is possible to search all of the networked specimen databases simultaneous with a single query. Thus, this trend to database and digitize images of natural history collections has increased their intrinsic value by making the information readily available to a much broader community. Access to collection data and images for such large numbers of specimens opens the possibility for a wide range of studies that would not have been feasible otherwise.
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Physicist delivers 'cool' presentationOct. 11, 2000
BY JOHN HALL
A Nobel Prize winner gave a lecture Tuesday in the Marrs McLean Science Building and impressed his audience by breaking frozen flowers, levitating magnets and demonstrating the laws of physics.
Dr. William D. Phillips' lecture was entitled 'Absolute Zero: The Story of Laser Cooling and Trapping.'
Phillips, who won the 1997 Nobel Prize in physics with Dr. Steve Chu and Dr. Claude Cohne-Tannoudji for his work with laser cooling, will speak in Chapel-Forum today.
He and his colleagues were able to drop the temperature of atoms to 700 nanokelvins above absolute zero, the coldest temperature ever reached by scientists. Absolute zero is the temperature when atoms stop moving.
Raheel Alam, a Socorro, N.M., freshman, came to the presentation because 'I heard we had a Nobel Laureate coming,' he said. 'Plus, I heard he was going to break stuff. And do you need a better reason than breaking stuff?'
Phillips used the experiments to show the process the scientists used to achieve their feat.
Laser cooling is the process used to slow atoms in order to make more accurate clocks for labs, whose accuracy is tested against the movement of cesium atoms.
It is done by utilizing the specific absorbency spectrums of atoms and then shifting that spectrum slightly so the atoms behave differently. The shift of the absorbency
spectrums causes the atoms to want to move toward certain frequencies of light and away from others. When lasers with a frequency slightly lower than the absorbency spectrum are circled with a group of atoms at the center of the circle, the effect of the lasers counteract each other and cause the atoms to slow down. This effect was termed 'optical molasses' by Chu.
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Human endurance on the American frontier in the 18th and early 19th century is perhaps beyond the comprehension and the imagination of those of us in live in the comfortable modern society of the early 21st century.
The settlement of a vast wilderness and the creation of a civilisation in what today has become the most powerful, most democratic and free nation in the world is undoubtedly one of the epic stories in global history and, at every opportunity, there should be fulsome recognition of a courageous people who were not deterred by the personal hardships and tragedies that they faced.
Settling the American frontier may have a romantic ring to it, perpetuated by the images created in the Hollywood western movies, but there was a starkness about life in the vast territories which the European immigrant settlers encountered in their long overland treks that was far from cosy and glamorous.
Indeed, at a time when travel and accessibility was very difficult, and at times hazardous and extremely dangerous, it is incredible just how much territory was settled, and in such a short span of years. Many trekked long journeys on foot, while the others managed to move on horseback, either alone or as part of a train of Conestoga wagons.
Researching in the United States and at home in Northern Ireland for my books in the Scots-Irish Chronicles series, I have come across some incredible stories of men and women who lived through wars, famine, disease and drought and survived to secure a firm foothold on lands that was to be theirs and their families for generations and centuries to come. The men were in the vanguard of the great march West, over a century and a half from the eastern seaboard states of New England through the Appalachian territories, and beyond the Mississippi River over the Rockies to the Pacific Ocean in the West and to Texas in the South.
Women too were an integral part of the onward journey by the hardy settlers through dense forests and over mountains in the Appalachians to the great plains of the south and west and their contribution to the frontier settlements as the backbone of the home, the community and the church was far-reaching. I never cease to marvel at the extraordinary tenacity and the true grit of the wonderful womenfolk of the American frontier in facing the awesome and grinding challenges of largely hitherto uninhabited lands, variable climates and a dangerously hostile environment that resulted in many lost lives.
They encountered a life of constant toil, home-making, child-minding and subservience that could not have been easy or even tolerable by the standards that we all come to expect today in our modern society. But with love and care they ensured that the family life became paramount and the values that uphold society prospered. The gallant women of the American frontier deserve our total admiration and our plaudits, and in this book it has been my privilege to recount for posterity the deeds and the actions of a number of these heroines.
Men invariably get the credit for extending the American nation and civilising the bleak wilderness that extended from the 18th century North Carolina, Tennessee and Kentucky frontier regions beyond the Mississippi River to the territories in the direction of the Pacific Ocean which, in the 19th century, became known as The West.
The men were the ones who cleared the land, built the homes, grew the food in the fields, chased off the marauding Indian tribes with their long Kentucky rifles and set up townships where ordered, close-knit communities were established.
The men folk were not, of course, the whole story on the frontier. When America was offering free land for those prepared to take it up in the 18th and 19th centuries it was not just men who arduously trekked across the Atlantic from Europe to seize the opportunity.
Women too wanted to be in on the great American dream, and many staked claims for 100 acres of land and more and got it.
Some of the women were unmarried and had to continually struggle for their rights in a male-dominated society, but they were characters with nerves of steel and a determination beyond belief as they ventured into the great unknown of the vast North American continent.
They came of Scots-Irish, German, English, Dutch, Scandinavian and Scottish Highland descent - strong, self-reliant, resourceful, loyal and, in most cases, God-fearing.
* Some married out on the frontier.
* Most accompanied husbands and parents in the hazardous journey in wooden ships across the Atlantic.
* Some were sisters whose parents or brothers persuaded them to make a claim for land too.
* Some were daughters landed as children on American soil with their parents.
* Some became widows when their husbands were killed in the conflicts with the Indians or in the battles of the Revolutionary war.
When many of these hardy women folk went to the New World in the early to mid-18th century, they had very few worldly possessions and with their families had to live on a very basic diet of pumpkins and potatoes until they and their husbands or fathers could grow grain and other foodstuffs.
Indeed, the very early 18th century settlers had little more than wild fruits, berries, game and fish to live on. And they made a primitive porridge out of Indian corn.
Life for women on the American frontier was continuously one of toil and danger, facing drudgery, and, in many cases, illness brought on early in middle age by years of physical and mental fatigue.
But their experiences did create very strong, independent and resourceful personalities, and the tough characteristics and survival inheritances that they brought with them from the Old World did equip them for the perils which they faced, and allowed them to turn adversity into situations that were ultimately beneficial to their calling in life.
Women of the 18th century period on the American frontier were conditioned to lives of constant labor, and they certainly lived up to the designation of Janes-of-all trades, as they coped with the perennial chores of the home, and on the farm lands that they cultivated.
The earliest of the European immigrant settlers in colonial American of the 16th century were male. Very few women ventured across the Atlantic on the exploratory trips into Virginia and the other eastern seaboard regions. It was considered much too dangerous a place for women.
Even by 1625, men in Virginia outnumbered women seven to one which made it very difficult for the males to find partners for marriage. However, by the 18th century, the large influx of European settlers in the eastern seaboard and Appalachian regions happily resulted in a more even spread of the sexes.
The 18th century settlers, particularly of a Scots-Irish hue, brought their own flax seeds to plant and grow for linen-making in the one-room log cabin homes. There was the complex, laborious process of preparation, bleaching, spinning and weaving and the women were in the forefront of this work.
During harvest time and threshing day - normally a popular neighbourhood event in frontier communities - women and the older girls in the family helped out in the fields when they could, but they also had to prepare in the household for both the noon-day and the evening meals.
In many of the early American frontier settlements, clothes worn by all of the family were home-made, with deerskin and leather breaches generally the garb of the men and the boys, and when woolen and linsey yarn was not available, the women and girls had to use the same materials as the males.
The linsey gown was spun and dyed and fashioned together by the women themselves and for head gear they worn sunbonnets.
The Scots-Irish of the Carolina backcountry wore clothes in a style that was different from the English settlers in the region, with some Anglican missionaries claiming the garb of the women was scandalously revealing.
For most of the time in the very mild South Carolina climate the men wore only a thin shirt and a pair of breeches or trousers and very often they went about barelegged and barefooted. Some of the young women, also bareheaded, barelegged and barefooted, wore only a thin shift and petticoat in the warm summer and autumn climes.
Married women, however, dressed more modestly in long, homespun dresses, with woolen shawls draped across their head and shoulders. Elderly women wore heavy hooded bonnets and coarse shoes.
Descriptions, however, of how the settlers dressed varied from region to region, and depended on the prosperity or otherwise of a region.
For Sunday-go-to-Meeting garb, the clothes had a distinctive look, as an accurate historical recollection of dress from the 1770s-1780s Charlotte-Waxhaws Scots-Irish settlements of the Carolina backcountry reveals.
The old country folk were dressed with their usual neatness, especially the women, whose braw garments brought from Ireland were carefully preserved, most merely from thrift, but as a memorial of the green isle of their birth.
They wore fur hats, with narrow rims and large feathers - their hair neatly braided, hanging over their shoulders, or fastened by the black ribbon bound around their heads. The handsome dress of silk or chintze - a mixture of wool and flax - or of Irish calico, fitted each wearer with marvelous neatness, and the collar or ruffles of linen white as snow, with the high-heeled shoes, completed their attire.
It was always a mystery to the dames who had spent their lives or many years in the country, how the gowns of the late-comers could be made to fit so admirably. Their own, in spite of every effort, showing a sad deficiency in this respect.
The secret of the difference probably lay in the circumstance that the females from the old country wore stays well fortified with whale bone.
The men on their part, appeared not less adorned in their coats of fine broadcloth, with their breeches, large knee buckles of pure silver and hose of various colors. They wore shoes fastened with a large strap secured with a buckle or white topped boots leaving exposed three or four inches of the hose from the knee downward,
It must be acknowledged that this people, so strict in their religious opinions, were somewhat remarkable in their fondness for dress. They considered it highly irreverent to appear at church not clad in their best attire, and though when engaged in labor during the week, they conformed to the custom of their neighbors, wearing the coarse homespun of their own manufacture.
On the Sabbath it was touching to see how much of decent pride there was in the exhibition of the fine clothes brought from beyond the seas.
On the American frontier, the more adult women were lumbered with the task of carrying, over a considerable distance from the river creek to the log cabin home, heavy pails of water. The family laundry had to be done by hand at the stream, in all weathers on an almost daily basis and fresh water in wooden buckets from the wells had to be borne to the log cabins.
Women scoured the land for anything burnable on the home fire and, if firewood was not available, they were forced to rely on dried twigs, tufts of grass and old corn cobs.
Garden crops which added to a staple diet were attended to by the women and they also produced a variety of food, clothing and household utensils to sell locally in the market places for very necessary income.
Teenage girls and the older children had to assist with the work in the fields, dropping seed corn and gathering flax, which they later hatchelled, spun and wove. They were adept at the loom and with the needle in the cottage industries that abounded in the backcountry settlements
Care of the vegetable garden and the dairying was also a women s chore as well as looking after poultry, and they also engaged in the making of sugar from maple sap.
On a more business footing, there were women on the frontier who enterprisingly and with considerable courage ran village shops and wayside taverns. And, of course, midwifery and nursing had to be an inevitable calling for some of the women in the various localities.
Child-birthing, with only the most basic facilities and medical help in the wilds of the frontier, was a risky operation for both the mother and the child. But the women of the settlements could always be relied upon to help each other and before and during a birth the necessary precautions, within the very limited means available to protect life, were taken.
Infant mortality was significantly higher on the 18th century American frontier than on the more settled eastern seaboard communities, with no hospitals and few if any doctors, but remarkably the majority of children born in the white settlements survived.
Very often, the mothers were doctors to their own children and the women took care, if they were not stricken down themselves, of other members of the family when they were infected by smallpox, malaria, pneumonia, cholera, pleurisy and ague (the frontier fever).
It was generally accepted in the early American settlement years that the proper place for a woman of good family and respectability was at home, but to survive in frontier communities everyone had to be adaptable, even the female members of the family.
They all had to work and work hard, and it was accepted that a high degree of managerial skills marked out the women of the frontier!
The work extended, in many instances to tending the livestock and slaughtering of even the largest of animals. British travelers in the 18th century American backcountry were shocked to see females fell animals with an axe and engage in the hard labour of forest and land clearing.
It was noted that backcountry women were not only up to their elbows in housewifery, but were busy with what other white ethnic cultures took to be man s work.
Women had few if any legal rights in 18th century American frontier society and marriage was considered a practical social and economic necessity in the harsh and far from accommodating environment for female rights.
Indeed, the conservative view, prevalent mainly in the Southern states, was that the woman s place was in the home, under-written by the Old Testament Biblical philosophy which scrupulously upheld the traditional concept of male supremacy in the family and in the wider community.
However, the legal and social conditions of women in some states did improve considerably by the mid-19th century, permitting them to sue in courts, make contracts, exercise full control over their personal affairs and retain custody of their children in a matrimonial dispute.
When a husband was missing from home for a long period while engaged in militia battles and presumed dead, the wives were permitted to re-marry. If the husband did re-appear and there was existential bigamy, the wife was permitted to choose between spouses.
Conditions were no different for women in the north, particularly in the North-West Territory where the new lands of Illinois were being open up in the late 18th century.
It was said, however, that the support system provided to the men by the resolute and fiercely loyal women was a crucial factor in ensuring the survival of the new life in the raw settlements of Illinois.
Women may not have enjoyed equal rights to men in holding civic office, but there share of the work load in sustaining a home was at least on a par.
In 1896, eminent Scotch-Irish historian the Rev Dr Henry C. McCook, of Philadelphia, describing those early frontier women s efforts, said they had to be physician and surgeon, as well as attending to all their own work.
The onerous duties and burdens of home-making, and child-caring, he said, largely fell on their shoulders.
McCook, in Scotch-Irish Women Pioneers, wrote: There was neither bedstead, nor stool, nor chair, nor bucket, nor domestic comfort. But such as could be carried on pack horses and the Conestoga wagon through the wilderness. Two rough boxes, one attached to the other served as the table, two kegs for seats and so on.
Having committed themselves to God in family worship they spread their bed on the floor and slept soundly until morning. Some times they had no bread for weeks together, but they had plenty of pumpkins and potatoes and all the necessities of life.
The earliest settlers, of course, did not have the luxuries of pumpkins and potatoes, to begin their culinary duties therewith. They had in sooth to invent a cuisine. Everything must be found anew.
The wild fruits, wild berries and wild game and the fish of the New World were utilised. Indian corn was a new cereal to these Ulster housewives, but it had to be wrought into the primitive menu, mush and milk!
It was a novel sort of porridge for our granddames but they learned to make it. Cooking was not the only sphere that solicited her faculty. The pioneer woman had to invent a pharmacopoeia.
Wounds and sickness came, and must be cared for. The forest was full of healing herbs - and, perhaps, our octogenarian members still have recollection of ginseng and snakeroot teas and slippery elm poultices, and the like.
The frontier woman had to be physician and surgeon, trained in nursing and apothecary, all in one, and often supplied the patient, too in her own person. In times of personal sickness and during the illness of children, the strain upon women thus situated must have been intense.
Such a life, indeed, developed self-reliance; fertility of resources, strong and independent characters, but many fell under the grievous strain and thus became veritable martyrs
In these humble log huts began the work of home building, constructing that prime factor of all strong and good social order, the family. The family is the unity of society, the true basis of the best civilisation and the family pioneer family building woman was the chief architect.
The husband indeed must fend and fight for wife and weans, for steading and glebe; he must shoot game, and chop down trees and clear up fields and plant grain, but the duty and burden of home-making must fall upon the wife and mother. And well our Scotch-Irish pioneers did their work.
Often, the frontier women had to work in the fields barefoot when moccasins were not available and, when it came to building the log cabins and churches, they helped their men-folk make a clearing in the forest by cutting down the trees.
An example of this challenge was the immigrant women from Co Antrim in the north of Ireland who helped their men-folk build Timber Ridge Presbyterian Church at Lexington in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia in the early 1750s.
These women of Ulster extraction did 10-mile trips on horseback, through hostile Indian country to carry sand used for lyme in the church s construction.
During the 18th century years of American settlement, women were traditionally kept in the background of church life, with the preaching, teaching and decision-making essentially a male preserve.
Female clerics were unheard of and frowned upon by the church establishments in every denomination.
Increasingly, however, by the 19th century, women in the American backcountry territories were given an active role in church-support agencies providing financial backing for mission work, at home and abroad. But the pulpit remained out of bounds for females in most American churches until the mid-20th century and even today this view holds sway with some congregations in Appalachian backcountry regions.
Many frontier women had to survive stark loneliness and for months and even years they bore the burden of looking after the household chores and the constant care of the children.
The loneliness and mental anguish for the women was most acute, when the men were away for long periods, either working the land from dawn to dusk, hunting in the forests, on business and trading commitments or soldiering far from their homes in the locally-recruited militia units in the battles of the Revolutionary War and in the expeditions conducted against hostile Indian tribes.
Stout means of defense was a very necessary requirement on the frontier forts and townships, and very often the women fought alongside the men when they were in a tight spot.
Brandishing a long Kentucky rifle with accuracy and determination at a stockade under siege from Indians was not solely confined to males and the tales of legendary heroines gallantly defending their home or fort and children are an integral part of frontier folklore.
On the frontier, the white European settlers faced cold and bitter winters and hot, dust bowl summers, swarms of crickets, insects of all descriptions, the wildest of animals, and tornadoes which often ripped through their wooden homes apart, and left them vulnerable.
The Rev Henry C. McCook, vividly describing the character and work ethic of the frontier women, said: Stalwart of frame, no doubt they were, with muscles hardened under the strain of toil, hale and hearty, vigorous and strong, able to wield the axe against the trunk of a forest monarch or the head of an intruding savage; to aid their husbands and fathers to plow and plant, to reap and mow, to rake and bind and gather.
They could wield the scutching knife or hackling comb upon flaxen stocks and fibres, as well as the rod of rebuke upon the back of a refractory child. They could work the treadle of a little spinning wheel, or swing the circumference of the great one. They could brew and bake, make and mend, sweep and scrub, rock the cradle and rule the household.
John Anderson, son of a late 18th century Scots-Irish settler in the Holston River region of East Tennessee, colloquially detailed some customs of the early pioneer families.
Anderson recalled: Their manner and dress was generally pleasant and agreeable to themselves. Strict degree of temperance prevailed throughout this newly settled part of the country.
At the time, the dress of the women was hunting shirts and often leather britches and mockquesons (sic) and when they went abroad they often neatly fringed with various colors and the sleeves neatly plaited.
The women dressed commonly in a short gown and other clothes were plain and loose. No lacing was seen in that day. They appeared in a general way to enjoy fine health and great strength and many of them were beautiful. Their marriages were performed by Presbyterian ministers, whose fee was merely that which was commonly offered them.
The people of that that time appeared clean and neat in their houses. Their table was most frequently furnished with cornbread, meat, butter and milk. There was no coffee or tea made in those days except of a domestic kind. There were few or no doctors as there was but little business for them, and not sufficient money to pay them, for their attendance.
There were little courts of justice in the country for some considerable length of time, but very few disputes and, of course, no law suits. They in a general way appeared cheerful and happy when they were not disturbed by Indians.
Many frontier women were married in their early teens and had families running into double figures by the time they were 30. Some never reached middle age, worn out with the incessant struggle to keep the family intact and make ends meet as their husbands worked for long hours and little financial return on the bleak and highly dangerous frontier lands.
Very often, it was difficult to distinguish between a young mother and her teenage daughters in physical attributes and looks, such was the short age span between them.
There were always fewer women than men, of course, on the American frontier and this resulted in very short courtships and hurried marriages, nearly always conducted by a church ceremony.
Arranged marriages for the benefit of land and property acquirements were not an uncommon feature of the frontier, such was the need, and perhaps greed to add to one s estate.
No women regardless of their looks or society ranking were single for too long and spinsters were a very rare species in most communities. The husbands were nearly always older than their wives, very often 20 and 30 years separating them. Bachelors were much more common than spinsters in frontier communities.
Widows, just bereaved, had never too long to wait before again being spoken for , thus the large number of frontiersmen who are recorded as having several wives due to the deaths of spouses.
Having the companionship and care of a dedicated and loving wife was a very necessary requirement for men aspiring to prosperity on the American frontier, but some males had to fend for themselves as bachelors and widowers and for them it was a very lonely existence.
The Rev Charles Woodmason, an outspoken itinerant Anglican preacher who held a patronising High Church view of the non-conformist immigrants, made an interesting observation of Scots-Irish frontier settlements in the Carolinas during a tour of the Appalachian backcountry in the 1760s.
Woodmason said: There is not a cabin but has ten or twelve children in it. When the boys are 18 and the girls 14 they marry - so that in many cabins you will see children - and the mother looking as young as the daughter.
Living in the bleak frontier environment, the Scots-Irish women in particular, were strong characters - self-reliant, resourceful and loyal. Devout, patient and cheerful in the midst of difficulties, they pursued with vigour the even tenor of their ways, performing with efficient diligence the duties that lay nearest them.
The elders in the church, politics and in civic society were the men, and they were the ones who took the ultimate decisions that directly affected their communities. However, the women did have considerable influence in many aspects of American frontier life, essentially in the home, in the rearing of children and in maintaining decent upright standards of life.
The contribution of the frontier women in the making of the United States of America in the 18th and early 19th century was immense and only now is it being fully recognised in this more equitable modern society where male and female rights in most instances are equal, and more readily taken for granted.
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The vagina is the female body part that connects the womb (uterus) and cervix to the outside of the body.
The vagina is a muscular tube lined with mucous membranes. Its opening is between the urethra (where urine leaves the body) and the anus.
Menstrual blood leaves the body through the vagina. The vagina also allows for sexual intercourse, and it is the passageway a baby goes through when it is born.
Inflammation of the vagina is known as vaginitis.
Katz VL. Reproductive anatomy: Gross and microscopic, clinical correlations. In: Lentz GM, Lobo RA, Gershenson DM, Katz VL. eds. Comprehensive Gynecology. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Mosby; 2012:chap 3.
Update Date 8/14/2015
Updated by: Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Medical Director and Director of Didactic Curriculum, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, Department of Family Medicine, UW Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
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What is serialization?
Serialization is the process of storing an object, and it’s internal state at the point of serialization, in another medium so that it can be transported or retrieved at a later date. When the object is deserialized, the object is recreated with it’s internal state in tact.
- Create and populate an object
- Create an instance of the GSerializer class
- Call the serialize method of the GSerializer object and hold onto the serialized string
- Store the serialized string somewhere (i.e. a cookie, database, file etc.)
To deserialize the object:
- Retrieve the serialized string from it’s store
- (Optional) Check for code tampering (see Security )
- Call the deserialize method of the GSerializer and store the resulting object
- You can now use that object!
// The object to serialize var myObject = new MyObject(); // The Serializer var serializer = new GSerializer(); // Grab the serialized XML var serializedXML = serializer.serialize(myObject, 'MyObject'); // Deserialize the object from the serialized XML string var deserializedObject = serializer.deserialize(serializedXML);
Download the library from the Google Code project page.
- Download the example from the Google Code project page.
So where should this serialized object be stored? There are many possibilities, but it comes down to choosing between client-side and server-side:
- Cookie (client-side)
- Database (server-side)
Storage in Cookies
However cookies suffer from the following drawbacks:
- Limited storge size (4kb or so)
- Limited number of cookies (30 or so for a particular domain)
- Can be accessed on the clients’ machine and thus are susceptible to tampering. Provided no sensitive data is stored in these objects, this may not be an issue
Storage in a database
If cookies can’t get the job done, then perhaps a database can. A database can get around the three main drawbacks of cookies but are more complicated to implement. For example, you would need some service on the server side to store and retrieve the code for a particular user. Live session writing is probably not feasible with a database either; instead the session would likely be retrieved once at the start and saved once when the user is leaving, or perhaps at the users request. If however, the browser crashed or the computer shut down unexpectedly – the changes since the last save will be lost.
