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The "American dream" has powered the hopes and aspirations of Americans for generations. It began as a plain but revolutionary notion: each person has the right to pursue happiness, and the freedom to strive for a better life through hard work and fair ambition. But over time, this dream has come to represent a set of expectations about owning things and making money. So what exactly is the American dream? How did we come to define it? And is it changing?
The American dream has roots in the nation's loftiest ideals - the right to liberty and the pursuit of happiness. So when did it also come to mean a house, a car and a college education?
There are many facets to the American dream, including a strong belief in freedom, and a powerful desire to consume.
An historian first coined the phrase "American dream" in 1931. He said it meant more than having "motor cars and high wages." But for many Americans, that's exactly what it was.
The seeds for America's consumer expectations were planted during a time of widespread scarcity: the Great Depression.
Imagine being told you could buy a house with no money down or attend college for free. That's what the G.I. Bill offered World War II veterans.
The U.S. government unlocked the American dream for millions of veterans in the 1950s – but not for all. Black veterans often got shut out.
The postwar era seemed to promise each new generation more prosperity than the last. The 1970s broke that promise with a long and withering period of inflation.
Each generation is shaped by the economic circumstances of its time. A new generation learned that debt could be smart.
Since Colonial times Wall Street was the province of an elite few. That changed in the 1980s. Millions of Americans hitched their dreams to the stock market.
America's economic tide rose in the 1980s, but more of the nation's wealth flowed to those who were already well-off.
In the 1990s, middle class Americans learned that wealth is in the home.
The American dream is a rallying cry during hard times. But is the dream in crisis? | <urn:uuid:437a1f16-a3eb-41a7-8a13-f4b46486e910> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features/americandream/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00037-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975172 | 438 | 3.140625 | 3 |
On Sunday afternoon, Feb. 12, 2006, we visited with a foundation in Prima Verde do Leste, Mato Grosso (MT) that works with the Brazilian national crop research agency, EMBRAPA. Together with EMBRAPA, the foundation in Prima Verde do Leste works with 19 seed companies and 43 farmers in developing new disease tolerance varieties.
Because Brazil has eliminated their GMO prohibitions for soybean seeds, the research includes the incorporation of Round-Up technology into locally developed varieties. The foundation pays a royalty to the patent holder for the use of the patented genetics.
One of the areas of intense research is Asian soybean rust (ASR), which if it strikes early can require as many as seven sprayings and destroy the profitability of the crop. The foundation reported that it was testing some promising varieties with regard to ASR tolerance if not outright resistance. We then visited a farm that commercializes the production of soybean seed obtained from the foundation's research and got our first hand look at soybean rust.
The soybean seeds were near maturity when the rust struck the field so the number of required sprays needed to manage the disease until harvest will be closer to three than seven. For a novice, the rust pustules were easy to see on the underside of the leaf, especially with a small magnifying glass. As each of these pustules matures it releases a large number of rust spores back into the environment increasing the level of infection and the potential for significant yield loss if the fields are not sprayed. The plants that we looked at did not appear to be badly damaged by the appearance of ASR.
The center pivot irrigation system was larger than those we are used to seeing. It was a familiar Valley system but instead of the usual seven towers it had 15 stretching out for 900 meters or a little over a half a mile. This center pivot system is used during the dry season to enable the producer to harvest three crops a year from the same piece of land. During the rainy season, that area of Mato Grosso gets as much as 2.3 meters (90 inches) of rain a year so no irrigation is required for half the year.
In areas that were not irrigated, it is customary to double crop the land. At least for the farmer we talked to, double cropping involved one crop of soybeans and one crop of dried beans for food use. On irrigated ground he produced one crop of seed soybeans and two crops of dried beans. He showed us a map showing both the current center pivot systems and at least a dozen new ones that are in the planning stages. For water they draw from nearby streams instead of underground aquifers.
As we watched the harvesting and planting around us we were struck by the size of the machinery. Given the size of the fields, we expected to see equipment as large or larger than that used in the United States. Much to our surprise it was smaller. The planter box for the dried beans was being drawn behind a not too new two- wheel drive tractor — no four-wheel-drive articulated monster here. Steiger made bigger tractors than this in the mid-1980s. There were no hydraulic swing-down arms on the planter box, just a single width. No electronic monitors either. Two farm hands rode on the planter box to make sure there was adequate fertilizer and seed and that nothing plugged up.
With a fairly stable weather pattern, low labor costs, and no frost or soil temperature issues to deal with, Brazilian farmers do not need to get everything done in a week or two. As a result they do not need the latest, largest high-powered equipment to get their fieldwork done. They have what is for U.S. farmers a luxury during planting and harvest: time.
Daryll E. Ray is the Director of U.T.'s Agricultural Policy Analysis Center email@example.com; | <urn:uuid:3f9f4810-51a1-47fc-b3a1-b9b1419c40dc> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://southwestfarmpress.com/brazils-climate-dictates-different-crop-patterns | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393533.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00186-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963436 | 809 | 2.734375 | 3 |
(NEW YORK) — Have parents and pediatricians gotten the message about the dangers of obesity in young kids? A new study out Tuesday suggests that the obesity rates of kids ages 2 to 4 may be declining for the first time in 12 years.
According to data from the Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System, there’s been a steady increase in obesity since doctors began monitoring kids nationwide in 1998. But in 2010, rates among kids in low-income families were down, with 30,000 fewer kids registering obese than the year before.
“This was actually the first national study that showed a slight decrease in the rate of obesity in preschool age children living in low-income families,” ABC Medical Contributor Dr. Jennifer Ashton says.
While that’s a step in the right direction, it’s just the tip of the iceberg, Ashton points out.
“[The] good news of this study is that it does appear that possibly the message is getting through that we really need to be aggressive about preventing and managing obesity, even in preschool age children. The bad news here is that at a rate of 14.9 percent, that still leaves approximately eight million obese preschool age children in this country,” Ashton says.
“Make no mistake, we need to do much much better in the future,” adds Ashton, who notes that kids who are overweight are more likely to become obese as adults.
Copyright 2012 ABC News Radio
Jennifer Graham, Deseret News
Lisa Respers France, CNN Newswire | <urn:uuid:79508a46-4dde-412e-8041-a37d0d0f2936> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.eastidahonews.com/2012/12/obesity-rates-among-preschoolers-declining-study-suggests/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00128-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949779 | 317 | 2.84375 | 3 |
June 8, 2009
Study Identifies 3-D Structure Of Key Nuclear Pore Building Block
Similar architecture of an essential nuclear pore complex module and cell's vesicle coats supports common evolutionary origin
The genome of complex organisms is stashed away inside each cell's nucleus, a little like a sovereign shielded from the threatening world outside. The genome cannot govern from its protective chamber, however, without knowing what's going on in the realm beyond and having the ability to project power there. Guarding access to the nuclear chamber is the job of large, intimidating gatekeepers known as nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), which stud the nuclear membrane, filtering all of the biochemical information passing in or out. In new research, scientists have for the first time glimpsed in three dimensions an entire subcomplex of the NPC; it's the key building block of this little understood and evolutionarily ancient structure, an innovation fundamental to the development of nearly all multicellular life on earth.
The findings, by Martin Kampmann, a graduate student in John D. Rockefeller Jr. Professor Gnter Blobel's Laboratory of Cell Biology, add details to an unfolding picture of cellular evolution that shows a common architecture for the NPC and the vehicles that transport material between different parts of the cell, called coated vesicles. As early as 1980, Blobel proposed that internal membranes of cells "“ such as those encompassing the nucleus and vesicles "“ evolved from folds or invaginations of the outer cell membrane. Rockefeller scientists Brian Chait and Michael Rout suggested in a 2004 paper in PLoS Biology that both the NPC and vesicle coats, which contain similar protein folds, evolved from ancient membrane-coating proteins that stabilized these primordial internal membranes. "So far, it's been unclear how these ancient folds work in the nuclear pore complex", Kampmann says. "Now we can see that the ñ-solenoid folds form long, flexible arms and hinges that end in the more compact, globular ò-propellers. The same architectural principle is found in clathrin, a common component of vesicle coats."
In research to be published online Sunday in Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, Kampmann isolated and purified samples of the most fundamental building block of the NPC known as the Nup84 complex, which is composed of seven proteins. The entire NPC "“ enormous by molecular standards "“ consists of 30 different kinds of proteins. Focusing on the Nup84 complex, Kampmann used an electron microscope (EM) to take thousands of images of the complex in different states or conformations, which could reflect a role in the expansion and contraction thought to facilitate the passage of various sized molecules through the NPC. By computationally averaging these many different views, he reconstructed the first three-dimensional models of the Nup84 complex. Finally, based on prior work in the Blobel lab using X-ray crystallography to determine the exact atomic structure of individual proteins in the Nup84 complex, he plugged these proteins snugly into the EM structure.
"Because the nuclear pore complex is probably too big and flexible to determine its entire atomic structure by X-ray crystallography, I think this three-dimensional EM approach could be a big help in solving the whole thing," Kampmann says. "It allows us to put the crystal structures that we do have in context." Kampmann is applying the EM approach to other subunits in hopes of fleshing out the overall picture of one of the most mysterious machines in molecular biology. "Martin's data represent an important advance toward piecing together the structure of the NPC," Blobel says.
Given the central role of the nuclear pore complex in the most basic cell processes, defects in its assembly, structure and function can have lethal consequences. Its proteins have been associated with viral infection, primary biliary cirrhosis and cancer. An understanding of how the complex works could lead to treatments for these diseases, and also reveal the evolutionary coup that led to the gene-protecting structure found in every cell more complicated than the simplest single-celled microorganisms: the nucleus.
On The Net: | <urn:uuid:4d528b23-88ca-45a7-9291-e6f3ef15dbae> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1701831/study_identifies_3d_structure_of_key_nuclear_pore_building_block/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00094-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922779 | 856 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Congratulations on your decision to read this book, Sams Teach Yourself PL/SQL in 21 Days, Second Edition!
If you are new to the Oracle
environment, this book will help you learn and master Oracle's built-in
procedural language quickly. Knowledge of PL/SQL (Procedural Language/Structured
Query Language) is becoming a fundamental necessity no matter which of
Oracle's many products you use.
Today, on your first day, you will accomplish these tasks:
Learn what PL/SQL is and why you should master it
Learn how PL/SQL relates to other Oracle products
Learn what resources you need to finish this book
Write your first PL/SQL function
Over the remaining 20 days, you'll delve deeper into the power and
capabilities of this language and learn how to leverage its power in your
applications regardless of whether you are doing client/server programming with
Oracle's tools (such as Developer/2000), using other front-end tools (such
as PowerBuilder), or simply writing some batch jobs that run on the server.
What Is PL/SQL?
PL/SQL is a procedural language that Oracle developed as an extension to
standard SQL to provide a way to execute procedural logic on the database.
New Term - If you have worked with relational
databases in the past, you are no doubt familiar with SQL, which stands for
Structured Query Language. SQL itself is a powerful declarative language.
It is declarative in the sense that you describe the results that you
want but not how they are obtained. This is good because you can insulate an
application from the specifics of how the data is physically stored. A competent
SQL programmer can also push a great deal of processing work back to the server
level through the creative use of SQL.
There are limits, though, to what you can accomplish with a single
declarative query. The real world is seldom as neat and clean as we would like
it to be. Developers often find themselves needing to execute several queries in
succession and process the specific results of one query before going on to the
next. This leads to two problems in a client/server environment:
The procedural logic, that is, the definition of the process, resides on
The need to look at the data from one query and use it as the basis for
the next query results in an increased amount of network traffic.
Why are these problems? The procedural logic on client machines can quickly
become out of sync if the software is upgraded. It can also be implemented
incorrectly, resulting in a loss of database integrity. The need to pull down
large amounts of intermediate data to a client results in a long wait for the
end users who must sit there staring at the hourglass while the data is
transferred to their machines. The cumulative effects of a number of clients
pulling large amounts of data across the network further decrease
PL/SQL provides a mechanism for developers to add a procedural component at
the server level. It has been enhanced to the point where developers now have
access to all the features of a full-featured procedural language at the server
level. It also forms the basis for programming in Oracle's continually
evolving set of client/server development tools, most notably
Why Learn PL/SQL?
If you are developing with Oracle products, Developer/2000 for example, the
answer to this question is simple. You need to know PL/SQL because those
products use PL/SQL for any procedural code. But what if you don't develop
with Oracle's products? What if all you use is Oracle's database
engine? Is PL/SQL of any use to you? Yes! Absolutely it is.
Regardless of the front-end tool that you are using, you can use PL/SQL to
perform processing on the server rather than the client. You can use PL/SQL to
encapsulate business rules and other complicated logic. It provides for
modularity and abstraction. You can use it in database triggers to code complex
constraints, which enforce database integrity; to log changes; and to replicate
data. PL/SQL can also be used with stored procedures and functions to provide
enhanced database security. Finally, it provides you with a level of platform
independence. Oracle is implemented on many hardware platforms, but PL/SQL is
the same on all of them. It makes no difference whether you are running Personal
Oracle on a laptop or Oracle8i Enterprise on UNIX.
Regardless of what development tools you use, if you are developing in an
Oracle environment, your knowledge of PL/SQL and your ability to apply it will
give you a competitive advantage against those who do not have that knowledge.
With PL/SQL you have the power to make your applications more robust, more
efficient, and more secure.
SQL, SQL*Plus, PL/SQL: What's the Difference?
This question has bedeviled many people new to Oracle. There are several
products with the letters "SQL" in the title, and these three,
SQL*Plus, SQL, and PL/SQL, are often used together. Because of this, it's
easy to become confused as to which product is doing the work and where the work
is being done. This section briefly describes each of these three products.
SQL stands for Structured Query Language. This has become the lingua
franca of database access languages. It has been adopted by the
International Standards Organization (ISO) and has also been adopted by the
American National Standards Institute (ANSI). When you code statements such as
DELETE, SQL is
the language you are using. It is a declarative language and is always executed
on the database server. Often you will find yourself coding SQL statements in a
development tool, such as PowerBuilder or Visual Basic, but at runtime those
statements are sent to the server for execution.
PL/SQL is Oracle's Procedural Language extension to SQL. It, too,
usually runs on the database server, but some Oracle products such as
Developer/2000 also contain a PL/SQL engine that resides on the client. Thus,
you can run your PL/SQL code on either the client or the server depending on
which is more appropriate for the task at hand. Unlike SQL, PL/SQL is
procedural, not declarative. This means that your code specifies exactly
how things get done. As in SQL, however, you need some way to send your PL/SQL
code up to the server for execution. PL/SQL also enables you to embed SQL
statements within its procedural code. This tight-knit relationship between
PL/SQL, SQL, and SQL*Plus is the cause for some of the confusion between the
SQL*Plus is an interactive program that allows you to type in and execute SQL
statements. It also enables you to type in PL/SQL code and send it to the server
to be executed. SQL*Plus is one of the most common front ends used to develop
and create stored PL/SQL procedures and functions.
What happens when you run SQL*Plus and type in a SQL statement? Where does
the processing take place? What exactly does SQL*Plus do, and what does the
database do? If you are in a Windows environment and you have a database server
somewhere on the network, the following things happen:
SQL*Plus transmits your SQL query over the network to the database
SQL*Plus waits for a reply from the database server.
The database server executes the query and transmits the results back to
SQL*Plus displays the query results on your computer screen.
Even if you're not running in a networked Windows environment, the same
things happen. The only difference might be that the database server and
SQL*Plus are running on the same physical machine. This would be true, for
example, if you were running Personal Oracle on a single PC.
PL/SQL is executed in much the same manner. Type a PL/SQL block into
SQL*Plus, and it is transmitted to the database server for execution. If there
are any SQL statements in the PL/SQL code, they are sent to the server's
SQL engine for execution, and the results are returned back to the PL/SQL
The important thing is that SQL*Plus does not execute your SQL queries. SQL*Plus
also does not execute your PL/SQL code. SQL*Plus simply serves as your window
into the Oracle database, which is where the real action takes place. Figure
1.1 illustrates this relationship.
Relationship of SQL*Plus, PL/SQL, and Oracle.
Several other tools besides SQL*Plus can serve as your window to the
database. Server Manager, which has an interface similar to SQL*Plus, is
one such tool, although Oracle plans to stop supporting it sometime in the
future. If you have Oracle Enterprise Manager installed, you should take a look
at SQLPlus Worksheet. SQLPlus Worksheet is a GUI tool that is fully compatible
with SQL*Plus but is much easier to use. If you are a Developer 2000 programmer,
you'll have access to Oracle's Procedure Builder--a tool designed
for developing and debugging PL/SQL code. You'll read more about SQLPlus
Worksheet and Procedure Builder later in this chapter.
SQL*Plus is used for most of the examples in this book because of its
universal availability to developers. It is perhaps still the most widely used
tool to develop, test, and create PL/SQL stored subprograms and SQL queries.
Note - In addition to Oracle's tools, several third-party vendors
also have tools that can be used to develop PL/SQL code. Some of the major
products in this space are
What You Need to Finish This Book
In order to try the examples and complete the exercises in this book, you
will need access to
Note - Where possible, the exercises and
examples in this book have been designed to run equally well under both Oracle8
and Oracle8i. Many, especially those in the first nine days, will even run under
Oracle7. However, Oracle8i contains many new features that are not available in
previous releases. Days 10, 11, 12, 20, and 21, in particular, are heavily
focused on the new 8i features.
If you do not currently have access to an Oracle database, there are at least
two ways to get your hands on one. For a nominal cost, you can visit
Oracle's online store and purchase a 30-day evaluation version of almost
any Oracle product, including the database. You can get to the online Oracle
Store from Oracle's home page,
Another option is to join the Oracle Technology Network (OTN). OTN members can
download developer-licensed copies of Oracle's database software at no
charge. OTN members also have the option of subscribing to various technology
tracks in order to get regular shipments of Oracle software CDs. You can
register as an OTN member at no cost. The URL to visit is
You will need these database privileges roles:
The following Oracle-supplied packages should be available:
Your database administrator can help you verify that these packages are
available to you.
If you are using Oracle8i Personal Edition, you can verify the existence of
these packages by logging on as the user SYSTEM and issuing the following
AND object_type = 'PACKAGE';
The resulting list will show you all packages in the database owned by the
user SYS. The packages named in this chapter should be in that list. Of those,
DBMS_OUTPUT is the most essential and is used throughout most of
the exercises and examples to display results. The other packages are discussed
only in specific chapters.
Caution - I recommend that you do not use a
production database and that you create the sample tables in a schema that is
not shared with other users. If you are using Personal Oracle on your own PC,
you won't have a problem with this. If you are using an employer's
facilities, you might want to discuss use of the database with your
employer's database administrator, or DBA, as they are often called. There
is nothing inherently dangerous in any of the exercises or examples, but there
is always the risk that a coding mistake, such as an infinite loop, might tie up
CPU or I/O resources. It's always good etiquette to minimize the potential
impact of your mistakes on other developers and end users. | <urn:uuid:204068ed-ea4d-43c9-811c-ca2d8bbe9bca> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.databasejournal.com/features/oracle/article.php/1444101/Learning-the-Basics-of-PLSQL.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396100.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00048-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917541 | 2,648 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Dengue Fever Epidemiology
A selection of articles related to dengue fever epidemiology.
Original articles from our library related to the Dengue Fever Epidemiology. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Dengue Fever Epidemiology.
- People who need the homoeopathic camphor are intensely cold and react in a very specific way to coldness. The body is cold and blue, the face and lips are pale or blue, the face looks hippocratic (as if the person is about to die). Even the tongue and the...
Remedies >> Remedies C
- Aconitum napellus
- Aconite is a remedy for healthy and energetic persons who become acutely ill after exposure to intense coldness exposure to cold, dry wind sometimes exposure to intense heat draughts of cold air on a sweaty skin nervous shocks, fright or fear the shock of...
Remedies >> Remedies A
- Echinacea, the Sacred Plant
- A full grown Echinacea-plant is an impressive and decorative appearance. You may consider giving her a place in your garden. This beautiful plant will probably steal your heart with her large, colorful and long lasting flowers. No doubt you have heard of...
Herbalism >> Herbs dictionary E
- Baptisia tinctoria (Wild Indigo)
- The source for this remedy is the wild indigo plant. The Northern American Indians discovered the anti-bacterial properties of this herb and they used it for paint. Baptisia is an acute remedy for cases of quickly arising infections and inflammations, leading...
Remedies >> Remedies B
- Have a Cuppa? [About Herbal Teas]
- Through the ages, long before modern doctors prescribed a wonder drug to help us with almost every ailment, it was the witches, shamans and priests before them, that brewed up the various drinks, ointments and poultices that have kept the human race...
Earth Mysteries >> Herbalism
- Survivalists' Guide for the New Millennium: Chapter 2
- WORKING TO LIVE RATHER THAN LIVING TO WORK Before the dawn of recorded history, a major period of transition occurred. Nomadic hunter-gatherer clans transformed themselves into larger communities who farmed the land. This they did by planting their own...
Philosophy >> Survivalists Guide for the New Millennium
- Magick in Ancient Egypt
- "O Isis great enchantress, free me, release me from all evil red things, from the fever of the god and the fever of the goddess. From death, and deathfrom pain, and the pain that comes over me; as though hast freed, as thou hast released thy son Horus,...
History & Anthropology >> Egyptian
Dengue Fever Epidemiology is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Dengue Fever Epidemiology books and related discussion.
Suggested News Resources
- Big Island: New Dengue Case Confirmed
- Hawaii Department of Health officials on Thursday morning confirmed another case of dengue fever on Hawaii Island — the state's first new case after nearly two weeks without another diagnosis, keeping alive a dengue scare that began last fall.
- Dengue Fever – Uruguay
- This event, however, does not represent a risk for neighbouring countries in the Americas Region since they have already reported dengue circulation.
- Sonora confirms first case of Zika virus
- Upon his return, he had headaches, a fever and was lethargic for about three days, the cause of which was later confirmed by the state's lab to be the Zika virus. The man was not hospitalized and recovered at home, officials said.
- Costa Mesa man is first reported case of Zika virus in OC
- “There is no vaccine to protect against Zika infection,” Dr. Matthew Zahn, the county's director of Disease Control and Epidemiology, said in a statement.
- Swine flu yet to subside, dengue shows its ugly face
- “People should protect themselves both from swine flu and dengue. I have called a meeting tomorrow. We will look after the arrangements for handling dengue cases.
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
Dengue Fever Epidemiology Topics
coulometry potentiostatic coulometry
casting expendable mold casting
pete rose records and achievements
vail colorado points of interest | <urn:uuid:0a26f056-d6a6-49db-a306-82d856e92299> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.realmagick.com/dengue-fever-epidemiology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00150-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.901361 | 980 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Introducing computer programming to your kids can be a challenge, especially for those who aren’t familiar with the nuances of code. Fortunately, in the last few years, a number of apps, software, and guides have been produced that make the often-complex subject of computer coding easy to grasp for young learners. So where to begin? These are a few resources that parents can share with their kids to help them start learning about programming.
Programming Tutorials From Made With Code by Google: Google's Made With Code project has a mission of encouraging girls to pursue careers in computer science. The Made With Code projects are easy to follow, and if your kids are completely new to coding, don't fret. There's something for both intermediate and beginning coders. Plus, there are even more tutorials in the Resources section with new offerings released periodically.
Resources for Parents From MIT Media Lab's Scratch Team: Scratch is one of the most popular coding tools for kids, and it's designed to help students with little to no coding experience dive headfirst into programming. Essentially, the software lets students create animations and stories with building blocks that mimic the structure of computer code. Luckily, the team behind the software has made it easy for beginners. There's a wonderful web-based beginners' guide that will help students get started, or you can download a PDF version.
Tynker's Hour of Code Free Activities: Tynker is a fun, intuitive suite of games that make it easy for kids to learn basic "computational thinking and programming skills." Their Hour of Code feature is a great starting point for jumping into all that the site has to offer. Plus, be sure to check out the Parents section for ideas and tips to get started.
Lessons and Tutorials From Code.org: Code.org was launched in 2013 to advocate for wider access to computer science learning in schools and for underrepresented students of color. In addition to their advocacy efforts, Code.org has posted several useful lessons that are great to share with your kids. Aside from popular lessons like K-8 Introduction to Computer Science, there are links to informative tutorials from a variety of sources.
Best Apps and Websites for Learning Programming and Coding: This resource from Common Sense Media, featured on their Graphite platform, provides insightful reviews of popular programming tools. All of the reviews on the site are by teachers, and they're based on ease of use, quality, and engagement, among other criteria.
EdSurge Guide: Teaching Kids to Code: EdSurge produced this comprehensive guide for parents. It's a trove of interesting and useful articles like "Teaching Coding: Where Do You Start?" The guide also features information for more than 50 tools that you can use with your kids.