- Provides a means to fix the back button: Many AJAX applications suffer if someone accidently clicks the back button in their browser. Instance variables are lost, the interface might change etc. Storing their session to an object means that when they come back, you can reload that object and the user never had to know the difference.
- Provides a common way to store and retrieve any object. For example, one could write generic methods to take an object, serialize it and store it. Then provide another method to retrieve the object from it’s storage and load it back into memory. This could then be used for any object, preventing the need for object specific string manipulation from cookies.
- Provides an extensible and re-usable component
There are a number of security risks and precautions that you should take when using this technique:
- GSerializer uses the Eval function to generate objects, therefore you must take every precaution to ensure that the data coming into the serializer is from a trusted source, and that that source has not been tampered with. (read more )
- Interception over a non-secure connection is possible, so think carefully about persisting sensitive information (read more )
- Malicious tampering of the serialized object is possible
Security: Generating a unique key
One approach that could be used to increase the confidence that the code has not been tampered with is to generate a unique key from an undisclosed server side Hash function (or something similar) based on the contents of the serialized XML string. This unique key can be stored on the server side so when the unserialized object is retrieved, the Hash function can be called again on the data to produce another key. If the two keys are identical then the code has not changed between writing and retrieving.
I can see a number of ways in which this technique could be enhanced:
- Compression of the output string to save space (particularly in the case of using cookies for persistence)
- Encrpytion methods to prevent interception and tampering
- Better encoding of functions and objects. Currently, objects of the same type are duplicated in the XML rather than referenced. Ideally only the instance variable/value pairs of the class should be stored and the rest of the class should be referenced to be more efficient on space.
- Security function to prevent unsafe code from being evaluated by the eval() function during deserialization
When to use JSON and when to use serialization
If you only need to store data and not the objects themselves, then JSON might be the go. For example, perhaps you have a Session Object that takes only a name and some list of parameters describing the user’s session in it’s constructor. If however, you require a complex Session object containing a number of other complex objects, then it is much easier to use serialization as it takes the hassle our of re-populating each of the objects. The Session wrapper Object will already contains a reference to these pre-populated objects and their associated methods upon deserialization.
When I first sought the need of a serializer, I naturally started with Google. I found a number of promising starts, but none worked for complex objects and none actually serialized functions along with the objects.
The code used in GSerializer.js is based on code from (dotnetremoting.com – which is unfortunately down at the time of writing). I chose this as a starting point because I admired the use of recursion to achieve the goal. With this base, I made the following changes:
- turned it into a proper class
- tidied up the code to use consistent naming conventions, and commented functions
- introduced methods to properly serialize functions
- introduced methods to properly deserialize arrays and functions
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The marsh periwinkle, Littorina irrorata, is an abundant snail in the salt marshes of the western Atlantic. The shell is elongate conic in shape, longer than it is wide (Andrews 1994). Coloration of the shell is dull grayish white with tiny dashes of reddish brown on the ridges of the spiral. Eight to ten gradually increasing flat whorls comprise the shell, with the body whorl measuring about half of the total height. The aperture is oval with a sharp outer tip and regular grooves on the inside edge.
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|Apples of Eden|
Piece of Eden
Having outlived their creators, the Apples featured prominently, although abstrusely, throughout recorded history as the cause of several 'divine' and 'superhuman' events; these included the Trojan War, the parting of the Red Sea, or Adam and Eve being cast out of Eden.
Long before mankind existed, the First Civilization of technologically advanced beings inhabited Earth. They created humanity, and enslaved them by modifying their brains to be manipulable by Pieces of Eden. For some time there was a forced peace, until Adam and Eve stole one of the Pieces, an Apple, and started the Human-Isu War.
As all were too occupied by the war to see the threat, a major solar flare impacted the Earth, and significantly damaged both mankind and their makers. The people of First Civilization slowly became extinct, while mankind grew and populated the Earth, seeing their predecessors as myths and gods.
The Pieces of Eden were not destroyed by the blast, and throughout time, humans started recovering them, also causing a split of sides based on different mindsets, Templars and Assassins. The Templars were out to restore peace in the way the First Civilization had once done, forced by the Pieces, unlike the Assassins, that fought for freedom and a flawed humanity, putting free will above order.
The Apples featured as the most well known Piece of Eden, being favored by Abstergo Industries in their plan of a New World Order, being likely the most predictable Piece, as some other Pieces were known to be able to create time paradoxes.
Powers and capabilities
- "Those subjected to [the Apple]'s glow are promised all that they desire. It asks only one thing in return: complete and total obedience. And who can truly refuse? It is temptation incarnate."
- ―Altaïr's Codex, page 1.[src]
Apples were designed to create illusions and to control human minds and even turn thought into reality, as stated by Juno, hence, they were used by many great rulers throughout history, proving the efficiency of the Apples' powers.
The First Civilization added a small part to the human brain that made them susceptible to these powers, only those with mixed genes were mentally immune to the manipulation, but not physically. In modern times, humans themselves had already started research on the brain, comparing them to those of other animals, seeing that they were not like the other animals, but not knowing the reason for this.
The Apple, as seen by King Washington's use, was also capable of emitting energy blasts similar to the Sword of Eden, albeit on a weaker scale. Washington's illusions created by the Apple could actually cause physical harm on his opponent, stunning them with a blast of energy upon contact. The Apple was also capable of influencing people even when no one was using it, an example being an illusion cast by the Apple in an attempt to influence Washington.
All the Apples could presumably be used in conjunction with a Staff of Eden, though there is only one solid example: Ezio's Apple. Ezio Auditore da Firenze used the two Pieces of Eden to open the Vatican Vault, before taking the Apple, and losing the Staff that was pulled into the ground.
Apples also contained knowledge of many technologies used by the First Civilization. Like many other Pieces, they were able to communicate with people, showing them the products necessary to make the technology and transferring wisdom about the manufacturing of the shown devices.
A good example of this was Leonardo da Vinci, who studied one of the Apples and invented four war machines, and several other weapons with technology far beyond his own time. There were only six known Apples, one of which had been destroyed in the DIA satellite accident.
- Main article: Apple of Eden 1
The first known human possessor of this Apple was Napoleon Bonaparte, who used the technology to power up his force in the French Revolution. This Apple was taken by Arno Dorian in Franciade in 1794, who delivered it to the Assassin Brotherhood in Cairo. Napoleon later travelled to Egypt to claim the Apple for himself. With the power of this item, he became the leader of France with the name of Napoleon I, ruling in military and political sense. How he lost the Apple remained unknown.
The second known human owner was Harry Houdini, a magician who used the First Apple to create his "impossible" stunts. He was assassinated by Templars, though his death was commonly known to have been caused by a ruptured appendix.
Later, the Apple was used in the assassination of John F. Kennedy, as a means of producing a "Phantom on the Hill" effect, making the prosecution of Oswald more difficult, and disguising the intentions of the assassination. The current location of this Apple is unknown.
- Main article: Apple of Eden 2
The first known human possessor of the Second Apple was Malik Al-Sayf, who only owned it temporarily after retrieving it from Solomon's Temple. For some time after, it was kept by Rashid ad-Din Sinan, also known as Al Mualim, later using it to control the people of Masyaf. However, the Mentor was overthrown himself by Altaïr, who took the Apple from him. Altaïr then kept the Piece until his death in 1257, using it several times for either his own safety or for its knowledge.
The next known possessor of this Piece was Elizabeth I of England, an English monarch in the 16th century, who favored a Protestant England over the Catholic religion of her forebears, who used the Piece to help reverse the Catholic influences of her predecessor, Mary I.
It eventually passed into the hands of Mahatma Gandhi, who most likely used it to acquire a large religious mass of followers in India. However, the Templars became aware of Gandhi's possession of the Apple and murdered him, themselves taking the Piece of Eden.
By 1960, the Templars had both the First and Second Apple in possession, and used them during the assassination of John F. Kennedy. The Apple was eventually destroyed during the DIA satellite accident, foricng the Templars to track down another Apple.
- Main article: Apple of Eden 3
The earliest known human possessors of this Piece were the Freemasons, who brought it over from Europe to the New World. General George Washington, a Freemason, recovered the Apple during the American Revolutionary War. It began to give him nightmares of a parallel universe where he used its power to rule America as a king, so he gave it to the Assassin Ratonhnhaké:ton, who dropped it into the sea.
By the 20th century, the Apple had been recovered, and Franklin D. Roosevelt had it in his possession. He teamed up with Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin in the fabrication of World War II.
The Third Apple was given to Kennedy's Presidential successor, Lyndon B. Johnson, who was secretly a Templar. Johnson used the Apple to push for the Apollo 11 project, which retrieved the Fifth Apple from the moon without opposition.
- Main article: Apple of Eden 4
The Fourth Apple was first known to be seen in 10th century Chinese art, as a gold ball held by a small demon, first presumed to be an early grenade.
The first known human to possess the Fourth Apple was Nikola Tesla, who found it in his home country, Croatia. He most likely used it to develop his technology on the availability of electricity worldwide, which the Templars started campaigning against, using Thomas Edison to publicly slander Tesla and to videotape the electrocution of an elephant, to prove the danger of electricity. Some time after this, the Templars broke into Tesla's lab, stealing his Apple and using it to drive him insane.
The Fourth Apple then presumably came into the hands of Mark Twain, which indicates that the Piece came into Edison's possession after the Templars took it from Tesla. Edison later lent it to Henry Ford, who manipulated assembly line workers for profit. Henry, "as per instructions", shipped the Apple to Adolf Hitler, just before the Nazi Party took power in Germany and began World War II. Hitler was eventually eliminated by the Assassins, but what happened to the Apple afterwards is unknown.
- Main article: Apple of Eden 5
The Fifth Apple was recovered from the moon by NASA, after the Templars had taken the Third Apple from John F. Kennedy - who planned on creating a joint space program with the Soviets - and used it for the progression of the Apollo Project.
- Main article: Ezio's Apple of Eden
This Apple was possessed by the Ottoman Sultan Mehmet II during the conquest of Constantinople. His son Cem hid it in the Templar Archive on Cyprus, where it came into Templar and then Assassin possession, before falling into the hands of Girolamo Savonarola.
During the Siege of Monteriggioni, Ezio lent the Apple to Mario Auditore, who kept it safe as Ezio protected the village. However, Mario was caught by Cesare Borgia, who took the Apple from him, and killed him in front of Ezio. Cesare gave it to Leonardo da Vinci so he could study it and supply him with war machines.
However, the Apple was eventually stolen once more by Rodrigo Borgia, who hid it at St. Peter's Basilica, where Ezio found it and used it to exterminate Cesare's followers before defeating Cesare himself.
The last known person to come in contact with the Apple was Desmond Miles, who was forced by Juno to stab Lucy Stillman in the abdomen during the retrieval of the Apple after activating it. Both he and Lucy fell to the ground, with Lucy dead and Desmond falling into a coma.
- The ancient Greek athlete Kyros of Zarax discovered an Apple in the temple of Aphrodite. He used this to win a race as an older man so as to gain the princess Atalanta's hand in marriage.
- The 15th century Assassin Li Tong possessed an Apple, which she protected from falling into the hands of the Yongle Emperor during his purge of the Chinese branch of the Order.
- John Dee, a member of Elizabeth I's court, possessed an Apple which was stumbled upon by Elizabeth Jane Weston, the young stepdaughter of his colleague Edward Kelley.
- During the coronation of Charles II of England, he noticed his general George Monck speaking to a man holding a sphere wrapped in a cloth, but had to bow his head to receive his crown before he could look any further.
- In 1839, the Assassin Arbaaz Mir and his servant Raza Soora explored the First Civilization ruins in the caverns beneath Ranjit Singh's summer palace. Amongst these ruins was a statue of Durga holding several Pieces of Eden, including an Apple.
- In 1868, one Apple was in the possession of the British Templars, being studied by Sir David Brewster. However the Apple was overloaded and detonated, collapsing the underground laboratory that housed it.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Assassin's Creed
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 Assassin's Creed II
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood
- ↑ Assassin's Creed III
- ↑ Assassin's Creed - Conference Room E-mail
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Assassin's Creed II - The Truth
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Assassin's Creed III - The Tyranny of King Washington
- ↑ Assassin's Creed II - Glyphs - Puzzle #19 "The Fourth Day"
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Assassin's Creed II - Glyphs - Puzzle #2 "Sixty-four Squares"
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Assassin's Creed II - Glyphs - Puzzle #3 "Descendants"
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Assassin's Creed II - Glyphs - Puzzle #9 "Hat-trick"
- ↑ Assassin's Creed: Revelations
- ↑ Assassin's Creed II - Glyphs - Puzzle #17 "The Bunker"
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Assassin's Creed II - Glyphs - Puzzle #10 "Apollo"
- ↑ Assassin's Creed II - Glyphs - Puzzle #4 "Infinite Knowledge"
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Assassin's Creed II - Glyphs - Puzzle #11 "The Inventor"
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Assassin's Creed II - Glyphs - Puzzle #12 "Titans of Industry"
- ↑ Assassin's Creed Encyclopedia
- ↑ Assassin's Creed III
- ↑ Assassin's Creed: Project Legacy - Divine Science: Chapter 2 - Kyros of Zarax
- ↑ Assassin's Creed: Revelations – Discover Your Legacy
- ↑ Assassin's Creed: Project Legacy - Divine Science: Chapter 3 - Elizabeth Jane Weston
- ↑ Assassin's Creed: Project Legacy - Holidays: Chapter 1 - Ghosts of Christmas Past
- ↑ Assassin's Creed: Brahman
- ↑ Assassin's Creed: Syndicate
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Sacagawea and Jean Baptiste Sculpture
On September 5, 2004, Lewis & Clark dedicated Sacagawea and Jean Baptiste, a 7-foot-tall sculpture created by Glenna Goodacre.
Art critics and scholars refer to Glenna Goodacre, whose career spans more than five decades, as America’s sculptor. Her works as both painter and sculptor touch on themes from the nation’s history. Goodacre’s public art includes the Vietnam Women’s Memorial in Washington, D.C.; Philadelphia’s Irish Memorial to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the Irish potato famine; and Sacagawea on the obverse side of the millennium golden dollar coin.
This bronze was selected by Richard Bertea and donated to Lewis & Clark in honor of his wife, trustee Hyla Holmes Bertea, and their daughter, Beth Bay Bertea B.A. ’94. It is permanently installed southeast of Frank Manor House.
Sacagawea joined the Corps of Discovery in 1804, when her husband, Toussaint Charbonneau, was hired as an interpreter. She eventually became a translator herself. A Lemhi Shoshone Indian, Sacagawea spoke not only Shoshoni but also Hidatsa, which she used to communicate with her husband, who spoke Hidatsa and French. Charbonneau’s words were then translated from French to English by other members of the Corps.
Sacagawea’s importance to the Corps became evident as she remembered the lay of the land and key passages that cut days off travel time. Her knowledge of local plants was useful when food was scarce, and, when the group’s canoes capsized, Sacagawea saved many valuable documents and notes from the river. Not only did her presence allow the Corps safe passage across many native lands—a woman and child were signals that the expedition was of a peaceful nature—but her standing as a Shoshone allowed them to barter for horses to cross the Rocky Mountains.
Sacagawea’s significance was acknowledged by Lewis and Clark on November 24, 1805, when she was asked to vote with the rest of the expedition to determine the location of their winter camp. Despite this recognition, she received nothing when the expedition concluded.
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Submitted by Dennis Crawford on 7 September 2012 - 10:42am
Earlier today, the Labor Department announced that 96,000 jobs were created in August. Obviously, the report is a bit of a disappointment and the Republicans were quick to criticize President Obama's economic policies. Are the Republicans correct that President Obama is solely responsible for the slow pace of the economic recovery? Can the Republicans' economic policies actually improve the economy's performance? Or as Vince Powers recently said, does history begin when the Republicans take the podium?
As a starting point, let's take a look at President Obama's record. Approximately 4.6 million private sector jobs have been created in the last 2.5 years. Moreover, the pace of job growth has accelerated in 2012 - the economy has created around 143,000 new jobs every month. While there is still more work to do, it is a significant improvement over what President Obama inherited. When President Obama took office, the economy was losing 700,000 jobs per month.
As I posted here recently, the Republicans bear a large share of the blame for the current slow pace of the recovery. The Republicans in the Congress haven't allowed an up or down vote on President Obama's American Jobs Act. Independent economists have said that President Obama's jobs bill would create 2 million jobs and reduce the unemployment rate to 7%. Moreover, since 2009, there have been around 600,000 layoffs in the public sector and most of those layoffs have occurred in states controlled by the GOP. During the economic recoveries during the Reagan and Bush 43 Administrations, the public sector actually added jobs.
What about the Republicans' economic plans? Can they create the kind of robust recovery that our country needs? The first place to look is to examine the economic history from the last Republican President. According to the January 9, 2009, Wall Street Journal, Bush had the worst jobs creation record since Herbert Hoover. Only 3 million jobs were created during the Bush Presidency or around 31,000 jobs per month. Even if you give Bush every possible benefit of the doubt, the economy only created 86,000 jobs per month between 2002 and 2007. (Looking at Bush's record this way would be like evaluating Bill Callahan's record without taking into account the 2004 and 2007 seasons.)
The Republicans would tell you that it is unfair to look at Bush's record and that it should be off limits. But is Bush's record relevant? It is very relevant because Romney's economic platform is identical to that of George Bush. In 2004, Bush called for cutting spending, cutting taxes, deregulation and international free trade. Fast forward to 2012 and what does Romney think will improve the economy? The very same policies that Bush advocated in 2004. There isn't a dime's worth a difference between the two platforms.
What this tells us is that the Republicans want to bring back Bush's policies that resulted in the worst jobs creation record since the 1930s and an economic collapse in 2008. President Obama is like a football coach that took over a team that went 0-12 and was completely lacking in talent. By his fourth season, the team is 7-5 and playing in the Ticket City Bowl. It's progress but there is still room for improvement. On the other hand, the Republicans are like the coaching staff who went 0-12. Now these coaches are complaining that Team U.S.A. isn't in the Rose Bowl and they want their old jobs back.
What we need to do as Democrats is to re-elect President Obama and elect Bob Kerrey, Korey Reiman, John Ewing and Mark Sullivan to the Congress. We need to end the job killing gridlock created by the Congressional Republicans. The Congressional Republicans have emphasized party over country for four years now and have done everything they can to stifle the economic recovery. It's time to elect our candidates to the Congress who will put the American people and the country first.
Dennis Crawford is our newly elected 2nd Associate Chair. He will begin serving his term on the NDP's executive board at the first State Central Committee meeting following November's election. Thank you to Dennis for his contribution to the NDP's blog.
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Founded as a project of the Washington, D.C.-based Institute for Policy Studies in 1996, and now a project of the Center for Sustainable Economy, the Sustainable Energy and Economy Network (SEEN) works in partnership with people regionally, nationally, and globally with a focus on climate justice and, specifically, on ending the fossil fuel age and ushering in the age of clean energy and a sustainable economy for generations to come.
When we began in 1996, in a series of path breaking reports, SEEN’s work was focused on shifting international financial institutions, such as the World Bank, and export credit agencies, such as U.S. Export-Import Bank, away from support for fossil fuels and toward investments in clean, renewable energy, with a focus on meeting the energy needs of the poorest. We understood the urgency of the climate crisis and that most international financial institutions, despite their mandates to do so, were not meeting the energy needs of the poorest. We also understood that continued investments in fossil fuels would harm those least responsible for consuming fossil fuels the most. We launched SEEN understanding that there was a narrow window of time in which investments in fossil fuel infrastructure in the global South could be shifted from dirty to clean energy resources, after which there would be technological lock-in, committing those countries to fossil fuel infrastructure and debt repayment for decades to come.
After 17 years of activism by our members, staff, and partners, we began to see some major breakthroughs when President Barack Obama called on the World Bank to get out of coal-fired power. Shortly after Obama’s call, the President of the World Bank, Dr. Jim Kim, agreed that it needed to stop financing most forms of coal-fired power; other public banks soon began to make similar pledges.
As of 2015, the following countries have agreed to end their public financial support for coal-fired power: Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, the United Kingdom, and the U.S. The following publicly held banks have agreed to limit their investments in coal-fired power: The World Bank, the European Investment Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction & Development, and the U.S. Export-Import Bank. There is much work remaining in holding these countries and banks to these commitments and pushing them further–to get out of subsidized fossil fuel finance entirely–and many groups continue to carry that work forward including: Bank Information Center, Friends of the Earth, Oil Change International, Sierra Club, CEE Bank Watch, and others.
Beginning in 2011, SEEN began to shift our focus from holding global financial institutions accountable for the human rights and environmental impacts of their fossil fuel investments to holding local, state and national government officials accountable for U.S. and Canadian fossil fuel exports. Specifically, we turned our attention to the massive quantity of fossil fuels–oil, gas and coal– being exported from North America largely to Asian markets. The Pacific Northwest lies in the crosshairs between massive deposits of oil, gas, coal and tar sands to its east and north and Asian markets. As Sightline Institute has calculated, “coal, oil and gas shipments from the Pacific Northwest would carry as much carbon content annually as five Keystone XL pipelines.” Given the climate imperative–that we keep at least 80 percent of proven fossil fuel deposits in the ground in order to avoid dangerous and possibly runaway climate change–residents of the Pacific Northwest have begun to mobilize in bold and successful resistance to these fossil fuel exports. A key component in this resistance is upholding the treaties of First Nations and Native Americans throughout North America.
In 2013, SEEN moved our offices to the Pacific Northwest and, as a project of CSE, is working in alliance with peoples’ movements, grassroots groups, and citizens throughout the Pacific Northwest in ensuring the U.S. and Canadian governments live up to their moral obligations of preserving a stable climate for generations to come. We are now building a strong network of activists committed to ending all new fossil fuel export infrastructure in the Pacific Northwest, with the goal of upholding the scientific call to keep over 80 percent of proven fossil fuel reserves in the ground, and working in partnership with clean energy groups regionally and globally in ushering in the era of abundant, safe, clean renewable energy to power a truly sustainable economy.
To learn more about our work with elected officials and activists around an initiative demanding an end to new fossil fuel infrastructure on the West Coast of the U.S. and Canada and a just transition, visit our website here.
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The Wikimedia Foundation is responsible for a novel achievement: bringing the 300 pound Encyclopedia Brittanica set to extinction. Now, the group is building Wikidata, a semantic technology that will centralize Wikipedia data, automatically generate content to Wikipedia entries, and allow users to receives answers to narrow informational search queries.
For example, finding out how many Nobel Peace Prize winners were influenced by Nietzsche would take some serious legwork. The carrot at the end of that rope would have to look pretty appetizing, and I would have to be pretty hungry to embark on that adventure.
Wikidata would answer this for me in about 8 seconds.
In what Wikimedia Foundation refers to as its largest undertaking, Wikidata will aggregate similar content across multiple Wikipedia entries and store the results within ‘information boxes’ displayed along the right column of a page. The machine-readable, user-editable database will enable organizations and individuals to easily pull and segment data as needed for research and analyses.
The planning and execution of Wikidata is divided into 2 phases. First, the Wiki team will centralize basic facts and information for each individual Wikipedia entry across all languages and locales. Then, by December of 2012, they predict the community editors – that’s us – can add and edit data that will soon be the source for the information to be automatically generated on Wikipedia pages.
In 2040, Wikidata will enable me to spend my spare time tracing the evolution of the signatures of US presidents (can’t wait!).
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A recent experience made me reconsider the convenience of bottled water — forever. I spent the day riding my bike through lush green forests in Northern California far away from the city. For over two hours I pedaled through dense thickets without seeing another person. About halfway through my adventure, I stumbled upon a tucked away pool filled by a 20-foot high waterfall. I yearned for my camera. I wanted to capture the contrasting emerald greens of the leaves, the sapphire water, the slick chocolate-colored rocks and the gloomy thunderheads overtaking the sky.
Not so disposable now, are you?
Yet, as the initial awe began to wear off, I noticed that this pristine wilderness glittered. It sparkled not because of rain or dew left over from the morning’s drizzle, but because of litter. Hundreds of plastic bottles lay half-hidden either in the mud, intertwined with the plants, or floating in the dreamlike pool!
As I started to pick up as many bottles as my arms could hold, I realized that almost all of this litter was one-time use water bottles. I still can’t get the image out of my head!
Plastic water bottles are a global problem
We in the U.S. use 1500 non-reusable water bottles per second. Less than 20% of plastic bottles are actually recycled, even though we have the infrastructure to recycle 100%. Sometimes it’s hard to find a water fountain or a recycling bin. However, I cannot understand how someone could walk or bike for over an hour to a truly breathtaking spot and leave such trash behind!
Maybe there is some hope
San Francisco has a proposal requiring new water fountains to include a special bottle-filling tap. Proponents believe that this is the first step in weaning people off of the habit of grabbing a new bottle of water every time they get thirsty.
This new tap aims to solve problems associated with traditional water fountains, like not being so friendly to reusable water bottles because of their low arc. Also, the fears of germs from the spout (which experts believe are unfounded) have deterred some from using them as well.
What do you think?
Before yesterday, I probably would have agreed with the critics who claim that such taps are not necessary and that such legislation will hinder the growth of local businesses. However, I now believe the status quo is not good enough. Even though my friends and I all are eco-geeks and love using our reusable bottles, and there’s so much attention being paid to water bottle pollution in the press these days, lots of people still choose not to.
Plastic bottles are trashing places miles away from development. So a bottle filler fountain that can signal to the mainstream that this is the new, acceptable way of doing things, seems like a great step in the right direction.
Do you use reusable water bottles? What do you think is the solution to this problem? Do you think the proposal in San Francisco should be approved?
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Definitions for raftræft, rɑft
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word raft
a flat float (usually made of logs or planks) that can be used for transport or as a platform for swimmers
batch, deal, flock, good deal, great deal, hatful, heap, lot, mass, mess, mickle, mint, mountain, muckle, passel, peck, pile, plenty, pot, quite a little, raft, sight, slew, spate, stack, tidy sum, wad(verb)
(often followed by `of') a large number or amount or extent
"a batch of letters"; "a deal of trouble"; "a lot of money"; "he made a mint on the stock market"; "see the rest of the winners in our huge passel of photos"; "it must have cost plenty"; "a slew of journalists"; "a wad of money"
transport on a raft
"raft wood down a river"
travel by raft in water
"Raft the Colorado River"
make into a raft
"raft these logs"
imp. & p. p. of Reave
a collection of logs, boards, pieces of timber, or the like, fastened together, either for their own collective conveyance on the water, or to serve as a support in conveying other things; a float
a collection of logs, fallen trees, etc. (such as is formed in some Western rivers of the United States), which obstructs navigation
a large collection of people or things taken indiscriminately
to transport on a raft, or in the form of a raft; to make into a raft; as, to raft timber
Origin: [Originally, a rafter, spar, and fr. Icel. raptr a rafter; akin to Dan. raft, Prov. G. raff a rafter, spar; cf. OHG. rfo, rvo, a beam, rafter, Icel. rf roof. Cf. Rafter, n.]
A raft is any flat structure for support or transportation over water. It is the most basic of boat design, characterized by the absence of a hull. Although there are cross-over boat types that blur this definition, rafts are usually kept afloat by using any combination of buoyant materials such as wood, sealed barrels, or inflated air chambers, and are typically not propelled by an engine.
Chambers 20th Century Dictionary
raft, n. (U.S.) a miscellaneous or promiscuous lot. [A variant of Raff (1).]
raft, n. a collection of pieces of timber fastened together for a support on the water: planks conveyed by water.—v.t. to transport on a raft: to form into a raft.—v.i. to manage a raft, travel by raft.—ns. Raft′-bridge, a bridge supported on rafts; Raft′-dog, an iron bar fitted for securing logs in a raft; Raft′-duck, the black-head duck of the United States; Raft′-port, a square hole in some ships for convenience in loading and unloading timber; Raft′-rope, a rope used in whaling-vessels for stringing blubber; Rafts′man, one who guides a raft. [Ice. raptr (pron. raftr), a rafter—ráf, ræfr, a roof; cf. Old High Ger. rāfo, a spar.]
The numerical value of raft in Chaldean Numerology is: 6
The numerical value of raft in Pythagorean Numerology is: 9
Sample Sentences & Example Usage
It's a bit like a life raft.
There's a whole raft of different factors involved and it's progressing nicely.
This raises a raft of ethical questions... and the risk of surrogates being coerced through financial gain.
The direct consequences could lead to our refusal to take part in a whole raft of important joint projects and Turkish companies losing their positions on the Russian market.
A contract which forces a woman to give up the right to make decisions about her body as part of a paid-for service would be a move towards a commercial model, this raises a raft of ethical questions... and the risk of surrogates being coerced through financial gain.
Images & Illustrations of raft
Translations for raft
From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary
- raiCatalan, Valencian
- raft, vorCzech
- Schlauchboot, FloßGerman
- lautta, [[tehdä]] [[lautta]], [[kulkea]] [[lautalla]], kumilautta, roppakaupalla, [[kuljettaa]] [[lautalla]]Finnish
- radeau, multitude, masseFrench
- zattera, gommoneItalian
- ラフト, いかだJapanese
- mōkihi, mōkīMāori
- vlot, rubberbootDutch
- flåte, floteNorwegian Nynorsk
- tsin naaʼeełNavajo, Navaho
- ਬੇੜਾPanjabi, Punjabi
- плот, куча, рафт, множество, уймаRussian
- splav, сплавSerbo-Croatian
- floted, boadaflotedVolapük
Get even more translations for raft »
Find a translation for the raft definition in other languages:
Select another language:
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January 20, 2012
Russia Says It Is Planning Moon Base With NASA And ESA
The Russian space agency (Roscosmos) said on Friday that it is talking with NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA) on plans to create a manned research base on the moon.
Roscosmos chief Vladimir Popovkin told Vesti FM radio station that it plans to discuss the possibility of a permanent moon base with NASA and ESA."We don't want man to just step on the moon," Mr Popovkin told Vesti FM radio station. "Today, we know enough about it, we know that there is water in its polar areas ... we are now discussing how to begin (the moon's) exploration with NASA and the European Space Agency."
The plan, according to Popovkin, is to set up either a base on the moon, or develop a space station to orbit around it.
He also said that the space agency is planning to send two unmanned spacecrafts to the moon by 2020.
Russia has been faced with adversity in its space program lately, most recently with its Mars probe Phobos-Grunt plummeting back to earth on a failed mission.
This mishap cost the country $175 million, and investigators are still trying to determine what exactly caused the mission to fail.
Russia also lost a Progress supply ship last year, three navigation satellites, an advanced military satellite and a telecommunications satellite.
All of the space agency's attempts to reach Mars have failed since the 1960s, totaling 17 missions.
On the Net:
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This photo shows green "curtains" of the aurora borealis (Northern Lights). The picture was taken in Alaska in April 2001.
Click on image for full size
Image courtesy of Jan Curtis.
The aurora is formed
when protons and electrons from the Sun travel along the Earth's magnetic field lines
. These particles from the Sun are very energetic. We are talking major-league energy, much more than the power of lightning: 20 million amps at 50,000 volts is channeled into the auroral oval. It's no wonder that the gases of the atmosphere light up like the gases of a streetlamp!
The aurora is also known as the northern and southern lights. From the ground, they can usually be seen where the northern and southern auroral ovals are on the Earth. The northern polar auroral oval usually spans Fairbanks, Alaska, Oslo, Norway, and the Northwest Territories. Sometimes, when the Sun is active, the northern auroral oval expands and the aurora can be seen much farther south.
The lights of the aurora come in different colors. Oxygen atoms give off green light and sometimes red. Nitrogen molecules glow red, blue, and purple.
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This picture shows the flowing of particles into and out of the auroral zone, as Field-Aligned currents (FAC's) take at short-cut through the atmosphere. Some of the particles entering the auroral zone...more
Dangerous particles don't hit the Earth's surface because they are forced by the magnetic field to move around the Earth. Particles do enter at the funnels over the poles or they gain entry far downstream...more
This figure shows a series of images of the auroral oval as it expands over the course of about an hour in response to a geomagnetic storm. This is an animation of the auroral oval expanding....more
Have you ever seen the Southern or Northern Lights? Earth isn't the only planet that puts on these beautiful light shows, which are also called the "aurora". Aurora have been seen at both poles of Saturn,...more
The Earth has a magnetic field with north and south poles. The Earth's magnetic field reaches 36,000 miles into space. The magnetic field of the Earth is surrounded in a region called the magnetosphere....more
The thermosphere is a layer of Earth's atmosphere. The thermosphere is directly above the mesosphere and below the exosphere. It extends from about 90 km (56 miles) to between 500 and 1,000 km (311 to...more
For a planet to be affected by a blob of material being ejected by the sun, the planet must be in the path of the blob, as shown in this picture. The Earth and its magnetosphere are shown in the bottom...more
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Danica science projects
Invite your kindergarten scientist to conduct this color mixing experiment to discover which primary hues make a rainbow of secondary colors.
Hold a magnet marathon! Explore the power of magnets with your kindergartener in this entertaining and simple science game.
Here is a kindergarten activity that blends art and science by using magnets, paint, and objects found around the house to create a picture.
In this activity, your kid has your permission to get his socks nice and filthy. In fact, it's a necessity, because those socks are going to make a garden.
Alive or Not? This yeast experiment you can conduct with your little scientist explores the answer to this timeless question.
Use simple materials to build a "worm hotel" with your kindergarten soil scientist...and see what worms really do all day.
Create your very own scented hand sanitizer that will help your child to keep those nasty germs at bay!
What's a liquid? What's a solid? What better way to experiment, than by turning a kid favorite, ice cream, into a homemade science lesson!
In almost every preschool classroom is a sensory table. Learn how to make one at home!
Learning about how plants grow is a building block in the preschool curriculum. Put a fun twist on this science concept with these cup pets.
Have your kid build an ice sculpture in this activity that's so fast, fun, and messy it's the perfect way to demonstrate how much fun experiments can be!
Preschoolers are fascinated by how colors can be mixed to form new ones. This activity combines color mixing with the concept of melting for extra science fun.
When the wind starts blowing, you and your child can plant a sponge garden in the comfort of your own kitchen. Here's how:
This adventurous art project will send kids on a scavenger hunt for fall materials they can use in their artwork. This craft also teaches kids about seasons.
Make homemade lemonade in a baggie with your preschooler with this fun and easy recipe.
Use the activity below to help your child create bath salts as she observes how a solid changes when placed into a liquid.
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Discovering and Mapping Natural Hazards with Lidar
Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Uses GIS to Serve Data
- Oregon department has developed a new generation of tsunami inundation maps and evacuation brochures.
- ArcGIS Viewer for Flex was used to create an interactive map tool that allows citizens to view lidar data.
- DOGAMI makes this lidar data available to the public using an innovative solution based on ArcGIS.
On February 17, 2011, President Barack Obama declared a major disaster in the state of Oregon due to a severe winter storm that caused flooding, mudslides, landslides, and debris flows during the previous month. Western Oregon counties, including Clackamas, Clatsop, Crook, Douglas, Lincoln, and Tillamook, were all affected. The total public assistance cost estimate is more than $6 million.
DOGAMI hosts web map services displaying new, redelineated flood zones for Coos County, Oregon, Lidar data were used to create new flood zones for the county. The viewer utilizes lidar derived layers to provide users with more accurate and useful base maps.
To help mitigate events like this and maintain a safe environment for those living in the state, Oregon's Department of Geology & Mineral Industries (DOGAMI) is using light detection and ranging (lidar) data to more accurately find and analyze hazards like landslides and debris flow. DOGAMI also makes this lidar data available to the public using an innovative solution based on ArcGIS, the standard GIS platform used in the state.
Seeing the Hazards Through the Trees
Oregon is known for its natural beauty. From cliff-lined beaches to snow-capped mountains, the landscape has been formed into modern-day eye candy by a millennia of geologic processes. With this beauty comes danger—the earth's movements that created such breathtaking views can also be the cause of destruction. Natural hazards, such as floods, landslides, earthquakes, coastal erosion, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis, are all possible and have occurred in Oregon over the past century.
Maintaining an accurate inventory of these hazards can be difficult in a region that contains such lush tree cover and is subject to more cloudy days than sunny. Traditionally, aerial photography is used to create topographic data through stereo pair analysis, but this method cannot always capture the detail needed to identify hazard locations and accurate model inputs.
When DOGAMI staff first started using lidar, they discovered they weren't even close to mapping the entire landslide hazard inventory of western Oregon. "The technology has proven to be invaluable in improving the accuracy of Oregon's hazard inventories," says Rachel Lyles Smith, GISP, a project operations manager in the Geologic Survey and Services program at DOGAMI.
DOGAMI's SLIDO (Statewide Landslide Information Layer for Oregon) web viewer allows users to visualize and locate landslide hazards. The addition of lidar and other supplemental basemaps let users visualize morphological features, land use, and infrastructure.
Lidar data is used to create bare earth digital elevation models (DEMs)—a representation of the earth's surface where all man-made structures and vegetation have been removed. These DEMs are much more accurate than those based on aerial imagery. The detailed topography of lidar-derived DEMs has greatly improved the precision of hazard mapping, as well as many other mapping efforts throughout the state.
Hazard Mapping with Lidar
In addition to landslide mapping, DOGAMI is utilizing lidar as the driver for new projects associated with other natural hazards throughout the state of Oregon. Coos County was the first county in Oregon to receive updated approximate flood zones that used lidar topography to update inundation layers. DOGAMI also used lidar and lidar-derived products to update and correct basemap layers, which greatly improved Digital Flood Insurance Rate Maps both in detail and readability.
DOGAMI recently released Multi-Hazard and Risk Study for the Mount Hood Region, Multnomah, Clackamas, and Hood River Counties, Oregon, to help communities on or near Mount Hood become more resilient to geologic hazards, including volcanoes, landslides, floods, channel migration, and earthquakes. The study demonstrated the necessity of high-resolution lidar data for multihazard mapping, including locating landslides and faults and redelineating flood and volcanic mudflow hazard zones. Lidar data is also critical for mapping assets, such as buildings and infrastructure. The accuracy and fine-scale resolutions of the hazard, asset, and risk data make the results more credible and thus more likely to be useful in risk reduction.
DOGAMI manages the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program, which has been administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) since 1995. DOGAMI's work is designed to help cities, counties, and other sites in coastal areas reduce the potential for disastrous tsunami-related consequences through understanding and mitigating this geologic hazard. DOGAMI has developed a new generation of tsunami inundation maps and evacuation brochures using ArcGIS to help residents and visitors along the entire Oregon coast prepare for the next Cascadia Subduction Zone earthquake and tsunami. Lidar data for the Oregon coast was acquired between 2008 and 2009.
DOGAMI's Lidar Data Viewer hosts an unprecedented volume of lidar data. Users have access to multiple base map overlays.
The onshore lidar has been integrated with offshore and near-shore bathymetry, providing greatly improved topographic inputs for tsunami modeling. With NOAA funding, DOGAMI and Oregon Health and Science University have worked to successfully model tsunami inundation scenarios for the entire Oregon coast. The detailed topography improved model outputs by providing greater definition and inundation accuracy. These improvements have allowed DOGAMI to better educate and inform coastal communities of the risk of tsunami hazards.
Throughout the state of Oregon, local municipalities, state and federal agencies, and tribal communities have been applying lidar topographic data to all aspects of mapping. "One of the great things that has come from this mass of data is a coming together of users and sharing of ideas," says John English, the lidar database coordinator at DOGAMI. "People have found new ways to address geospatial needs; lidar has changed the way Oregon thinks about mapping."
Lidar for Everyone
DOGAMI staff embarked on an ambitious project to make lidar data available and searchable on the web so that anyone could compare and contrast lidar data against aerial photographs, topographic maps, and 10-meter DEMs for their own education. In 2011, DOGAMI began using ArcGIS Viewer for Flex to create an interactive map tool that allows anyone with a web browser to view the lidar data at 1:9,028 scale. Viewers can navigate using pan and zoom and can hide and display different data layers depending on their interests.
DOGAMI's multi-hazard analysis for the Mount Hood Region is delivered to the public as a formal DOGAMI publication as well as an on-line web viewer. This viewer features asset and hazard layers used in the study and allows users to visualize the dynamic relationships of Mount Hood's natural hazards and the vulnerability of the assets to these hazards.
One of the most helpful tools for people not familiar with navigating an interactive map is the overview map. This index map uses the Esri Street Basemap and overlays a red box to indicate the extent of the primary lidar data viewer. Controls at the top right of the main map display allow viewers to search for and identify DOGAMI Lidar Data Quadrangles, as well as take action with other controls, such as show and hide the map legend, draw and measure on the map interface, and find and zoom to an address. The current extent of the data viewer can be printed as well.
Coordinating Lidar Collection
DOGAMI has been overseeing the collection of lidar throughout the state of Oregon since 2008, when the Oregon LiDAR Consortium (OLC) was formed. The OLC has been the most successful consortium model in the United States, collecting 13.9 million acres of high-density data throughout the Northwest. DOGAMI continues to supervise and coordinate the collection of large swaths of lidar data in Oregon, as designated by the Oregon legislature. Using a nationwide selection process, DOGAMI has a state price agreement in place with Watershed Sciences Inc. of Corvallis, Oregon, for a predetermined unit cost based on the size of project areas. DOGAMI and consortium partners (which include local, state, federal, and tribal agencies) have combined interests and funding to facilitate Oregon's many lidar data needs.
For more information, contact Rachel Lyles Smith, project operations manager, Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries. View the 33 terabytes of lidar data that is available to the public for viewing and purchase. By using the Lidar Quad Search/Purchase tool that is available on the map, a wide variety of Lidar Data Quadrangle publications can be located and ordered.
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Help support New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more all for only $19.99...
Died 1625, the first victim of apostolic zeal on the shores of the St. Lawrence. After persistently asking for three years, he at length obtained the favour of consecrating his life to the Canadian missions. He arrived at Quebec, 28 June, 1623, accompanied by Brother Sagard, the future historian. After a few days rest he set out for the Huron country, which he reached with great difficulty, taking up his residence in the village of St. Nicolas (Toanche), but did not remain long before joining Father Le Caron stationed at St. Joseph (Carhagouha). Here he began earnestly to study the language, collecting the first elements of a dictionary, and sowing the good seed of faith amidst great difficulties and tribulations. In the spring of 1624 he found himself completely isolated, Fr. Le Caron and Br. Sagard having left for Quebec. The following year he consented to accompany a band of Hurons going down to Quebec, with the intention of making a few days retreat and then returning to his missions. It is known that he never reached Quebec, but was drowned in the last chute of the Riviere des Praiiries, which from that time bears the name of Sault-au-Recollet. The neophyte Auhaitsique, whom he had instructed and baptized, met with the same fate. It was learned later that this was not an accident; but that a few Hurons, enemies of religion, drowned them in hatred of the Faith. If we can rely on the "Martyrologe des Recollets", Father Viel was buried in St. Charles's Chapel, 25 June, 1625.
SAGARD, Grand voyage: Histoire du Canada; LECLERCQ, Premier etablissement de la Foi; LE TAC, Histoire chronologique; JONES, Huronia; Jesuit Relations.
APA citation. (1912). Nicholas Viel. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15416a.htm
MLA citation. "Nicholas Viel." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15416a.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Michael T. Barrett. Dedicated to the martyrs of North America.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. October 1, 1912. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is webmaster at newadvent.org. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.
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Anyone who has ever worked in a networked environment running different operating systems using different filesystems knows the frustration of trying to get every computer to see the data on every other computer. Even on my multi-boot test computer, NT can't see the data on my FAT32 partition, Windows 98 can't see the data on my NTFS partition, DOS can't see data on either partition -- and these operating systems are all installed on the same hard drive.
Fortunately, I also have FreeBSD installed on this computer, and it
has no problem accessing the data anywhere on that hard drive, thanks to the
mount command is one of the most powerful commands available to
root. It allows root to mount filesystems so users can access either data
physically located on a device cabled to that computer or data physically
located on other computers that understand the mount command.
mount command itself is simple:
mount(-t filesystem) devicename mountpoint
Let's start with some common device names:
IDE drive, FreeBSD 2.x and 3.x
IDE drive, FreeBSD 4.x
Each device is numbered starting with 0. Storage devices will also have the sub partition unit, or "slice" number appended to them. The slice number (represented above as s#) consists of the letter 's' and a number.
For example, my test computer has one IDE drive that has been partitioned as follows:
200 MB FAT partition containing DOS
1.8 GB partition containing FreeBSD 4.0
500 MB NTFS partition containing NT Server 4.0
1.5 GB FAT32 partition containing Windows 98
If I boot to DOS, it only recognizes a partition named C:.
If I boot to NT, it sees a FAT partition called C: and an NTFS partition called D:.
If I boot to Windows 98, it sees a FAT partition called C: and a FAT32 partition called D:.
Because they don't recognize each other's filesystems, both Windows 98 and NT think they reside on a partition called D, even though they reside on different partitions of my hard drive.
FreeBSD's logic makes a bit more sense, as it sees my drive like this:
/dev/ad0s1 as FAT
/dev/ad0s2 as FreeBSD
/dev/ad0s3 as NTFS
/dev/ad0s4 as FAT32
since I've "sliced" my first IDE drive into 4 sections.
If you are multi-booting your FreeBSD computer, you can check out the
device names for your partitions with
/stand/sysinstall. As root,
/stand/sysinstall and choose Configure, then Fdisk, and then use your spacebar to select the drive
The "Name" column will list the device name; the "Desc" column will list the
type of filesystem. If you used DOS
fdisk to partition your hard drive, it
will only show two entries: one for the primary partition and the other for
the extended partition. An Intel BIOS may support up to 4 primary
partitions, but DOS-based
Fdisk utilities will only let you create one primary partition, and FreeBSD's
Fdisk utility does not show logical
partitions. I prefer to use Partition Magic, as it lets me create four primary
The mount command also requires you to specify a mountpoint. A mountpoint is simply an empty directory you've created as a reference point to access mounted data. The mounted data is not actually placed in this directory; instead, think of the mountpoint as a virtual shell where you can use your Unix commands to manipulate the mounted data. It is important that you keep your mountpoint directories empty; use other directories for storing files.