Inspiring Articles About Kids Learning to Code
Still looking for some ideas? Here are a few more sources about the benefits of learning coding skills to help your kids start programming:
- How and Why to Teach Your Kids to Code by Melanie Pinola via Lifehacker
- 5 Reasons to Teach Kids to Code via Kodable
- The Educator's Guide to Teaching HTML from Educator Labs
- Teaching Kids Programming with Khan Academy by Patrick Reagan via Viget
- Upgrade Your Brain: Programming Resources for Coding Newbies by Adam Benzion via The Next Web
- Teach Your Kids (And Yourself) How to Code with These iPad Apps by Derek Walter via Macworld
Coding Organizations for Kids
For the non-coding parents, it can be difficult to know where to begin. Fortunately, there are a variety of organizations committed to teaching kids programming skills. These organizations offer opportunities and resources for getting your children involved: | <urn:uuid:2ef56aa4-bfdf-40d1-bed7-77f2dbadf81b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.edutopia.org/blog/teach-kids-coding-resources-parents-matt-davis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396222.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00162-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935556 | 757 | 4.0625 | 4 |
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Asteroid 16 Psyche was discovered in 1852, but it was not until the 1980s that it was recognised as an oddball. Radar observations made from Earth revealed that Psyche is about 200 kilometres across and is made of 90 per cent iron and nickel, with 10 per cent silicate rock.
This composition is strikingly similar to that of Earth's metal core. That means Psyche could have started life as a small rocky world with a metal core and a silicate mantle, similar to the large asteroid Vesta. And astronomers think larger planets like Earth and Venus could have formed when such nascent worlds collided and merged.
But other times, incoming asteroids might have stripped a proto-planet of its soft outer layers. Psyche could have fallen victim to a series of hit-and-runs that robbed it of its mantle, leaving just the metallic core behind. If that core had been liquid at some point, it would have given the object a strong magnetic field. In fact, Psyche could still have a remnant field almost as strong as the Earth's.
reply to post by AliceBleachWhite
What a great concept for a story or movie. The few lines you replied were EPIC. Really I loved it and I wish I had more then one star to give ya. | <urn:uuid:a40a53e9-1d5b-4446-a38e-1f00ceb62cb4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread989755/pg1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404405.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00046-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974059 | 313 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Rodrigo López (c. 1525 – June 7, 1594), whose name modern form would be Rodrigo Lopes in Portugese, was physician to Queen Elizabeth, and may have been an inspiration for Shakespeare's Shylock in The Merchant of Venice.
He made London his home in 1559 and successfully resumed his practice as a doctor, soon becoming house physician at St. Bartholomew's Hospital. Despite prejudice and professional jealousy, he developed a large practice among powerful people, including Robert Dudley and Francis Walsingham. Rumor held that his success was less due to his medical skill and more to his skill at flattery and self-promotion. A 1584 libelous pamphlet attacking Dudley suggested that López distilled poisons for Dudley and other noblemen as well. In 1586, López reached the pinnacle of his profession; he was made physician-in-chief to Queen Elizabeth. López earned the queen's favour for in 1589 she granted him a monopoly on the importation of aniseed and sumac. His success continued as he neared retirement. He was viewed, at least outwardly, as being a dutiful practicing Protestant.
In October of 1593, López was wealthy and generally respected. At that time, he owned a house in Holborn and had a son enrolled at Winchester College. However, also in October, a complex web of conspiracy against Dom António began to come to light. Subsequently, Robert Devereux accused López of conspiring with Spanish emissaries to poison the Queen. He was arrested on January 1, 1594, convicted in February, and subsequently hanged, drawn and quartered on June 7.
The Queen herself was uncertain of his guilt and delayed his execution. López maintained his innocence and his true conversion from Judaism to Christianity. According to the 16th century historian William Camden, just before López was hanged, he said to the crowd that he loved his queen as well as he loved Jesus Christ. The crowd laughed at this statement, taking it for a thinly veiled confession.
Some historians and literary critics consider López and his trial to have been an influence on William Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice. "Many Shakespearean scholars believe Dr. López was the prototype for Shylock....", which is believed to have been written between 1594 and 1597, though the play undoubtedly relies more on Christopher Marlowe's The Jew of Malta. Marlowe also loosely mentioned López in the first, unrevised script for The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, comparing him to the titular hero: "Doctor Lopus was never such a doctor!".
- ↑ Faye Kellerman, The Quality of Mercy (historical novel), "Historical Summary", pp. 606-607, New York, Morrow, 1989.
- ↑ Greenblatt, S. (2004). Will In The World: How Shakespeare Became Shakespeare, New York: W. W. Norton. | <urn:uuid:8381e727-8e62-487d-bcd7-8b4cc0b6fff6> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://religion.wikia.com/wiki/Rodrigo_L%C3%B3pez_(physician) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397797.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00019-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983873 | 620 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Membership and identity
Dual and multi-faith practice can also bring up questions of membership and identity.
Many people identify as being of a particular religion; but what constitutes membership? In Christianity, the boundary between membership and identity is fairly blurred – it could be measured by attendance, baptism, belief, or adherence to the Nicene Creed. Traditionally, Christianity has expected a clearly demarcated religious identity (Thurston, 1994: 177). In Paganism, identity and membership of the community are largely negotiated at festivals, which people attend both to discover the self and to develop the self (Griffin, 2001: 499).
Peter Chapin-Bishop (2007) is clear that membership in a tradition consists of having received divine communication in that setting. Liz Opp (2007) writes that identity is a sense of one’s personal values being close to the group identified with, whereas membership is participation in that group, its norms, values and social life. She adds that identity is the ground of a person’s being, and may come into conflict with membership of a group. In her formulation, identity seems more important than membership, which might suggest that she is advocating a subjective-life approach rather than a life-as approach; but she also talks about experiencing an inner call. There is clearly a subtle balance between membership and identity whenever people participate in a group. Perhaps people join groups because they admire the values of those groups and want to become more like those who are in them. Perhaps people join because they admire the practices of the group, but then find that the values are different to what they are expecting, or that they are expected to transform their own identity, values and insights to conform with that of the group and its traditions to a degree which violates their identity. Either way, the formation of a person’s identity happens in a social context (Edwards, 2005: 116), and groups that someone becomes involved in will reflect that identity.
The issue of membership and identity is important in any discussion of a dual or multi-faith practice. A person may identify with a group, but if the membership requirements of that group are that its members do not belong to other groups perceived to be in conflict with its values or beliefs, can that person be said to be a member of the group? It could be argued that if a person identifies with a group, the criteria of membership need to expand to include that person; on the other hand, it might be held that the person has to adjust to the mores of the group in order to belong. However, if the practices of the group contradict its stated ideals and values, perhaps the newcomer is the very person best placed to call attention to that contradiction, since they are bringing a fresh perspective.
The process of “conversion” (a rather loaded term) often plays a part in a change of religious allegiance. However, if the person finds truth in both their new group and their previous group, and the old group emphasises one thing that the person finds worth in, and the new group another thing, it will be difficult for the person to make a choice to leave the old group and join the new group; indeed, such a choice may not even be considered (C. Chapin-Bishop, 2007).
Lewis Rambo’s (2000) model of conversion is more complex than the “road to Damascus” experience that most people think of when they think about conversion. In phase one, he says, people go through some kind of crisis (which could be dissatisfaction with their current belief system, or a mystical experience). In phase two, they go on a quest to find something that fits their new model of the world. The third phase involves interaction (learning how to do their chosen religious practice). The fourth phase is commitment (“rituals that create a new identity, a new set of relationships, a new set of roles that lead to a new and different kind of life”), and the fifth stage is consequences – the transformation effected by the commitment (which could be lifelong development in the chosen faith, or it could be disillusionment and going back to phase one).
In the case of dual or multi-faith practice, the conversion process may be experienced as an expansion of understanding, rather than a change of direction. Michelle Guinness (1994: 15), who was brought up Jewish, read the “forbidden bit” of the Bible and decided that Jesus was the Messiah – but when she became a Christian, she introduced many Jewish ideas and practices to her family and her church, feeling incomplete without the Jewish side of herself. The contrast between the life-affirming Judaism she grew up in and the asceticism of the Christianity she joined was too great; she had to find a compromise.
Cat Chapin-Bishop’s crisis moment was the destruction by terrorists of the World Trade Centre in 2001, when she “knew in my body as well as my mind that deep and absolute conviction that war was just not the answer for anything”. However, the crisis was an occasion for the expansion of her worldview, not a change of direction; she says, “I am still Pagan–my love for the earth and the Old Gods does not change. But other Quaker testimonies and practices have grown in me, about oaths, clergy, simplicity… and they have changed how I worship, if not what or why.” The quest phase was very short (between 11 September and 12 October), and the commitment phase began when she sought formal membership of the Religious Society of Friends. The consequences are still being worked out in the internal dialogue of the two faiths.
Christianity and Buddhism have sought to privilege external revelations over the subjective promptings of the body and the inner life (Corless, 1994: 181); Paganisms and Judaism seek to integrate the life of mind, body and spirit by following the round of seasonal festivals (Harvey, 1997: 223). When someone who follows inner promptings engages in dialogue with someone who follows an external authority such as a tradition or a book, the result is usually mutual incomprehension (King, 1994). Those who experience an inner guide often relate it to an external entity which can also be found in the depths of the self (Harvey, 1997: 212).
This article was originally published in the Unitarian journal, Faith and Freedom. | <urn:uuid:22077977-597e-4ae5-a21c-c2e08849431c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.patheos.com/blogs/sermonsfromthemound/2013/01/dual-faith-practice-membership-identity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397748.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00173-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969181 | 1,309 | 2.6875 | 3 |
During some research on Thomas Edison I stumbled on the fact that he deliberately surrounded himself with a diverse range of expertise in order to generate new thinking and ideas, a creative council. In a recent post I referred to the concept of “casting widely” to make creative connections, Edison gathered people into his creative council to accelerate this. It is a practice that has been replicated by many visionaries, inventors and, more recently, innovative companies.
Classroom Creative Council
Andrew Carnegie called this creative council a “mastermind group alliance” a gathering of people towards a common creative goal. I was struck by this lovely idea, not so much in the sense of connecting classrooms with a varied external expertise, but the idea that you could convene an imaginary Classroom Creative Council.
Encouraging a creative mindset and learning about what this actually means can be done through creative inquiry processes such as design thinking. They emphasise the imperative of thinking and connecting deeply with a topic and developing a range of dispositions. But one hugely important element within an experience of creative inquiry is the modelling from peers, adults and who we might learn about.
Just picture an imaginary Classroom Creative Council of visionaries, inventors and innovators from our past and present, who epitomise the mindsets and dispositions we all want to uphold. A Creative Council filled with members that everyone in the class has learned about and who we recognise for their individual strengths.
Who Would Have A Seat?
You might plan for literacy, science and history lessons about these characters as they are introduced, or indeed offer the opportunity for the class to put forward their own recommendations for the council. The reason you would have such a reference group would be as Wily Walnut puts it, to:
“tune in” to the vibration, to the morphic field, to the archetypal meme, perhaps to the very soul of that person in order to share in their wisdom, insight and ways of thinking, acting and being.
With one of the members of the Creative Council in mind we might ask a series of questions and provocations to establish a new point of view about a project or idea. Imagine if Edison or Da Vinci, or any number of creative visionaries, were the subject of the following prompts:
- What would…think?
- How would … approach this problem?
- What historical precedent or example can inform us about what to do next?
- Who would be smiling about what we are doing and why?
- What would … say are the biggest challenges to this approach?
- What actions would … take next?
- What would … say we had forgotten and why?
- Would … be proud of us?
In order to answer these questions well, with a depth and authority that allows a new perspective to contribute to our work, we would need to better understand the people involved. The members of our council should be familiar to us, we would need to know their mindset and approach to work and life. Equipped with a deeper knowledge of these role models, we might be able to gain insight from their imaginary mentorship.
I am always inspired myself by historical figures who are beacons of creative light for us to follow and in some future posts I will outline some of the elements we might look for in those figureheads.
In the meantime why not make a suggestion in the comments as to who would be in your Creative Council. Who inspires you? Who would you like as a virtual mentor contributing to your ideas? Who would have a seat in your Creative Council chambers? I would be fascinated to learn who you would nominate.
pic – Portrait of Ada by British painter Margaret Sarah Carpenter (1836) | <urn:uuid:3a06caf0-0c91-4adf-a56a-2923ed8d006f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://edte.ch/blog/2015/02/26/convene-your-classroom-creative-council/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393533.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00012-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969573 | 762 | 2.53125 | 3 |
RESUMEN DE ARTÍCULO CITADO:
Endodontic Study Guide
Microbiology in Endodontics: An Online Study Guide
The Editorial Board of the Journal of Endodontics has developed a literature-based study guide of topical areas related to endodontics. This study guide is intended to give the reader a focused review of the essential endodontic literature and does not cite all possible articles related to each topic. Although citing all articles would be comprehensive, it would defeat the idea of a study guide. This section will present the topical areas of microorganisms involved in primary infection; microorganisms involved with failing endodontics, culturing, bacteremia, and endodontics; leaving teeth open; antibiotics; actinomycosis; sterilization of instruments and sterilization of gutta-percha, microorganisms in periradicular lesions; biofilms; and fungi, viruses, and prions.
Bacteremia and Endodontics
- I.B. Bender, S. Seltzer and M. Yermish, The incidence of bacteremia in endodontic manipulation: preliminary report, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 13 (1960), pp. 353–360. Abstract | Article | PDF (575 K)
- L. Eisenbud, Subacute bacterial endocarditis precipitated by non-surgical dental procedures: Report of two cases, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 15 (1962), pp. 624–627. Abstract | Article | PDF (1102 K)
- I.B. Bender, S. Seltzer, S. Tashman and G. Meloff, Dental procedures in patients with rheumatic heart disease, Oral Surg 16 (1963), pp. 466–473. Abstract | Article | PDF (610 K)
- J.C. Baumgartner, J.P. Heggers and J.W. Harrison, The incidence of bacteremias related to endodontic procedures: I. Nonsurgical endodontics, J Endod 2 (1976), pp. 135–140. Abstract | PDF (2469 K
- J.C. Baumgartner, J.P. Heggers and J.W. Harrison, Incidence of bacteremias related to endodontic procedures: II Surgical endodontics, J Endod 3 (1977), pp. 399–402. Abstract | PDF (427 K)
- I.B. Bender, I.J. Naidorf and G.J. Garvey, Bacterial endocarditis: a consideration for physician and dentist, J Am Dent Assoc 109 (1984), pp. 415–420
- I.B. Bender and S. Montgomery, Nonsurgical endodontic procedures for the patient at risk for infective endocarditis and other systemic disorders, J Endod 12 (1986), pp. 400–407. Abstract | PDF (903 K)
- E. Leviner, A.A. Tzukert, R. Benoliel, O. Baram and M.N. Sela, Development of resistant oral viridans streptococci after administration of prophylactic antibiotics: time management in the dental treatment of patients susceptible to infective endocarditis, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 64 (1987), pp. 417–420. Abstract | Article | PDF (376 K)
- R.C. King, J.J. Crawford and E.W. Small, Bacteremia following intraoral suture removal, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 65 (1988), pp. 23–28. Abstract | Article | PDF (540 K)
- G.A. Cioffi, G.T. Terezhalmy and G.M. Taybos, Total joint replacement: a consideration for antimicrobial prophylaxis, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 66 (1988), pp. 124–129. Abstract | Article | PDF (656 K)
- I.B. Bender and M.J. Barkan, Dental bacteremia and its relationship to bacterial endocarditis: preventive measures, Compendium 10 (1989), pp. 472–482
- J.P. Nelson, R.H. Fitzgerald, M.T. Jaspers and J.W. Little, Prophylactic antimicrobial coverage in arthroplasty patients, J Bone Joint Surg Am 72 (1990), p. 1. Full Text via CrossRef
- J.A. Giglio, R.W. Rowland, H.P. Dalton and D.M. Laskin, Suture removal-induced bacteremia: a possible endocarditis risk, J Am Dent Assoc 123 (1992), pp. 65–70.
- M.J. Wahl and P.T. Wahl, Prevention of infective endocarditis: an update for clinicians, Quintessence Inter 24 (1993), pp. 171–175
- M.K. Shrout, F. Scarbrough and B.J. Powell, Dental care and the prosthetic joint patient: a survey of orthopedic surgeons and general dentists, J Am Dent Assoc 125 (1994), pp. 429–436.
- G.J. Debelian, I. Olsen and L. Tronstad, Bacteremia in conjunction with endodontic therapy, Endod Dent Traumatol 11 (1995), pp. 142–149. Full Text via CrossRef
- A.R. Brown, C.J. Papasian, P. Shultz, F.C. Theisen and R.E. Shultz, Bacteremia and intraoral suture removal: can an antimicrobial rinse help?, J Am Dent Assoc 129 (1998), pp. 1455–1461
- C.S. Miller, R.M. Egan, D.A. Falace, M.K. Rayens and C.R. Moore, Prevalence of infective endocarditis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, J Am Dent Assoc 130 (1999), pp. 387–391.
- American Dental Association, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Advisory Statement: Antibiotic prophylaxis for dental patients with total joint replacements, J Am Dent Assoc 134 (2003), pp. 895–898
- W. Wilson, K.A. Taubert and M. Gewitz et al., Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association, J Am Dent Assoc 138 (2007), pp. 739–76
Leaving Teeth Open
- F.S. Weine, H.J. Healey and E.P. Theiss, Endodontic emergency dilemma: leave tooth open or keep it closed?, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 40 (1975), pp. 531–536. Abstract | PDF (461 K)
- D.S. August, Managing the abscessed tooth: instrument and close?, J Endod 3 (1977), pp. 316–319.
- R. Bence, R.D. Meyers and R.V. Knoff, Evaluation of 5,000 endodontic treatments: incidence of the opened tooth, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 49 (1980), pp. 82–84. Abstract | Article | PDF (247 K)
- D.S. August, Managing the abscessed open tooth: instrument and close—part 2, J Endod 8 (1982), pp. 364–366. Abstract | PDF (493 K) |
- J.O. Torres, M. Torabinejad, R.A. Matiz and E.G. Mantilla, Presence of secretory IgA in human periapical lesions, J Endod 20 (1994), pp. 87–89. Abstract | PDF (264 K) |
- L.S. Tjaderhane, U.H. Pajari, R.H. Ahola, T.K. Backman, E.L. Hietala and M.A. Larmas, Leaving the pulp chamber open for drainage has no effect on the complications of root canal therapy, Int Endod J 28 (1995), pp. 82–85. Full Text via CrossRef
- E.H. Montgomery and D.C. Kroeger, Principles of anti-infective therapy, Dent Clin North Am 28 (1984), pp. 423–432.
- E.H. Montgomery and D.C. Kroeger, Use of antibiotics in dental practice, Dent Clin North Am 28 (1984), pp. 433–453.
- R. Bainton, Interaction between antibiotic therapy and contraceptive medication, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 61 (1986), pp. 453–455. Abstract | PDF (239 K)
- A.K. Olson, E.M. Edington, J.C. Kulild and R.N. Weller, Update on antibiotics for the endodontic practice, Compendium 11 (1990), pp. 328–332
- E.V. Hersh, Adverse drug interactions in dental practice: interactions involving antibiotics: Part II of a series, J Am Dent Assoc 130 (1999), pp. 236–251.
- ADA Council on Scientific Affairs, Antibiotic interference with oral contraceptives, Am Dent Assoc 133 (2002), p. 880.
- J.C. Baumgartner and T. Xia, Antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria associated with endodontic abscesses, J Endod 29 (2003), pp. 44–47. Article | PDF (117 K) | Full Text via CrossRef
Microorganisms in Periradicular Lesions
- E. Shindell, A study of some periapical roentgenolucencies and their significance, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 14 (1961), pp. 1057–1065. Abstract | Article | PDF (619 K)
- K. Langeland, R.M. Block and L.I. Grossman, A histopathologic and histobacteriologic study of 35 periapical endodontic surgical specimens, J Endod 3 (1977), pp. 8–23. Abstract | PDF (3036 K)
- L. Tronstad, F. Barnett, K. Riso and J. Slots, Extraradicular endodontic infections, Endod Dent Traumatol 3 (1987), pp. 86–90. Full Text via CrossRef
- A. Bystrom, R.P. Happonen, U. Sjogren and G. Sundqvist, Healing of periapical lesions of pulpless teeth after endodontic treatment with controlled asepsis, Endod Dent Traumatol 3 (1987), pp. 58–63. Full Text via CrossRef
- L. Tronstad, D. Kreshtool and F. Barnett, Microbiological monitoring and results of treatment of extraradicular endodontic infection, Endod Dent Traumatol 6 (1990), pp. 129–136. Full Text via CrossRef
- P.N. Nair, U. Sjogren, G. Krey, K.E. Kahnberg and G. Sundqvist, Intraradicular bacteria and fungi in root-filled, asymptomatic human teeth with therapy-resistant periapical lesions: a long-term light and electron microscopic follow-up study, J Endod 16 (1990), pp. 580–588. Abstract | PDF (17071 K) |
- L. Tronstad, F. Barnett and F. Cervone, Periapical bacterial plaque in teeth refractory to endodontic treatment, Endod Dent Traumatol 6 (1990), pp. 73–77. Full Text via CrossRef
- C. Iwu, T.W. MacFarlane, D. MacKenzie and D. Stenhouse, The microbiology of periapical granulomas, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 69 (1990), pp. 502–505. Abstract | PDF (404 K)
- B.E. Wayman, S.M. Murata, R.J. Almeida and C.B. Fowler, A bacteriological and histological evaluation of 58 periapical lesions, J Endod 18 (1992), pp. 152–155. Abstract | PDF (614 K)
- R.E. Walton and K. Ardjmand, Histological evaluation of the presence of bacteria in induced periapical lesions in monkeys, J Endod 18 (1992), pp. 216–217.
- G.V. Vigil, B.E. Wayman, S.E. Dazey, C.B. Fowler and D.V. Bradley Jr, Identification and antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria isolated from periapical lesions, J Endod 23 (1997), pp. 110–114. Abstract | PDF (515 K)
- J.F. Siqueira Jr and H.P. Lopes, Bacteria on the apical root surfaces of untreated teeth with periradicular lesions: a scanning electron microscopy study, Int Endod J 34 (2001), pp. 216–220. Full Text via CrossRef
- P.T. Sunde, I. Olsen, G.J. Debelian and L. Tronstad, Microbiota of periapical lesions refractory to endodontic therapy, J Endod 28 (2002), pp. 304–310. Article | PDF (1299 K) | Full Text via CrossRef
- D. Ricucci, E.A. Pascon, T.R. Pitt Ford and K. Langeland, Epithelium and bacteria in periapical lesions, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 101 (2006), pp. 239–249. Article | PDF (1463 K)
JOE Editorial Board. Microbiology in Endodontics: An Online Study Guide. JOE may 2008;34(5-1):e151-e164 . Disponible en http://www.sciencedirect.com
Investigado por Dr. Ricardo Rivas Muñoz, Profesor de endodoncia, FES Iztacala, UNAM | <urn:uuid:c9356c6c-d0c7-4f5f-8474-5192aeb7e5be> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.iztacala.unam.mx/~rrivas/articulos/microbiologia/antimicrobianos/joe08microbiology.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391634.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00053-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.684163 | 3,079 | 2.703125 | 3 |
According to the Environmental Protection Agency, approximately 230 million products in use in American homes and business require that their batteries be charged, and those chargers can pull much more energy than is actually stored in the battery.
About 95 percent of the energy drawn by each charging device is wasted, costing you money and releasing greenhouse gases into the air.
The U.S. Department of Energy said the average American household spends about $1,400 per year on energy bills -- about 10 percent of which goes for charging electronics.
The EPA says converting to more energy-efficient battery chargers could save Americans more than $100 million a year.
You can start saving by using solar chargers -- which harness free energy from the sun -- to power your household devices.
Solar charges may be used inside your home or outdoors, and during power outages after storms.
PowerFilm solar chargers
PowerFilm makes two chargers, a rollable solar charger and a foldable solar charger. Originally developed for the military, the waterproof solar chargers can provide up to 12 volts of electricity for a range of devices, including laptops, cell phones, bilge pumps and car batteries.
Designed to allow for easy packing, the charger will work in cloudy conditions, and will run a laptop for about 30 minutes on one hour of stored sunlight.
Each charger costs about $99.95.
Click here to learn more about the PowerFilm chargers.
Solio Hybrid 1000
The Solio H1000 is a compact charging device that has a powerful solar panel and battery. The charger can be used to power up cell phones, MP3 players and game players, Bluetooth devices and GPS units. The H1000's battery can store energy for up to a year.