Mountpoints are usually created as subdirectories of
/; to see them, type:
cd / ls
Among the subdirectories listed, note that FreeBSD has already created 2 mountpoints for you:
When you create your mountpoints, give them useful names. For example:
Now for the filesystem: Notice that I put
-t filesystem in brackets when I
gave the syntax for the mount command. The filesystem switch is optional; FreeBSD assumes you want to mount the UFS (Unix File System) unless you
specify otherwise. The most common filesystem types you'll probably
for FAT floppies, FAT16, and FAT32 partitions
for data CDROMs
for primary NTFS partitions
A few notes on floppies and Unix: If you are used to sticking a floppy into the floppy drive of a Windows computer and then ejecting it at will, it'll take some getting used to how Unix computers treat floppies.
Both hard drives and floppies contain filesystems that must be mounted for their data to be accessed. Only root can mount filesystems, so you must be root to mount a floppy. Also, you can't just eject a mounted floppy; you must tell Unix to unmount it first.
Keep in mind that hard drives are considered to be permanent storage devices, while floppies are temporary storage devices. You wouldn't dream of physically removing your hard drive and adding another one while your computer was booted into an operating system on that first hard drive. For the same reason, don't mount a floppy and then eject it without telling Unix to unmount it first.
It is possible to format a floppy with DOS from FreeBSD. To format a floppy, do NOT mount it first. Remember, you mount filesystems, and you don't have a filesystem until you format. As root, put a floppy in your floppy drive, then type:
fdformat /dev/rfd0Format 1440 floppy '/dev/rfd0'? (y/n):
When it is finished processing,
disklabel -w -r /dev/rfd0 fd1440 newfs_msdos -f 1440 fd0
You can now mount that floppy like this:
mount -t msdos /dev/fd0 /floppy cd /floppy ls
ls command should confirm that there is nothing on the floppy. Let's copy something onto the floppy:
cp /etc/fstab /floppy ls
You should now see a file called "fstab" on your floppy. Type:
You should be able to hear your floppy drive churn as you view the contents of fstab. If you try to unmount the floppy,
umount: unmount of /floppy failed: Device busy
You can't unmount a filesystem if it is your present working directory. Let's try again:
cd / umount /floppy
It is now safe to eject the floppy from the floppy drive.
Now let's try a CD-ROM. Put a data CD-ROM, not a music CD-ROM, into your CD-ROM bay and type:
mount /cdrom ls
You should be able to see the contents of the CD. Why did the shortened
mount command work? Remember that FreeBSD already created a mountpoint
/cdrom for you? Well, it also added an entry to a file that is read
by the mount command if you don't specify a device name. Try this:
# Device Mountpoint FStype Options Dump Pass# /dev/ad0s2b none swap sw 0 0 /dev/ad0s2a / ufs rw 1 1 /dev/ad0s2f /usr ufs rw 2 2 /dev/ad0s2e /var ufs rw 2 2 /dev/acd0c /cdrom cd9660 ro,noauto 0 0 proc /proc procfs rw 0 0
Notice that there is an entry for
/cdrom with its options set at
"noauto." This tells FreeBSD not to mount your CD-ROM automatically when you
reboot; however, it now shortens the mount command for when you do want to
mount a CDROM. Let's unmount the CDROM and add an entry to the
/etc/fstab file to
shorten the mount command for floppies:
cd / umount /cdrom pico /etc/fstab
At the end of the file, add this line:
/dev/fd0 /floppy msdos rw,noauto 0 0
Make sure you tab over to keep your columns neat; also, make sure it all fits on one line. Doublecheck for typos before saving this file.
Now, insert a floppy into your floppy drive and try:
mount /floppy ls cd / umount /floppy
I can also mount my C:\ drive while in FreeBSD; since its device name is /dev/ad0s1, I issue this command:
mount -t msdos /dev/ad0s1 /fat
I can then enter
cd /fat and freely edit and delete files on the C:\ drive using my favorite Unix commands. I can also copy files back and forth between C:\ and FreeBSD.
If I want to get real fancy, I'll also mount my FAT32 partition:
mount -t msdos /dev/ad0s4 /fat32
and I can copy a file from C:\ to what Windows 98 calls the D:\ partition:
cp /fat/test.txt /fat32/test.txt
Saves a lot of rebooting if I just want to move some files around. If I
want to save myself some typing when I wish to access these filesystems,
I'll add the following lines to the end of
# Device Mountpoint FStype Options Dump Pass# /dev/ad0s1 /fat msdos rw 0 0 /dev/ad0s4 /fat32 msdos rw 0 0
Because these file systems are located on my permanent storage device, I can have FreeBSD mount them at every boot; therefore, I haven't set the Options to "noauto".
If I've rebooted since adding these lines to
/etc/fstab, these partitions will be mounted for me. I can simply use the commands
cd /fat or
cd /fat32 to access the data on these partitions.
Today's article focused on accessing the file systems of devices physically attached to your FreeBSD computer. Next week, we'll discuss how to access data located on Microsoft computers within your network.
Dru Lavigne is a network and systems administrator, IT instructor, author and international speaker. She has over a decade of experience administering and teaching Netware, Microsoft, Cisco, Checkpoint, SCO, Solaris, Linux, and BSD systems. A prolific author, she pens the popular FreeBSD Basics column for O'Reilly and is author of BSD Hacks and The Best of FreeBSD Basics.
Read more FreeBSD Basics columns.
Discuss this article in the Operating Systems Forum.
Return to the BSD DevCenter.
Copyright © 2009 O'Reilly Media, Inc.
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June 5, 2002
Researchers Update Findings of Air Pollution Study
Recently, researchers from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health conducted new analyses of the National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study (NMMAPS) data set. NMMAPS comprised the first nationwide time series analyses of air pollution, weather, and mortality in the 90 largest cities in the United States, finding an association between particulate matter levels in the air and daily mortality counts in U.S. cities. The new analyses update some of the quantitative findings of NMMAPS; however, the researchers state that the qualitative findings remain unchanged and there is strong evidence for an association between particulate matter and mortality.
The primary investigator of the study is Jonathan Samet, MD, MS. The research team includes Scott Zeger, PhD, Francesca Dominici, PhD, and Aidan McDermott, PhD, Their work appeared in the New England Journal of Medicine and other peer-reviewed publications. While updating and expanding their work, the investigators recognized a limitation of the S-plus statistical program used to analyze data for the study. The S-plus program is standard statistical software used by many researchers around the world for time-series and other analyses. The Hopkins investigators determined that the default criteria in one regression program used for examining patterns and fitting the statistical model (referred to as convergence criteria) were too lenient for this application, resulting in an upward bias in the estimated effect of air pollution on mortality.
As a result of this discovery, the researchers have updated many of the original findings of the NMMAPS. For the 90 U.S. cities studied, the estimated effect of particulate matter on total mortality dropped from a 0.4 percent increase in deaths per 10 micrograms of particulate matter per cubic meter to about 0.2 percent when analyzed in a way that is insensitive to this bias. In addition to this quantitative change, the researchers reported that the key qualitative findings were unchanged. There remains strong evidence for a particulate-mortality association. They state that the association is strongest for cardiovascular and respiratory causes of death, and the association cannot be attributed to other gaseous pollutants such as carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide.
The NMMAPS team has reported these new findings to the Health Effects Institute (HEI), which is funding the NMMAPS. In turn, HEI has notified the Environment Protection Agency and other groups studying the NMMAPS data. The researchers are also in the process of notifying the scientific journals that published the original studies and are encouraging other scientists to review other time-series studies compiled using the S-plus software or other similar firstname.lastname@example.org.
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The Ellesmere portraitist did not have much to work on in his portrait of The Man of Law; he provided him with the "coif" that marks a Sergeant at Law, and followed what little description Chaucer provided:
He rood but hoomly in a medlee cote,
Girt with a ceint of silk, with barres smale;
Of his array telle I no lenger tale.
[Syrian merchants carry home to their Sultan news of the beautiful and virtuous Custance, daughter of the Emperor of Rome. He loves her unseen and agrees to adopt Christianity if she will be his wife. The Emperor agrees and Custance leaves sadly for Syria. The Sultan's mother, enraged that her son has determined to take a new faith, arranges a massacre at a welcoming banquet. All are slain except Custance, who is set adrift in a rudderless boat.
She drifts to Northumbria. She is taken in by a constable and his wife Hermengild, both of whom become Christian. An evil knight slays Hermengild and blames Custance for the deed. King Alla holds court, and the knight who accuses Custance is struck dead. Alla marries Custance. They have a male child, Maurice. Donegild, the king's mother, by falsified letters makes Alla think Custance has borne a monster, and she contrives the exile of Custance and her son. They are set adrift in the same rudderless boat in which she arrived. Alla learns the truth and slays Donegild.
Custance drifts near a castle, where the lord's steward comes aboard and tries to rape her; aided by heaven, she knocks him overboard and drifts on. A Roman senator, returning from a punitive expedition to Syria, comes upon Custance in her boat and brings her and her son to Rome. Meanwhile, King Alla has set out from for Rome to do penance for killing Donegild. Alla and Custance are reunited when Alla sees Maurice and recognizes his resemblance to Custance. She is then reunited with her father, the Emperor. Later Mauruce succeeds to the imperial throne. Alla and Custance return to Northumbria. When Alla dies, Custance returns to her father in Rome.]
(Students reading this tale for the first time may find an interlinear translation helpful).
The Tale told by the Man of Law also appears in John Gower's Confession Amantis. That fact is important to the Introduction to The Man of Law's Tale: in that introduction, the Man of Law first praises Chaucer for his exaltation of women and he lists the heroines of Chaucer's Legend of Good Women (along with others who may or may not have been intended for later inclusion in that work). Then he says that Chaucer would never tell such "cursed stories" as the tales of Canace and Machaire and of Appolonius of Tyre. Both are stories of incest; both tales also appear in the work of his friend, John Gower in his Confessio Amantis:
For a glossed version of Gower's story of Canace and Machaire see
The Tale of Canace.
For Apollonius of Tyre see:
The Confessio Amantis, Book VIII, lines 271-2028, in the electronic text collection at the University of Virginia (This is not glossed; one must use the printed version of Macaculay's edition for notes and glosses).
The story of Constance belongs to a tradition of stories of "exiled queens" -- see Margaret Schlauch, Constance and Accused Queens [Widener 25228.191]. In many of the stories, attempted incest is the cause of the heroine's initial exile. This is the case ina fourteenth-century work that contains an earlier version of the story of Constance and her exile.
There is no trace of the theme of incest in the source on which both Chaucer and Gower drew for their tales of Constance. They used the same direct source, a story in Nicholas Trivet's Anglo-French Chronicle; see The Riverside Chaucer, p. 857, and Sources and Analogues of the Canterbury Tales, ed. W. F, Bryan and Germaine Dempster (Chicago, 1941; New York, 1958) [Hilles 922 C1 8 5, Lamont PR 1912.A2 B7. Widener WID-LC PR1912.A2 S68 x, 1958]. A comparison of the Man of Law's Tale and Gower's "Tale of Constance" is thus especially revealing.
See Gower's Tale of Constance.
Since there is no incest in the tale of Constance, why Chaucer raises the subject is not at all clear; perhaps he merely wishes to needle his friend John Gower, whom he elsewhere rightly calls "moral Gower." As noted above, the Tale of Constance, which follows, is a tale that Gower also tells in his Confessio, and this is the first of a number of tales in The Canterbury Tales that have analogues in Gower's work: The Wife of Bath's Tale, The Physician's Tale, and the Manciple's Tale, like the Man of Law's Tale, have their counterparts in The Confessio Amantis. It is almost as if Chaucer is challenging his friend to a tale-telling contest of the sort that Harry Bailey establishes for the pilgrims themselves.
The most notable difference between Gower's and Chaucer's versions is obvious even on a casual reading of the two texts: Chaucer's version is cast in the elegant rime royal stanza, which Chaucer first employed in English verse, and his tale, unlike Gower's rather plain style, is cast in the elaborate high style, which his contemporaries and imitators regarded as his principal contribution to English poetry.
For a bibliography of critical and scholarly works on the Man of Law's Tale click here.
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Last modified: June 15, 2000
Copyright © The President and Fellows of Harvard College
Texts on this page prepared and maintained by L. D. Benson (email@example.com)
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Previous Challenge Entry (Level 2 – Intermediate)
Topic: Illustrate the meaning of "Every Dark Cloud has a Silver Lining" (without using the actual phrase or literal example). (02/28/08)
By Tim Pickl
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on a mission to be free from the rules that bound her.
“Angel dear, you have to understand that we love you, and we don’t
want you to get hurt.”
“No Dad--YOU don’t understand. I’m gonna keep on using MyFace,
and there’s nothing you or Mom can do about it!”
“Don’t go on your bike, honey—it’s going to rain—“
“You don’t get it, Mom—I DON’T CARE. Did you hear me? Dad,
Mom--Read my lips: I don’t care!” Angel slammed the screen door
as she left. “I’m outta here!” She yelled from the driveway.
“And you’ll never find me!”
Ominously, distant thunder echoed as the grim gray storm approached
overhead. Angel climbed onto her bike and sped off. “I’m freeeeee!”
“This is horrible, Liz. What should I do? I need to do something.
Should I follow her?”
“No Sam, we have to let her go this time…sometimes kids have to learn
the hard way. Remember your Mother’s Day sermon?”
“The Prodigal Son—can be a Daughter. I knew the message was from
the Lord—for someone out there… I just never thought it would be for us."
“We know what to do.”
Lightning flickered and reflected on something as it caught Sam’s peripheral
vision. He turned to look at the youthful picture of a smiling Angel in a pretty
Easter dress. The frame boldly proclaimed, “Daddy’s Girl.” As the thunder
clapped, Sam grabbed Elizabeth’s hand, and they fervently prayed for Angel.
For angelic protection, for God’s guidance, that she would to come to her
right mind--in the matchless name of Jesus.
Wiping her tears, Liz asked, “Do you have any idea where she may have
“Honey, I have no idea. She’s been so secretive lately. I don’t have a clue.”
“They’re clueless!” Angel exclaimed as she rode up to the dilapidated wood
shack. The old house was located in a high crime neighborhood and fell into
disrepair after the previous owners abandoned it several years before.
A broken porch with peeling white paint greeted Angel as she parked her bike.
“Are you sure? They really have no idea where you are?” Eric asked.
Angel had met Eric on MyFace two weeks earlier and had developed a special
connection with him. “Absolutely no idea.”
Lightning struck an electrical transformer across the street, causing it to explode
like a warning. The neighborhood lost power.
“Nice. Very nice… Now get into the house and shut up.” Eric shoved Angel into
the house and kicked the door shut. “Don’t scream. Don’t say a word…”
“Liz—Brother Brian has a word from the Lord.” Pastor Sam said as he covered
the phone. “Yes Brother Brian. This has been so hard on me. I cry every time
I think about her.”
“She’s going to be okay. Angel is going to come home.”
“Oh brother, I sure hope so. I hope so…”
“What did Brian say?” Liz inquired, filled with hope.
“She’s going to be okay….” Sam trailed off, wiping tears away. “Angel’s going
to come home.”
“Before you can go home, we need to take you to the hospital.” Tipped by
neighbors who heard screaming from the house across the street, Angel was
miraculously rescued by two FBI agents who were already keeping tabs on Eric.
Angel hung her head feeling guilty and ashamed. Shaking in the rain, she
muttered, “Thank you for saving me.”
“14-year-old female is safe. Ambulance is en route to hospital. Suspect is in
custody,” squawked a voice from the radio speaker clipped on the Police officer’s
shoulder. He walked up the driveway, and Liz and Sam met him halfway.
“Hello Pastor.” The officer shook their hands. “Liz.”
“Angel is safe—they just took her to the hospital.”
“Thank You Jesus.”
“Our Father, we thank You this morning for the magnificent miracle You did
for Angel and for safely bringing her back. Thank You, that through the storm,
You showed us the beauty of prayer and assistance, and You showed Angel what
it means to be truly loved.” Pastor Sam looked out at the congregation. A beam
of sunlight shined through the church window and sparkled through the tears on
Angel walked up to the piano and sat down. “I wrote this song recently.”
She began playing a slow, simple melody, then sang from the heart.
The chorus started with, “I’m broken…”
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Posted: 8:24 am Friday, March 9th, 2012
By John Nelander
Much of the North and East experienced much-above normal winter temperatures while the Southeast was above normal. There were cool spots on the West Coast, extreme western Texas and New Mexico. (Credit: NOAA/ NCDC)
The Palm Beach area had an exceptionally warm 2011-2012 winter, ranking 16th in overall December-February temperatures since records began in 1888. But the country as a whole experienced the fourth warmest winter on record, the National Climate Data Center reported Wednesday.
The North and East led the way and were the most above normal, but in all 27 states had temperatures that placed them among their 10 warmest. The only state that had winter temperatures below its 20th century average was New Mexico, according to the NCDC, which is part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. NOAA considers the winter period to be from Dec. 1 to Feb. 29.
It was also unusually cold in Alaska. The state had the 35th coldest winter in its 94-year history.
Warmest meteorological winters on record were posted for Trenton, N.J.; Mount Pocono, Pa.; and Jackson, Ky. Philadelphia had its fourth warmest meteorological winter on record; Wilmington, Del. had its third warmest; and Atlantic City, N.J. had its fifth. Click here for a complete list of winter and February records.
In addition to the winter statistics in Palm Beach, the National Weather Service said Fort Lauderdale, where official records began in 1912, experienced the sixth warmest winter. Miami had the 12th warmest winter since record keeping started in 1895, and Naples had the 13th warmest (records began in 1942).
It was unusually dry in the West — California had its second-driest winter on record with an overall rainfall deficit of 7.82 inches. The winter was also dry in Montana, Oregon and Idaho.
The Southeast was also abnormally dry, with the driest conditions in northwest South Carolina and portions of the Florida peninsula. Rainfall at PBIA from Dec. 1 to Feb. 29 was 5.10 inches, 55 percent of normal, making the winter the 36th driest on record. The water level at Lake Okeechobee on Friday was 12.84 feet.
HELPFUL RAIN ON THURSDAY: PBIA recorded 0.39 of an inch, the most of any major reporting station in Florida. Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport had 0.07 of an inch; Miami had just a trace as did Naples. Melbourne had 0.08 of an inch. Pompano Beach was the second wettest location in the state with 0.29 of an inch Thursday.
Among satellite stations, some areas of Boca Raton reported almost an inch of rain and Loxahatchee had 0.77 of an inch. In Broward County, a Miramar station recorded 1.09 inches.
More rain could be on the way as a weak cold front crawls down the peninsula Friday night and Saturday. A thunderstorm is a slight possibility, forecasters in Miami said. The cold front is expected to stall over the area on Saturday and with winds from the northeast, the chance of showers will increase to 40 percent.
A slight chance of showers remains in the forecast through Wednesday, with normal temperatures. That means highs near 80 and lows in the lower 60s.
* * * * *
Most of the weather news last week was still focused on the tornado-ravaged areas of the Midwest and South. There was insult added to injury when some of these locations received a coating of snow after the severe storms blew through.
Less attention was given to the powerful Pacific storm that earlier this week tore through parts of the Southwest, triggering desert winds of up to hurricane-force. There were NWS spotter reports on Wednesday of significant damage in the Las Vegas area.
Roofs were ripped off homes, storage sheds were blown away and power lines were downed. A glass window was blown out at the Plaza Hotel and Casino in downtown Las Vegas. About 14,000 customers lost power in a southern suburb. Visibility dropped to as low as a half-mile due to blowing dust.
About the Author
John Nelander is a freelance writer, book editor and publisher in West Palm Beach. Weather Matters features news and observations about the weather with a focus on what's happening in South Florida. The blog also looks at the latest studies on climate change as well as what's happening in the weather forecasting biz. His website is www.pbeditorialservices.com.
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Palestine and Syria appear to have been originally inhabited by three different tribes. (1.) The Semites, living on the east of the isthmus of Suez. They were nomadic and pastoral tribes. (2.) The Phoenicians, who were merchants and traders; and (3.) the Hittites, who were the warlike element of this confederation of tribes. They inhabited the whole region between the Euphrates and Damascus, their chief cities being Carchemish on the Euphrates, and Kadesh, now Tell Neby Mendeh, in the Orontes valley, about six miles south of the Lake of Homs. These Hittites seem to have risen to great power as a nation, as for a long time they were formidable rivals of the Egyptian and Assyrian empires. In the book of Joshua they always appear as the dominant race to the north of Galilee.
Somewhere about the twenty-third century B.C. the Syrian confederation, led probably by the Hittites, arched against Lower Egypt, which they took possession of, making Zoan their capital. Their rulers were the Hyksos, or shepherd kings. They were at length finally driven out of Egypt. Rameses II. sought vengeance against the "vile Kheta," as he called them, and encountered and defeated them in the great battle of Kadesh, four centuries after Abraham. (See JOSHUA.)
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Sure, roads made of solar panels sounds like a great idea and one that could possibly get this country truly running on solar power; however, just how feasible is this plan?
For one, it would be quite costly. Each panel costs about $7,000 to build, and the plan calls for billions of them to cover the roadways [source: Telegraph.co.uk]. Installation would take huge amounts of time and money, and so would training crews to maintain them properly. Most likely, it would take several years before the electricity generated by the panels would recoup their own cost. For this reason, the company suggests smaller-scale projects are the best place to start.
Then there's the question of durability. Our roads take lots of punishment from cars, trucks, motorcycles and tractor trailers, not to mention the fact that they could be damaged in traffic accidents. How would these glass panels hold up against that kind of punishment? And if we depend on the solar cells for traffic signals and power for electric cars, what happens if the sunlight collectors become damaged?
In addition, the cost of repairing these solar panels is likely more expensive than it would be for fixing ordinary, asphalt roads. The company says it could utilize a type of self-cleaning glass to keep the surface clear of dirt and grime, but this process is yet unproven.
Then there's the big problem with solar energy: cloudy days. Current solar power technology is very inefficient -- in fact, most solar panels only convert about 14 percent of available energy into electricity [source: Northwestern University]. And on days when sunlight isn't readily available, like during the long winters in many parts of the country, you have to wonder where the power would come from. This is why solar energy is considered to be only one type of renewable energy source rather than the sole source of power -- it's difficult to rely on.
Despite these drawbacks, there's no doubt that solar panel highways are a unique and groundbreaking idea. It's the kind of thinking we need to do in order to get ourselves off of our fossil fuel addiction and running on a more eco-friendly power source. So in a few years, you just may find yourself driving on glass solar panels instead of asphalt.
For more information about solar power and other related topics, follow the links on the next page.
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Air humidity is a very promising source of clean water: immense quantities of water are contained in the air in the form of water vapor.
Even in dry places, such as the Sahara Desert, each km3 of air contains the equivalent amount of 3 000 000 liters of water, which corresponds to a river 1 000 m long, 3 m broad and 1 m deep!
All water on Earth comes from air which is recycled in a perpetual water circle. The air humidity is constantly renewed by winds from the oceans and, therefore, cannot be exhausted.
Air is an unlimited source of clean water on Earth!
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Recruitment and training costs aside, a suicide bomber generally carries a price tag of around $150 [source: Hoffman]. Considering the range and adaptability this form of attack offers, you can see the advantage it has over even high-tech weaponry. A properly trained and equipped suicide bomber can walk into sensitive areas and even alter plans at the last minute, depending on security and crowd sizes.
The quantity of explosives used in a suicide attack range from what you can strap to your person to what you can load into a vehicle. The terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, demonstrated how a highly successful suicide attack could weaponize commercial aircraft. For the individual, however, two basic methods of suicide bombing exist.
One approach is to fill a duffel bag with roughly 60 pounds (27 kilograms) of explosives and iron shrapnel, which adds to the bomb's lethality. The explosives are typically wired through a couple of batteries and up the pants leg to a simple trigger device, usually hidden in a pocket. Once the suicide bomber is in place, he has only to flip the switch. The duffel bag tactic has become less prevalent over time, given the added suspicion that the luggage can introduce.
The other method involves the use of a special belt or vest worn under the suicide bomber's clothing. The pockets of these garments contain explosives and bits of shrapnel, though everything from the bomber's wristwatch to his bones essentially becomes shrapnel with this tactic. The explosives connect to a detonator, which in turn connects to a pocket trigger. A handler often accompanies a suicide bomber to the proposed scene of an attack. In addition to guiding and encouraging the attacker, the handler also sometimes triggers the explosion remotely by use of a cell phone or other wireless device.
The exact explosives used vary, depending on what's available. Some of the earliest bombs used against Israelis were made from smuggled Egyptian land mines [source: MacFarquhar]. In recent years, TNT, plastic explosives and triacetone triperoxide (TATP) have remained top choices [sources: Hogan, Jha]. As terrorist technology evolves, authorities fear the use of even more advanced explosives, as well as chemical attacks.
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Why The World Went To War
( Originally Published 1918 )
WHILE it is true that the war was conceived in Berlin, it is none the less true that it was born in the Balkans. It is necessary in order that we may view with correct perspective the background of the World War, that we gain some notion of the Balkan States and the complications entering into their relations. These countries have been the adopted children of the great European powers during generations of rulers. Russia assumed guardianship of the nations having a preponderance of Slavic blood; Roumania with its Latin consanguinities was close to France and Italy; Bulgaria, Greece, and Balkan Turkey were debatable regions wherein the diplomats of the rival nations secured temporary victories by devious methods.
The Balkans have fierce hatreds and have been the site of sudden historic wars. At the time of the declaration of the World War, the Balkan nations were living under the provisions of the Treaty of Bucharest, dated Au-gust 10, 1913. Greece, Roumania, Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro were signers, and Turkey acquiesced in its provisions.
The assassination at Sarajevo had sent a convulsive shudder throughout the Balkans. The reason lay in the century-old antagonism between the Slav and the Teuton. Serbia, Montenegro and Russia had never forgiven Austria for seizing Bosnia and Herzegovina and making these Slavic people subjects of the Austrian crown. Bulgaria, Roumania and Turkey remained cold at the news of the assassination. German diplomacy was in the ascendant at these courts and the prospect of war with Germany as their great ally presented no terrors for them. The sympathies of the people of Greece were with Serbia, but the Grecian Court, because the Queen of Greece was the only sister of the German Kaiser, was whole heartedly with Austria. Perhaps at the first the Roumanians were most nearly neutral. They believed strongly that each of the small nations of the Balkan region as well as all of the small nations that had been absorbed but had not been digested by Austria, should cut itself from the leading strings held by the large European powers. There was a distinct undercurrent for a federation resembling that of the United States of America between these peoples. This was expressed most clearly by M. Jonesco, leader of the Liberal party of Roumania and generally recognized as the ablest statesman of middle Europe. He declared:
"I always believed, and still believe, that the Balkan States cannot secure their future otherwise than by a close understanding among themselves, whether this understanding shall or shall not take the form of a federation. No one of the Balkan States is strong enough to resist the pressure from one or another of the European powers.
"For this reason I am deeply grieved to see in the Balkan coalition of 1912 Roumania not invited. If Roumania had taken part in the first one, we should not have had the second. I did all that was in my power and succeeded in preventing the war between Roumania and the Balkan League in the winter of 1912-13.
"I risked my popularity, and I do not feel sorry for it. I employed all my efforts to pre-vent the second Balkan war, which, as is well known, was profitable to us. I repeatedly told the Bulgarians that they ought not to enter it because in that case we would enter it too. But I was not successful in my efforts.
"During the second Balkan war I did all in my power to end it as quickly as possible. At the conference at Bucharest I made efforts, as Mr. Pashich and Mr. Venizélos know very well, to secure for beaten "Bulgaria the best terms. My object was to obtain a new coalition of all the Balkan States, including Roumania. Had I succeeded in this the situation would be much better. No reasonable man will deny that the Balkan States are neutralizing each other at the present time, which in itself makes the whole situation all the more miserable.
"In October, 1918, when I succeeded in facilitating the conclusion of peace between Greece and Turkey, I was pursuing the same object of the Balkan coalition. On my return from Athens I endeavored, though without success, to put the Greco-Turkish relations on a basis of friendship, being convinced that the well-understood interest of both countries` lies not only in friendly relations, but even in an alliance between them.
"The dissensions that exist between the Balkan States can be settled in a friendly way without war. The best moment for this would be after the general war, when the map of Europe will be remade. The Balkan country which would start war against another Balkan country would commit, not only a crime against her own future, but an act of folly as well.
"The destiny and future of the Balkan States, and of all the small European peoples as well, will not be regulated by fratricidal wars, but, with this great European struggle, the real object of which is to settle the question whether Europe -shall enter an era of justice, and therefore happiness for the small peoples, or whether we will face a period of oppression more or less gilt-edged. And as I always believed that wisdom and truth will triumph in the end, I want to believe, too, that, in spite of the pessimistic news reaching me from the different sides of the Balkan countries, there will be no war among them in order to justify those who do not believe in the vitality of the small peoples."
The conference at Rome, April 10, 1918, to settle outstanding questions between the Italians and the Slays of the Adriatic, drew attention to those Slavonic peoples in Europe who were under non-Slavonic rule. At the beginning of the war there were three great Slavonic groups in Europe: First, the Russians with the Little Russians, speaking languages not more different than the dialect of Yorkshire is from the dialect of Devonshire; second, a central group, including the Poles, the Czechs or Bohemians, the Moravians, and Slovaks, this group thus being separated under the four crowns of Russia, Germany, Austria and Hungary; the third, the southern group, included the Sclavonians, the Croatians, the Dalmatians, Bosnians, Herzegovinians, the Slays, generally called Slovenes, in the western part of Austria, down to Goritzia, and also the two independent kingdoms of Montenegro and Serbia.
Like the central group, this southern group of Slays was divided under four crowns, Hungary, Austria, Montenegro, and Serbia; but, in spite of the fact that half belong to the West-ern and half to the Eastern Church, they are all essentially the same people, though with considerable infusion of non-Slavonic blood, there being a good deal of Turkish blood in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The languages, however, are practically identical, formed largely of pure Slavonic materials, and, curiously, much more closely connected with the eastern Slav group—Russia and Little Russia —than with the central group, Polish and Bohemian. A Russian of Moscow will find it much easier to understand a Slovene from Goritzia than a Pole from Warsaw. The Ruthenians, in southern Galicia and Bukowina, are identical in race and speech with the Little' Russians of Ukrainia.
Of the central group, the Poles have generally inclined to Austria, which has always sup-ported the Polish landlords of Galicia against the Ruthenian peasantry; while the Czechs have been not so much anti-Austrian as anti-German. Indeed, the Hapsburg rulers have again and again played these Slays off against their German subjects. It was the Southern Slav question as affecting Serbia and Austria, that gave the pretext for the present war. The central Slav question affecting the destiny of the Poles—was a bone of contention between Austria and Germany. It is the custom to call the Southern Slays "Jugoslays" from the Slav word Yugo, "south," but as this is a concession to German transliteration many prefer to write the word "Yugoslav," which represents its pronunciation. The South Slav question was created by the incursions of three Asiatic peoples—Huns, Magyars, Turks—who broke up the originally continuous Slav territory that ran from the White Sea to the confines of Greece and the Adriatic.
This was the complex of nationalities, the ferment of races existing in 1914. Out of the hatrcds engendered by the domination over the liberty-loving Slavic peoples by an arrogant Teutonic minority grew the assassinations at Sarajevo. These crimes were the expression of hatred not for the heir apparent of Austria but for the Hapsburgs and their Germanic associates.
By a twist of the wheel of fate, the same Slavic peoples whose determination to rid themselves of the Teutonic yoke, started the war, also bore rather more than their share in the swift-moving events that decided and closed the war.
Russia, the dying giant among the great nations, championed the Slavic peoples at the beginning of the war. It entered the conflict in aid of little Serbia, but at the end Russia bowed to Germany in the infamous peace treaty at Brest-Litovsk. Thereafter during the last months of the war Russia was virtually an ally of its ancient enemy, Turkey, the "Sick Man of Europe," and the central German empires. With these allies the Bolshevik government of Russia attempted to head off the Czecho-Slovak regiments that had been captured by Russia during its drive into Austria and had been imprisoned in Siberia. After the peace consummated at Brest-Litovsk, these regiments determined to fight on the side of the Allies and endeavored to make their way to the western front.
No war problems were more difficult than those of the Czecho-Slovaks. Few have been handled so masterfully. Surrounded by powerful enemies which for centuries have been bent on destroying every trace of Slavic culture, they had learned how to defend them-selves against every trick or scheme of the brutal Germans.
The Czecho-Slovak plan in Russia was of great value to the Allies all over the world, and was put at their service by Professor Thomas G. Masaryk.' He went to Russia when every-thing was adrift and got hold of Bohemian prisoners here and there and organized them into a compact little army of 50,000 to 60,000 men. Equipped and fed, he moved them to whatever point had most power to thoroughly disrupt the German plans. They did much to check the German army for months. They resolutely refused to take any part in Russian political affairs, and when it seemed no longer possible to work effectively in Russia, this remarkable little band started on a journey all round the world to get to the western front. They loyally gave up most of their arms under agreement with Levine and Trotzky that they might peacefully proceed out of Russia via Vladivostok.
While they were carrying out their part of the agreement, and well on the way, they were surprised by telegrams from Lenine and Trotzky to the Soviets in Siberia ordering them to take away their arms and intern them.
The story of what occurred then was told by two American engineers, Emerson and Hawkins, who, on the way to Ambassador Francis, and not being able to reach Bologda, joined a band of four or five thousand. The engineers were with them three months, while they were making it safe along the lines of the railroad for the rest of the Czecho-Slovaks to get out, and incidentally for Siberians to resume peaceful occupations. They were also supported by old railway organizations which had stuck bravely to them without wages and which every little while were "shot up" by the Bolsheviki.
Distress in Russia would have been much more intense had it not been for the loyalty of the railway men in sticking to their tasks. Some American engineers at Irkutsk, on a peaceful journey, out of Russia, on descending from the cars were met with a demand to surrender, and shots from machine guns. Some, fortunately, had kept hand grenades, and with these and a few rifles went straight at the ma-chine guns. Although outnumbered, the attackers took the guns and soon afterward took the town. The Czecho-Slovaks, in the beginining almost unarmed, went against great odds and won for themselves the right to be considered a nation.
Seeing the treachery of Lenine and Trotzky, they went back toward the west and made things secure for their men left behind. They took town after town with the arms they first took away from the Bolsheviki and Germans; but in every town they immediately set up a government, with all the elements of normal life. They established police and sanitary systems, opened hospitals, and had roads repaired, leaving a handful of mcn in the midst of enemies to carry on the plans of their leaders. American engineers speaking of the cleanliness of the Czecho-Slovak army, said that they lived like Spartans.
The whole story is a remarkable evidence of the struggle of these little people for self-government.
The emergence of the Czecho-Slovak nation has been one of the most remarkable and note-worthy features of the war. Out of the con-fusion of the situation, with the possibility of the resurrection of oppressed peoples, some-thing of the dignity of old Bohemia was comprehended, and it was recognized that the Czechs were to be rescued from Austria and the Slovaks from Hungary, and united in one country with entire independence. This was undoubtedly due, in large measure, to the activities of Professor Masaryk, the president of the National Executive Council of the Czecho-Slovaks. His four-year exile in the United States had the establishment of the new nation as its fruit.
Professor Masaryk called attention to the fact that there is a peculiar discrepancy between the number of states in Europe and the number of nationalities—twenty-seven states to seventy nationalities. He explained, also, that almost all the states are mixed, from the point of nationality. From the west of Europe to the east, this is found to be true, and the farther east one goes the more mixed do the states become. Austria is the most mixed of all the states. There is no Austrian language, but there are nine languages, and six smaller nations or remnants of nations. In all of Germany there are eight nationalities besides the Germans, who have been independent, and who have their own literature. Turkey is an anomaly, a combination of various nations over-thrown and kept down.
Since the eighteenth century there has been a continuing strong movement from each nation to have its own state. Because of the mixed peoples, there is much confusion. There are Roumanians in Austria, but there is a kingdom of Roumania. There are Southern Slays, but there are also Serbia and Montenegro. It is natural that the Southern Slays should want to be united as one state. So it is with Italy.
There was no justice in Poland being separated in three parts to serve the dynasties of Prussia, Russia and Austria. The Czecho-Slovaks of Austria and Hungary claimed a union. The national union consists in an endeavor to make the suppressed nations free, to unite them in their own states, and to read-just the states that exist; to force Austria and Prussia to give up the states that should be free.
In the future, said Doctor Masaryk, there are to be sharp ethnological boundaries. The Czecho-Slovaks will guarantee the minorities absolute equality, but they will keep the German part of their country, because there are many Bohemians in it, and they do not trust the Germans.
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WebMD's 10 Top Health Stories of 2007
Recalled Toys, Unsafe Food, Bad Bugs, New Stem Cell Source Top List
No. 8: Stem Cell Breakthrough
Embryonic stem cells are the ultimate transformer, capable of becoming literally any kind of cell the body needs. That's why so many researchers, patients, and patient advocates so eagerly support stem cell research.
The problem is that these cells come from embryos. Even when an embryo is created in the laboratory, with no chance of developing into a fetus, the idea of destroying it is morally repugnant to many people. U.S. law severely restricts research on embryonic stem cells.
That's been a major roadblock to research. But now there may be a way around it. Researchers working independently in Japan and in the U.S. now say they can reprogram human skin cells to become embryonic-like stem cells.
Having overcome this hurdle, researchers face others. The biggest hurdle is that this reprogramming requires infecting the cells with viruses that carry potentially cancer-causing genes. But researchers seem confident that they can leap these barriers, too.
Will the reprogrammed cells work as well as embryonic stem cells? That's not entirely a sure bet. But a new study shows what might be possible. In mice, researchers were able to use the reprogrammed cells to treat sickle cell anemia.
No. 9: Allī : Weight-Loss Friend or Foe?
It came over the counter -- the latest answer, in pill form, to America's obesity epidemic.
In case you haven't been to a drugstore since last spring, we're talking about Allī -- with a macron over the "i" so you'll pronounce it like the trusty two-syllable word "ally" (rhymes with "pal eye").
And Allī does want to be your pal, not your parent. Unlike many weight loss drugs, Allī promises results only to those ready to work for them. Whatever weight you're able to lose with the diet and exercise program that comes with the drug, Allī promises you "can" lose up to 50% more weight if you take -- and keep taking -- the pills.
"You don't just try Allī -- you commit to it," the Allī web site says. "If you have the will, we have the power."
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Lack of Sunlight Leads to Infertility
November 04, 2008
An infertility study has revealed vitamin D deficiency among men who are unable to impregnate their partners. The discovery surprised the researchers, who were investigating the incidence of DNA fragmentation of sperm.
Fertility specialist Dr. Anne Clark screened the blood of almost 800 men with fertility problems, and found that almost a third had lower than normal levels of vitamin D.
Sunlight is the major source of vitamin D.
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Dietary patterns including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy, and lean meats are key
New data suggest that a dietary pattern characterized by consumption of foods recommended in current dietary guidelines is associated with decreased risk of mortality in women, according to an article appearing in the April 26 issue of The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA).
Ashima K. Kant, PhD, from Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, N.Y., and colleagues studied data from phase two of the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project. A total of 42,254 women (mean age 61.1 years) in the study completed a food frequency questionnaire to measure overall diet quality. Answers were tabulated to create a recommended food score (RFS). The RFS was calculated by the sum of the number of foods recommended by current national dietary guidelines (fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy, and lean meats and poultry) that were reported on the questionnaire to be consumed at least once a week. There was a median follow-up time of 5.6 years, during which 2,065 deaths occurred.
The study shows the association between RFS and death from cancer, coronary heart disease, stroke, and all other causes combined.
"Our study suggests that women reporting dietary patterns that included fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy, and lean meats, as recommended by current dietary guidelines, have a lower risk of mortality," the authors write. "Women in the highest intake level of recommended foods had 30 percent lower risk of multivariate-adjusted all-cause mortality compared with those in the lowest level."
The authors write that few studies have examined global measures of diet quality as it relates to mortality and that although many studies have examined the role of single nutrients, foods, or food groups in the etiology of disease, relatively little research has addressed the health effects of
Contact: Ron Cannava
Center for the Advancement of Health
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Apollo 15 was sent to the Moon in July 1971, its primary mission goals to explore the spectacular Hadley-Appenine region, carry out scientific experiments from orbit and evaluation of new and improved Apollo equipment,including the Lunar Rover. Here is the story of possibly the most ambitious Apollo moon landing.
The next time you see the full Moon high in the south, look carefully at the centre of the northern part of the Moon’s near side. About a quarter of the way down the disc are the two blotches of the Mare Imbrium and Mare Serinitatis. Between them is a mountain range, Montes Apenninus, named after the Apennine Mountains in Italy. In this lunar mountain range lies the 4.6 km peak of Mt Hadley. It was at the plain below Hadley that three men from the planet Earth landed in July 1971, their mission to make one of the greatest scientific explorations ever. This was Apollo 15.
Apollo 15 was launched moonward from Kennedy Space Center on 26 July 1971 (the day my brother was born!) on a Saturn V rocket. Compared to the Saturn used by the previous Apollo missions, this one was upgraded to send a heavier payload to lunar orbit. Squeezed into the Command Module Endeavour was Commander David R. Scott (1932- ), Lunar Module pilot James B. Irwin (1930-91) and Command Module Pilot Alfred M. Worden(1932- ). Scott was a veteran of Gemini 8 and Apollo 9, but his crewmates were both entering space for the first time.
This was the first of the “J-series” Apollo landings (and thanks to cuts to NASA’s budget there would be only three of these), designed for a longer stay and to enable a rigorous scientific investigation of the landing site. It was just two years since Apollo 11, but the technology was enormously improved. Apollo 15’s Lunar Module Falcon carried an improved engine and larger fuel load, enabling more equipment and supplies to be carried plus a longer hovering time to allow its crew to make a pinpoint landing. Among its cargo was a Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV), a 4-wheel drive electric car created by Boeing to widen the terrain visited by the astronauts. The astronauts themselves wore A7L spacesuits, enhanced and made more comfortable (essential for longer EVAs) on the basis of experience from previous missions. Importantly, they were easier to take off and put on. J Series crews could strip down to their longjohns to sleep in hammocks stretched across the LM’s cabin.The Command Service Module, home to Worden while his colleagues explored the surface, was a newer and better model too. A panel could be jettisoned from the drum-shaped Service Module to reveal the SIMBAY, a battery of instruments including a deployable subsatellite to map the Moon’s gravitational field and a powerful survey camera to make detailed images of the Moon’s battered peaks and plains.
NASA’s army of technicians was by now making it look very easy send people across deep space to land on another world. Everything went smoothly, too smoothly perhaps as the mission provoked very little interest from the general public; perhaps NASA should have played up the drama. Laden with tools and scientific gear, the Lunar Module Falcon swooped low over the Apennines before descending vertically to touch down near Hadley Rille on 30 July 1971. To be exact, the craft sat at a pronounced tilt 600 m from the planned landing site in a region of the Mare Imbrium called Palus Putredinus, the unattractively named Marsh of Decay. Scott and Irwin found the terrain in the area to be cratered and rolling with a towering backdrop of nearby mountains (Scott took several unique panoramic images by standing on the LM’s Ascent Engine housing and poking his head and shoulders through the docking hatch on Falcon’s roof). The Apennine Mountains, envisioned as steep and jagged, turned out to be gently rounded by nearly four billion years of micrometeoroid impacts. These mountains were why this place had been selected as a landing site. They were suspected to be composed of ancient primordial rock unchanged from the Moon’s then mysterious birth, samples of their material ought to litter the lava plain to provide clues to the Moon’s origin. Another attraction was Hadley Rille, a deep and sinuous channel 450 m deep which wriggled for hundreds of kilometres across the plain.
Shortly after setting foot on the parched grey dust, Scott and Irwin unpacked the folded LRV from its nook in Falcon‘s descent stage. They pulled on two lanyards which released the Rover and let it swing down on its hinges. As it did, it began to unfold. Minutes later it was resting on its wire mesh tyres and ready to go. Scott had the honour of the first test drive, soon he and Irwin were bouncing along towards Hadley Rille at 7mph. (The LRV was not the first wheeled vehicle to roll across the regolith, Lunokhod 1, a Soviet robot was wandering over the Mare Imbrium at that very minute and had been there since the previous December). In the next three days Scott and Irwin made three moonwalks accumulating 18 hours, 35 minutes outside the LM and drove 28 km. After the final EVA Scott performed a famous demonstration of a hammer and feather falling at the same rate in the lunar vacuum. The CSM remained in orbit overhead while Worden performed scientific experiments.
Apollo 15’s crew, all former military airmen, took their role as scientists very seriously to the delight of geologists (a previous Apollo crew had disgruntled the scientists on the ground by taking a flippant attitude to collecting samples, but in contrast Scott and his crew had become genuine rockhounds). Thanks to the astronauts’ skills and enthusiasm, their new gear and the location, this was a hugely productive mission. Perhaps the most important sample found was the “Genesis Rock”, a lump of white crystalline anorthosite, possibly a piece of the Moon’s primordial crust. Apart from meteorites, this is the oldest object in human hands, dated at 4.5 billion years old, only 100 million years younger than the Solar System.
The LM lifted off from the Moon on 2 August after nearly 67 hours on the lunar surface, during this time the astronauts had covered 27.9 km in the LRV, driving right the edge of Hadley Rille. They collected 77 kg of rock and soil samples, treasures more valuable than gold. After rejoining Worden, Endeavour set off towards its homeworld. On 5 August, between the Moon and Earth, Worden carried out the first deep space EVA when he exited the CM and made three trips to the instrument bay at the rear of the SM to retrieve film canisters.
There was a scary moment during the final minutes of the voyage. During descent, one of the three main parachutes failed to open fully, and the CM splashed heavily in the rolling waves of the Pacific Ocean 330 miles north of Honolulu, Hawaii, alarming but not injuring the crew. It was 7 August 1971. After this heroic homecoming, the three astronauts suffered a sudden fall from grace when their management discovered that Apollo 15’s crew had carried postal stamps to the Moon for resale at high prices to collectors. All three were disciplined and never flew in space again. Worden and Scott took desk jobs with NASA for a few years, while Irwin left the agency to become a preacher, involving himself in several quixotic quests to locate Noah’s Ark. Worden and Irwin both visited Armagh Planetarium in the 1970s.
Apollo 15 was in many ways the perfect Apollo mission, the men and their machines did everything that was expected of them. Those were great days!