One hour of sunlight powers 15 minutes of cell phone talk, or 40 minutes of MP3 music playback, but a complete solar charge is equal either to a double-charge for cell phones or 20 hours of music playback.
The H1000 costs about $79.95.
Click here to learn more about the H1000.
The Surge is the first Apple-approved solar charger, and it's made for the iPod. Novothink also makes a solar charger for the iPhone.
The charger has a solar panel on the back of its case. Users can put the charger into the sun and attach it to their device. If it's not sunny, the Surge can also be charged with a USB cable.
The Surge stores power in its own internal battery. Two hours of sunlight will provide 30 minutes of iPhone 3G talk or listening time, and 60 minutes of similar time on the iPhone 2G.
Click here to learn more about the Surge. | <urn:uuid:a9263605-ea6f-44be-8f90-c7e5f3b2a866> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/JustOneThing/thing-green-battery-chargers/story?id=8728290 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00136-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93646 | 551 | 2.84375 | 3 |
In the last few decades, the notion of 'writing to learn' has been explored by writing teachers. The result is the 'writing across the curriculum' movement (and more recently the 'writing in the discipline') which has led to writing intensive requirements at many universities.
'Writing to Learn' is a simple, but profound idea. We tend to think of writing as a product, but it can also be understood as a process
. In the latter, the focus is on writing as a creative activity, a tool for creating understanding. As Greenlaw (2005) observes, "Writing is a tool of discovery, a way of working through ideas that you don't fully understand. ... When you write, you don't merely put down what you already know; rather you end up knowing more." Knoblach & Brannon (1983, 467-468) explain it this way: "Writing enables new knowledge because it involves precisely that active effort to state relationships which is at the heart of learning. .... It involves the sustained effort to select and order ideas as patterns of connection, and thereby to generate creative insights."
In other words, the process of writing is productive
. It is much like the way one works through a problem set, at times struggling to work out the answer. In this context, writing can be used as a tool for students to explore and ultimately improve their understanding of economic concepts and relationships. Indeed, Jacobsen (1994, 32) in the Journal of Economic Education
declares "strong evidence indicates that students who have writing assignments in their classes learn the material more effectively than those who do not." Her finding is not unique.
Because the emphasis for 'writing to learn' is on process rather than product, there is no expectation that an instructor should be a writing expert, only that they should be an expert on disciplinary thinking
. Thus, incorporating writing does not require a teacher to grade the grammar or rhetoric of student papers or to use the language of composition instructors. As Knoblach & Brannon (1983, 471) note, "Only the teacher of a particular discipline knows enough about the learning process characteristic of that field, the ways in which information is gathered and organized, the perspectives that apply, the ways in which problems are solved and questions answered, to respond in a manner" appropriate for disciplinary thinking and writing.
In short, the primary reason for using writing in teaching your discipline is not that students need to become better writers, though they do, but rather because writing is a powerful tool for learning a discipline
Additional information on Writing to Learn | <urn:uuid:5f0a5784-f799-4e2a-be7f-628f62aeff28> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://serc.carleton.edu/sp/library/quantitative_writing/writing2learn.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00179-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95998 | 524 | 3.296875 | 3 |
This text was copied from Wikipedia on 25 June 2016 at 3:23AM.
Fenstanton High Street
Fenstanton shown within Cambridgeshire
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Fenstanton is a village and civil parish in Cambridgeshire, England. Fenstanton is approximately 2 miles (3 km) south of St Ives. Fenstanton is situated within Huntingdonshire which is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire as well as being a historic county of England. Fenstanton lies on the south side of the River Ouse.
Known as Stantun in the 11th century, Staunton and Stanton Gisbrit de Gant in the 13th century, the name Fenstanton (and Fennystanton) appeared from the 14th century. The name "Fenstanton" means "fenland stone enclosure".
In 1085 William the Conqueror ordered that a survey should be carried out across his kingdom to discover who owned which parts and what it was worth. The survey took place in 1086 and the results were recorded in what, since the 12th century, has become known as the Domesday Book. Starting with the king himself, for each landholder within a county there is a list of their estates or manors; and, for each manor, there is a summary of the resources of the manor, the amount of annual rent that was collected by the lord of the manor both in 1066 and in 1086, together with the taxable value.
Fenstanton was listed in the Domesday Book in the Hundred of Toseland in Huntingdonshire; the name of the settlement was written as Stantone in the Domesday Book. In 1086 there was just one manor at Fenstanton; the annual rent paid to the lord of the manor in 1066 had been £17 and the rent had fallen to £16 in 1086.
The Domesday Book does not explicitly detail the population of a place but it records that there were 33 households at Fenstanton. There is no consensus about the average size of a household at that time; estimates range from 3.5 to 5.0 people per household. Using these figures then an estimate of the population of Fenstanton in 1086 is that it was within the range of 115 and 165 people.
The Domesday Book uses a number of units of measure for areas of land that are now unfamiliar terms, such as hides and ploughlands. In different parts of the country, these were terms for the area of land that a team of eight oxen could plough in a single season and are equivalent to 120 acres (49 hectares); this was the amount of land that was considered to be sufficient to support a single family. By 1086, the hide had become a unit of tax assessment rather than an actual land area; a hide was the amount of land that could be assessed as £1 for tax purposes. The survey records that there were thirteen ploughlands at Fenstanton in 1086 and that there was the capacity for a further five ploughlands. In addition to the arable land, there was 80 acres (32 hectares) of meadows at Fenstanton.
The tax assessment in the Domesday Book was known as geld or danegeld and was a type of land-tax based on the hide or ploughland. It was originally a way of collecting a tribute to pay off the Danes when they attacked England, and was only levied when necessary. Following the Norman Conquest, the geld was used to raise money for the King and to pay for continental wars; by 1130, the geld was being collected annually. Having determined the value of a manor's land and other assets, a tax of so many shillings and pence per pound of value would be levied on the land holder. While this was typically two shillings in the pound the amount did vary; for example, in 1084 it was as high as six shillings in the pound. For the manor at Fenstanton the total tax assessed was 13 geld.
By 1086 there was already a church and a priest at Fenstanton.
Lying on the Via Devana, the Roman road that linked the army camps at Godmanchester and Cambridge, Fenstanton was the site of a Roman villa, probably designed to keep the natives in order after their attack on the forces of the IX Legion Hispana as they retreated from an ambush at Cambridge by Boadicea's tribesmen.
The inhabitants of Fenstanton again saw action when they rose in support of Hereward the Wake. From his stronghold on the Isle of Ely Hereward led resistance against the Normans causing King William I to assemble a force in Cambridge to deal with the problem. Men were summoned from Huntingdon but they did not pass Fenstanton and escaped with their lives only by swimming across the river.
As a civil parish, Fenstanton has a parish council. The parish council is elected by the residents of the parish who have registered on the electoral roll; the parish council is the lowest tier of government in England. A parish council is responsible for providing and maintaining a variety of local services including allotments and a cemetery; grass cutting and tree planting within public open spaces such as a village green or playing fields . The parish council reviews all planning applications that might affect the parish and makes recommendations to Huntingdonshire District Council, which is the local planning authority for the parish. The parish council also represents the views of the parish on issues such as local transport, policing and the environment. The parish council raises its own tax to pay for these services, known as the parish precept, which is collected as part of the Council Tax. The parish council consists of twelve councillors and there is a parish clerk.
Fenstanton was in the historic and administrative county of Huntingdonshire until 1965. From 1965, the village was part of the new administrative county of Huntingdon and Peterborough. Then in 1974, following the Local Government Act 1972, Fenstanton became a part of the county of Cambridgeshire.
The second tier of local government is Huntingdonshire District Council which is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire and has its headquarters in Huntingdon. Huntingdonshire District Council has 52 councillors representing 29 district wards. Huntingdonshire District Council collects the council tax, and provides services such as building regulations, local planning, environmental health, leisure and tourism. Fenstanton is a district ward and is represented on the district council by one councillor. District councillors serve for four year terms following elections to Huntingdonshire District Council.
For Fenstanton the highest tier of local government is Cambridgeshire County Council which has administration buildings in Cambridge. The county council provides county-wide services such as major road infrastructure, fire and rescue, education, social services, libraries and heritage services. Cambridgeshire County Council consists of 69 councillors representing 60 electoral divisions. Fenstanton is part of the electoral division of The Hemingfords and Fen Stanton and is represented on the county council by one councillor.
At Westminster Fenstanton is in the parliamentary constituency of Huntingdon, and elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. Fenstanton is represented in the House of Commons by Jonathan Djanogly (Conservative). Jonathan Djanogly has represented the constituency since 2001. The previous member of parliament was John Major (Conservative) who represented the constituency between 1983 and 2001. For the European Parliament Fenstanton is part of the East of England constituency which elects seven MEPs using the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation.
In the period 1801 to 1901 the population of Fenstanton was recorded every ten years by the UK census. During this time the population was in the range of 704 (the lowest was in 1801) and 1120 (the highest was in 1861).
From 1901, a census was taken every ten years with the exception of 1941 (due to the Second World War).
All population census figures from report Historic Census figures Cambridgeshire to 2011 by Cambridgeshire Insight.
In 2011, the parish covered an area of 2,553 acres (1,033 hectares) and so the population density for Fenstanton in 2011 was 812.7 persons per square mile (313.8 per square kilometre).
Culture and community
The village supports four public houses: The Crown and Pipes, the George and King William IV. The Tudor, a former pub, is now a Thai take-away. In 1851 there were eight recorded pubs: The Bell, the Crown, the George, the King William IV, the Rose & Crown, the Royal Oak, the White Horse and the Woolpack.
Also the Blue Cow & the Chequers
There is a post office, as well as a primary school, shared with neighbouring Hilton.
Fenstanton is the current operating base of Stagecoach in Huntingdonshire.
In the 18th century Lancelot "Capability" Brown, the famous landscape gardener, bought the Lordship of the Manor of Fenstanton and Hilton from the Earl of Northampton. Brown and his wife are buried in the parish churchyard and the chancel bears a memorial to them.
The parish church of St Peter and St Paul dates from the 13th century, though there was an earlier church on the site listed in the Domesday Survey.
The octagonal spire on the west tower dates from the 14th century, and the church is noted for its chancel, built by 14th century rector William de Longthorne. The east window, 17 feet in width, is impressive for a church of its size. The six bells date from the 17th and 18th century, the latest being hung in 1981, a gift from The Howland Society in America, descendants of the Mayflower Pilgrims mentioned above.
The village also has both a Baptist and a United Reformed Church.
- 2001 census
- Ordnance Survey: Landranger map sheet 153 Bedford & Huntingdon (St Neots & Biggleswade) (Map). Ordnance Survey. 2013. ISBN 9780319231722.
- William Page; Granville Proby; S. Inskip Ladds (1932). A History of the County of Huntingdon: Volume 2. Victoria County History.
- Walter Skeat (1901). The Placenames of Cambridgeshire.
- Dr Ann Williams, Professor G.H. Martin, eds. (1992). Domesday Book: A Complete Translation. London: Penguin Books. pp. 551–561. ISBN 0-141-00523-8.
- Dr Ann Williams, Professor G.H. Martin, eds. (1992). Domesday Book: A Complete Translation. London: Penguin Books. p. 1345. ISBN 0-141-00523-8.
- Professor J.J.N. Palmer, University of Hull. "Open Domesday: Place - Fenstanton". www.opendomesday.org. Anna Powell-Smith. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
- Goose, Nigel; Hinde, Andrew. "Estimating Local Population Sizes" (PDF). Retrieved 23 February 2016.
- "Fenstanton - a brief history".
- "Fenstanton Parish Council: Councillors". www.fenstanton-village.co.uk. Fenstanton Parish Council. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
- "Huntingdonshire District Council: Councillors". www.huntingdonshire.gov.uk. Huntingdonshire District Council. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
- "Huntingdonshire District Council". www.huntingdonshire.gov.uk. Huntingdonshire District Council. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
- "Ordnance Survey Election Maps". www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk. Ordnance Survey. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
- "Cambridgeshire County Council". www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk. Cambridgeshire County Council. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
- "Cambridgeshire County Council: Councillors". www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk. Cambridgeshire County Council. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
- "Historic Census figures Cambridgeshire to 2011" (xlsx - download). www.cambridgeshireinsight.org.uk. Cambridgeshire Insight. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
- Dady, Jack. (2000) Beyond Yesterday: A History of Fenstanton. Huntingdon: Archived Books. See village website
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fenstanton.| | <urn:uuid:b6a1d120-eae6-427c-b619-b9709145c373> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.pepysdiary.com/encyclopedia/14008/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394987.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00117-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949012 | 2,712 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Robert Scott, Edward Wilson and Ernest Shackleton make the first attempt
to reach the South Pole. They covered over 700 miles and reached a latitude of
82 degrees south before being forced to turn back.
Great Britain's Ernest Shackleton, Frank Wild, Eric Marshall and Jameson
Adams begin their attempt to reach the South Pole. Only 112 miles from the
Pole, in poor health and near starvation, they are forced to cut short their
Edgeworth David, Douglas Mawson and Alistar McKay reach the South
Robert Peary, having started his dash to the North Pole a month earlier,
reaches his destination on April 6th.
Norwegian Roald Amundsen, along with four others, arrives at the South
Englishmen Robert Scott, Edward Wilson, Henry Bowers, Edgar Evans and
Lawrence Oates reach the South Pole. Scott's log of the event reads, "Great
God! This is an awful place and terrible enough for us to have laboured to it
without the reward of priority."
Scott, Wilson, and Bowers die on their return journey. They were only 11
miles from the next depot spot where provisions were awaiting them.
Determined "to start a last great journey" Ernest Shackleton attempts to
cross Antarctica. Shackleton never reaches the continent, however. His ship,
"The Endurance, " is stuck in a Weddell Sea ice pack for 281
days before finally being crushed. Shackleton and crew were able to escape the
doomed vessel and take refuge on Elephant Island. | <urn:uuid:6289b5bd-db78-4ca1-b76e-4dde1bc93975> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/ice/timeline/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403502.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00046-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946392 | 324 | 3.65625 | 4 |
The history of the Jews of Yemen is a very interesting story, full of things that are very unique to them. The way they arrived in Yemen, the way they lived, and the relationship they had were all different from other communities, even those in the same region.
There has been a Jewish presence in Yemen for centuries. While we may not know exactly when they arrived, it most likely was in the 7th century BCE. The local tradition states that Jews left Jerusalem after they heard Jeremiah warn of the destruction of the Temple in 629 BCE. Historian's lean more toward the arrival of the Jews in 900 BCE. They believe these Jews were part of King Solomon's traders. Whichever is the correct time frame, it is a long history.
The early years of the Jews being in Yemen, was a time of of peace and strength. The rulers of the time had a large section of their people who converted to Judaism, then in the 3rd century, the ruling family also converted, which made Judaism the religion of those who governed. The Jewish rule ended in the early 6th century when the Ethiopians took power.
Ethiopian ruled ended in the seventh century, and because of it, life for the Jews would never be the same. At that time the Muslims took control which made the Jews now a lower class, no longer the equals of others.
They were now required to pay special taxes, and lost most all contact with other Jewish communities, they were isolated in many ways. The isolation from other communities had a lasting influence. Their culture and lives began to resemble those of the Arabs, the only people they had contact with. This period lasted till the 1200's when the Rasulides Tribe of Africa ruled the area. They were in control till the mid 1500's when the Turk's took over.
In 1630, the Zaydis tribe took control from the Turks and again the Jews were forced into a period of history that was most unkind to them. Restrictions were put back in place, they were no longer allowed to live in the cities, they also could not build any home that was taller than a Muslim home. In the late 1600's, part of the community was drive out to Mawza, on the Red Sea. There many starved and died. Later they were brought back to help the economy, because they were the skilled craftsmen and artisans. This pattern continue for the most part until 1948 when Israel became a state. By 1950 the majority of the Jews of Yemen had immigrated to Israel.
Today, the Jewish community of Yemen is very small and because of years of being subjected to unfair laws and rulers have lost most of their Jewish identity. There are now those within the community trying to restore the honor that was lost, may their work be blessed. | <urn:uuid:5d59cc65-3ae9-4445-bacd-55814dbb0ae8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://knowlescollection.blogspot.com/2011/08/jews-of-yemen.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402479.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00107-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.990336 | 570 | 3.53125 | 4 |
In 1986, a two-and-a-half year-old girl named Michelle Funk fell into a stream and drowned. By the time paramedics found her, she hadn’t been breathing for more than an hour. Her heart was stopped. In other words, she was dead. Somewhat inexplicably, the paramedics continued to work on her, and so did doctors in the emergency room. Then, three hours after she died, Michelle Funk took a breath and her heart fluttered back into action.
Funk’s case inspired David Casarett to go to medical school, with plans to become an ER doctor. He wanted to bring people back to life. Casarett is now an associate professor of medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. In his new book, Shocked: Adventures in Bringing Back the Recently Dead, he explores the history, science, and moral hazards of reviving the recently dead.
Casarett is enthusiastic about the emerging technologies that are allowing doctors to save patients who would have been a lost cause in the very recent past. But these technologies come at a cost, he writes. They may restore life, but whether it’s a life worth living is another matter.
As inspired as he was by Funk’s near-miraculous revival, Casarett has also seen heartbreaking cases in which patients were revived with heroic efforts—only to languish, unresponsive, in an ICU for weeks while their families agonize over how long to maintain life support. Those cases caused Casarett to abandon his plans to become an ER doc. He now focuses on easing the suffering of patients near the end of life as a palliative care and hospice doctor.
Here are a few things he’d like you to know about reviving the dead.
Be glad you weren’t recently deceased in the 18th century
In the 1700s, Good Samaritans in several European cities began to take a keen interest in reviving people who appeared to have drowned. Their methods seem dubious today: throwing the no-longer breathing person onto a trotting horse or dunking them in freezing water, tickling the back of the throat with a feather, blowing tobacco smoke into the rectum, or administering a good whipping.
But not all these methods are totally without scientific grounding, Casarett writes. The up and down motion of a trotting horse could move the diaphragm and chest walls in and out enough to force air in and out of the lungs and stimulate some circulation, not unlike CPR. And tobacco smoke contains nicotine, which prompts the brain to release epinephrine, which in turn increases the rate and strength of the heart’s contractions. In fact, epinephrine is a key item in modern day crash carts.
“Some of the techniques they tried back then were bizarre, but some of them actually turned out to be direct ancestors of things we use today,” Casarett said. “Mouth-to mouth resuscitation was pioneered, as far as I can tell, in Amsterdam in the late 18th century, and it’s still a mainstay of resuscitation today.”
If you want to die and live to tell about it, go somewhere cold
Casarett recounts several remarkable tales of people who defied the odds by coming back to life after an hour or more without breathing and without a pulse. A young Swedish woman, for example, survived 80 minutes trapped under the ice in a frozen stream. In all these cases, the person was somewhere cold.
That’s not a coincidence. When cells are deprived of oxygen and nutrients, they soon begin to self-destruct. Cold delays this process by reducing cells’ metabolic needs. That allows the brain and other organs to escape damage for far longer than they would have otherwise. “If this happened at room temperature, there’s virtually no chance they would have survived, at least not cognitively intact,” Casarett said.
“Today, some of the most exciting work in resuscitation medicine involves making people cold,” he said.
Otherwise, try Pittsburgh
Indeed, a clinical trial underway at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center will put this idea to the test in trauma patients. Only in dire cases where massive blood loss has caused cardiac arrest, doctors will replace the patient’s blood with ice-cold saline solution in hopes of buying time to repair the wounds before cells and organs begin to break down. There’s been some ethical discussion about the trial because the patients will be unconscious and therefore unable to give informed consent (people can request a bracelet that would let doctors know they wish to opt out).
Casarett says he’s not familiar enough with the details of the trial to comment on the ethical issues, but he’s fascinated by the science behind it. In Shocked, he describes some of the experiments with dogs and pigs that laid the foundation for the trial. “This isn’t just a half-baked idea, it has a pretty strong basis in molecular biology,” he said.
“If you’re going to get in an accident anywhere in the U.S. in the next few years, I would try to have it happen in Pittsburgh,” Casarett said. “You’d have a chance of getting what may become the standard of care in the next five or ten years.”
The squirrels have secrets
Hibernation is the way animals like bears and squirrels ramp down their metabolism to survive winter. If humans could be put in a similar state of suspended animation, it might be an alternative to putting them on ice (or replacing their blood with freezing saline) to preserve the brain and other organs.
For all its advantages, cooling patients has its disadvantages too: It makes it harder to restore a normal heart rhythm and it requires a lot of equipment, making it difficult to use outside a hospital. A chemical that could do the same thing might be more effective and more widely useful, Casarett says.
In researching Shocked, he visited the labs of scientists trying to understand the biochemical changes that occur when animals like squirrels, mice, and lemurs (the only known hibernating primates) enter a hypometabolic state. It’s still early days, but Casarett says it’s not too crazy to imagine a future in which crash carts and ambulances carry a drug derived from a compound found in hibernating animals. “Imagine a drug that could do everything that buckets of ice could do, but could do it much more quickly in a single injection,” he said. “That would be the goal.”
Don’t waste your money on cryonics
The most lively chapter in Shocked recounts Casarett’s visit to a cryonics convention, where he meets people willing to pony up $200,000 to put their bodies on ice after they die, in hopes that scientists will eventually come up with a cure for whatever killed them.
“I had expected to be in a room full of freaks and geeks, and certainly some people were completely nuts, but I was surprised by the degree to which some people were really very knowledgeable,” he said.
He was impressed by scientific talks on how to cool a recently deceased body as quickly as possible and how to freeze it without the formation of ice crystals, which can tear tissue apart and throw electrolyte concentrations out of whack.
All in all, however, he left unconvinced that cryonauts will be successfully frozen and reanimated anytime soon. “I can think of a lot of other ways to spend that money,” he said.
Kiss the dummy and shock strangers
Blowing into someone’s mouth and pumping on their chest during CPR helps get a little bit of oxygen into their blood and circulate it until an ambulance arrives. It saves lives, and Casarett wants everyone to take a course and practice on Annie, the ubiquitous CPR training dummy.
Even people who don’t know CPR can save the life of someone in cardiac arrest with an automated electronic defibrillator (AED). These devices can detect an abnormal heart rhythm and issue voice commands to guide even a novice user to apply an electric shock to correct it. Together, more people trained in CPR and more AEDs in public places, constitute a strategy for what Casarett calls crowdsourced survival.
We’re not there yet, though. A colleague of his at Penn has found that AEDs are more common in rich areas of Philadelphia than in lower income neighborhoods. And California’s Supreme Court recently ruled that big box retailers like Target aren’t obligated to have an AED in their stores.
Resuscitation doesn’t work like you see on TV
The biggest difference between resuscitation as shown on TV medical dramas and reality is the likelihood of success, Casarett says. “On TV they make it look much easier and more effective than it is in real life.” He notes that one study in the 1990s actually tried to quantify this: the researchers found that 75 percent of people who received CPR in several TV medical dramas survived, compared to less than 30 percent in real life.
Another difference: Recently revived people often throw up. That’s because when you’re unconscious, your muscles relax, including the sphincter muscle at the bottom of your esophagus that normally keeps your stomach contents from coming back up. Relax that muscle in someone lying on their back while another person is pounding on their chest, and… it’s easy to understand why the recently revived often have some spitting up to do. “That’s something you usually don’t see on television,” Casarett said.
Dying isn’t as simple as it used to be
The line between alive and dead is getting blurrier thanks to advances in technology, Casarett writes. “Several emergency room physicians I talked to told me that even five years ago, when confronted with a cardiac arrest patient, you would run through the routine, do what you could, and then it would be pretty clear at some point that you’d exhausted your bag of tricks and there was nothing else you could do,” Casarett said. But now there are more and more things to try.
For example, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation machines can withdraw the blood of a patient in heart failure, oxygenate it, and pump it back into the body, keeping them alive—or something like it. “That line is getting more difficult to define because of all these technologies,” Casarett said.
Coming back from the dead comes at a cost
Restoring life may be getting easier, but the quality of that life can be questionable, especially when a revived patient never regains consciousness. “It’s not a chance to say goodbye or even grieve, it just draws out the dying process,” Casarett said. And then there’s the issue no one likes to talk about, the financial costs, which can run to more than $20,000 a day.
As medical science marches forward, we can expect more incredible stories of revival, Casarett writes. But we also have to expect more hard decisions about the emotional and financial costs of these new technologies, and what kind of life—and death—they’ll provide.Go Back to Top. Skip To: Start of Article. | <urn:uuid:9be3defa-d243-478d-99ac-cc9bd8a2cd8b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.wired.com/2014/07/revive-the-dead/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402479.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00192-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966325 | 2,407 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Gods presiding over a household, especially (in Roman history) the lares and penates.