(Article by Colin Johnston, Science Education Director)
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Improve Your Mind With Music
Intellectually speaking, some days are better than others. Some days, you won't even be able to string a coherent sentence together. Others, you'll be successfully plowing through a report at work and feel like you're on top of the world. Or maybe you'll be playing the best round of golf of your life, and you'll wonder how both your body and your mind can work so well together. It's moments like these that we call peak experiences.
Because they only appear once in a while, usually without warning, we treasure these fleeting moments. But what if these moments were more frequent? What if you could reproduce them at will? What if the key to producing and maintaining these peak experiences was music?
Do you think it's possible to become smarter and think more clearly with music? Can someone become a more effective learner, reader and thinker without even breaking a sweat?
Well, it is possible if you're using learning tools like iMusic, a three-CD music set specifically designed to enhance mental capacities. Read on to discover how listening to tunes can help you optimize your brain and become as smart as you can be.
how the brain worksIf your body was NASA's space program, your brain would be Mission Control. All the workings of your body — blood pressure, sensory activities, movements, breathing, thinking, temperature, and heart rate — are controlled by the brain.
Located in the brain are about a hundred billion neurons that act as computer wires, transmitting information from one sector to another. This information is transmitted electrochemically, an activity that forms what we call brain waves.
The efficiency of the brain is in part dependent on the brain waves under which it operates. For example, if the brain is gradually taken from an alert state to a more relaxed one, it can start working like a finely tuned machine. A good way to induce such a state of mind is through the use of audio stimuli, such as scientifically doctored music.
music for the brainProducts like iMusic can stimulate the brain into leaving its comfort zone, moving onto a much more proactive operational plane. Specifically, here are some results that iMusic can help accomplish:
The cognitive science of music...
Have a question? Get it answered by AskMen's guyQ.
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(Medical Xpress) -- A tiny 3-D collagen "scaffold" developed in a Cornell lab could prove a lifesaver for those who have lost parts of their intestine.
John March, associate professor of biological and environmental engineering, is collaborating with a Pittsburgh pediatric surgeon to turn a research tool engineered in his lab into an artificial intestine to be transplanted into children with short bowel syndrome (SBS), a condition connected to Crohn's disease, necrotizing enterocolitis and birth defects.
Unable to absorb food properly, SBS patients must have nutrients administered directly into their veins, which can cause catheter infections and potentially fatal liver toxicity. The majority of children with the condition require intestinal transplantation, a procedure that is limited by a lack of suitable donors and complications from immunosuppressive therapy.
David Hackam of the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine had been exploring SBS treatments using intestinal stem cells but lacked a suitable artificial matrix to host the cell growth.
Meanwhile, March had developed such a matrix, but lacked access to the intestinal stem cells and the expertise in stem cell biology required for it to become a functional intestine.
He is hopeful that by working together, the pair will come up with a "gut tube reactor" that will facilitate the absorption of nutrients. Stem cells from a patient's own intestine would be grown on a hydrogel mold and then be transplanted into the body to act as an artificial intestine.
The ambitious project -- funded through a $543,571 grant from The Hartwell Foundation -- also has an ambitious timeline: three years.
The scientists will start by implanting the tube into mice and coating it with a nutritional formula to test if the mice are able to absorb the nutrients. If successful, they would then move on to pigs, which share greater similarity with humans and have larger abdominal cavities that will facilitate the scale-up of the artificial intestine to a size appropriate for humans.
"The generation of artificial organs represents an absolute holy grail in medical research; a transformative approach for children with short bowel syndrome that could benefit thousands of children by reducing morbidity and mortality," said Frederick Dombrose, president of The Hartwell Foundation.
The tubes will be based on hydrogel scaffolds developed by Cornell graduate student Jiajie Yu and former postdoctoral researcher Jong Hwan Sung, as reported in the Feb. 7 issue of Lab on a Chip. Their discovery represented a breakthrough in the field, and allowed March's lab to better study drug absorptions and bacteria in the intestine under realistic physiological conditions, rather than relying on two-dimensional cultures or live animal models.
While the original models were done on a tiny scale -- about 1 millimeter high and 200 microns across, visible under a scanning electron microscope -- March said the new tubes will be much larger.
"It's neat that we are going so quickly into applications of our research," he added.
Explore further: Researchers engineer functioning small intestine in laboratory experiments
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Silicon Wafers Market - Global Industry Analysis, Market Size, Share, Growth, Trends And Forecast, 2013 - 2019
Albany, NY (PRWEB) March 01, 2014
A silicon wafer is a thin slice of silicon crystals that can be altered to be used in different types of electronics because silicon is a high quality semiconductor. Wafers are created by a lab-grown crystal growing process. The desired resulting wafer can be obtained by controlling various levels of purity, which can be used for various types of electronics. Silicon wafers are available in various sizes for different applications and can be processed in specialized ways. They are mainly used in the fabrication of integrated circuits (ICs), photoelectric cells, and other micro-devices.
Browse the full report with request TOC at
One of the main drivers of the silicon market is the expansion by semiconductor manufacturers of their manufacturing capacities to meet the ever-growing demand of technologically advancing electronic devices and gadgets. Moreover, owing to their very small size, low weight, high reliability, low power consumption, and easy replacement, they are widely used in automotive controls, daily electronics such as calculators and laptops, solar cells, ship equipments and space craft’s among others. Also, due to an increase in the disposable incomes of consumers in developing regions of Asia-Pacific, there is a high demand for advanced technological gadgets such as smartphones, laptops, and computers.
The production of silicon wafers is a potential environmental threat, as some of the byproducts released are hazardous. It is also a lengthy process, which increases the production cost. Moreover, recycling of silicon wafers also poses a problem due to the costly components involved in recycling. Also, silicon wafers are being replaced by silicon thin films since the latter are lighter, less bulky, and more economically viable in terms of production and usage. With the advancement of technology in applications such as high speed cars, televisions, computers, and phones, there has been a growing demand for silicon wafers, as they are an essential part of the electronic circuit. In addition to this, silicon wafers are now being used in other applications such as military intelligence.
Some of the key manufacturers of silicon wafers include Shin-Etsu Handotai Co. Ltd., MEMC Electronic Materials Inc., LG Siltron Inc., Siltronic AG, Renewable Energy Corporation and SUMCO Corp. among others.
This research report analyzes this market depending on its market segments, major geographies, and current market trends. Geographies analyzed under this research report include
Rest of the World
This report provides comprehensive analysis of
Market growth drivers
Factors limiting market growth
Current market trends
Market projections for upcoming years
This report is a complete study of current trends in the market, industry growth drivers, and restraints. It provides market projections for the coming years. It includes analysis of recent developments in technology, Porter’s five force model analysis and detailed profiles of top industry players. The report also includes a review of micro and macro factors essential for the existing market players and new entrants along with detailed value chain analysis.
Reasons for Buying this Report
This report provides pin-point analysis for changing competitive dynamics
It provides a forward looking perspective on different factors driving or restraining market growth
It provides a technological growth map over time to understand the industry growth rate
It provides a seven-year forecast assessed on the basis of how the market is predicted to grow
It helps in understanding the key product segments and their future
It provides pin point analysis of changing competition dynamics and keeps you ahead of competitors
It helps in making informed business decisions by having complete insights of market and by making in-depth analysis of market segments
It provides distinctive graphics and exemplified SWOT analysis of major market segments
Browse all Market Research reports: http://www.transparencymarketresearch.com
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PERSONAL HEALTH; Tips for the Season of Burgers and Briquettes
By JANE E. BRODY
Published: June 26, 2001
It is now officially summer and peak grilling season has arrived. Although many questions have been raised in recent years about the safety of consuming foods cooked over hot coals, it would be hypocritical of me, the owner of three well-used grills, to suggest avoiding such fare entirely.
Besides, what's a summer without barbecued chicken, grilled vegetables or, occasionally, barbecued ribs, burgers or sausages, especially now that low-fat burgers and sausages can be made with turkey or chicken, as well as beef and pork?
So before you abandon this time-honored and much enjoyed means of preparing food, read on. There are many ways to reduce any health risks that may be involved in barbecued foods.
Health and Safety Concerns
Some studies by cancer researchers have linked the grilling (or broiling) of ''muscle meats'' -- that means beef and other meats, poultry and fish -- to what may be an increased risk of developing certain cancers. When these protein-rich foods are cooked at high temperatures, compounds can form on the surface of the food that cause cancerous tumors in animals. The compounds, called heterocyclic amines, or H.C.A.'s, are produced from amino acids, the building blocks of protein.
In addition, when fat from foods being grilled lands on hot coals or lava or ceramic bricks, substances called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or P.A.H.'s, form and coat the food through smoke and flare-ups. This is most likely to occur when the food being grilled (or broiled) is a muscle meat that contains fat.
Neither H.C.A.'s nor P.A.H.'s have yet been shown to cause cancer in people. Nonetheless, the American Institute for Cancer Research believes that it is wise to modify grilling techniques to reduce exposure to these compounds and to be moderate about consuming meats, poultry and fish that are cooked over (or under) a direct flame.
A health issue of more immediate concern involves the all-too-common practice of placing cooked meats, poultry or fish on the same unwashed platter that held the foods when they were raw. These foods when raw may be contaminated with food-poisoning organisms that are destroyed in cooking but that can recontaminate the food after it is cooked if the platter is not thoroughly washed in between. If the cooked food is not eaten or refrigerated immediately, the organisms can flourish.
Likewise, basting with a marinade that was used to season the raw food, especially when the food is nearly finished cooking, can recontaminate it. It's best to make extra marinade for basting, or boil the marinating liquid briefly before using it to baste the food being grilled. Also, foods should always be marinated in the refrigerator.
Using grills safely to avoid burns is also important, no matter what foods are being cooked. I cannot tell you how many times I have seen people pour lighter fluid on coals that have already started to burn but are not burning fast enough to satisfy the cook. Of course, the label on all cans of lighter fluid warns against that dangerous practice.
Likewise, spraying a hot grate with nonstick cooking spray while it is sitting on a lighted grill can draw fire into the can and result in severe burns. To avoid that hazard, simply remove the grate from the grill, spray it away from the burning coals or gas and then return it to the grill.
Tips to Reduce Carcinogens
In a brochure called ''The Facts About Grilling,'' the American Institute for Cancer Research offers the following suggestions to limit exposure to known carcinogens from grilled foods.
*Marinate meats, poultry and fish in a low-fat marinade before grilling. For reasons not yet known, even a brief time in a marinade reduces the amount of H.C.A. formed, sometimes by as much as 92 percent to 99 percent. Use a marinade that contains an acidic ingredient, like vinegar or citrus juice. Keep the oil in the marinade to a minimum to reduce flare-ups and P.A.H. formation. Fish needs only 15 minutes in a marinade, skinless poultry about half an hour and meats about one hour. See the accompanying box for some suggestions.
*Before marinating and grilling meats and poultry, trim off as much fat as possible. Remove the skin from poultry. In general, avoid high-fat meats like ribs and fatty sausages. Shish kebabs that combine well-trimmed cubes of meat, chicken cutlets, firm fish or shrimp with lots of skewered vegetables are excellent choices.
*The less time foods spend on the grill, the fewer carcinogens form. That is another good reason for preparing kebabs. But the institute also suggests precooking meats, poultry and fish in the oven or microwave, then grilling them briefly to get that barbecued flavor. When preparing ribs or fatty sausages, precooking them in water is a popular technique for reducing the fat and limiting flare-ups.
*To further reduce smoke and flare-ups, cover the grill grate with punctured aluminum foil instead of placing the food directly on the grate, and use tongs or a spatula to turn the food instead of piercing it with a fork, which causes fat-containing juices to drip on the coals. Also, keep a spray bottle of water handy to douse any flare-ups.
*Turn foods often to reduce H.C.A. formation. Recent research showed that cooking burgers at a lower temperature and turning them often speeds the cooking process while effectively killing any bacteria that may be present in the meat.
*Avoid blackened or charred foods. Trim off all charred portions before eating the food.
*Focus on vegetables. Grill marinated vegetables on skewers or on grilling grates designed for that purpose (with openings small enough to keep food from falling through). You can also grill veggie burgers.
In any case, keep meat portions small -- a serving is no bigger than a deck of cards. Pig out on vegetables instead.
Marinades: Simple, Healthful and Tasty
Some of Jane Brody's favorites. Mix ingredients and marinade in the refrigerator.
FOR FISH KEBABS
1 tablespoon olive oil
2 tablespoons Dijon-style mustard
2 tablespoons honey
1 tablespoon dry sherry
1 tablespoon lemon juice
Salt and freshly ground pepper to taste
FOR FISH FILLETS
1/2 cup fresh lemon juice
1/2 cup reduced-sodium soy sauce
2 teaspoons Asian sesame oil
2 teaspoons peeled, finely chopped ginger root
1 teaspoon minced garlic
Freshly ground pepper to taste
FOR MEAT KEBABS
1/2 cup dry red wine
2 tablespoons olive or canola oil
2 tablespoons reduced-sodium soy sauce
2 tablespoons ketchup or tomato sauce
2 teaspoons minced garlic
2 teaspoons grated or minced ginger root
1 1/2 teaspoons curry powder
1/2 teaspoon freshly ground pepper
FOR CHICKEN AND PORK
1/2 cup orange juice
1/4 cup reduced-sodium soy sauce
1/4 cup sherry or rice wine
1 tablespoon honey
1 tablespoon sesame oil
2 teaspoons grated ginger root
1 teaspoon finely minced garlic
1/4 cup white-wine vinegar
2 tablespoons olive oil
1 teaspoon Dijon-style mustard
1 teaspoon minced garlic
1/4 teaspoon salt
Freshly ground pepper to taste
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A new hope for mothers and newborn in Mongolia
Participants to the training
A new hope for Mongolian Mothers and Newborn Babies
Although Mongolia has made remarkable progress in maternal and child health over the last two decades, progress on newborn survival has lagged behind. Currently, 42% of the 2000 deaths of children under the age of five happen during the first 28 days since birth. With nearly 98% of taking place in health facilities, additional efforts are needed to improve the quality of care and adoption of best care practices by health workers.
Much to the delight of UNICEF and partners, the Government of Mongolia has declared 2014 to be the year of Maternal and Child Health. The Ministry of Health jointly with UNICEF and the WHO recently convened a newborn care action planning meeting. Speaking at the inaugural session, Dr. Udval the Minister for Health encouraged the participants to develop with home grown solutions to improve the health system and tackle community engagement challenges.
“This newborn action plan is the best gift we can give to children of Mongolia this year” remarked Mohamed Malick Fall, the UNICEF country representative. He also reiterated UNICEF’s full support to develop and implement the action plan. The recent UNICEF-supported formative research and Lot Quality Assurance Sampling survey provided very useful insights that fed into the evidence-based planning process. Dr. Nabila Zaka from UNICEF EAPRO and Dr. Howard Sobel from WHO WPRO shared regional perspectives and international experiences.
An interactive session during the workshop helped participants understand the importance of early essential newborn care.
A wide range of partners from national and sub-national levels participated in discussions around the prioritization of activities and in developing a long-term plan reflecting elements from the 2014-2020 WHO-UNICEF Regional Action Plan for Healthy Newborns. A detailed and costed implementation plan will be developed to set-up a centre of excellence for newborn training, team-based learning approaches and supportive supervision to foster best practices, updating the clinical guidelines and packaging these into comprehensive facility packages, increasing demand among parents and tackling the issues of financial protection and sustainable supplies. The essence of the action plan is the focus on “early essential newborn care”, given that the first 3 days are the most critical in saving newborn babies’ lives. Simple practices, such as immediate drying, delayed cord clamping, skin-to-skin contact and exclusive breast feeding for all newborns can prevent many complications. Similarly, using Kangaroo Mother Care for stable pre-term and low-birth weight babies can reduce their dependence on expensive newborn intensive care units and free these facilities for babies in greater need. Maternal health and newborn health are inseparable. Therefore, integral elements of the plan include attention to quality intra-partum care, reduction of un-necessary C sections and timely management of prolonged and obstructed labour.
Dr. Surenchimeg, UNICEF Mongolia Health Specialist, expressed her confidence in seeing how the Ministry of Health leadership, as well as its and partnership with WHO, UNFPA, professional associations and communities will make the plan a success.
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From Rome, Georgia, USA:
My nine year old daughter has had typeá1 diabetes for two years, and today, we received the news that she has a thyroid problem which will require taking Synthyroid [a brand of synthetic thyroid hormone] once a day. Why is it common for people with diabetes to develop thyroid problems? Is it forever? Will the medicine have side effects? How will it help her?
When someone has an autoimmune disorder such as typeá1A diabetes, they are prone to have other autoimmune disorders. About one in five people with diabetes also have thyroid disease. It, too, is autoimmune and will destroy the thyroid gland. Once diagnosed, treatment is needed for life. Untreated, hair falls out, skin gets dry, women stop menstruating, little girls won't develop. What we are doing is replacing a hormone that the body needs but can longer make, just like we replace missing insulin. So treat it.
Original posting 6 Feb 2002
Posted to Thyroid
Last Updated: Tuesday April 06, 2010 15:09:30
This Internet site provides information of a general nature and is designed for educational purposes only. If you have any concerns about your own health or the health of your child, you should always consult with a physician or other health care professional.
This site is published by T-1 Today, Inc. (d/b/a Children with Diabetes), a 501c3 not-for-profit organization, which is responsible for its contents. Our mission is to provide education and support to families living with type 1 diabetes.
© Children with Diabetes, Inc. 1995-2016. Comments and Feedback.
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Today, taking a new road. The University of Houstonís College of Engineering presents this series about the machines that make our civilization run, and the people whose ingenuity created them.
As we all know from experience, when too many cars are on the road, traffic slows down. So we build more roads. New roads give the road network more capacity and help speed things up. The new roads may help a lot, or just a little, but they certainly canít make our trip any longer. Or can they?
In 1969 German mathematician Dietrich Braess showed that adding a road could actually increase travel time for everyone involved. Imagine waking up for a morning trip to work after a new roadís been opened, and finding that your commute — and everyone elseís — just got longer. It sounds paradoxical. And, in fact, it is. Itís known as Braessís Paradox.
Braessís paradox hinges on the very reasonable assumption that drivers will try to find the route to work that minimizes their own, personal travel time. When a new road opens, drivers may flock to it. But if everyone does the same thing their new route may be clogged. As a result, drivers may try a different route the following day. After a few days or weeks, people find the route that seems fastest for them. Traffic settles into a state of equilibrium. Braess showed that there are examples where, when all the dust settles, thereís a unique equilibrium where everyone is now taking longer to get to work than they did before.
Interestingly, Braessís paradox isnít some bizarre theoretical construct, but has actually been observed in practice. Another way of looking at Braessís paradox is that if we close existing roads, we may actually see peopleís travel times decrease.
In the early two-thousands, when city planners in Seoul, South Korea, replaced a six lane highway with a five mile long park, traffic flow improved. In 1969, congestion in Stuttgart, Germany improved only after a newly built section of road was shut down.
Closer to home, New Yorkís Mayor Bloomberg spearheaded experimental road closures in 2009. At issue were two sections of Broadway where it obliquely crosses major north/south boulevards at Times and Herald Squares. The experiment was pitched as a way to reduce congestion. Projections were high, with travel times estimated to fall up to forty percent on some streets. When the numbers came in they werenít as lofty as advertised. But overall congestion appeared to have dropped. The experiment was deemed a success and the road closures were made permanent. Times and Herald Squares are now home to successful pedestrian plazas — plazas that havenít exacerbated traffic headaches.
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Although I have no intention of homeschooling Riley, I do have several learning goals for her before she officially starts school. I want to teach her to read and write her alphabet, her name and our phone number so as to be better prepared for kindergarten.
We're busy learning letter sounds, but I soon realized that I needed a fun and easy way to enrich Riley's phonics skills. As always, Educational Insights was right there with a terrific toy to teach beginning reading fundamentals. Keep reading to learn more about the Teaching Tiles Early Learning System!
Use a Hands-On Approach to Teach Phonics Skills
The Beginning Reading Center is a hands-on approach to developing beginning reading and phonics skills, such as letter-sound relationships, vocabulary, comprehension, spelling and sentence formation. Young learners practice these important early skills using a combination of fun manipulative materials - large, chunky tiles, a "work" tray and colorful, self-checking activity cards.
Children are made readers on the laps of their parents. ~ Emilie Buchwald
- 100 plastic tiles
- 26 lowercase letter tiles
- 38 picture tiles
- 36 word tiles
- Work tray
- 50 self-checking activity cards
- Teacher's guide
The tile borders are color-coded to go with the activity cards, enabling students to easily determine the tiles necessary for the task. For example, all letter tiles and the cards with which they are used have blue borders. The tiles, tray and activity cards in your Beginning Reading Center make a motivating learning center activity. You can even use your Beginning Reading Center for teacher-directed activities with individuals or small groups.
Fun Activities to Reinforce Beginning Phonics Skills
Listen and Find
Lay an assortment of picture tiles on a table. Say a clue about a picture, and have your child find a corresponding tile. Some ideas include: "Find a picture that begins with a 'b'." or "Find a picture that has a short 'a' in its name."
Let your child combine the picture tiles and word tiles to create simple rebus sentences. Then have them read their sentences to back to you.
Use the letter tiles to reinforce spelling and phonics skills. Have your child form words with the tiles while giving them criteria like: "Make a word that rhymes with 'hen'." or "Make a word that ends in 't'."
I loved using the Teaching Tiles Early Learning System with Riley. There were so many engaging phonics skills activities included which really helped capture her attention. Having all of the colorful and coordinated tiles coupled with the challenging activity cards also made for wonderful learning manipulatives. Of course, the hardest part for us is teaching the vowel sounds, but I've found that playing the Listen and Find game has helped immensely. She's almost got it!
Teaching my child to read and develop a love of books is one of the best gifts I can impart to her. Thankfully, the Teaching Tiles Early Learning System Beginning Reading Center is making this daunting task much easier than it was before. I just know that before too long, my daughter will be a brand new reader!
Disclosure: I received the Teaching Tiles Early Learning System Beginning Reading Center from Educational Insights in order to facilitate my review. No other compensation was received. This product review is based on my own personal experiences with this item and is completely honest and objective.
I'm a former 7th grade Science teacher turned stay-at-home mom that lives in Houston, Texas. I am married to my college sweetheart and have a beautiful daughter named Riley, who definitely keeps me on my toes! I am also involved in starting a small business which would both manufacture and sell an invention that I've patented, called Toothpaste 2 Go. I love interacting with my readers and hope to learn as much about you as you learn about me!
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August 1997 // Volume 35 // Number 4 // Research in Brief // 4RIB1
Plausible Uses and Limitations of Videoconferencing as a Tool for Achieving Technology Transfer
An investigation into the utilization of videoconferencing at a Texas Agricultural Research and Experiment Station (Center) was conducted. End users of videoconferencing were identified and how well their interests were being served was ascertained. The purpose of this case study was to present the successes and limitations of videoconferencing as experienced during a three-and-a-half year period. Recommendations for improving the use of videoconferencing technology in the attainment of the Center's mission include support services and on-line scheduling.
If there was a way to describe the impact of an emerging tech-nology on society, it would have to be that today's novelty becomes tomorrow's convention (Keyes, 1995). Today videoconferencing technology is being introduced to a hopeful but wary public that is as fascinated by the novelty of videoconferencing technology as it is perplexed by its complexity. The way in which new technologies are developed and demonstrated can determine whether or not that technology is successfully adopted.