Oraciones de ejemplo
- The Romans had personal household gods or spirits called ‘lares’ which were worshipped every day at home.
- This one is a New Year poem, called Lares Et Penates, inspired by the Roman concept of household gods.
- Again legend tells us that the Swallow was sacred to the Penates or household gods, and therefore to injure one would be to bring wrath upon your own house.
For editors and proofreaders
Saltos de línea: house|hold gods
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Artificially stimulating a brain region believed to play a key role in learning, reward and motivation induced monkeys to change which of two images they choose to look at. In experiments reported online in the journal Current Biology, researchers from Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and the University of Leuven in Belgium confirm for the first time that stimulation of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) - a group of neurons at the base of the midbrain - can change behavior through activation of the brain's reward system.
"Previous studies had correlated increased activity in the primate VTA with positive events experienced by the animal but could not prove that VTA activity actually caused behavioral changes," says Wim Vanduffel, PhD, of the Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging at MGH, corresponding author of the Current Biology paper. "Studies in rodents have shown that artificially manipulating VTA activity strongly influences behavior, and our work has bridged the gap between rodent and primate." Vanduffel is also head of the Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology at the University of Leuven.
To investigate the direct impact of VTA activation on primate behavior, the research team used high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging to guide the placement of microelectrodes within the VTAs of macaque monkeys. In the initial set of experiments, the animals were presented with a pair of images - for example a star and a ball - and could freely chose to look at one image or the other, with their choice measured by their eye movement. Each animal was trained by means of a juice reward to look first at a white square at the center of the visual field and then at either of the paired images.
After establishing each animal's preference, based on which image was looked at most frequently, mild stimulation was applied to the VTA when the animal happened to look at the initially nonpreferred image. Soon the animal's preference changed, and it most frequently looked at what previously had been the less favored image. When the VTA stimulation was then applied to the initially preferred image, the monkeys soon changed their preference back to the original choice.
In a second set of experiments, after the initial image preference was established, an animal watched a 20-minute video, during which the two images were randomly presented every 5 seconds. Whenever the initially nonpreferred image was presented, it was accompanied by mild VTA stimulation. Subsequent repetition of the preference test showed that the animal's choice had shifted to the image reinforced by VTA stimulation.
Functional MR imaging taken while the animals received either a juice reward or VTA stimulation revealed that both induced activation of brain regions that previous studies in humans and other primates have associated with reward signaling by means of the neurotransmitter dopamine. The level of VTA stimulation required to activate these structures was considerably less than the amount required to reinforce or change behavior in the earlier experiments.
"Our study showed that the timing of VTA stimulation is important - when stimulation happens immediately after an action is performed, the monkey is more likely to perform that action - and that it applies 'value' to a particular stimulus and motivates future behavior," says Vanduffel, who is an assistant professor of Radiology at Harvard Medical School. "Other studies have implicated the VTA in learning based on negative, as well as positive reinforcement, and a recent rodent study found that increasing VTA activation can relieve depression, possibly by increasing motivated behavior. Our findings lay the groundwork for further investigation of the role of the VTA in reinforcing and regulating motivated behavior."
John Arsenault, PhD, of the Martinos Center at MGH and the University of Leuven, is first author of the Current Biology paper. Additional co-authors are Samy Rima and Heiko Stemmann, both at the University of Leuven.
Massachusetts General Hospital, founded in 1811, is the original and largest teaching hospital of Harvard Medical School. The MGH conducts the largest hospital-based research program in the United States, with an annual research budget of more than $785 million and major research centers in AIDS, cardiovascular research, cancer, computational and integrative biology, cutaneous biology, human genetics, medical imaging, neurodegenerative disorders, regenerative medicine, reproductive biology, systems biology, transplantation biology and photomedicine. | <urn:uuid:ad30c2d1-ce07-4c1d-ada2-7d527f5ce6a4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-05/mgh-aob052814.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400572.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00195-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956394 | 882 | 3.234375 | 3 |
The following excerpts from Chapter III of Charles L. Eastlake's History of the Gothic Revival deal with the background to author and politician Horace Walpole's house at Strawberry Hill, and its eye-catching exterior. The first part provides the early context of the Gothic Revival, and gives useful insights into the mind-set of one of the most influential early Revivalists. Walpole's house, built from 1749-76 with the help of architects William Robinson and later James Essex, has interior work by Richard Bentley, John Chute, Thomas Pitt, and Robert Adam, and attracted an enormous amount of interest from his contemporaries. Walpole was even forced to limit the number of visitors, and provide a written guide to it. The excerpts from Eastlake's account have been edited, formatted and illustrated for our website by Jacqueline Banerjee, who also added the headings, captions and links. Omissions from the original text, and page numbers in the original text, are both indicated in square brackets. [Photographs by the current editor, except for the one of the "Chapel in the Woods," which is reproduced here by courtesy of the excellent website London Number One. You may use the other photographs without prior permission for any scholarly or educational purpose as long as you (1) credit the photographer and (2) link your document to this URL or cite it in a print one. Click on them for larger images.]
The recently restored Strawberry Hill House, seen most comprehensively from the south-east. These are, in fact, the main façades. Along the whole length of the long "Great Cloister" on the ground floor of the southern wing runs the first floor picture gallery, the interior of which is shown in the next part of the extract.
The "Waning Cause" of the Gothic in the Mid-Eighteenth Century
In the history of British art there is one period more distinguished than another for its neglect of Gothic, it was certainly the middle of the eighteenth century. In a previous age architects had not been wanting who endeavoured to perpetuate the style whenever occasion offered, and when the taste of their clients raised no obstacle. Wren had himself condescended to imitate in practice those principles of design which he despised in theory. But these were exceptional cases, and, as time advanced, and the new doctrine spread more widely, they became still rarer. Nor did the lovers of archaeology much help the waning cause. The old antiquarians were dead, or had ceased from their labours. Their successors had not yet begun to write. An interval occurred between the works of Dugdale and Dodsworth, of Herbert and Wood, on the one side, and those of Grose, Bentham, Hearn, and Gough, on the other — between the men who recorded the history of Mediaeval buildings in England, and the men who attempted to illustrate them. In this interval an author appeared who did neither, but to whose writings and to whose influence as an admirer of Gothic art we believe may be ascribed one of the chief causes which induced its present revival.
The "Mediaeval Predilections" of Horace Walpole (1717-1797)
Horace Walpole, third son of the Minister, Sir Robert Walpole, first Earl of Orford, was born in 1718 [in fact, in 1717]. At the age of twenty his fortune was secured by some valuable sinecures, and he thus found himself enabled at an early period of his life to indulge in those tastes and pursuits which to him seemed of much more importance than his Parliamentary duties, and which have combined to render his name so famous.
It is impossible to peruse either the letters or the romances of this [42-43] remarkable man without being struck by the unmistakable evidence which they contain of his Mediaeval predilections. His Castle of Otranto was perhaps the first modern work of fiction which depended for its interest on the incidents of a chivalrous age, and it thus became the prototype of that class of novel which was afterwards imitated by Mrs. Ratcliffe and perfected by Sir Walter Scott. The feudal tyrant, the venerable ecclesiastic, the forlorn but virtuous damsel, the castle itself, with its moats and drawbridge, its gloomy dungeons and solemn corridors, are all derived from a mine of interest which has since been worked more efficiently and to better profit. But to Walpole must be awarded the credit of its discovery and first employment.
The position which he occupies with regard to art resembles in many respects that in which he stands as a man of letters. His labours were not profound in either field. But their result was presented to the public in a form which gained him rapid popularity both as an author and a dilettante. As a collector of curiosities he was probably influenced more by a love of old world associations than by any sound appreciation of artistic design. In this spirit he haunted the auction rooms, and picked up a vast quantity of objects that were destined by-and-by to crowd his villa at Twickenham. Nothing to which the faintest semblance of a legend attached was too insignificant for his notice. Queen Mary's comb. King William's spur, the pipe which Van Tromp smoked in his last naval engagement, or the scarlet hat of Cardinal Wolsey, possessed for him an extraordinary interest. But among these relics he acquired much that was really valuable in the way of old china and stained glass, and thus formed the nucleus of what at one time promised to become an important Mediaeval museum. The acquisition of these treasures could not but influence his taste, which has been ably defined by an eminent writer of our own day. "He had," says Lord Macaulay, "a strange ingenuity peculiarly his own, an ingenuity which appeared in all that he did, in his building, in his gardening, in his upholstery, in the matter and in the manner of [43-44] his writings. If we were to adopt the classification — not a very accurate classification — which Akenside has given of the pleasures of the imagination, we should say that with the Sublime and the Beautiful Walpole had nothing to do, but that the third province, the Odd, was his peculiar domain." It was probably this eccentricity of taste, combined with his fondness of Mediaeval lore, which induced him to imitate, in the design of his own dwelling, a style of architecture which by this time had fallen into almost universal contempt.
Walpole's "Little Plaything House"
The east front: "Over the east porch a stepped gable rises, lighted by an oriel window and ornamented at its upper end by a wooden cross let in flush with the plaster. At the apex of the roof is another (Maltese) cross by way of finial" (Eastlake 46). A detail of the oriel is shown below.
On the grounds now known as Strawberry Hill, there existed, towards the middle of the last century, a small cottage, built by a person who had been coachman to the Earl of Bradford. It was originally intended for a lodging house, but the Fates had decreed for it a more honourable use. Even before the occupancy of the owner with whose name it will be for ever associated, it had become the residence of some notable people. The famous Colley Gibber once lived there. Dr. Talbot, then Bishop of Durham, and the Marquis of Caernarvon (afterwards Duke of Chandos), had been its tenants. It was afterwards hired by Mrs. Chenevix, a dealer in toys, at that time well known in London. It does not appear that there was anything of a Gothic character in the original structure, but it struck Walpole's fancy. He first purchased the lease of Mrs. Chenevix, and the following year bought the fee simple of the estate. In a letter to Mr. (afterwards Marshal) Conway, dated June 8th, 1747, Walpole announced that he had taken possession. "You perceive by my date," he writes, "that I am got into a new camp, and have left my tub at Windsor. It is a little plaything house that I got out of Mrs. Chenevix's shop, and is the prettiest bauble you ever saw."
Left: The less impressive north front, facing the road. Right: Approaching what Walpole himself called "the Great North Gate" (7).
This small and whimsical abode Walpole enlarged at various times between the years 1753 and 1776. He did not take down the old work, but altered it to suit his taste, and added to it bit by bit, so that the whole at length became a straggling but not unpicturesque mass of buildings. "It was," says an old writer, "the amusement of his leisure; [44-45] and, circumscribed in its dimensions as it is now seen, it enabled him to perform with sufficient success his original intention, which was that of adapting the more beautiful portions of English or Gothic castellated and ecclesiastical architecture to the purposes of a modern villa. A wide and somewhat novel field was here opened for the exercise of taste. The task was precisely suited to the talent of the designer; and this choice specimen of the picturesque effect which may be produced by a combination of the graces of ancient English style, even when those beauties are unaided by the ivyed mellowness of time, has greatly assisted in introducing a passion for the Gothic."
The "Old Entrance"
Left to right: (a) Looking west, just inside the entrance archway. (b) The small "Abbot's Garden," as Walpole called it, on the other side of the screen to the right. (c) A small oratory, with a bronze saint. (d) "The entrance to the house, the narrow front of which was designed by Richard Bentley, the only son of Dr. Bentley, the learned master of Trinity College, Cambridge" (Walpole 7). Above the door are three shields, the one in the middle being specific to Walpole, having two chevrons on either side of a band. The mix of the devotional and the heraldic here is telling.
[....]The old entrance was by a low pointed arch from which a narrow corridor led on the left hand to an inner door. This passage is decorated with mural arcuation, consisting of slender attached shafts, and tracery in low relief, the bays being separated by canopied niches, enriched internally with carved work in imitation of groining. The crockets employed in this work are of that feeble type which characterised the latest and most debased Jacobean Gothic, and the little corbels are executed in the acorn pattern which Wren so extensively used.
The main walls are of brick or rubble masonry, rough cast with plaster. Many of the doors and windows on the north side are spanned [45-46] by a pointed arch. On the first floor are several oriel and bay windows, constructed of wood, of which the upper portions are filled with stained glass. They are surmounted by a light cornice crested with wooden tracery. The west wing, in which Walpole set up his printing-press, is a battlemented building two storeys in height. It is lighted by square windows, divided by what seem to be modern casement frames into two and three compartments, and labelled above with an imitation of a Tudor drip-stone.
The West and South Fronts
Medievalising touches to the south wing. Left: The battlemented parapets, crocketted pinnacles and Tudor-style chimneys of the south front, with French Gothic influence in the round tower. Right: As Eastlake says, "The pointed windows of this wing are remarkable as bearing more resemblance to Venetian Gothic than to any English example" (46).
The portion of the building nearest the Thames is evidently the oldest part, and is said to have been the actual cottage purchased of Mrs. Chenevix. It presents two fronts, one facing the west and the other the south. A semi-octagonal porch projects from each side. The pointed windows of this wing are remarkable as bearing more resemblance to Venetian Gothic than to any English example. Their arches are cusped once on either side and terminate in that abrupt ogival curve, of which so many examples may be seen from the Grand Canal. The likeness is the more striking because the plaster is carried up to the edge of the intrados, and thus leaves the arch with no apparent voussoir. There are two storeys of these windows, the upper floor being lighted by simple quatrefoil openings about three feet across. A battlemented parapet crowns the whole. The latter feature is probably executed in lath and plaster. It is certain that the coping of both merlons and embrasures is of wood, and that wooden pinnacles occur at the angles and at regular intervals along the front. The porches on the south and east sides (also battlemented) are carried up two storeys in height. Over the east porch a stepped gable rises, lighted by an oriel window and ornamented at its upper end by a wooden cross let in flush with the plaster. At the apex of the roof is another (Maltese) cross by way of finial. The east corner of the south front is occupied by an apartment now used as a study, but which was formerly the dining-room, or, as Walpole would have it, the "refectory." It is lighted by a bay window rectangular in plan and surmounted by a wooden cresting. In the storey immediately above this is the library window, divided into three [46-47] lights by slender wooden columns. The arch over this window differs from the rest in having a flat double cusp on either side, but terminates like the others in an ogival curve. It is filled with rich stained glass. On either side above it, and lighting the same chamber, are two quatrefoil openings similar to those we have described. A chimney shaft projects on the east side and is carried up straight to about three-fourths of its height, where it is splayed back in the usual manner. The window heads of the south porch are flatter than the rest, but preserve the same general outline.
The upper part of the rectangular oriel above the east porch, with its stained (or, more correctly, painted) glass. Striking outside as well as inside, it indicates the role stained glass will play in the Gothic Revival.
The picture gallery runs from east to west, connecting the original tenement with the round central tower and attached staircase-turret, which Walpole built, and which have been lately carried up an additional storey in height. The west front of the gallery (standing about thirty feet from the ground) is divided into bays by buttresses, and contains two storeys, whereof the lower is occupied by servants' offices. The windows of each floor are spanned by four-centred Tudor arches. The voussoirs and quoins appear to be of stone — at all events in some portions of the work; but the whole has been so plastered over in successive renovations that it is difficult to distinguish the solid masonry from rubble-work. The upper windows are labelled with late drip-stone mouldings. The round central tower, which forms an important feature in the group, has a battlemented parapet running round the wall over a corbelled string-course. [....] [47-48]
The Chapel and the Grounds
The "Chapel in the Woods," now to be seen from the car park of neighbouring St Mary's University.
There is a small building in the garden still called the chapel, though whether that name should be retained for a room which a congregation of six people would inconveniently crowd may be doubted. Its greatest length, including the porch, is not more than fifteen feet. Internally it is about eight feet wide. The inner portion is on a sort of quatrefoil plan, of which three sides are roofed with* [48-49] plaster groining, and the fourth is left open to the porch. Ribs spring from each angle towards a quadrilateral space above, from which a pendant hangs. Each side forms a recess, of three faces, separated by a slender attached column.
The front of the porch is executed in Portland stone, and is really a very creditable performance if we consider the time at which it was erected. The upper portion is principally occupied by a three-light window spanned by a flat four-centred arch. The sill of this window is formed by a heavy stone transom, which separates it from a doorway and little window below. Three small niches occur on either side, moulded and canopied with some delicacy of workmanship. The extreme corners of the front are decorated with octagonal shafts panelled in their upper portions.
The whole of the carving, and, indeed, the general design of the chapel, has been executed with great care and more attention to detail than one might expect from such a period. Walpole's Gothic, in short, though far from reflecting the beauties of a former age, or anticipating those which were destined to proceed from a redevelopment of the style, still holds a position in the history of English art which commands our respect, for it served to sustain a cause which had otherwise been well-nigh forsaken.
Left to right: (a) Replica of the celebrated "Shell Seat" in the grounds, the original dating from the 1750s, the shell shape now created from curved laminated strips of oak. (b) Leaving the house by the north archway. (c) Another beautifully executed replica, this time of the original main gate, with its red cast-iron scrolls of strawberry plants within wooden Gothic arches.
*The completion of Walpole's villa caused a great deal of sensation at the Time, and its merits were freely discussed by the press. Some doggerel rhymes concerning it appeared in a paper called the Craftsman. The first stanza is as follows:—
Some cry up Gunnersbury,
For Sion some declare:
And some say that with Chiswick House
No villa can compare:
But ask the beaux of Middlesex
Who know the country well.
If Strawb'ry Hill — if Strawb'ry Hill
Don't bear away the bell?
- The Hall and Staircase
- The Refectory or Great Parlour
- The Library
- The Gallery
- The Round Drawing-Room
- The Tribune
- Strawberry Hill. L[or]d Waldegrave's. Twickenham (seen from the Thames; this view is now blocked)
- Nineteenth-century Additions by Lady Waldegrave
- Stained Glass at Strawberry Hill
- French Influence on Victorian Architecture
Eastlake, Charles Locke. A History of the Gothic Revival. London: Longmans, Green, 1872. Internet Archive. Web. 22 August 2014.
Headnote and Caption Material Sources
Strawberry Hill List Entry. English Heritage. Web. 22 August 2014.
"Strawberry Hill House, Twickenham. Calibre Metalwork (responsible for the metalwork on the gate). Web. 22 August 2014.
"Strawberry Hill Shell Seat." Architectural Heritage (responsible for recreating the shell seat). Web. 22 August 2014.
Walpole, Horace. A Description of the Villa of Mr Horace Walpole at Strawberry-Hill near Twickenham, Middlesex. Edited version in a booklet compiled and written by Carole Patey and published by the Strawberry Hill Trust, 2014. Available at the house.
Last modified 22 August 2014 | <urn:uuid:b7020b8d-e4df-4f2f-9789-9c4caacd0bfe> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.victorianweb.org/art/architecture/strawberryhill/1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00009-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972379 | 4,173 | 2.71875 | 3 |
This category lists pages and sites about Meriwether Lewis (1774-1809) and William Clark (1770-1838), commanders of an overland expedition to the Pacific Ocean (1804-1806).
Related categories 1
America's Library: Lewis and Clark
[ Kids ] The Library of Congress – Brief history, stories, and photographs about the team best known for their “Corps of Discovery” expedition.
Discovering Lewis & Clark
[ Kids/Teens/Mature Teens ] Multimedia presentation explains how explorers spent their free time, explores why Thomas Jefferson directed Lewis & Clark to go on this journey, and examines its importance to the Louisiana Purchase.
Go West Across America with Lewis and Clark
[ Kids ] Online adventure allows students to become privates in Lewis and Clark's Corps of Discovery. From National Geographic.
Homework Center: Lewis & Clark Bicentennial
[ Kids/Teens ] Comprehensive collection of screened links about the expedition itself and key members of it.
[ Kids/Teens/Mature Teens ] Explore the Lewis and Clark Expedition from Thomas Jefferson's perspective and discover why the expedition was so important to him.
Lewis & Clark Journey of Discovery
[ Kids/Teens/Mature Teens ] Explores how Thomas Jefferson's grand idea and Lewis and Clark's great adventure changed the course of history. Includes maps, timelines, interactive games for kids, and teacher resources.
Lewis & Clark: Mapping the West
[ Kids/Teens/Mature Teens ] Virtual exhibit from the Smithsonian.
MrNussbaum.com: Lewis and Clark
[ Kids/Teens ] Interactive route map, timeline, discoveries, biographies, and activities.
National Geographic: Lewis and Clark
[ Kids/Teens/Mature Teens ] Includes an interactive journey log, maps, historical photos, drawings, a timeline, and details of their discoveries.
PBS Online: Lewis and Clark
[ Kids/Teens/Mature Teens ] Provides information on the explorers, expedition journals, trip timeline and maps, interviews with historical experts, an overview of Native American tribes, and classroom lessons.
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People and Society
Sports and Hobbies | <urn:uuid:375ee224-fd0e-4aac-a1d6-46081cd9d738> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.dmoz.org/Kids_and_Teens/People_and_Society/Biography/Explorers/Lewis_and_Clark/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00042-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.845205 | 471 | 3.515625 | 4 |
COMMENT: Children's adverts under threat
On both sides of the Atlantic, pressure is mounting against the advertising of products of questionable nutritional value to children. Food and beverage manufacturers clearly favour self-imposed limitations, but increasing documentation linking obesity to environmental issues is causing governments across the world to take action. The implications for CPG companies targeting children are enormous.
A new report published this week by the nonprofit Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) in the US, provides a detailed look at the volume and variety of marketing techniques that food marketers have used over the past few years when targeting children. The conclusion of the report is that food marketing aimed at children has evolved into a practice that undermines parental authority and helps fuel the epidemic of childhood obesity.
"Parents are fighting a losing battle against food manufacturers and fast-food restaurants, which use aggressive and sophisticated techniques to get into children's heads and prompt them to pester their parents to purchase the company's products," said Margo G Wootan, director of nutrition policy at CSPI and the report's author.
In the UK, the Food Standards Agency (FSA), an independent government agency set up in 2000, is considering similar issues. In September 2003, the FSA published research that concluded advertising to children does have an effect on children's food preferences, purchase behavior and consumption. It went on to say that these effects occur not just at brand level, but also for different types of foods.
As a result, the FSA is preparing to collate, debate and present obesity recommendations to the government next year. Among other things, it is considering banning the use of cartoon characters or children's TV stars in adverts aimed at children as well as a ban on food advertisements aimed at pre-school-age children.
Both the US and UK governments are coming under increasing pressure to address the issue of TV advertising and marketing to children, perhaps by limiting permissible advertising scope, as Sweden has done for over a decade. For many manufacturers, if not all, self-regulation is the preferred route. However, the increasing number of studies highlighting the negative effects of advertising to children, particularly with respect to the hot topic of obesity, point to eventual government intervention.
Sectors: Soft drinks
- The post-Brexit winners and losers - Analysis
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Information Competencies for Chemistry Undergraduates
|Introduction||This document identifies the skills and knowledge chemistry undergraduates should develop to successfully navigate the scientific and chemical literature in preparing for graduate work or employment as a chemist.|
|Section 1||Big Picture: The Library And Scientific Literature
Outlines what chemistry undergraduates should know about the library and scientific literature.
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Expected skills and recommended resources for finding background information, articles and other chemical literature, patents, and chemical substances, reactions, and syntheses.
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Expected skills and recommended resources for finding properties, spectra, crystallographic data, and safety information.
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Communication section lists style guides, citation and reference manager software, and resources for designing posters. Ethical conduct section provides links to resources on responsible conduct in research.
Comments on this document should be directed to: email@example.com
Information Competencies for Chemistry Undergraduates: the elements of information literacy. Special Libraries Association, Chemistry Division and American Chemical Society, Division of Chemical Information. July, 2012- . http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Information_Competencies_for_Chemistry_Undergraduates (Date Accessed) | <urn:uuid:a043339a-9314-4774-9127-b41af275bfca> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Information_Competencies_for_Chemistry_Undergraduates | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402516.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00058-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.78223 | 284 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Origin of bradMiddle English brod ; from Old Norse broddr, point, arrow ; from Germanic an unverified form bruzda: see broider
Origin of bradMiddle English, from Old Norse broddr, spike.
- A thin, small nail, with a slight projection at the top on one side instead of a head, or occasionally with a small domed head, similar to that of an escutcheon pin.
- (US, elementary school usage, particularly kindergarten and primary grades) A paper fastener, a fastening device formed of thin, soft metal, such as shim brass, with a round head and a flat, split shank, which is spread after insertion in a hole in a stack of pages, in much the same way as a cotter pin or a split rivet.