The demand for information from the Extension staff is tremendous and it is becoming more evident that they are not capable of providing all of the information requested by their clients using traditional contact methods such as farm visits, group meetings, and newsletters. In such situations, mass media methods are used to reach large numbers of people(Swanson, 1984). According to Wilson and Gallup (1955) mass media teaching loses some intensity when compared with personal contact, but the sheer numbers of people reached and the cost efficiency of mass media methods more than offsets the loss of intensity.
Videoconferencing and other distance learning technologies can facilitate and enhance the work carried out by scientists, professors, and other Extension personnel. For the most part, these professionals are in the business of technology transfer to address human needs in rural areas and, increasingly, in urban settings as well. Accordingly, the tools of distance education can allow a broader audience to be reached with a more direct flow of information.
The Trans Texas Videoconferencing Network (TTVN), is a system of two-way interactive compressed video that utilizes digital, high-speed telecommunications circuits. TTVN serves the Texas A&M University System, including universities, agricultural research and experiment stations, and the Texas Agricultural Extension Service (TAEX), connecting over 40 sites throughout Texas and a site in Mexico City.
This case study was conducted at a Texas Agricultural Research and Experiment Station, the Center, in South Texas. Major areas of research at the Center are citrus, vegetables, field crops, ornamental plants, irrigation and pest control.
The purpose of the current study was to ascertain the plausible uses and limitations of videoconferencing technology in furthering the mission of the Center and conducting Extension work.
The methodology employed in this case study was exploratory and will serve as a first step in developing a formative evaluation. Investigators spent two days visiting the Center, interviewing administrators, researchers, support staff and Extension agents. A semi-structured interview guide allowed the interviewers to pursue lines of inquiry that explored areas of recurring themes and also unanticipated issues that might emerge.
Interviews were arranged with the director of the Research Center and directors of the Extension Service's Agriculture and Family Consumer Science programs. Information obtained from them included examples of various uses of video-conferencing and names of individuals whose experiences could contribute to the study.
Questions about experiences with TTVN sessions for the purpose of collaborating on grant writing and conducting scientific exchanges were distributed to members of a Melon Research Group listserv via electronic mail. County Extension agents served by the Center were contacted by phone to obtain their perceptions on the uses of videoconferencing to accomplish their goals.
Additionally, the Center's videoconference schedule was obtained for the years since the Center began using TTVN (May, 1993 through the end of 1996). The information was analyzed by type of application.
According to the Center director, "the evolution of distance learning has been an experience in flying by the seat of our pants. When it started we really didn't know what to expect or what to anticipate. But we are learning." Three-and-a-half years after the initial transmission, patterns of use have begun to develop at the Center.
Analysis of the Center's Videoconference Schedule revealed the following uses of videoconferences: (a) university courses, (b) continuing education and staff development,(c) administrative activities,(d) TAEX outreach, (e) scientific collaboration, and (f) public special interest groups.
University courses included business, mathematics, agri- culture, and engineering. After the first year, university courses dominated the usage of TTVN at the Center, consistently accounting for over 60% of scheduled videoconference events.
Continuing education classes include professional develop- ment in business and health related fields. Staff development activities are offered in-house to Center staff and to Extension personnel. Continuing education opportunities actually dropped in the utilization of TTVN, falling from 68% during 1993, before college courses were offered, to 12% during the fourth year.
The use of TTVN to handle administrative duties remained fairly stable. Between 8% and 14% of scheduled videoconferencing sessions were administrative.
The fourth category represents outreach efforts of the Extension Service including 4-H, Master Gardener, and the Una Vida Mejor programs. These programs have accounted for a very small portion of the total TTVN use ranging from less than 1% in 1994 to 8% in 1995.
Scientific collaboration involved some joint grant writing efforts and the formation of a "brown bag" lunch meeting of melon researchers who used videoconferences as a way to exchange current research information. During 1993 scientific collaboration activities accounted for 3% of the scheduled use and fell to 0% when college courses began to be offered through TTVN. During the last two years research use has been just over 2% of total use.
Finally, a variety of public forum and special interest group activities that involved some individual initiative by community end users accounted for 5% of the use in 1993 and stayed at 4% through 1996.
|Number of Scheduled Videoconferences by Year and Application|
|Categories of TTVN Use||1993A||1994||1995||1996|
|University Credit Courses||0||250||227||235|
|Continuing Education/Staff Development||141||90||24||45|
|TAEX Exension Activities||5||2||27||27|
|TAES Scientific Collaboration||6||0||9||8|
|Public Special Interest||11||17||13||15|
|A 1993 began in May and therefore does not represent a complete year.|
Perhaps the area that generated the greatest concern at the Center was scheduling. Scheduling is a problem, especially with multi-site transmissions. An administrator told of some of her scheduling dilemmas: "When I chaired the committee, I coordinated and considered all schedules. I had to decide between having six individuals participate versus eight...and then to decide which individuals would be excluded, whose participation was critical. I had to find what sites were available and that also determined who would participate. It is a bubble that could burst at any time...and then I have to rebuild it again."
She also reflected on using the same system as the university and the tenuous feeling of never really knowing whether one's plans are secure or whether she could be bumped at a very late moment. "We have a partnership and we are a second class audience; priority is [university] classroom scheduling and sometimes that has to do with the room only, not the equipment."
It is this reported unreliability and the conflicts which have arisen that has resulted in the decline in usage of the TTVN for continuing education and staff development purposes. Meanwhile, university course delivery has proliferated.
TTVN facilities are located at universities and research centers of the Texas A&M University System throughout the state. However, for many of the Extension agents and the rural clientele of many Extension programs, the closest facility is inconveniently located. Many agents mentioned the fact that they were fifty miles or more away from a TTVN site as a factor limiting their use of the system. Remarks such as "getting people to come to local programs is hard enough, but asking people to drive an hour in order to watch a presentation on TV is too much", suggest a need to improve the system's accessability. One of the researchers in the Melon Research Group responded "I would like to be able to use it [TTVN] for agent training and Master Gardener training, but there are just not enough sites located conveniently for all those who would want to attend."
The knowledge required to effectively use the TTVN equipment is not very great but it does require an introduction and some practice. In most cases, those who are using the system to accomplish programmatic goals, who are not teaching a regularly scheduled class, are not confident of their mastery of the technology. Some expressed their feeling as awkward. "Each time I use it I have to relearn the process for working the different cameras". Also, there is difficulty in troubleshooting, not knowing where the problem lies when a failure occurs.
Distance education efforts should be learner focused, with teachers providing an environment for interactive learning. Our informants recognized the need to enhance their presentations, to become more polished, more animated, and to maintain a smooth camera image. This was seen as a chore and some noted, "Perhaps we should look to video production specialists for tips and training."
Several individuals expressed concern about the loss of personal contact with their clients and peers while conducting activities over TTVN. One Extension staff member lamented: " As an educator I feel that in isolating the teacher from the learners, the passion is lost, it's not the same." Extension agents stressed the importance of face-to-face contact and were in agreement that "... it is through working individually with the clientele that the Extension worker learns about the people of the area, how they think, what their needs are, and how they carry on their work ." (Swanson, 1984, p. 130)
Plan of Action
The lack of a mission statement calling for greater use of TTVN technology in Extension and research is evident. Current usage is by individual choice. While use of this technology is embraced by a few individuals who are willing to take risks, many others continue to work with traditional methods.
Extension personnel should be encouraged to assess each duty that they perform to determine whether it could be more economic- ally and efficiently accomplished when conducted through TTVN.
Regularly scheduled blocks of time for university courses severely limited the scheduling options available for other uses. It is foreseeable that in order to ensure an increase in Extension use of the TTVN system, including Extension outreach and scientific collaboration, another connection to support an additional ELMO document camera and monitor located in a second classroom must be provided.
The current scheduling system is unsatisfactory and does not allow for the needs of Extension or research priorities. A user friendly, on-line scheduling system that provides immediate feedback and confirmation should be designed and implemented to overcome system-wide scheduling headaches.
Short of establishing a second TTVN site, reservation of time slots should be made for non-university, Center activities to ensure that predictable blocks of time are available for scientific collaboration and Extension work. Reserved time slots should be based upon end user patterns and the systematic input of all potential end users.
The technical demands of TTVN technology and the amount of preparation and enhanced presentation skills required have an intimidating effect on potential end users. Adequate training must be provided for end users. Videoconference specialists need to be employed in order to assure on-hand technical support. Also, all sites on the TTVN system should be upgraded so that peripheral devices can be successfully used in presentations of detailed scientific slides.
A training program that will provide presenters with needed skills and confidence will enable them to make interesting presentations and conduct skillful interactions with other end users. Peer review could also provide suggestions to improve the learning environment on TTVN. Ideally the Center would model effective videoconference instructional design and methods within an interactive environment.
This study reveals that Extension and research work at this Texas Agricultural Experiment Station has only begun the first mile of the journey toward efficient use of videoconferencing technology. Nonetheless, the advantages of time and expense savings were noted without exception among informants. It was also clear to the informants that increased frequency of contact and opportunities for broader interaction outweighed the disadvantages of teaching with TTVN as encountered at the Center. The one exception was in the area of outreach where personal contact is predominantly preferred.
The Texas Agricultural Research and Experiment Station has changed due to the introduction of videoconferencing in 1993. Framing the context of the center's role Center Director Dr. Jose Amador stated "What you have to understand is that the Center is in the business of demonstrating technology and what it can do. And our role here at the Center is to provide the setting, the equipment, and the link, as well as handle some administrative and logistical tasks. Once people have seen the technology in action, it is up to them to develop the applications."
As a working model, the experience of the Melon Research Group and their "brown bag" lunch meetings have proven to be a very good use of TTVN. "The TTVN sessions have proven to be an excellent tool for exchange of current work in Texas, particularly for off-campus centers". Several researchers stressed the timeliness of the information exchange as in "knowing what melon diseases are threatening". Similar applications can be found wherever Extension professionals from different locations are engaged in common or like projects.
A Tropical Fruits class that was team taught by a faculty member at College Station and a scientist at the Center is a promising example of how complementary professionals can be brought together. This type of team work can be further developed with supportive administrative policies and planning.
In a broader application of TTVN, ways to integrate communications among all of the agricultural components of the Texas A&M University System can be achieved. Particular emphasis should be placed on facilitating the critical links between research and Extension activities.
Videoconferencing technology at the Center holds much promise for furthering the mission and goals of the Texas Agricultural Research and Experiment Station and the Texas Agricultural Extension Service. With timely adjustments and improved planning, the Center can move from promise to fulfill- ment, ensuring more efficient and effective service to the public.
Amador, Jose (1996, December 12). Personal interview.
Garza, Bertha (1996, December 12). Personal interview.
Jacques, Ubaldo (December 11,1996). Personal Interview.
Keyes, J. (1995). Technology trendlines. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Miller, Marvin (1996, December 11). Personal interview.
Swanson, B. E. (1984) Agricultural Extension: A resource manual. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois.
Swietlik, Dariusz (1996, December 11). Personal interview.
Texas Agricultural Research and Experiment Station (1996). Videoconference schedule (1993-1996). Weslaco, Texas.
Warren, Doyle (1996, December 12). Personal interview.
Willie, Celina (1996, December 12). Personal interview.
Wilson, M.C. & Gallup, G.(1955). Extension teaching methods. Washington, DC; Extension Service, U.S. Government Printing Office.
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Being aware of the realities of the chocolate industry and its sad use of child labor, I have sometimes found myself in an awkward position in the grocery store. Staring at the shelf holding the chocolate bars and cocoa powder my eyes have wandered back and forth from the fair trade chocolate and the regular brands. There is often a large price difference. I glance at my cart and mentally calculate the price of what I have already. Do I have enough money to buy the more expensive fair trade chocolate?
In this moment, I think about the child slave labor that too often happens at the chocolate plantations. I also know that some farmers don’t make enough to buy simple necessities for their families. Sometimes their children are out putting pesticides and other chemicals down on the farm without proper protective gear. Sometimes boys are held captive and not paid for backbreaking work and heartbreaking treatment. That, by the way, describes slavery. The state department estimates that 15,000 children between the ages of 9 and 12 have been forced into slavery on cotton, coffee and chocolate plantations in recent years on the northern Ivory Coast.
I am just one consumer making one simple purchase. But while a single drop of rain may not water a desert, I would like to be part of a growing rainfall of concerned people trying to make better choices.
However, whenever you approach a topic like fair trade, you quickly realize the many different angles of the topic. Yet, the overarching principle of fair trade is simple, give a fair price to farmers. The chocolate industry makes a hefty profit. Fair trade tries to promote sharing some of that profit with the farmers. I can understand and appreciate that principle, even though the ins and outs of making that happen is often more complicated than at first glance.
For example, many experts do not necessarily promote boycotting companies, such as Hershey’s, which does not currently have good standards for buying slave-free chocolate. In fact, the company has been involved with labor abuse in the U.S. But if enough people boycotted Hershey’s, it could have an even more devastating effect on poor farmers. Rather, we are encouraged to put pressure on companies to conform to better and fairer standards.
And of course, buying from and supporting companies who do sell fair trade chocolate is an excellent way to support slave-free, fairly priced chocolate. There is a lot of beautiful chocolate now available in the marketplace which is both fair trade and delicious.
For me, when I buy chocolate or cocoa powder, I generally try to buy a trusted, fair trade brand. I even cut back on our chocolate consumption so that I could buy the more expensive fair trade brands.
For more information on this topic, you can read the following:
- Information on slavery on the cocoa bean farms
- How to take action
- For some differing views on fair trade chocolate, read here
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Human beings are agents: They may exert influence over their own fate. They initiate their actions, experience a considerable degree of freedom and control in their mundane activities, and respond adversely to external constraints to their agency; they are able to monitor and modify their moti vation, affective states, and behavior. Since the sixties, the notion of person-as-agent has become increas ingly accepted in scientific psychology. Nowadays, personal control is a standard topic in research on personality, motivation, and social behavior. The most popular approach identifies personal control with a feeling or judgment: To have control means to perceive the self as a source of causa tion. Within this perspective, such consciously accessible contents like perceived freedom and self-determination, feelings and expectations of control, or perceived self-efficacy and competence emerge as natural tar gets of research (see e.g., Alloy, Clements, & Koenig, 1993; Bandura, 1977; OeCharms, 1968; Oeci & Ryan, 1985; Harvey, 1976; Rotter, 1966; Thomp son, 1993; Wortman, 1975).
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Rent Personal Control in Action 1st edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Miroslaw Kofta. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Springer.
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English | Romantic Literature
L332 | 22310 | Mary Favret
L332 22310 ROMANTIC LITERATURE
4:00p-5:15p TR (30 students) 3 cr. A&H.
This course will cover the literature of the Romantic period in
Great Britain, roughly 1780-1832, considered one of the most
influential eras in modernity. It was an age that defined both
revolutionary and reactionary politics, underwent global wars as
well as the rise of imperialism, industrialization, and consumerism.
In the process it forged notions of freedom, consciousness, passion,
and history in forms we still grapple with today. Throughout, the
course will be organized along the fault-line between inner and
outer worlds; we will watch how and to what effect these worlds were
constructed, threatened, and even destroyed in the romantic writing.
We will read poetry, fiction, drama and prose, by writers well known
(such as Wordsworth, Keats, Byron, Austen) and less well known
(Barbauld, Hunt, Hazlitt); we’ll look at paintings and at least one
film; and we’ll take advantage of the resources of the IU libraries
for final research projects.
Requirements: Devoted attendance, attentive reading, and engaging
discussion from all members of the class; bi-weekly responses to the
reading via Oncourse; two analytic papers (one 4-5, one 6-8 pages),
a mid-term and a concluding cumulative project (10-15pp).
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I once read that climates had an effect on how languages evolved. Sharp, crisp sounds travel better in colder temperatures, which is why northern places have names like Reykjavík and Tuktoyaktuk, and softer, vowel-based sounds do well in warm climates, hence names like Maui and O’ahu and Kahului in Hawaii. I have no idea if that’s true or not, but it would certainly go a ways towards explaining the evolution of hockey language.
It’s not easy to communicate on the ice. Crowd noise is amplified by the bowl of boards and glass and ice, while a cacophony of skates, bodies, sticks and pucks demand a speaking (yelling) style that’s short, loud, and to the point.
Because it’s difficult only makes it more essential.
Why clear communication is key
The climate - not just the temperature, but the intensity and animosity, the infrequency with which you find yourself close enough to actually speak to teammates, and the general desperation that comes with defending - has developed a language where a word means a sentence, and those words are pretty short.
As an example, here’s Matt Cooke communicating with linemates a year ago.
During play - short and to the point
With only seconds to deliver information and many hurdles to clear, on-ice direction must get to the point and resonate clearly. Some common examples:
- “Wheel”: Take the puck behind the net and skate it up yourself .
- “Glass”: Shoot the puck off the glass and out of the zone.
- “Deep”: Dump the puck in, I need to change.
- “Yep/Hey”: I’m open, pass me the puck.
- “Two”: You’re not alone, you have a passing option.
- “Switch”: Leave the guy you’re covering and take the other one, I’ll do the same.
- “Behind”: Hey defensemen, a player has snuck behind you, watch for a breakaway pass.
There are dozens of them. Between the whistles, the fluid nature of hockey has forced players to form a common language that can be spoken from team to team.
After the whistle - everybody on the same page
Before the puck drops, you’re afforded a few more seconds to communicate. In the Conference Final, we saw the Rangers score a goal on a faceoff play from their own zone, where I had hypothesized that the Canadiens intentionally lost the draw in the interest of running their own “set piece” of sorts, to steal a soccer term.
There was some confirmation that this is something the Habs do occasionally in a mic’d up video from the NHL yesterday. Here’s Brendan Gallagher asking Max Pacioretty if he’s going to lose the draw on purpose in that same series:
As we saw when the Rangers scored off that Habs offensive-zone lost draw, you have to be prepared for a multitude of faceoff outcomes. Desharnais tells Gallagher to “jump” - as in, “jump” through the circle behind the Rangers center, because if Desharnais does lose it Gallagher will be in on the forecheck quickly, and if they win it he can go to the net for a screen, tip or rebound.
If he wanted to dictate a similar message during play, that chat simply becomes “JUMP!”
Adjustments on the fly
Few sports require hockey’s simultaneously awareness of offense and defense. In the o-zone, you honor that by keeping a high forward even when you have possession. “HIGH, HIGH, HIGH!” On defense, we see it when players fly the zone and try to get breakaways on 50/50 pucks. “BEHIND, BEHIND, BEHIND!”
Endless goals have been scored and stopped based on a shared single word. It’s hard enough to work through line changes, defensive rotations and offensive ideas in the regular season - in the loud, frenzied environment of a Stanley Cup Final, clear communication will be crucial.
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Special education and related services are available to resident children attending public, private and parochial schools who are identified as being educationally disabled in any of the following areas:
- Specific learning disabilities
- Emotional disturbance
- Intellectual disability
- Speech or language impairment
- Orthopedic impairment
- Other health impairments
- Visual impairment/blind
- Hearing impairment and deafness
- Traumatic brain injury
- Young child with a developmental delay
- Multiple disabilities
Special education and related services are offered to eligible students starting on their third birthday and continuing to age 21. Services are provided within the local district, through State School Programs for Severely Disabled, by contractual agreement with the Department of Elementary and Secondary Education-approved not-for-profit agencies, or purchase of services from neighboring school districts. For more information about special education services, contact the special services department at 636-327-3800, ext. 20341.
The Health Services department consists of nurses with specialized expertise in addressing the well-being, academic success and lifelong achievement of students. The nurses accomplish this through: facilitating positive responses to normal development, by promoting wellness, health and safety, by intervening in actual or potential health problems; by collaborating with other staff to address student needs for self-management, by working as case managers, student advocates and educators. In addition, the nurses advocate for health and wellness promotion to parents and the surrounding community. For more information, contact the special services department at 636-327-3800 ext. 20342.
Horizons (Gifted and Talented):
The Wentzville School District Gifted Program, known as Horizons, serving children in elementary, middle and high school who have been identified as possessing superior general intellectual ability. These students demonstrate excellence in most academic areas as opposed to a single area and maintain consistently high performance in reasoning and conceptualizing skills and the unusual ability to use divergent and evaluative thinking skills. The identification procedures used by the Wentzville School District are those approved by the Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. Students are referred based on classroom performance and standardized achievement scores (MAP). In order to qualify for placement, students must score a 125 or above on an individual intelligence test and at the 95 percentile on either an individual achievement test or a test measuring outstanding creative abilities. For more information, contact the office of your child's school or the Department of Special Services at 636-327-3800, ext. 20342.
Drug-Free Schools Program:
A building based Drug-Free School program works with schools, parents and the community to heighten awareness about and prevent the abuse of drugs and alcohol. Through this program, the District works with the Wentzville Police and Lake Saint Louis Police to provide D.A.R.E. (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) at the elementary level. A few programs may be support groups for students affected by chemical dependency, drug awareness week activities, conflict mediation training, and faculty in-service on identifying and referring students with symptoms of substance abuse. For more information contact teh special services department at 636-327-3800 ext 20342.
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Liver cancer affects over 2,800 people in the UK each year, of which nearly 2,700 die, according to Cancer Research UK. Surgery is the best option, but is unsuitable for most patients, and liver tumours are very resistant to chemotherapy. The American Cancer Society estimates that 18,510 new cases of primary livercancer and bile duct cancer will be diagnosed in the United States during2006, and around 16,200 people will die of liver cancer.
Studies in mice by Zhi Yuan and his team at Nankai University, China, revealed that the liquorice compounds, glycerrhetinic acid and glycerrhizic acid, preferentially accumulate in the liver. And when attached to anti-tumours drugs, they are more effective tissue-specific drug carriers than the traditionally used antibodies and oligopeptides (Polymer International DOI 10.1002/pi.2051). 'Our primary results show that they are effective as liver targeting carriers,' says Yuan. Clinical trials are planned for the near future. In addition, glycerrhizic acid is tens of thousands of times cheaper and easier to isolate than the antibodies usually used.
Tim Meyer, Consultant Medical Oncologist at the Royal Free Hospital London agrees, that tissue-specific drugs could potentially provide more effective treatment, because a higher concentration of the drug is delivered to the tumour. This would reduce the dose required and significantly decrease toxic effects on other parts of the body.
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http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-news/Liquorice-cancer-care-3580-1/
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| 0.937363
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Comprehensive Travel Management
Comprehensive travel management is the proactive management of public access, natural resources, and regulatory needs to ensure that all aspects of road and trail system planning are considered. This includes resource management, road and trail design, maintenance, recreation, and non-recreational uses. Travel activities in this context incorporate access needs and take into consideration the effects of all forms of travel, both motorized and non-motorized.
The BLM implements travel plans in a holistic approach, providing clear direction for access and recreation opportunities, while also protecting sensitive natural areas. Aspects of this strategy include signs, maps, maintenance, construction, field presence, monitoring, education, law enforcement and closures.
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Jacob Wrestles with God
Questions for Study 21
Memory Verses: 32:28
AFTER ANSWERING PLEASE CLICK HERE TO READ THE COMMENTARY.
BEFORE ANSWERING PLEASE CLICK HERE TO VIEW A MAP OF JACOB'S ERA.
BEFORE ANSWERING PLEASE CLICK HERE TO VIEW A CHART OF JACOB AND HIS FAMILY.
1. As Jacob drew near to his home country, what problem loomed larger and larger? (27:41) Could he return to where he had been? (31:51-53) How do you think he felt about his life situation now?