Late Middle English, variant of brod(d), from Old Norse broddr ‘spike, shaft’, from Proto-Germanic *bruzdaz (compare Old English brord, Old High German brort), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrusdʰos (compare Welsh brath ‘sting, prick’, Albanian bredh (“fir-tree”), Lithuanian bruzdùklis ‘bridle’, Czech brzda ‘brake’). | <urn:uuid:9a8d7743-ecdf-415a-887d-5be93aec3842> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.yourdictionary.com/brad | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398869.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00022-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.866307 | 297 | 3.4375 | 3 |
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Unlike so called “carbon offsets”, you can actually see and handle the carbon that you are locking away in the soil. | <urn:uuid:d7cb393e-4138-4097-9da7-976c0171ee9b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.carboncompost.co.uk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396875.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00075-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925139 | 342 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Actor Jeremy Irons is lending his voice to an EU campaign to ban non-recyclable plastics, including plastic bags, in an effort to end the growing mountain of plastic waste in our environment.
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Europe may seek to ban non-recylable plastics, including plastic bags, in an effort to end the ever-growing mountain of plastic waste in our environment, writes Channel 4 News Science Editor Tom Clarke.
Today Europe's environment commissioner Janez Potocnik is launching a consultation on Europe's waste laws directed at radically reducing plastic waste.
A fairly dry initiative, even by European standards, is being given extra sparkle by the presence at the launch of Oscar-winning British actor Jeremy Irons. Mr Irons is leading a campaign against plastic waste following on from his documentary Trashed (below(, which premiered at the Cannes film festival last year.
According to Commissioner Potocnik, the time has come "to make plastic part of the solution rather than part of the problem".
Land-filled or burned
While recycling of plastic has increased across Europe, including the UK, more than 65 per cent of all the plastic we throw away is land-filled or burned. Elsewhere in the world, recycling rates are even lower. But unlike other forms of waste, nearly all plastics don't break down in the environment.
According to government figures, around 13 billion plastic bags are handed out every year, most of which are land-filled. Once buried, they can take centuries to break down.
Global estimates suggest 10 million tonnes of plastic litter ends up in the world's oceans annually. Much of this plastic ends up in vast floating mats of plastic in Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Once it breaks down into smaller fragments it can poison fish and other marine animals.
The Welsh government introduced a 5p minimum charge on all single-use bags (including paper bags) from 1 October 2011.
Since the charge was introduced, carrier bag use in Wales has reduced by as much as 96% in some retail sectors, and a recent survey of attitudes indicated that the charge is now supported by around 70% of people in Wales.
Many retailers have passed proceeds from the 5p charge on to environmental or good causes. Latest figures from RSPB and Keep Wales Tidy show that collectively they have already received more than £800K in donations as a direct result. This money has come from the proceeds of bag sales at major retailers including Tesco, McDonalds, Argos, Asda and Wilkinson.
The commission wants to review rules on plastic recycling. It will also examine new rules for plastic manufacturers that will ensure more of it is recyclable and how the biodegradability of plastic can be improved to ensure it doesn't persist in the environment.
Follow Tom Clarke on Twitter | <urn:uuid:4d685ab4-ad74-4728-b3fb-c04847bb80e3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.channel4.com/news/jeremy-irons-backing-campaign-against-plastic-waste | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396459.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00164-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960018 | 592 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Beginning Thursday morning, students were amazed to see a group of monks from Tibet’s Drepung Gomang Monastery working on a handmade sand mandala in the rotunda of Linderman Library.
The monks are now in exile in the Indian state of Karmataka due to the current political situation in Tibet. Some of them have not been able to see their families for more than 15 years. They shared their experiences of being refugees for decades.
These Monks are traveling throughout the United States for a year to spread awareness about ancient Tibetan Buddhist culture and raise money for Deputy Gomang Monastic University.
The sand mandala can be described as a symbol of compassion, which is the most important religious practice in Tibet. For Tibetan Buddhists, compassion is sensitivity to the suffering of others and attempts to relieve anyone who suffered.
“It is the realization that we — human beings, animals, and the earth itself — are all interconnected,” one of the monks said. “The Buddha is an example of compassion, for he taught human beings the way to freedom.”
The monks finished the mandala and began the spiritual closing ceremony on Friday afternoon. At the end of the ritual ceremony, the mandala was dismantled, and the sand powder of the mandala was swept into a vessel to carry the remaining sand to the river that flows to the sea.
According to the monks, when the sand is spread in the body of water, peace will be spread wherever the water flows. The rest of the blessed sand was swept into small bags and distributed to students and faculty who attended the ceremony.
“Although we couldn't directly communicate due to the language barrier, the monks and I were still able to communicate very effectively via hand signals and by taking ‘selfies,’” said Megan Pulliam, ’14, a Global Union intern. “At first, I was a little surprised that the monks have iPhones and use Facebook. However, I really think it is fantastic how the monks are able to utilize technology (and) social media and still practice their Buddhist values.
“In only two days, the monks taught me so much about selflessness, compassion, patience and concentration,” Pulliam continued. “Their work is so admirable, and I am very honored to have had the opportunity to work so closely with them.”
Pulliam said the dismantling ceremony was empowering, yet simultaneously heartbreaking.
“It was hard to see the monks destroy their creation that they have been working so diligently on for the past two days,” she said. “Their message that life is transient spoke very loudly to me, as I am graduating this May and about to open the next chapter of my life.”
The Deputy Gomang Monastic University is one of the most renowned centers of learning, contemplating and practicing Tibetan Buddhist thoughts and science. However, its monks still face financial constraints in maintaining the monastery.
About 2,000 monks reside at the monastery, and it costs about a dollar a day to take care of each one of them. One of the purposes of the monks’ trip around the United States is to fundraise for the monastery.
In addition to working on the mandala, the monks set up a donation box and table in the rotunda to sell various cultural artifacts such as jewelries, prayer beads and handmade clothing. All of the proceeds collected go toward preserving the Monastery.
For more information about the Deputy Gomang Monastic University, visit http://drepunggomang.org/.
Story by Brown and White news writer Phuong Nguyen, '16. | <urn:uuid:67a1696d-5bb2-458a-b856-53457aa50ff4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.lehighvalleylive.com/thebrownandwhitenews/index.ssf/2014/04/tibet_monks_gather_at_lehigh_f.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00038-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967194 | 753 | 3.15625 | 3 |
The stars are brightly shining…
posted at 2:40 pm on December 25, 2012 by Mary Katharine Ham
Long lay the world in sin and error pining, ’til He appeared and the soul felt its worth.
The Gospel, in one beautiful sentence. I put it right up there with John 3:16 as elegant, economical expressions of an entire religion go. Whether you’re a believer or just a fan of good writing, it’s a line for the ages.
A thrill of hope
The weary world rejoices
For yonder breaks
A new and glorious morn!
“O Holy Night” went through several iterations before it became the hymn as we know it. French poet (and wine merchant) Placide Cappeau wrote the first version, “Minuit, chrétiens,” which was put to the music of French composer Adolphe Adam in 1847. The literal English translation looks nothing like “O Holy Night,” but it was later loosely translated and interpreted by Boston Unitarian minister John Sullivan Dwight. It was first published in English in 1855, along with another French hymn, “Angels We Have Heard on High.”
From the Christmas Music Companion Fact Book, we learn it was not well-received in its first outing:
Adam’s composition was first performed in the 1847 Christmas Eve midnight mass in the church of Roquemaure, France. Church authorities frowned on the song, and one French bishop denounced it for its “lack of musical taste and total absence of the spirit of religion.”
I beg to differ. So, we have two talented Frenchmen and one of our early fellow countrymen to thank for bringing us this breathtaking song.
Fall on your knees
Oh hear the angel voices
Oh night divine
Oh night when Christ was born
Oh night divine, oh night, oh night divine | <urn:uuid:62a715a4-a10d-4f63-8756-a1af4c50e60a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://hotair.com/greenroom/archives/2012/12/25/the-stars-are-brightly-shining/comment-page-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396872.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00035-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963922 | 406 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Nathan Bedford Forrest was a slave trader and the Confederate lieutenant general responsible for the 1864 massacre of black troops at the Battle of Fort Pillow. A public park in Memphis Tennessee will no longer bear his name after a city council vote, and the KKK is planning a protest rally in response.
The demonstration, scheduled for March 30, is announced on the Loyal White Knights website, calling members to a “public march for Nathan Bedford Forrest Statue."
“They are renaming the park and also removing his remains. We are asking all good klans to join us in the fight. Join Loyal White Knights and the Northern Mississippi White Knights and International Keystone Knights for this event.”
Chris Barker, who said he was the “imperial wizard” of the Loyal White Knights told the Guardian that the name change was an example of “trying to erase white history from the history books."
But the rally may fizzle, as Memphis city council also voted 13-0 Tuesday to ban the wearing of masks “for the purpose of civil rights intimidation” at parades and public assemblies. The same proposal would require groups from outside Memphis to cover the cost of additional police security.
Some reports have suggested up to 2,000 members could protest in Memphis, but Barker said there would not be that many. The Southern Poverty Law Center said "it would be a surprise if the event drew 40 Klansmen, and it will likely be considerably fewer than that."
After the February vote, the park will be called the Health Sciences Park until a permanent name is selected. Memphis city council also renamed Confederate Park and Jefferson Davis Park, in a vote hastened by a bill in the Tennessee legislature that would have forbidden the renaming of military or war memorial parks. | <urn:uuid:d12308e2-6455-4554-b0f3-0d69e4675a5a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.upi.com/blog/2013/03/21/KKK-to-protest-Memphis-park-name-change/1811363866517/?rel=80971363895199 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00138-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962888 | 363 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Maewyn Succat was born in Scotland some time around the year 373 A.D. At age 16, he was kidnapped and sold into slavery in Ireland. During his time as a slave, he started having religious visions. St. Patrick wrote in his "Confessions" about the capture:
"As a youth, nay, almost as a boy not able to speak, I was taken captive ... I was like a stone lying in the deep mire; and He that is mighty came and in His mercy lifted me up, and raised me aloft ... And therefore I ought to cry out aloud and so also render something to the Lord for His great benefits here and in eternity -- benefits which the mind of men is unable to appraise."
While tending sheep, he experienced a dream or vision in which God told him his ship had come in - which he interpreted to mean that it was time to run away.
He took the name Patrick, or Patricius, meaning "well-born" after becoming a priest. He was ordained as a deacon, then priest, then bishop before Pope Celestine sent him to Ireland to spread the gospel -- it is thought that his "driving out of the snakes" is a reference to his appropriating of the pagan culture, as serpents were pagan symbols.
Tradition has it that St. Patrick challenged demonic forces during a pagan feast, and that darkness fell over the area and confused the Irish guards of the king to start attacking each other.
While not the first to bring Christianity to Ireland, it was Patrick who encountered the Druids at Tara, converted the warrior chiefs, and baptized them in the Holy Wells which still bear his name.
Shamrocks are significant to Saint Patrick's Day because legend has it that Patrick used its three leaves to teach about the holy trinity; four-leaf clovers, being harder to find than the three-leaf variety, were seen as "special" and became symbols of good luck. There's no verification that St. Patrick actually used the three-leaf shamrock to teach the Trinity - however, the Trinity was central to his teaching. | <urn:uuid:becf545c-cfd7-4c90-9ddc-f74c547f6f04> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.capitalcityweekly.com/stories/031605/news_20050316006.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393146.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00169-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.992692 | 438 | 3.28125 | 3 |
This book provides the scientific and technical background materials of non-destructive methods of microscopic analysis that are suitable for analysing works of art, museum pieces and archeaological artefacts. Written by experts in the field, this multi-author volume contains a number of case studies, illustrating the value of these methods. The book is suited to natural scientists and analysts looking to increase their knowledge of the various methods that are currently available for non-destructive analysis. It is also the perfect resource for museum curators, archaeologists and art-historians seeking to identify one or more suitable methods of analysis that could solve material-related problems.
For advanced level students and spectroscopists and analysts with a background in the natural sciences. Also providing a resource for conservators and museum curators.
Non-destructive Micro Analysis of Cultural Heritage Materials, 1st Edition
Chapter 1. Introduction and overview (K. Janssens, R. Van Grieken).
Chapter 2. Ultraviolet, infrared and X-ray imaging
Chapter 3. Electron microscopy and its role in cultural heritage studies (A. Adriaens, M.G. Dowsett).
Chapter 4. X-ray based methods of analysis (K. Janssens).
Chapter 5. Ion beam microanalysis (T. Calligaro et al
Chapter 6. X-Ray photoelectron and Auger electron spectroscopy (A. Hubin, H. Terryn).
Chapter 7. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (T.E. Jeffries).
Chapter 8. Infrared, Raman microscopy and Fibre-Optic Raman Spectroscopy (FORS) (G.M. Howell et al
Chapter 9. Secondary ion mass spectrometry. Application to archaeology and art objects (E. Darque-Ceretti1, M. Aucouturier).
Chapter 10. The non-destructive investigation of copper alloy patinas (D.A. Scott).
Chapter 11. Precious metals artifacts (G. Demortier).
Chapter 12. Diagnostic methodology for the examination of Byzantine frescoes and icons. Non destructive investigation and pigment identification (Sister Daniilia et al
Chapter 13. The provenance of medieval silver coins: analysis with EDXRF, SEM/EDX and PIXE (R. Linke et al
Chapter 14. Pigment identification in illuminated manuscripts (P. Vandenabeele, L. Moens).
Chapter 15. Provenance analysis of glass artefacts
(B. Gratuze, K. Janssens).
Chapter 16. Corrosion of historic glass and enamels
Chapter 17. A study of ancient manuscripts exposed to iron-gall ink corrosion (E. Bulska, B. Wagner).
Quotes and reviews
@qu: "This highly informative book is part of the well known series of "Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry" which has assembled an outstanding collection of reference works numbering forty-one volumes so far. This current volume is dedicated to the cultural heritage field and brings together most of the methods of analysis routinely used in this field. The reader of this volume will be directly rewarded by the variety of methods covered and the relevancy of the examples treated. They will necessarily be a student of the cultural heritage field or even a professor looking for an up-to-date reference but also a professional involved in conservation or remediation techniques and, why not, one of the numerous self-educated people who seek to improve their knowledge and understanding of the methods of analysis in this or related field. Reader, prepare for a vast and diverse journey of 800 pages in the realm of the Art processed by Scientific methods!"
@source: SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA, PART B
@qu: "32 authors from eight countries, belonging to different types of institutions have managed to achieve a reference manual for this discipline. This book will for sure, become a basis for the libraries of all institutions working in the area of analysis of cultural heritage artefacts. Readers will find a wide palette of techniques presented, well-structured basic physics principles chapters, various parameters of performance and choice criteria, complimentarities between different methods and much more. The equilibrium between physics and applications is well respected. This book must also be of interest for curators, conservators/restorers, archaeologists, art historians and historians of the techniques, engineers of the cultural materials industry. Important bibliographic references are given and the book ends with a large and extremely well-structured index."
@source: X-RAY SPECTROM. 2006;35:146-147, Jean Louis Boutaine, Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France, Paris, France. | <urn:uuid:e001f358-0999-4f6e-8661-ff769ab53bc5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://store.elsevier.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780444507389 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397842.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00097-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.844108 | 990 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Zimbabwe's HIV Rate Falls: Government
September 25, 2009
Zimbabwe's estimated HIV infection rate has dropped to 13.7 percent in people ages 15-49, down from 14.1 percent last year, said Health Minister Henry Madzorera. However, concerted efforts are needed to push the rate down further, he said. "We have to redouble our efforts and commitment and keep the sense of hope that indeed one day we will get to the single digit prevalence," Madzorera was quoted by the state-run NewZiana news agency as saying. Zimbabwe is one of a few countries in the world to have recorded a sharp decline in HIV prevalence. In 1999, the country's prevalence stood at 33 percent. While government and donor-supported prevention campaigns have made inroads in cutting infection rates, Zimbabwe's economic collapse has also made it more difficult for people to maintain multiple sex partners.
Agence France Presse
This article was provided by CDC National Prevention Information Network. It is a part of the publication CDC HIV/Hepatitis/STD/TB Prevention News Update. | <urn:uuid:19c58eeb-4799-4a49-8977-29730eb556b8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.thebody.com/content/art53839.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399425.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00007-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959223 | 224 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Natural Indigo Jeans
Originally, jeans were dyed with the color of the actual indigo plant. Today, indigo jeans are valued for their distinctive, deeply hued appearance. There are at least three companies making natural indigo jeans: Howies, Nudie Jeans and Studio D'Artisan (japanese only). Pictured here is a pair of women's indigo jeans from Nudie Jeans in Australia. Almost all blue jeans are chemically dyed these days. Unfortunately, chemical dyeing usually involves toxic fixing agents and heavy metals. Yet, even clothing produced with organically grown fibers using "low impact" dyes, requires the same toxic fixing agents. Here, "low impact" means the dye is absorbed better and chlorine is not used for bleaching (usually hydrogen peroxide is used).
So what did people do before these processes were even available? They
used plant-based dyes such as indigo and madder. Those natural dyes
tended to fade after repeated washings, but that was considered
appealing — each piece of clothing took on its own unique character by
the variations in color.
Natural indigo is perhaps the oldest dye known — the oldest
fragments of cloth are dyed with it. It is a dye known to all cultures
of the world. Natural indigo is also one of the "fastest" dyes known.
It was the original dye of the "Levi's" blue jeans, a trademark color | <urn:uuid:54d4db11-0098-4f34-b02b-c1b2d939a1a5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.treehugger.com/sustainable-fashion/natural-indigo-jeans.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403502.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00054-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971306 | 306 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Whether you have come up with a topic on your own or whether you are given a specific question to answer, after you determine your audience, the next step is often to consider the order in which you will present information about your topic. An essay usually follows this structured format: introduction, body, and conclusion.
Note: Some writers are not comfortable thinking about the order of their ideas before they write them. They may prefer to write a rough draft of their paper by letting their ideas flow freely and then crafting a structure for their thoughts. This can produce excellent writing. However, keep in mind that whether you start your paper by working from a specific structure or whether you start by writing freely and then restructuring your ideas to follow a certain order, it is still important to have a strong sense of organization in your paper that works to support your main idea. In your final draft your ideas should not just flow randomly; the reader should sense that there is a reason why you have chosen to structure your ideas the way you have.
1 Your introduction
- a broad general statement related to your thesis
An introduction gets the reader’s attention and gives the reader enough background information to understand your thesis, which is usually the last sentence in your introduction. A good introduction does not depend on the reader being too familiar with the topic or assigned question. It also avoids being too general or obvious, and defines key words or terms that are important to the reader’s understanding of the topic. In addition, it sets the overall tone of the paper, whether it is informative, persuasive, personal, formal, etc. Think of your introduction as a way to prepare the reader for your main idea – start off general (but not boring), and lead up to what you want the reader to believe by the end of your paper.
What is a thesis statement?
A thesis statement is a sentence that communicates the main idea of your paper to the reader. Your thesis tells the reader what point you are going to make about your topic. If someone were to ask you, “What is the main idea you want people to believe after reading your paper?”, the sentence you would give in reply is your thesis statement. Remember that a thesis statement does more than simply introduce the reader to the topic of your paper; a thesis statement takes a stand on a topic.
Why is a thesis statement necessary?
Aside from making a paper more organized, a thesis causes you to focus your thoughts as you write. Knowing what the main point of your essay is allows you to narrow down your information. You are then able to include information that is relevant to your paper and weed out any unnecessary data.
2. The paragraphs in the body of your paper
- include concrete details, examples/incidents, facts and statistics, and supporting arguments
The number of paragraphs in the body of your paper will be determined by the content of your paper. Remember, it is a good idea to stick to one main idea per paragraph, without switching to new topics or digressing.
Each sentence within your paragraphs should relate to the main topic sentence of that paragraph (the sentence that states what the paragraph is going to be about – usually located at the beginning of each new paragraph). In addition, each paragraph in your essay should support or relate in some way to your thesis statement.
To check whether you are sticking to one topic per paragraph and whether your paragraphs are related closely enough to your thesis, try doing a backwards outline. After you have finished writing your draft, count the number of paragraphs in your essay, writing the numbers on a separate sheet of paper. Then skim your draft and write down enough words next to each number to represent what is in each paragraph.
If you find that you have a lot of words with little relationship to each other next to your numbers, you should probably go back to your draft and rework your paragraphs so that they each cover only one main idea. Also, if you find that you have paragraphs which cover information unrelated to your thesis, you might want to consider either cutting or modifying those paragraphs in some way. Finally, doing a backwards outline like this will show you whether or not you have followed a consistent outline in the organization of your ideas, and it will assist you in reorganizing your ideas if necessary so that you are following a consistent outline.
3. Your conclusion
- summarize the main points in your essay
Your concluding paragraph should also include (usually at the very beginning or the very end of your paragraph) a restatement of your thesis using different words. You should end your conclusion on a strong note, without apologizing for anything in your paper and without introducing completely new ideas that were not covered in your paper. It is often a good idea to end your conclusion with a call to action or a comment regarding the future as related to your topic. | <urn:uuid:9928847a-b914-4ece-bc4f-e6b225c44ae6> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://simpson.edu/hawley/organization-of-the-paper/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00139-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953391 | 984 | 3.328125 | 3 |
ELIASON, Jim; ELIASON, Karen, editors. 1989. READ 24.1.
- Adapting grade 1 curriculum for Misima preschool graduates, by CALLISTER, Sandra, author.
- Are we in the dark about colours?, by LUFF, Lorna, author.
- Inoke literacy, community development and health training evaluation report, by LYNIP, Karen G.; LYNIP, Stephen A., authors.
- New national literacy initiative, by MALONE, Dennis L., author.
- Ongoingness, by ROBINSON, Jerry, author.
- Selection and training of literacy supervisors, by BROWN, Gaynor, author.
- The evolution of a literacy program, by MCCARTHY, Joy, author.
- The national literacy course (1983-1987): The SIL teams’ perspective, by WROGE, Diane, author.
- Western education vs. the Melanesian way (response to Kove Waiko), by WILSON, John D., author. | <urn:uuid:3d56a9b9-35ad-43d2-b2d4-f82c4c775d56> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www-01.sil.org/pacific/png/show_work.asp?id=928474539233 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404826.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00088-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.804027 | 219 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Dialysis patients living at high altitudes have lower cardiovascular event rates, reported a recent study published online ahead of print by Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation.
Cardiovascular risk was 20% lower for patients residing at 4,000-5,999 feet and 19% lower for patients residing at 6,000 ft or higher, compared with otherwise similar patients who lived at or near sea level, found the researchers, who were led by Wolfgang C. Winkelmayer, MD, ScD, of Stanford University School of Medicine.
This work built on the researchers' previous observation that US dialysis patients and members of the general population who resided at higher altitudes had lower all-cause mortality rates.
In the new study, rates of myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular death were 31%, 32%, and 23% lower, respectively, among patients living above 6,000 ft compared with patients residing at or near sea level.
Dr. Winkelmayer and colleagues studied all adult patients from the US Renal Data System with sufficient data who initiated hemodialysis treatment between 1995 and 2006. Of the 984,265 patients included, almost 95% resided below 2,000 ft (40.3% below 250 ft, and 54.5% at 250-1,999 ft), and 4,356 patients (0.4%) resided above 6,000 ft.
Patients who lived at higher altitudes were younger, less likely to be covered by Medicaid, and more likely to be on peritoneal dialysis at the initiation of therapy.
While rates of most comorbid conditions were similar across altitude groups, patients at higher altitudes had more diagnosed diabetes and hypertension, slightly less arteriosclerotic heart disease and heart failure, and few instances of reported inability to ambulate or transfer.
There were 574,063 deaths observed, 257,955 (44.93%) of which were reported as cardiovascular. There was no meaningful association between altitude and non-cardiovascular death.
“The fact that altitude is shown to selectively attenuate the risk of cardiovascular mortality in dialysis patients suggests that there are underlying biological mechanisms that are activated at higher altitudes to protect these patients from cardiovascular risk,” the authors wrote. “These findings need to be considered with caution, however, and residual confounding remains a possibility.”
The inverse relationship between altitude and cardiovascular outcomes was examined in multivariable models.
“This observation was only slightly attenuated even after adjusting for a large number of patient characteristics and is consistent with previous studies that have demonstrated the protective effect of HIF [hypoxia-inducible factor]-1 activation on the cardiovascular system,” the authors wrote. “We propose that HIF-1 plays an important role in conferring a protective effect on cardiovascular outcomes in dialysis patients.”
© 2012 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc. | <urn:uuid:d3b6edef-a0b2-4d4b-85e6-ef11f4868d15> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://journals.lww.com/nephrologytimes/Fulltext/2012/02000/Altitude_Adjustment_in_Cardiovascular_Risk.13.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397111.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00153-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951516 | 604 | 2.78125 | 3 |
9 Species Of Frogs Discovered In India, 13 In Sulawesi
Bio-diversity researchers led by Dr. Anil Zachariah have discovered nine new species of frogs in the Western Ghats mountain range, one of three watersheds in India, according to a report published in The Deccan Chronicle. The discovery of the 10 frog species culminates an effort comprised of volunteer researchers and naturalists along with the Zoological Survey of India. The nine frogs included six bush frogs, two species found in bamboo reeds, and a canopy bush frog. They have been classified as belonging to the Raorchestes genus. "These findings show that Western Ghats, a biodiversity hotspot of the world still has many new species of amphibians," Dr.Zachariah told Deccan Chronicle.
In other amphibian related news, Science Daily reports that a team of scientists led by Ben Evans of McMasters University have discovered a total of 13 species of fanged frogs on Sulawesi Island, part of the Indonesian Archipelago. Nine of the species had not yet been described and are newly discovered, each with differing body sizes, type and amount of webbing on their feet, and how they raise their young, the report said. | <urn:uuid:0b240eec-fafd-43cc-9859-92c7973b724b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.reptilesmagazine.com/Frogs-Amphibians/Wild-Frogs-Amphibians/Frogs-Discovered-India-Sulawesi/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398075.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00074-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950568 | 255 | 3.125 | 3 |
As I have mentioned before, I see Geography as a series of relationships and as we look back through the history of Geography we see three main areas that we can use as umbrellas for the broad aspects of Geography: cartography, human geography and physical geography. Physical Geography covers the relationships within the environment around us, a broad area to be sure, but an important one in our daily lives.
Let’s begin with the top and work our way down. Climatology and meteorology look at the long term and short term relationships between the atmosphere and the earth which yields weather and climate. Toss in the human effects and you also have issues regarding global warming and broader climate change. Taking the next step down, we look at biogeography, which includes the impact of fire and insects on forests, the depletion of the rain forests impacting the native habitat of indigenous species, or migration of species due to human encroachment. Oceanography is closely related to traditional biogeography and includes research into species migration and depletion, but as well as the impact of greenhouse gases on the aquatic wildlife that feed of CO2 and how that impact flows up the food chain.
Geomorphology is the basis of much of Physical Geography and focuses on the genesis of landscapes through natural and cultural means. In river valleys we can discuss alluvial deposits, in arid regions Aeolian effects, erosion, siltation, etc. From the movement of glaciers to how the resulting landforms are used today, geomorphology is the groundwork of a great deal of Geography.
These research areas represent some of the main themes of Physical Geography, but by no means all of them. To find out more, you may want to check out some of the following linksShare: | <urn:uuid:c10db40b-ca0e-4e1e-b6b8-8d865d97fcf1> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://veryspatial.com/2005/11/gaw-day-1-physical-geography/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398516.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00178-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956587 | 373 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Saving the world with science
By: Mehroz Baig
As someone who’s taken a fair share of science classes, I know that it can be difficult to tie the daily homework assignments of configuring compounds in chemistry or calculating velocity in physics to a broader world perspective. But that’s precisely what science does: it allows us to understand how our world works and use that understanding to shape how we can address global issues.
Science enables us to go to doctors and be treated for diseases, understand changing weather patterns and the influence of human beings on our environment, and send astronauts into space to walk on the moon, among many other things. Science has allowed us to explore our own terrain and that which is millions of miles away. And the most fascinating aspect of scientific discovery is that it keeps going—the potential to find more cures, explore more of our oceans and solar system, and solve the problems that we face today is never ending.
But it takes more than scientific ability to tackle the world’s most pressing concerns: it takes expertise and resources. That’s where Dr. Ed Lu comes into the picture. Lu, a former NASA astronaut who is the CEO and co-founder of the B612 Foundation, is on a mission to literally save the world. Dr. Lu spoke at the Commonwealth Club about his project to build an infrared telescope that can go out into space, detect asteroids and track them. His reason for taking on this project was because no one else was doing it. “Our current strategy for dealing with asteroid impacts is luck,” he said. “I think that’s unacceptable.”
Dr. Lu noted that as of today, we have the capability to stop asteroids from hitting the Earth, but without the technology in place to track and detect them as they get closer, we can’t do anything to stop them. He explained that once we know the location and speed of an asteroid, it’s fairly simple to ensure that it won’t hit: if we have about a decade’s notice of an impact between an asteroid and our planet, all we have to do is shift the asteroid’s trajectory by nudging it, by one millimeter per second, or as Dr. Lu put it, “the speed that an ant walks.”
This isn’t new territory. NASA’s Deep Impact mission in 2005 included hitting a comet. Though the objective for that mission was to gather more information about comets, the same technology can be applied to reorient asteroids. The only problem is that we have to know where they are. According to Dr. Lu, currently less than one percent of the asteroids in space are being tracked. That’s the problem he’s hoping to solve. Once information on asteroid location and speed is available, more can be done to prepare for their impending arrival. And all this happens over many years: Dr. Lu mentioned that if an asteroid were coming toward the Earth, we could have as much as a 10-year notice before its potential impact. That’s enough time to put together a mission to divert its path.
Dr. Lu is adamant that asteroid impacts are “the only global natural disaster that we know how to prevent.” And they’re going to continue happening. Most recently, as the world was celebrating entering a new year, a small asteroid named 2014 AA, was spotted close to the Earth and is thought to have made impact over the Atlantic Ocean. Dr. Lu noted in his talk that most of the Earth’s surface consists of oceans, so if an asteroid comes into the Earth’s atmosphere, it’s more likely that it will hit water. But can we really afford to take that risk? Dr. Lu doesn’t think so. His belief is, “Let’s not go the way of the dinosaurs because we didn’t bother looking.” | <urn:uuid:869a6daf-d8c1-401c-9c81-04d35e35932f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.commonwealthclub.org/blog/2014-01-24/saving-world-science?page=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393997.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00192-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963903 | 820 | 3.171875 | 3 |
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Rebirth of a wetland
Report to urge international aid to help restore Iraq's marshes
By Camille Feanny
(CNN) -- The drained and dammed marshlands of Iraq could soon be flooded with wildlife if a planned restoration project gets international support.
That's according to scientists who will issue the first report assessing the health of the wetland, scheduled for release in the February 25 edition of the journal Science.
The study, titled "The Restoration Potential of the Mesopotamian Marshes of Iraq," began in 2003 to investigate the ecological health of the embattled wetland, determine its ability to support a growing Marsh Arab population and restore the overall ecosystem.
The once-lush marshlands were among the world's most productive, and the largest wetland area in the Middle East. At its peak, the region was a primary destination for millions of migratory birds, while abundant wildlife and plants flourished.
Marsh Arabs, also known as the Ma'adan, made their homes in the marshes. Their ancient culture can be traced back 5,000 years, and their livelihood depends directly on fishing and farming among the reeds.
But years of internal conflict and wars led to the near destruction of the wetlands and brought much of the life that once existed there to the brink of collapse.
The U.S. Agency for International Development funded the report, which was conducted by an international team of scientists, engineers and other experts. They determined that while some areas of the wetland show signs of improvement, only a fraction of the original 15,000-square-kilometer marshes remain intact.
"We can see from the satellite images that by 2000, all of the marshes were pretty much drained except for 7 percent on the Iranian border," says the report's principal author, Dr. Curtis Richardson, director of the Duke University Wetland Center in North Carolina.
Scientists conducted comprehensive tests of the water, soil and environmental health of the region. To date, about 30 percent of the marshes have been re-flooded due, in large part, to local tribes who breached dams and dikes in 2003.
But researchers observed that some of those areas have become inundated, and it will be sometime before they can assess if the re-flooded areas can recover fully. Also, after years of seawater intrusion, some land is unable to support viable life.
The researchers say that although the wetland's full recovery is a long way off, there are some positive observations:Tests of the water quality in the Tigris and Euphrates rivers were better than expected.Several species of bird, plant and animal life have begun to return.Scientists discovered carp -- a species of fish common to Iran -- living in the water.Veterinarians have been brought in to help restore the water buffalo population, important to Marsh Arabs.
Marshes near death
Since the 1960s, attempts to harness the valuable water and oil resources in the region have proved disastrous for the environment.
In the '60s and '70s, several dams were constructed on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to provide abundant water for irrigation and to generate hydroelectric power. The structures blocked natural water flow from vast areas of the wetlands and altered the area's ecology. Now, more than 30 dams dot the landscape.
In the mid-'80s, former Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein built dikes and levees to divert water from the area to exploit the oil reserves.
The Iran-Iraq war (1980-1988) led to the near-death of the wetland and its people. As punishment after the mostly Shiite Ma'adan helped to hide rebels fighting Saddam's Sunni-led regime, areas of the wetlands were bulldozed, poisoned and drained.
After the fall of Iraq's Baathist government in 2003, the Marsh Arab population began to rebound. Recent reports indicate that about 100,000 Marsh Arabs have returned to their homeland and are attempting to reclaim their former way of life.
But experts say it may take years for marsh habitat to provide the resources needed to sustain a growing population.
Many challenges ahead
Experts acknowledge that returning the lush vegetation, rich fisheries, wildlife and other natural systems to the wetland will benefit the entire region. However, restoring the marshes will depend largely on the available water supply, requiring Iraq's neighbors to loosen their lock on the resource.
Much of the water in the region remains under the control of countries such as Turkey and Iran whose dams, dikes and other man-made structures divert vital reserves.
The negotiation process could be slowed as countries seek a plan that helps the marshes without hurting their economies. Early signs indicate that some are open to the discussion.
"There is interest in Kuwait and Iran regarding cooperation on the issue of restoration, as the dried marshes adversely affects all three of those countries and others on the [Persian] Gulf," says Dr. Azzam Alwash of the Iraq Foundation, one of the organizations seeking to rebuild the marshes.
"Turkey and Syria need to also be engaged to help in the management of the water resources of the entire basin."
The age-old battle between economics and the environment has a major impact on this ancient wetland, and Alwash concedes that with a $500 million price tag attached to this effort, constructing a successful long-term restoration plan for the marshes may include a delicate balance of allowing companies to extract the oil reserves while shouldering some of the costs of preserving the natural resources.
"I submit to you that oil companies should take the challenge of helping restoration while also developing the oil resources of the area," Alwash says.
For an ecological restoration effort of this magnitude, scientists say that technology will be at the foundation to constructing their plan. Some of the projects will include: Developing an effective computer model to manage the limited water resources in the region.Improving the irrigation network of gates and channels to allow for the continual flow of noncontaminated water into and out of the marshes.Consistent soil and water testing in an effort to rebuild the agricultural and aquatic infrastructure.Establishing a long-range monitoring plan for the entire ecosystem.
Alwash says the plan is multitiered and focused on working in the long term.
He says that although the ecology in Iraq's marshes has been severely degraded, the objective foundation of the team's restoration plan is to return some parts of the wetland to near-natural conditions. This, the team says, will give the environment a good foundation on which it can rebuild.
"With the existing water resources, we think that approximately 40 [percent] to 50 percent of the marshes can be restored, and we should never underestimate the capability of nature to recover," Alwash says.
"I expect that the majority of the work is going to take place in the next five years, but the involvement in monitoring and management is going to go on forever."
Ultimately, experts say that restoring a healthy ecosystem will take considerable time, international cooperation and monetary support.
Despite the challenges, scientists working on the project remain committed to the task of restoring the wetland widely believed to be the birthplace of civilization and home to the biblical Garden of Eden.
"They are essentially the largest wetlands in the Middle East, home to millions of birds on the Asian flyway to Africa, and home of the Marsh Arabs who've been there for 5,000 years," says Richardson.
"They're unique [to] that part of the country and an important filter for much of the waters in the Persian Gulf."
CNN's Kiesha Porter contributed to this report. | <urn:uuid:a7c16a74-dcda-4350-be66-fca9765b6a57> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://edition.cnn.com/2005/TECH/science/02/22/iraq.marshes/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399428.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00164-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954847 | 1,583 | 3.25 | 3 |
Although she was one of the most important Native American rulers in the early history of Spanish exploration of the Americas, the Lady of Cofitachequi is today one of the most enigmatic and uncelebrated.
At the time of her brief encounter with Hernando de Soto, her world was collapsing around her and she must have sensed that her people were on the cusp of extinction. Hers is an unmistakably poignant story, with all the pain, pathos and portent of a tragedy by Euripides. The Greek playwright, however, dealt with fiction. This young woman was a real flesh and blood personality at the dawn of our continent’s historic age.
Sixty-seven years before Pocahontas saved the life of John Smith, the Lady of Cofitachequi saved the lives of nearly 600 starving Spaniards in what is today South Carolina. And yet few have ever heard of her. We don’t even know her name. The Spanish chroniclers of the Soto expedition merely referred to her as “La Senora de Cofitachequi,” an appropriate designation in that the title conveyed deference but inaccurate in that she was young and unmarried.
We know what Pocahontas looked like because her image was recorded by the stiff and stuffy artistic conventions of Stuart court portraiture. No image, however, exists of the Lady of Cofitachequi. The Soto chroniclers merely described her as “exceptionally beautiful and well proportioned,” with a regal bearing reflecting a sense of responsibility for the welfare of her people. The picture of her that accompanies this piece is an imaginative rendering by local artist, educator and tennis friend James “JR” Richards.
I came to the Lady of Cofitachequi by way of Soto. I’ve always been interested in his exploits — from grave-robbing in Nicaragua and cavalry battles in Peru to the bloody trek through the Southeastern regions of what would be, a quarter millennium on, the U.S. While studying at the University of Barcelona in 1971, I spent my spring break traveling to Extremadura and the town of his birth.
In the late 1990s, I followed segments of Soto’s trail through eight states by horseback. With me on those excursions were the works of Professor Charles Hudson, the most recognized authority on the archaeology of the route. When I met him at the University of Georgia and told him of my trail riding, he gave me a book about another horseman following Coronado’s trek through the Southwest. It was from the notes and photos culled from those trail rides that six years ago I wrote a four-part column on Soto for this paper. With other interests competing for my attention in the summer of 2006, I regretfully neglected the subjects of the Lady of Cofitachequi, the Battle of Mabila, and the death of the leader of the conquistadors.
It is one of those curious features of history that momentous events often unfold by simple serendipity. Soto likely would never have ventured into the Carolinas were it not for two incidents in Florida at the beginning of the expedition.
When the conquistadors landed near present-day Tampa, they came across a Spaniard who had been living for years among the local Indians. Juan Ortiz would be the most valued member of the expedition because of his ability to communicate with the natives. The second incident occurred several months later in the aftermath of a battle. A captured teenager whom the Spaniards called Perico claimed to be from a distant land ruled by a woman whose subjects crafted objects in gold and silver. God and glory counted for much, but the promise of gold was the fuel that fired the enterprise.
And so it was that, after wintering in what is today Tallahassee, the army broke camp on March 4, 1540 and headed northeast, where Perico would guide it for the next two months.
Georgia was a welcomed contrast to Florida, where Indian attacks had been unrelenting.
Along the informal grapevine that linked chiefdoms of the Mississippi culture, word traveled that the Spaniards were less interested in conquest and settlement than in gold. Based on past behavior, the lesson learned by indigenous people was that, if they resisted, they faced the ordeal of the Apalachees — towns burned, fields destroyed, and warriors slaughtered. A more pragmatic approach was for a cacique or chief to feed the strangers, to provide them with temporary porters and concubines and to encourage their rapid departure by saying that gold existed elsewhere.
This method of serial assistance worked well and the army moved rapidly. Passing from one chiefdom to another, Hernando de Soto found that the caciques became increasingly more solicitous and accommodating as the army moved east. The reason was that they were at war with Cofitachequi, and they wished to harness the military might of the Spanish in a joint attack on their traditional enemy on the other side of a buffer zone. What Perico neglected to mention to Soto was that this zone was an enormous (130 mile), uninhabited and trackless wilderness, separating the warring polities.
As the lumbering army penetrated deeper into this wilderness, food became so scarce that Soto ordered allied warriors and porters to return to their towns. As days passed and hunger increased, the army faced the real prospect of starvation.
In a panic, Soto dispatched four fast-moving cavalry patrols in various directions to search for villages and food. The teenage guide estimated the wilderness crossing to be no more than four days. It was now over two weeks. Fearing that in Soto’s anger he might be thrown to the ravenous Irish wolfhounds, Perico feigned demonic possession and threw himself into such a convincing performance of “the devil made me do it” hysterics that priests were summoned for an exorcism. With his senses restored, the boy asked to be baptized.
Then, in the last days of April, with stomachs empty and energy spent, the soldiers stumbled out of the wilderness. Cavalry patrols reported the existence of towns under the control of the Lady of Cofitachequi whose envoys claimed that their queen, already aware of the presence of the strangers, awaited their arrival with food offerings and gifts.
On May 1, 1540, by a broad South Carolina river and in a meticulously choreographed display of pomp and pageantry, the Spanish conquistador and the Indian queen met and exchanged greetings. The formalities belied the mistrust and anxiety that accompanied this collision of two very different worlds and two very different people.
William X. Andrews recently retired from Columbia State where he taught history for 35 years. He resides in Columbia. | <urn:uuid:e90142fa-af85-413c-a780-73ccee74986e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://columbiadailyherald.com/sections/opinion/columns/lady-cofitachequ-prelude.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396887.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00006-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972854 | 1,418 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Every year, billions of animals are inhumanely captured and killed to provide for your entertainment, and to make products for you to buy here and around the world. It’s called the international wildlife trade, and you can help stop it by avoiding products and experiences that come from these abused animals. Use the map to learn more and sign the pledge below!
Elephants, gorillas, chimpanzees, hippos, and any other wildlife you can imagine (even endangered) could be on the menu at a restaurant in a foreign country. Bushmeat is exported to countries where people consider monkey limbs or bear paws a delicacy.
Rhino horn powder is often used in traditional Chinese medicine, and it’s extremely valuable on the black market. Poachers kill or tranquilize the rhino before sawing off their horn, and some rhinos are left alive to bleed to death. Rhino horn has been proven ineffective as a treatment for any medical condition.
It drives the cruel and sometimes illegal slaughter of thousands of critically endangered rhinos every year.
Avoid products made from rhinoceros horn, and make sure you know what’s gone into that traditional Chinese medicine before you buy any.
Get the TankWatch app to easily identify which species are captured from the wild or bred in captivity and suitable for saltwater aquariums. Suggest the Tank Watch app to businesses, friends or family with saltwater tanks. Don’t buy jewelry or home décor made of dead coral, seahorses, or other marine life.
Learn MoreTake Action
Millions of frogs are being inhumanely snatched by the millions from the wild, slaughtered, and traded around the world for their legs. This hurts their populations, impacts other wildlife, and spreads disease. Europe is the leading consumer, then the USA and Hong Kong.
Check the menu for frog or frog legs. General rule: if an item seems exotic, ask questions, or avoid it altogether.
Fur-bearing animals are painfully trapped in the wild to make coats and other clothing items.
Even where trapping and the sale of fur are illegal, animals are poached, and their fur is mislabeled, deceiving consumers who think they’re buying faux. The sale of cat and dog fur is now illegal in the U.S. and the European Union, but it can still be sold in other countries, mislabeled as gae wolf, sobaki, or Asian jackal for dog products and wildcat, goyangi, and katzenfelle for cat products.
More than 30,000 elephants are poached annually for their ivory tusks, used for carvings, jewelry, piano keys, and hunting trophies. Even narwhal whales and walruses are slaughtered for ivory.
It’s a bloody, awful business, and even though the international trade in elephant ivory is banned in most countries, illegal trade is thriving.
Elephants, lizards, kangaroos, snakes—even sharks, rays, and sea turtles—are all caught in the wild and illegally traded or farmed in inhumane conditions to make your watch band, shoes, or bag. And they might not be labeled as coming from those animals.
Many companies in Africa claim to contribute to conservation by offering activities like 'lion walks,' where you get to pet lion cubs. Large predators who are desensitized to humans can’t be released back into the wild so don’t really conserve anything.
Interacting with wild animals is incredibly dangerous, for you and them (they usually pay with their lives if they attack you).
As cool as it may seem, swimming with dolphins does no favors for these ocean predators whose needs can’t be met in captivity. They may have even been caught in the wild just to perform in shows or swim with humans.
Exhibiting marine mammals for entertainment is bad for them, bad for their kind, and potentially dangerous to you.
Don’t patronize places that profit from “swim with” programs (and don’t swim with the dolphins yourself). Contact local tourism authorities to oppose such facilities. Support a responsible whale-watching company instead.
Learn More about The Case Against Marine Mammals in Captivity
Learn More about Swim-with-the-Dolphins Attractions
Pangolin scale powder is often used in traditional Chinese medicine, and their meat is consumed as a delicacy. When captured, they may be bludgeoned to death, boiled, or have their scales removed one-by-one as needed—the equivalent of pulling out our fingernails.
Demand for pangolin scales has already decimated Asian populations, leading to an exponential increase in poaching of African species. Now all eight species of are threatened with extinction, and the pangolin is the world's most trafficked mammal.
Don't have your picture taken with wild animals. Speak up to restaurant owners, your tour guide, or another appropriate official. Support establishments like accredited rescue centers that offer humane alternatives to animals confiscated from the illegal pet or wildlife trade.
All over the world, animals are displayed in sub-standard zoo-like establishments. Many of them have been ripped from their habitats and trained to do unnatural tricks for tourists. These animals are often subjected to improper housing and care and receive little if any veterinary attention.
Speak up. Let your tour operator know you object to roadside zoos, encourage your travel companions to do the same. Support establishments like accredited rescue centers that offer humane alternatives to animals confiscated from the illegal pet or wildlife trade.
In some Caribbean nations, killing sea turtles for food is legal, and the meat may be sold in local restaurants. To keep the meat fresh, fishermen catch the turtles and lie them on their backs on dry land, keeping them alive but immobile, until they are ready to harvest their meat. The turtles suffer immeasurably.
Stay away from facilities that slaughter sea turtle and those that exploit sea turtles for tourist dollars instead of focusing on education and the rehabilitation of sea turtles in the wild.
Tens of millions of sharks are annually hunted to meet the demand for shark fin soup. Now bannedi n several places, “finning” involves slicing the fins off a shark and throwing the still-alive body back in the water to drown.
Like other large fish, high levels of mercury can be found in shark meat.
Shark’s liver oil, cartilage and skin are used in cosmetics (ew), medicines, health supplements, and traditional food products. Shark skin is turned into leather furniture, book bindings, shoes, watch bands and handbags.
Another one of those items that might seem really cool in a tourist shop (especially to a kid), but the teeth most likely came from a shark slaughtered with no regard for the health of the ocean ecosystem.
For centuries, hawksbill sea turtles were killed for their beautiful mottled "tortoise" shells, which were used to make jewelry, decorative combs and hairpins, forks and spoons, and statuettes.
Hawksbill sea turtles are fully protected from international trade by CITES, but poaching and sale of hawksbill shell products in tourist markets worldwide is still a problem.
A handful of countries still kill thousands of whales and dolphins annually, despite international protests.
Not only are the killing methods horribly inhumane, meat from many of these species is contaminated with mercury and other toxins.
Humane and Environmental Issues
In India and Nepal you might see shawls, pashminas, socks, sweaters, suits, and blankets made of Shahtoosh wool from the endangered Tibetan antelope. Although it can be obtained without killing the animals, it’s much easier for poachers to kill first, shear second.
Legalities and Safety Issues
International trade in Shahtoosh is banned, but illegal hunting and selling of the wool still happens.
Countless numbers of animals suffer every year as victims of the international wildlife trade. I pledge to avoid contributing to the illegal wildlife trade and animal suffering by not purchasing items made with or from wild animal parts, not purchasing live wild animals, and not patronizing facilities that keep wildlife captive under inhumane conditions.
After you take action, you'll receive updates by email on how you can help animals. You can easily opt out at any time.
HSI works year-round to encourage policy-makers to improve and enforce laws and regulations in order to reduce the trade in wildlife. We send our team of experts to the triennial CITES meeting to fight for greater protection for wildlife around the world. And we conduct regular outreach to the public about how their consumption and travel choices impact wildlife. Learn more, and join us, at humanesocietyinternational.org. | <urn:uuid:370d8de2-c5a0-4d37-b3b8-8ff8d29f2bc5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.hsi.org/issues/wildlife_trade/wildlife_trade_infographic.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396959.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00029-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943562 | 1,821 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Signs and Symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa
A person may have anorexia nervosa when she diets to the point of weighing only 85 percent of her normal, healthy weight (or a BMI of 17.5), fears gaining weight, is preoccupied with food, develops abnormal eating habits, stops menstruating, or, if male, experiences a decrease in sexual drive or interest in sex.
Anorexia nervosa affects about 1 out of 100 people between the ages of 10 and 20 years old. Anorexia tends to develop in early to midadolescence when body fat increases from 12 percent before puberty to about 20 to 25 percent after.
This increase in body fat is not true weight gain in the adult sense, but a natural biological function of female development. Ninety to 95 percent of anorexics are female and 75 percent of the young women who develop anorexia nervosa do not have a history of being overweight.