2. What happened on the way? (32:1) Why? How did Jacob respond? (2) Do you think he found relief?
3. When Jacob sent word of his coming to Esau, what was Esau's response? (3-6) How did Jacob interpret this response? What did he do?
4. Study Jacob's prayer in 9-12. What was his one request? On what did he base this plea for God's help? Did he find peace and freedom from fear through his prayer? Why?
5. What did Jacob do to appease Esau? (13-21) Did this solve his fear problem? Why?
6. Describe the wrestling match that occurred that night. (22-26) Who was Jacob's adversary? (28) What was significant about Jacob's being alone? Why did he demand a blessing? What do you think he wanted?
7. What is significant about the change of Jacob's name? What is the significance of this event in Jacob's life?
8. Describe Jacob's meeting with Esau. What is the significance of this meeting? Why did he say that seeing Esau's face was "like seeing the face of God"? (33:10)
9. Why did Jacob settle at Succoth? Why was this not good in God's sight?
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http://www.stephenricker.com/study/genesis/GenesisStudy21questions.htm
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| 0.973215
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FACT: Tree resins were among the earliest additives to wine. Ancient humans made several intuitive leaps that lead to this development: if a tree oozed resin to heal a cut in its bark, then applying resin to a human wound should serve to cure it, and, by extension, drinking a wine laced with a tree resin could both help to treat internal maladies and prevent the dreaded “wine disease.”
Ancient Wine: The Search for the Origins of Viniculture
Patrick E. McGovern
The history of civilization is, in many ways, the history of wine. This book is the first comprehensive and up-to-date account of the earliest stages of vinicultural history and prehistory, which extends back into the Neolithic period and beyond. Elegantly written and richly illustrated, Ancient Wine opens up whole new chapters in the fascinating story of wine and the vine by drawing upon recent archaeological discoveries, molecular and DNA sleuthing, and the texts and art of long-forgotten peoples.
Patrick McGovern takes us on a personal odyssey back to the beginnings of this consequential beverage when early hominids probably enjoyed a wild grape wine. We follow the course of human ingenuity in domesticating the Eurasian vine and learning how to make and preserve wine some 7,000 years ago. Early winemakers must have marveled at the seemingly miraculous process of fermentation. From success to success, viniculture stretched out its tentacles and entwined itself with one culture after another (whether Egyptian, Iranian, Israelite, or Greek) and laid the foundation for civilization itself. As medicine, social lubricant, mind-altering substance, and highly valued commodity, wine became the focus of religious cults, pharmacopoeias, cuisines, economies, and society. As an evocative symbol of blood, it was used in temple ceremonies and occupies the heart of the Eucharist. Kings celebrated their victories with wine and made certain that they had plenty for the afterlife. (Among the colorful examples in the book is McGovern’s famous chemical reconstruction of the funerary feast—and mixed beverage—of “King Midas.”) Some peoples truly became “wine cultures.”
“No one is better qualified to sift through the widely scattered clues [to the origins of winemaking] than McGovern, a skilled scientific sleuth who wields the most powerful tools of modern chemistry in his search for the roots of ancient wines.”—J. Madeleine Nash, Time Magazine
“A rich treasury of lore on viticulture. . . . McGovern’s book will likely remain a standard in every serious wine-lover’s library for a long time. To that achievement–and to glorious wine itself—let us raise our glasses high.”—Laurence A. Marschall, Natural History
We invite you to read Chapter 1 here: http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s7591.pdf
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Local Freshwater Quality in Canada
For the 2010 to 2012 period, freshwater quality was rated at 336 monitoring sites across Canada, 172 core sites and 164 local sites, by determining if chemicals in water and water's physical properties were at levels that could harm aquatic plants and animals. Core sites have been chosen to represent how humans have influenced water quality in the most populated parts Canada. Local sites provide more information about freshwater quality across Canada; they are not used to assess overall freshwater quality in Canada.Footnote
Freshwater quality at monitoring sites for the 2010 to 2012 period, Canada
The map shows the freshwater quality indicator ratings (excellent, good, fair, marginal and poor) for the period 2010 to 2012 for 336 monitoring sites across Canada. From these sites, 172 core sites are used to calculate the national histogram, while the 164 local sites are included to provide more local information.
Note: Freshwater quality was assessed using the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment's Water Quality Index.
Source: Data assembled by Environment Canada from federal, provincial, territorial and joint water quality monitoring programs.
- Freshwater Quality in Canadian Rivers
- Regional Freshwater Quality in Canadian Rivers
- Canada's Freshwater Quality in a Global Context
- Land Use Impacts on Freshwater Quality
- Municipal Wastewater Treatment
- Household Use of Chemical Pesticides and Fertilizers
- Date modified:
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[ For another list of story-telling sources, please see more medieval stories.]
One of my favorite activities at events is to wander from table to table at a feast or from campfire to campfire at a camping event, telling poems and stories. I know of no better way of pulling people out of the twentieth century, if only for a few minutes-especially if the story is presented as a medieval story told by a medieval storyteller.
Thus, for instance, a Muslim storyteller can follow a recitation of "The Raven Banner" (written by Malkin Grey and based on an incident in Njal Saga), which contains a reference to Odin, with the explanation that Odin is, as he understands it, a Djinn or Demon whom the Northmen worship as a god, thus confounding the unity of Allah, the Compassionate, the Merciful. In much the same way, a Christian storyteller telling an Islamic story might make some comment concerning the false doctrines of the Paynim. In both cases, the point is not to start a religious argument but to make the teller's world-view into a medieval frame for the medieval tale. This is, incidentally, an entirely period device; both the Indian collections described below and the Nights are structured many layers deep, with stories inside stories inside stories.
The purpose of this article is to suggest to readers who might want to try storytelling for themselves some of the places where period stories are to be found. Some of the sources I cite are collections of stories, others are histories, memoirs, or long tales, containing incidents that can be told as separate stories. Many of the sources are available in a variety of translations. Some can be found in almost any bookstore, others may require a search through a good university library.
For the convenience of story tellers who prefer to tell stories that their personae could have known, I include information on dates and places. It is worth noting, however, that stories travelled far and lasted long. Stories from the Indian collections appear in the Thousand Nights and a Night, the Gesta Romanorum, and the Decameron; the Gesta Romanorum was, in turn, a source for both Chaucer and Shakespeare. Similarly, Apuleius plagiarized parts of his plot from an earlier Greek work-and contributed one story to the Decameron, published some twelve centuries after his death.
[ I have added the URLs for some online versions of most of these. I haven't really looked at which ones are of good quality; if you have a good or bad experience with any of the online sources, please let me know. You will need a djvu client to read some of these -- Gregory Blount ]
The Golden Ass by Apuleius. A lengthy and episodic story written in the second century A.D.
Katha Sarit Sagara (aka The Ocean of Story). A very old and very large Indian collection, containing many of the stories found in the Panchatantra.
Panchatantra (aka Fables of Bidpai, Kalila wa-Dimna, The Tales of Kalila and Dimna). A very old Indian collection, possibly dating to 200 B.C. It was translated into Persian in the 6th century, into Arabic (as the Kalila wa-Dimna) in the 8th century, from Arabic into Greek in the 11th century and, a little later, into Hebrew, and from Hebrew into Latin in the 13th century. The first English translation was in the 16th century.
The Thousand and One Nights. The story of Scheherezade, which provides the frame story for the Nights, is mentioned by al-Nadim in the 10th century, but the surviving texts are considerably later, possibly 15th century. The Burton translation (16 volumes!) is a delight; Payne is also supposed to be very good. Anything under eight hundred pages and calling itself the Arabian Nights is likely to be an abbreviated and bowdlerized version, intended for children.
The Table-Talk of a Mesopotamian Judge, by al-Muhassin ibn Ali al-Tanukhi, D. S. Margoliouth, tr. Al-Tanukhi was a tenth century judge who found that the anecdotes people were telling were no longer as good as the ones he remembered from his youth, and decided to do something about it. The book is full of retellable stories, many of them about people the author knew.
An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades: Memoirs of Usamah ibn-Munkidh, Philip Hitti tr. Usamah was a Syrian Emir; his memoirs, dictated in his old age, describe events during the period between the first and second crusades. They are entertaining and episodic, hence can easily be mined for stories.
The Shah-nameh of Ferdowsi, the Khamseh of Nizami, the Sikander-nama. These are all famous works of Persian literature, and should have bits that can be excerpted as stories. I do not know them well enough to recommend particular translations.
Mohammad's People, by Eric Schroeder. This is a history of the early centuries of al-Islam, made up of passages from period sources fitted together into a reasonably continuous whole. It contains one of my favorite stories (the death of Rabia, called Boy Longlocks).
The Bible. It was extensively used as a source of stories in the Middle Ages.
The Travels of Marco Polo.
Gesta Francorum. An anonymous first-hand account of the first Crusade, extensively plagiarized by 12th century writers.
Gesta Romanorum. A collection of stories, with morals attached, intended to be used in sermons; the Latin version dates from about 1300 and the English from about 1400. Its connection with real Roman history is tenuous at best.
The Mabinogion. A collection of Welsh stories written down in the 13th century, apparently based on much earlier verbal traditions.
Boccaccio, The Decameron. 14th century.
Chaucer, Canterbury Tales. 14th century.
Malory, Le Morte d'Arthur. 15th century.
Marie de France, The Breton Lais. Popular 12th century poems, based on Celtic material.
Njal Saga, Egil Saga, Jomsviking Saga, Gisli Saga, Heimskringla, etc. The sagas are histories and historical novels, mostly written in Iceland in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. All of those listed, and no doubt many others with which I am less familiar, contain incidents that can be excerpted as stories. My own favorites include the killing of Gunnar, from Njal Saga, Egil's confrontation with Eric Bloodaxe at York, from Egil Saga, the avenging of Vestan by his young sons, from Gisli Saga, and the encounter between Harold Godwinson and his brother Tostig just before the battle of Stamford Bridge, from Harald Saga (part of Heimskringla).
The Life of Charlemagne by the Monk of St. Gall (aka Notker the Stammerer), included in Two Lives of Charlemagne (Penguin). This is a highly anecdotal "life" written in the ninth century, and covering many subjects other than Charlemagne.
The Chansons de Geste. French "songs of deeds." The Song of Roland, the earliest and best, dates from the late 11th century; the translation by Dorothy Sayers is readily available from Penguin and very good. Other well known Chansons de Geste include Ogier the Dane and Huon of Bordeaux. A version of the latter by Andre Norton was published as Huon of the Horn.
Orlando Innamorato (1495) by Boiardo and Orlando Furioso (1516) by Ariosto. These are actually a single story, started by one poet and completed by another. They are a Renaissance Italian reworking of the Carolingian cycle-the stories of Charlemagne and his Paladins. The story (and the characters) jump from Paris to London to Tartary, with or without intermediate stops. The tale is well supplied with magic rings, enchanted fountains, flying steeds, maidens in distress, valorous knights, both male and female, and wicked enchanters, also both male and female.
Ovid's Metamorphoses. An important source of Greek and Roman myths for Renaissance writers.
[An earlier form of this appeared in Tournaments Illuminated, No. 81, Winter 1986]
Webbed by Gregory Blount of Isenfir
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A contract is an agreement that is legally enforceable. Although the word "contract" often refers to a written document, writing is not always necessary to create a contract. An agreement can bind both parties even though it is oral. However, some contracts must be in writing to be enforceable. All contracts must include an offer, the acceptance of that offer, and an exchange of value between the parties (which is known as consideration). If any of those elements are missing, the contract will not be valid. Hiring a lawyer to write or design a contract is often expensive and time consuming, so many people choose to set up their own contracts for simple business or personal dealings. Because a contract is legally binding on you and the other parties to the contract, always take great care in drafting a contract.
Discussing and Drafting a Contract
1Discuss the specific details with the person with whom you are creating a contract. Both parties should agree upon the terms of the contract before drafting it. Usually, someone “offers” terms and the other party “accepts” terms.
- If the accepting party would like to negotiate before agreeing to the terms, that is fine. In most cases, once a counter-offer is introduced, the original offer no longer stands.
2Consider the task or work to be completed. If either party need to conduct a service, does the performance specified in the contract need to be completed within a certain amount of time or by a certain date?
- For example, when negotiating terms for a construction contract, include specifications on when the work should be done. Additionally, include terms that address weather or other types of delays.
3Discuss the exchange of funds. If the contract involves an exchange of funds, specify the amount of money that you will exchange. Make arrangements for accepted payment options as well. Include terms setting out what to do if more money is needed to complete the service or other potential problems relating to funds associated with the contract.
4Consider whether the contract needs to be ongoing or one-time. If the contract sets up a long-term relationship between the parties, make sure to specify the end date for that relationship.
- For example, if you own a business that sells homemade pies and you enter into a contract to sell your pies to a local grocery store, you should specify the length of the obligation to sell the pies to the store, e.g. one month, one year, etc.
- If the contract simply covers a one-time transaction, there is no need to specify that the contract will end after the completion of performance. For example, if you sell your car to someone and write up a contract for the sale, you don't need to specify that the contract will cease to have an effect when you sell the car and the buyer pays the money.
5Address how to handle problems related to the contract. Especially if your contract covers more than just one transaction, it is important to place provisions in the contract that discuss what happens if something goes wrong. Will either party have a way to get out of the contract if performance becomes very difficult or expensive? You can put provisions in the contract stating what your obligations would be in a situation like this.
- For example, say you make homemade blueberry pies and contract to sell the pies to a grocery store. If a shortage causes the price of blueberries to rise 200%, can you change the unit sale price?
6Determine whether the contract must be in writing to be enforceable. Although not all contracts need to be in writing to be valid, it is a good idea to memorialize your agreement in writing to preserve evidence of the agreement and its terms. The following contracts must be in writing:
- A contract for the sale of land
- A contract that will last for longer than one year
- A contract for the sale of goods for a price of $500 or more
- A contract of marriage
- A suretyship contract, which is a contract saying that someone will pay another person’s debt if that person doesn’t pay
7Write a contract that meets all requirements. Even if your contract does not need to be in writing, you should formulate a written document if at all possible. In order for a written contract to be valid, it should:
- Identify the subject of the contract
- Indicate that the parties have entered a contract
- State the essential terms reached in the discussion
- Include any additional details relevant to avoiding misunderstandings
8Double-check all of the details within the contract. If the contract contains misleading or incorrect information, it could be considered voidable due to either fraud or mutual misunderstanding. Presenting information as clearly and accurately as possible can minimize this risk.
9Have all parties sign and date the contract. Each party should sign and date the contract (also called executing the contract) to make it official. Having a space for a witness to sign or a notary to notarize the contract is also a good idea.
10Make copies of the contract for all parties, and begin performance. After the contract is signed by all parties, make copies to distribute to everyone. This will insure that no one forgets the contract terms. Once the contract is executed (signed), it becomes legally valid, and performance can begin.
Writing a Termination Clause into the Contract
1Specify the length of the contract. One-time exchanges automatically terminate once the parties complete the exchange. However, parties involved in ongoing service contracts may want to include terms for the termination of the contract.
2Include language pertaining to breach of the contract. If one party does not perform or becomes unable to perform, the contract can have terms for what will happen to the contract. This should include whether or not a party is able to terminate the contract with or without a penalty or mitigation of damages.
- For example, “If Company X does not deliver the [product] within 3 weeks of signing this Agreement, X has breached the contract and Company Y is entitled to buy the [product] from another vendor and recover any difference in price from Company X.”
3Add dispute resolution terms for handling a breach. Note what the remedy for the breach is. The remedy that is usually used in breach of contract actions is money. Typically, the non-breaching party is entitled to the amount of money that he or she would have received if the contract had not been breached.
- Parties can also place a predetermined amount of money in the contract that will be paid in the event of a breach. This would include language to the effect of: “If one of the parties breaches this Agreement, the non-breaching party is entitled to $5,000.”
4Note who will pay attorney’s fees and court costs. If a party to the contract breaches, and lawyers get involved, it is usually customary for each party to pay their own legal fees. However, parties can change the default rule by signing a contract that requires the losing side in a legal dispute to pay the attorney’s fees of the winning side. To include a provision for payment of attorneys fees, including language such as:
- “The winning party has the right to collect from the other party its reasonable costs and attorney’s fees incurred in enforcing this Agreement.”
5Consider adding an alternative dispute resolution clause. Alternative dispute resolution is a term for various ways to settle a legal dispute short of litigation in court. ADR is usually faster, simpler, more efficient and more flexible than litigation. Also, using ADR is a private proceeding, which is good for businesses that do not want to hurt their reputation by engaging in public litigation. Types of ADR include:
- Mediation: a procedure where a neutral third person helps the parties talk through their dispute and come up with a solution that everyone is satisfied with.
- Arbitration: this procedure is similar to a trial: an “arbitrator” hears from both sides and then makes a deciding that will be binding based on the evidence presented by the parties.
- Negotiation: negotiation is where the parties resolve the dispute themselves, possibly with attorneys.
6Spell out an ADR solution in the contract. Parties to the contract can decide to use an ADR procedure after a dispute arises, but it will be more difficult for them to reach an agreement on ADR procedures after a contract dispute arises. To write an ADR clause into a contract, use language similar to the following:
- “All claims and disputes arising under or relating to this Agreement are to be settled by mediation/arbitration/negotiation which will be conducted in the state of [whatever state the parties agree on].”
- Always write exactly what you mean. You will be held to the contract in court. Therefore, you may want to have a lawyer or other person read the contract to ensure that the terms listed are clearly understood by others.
- Never sign a contract you have not read or do not fully understand.
- This article offer legal information, but it does not offer legal advice. Consider having an attorney draft or review any contract into which you may enter.
Sources and Citations
- ↑ Contracts, Steven L. Emanuel, The Emanuel Law Outlines Series, pgs. C-2 - C-10.
- ↑ https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/mirror_image_rule
- ↑ https://www.law.cornell.edu/ucc/2/article2
- ↑ Contracts, Steven L. Emanuel, The Emanuel Law Outlines Series, pgs. 263-293.
- ↑ http://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/void-vs-voidable-contract-lawyers.html
- ↑ http://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/writing-and-signature-requirements-for-a-valid-contract.html
- ↑ Chirelstein's Concepts and Case Analysis in the Law of Contracts, Seventh Edition (Concepts and Insights Series).
- ↑ http://www.lawyersandsettlements.com/blog/what-does-mitigating-damages-mean.html
- ↑ Contracts, the Essential Business Desk Reference, Richard Stim (pgs. 15-16).
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Even though the animals have finished building the windmill, why don't they have the promised comfort that electrictiy was supposed to bring them and how does Napolean explain this change of plans in Animal Farm?
1 Answer | Add Yours
The animals never get to see the advantage of the windmill because every time they build it something happens to it. They are always working toward progress, but progress never comes.
Snowball promises the animals that the windmill will make their lives better. The animals have never seen electricity before. Snowball fills their minds with ideas of fanciful machines and easy life.
The animals had never heard of anything of this kind before … and they listened in astonishment while Snowball conjured up pictures of fantastic machines which would do their work for them while they grazed at their ease in the fields or improved their minds with reading and conversation. (ch 5)
Soon the windmill is dividing the farm. Napoleon is against it, mostly because it is Snowball’s idea but also because it stops the animals from producing food he can sell. Snowball suggests that the animals will only have to work 3 days a week. The animals all align with either one, except Benjamin because he says it doesn’t make a difference.
After running Snowball out, Napoleon tells the animals they are going to build the windmill, but it will be a lot of work and he’ll need to cut their rations to do it. The animals are willing to sacrifice in the short term for the promise of long-term gain. The windmill was his idea, he tells them, not Snowball's.
The animals were not badly off throughout that summer, in spite of the hardness of their work. If they had no more food than they had had in Jones's day, at least they did not have less. (Ch 7)
Napoleon tells the other animals that the "needs of the windmill must override everything else," so they need to trade with other farms. Until it is built, they must sacrifice.
Of course, the windmill is nothing more than a scam. It is the promise of progress, and it keeps the animals busy and motivated. In reality, Napoleon will never let them finish it and live the easy life. He needs to control them, and does not want everyone equal. He wants to profit off the other animals, not share the profits with them. The windmill is just a diversion.
The animals do not pick up on this because they assume that unlike Jones, the pigs and Napoleon have their best interests at heart. By the time they find out otherwise, it is too late.
We’ve answered 327,487 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question
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Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus
Born: 25 December 1876, Berlin, Germany
Died: 9 June 1959, Göttingen, West Germany (now Germany)
Affiliation at the time of the award: Goettingen University, Göttingen, Germany
Prize motivation: "for the services rendered through his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins"
Field: natural products chemistry, organic chemistry
Prize share: 1/1
Cholesterol is an important component in the body's cells and plays a major role in several biochemical processes. During the 1920s Adolf Windaus researched the composition of cholesterol and closely related substances, sterols. He established the sterols' relationship with bile acids. Adolf Windaus also found that ergosterol, another sterol, had the ability to cure rickets, a disease characterized by skeletal weakness and caused by a deficiency of vitamin D. He was able to show that vitamin D was formed out of ergosterol under the influence of ultraviolet light
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Speed down a Hill
Date: 4/17/96 at 10:43:27 From: Spring Lake Park H.S. Subject: physics How fast is an object going at the bottom of a 14.9m hill, if it starts at the top going 3.0 m/s?
Date: 4/18/96 at 19:32:8 From: Doctor Ken Subject: Re: physics Hello! In order to do this problem, you have to assume a few things: - you have to assume that friction isn't going to be much of a factor - similarly, wind resistance isn't going to play a big part. Also, here's a tip: Since they didn't say how steep the hill was, it probably doesn't make any difference, right? So you might as well use the easiest hill you know of, namely the hill that goes straight down (no hill at all). Does that make the problem easier for you? Remember, the downward acceleration due to gravity of any object on the Earth's surface is about 9.8 meters per second. Write back if you still need more help on this. -Doctor Ken, The Math Forum
Search the Dr. Math Library:
Ask Dr. MathTM
© 1994-2015 The Math Forum
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|Ten recent high school graduates, with average grade point averages of 3.5 or higher, take a break from teaching their peers about STD disease prevention. The students are summer interns with the College of Public Health's Center for Reducing Health Disparities.|
The students' home base is the College of Public Health's Center for Reducing Health Disparities' north Omaha office.
The summer program, organized by Ira Combs, has several components:
- Education -- students learn about anatomy and basic research;
- Practice -- students learn CPR and the importance of research to reduce health disparities; and
- Community service -- students lead community workshops on health issues.
In addition to shadowing experiences, students tackle a research problem, develop a program and write an IRB request. This summer, the students' focus is self-esteem and STDs. Their project includes prevention presentations on STDs for their peer group (12-19 yr. olds) in Douglas County.
Support for this program is provided by the UNMC Vice Chancellor for Research Office to stimulate the interest and participation of underrepresented minorities in UNMC research programs through the Nebraska Tobacco Settlement Biomedical Research Development Fund (NTSBRDF).
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This CD allows students the opportunity to practice exercises that correlate to the exercises at the end of the sections in the textbook. They are algorithmically generated so students can retry an exercise as many times as they would like with new values each time. Every exercise is accompanied by an example and an interactive guided solution that gives students helpful feedback if they enter an incorrect answer. Selected exercises also include a video clip so students can have help visualizing concepts.
Series: Math XL
Published: 1st April 2006
Country of Publication: US
Dimensions (cm): 19.71 x 21.26 x 0.23
Weight (kg): 0.1
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