In addition to the physical changes that accompany anorexia nervosa, pronounced emotional changes, such as irritability, depression, moodiness, and increasing isolation are also common. In fact, eating disorder experts have developed a profile of personality and family traits characteristic of a person with anorexia nervosa.
Anorexics tend to be compliant, approval seeking, conflict avoiding, perfectionist, socially anxious, and obsessive/compulsive, with average or above-average intelligence. Their family environment may include a mother who is overprotective, critical, intrusive, and domineering, and a father who is passive, withdrawn, and emotionally absent from the family.
Although not every person who develops anorexia exhibits all or even some of these traits — nor may her family — they help paint a picture of the issues that many anorexia nervosa sufferers must struggle to overcome.
Do you (or someone you know) have any of the following symptoms? The more yes answers, the greater the likelihood that you (or she) may have anorexia nervosa.
Skips meals, takes only tiny portions, and will not eat in front of other people.
Eats in ritualistic ways, such as cutting up food into extremely small bites or chewing every bite excessively, and creates strange food combinations.
Grocery shops and cooks for the entire household but will not eat.
Always makes excuses not to eat: not hungry, just ate with a friend, feeling ill, and avoids mealtime or situations involving food.
Becomes disgusted with former favorite foods, such as red meat and desserts.
Will eat only a few safe foods; boasts about how healthy the meals she does consume are; drastically reduces or completely eliminates an entire group of foods, such as carbohydrates or fats.
Says that she’s too fat, even when this is not true, and has a distorted body image.
Becomes argumentative with people who try to help.
Has trouble concentrating.
Denies anger, making statements such as, Everything is okay; I’m just tired and stressed.
Withdraws into self, becoming socially isolated.
Often exercises excessively and follows a rigid routine.
Wears baggy clothing to hide thinness. | <urn:uuid:15acaaaf-2664-422f-95c8-8693be480906> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/signs-and-symptoms-of-anorexia-nervosa.navId-323474.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403508.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00000-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94408 | 660 | 2.859375 | 3 |
We’ve looked at Abram’s example and Jacob’s example of tithing, which are the only two instances we have in the Bible of tithing before the Mosaic Law. Now we’re going to start looking at tithing as it is defined and laid out in the Law. I’m looking at the verses on tithing as they appear in the Bible, so today we’re going to look at Leviticus 27:30-33:
30 “‘All the tithe of the land, whether of the seed of the land or of the fruit of the trees, is Yahweh’s. It is holy to Yahweh. 31 If a man redeems anything of his tithe, he shall add a fifth part to it. 32 All the tithe of the herds or the flocks, whatever passes under the rod, the tenth shall be holy to Yahweh. 33 He shall not search whether it is good or bad, neither shall he change it: and if he changes it at all, then both it and that for which it is changed shall be holy. It shall not be redeemed.’”
Leviticus 27:30-33 (WEB)
It Is Holy to Yahweh (the Lord)
Many people look at these verses and determine that since the tithe is “holy to the Lord” we are required to pay it. However, if we’re going to use that as the standard for determining which Old Testament laws we should keep, we don’t want to leave anything out. Here are just a few other things we should be doing if we’re required to do anything that is “holy to the Lord” in the Old Testament:
- Make our grain and sin offerings (Leviticus 2:1-3 and Leviticus 6:25-29)
- Make our trespass offerings (Leviticus 7:1-6)
- Keep and do all the other things God commanded that were holy, including the feasts, holy days, the sanctuary (as it was described in the Old Testament), a crown for the high priest, the clothes for the priests (linen garments), and the fruit a tree produces in its fourth year (Leviticus 23:1-44, Leviticus 8:9, Leviticus 16:4, and Leviticus 19:24)
- Keep all the statutes in the Law so we can be holy to the Lord (Leviticus 20:7-8)
There are many other things besides the tithe that were considered holy to the Lord in the Old Testament. If we’re going to say that we must keep the tithe because “it is holy to the Lord”, then we must also keep all the other things that are “holy to the Lord”. That phrase is common throughout the Law and was used to signify the importance that the Israelites should keep the Law that they were under. Unless Christians are going to begin keeping all of the Law, we cannot pick and choose certain aspects to enforce based simply on the phrase “it is holy to the Lord”.
The Tithe of the Land, Herds, or Flocks
Only food items are discussed in this passage as being part of the tithe. In fact, as we continue to examine the tithe in the Bible, we’ll see that money and income are never mentioned as items to be tithed. Only crops from the land and animals from herds were used in any of the tithes. This means if you weren’t a farmer, shepherd, or otherwise didn’t grow crops or raise animals then you didn’t pay any kind of tithe as described in the Old Testament. (There are other offerings you would have had to pay, but if you were poor there were provisions for paying a smaller amount.)
Not the Best Tenth
Another aspect of this passage that is missed by those who teach that Christians should tithe is the fact that the tithe was not the best tenth. Those who teaching tithing say the tithe should be the first and best 10% of all our increase (not just the crops and animals). But in this passage on tithing we see the exact opposite.
First, there is no mention of the quality or order in which the crops should be tithed. It’s simply stated as the tithe of the land.
Second, in the section on herds and flocks, the animal that must be tithed is the tenth one to pass under the rod (shepherd’s staff) – not the first. If an Israelite only had nine animals in his flock, then he did not tithe any of them according to the Law.
Finally, those who had more than ten animals were forbidden from picking which one should be tithed. It had to be the tenth one to pass under the rod. He couldn’t change it regardless of whether it was bad or good. This means he couldn’t even choose to give God the best as the tenth animal – God told the Israelites that it must be the tenth animal no matter what.
Only the Levites were commanded to give the best tenth when they gave the priests the tithe of the tithes. The Levites received the tithes from the people of Israel, and in turn they were to give the best tenth of those tithes to the priests who served at the temple. We’ll look at that in the next part of this series, but that’s the only time anyone in Israel was commanded to give the best tenth and it only applied to the Levites.
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We’re already beginning to see that the tithe as it is taught to Christians today is not even based on the Bible’s definition of the tithe. Make sure you sign up for free updates to Provident Planning if you’re interested in learning more about what God’s Word says about tithing. If you want to know what the giving requirements are for Christians, I recommend you check out my posts on New Covenant giving principles.
As always, please leave a comment below to let me know your thoughts about this article. | <urn:uuid:b95ca35c-26ef-4e1b-a5da-a5b899cb7569> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.providentplan.com/752/tithing-in-the-bible-it-is-holy-to-the-lord-leviticus-2730-33/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392527.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00093-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966358 | 1,307 | 2.9375 | 3 |
A life passed among pictures, in the study and love of art is a happy’ and noiseless dream.- Hazlitt.
“Before this figure, Niobe and her Dying Children, transformed into. stone, and yet so inimitably animated – before this line of demarkation of all human suffering, the most callous beholder is dissolved to tears.”
” Raphael’s pictures interest so much in themselves, that they make us forget that they are only a part of history.”
Great is the power of the skillful artist. The artist’s brush and chisel have often deceived the very eye of both man and beast. Zeuxis painted grapes so true to nature as to deceive the birds that tried to pick them from the canvas. Trees and buildings have been so naturally portrayed with the brush that ravens and other birds have come to perch on them. Flowers have been pictured so as to deceive the bees that have tried to alight on them. Portraits of persons have been made so perfect that a whiffet dog has barked at them, and there is a painting of three dogs so truly natural that. almost every dog admitted to the room at once looks at the painting and runs up to salute it.
Giovanni Contarini painted a picture of Marco Dolce, and when the portrait was sent home, his dog “began to fawn upon it, mistaking it for his master.” Giovanni, Rosa painted rabbits so life-like as to deceive the dogs, which would rush at them furiously.
Bernazzano painted a strawberry bed in a court yard which so deceived the pea-birds that they pecked at the wall till they had destroyed the painting. He also painted some birds in the act of feeding, and when the picture was placed in the open air, the birds flew towards the picture to join their companions.
Pantoja represented a superb eagle belonging to the king with such naturalness that the bird itself on seeing its own picture, mistook it for another real eagle, and attacked the picture with such fierceness that he tore it into shreds with his beak and talons before they could stop him.
Holbein painted a person’s portrait with a fly on the forehead, so accurately as to deceive one into trying to brush it away.
A ragged urchin stretched out his hand to steal some grapes from a basket of grapes painted by Guereino.
Jacopo da Ponte painted a book upon a table which deceived people into extending their hand to pick it up. So true to life was a painting by Appeles, of a horse in the Temple of Diana at Ephesus, that when Alexander’s horse was led up to it, he began to neigh, as one horse is accustomed to greet another.
A certain artist is said to have painted cobwebs on his ceiling so perfectly that the hired girl wore herself into an attack of nervous prostration in trying to sweep them down. There may have been such an artist, but it is doubtful if there was ever such a hired girl.
Daedalus is said to have made a statue of Heracles so perfect that it had to be tied to prevent its running away, and the hero was so angry when he saw how closely it resembled himself that he threw a stone at it. We must pronounce this story a fable.
Two artist lovers were rivals for the hand of a noted painter’s daughter. The father promised to give his child to the one that painted the best picture. One painted a picture of fruit so natural that the birds attempted to eat the fruit from the canvas. The father was delighted, and declared that no one could excel that. Presently the other lover came with his picture, and it was veiled. ” Take the veil from your painting,” said the old man. ” I leave that to you,” modestly replied the young artist. The father then approached and attempted to remove the veil from the picture, but to his astonishment, he found the veil to be the picture. The canvas was so veiled by the brush as to deceive the skillful master himself, and no doubt remained as to whose wife the lovely maiden should become.
Valasquez who stood at the head of the Spanish school, painted portraits that baffled description of praise. They produced complete illusion. “He depicted the minds of men; they live, breathe, and seem about to walk out of their frames. The freshness, individuality, and identity of every person are quite startling.” Some of his portraits. as of one of the Popes, was said to deceive the eye so completely as to be taken for the person of the Pope himself.
Raphael painted a portrait of Pope Leo X., so full of life that one of the Cardinals approached it with a pen and ink for the Pope to sign a documcnt.
The marble fairly breathed under the chisel of Phidias and Praxiteles and Myron of ancient Greece. Myron chisled a marble statue of a cow of dun color so faithful to nature as to deceive a calf that ran up to the stone cow and attempted to satisfy its hunger.
In the galleries of the old world we have seen -marble or bronze statues by the old masters that appear to live -“the veins, the muscles swollen by exertion, the nerves gradually stretched, and the figure expressing those feelings which act on the living subject.” One said of the bronze horses wrought by the old Etruscan artists, that they were ” so full of spirit, with their fiery nostrils, their sparkling eyes, their easy and graceful limbs,- they would move, if not of metal.”
With toil and patience Ghiberti worked twenty-one years upon the wonderful bronze doors of the church of San Giovanni in Florence. They represent in bas-relief the principal Bible scenes. Before these gates of gilded bronze, Michael Angelo himself stood amazed, and in his ecstacy pronounced them worthy to adorn the portals of Paradise. We stood long and fairly en-chanted before these doors resplendent with genius that was all but inspired.
In as much as the artist has such tremendous power, his genius ought everywhere to be recognized and utilized.
It is not of the mere effect of pictures, statues, and other works of art on the eye or outward sense that we wish to treat. Indeed, the influence of art does not stop with impressions made on the outward sense alone. The mind and heart are reached through the eye and other senses. The moral and religious impressions thus made are all-important. | <urn:uuid:990e7c97-feb6-45eb-ad2e-50f455ce894e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://art.yodelout.com/the-power-of-pictorial-and-plastic-art/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399428.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00126-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983611 | 1,389 | 2.703125 | 3 |
by Dan Sythe / GeigerCounter.com / January 4, 2014 /
A lot of concern has been expressed about recent reports and videos showing high levels of radiation on a beach in Half Moon Bay, just South of Pillar Point Harbor. It has been attributed to Fukushima. Local officials have been quoted as saying they donʻt know what it is, but donʻt worry about it. See local story.
Here is what we have learned so far: The radioactive areas of the beach seem to be associated with dark sand below the high tide level. The levels detected are about 5 to 10 times what you would normally expect to find on a beach.
The radionuclides are in the NORM class of radioactive substances, not from Fukushima. NORM stands for Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material. We put a sample in a Multichannel Analyzer and found Radium 226 and Thorium 232. See the measured spectra below.
This is the spectra from the beach sample
If the sand were contaminated by radiation from Fukushima it would show Cesium 137. See spectra below from contaminated area of Fukushima Prefecture. The same instrument is identifying Cesium 137 rather than Radium and Thorium.
Sample of deck material from contaminated area of Fukushima Prefecture
The picture below is a geiger counter measuring the activity in a sample bag of the sand. The radiation level is elevated, but roughly equivalent to some granite counter top material from Brazil.
This is a geiger counter with 2 inch pancake detector measuring the activity in the sand sample
Whether this material is naturally occurring at this beach or not remains a question. There are also reports that a pipeline was once at this location. We hope the State will do further testing to determine the origin and full nature of the hot spots on the beach. But we are confident that it is not related to Fukushima, based on the spectral signature. We expect more news later today. | <urn:uuid:be416ba3-d55e-49dd-b1af-e1802c75b623> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://fukushimaupdate.com/california-beach-radiation-not-from-fukushima/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393442.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00069-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946544 | 396 | 3.046875 | 3 |
American Indian Mortality in the Late Nineteenth Century: The Impact of Federal Assimilation Policies on a Vulnerable Population
NBER Working Paper No. 12572
Under the urging of late nineteenth-century humanitarian reformers, U.S. policy toward American Indians shifted from removal and relocation efforts to state-sponsored attempts to "civilize" Indians through allotment of tribal lands, citizenship, and forced education. There is little consensus, however, whether and to what extent federal assimilation efforts played a role in the stabilization and recovery of the American Indian population in the twentieth century. In this paper, we rely on a new IPUMS sample of the 1900 census of American Indians and census-based estimation methods to investigate the impact of federal assimilation policies on childhood mortality. We use children ever born and children surviving data included in the censuses to estimate childhood mortality and [responses to] several questions unique to the Indian enumeration [including tribal affiliation, degree of "white blood", type of dwelling, ability to speak English, and whether a citizen by allotment] to construct multivariate models of child mortality. The results suggest that mortality among American Indians in the late nineteenth century was very high - approximately 62% [standardize as % or percent throughout] higher than that for the white population. The impact of assimilation policies was mixed. Increased ability to speak English was associated with lower child mortality, while allotment of land in severalty was associated with higher mortality. The combined effect was a very modest four percent [as above] decline in mortality. As of 1900, the government campaign to assimilate Indians had yet to result in a significant decline in Indian mortality while incurring substantial economic and cultural costs.
Document Object Identifier (DOI): 10.3386/w12572
Users who downloaded this paper also downloaded these: | <urn:uuid:4d3d786f-b2ff-43b3-92a3-12cb40b8c2c9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nber.org/papers/w12572 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396875.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00102-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959841 | 372 | 2.71875 | 3 |
First, what is a keyring? If keys are stored in a file on a user's computer as keyrings, how are the keys secu...
Second, crypto experts say that user-remembered keys are not secure. A weak key may even weaken the strongest algorithm, because their entropy is less. So, if difficult keys are generated having good entropy, then a user cannot remember it. He needs to jot is down. But jotting down again compromises security. Then what is the solution?
A keyring is simply a file with keys in it. Typically public keys, and typically the term is used for PGP public keys. With PGP, we talk about a public keyring and a private (or secret) keyring. Obviously, a secret keyring contains secret keys.
Those keys are protected with a symmetric cipher, such as TripleDES, CAST or Blowfish. You can find the full gory details of how this all works in RFC2440 at http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2440.txt. (Full disclosure: I'm one of the authors of RFC2440.)
A more complete, but perhaps inexact, description of how this works is as follows: You take someone's passphrase and hash it with SHA-1. That becomes the key that is used to encrypt the actual secret half of the key pair.
You are correct in that the weakest part of a cryptosystem is usually the passphrase that unlocks the user's secret key. What you do about it is balance the risks, threats and what you're trying to protect.
Security never exists in a vacuum. This is easy for tech people to forget. It is important to keep in mind what you're protecting and from whom. A passphrase jotted down and kept in your wallet isn't necessarily a bad thing. Typically, you'd think that an attacker is going to have to mug you to get it, and someone who would resort to violence to get a passphrase is a pretty determined attacker.
Now of course, balancing this is the information you're protecting. It's one thing to write down the passphrase you use to protect this quarter's marketing plans. If it's the secret whereabouts of Osama Bin Laden or Dick Cheney, you might not want to do that (especially if they're both in the same place). If you don't want to have a passphrase, you could use something like a smart card. A smart card can store the key and require physical possession of an object to get it, which makes it a more interesting security problem than hacking a file off of a computer. Smart cards can also have an extra level of security with a PIN or something like that. A PIN is nothing more than a low-value passphrase.
The bad news for you is that there is no such thing as *the* solution. Security doesn't work that way. If there were a single size that fits everyone, we'd all be using it by now. The problem is that there is not only variation across people, but each and every one of us has information that needs to be protected reasonably well (like my bank account) and information that doesn't need to be protect very well at all (like my Web subscription to the New York Times).
For more information on this topic, visit these other SearchSecurity.com resources:
Strom's Security Tool Shed: Create secure passphrases with Diceware
Network Security Tip: Diffie-Hellman key exchange
Executive Security Briefing: Smart card smarts
Dig Deeper on Disk Encryption and File Encryption
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Please add a title for your question
Get answers from a TechTarget expert on whatever's puzzling you. | <urn:uuid:3dcc55a9-6464-4d6f-bba5-a90c0e138b43> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/answer/Securing-crypto-keys-and-keyrings | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400031.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00017-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961834 | 777 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Michael Crichton intertwined some aspects of Beowulf with his own thoughts to produce the drama, "The 13th Warrior. Beowulf, written down by an unnamed Christian monk in the 8th century, served as a framework for the plot of "The 13th Warrior. Beowulf and "The 13th Warrior have many differences but the similarities that they share are more abundant through out the two pieces.
Instead of doing a direct translation of Beowulf, the writer of the "The 13th Warrior used his creativity to fabricate a new story. To start off, "The 13th Warrior is seen through the eyes of Antonio Banderas' character, Ahmed Ibn Fahdlan, while Beowulf told the story of Beowulf from a third person point of view. The protagonists, Beowulf (Beowulf), and Ahmed Ibn Fahdlan ("The 13th Warrior ) are of different ethnic groups; Beowulf is Swedish and Ahmed is Arabic. In "The 13th Warrior groups of men fight the evil which is in the form of men dressed up as bears, possibly to seem more frightening, and their mother, who is an evil witch. Beowulf generally fights the evil, which is represented by Grendel and his mother, who are both monsters, descendants of Cain, alone. The warriors of "The 13th Warrior and Beowulf, clearly, had incongruous reasons for fighting the bear men. Beowulf wanted to be famous and with fame comes fortune. Beowulf was supercilious unlike the men in "The 13th Warrior. Ahmed and his comrades were not offered money or any reward; they did not, necessarily, want to be remembered for their heroic deeds at Herot; they just wanted to help save the villagers. Like Beowulf and Ahmed, Grendel and the bear men had incongruous reasons for attacking Herot. Every night the men of Beowulf would stay up late laughing, dancing, drinking; celebrating their greatness. Grendel grew weary of this nig | <urn:uuid:09193ed9-bdd1-4857-a552-375d8c91b474> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.exampleessays.com/viewpaper/96329.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393442.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00194-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977421 | 422 | 3.34375 | 3 |
* Combines theories of solid mechanics, materials science and structural design in one coherent text/reference
* Covers physical scales from the atomistic to continuum mechanics
* Offers a generalized structural design template
This book is the first to bridge the often disparate bodies of knowledge now known as applied mechanics and materials science. Using a very methodological process to introduce mechanics, materials, and design issues in a manner called "total structural design", this book seeks a solution in "total design space" Features include:
* A generalized design template for solving structural design problems.
* Every chapter first introduces mechanics concepts through deformation, equilibrium, and energy considerations. Then the constitutive nature of the chapter topic is presented, followed by a link between mechanics and materials concepts. Details of analysis and materials selection are subsequently discussed.
* A concluding example design problem is provided in most chapters, so that students may get a sense of how mechanics and materials come together in the design of a real structure.
* Exercises are provided that are germane to aerospace, civil, and mechanical engineering applications, and include both deterministic and design-type problems.
* Accompanying website contains a wealth of information complementary to this text, including a set of virtual labs. Separate site areas are available for the instructor and students.
Students in mechanical, materials, civil, and aerospace engineering. | <urn:uuid:ede01ccd-d9cc-4df7-8805-6ce6251d876e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://store.elsevier.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780123838520 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393997.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00015-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.910344 | 280 | 2.71875 | 3 |
I'm sure you have heard the argument "explaining" the gender gap in wages as simply a consequence of women refusing to work in the dangerous jobs which pay the really big money (like, err, bankstering?). This is a common argument among a certain kind of Men's Rights Activists.
I have mentioned earlier why women don't, in fact, "refuse" those types of jobs, in order to just stay at home eating bon-bons. But mentioning it is not sufficient. Hence this post on one of those dangerous jobs: Mining.
The impetus for it came from this article on Mexican women in mining:
Cony Solis, 26, an industrial engineer, is the only female administrator at the Penasquito mine in Zacatecas, a state in north-central Mexico with a long mining tradition. Many other women work down in the mines.I recommend reading the whole article. Its message is positive and it has lodes (heh) of information. I picked the bits for my quote which address the women-don't-want-to-work-in-dangerous-jobs argument, because I want to point out that women, in fact, have both worked in those jobs and now work in those jobs, and, most importantly, they have been explicitly excluded from working in them.
"Our presence has been growing in this industry," she says.
Solis says that 10 percent of the 3,000 employees in this deposit, where an enormous desert guards some 13 million ounces of gold, silver and zinc, are women. She calls her work a "labor conquest" because it took so long for women to be accepted into this traditionally male industry. She is a second-generation "mining woman," as her mother operates a giant truck at the mine.
The major reason the industry opened up to women is the male labor shortage in Mexico that has resulted from many men continuing to migrate to the United States in search of better wages and employment opportunities.
Women's traditional exclusion from the industry in Mexico was supported by a widespread superstition that said the land refused to deliver its treasures to women, and if any woman dared to enter the mine, it would become jealous and close, causing cave-ins and hiding its wealth.
The mining women say they receive equal pay with their male counterparts. Moreno makes $760 a month and Solis' mother earns $840 a month as operators of the trucks. An administrator and a professional, Solis makes $1,175 a month.
But Solis says that some supervisors are still confronting negative reactions from some men. Various industry insiders say that hundreds of years of sexist tradition will not be forgotten in a few years.
On that exclusion: It was not only traditional in terms of culture but it also consisted of legal exclusion of women. For example, in Great Britain The Coalminers Regulation Act of 1842 made it illegal for women to work underground in mines where they had pulled wagons along tunnels. They could still work as surface workers, as pit-workers and to load and unload the wagons. In France, women and children were prohibited from working underground in 1874.
These examples suggest that women did work underground, for why else explicitly rule that out? The laws were not meant to hurt women, by the way. Their role was seen as a "protective" one, but it had the consequence of keeping women out of most mining. Nobody thought that one day Those Sites would use this to explain how women's lower earnings are their own fault!
This picture of Wigan pit-brow girls in trousers was taken in the 1860s, during a period when there was much concern about the bad moral effect mine-work had on women (they wore trousers!). From Fabric of Society, by Jane Tozer and Sarah Levitt. | <urn:uuid:c083d1af-7b52-4702-ba00-3cdb4285772f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://echidneofthesnakes.blogspot.com/2011/04/on-women-and-dangerous-jobs-mining.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397213.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00058-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980292 | 782 | 2.546875 | 3 |
We all know poverty results in suffering and puts innumerable pressures on families. That alone should be reason enough to do something about it.
But when you add costs directly attributable to the health problems suffered by disadvantaged British Columbians, it's clear poverty reduction is something we need to act on right now.
British Columbians understand this, and expect something to be done. With the provincial election underway, those seeking public office should be aware that research by Vision Critical reveals 81 per cent of British Columbians agree that our provincial leaders need to develop a poverty reduction plan.
Instead of pouring more dollars into the acute care system, more investment is needed to proactively address the root causes of poverty-driven ill health.
Research by the BC Healthy Living Alliance shows poverty is costly and bad for our health. When you divide British Columbians into five groups based on income, those in the lowest income group are two to three times as likely to suffer from heart disease. For diabetes, it's two to five times higher. And the number of expensive visits to the emergency department is nearly double compared to those British Columbians in the highest income group.
In all, close to $1.2 billion in health care costs would be saved each year if all disadvantaged British Columbians were as healthy as those with higher education and incomes. Any poverty reduction would be money well spent. Government can reverse the trend by providing more investment in quality child care, affordable housing and income security. Action in these areas would lift many individuals and families above the poverty line.
B.C. has the second highest rate of child poverty in Canada. So policies and investments that break that cycle should be a priority. Research spanning decades shows that quality child care leads to better outcomes for disadvantaged children. They are much more likely to stay in school longer and earn higher wages.
Affordable child care also allows families to raise their household incomes through work, education or training. Economists in Quebec calculate that increased tax revenues, largely from working mothers, have more than paid for their universal daycare system.
Secure housing also contributes to better health. Studies show it costs less to house our homeless population and improve their physical and mental wellbeing. Although some progress has been made in recent years, there remains a shortage. Demand for social housing is projected to require an estimated 56,600 additional units by 2036. One in six renters spends 50 per cent or more of their income on housing. Housing for those in low-paying jobs often comes at the expense of healthy food.
Reasonable rents reduce stress and provide a better chance families will have enough money left for groceries, utilities and other basics. And those unable to work should be assured income assistance that covers the costs of rental housing and a nutritious diet.
Income security measures are the ultimate stopgap and do make a difference. In the 1970s, Canada had one of the highest levels of seniors' poverty among industrialized nations but today we have one of the lowest. Seniors' real income increased by 18 per cent between 1980 and 2003 with the introduction of public pension benefits.
Implementing a poverty reduction plan will make a difference, but requires leadership and accountability. B.C. needs a plan with legislated targets, timelines, measurements and a designated minister.
B.C. could take a lesson from Newfoundland and Labrador. They had the worst poverty rate in Canada when Premier Danny Williams introduced a poverty reduction strategy. Between 2004 and 2010 they were able to reduce it 44 per cent, and are on track to reach their target of having the least poverty in Canada by 2014.
All of us are paying a high premium for poverty. Those running for office on May 14 should put that money to better use and invest in prevention.
Dr. Marjorie MacDonald is president, Public Health Association of BC; Scott McDonald is chairman, BC Healthy Living Alliance; and Dr. Victoria Lee is chairwoman, Health Officers Council of British Columbia. | <urn:uuid:e9ca7c0a-44a3-404e-918b-b50579dfb329> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.vancouversun.com/opinion/op-ed/Time+tackle+high+cost+poverty+across/8283354/story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393533.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00196-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964077 | 799 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Comments with REM
REM can remark a complete line, also a multiline caret at the line end, if it's not the end of the first token.
REM This is a comment, the caret is ignored^
echo This line is printed
echo This line is part of the remark
REM followed by some characters
.:\/= works a bit different, it doesn't comment an ampersand, so you can use it as inline comment.
echo First & REM. This is a comment & echo second
But to avoid problems with existing files like
REM;.bat only a modified variant should be used.
And for the character
; is also allowed one of
REM is about 6 times slower than
:: (tested on Win7SP1 with 100000 comment lines).
For a normal usage it's not important (58µs versus 360µs per comment line)
Comments with ::
:: always executes a line end caret.
:: This is also a comment^
echo This line is also a comment
Labels and also the comment label
:: have a special logic in parenthesis blocks.
They span always two lines SO: goto command not working.
So they are not recommended for parenthesis blocks, as they are often the cause for syntax errors.
ECHO ON a
REM line is shown, but not a line commented with
Both can't really comment out the rest of the line, so a simple
%~ will cause a syntax error.
REM This comment will result in an error %~ ...
But REM is able to stop the batch parser at an early phase, even before the special character phase is done.
REM This caret ^ is visible
You can use &REM or &:: to add a comment to the end of command line.
This approach works because '&' introduces a new command on the same line.
Comments with percent signs %= comment =%
There exists a comment style with percent signs.
In reality these are variables but they are expanded to nothing.
But the advantage is that they can be placed in the same line, even without
The equal sign ensures, that such a variable can't exists.
set "var=3" %= This is a comment in the same line=%
The percent style is recommended for batch macros, as it doesn't change the runtime behaviour, as the comment will be removed when the macro is defined.
%=Start of code=% ^ | <urn:uuid:578ccd33-a9fc-4bc2-b828-bb5b41c65c2b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://stackoverflow.com/questions/12407800/which-comment-style-should-i-use-in-batch-files | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396100.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00056-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.900891 | 518 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Insure that students have the needed knowledge
and skills for any computer activity.
Decide the appropriate learning objectives.
Plan the sequential and structured activities to
Evaluate the students’ achievement by ways of tests
the specific expected outcomes.
instructions for computer activity.
in mind the information and rules for the
the knowledge and rules during the
process of computer learning.
as a sort of tutor.
a learning environment.
learning through drill-and-practice.
When and how can teachers
integrate drill and practice
programs with their lessons?
drill-and-practice programs for basic
skills and knowledge that require rapid and
automatic response by students.
that drill-and-practice activities
conform to the Lesson Plan or curriculum.
drill-and-practice to 20-30 minutes to
drill-and-practice to assist students with
particular weakness in basic skills.
The tutorial software should…
able to teach new information to students.
comprehensive information on
concepts in addition to practice exercises.
effectively used for remediation, reviewing
the teacher to introduce follow-up
questions to stimulate students’ learning.
group activity for cooperative learning.
PROBLEM SOLVING SOFTWARE
MULTIMEDIA ENCYCLOPEDIA AND | <urn:uuid:7992fd3f-808f-4ccd-91e1-491def024b84> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.slideshare.net/LeerThereux/computer-as-a-tutor | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391634.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00075-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.826687 | 285 | 4.125 | 4 |
Herbalism is a traditional medicinal or folk medicine practice based on the use of plants and plant extracts. Herbalism is also known as botanical medicine, medicinal botany, medical herbalism, herbal medicine, herbology, and phytotherapy. Sometimes the scope of herbal medicine is extended to include fungi and bee products, as well as minerals, shells and certain animal parts.
Many plants synthesize substances that are useful to the maintenance of health in humans and other animals. These include aromatic substances, most of which are phenols or their oxygen-substituted derivatives such as tannins. Many are secondary metabolites, of which at least 12,000 have been isolated — a number estimated to be less than 10% of the total. In many cases, these substances (particularly the alkaloids) serve as plant defense mechanisms against predation by microorganisms, insects, and herbivores. Many of the herbs and spices used by humans to season food yield useful medicinal compounds.
The use of herbs to treat disease is almost universal among non-industrialized societies. A number of traditions came to dominate the practice of herbal medicine at the end of the twentieth century:
* The herbal medicine system, based on Greek and Roman sources
* The Ayurvedic medicine system from India
* Chinese herbal medicine (Chinese herbology)
* Unani-Tibb medicine
* Shamanic Herbalism
Many of the pharmaceuticals currently available to physicians have a long history of use as herbal remedies, including opium, aspirin, digitalis, and quinine. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 80 percent of the world's population presently uses herbal medicine for some aspect of primary health care. Herbal medicine is a major component in all traditional medicine systems, and a common element in Ayurvedic, homeopathic, naturopathic, traditional Chinese medicine, and Native American medicine.
The use of, and search for, drugs and dietary supplements derived from plants have accelerated in recent years. Pharmacologists, microbiologists, botanists, and natural-products chemists are combing the Earth for phytochemicals and leads that could be developed for treatment of various diseases. In fact, according to the World Health Organisation, approximately 25% of modern drugs used in the United States have been derived from plants.
* Three quarters of plants that provide active ingredients for prescription drugs came to the attention of researchers because of their use in traditional medicine.
* Among the 120 active compounds currently isolated from the higher plants and widely used in modern medicine today, 80 percent show a positive correlation between their modern therapeutic use and the traditional use of the plants from which they are derived.
* More than two thirds of the world's plant species - at least 35,000 of which are estimated to have medicinal value - come from the developing countries.
* At least 7,000 medical compounds in the modern pharmacopoeia are derived from plants
Kenn has been a self taught herbalist for more than 20 years. He was attuned as a Reiki Master in 1994. Aurelia has a Masters Degree in Community Counseling. Get a free Chakras Health and Healing Report at my site http://www.herbalvista.com/books/chakras/contact.html or visit us at http://www.herbalvista.com. To leave us a message please visit us at http://www.herbalvista.com/contact_us.html . | <urn:uuid:abbf3a3d-954f-43b0-8a32-37f5e89cd7aa> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.selfgrowth.com/articles/definition_herbal_rememdies.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00132-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944714 | 712 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Lyndon Johnson: Insights into a complex man
Generous yet hateful, big-hearted yet profane, Lyndon Johnson was among the most fascinating and confounding of US presidents.
In little more than five years, Lyndon Baines Johnson probably did more to reform and repair American society than anyone else in history. Yet, instead of being memorialized as a hero, LBJ is more often remembered as a slimy manipulator whose good intentions were sunk in the quagmire of a needless war.
But as LBJ: Architect of American Ambition, an outstanding new biography by Randall B. Woods, reminds us, the career and legacy of this extraordinarily complex Texan can hardly be summarized in a sentence.
By turns profane and big-hearted, hateful and generous, wily and paranoid, strong and frail, LBJ faced immense pressure from within and without. Often an outsider, ever on edge, he was one of the most fascinating men to ever live in the White House.
This brick of a book – topping out at 1,007 pages – may be a hard sell. Its heft and intense detail prevent it from being a page-turner, and historians Robert Caro and Robert Dallek have already tackled LBJ's life in masterly biographies of their own. (Mr. Caro' s remarkable four-volume set isn't even finished.)
But the savvy Mr. Woods belongs in their company, thanks to his ability to blend history, politics, and human nature into a coherent and cohesive whole.
In "LBJ," Mr. Johnson comes across as an eternal seeker driven by two sometimes-conflicting goals – gaining respect and attaining social justice.
His commitment started early. As a teacher at the age of 20, LBJ fought for the rights of Mexican students to receive a proper education, forcing colleagues to treat them fairly and without prejudice. Johnson "would use the ideals that underlay the system to defeat the flaws that threatened to corrupt it," Woods writes. "It would become a pattern."
Indeed, Johnson eventually rammed civil rights bills through Congress by appealing to American and even Southern values; it's a myth that the Great Society legislation waltzed through on the coattails of JFK's martyrdom.
But LBJ's dreams of the demise of poverty faltered as the civil rights movement fractured and a faraway war grew larger. Through it all, his career-long commitment to "conciliation and cooperation" instead of conflict was severely tested.
Today, some on the left accuse LBJ of dragging the country into an inhumane war in Vietnam, while some on the right think he failed by tying one hand behind the military's back. Woods reminds readers that these two competing views had already hardened into conflict before Johnson assumed the presidency, thrusting him immediately onto the horns of a political dilemma.
Moving more decisively toward peace risked raising charges that the president was soft on Communism, but, at the same time, an enlarged war could have spelled nuclear catastrophe. And in 1966, polls actually suggested that the public wanted him to be more aggressive, not less.
Meanwhile, LBJ's own humanitarian impulses boosted his cold war instincts. He tied the Great Society and Vietnam together, truly hoping to help the South Vietnamese gain better lives; his commitment to the "common men and women of America" extended to the world, with disastrous results.
LBJ isn't the only fascinating character in this biography. His wife "Lady Bird," who's still alive today, is a major player as well. As Woods movingly describes, throughout their life together she remained head-over-heels in love with her husband, even as he found physical intimacy elsewhere. Yet she repeatedly soothes him and restores his confidence, especially when he wants to quit.
Elsewhere in the book, there's an angry and bitter Robert Kennedy, part of a snooty elite that saw LBJ as a "hayseed, a rube with coarse language and coarser looks"; an ever-intimidated Vice President Hubert Humphrey; and a craven candidate Richard Nixon, whose camp tries to keep the war boiling until after the 1968 election.
But no one in the book comes alive as vividly as does LBJ himself, a natural charmer who could also be the most unlikable of men. Throughout this biography are found ugly examples of the dark side of LBJ. He is seen humiliating Lady Bird, screaming at aides, and intimidating anyone who lacks his iron will.
At the same time, this is a man who's often full of kindness and carefree bravado, once inviting a random Pakistani camel driver to visit New York City and stay at the Waldorf Astoria, setting off a diplomatic scramble.
Ultimately, "LBJ" leaves us with a fuller picture of this "accidental president" and a greater appreciation of him as a noble failure or – perhaps more accurately – a great man with some king-size flaws.
Even in the grim days following his presidency when many wanted to simply forget him, there were those who knew that LBJ deserved to be remembered. "Ma'am, you don't have to tell me he loved me," an elderly black man told one of Johnson's daughters at his funeral. "He showed he loved me."
• Randy Dotinga is a freelance writer in San Diego, Calif. | <urn:uuid:aa06df14-8eaf-4b95-a3ab-00e9fe64df7b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://m.csmonitor.com/2006/0801/p14s02-bogn.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396029.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00077-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969242 | 1,101 | 3.171875 | 3 |
It is a worst case scenario that no one wants to face: a gunman in a school building.
But police officers, teachers, and even parents don't have the luxury of simply hoping it won't happen.
News 5's Andrew Setters went inside a session that aims to train teachers and cops how to respond.
"The school is in a panic, and I am in the library. And I've got … Students down! Under the table, kids! Heads, under the table!," a 911 call crackles.
Years later, the Columbine school shooting is still haunting, but still offering lessons for police officers and educators.
"Anyone of you that work in education, did it say on your job description ‘and have to deal with active shooters?’ No," instructor James Burke said.
Burke is from the Ohio Peace Officer Training Academy. He said there is a big difference between cops and teachers. Law enforcement is trained to think of worst case scenarios. Teachers are taught to look for the best in every kid.
Teachers need to think differently, Burke told the 60-odd training participants Thursday.
"I want you to walk into your classroom and go, ‘You know what? If something happens in here, I can use this to barricade the door,’" he said.
Law enforcement and teachers need to plan and practice in order to be prepared, Burke said.
"Work with your local law enforcement agencies, work with the people in your communities to set up a plan that best fits your school and your building," he said.
Burke said preventing school shootings is about speaking up when there are warning signs -- see something, say something.
But Burke said that surviving when the worst happens means knowing what to do, such as putting obstacles between the shooter and the kids.
Don't just hide; lock doors, build a barricade, slow the attacker down, Burke said.
And if you have to, be prepared to fight, he said.
“I see this coming through the door - what can I do here? Break his arm!" Burke said.
It may mean the difference between life and death.
The Ohio Attorney General's office is coordinating these "active shooter training" sessions.
They are working to plan more across the state. | <urn:uuid:8bd0e050-beee-4ecc-b101-cb45b6a0a3cf> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://m.wlwt.com/news/Teachers-given-lessons-learned-in-school-shootings/18358690 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395621.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00182-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969473 | 476 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The Environment in Emily Brönte’s novel
The environment in Emily Brontë’s only novel, Wuthering Heights, first published in 1847, is set out in two centres, two houses: Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. The structure of the novel is build upon the contrastive qualities of the two places. What are the qualities associated with these two places? Do they represent opposite principles? The aim of this essay is to outline the principles readers may link to to these two centres, and then to concentrate on their relationships and interactions and their consequences.
It might be a good idea to start with the very beginning of the novel, that is with its name. What kind of connotations does it evolve in the reader? Wuthering Heights evokes an image of wild, rough nature exposed to winds and storms. In opposition to that, the name of Thrushcross Grange has, in the second part of its name, already the indirect mention of people and cultivated land. Already the names indicate the opposition of nature,or savageness, and civilization and culture. The very beginning of the novel contains a vivid description of Wuthering Heights which confirms the first quick interpretation of the name.
‘Wuthering’ being a significant provincial adjective, descriptive of
the atmospheric tumult to which its station is exposed in stormy
weather. ... Happily the architect had foresight to build it strong:
the narrow windows are deeply set in the wall, and the corners
defended with large jutting stones. (46)
The image of rough nature is enlarged by strength, which applies to the inhabitants of Wuthering Heights too. The oppostion is seen also in the surrounding of the two residences. Inhabitants of Wuthering Heights go to walk, or rather run around and bounce, to the moors. By contrast, people living at Thrushcross Grange are used to walking in the surrounding park, fenced by a wall, so that it is on the one hand safe but, on the other hand, it sets limitations to freedom. And it is possible to read this freedom not only literally, but also figuratively. As it will be discussed later in the essay, the Lintons are tied up by the conventions.
To finish the sequence of physical contrasts, the opposition of health and fragility should not be omitted. Characters born at Wuthering Heights are very strong, especially Heathcliff but also Hindley and Catherine Earnshaw. Hindley, although he drinks too much and lives a disorderly life after the death of his wife, is very strong physically, alcohol and night life do not seem to damage him on the body. Catherine is very vital too, so the doctor is surprised by her later illness when she dwells, as a wife of Edgar Linton, at Thrushcross Grange.
‘Nelly Dean,’ said he [Mr Kenneth, the doctor], ‘I can’t help fancying there’s an extra cause for this. What has there been to do at the Grange? We’ve odd reports up here. A stout, hearty lass like Catherine does not fall ill for a trifle; and that sort of people should not fall either.’ (167)
The conclusion may be arrived at, that it is the rough environment of wild nature and passionate people living there that makes the people tough at the Wuthering Heights. This roughness is perceived not by those who have lived there all their lives (and the narrator Nelly Dean does not stress this at all), but by those who come to the Heights for the first time. That the place is not only rough but also dangerous for complete strangers is manifested in the scene when Mr. Lockwood is planning to return home from Wuthering Heights, to Thrushcross Grange, and not being familiar with the landscape he finds it impossible to get there on his own. Heathcliff, also a stranger when he was brought into the family by Mr. Earnshaw, was not received very nicely either.
They [Hindley and Cathy] entirely refused to have it in bed with them, or even in their room, and I had no more sense, so, I put it on the landing of the stairs, hoping it might be gone on the morrow. (78)
Another character in the novel who experiences the hostility towards newcomers at Wuthering Heights is Isabella Linton, after she marries Heathcliff. She is denied the entry to Heathcliff’s room and nobodyyy talks to her.
Mr. Lockwood is baffled by the house and by its master and other inhabitants. That is even dramatized during the night that he spends there. He has got bad dreams and nightmares. In this scene another theme of the book is introduced – violence. Lockwood himself participates in the violence, though only during the night when he is tormented by the nightmare when he sees Catherine Linton.
As it [the ghost of Catherine] spoke, I discerned, obscurely, a child’s face looking through the window – terror made me cruel; and, finding it useless to attempt shaking the creature off, I pulled its wrist on to the broken pane, and rubbed it to and fro till the blood ran down ... (67)
Many other violent scenes are to be found in the book, for example when young Hindley beats Heathcliff or when Heathcliff hangs Isabella’s dog, or Hindley turbulently embraces his little son Hareton. Another scene worth mentioning in this context, is when Catherine, during the visit of Edgar Linton at the Heights, first pinched Nelly and then even hit Edgar. Edgar was shocked by that because he was not used to such treating at Thrushcross Grange. He was much more sensitive and gentlier than Cathy, which she views rather as a weekness than as a positive quality.
That scene does not only reveal the proneness of Cathy to violence, but it shows a great difference in the rhetoric of Cathy and Edgar. Edgar says he is afraid and ashamed of Cathy, in a ‘subdued voice’. He solves the situation coldly, rationally (before he feels sorry for Catherine and they reveal their mutual affections). (112) Catherine in this uneasy, tense situation uses mostly imperative sentences and tends to threaten Edgar. This exemplifies the dissimilarity in the language used at the Heights and at the Grange.
The people at the Heights use stronger words. Consequently the words lose their power, especially their power to hurt. One may find many examples of swearing either from the mouth of Heathcliff, or Joseph or Hindley. To demonstrate this just with one situation in the nove, the moment when Hindley comes back home drunk is quoted below.
‘By heaven and hell, you’ve sworn between you to murder that child! I know, how it is, now, that he [Hareton] is always out of my way. But with the help of Satan, I shall make you swallow the carving knife, Nelly! You needn’t laugh; for I’ve just crammed Kenneth, head-downmost, in the Blackhorse marsh: and two is the same as one – and I want to kill some of you, I shall have no rest till I do!’
As it has been said, the words lose their power. They are too strong to be materialized and Hindley does not kill either Nelly or Hareton. By contrast people at Thrushcross Grange speak very smoothly, they do not threaten each other unnecessarily. Edgar’s resolution that he would not see Isabella and communicate with her, after she has married Heathcliff, is pronounced calmly, almost coldly without any visible expression of passion and yet it is powerful enough. This coldness of affection, whether real or seeming, is put into opposition with the passionate expression of feelings in the two figures of Edgar Linton and Heathcliff. But where does the character of Catherine fit?
So far the opposing principles have been discussed but they have been abstracted from the novel by analysis and, in consequence, they have been introduced and presented rather in isolation. However, in the novel they are fluid, they are represented by characters who develop and are in motion. Moreover, the story involves three generations. In this context it might be useful to discuss the character of Catherine.
In Catherine’s youth, when she grew up with Heathcliff, she undoubtedly represented the unrestrained wildness and freedom. She and Heathcliff, after the death of old Mr. Earnshaw, lack any real authority. They literally grow up in the moors. Isabella and Edgar grow up under the guidance of both their parents, so that the traditional family and social values are handed down to them. But suddenly there is a turningpoint in the novel when Catherine, after a long adventurous walk with Heathcliff, gets into the the house of the Lintons. She discovers different values and behaviour and is attracted by them. Heathcliff is left aside, the house is not open for a dirty foundling. Cathy stays at Thrushcross Grange for five weeks and her manners soften, her speech and also her appearance is more polished and gentle. The impact of the different environment is enormous on her.
... and, while her eyes sparkled joyfully when the dogs came bounding up to welcome her, she dare hardly touch them lest they should fawn upon her splendid garments. She kissed me gently, I was all flour making the Christmas cake, and it would not have done to give me a hug.
Her standoffish behaviour would be unthinkable before. Now she acquired new dress and with it new eyes which point out a distance between her and (literally) dirty Heathcliff. She is surprised by Heathcliff’s dirty outlook which now becomes more important for her. Also her language changed: she does not communicate with passionate bodily language anymore. So, what did she bring from that five-week “cultural” stay? Nice manners, nice appearance – superficialities which cultural or civilized world so much insists upon.
Why is Cathy so excited about the life at Thrushcross Grange? And why is Heathcliff not? It seems that Heatchliff’s resistance is due to the fact that he was denied the acceptance to this world. But his total resistance ended when Cathy rejected him as suitable partner for her life. If Cathy did not belong there by anything else, she belonged there by her birth. Cathy later marries Edgar Linton, they have a quiet marriage for some time, but she is missing her youthful energy and wildness. That is only aggravated when Heathcliff comes back as a rich man. Also Isabella and Heathcliff represent relation of two opposites, but their coexistence is deliberately vitiated by Heathcliff’s wickedness. Both marriages end in a catastrophe. The reconciliation of the two opposites seems to be unrealistic but the reader should wait for the end of the novel, for the next generation.
The feelings and the ability to love build a wall between the Lintons and the Earnshaws. Heathcliff, although almost a satannical figure at times, is yet presented as someone who can love truly and passionately. Edgar’s love, however tender, devoted and affectionate, is inferior (in the eyes of Cathy) to the passions of Catherine who finally dies for her love. Isabella is incredibly ridiculous when she falls in love with Heathcliff. What kind of love does Cathy long for? It is obvious that the era of her happiness is her youth – why does she then betray her values if they bring her a true life?
Definitely the marriage of Catherine, the daughter of Edgar Linton and Catherine, and Hareton has a symbolic meaning of a reconciliation between the opposing trends throughout the novel. Why have all the previous attempts of marriage failed? Why is this one so promising? The answer may be: their love is a pure one, a love of two people who do not get married in order to gain something, be it a social status or a passionate life. When Catherine Earnshaw married Linton, it was partially out of hypocrisy. When her daughter married Hareton, it was out of pure love.
The attempt has been made to outline the basic antagonistic principles associated with Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. Physical contrasts, such as strength versus weekness and fear, health and fragility have been discussed. Other aspects typical for the two places have been covered too: roughness opposed to softness, arrogance and politeness, unrestrained wildness versus social norms, irrationality and rationality, savageness and education, violence and sensitivity.
It is tempting to mention another contrastive pair: hell and heaven. But it seems to work only one way in the novel. Wuthering Heights is several times described as being a hellish place. By contrast the Lintons’s eyes are compared to those of angels. (145) However, this contrast does not work, the conflict in the novel is not primarily that of good and evil. It seems to be more about a natural, passionate energy versus cold social norms which kill the instincts. The social norms have also another destroying power – they kill the natural living by the heart. They force people to act rationally, and due to this Cathy did not marry Heathcliff, because it was not socially adequate. But it turned out to be a mistake, she could never find real happiness after her cold, rational decision to marry Edgar.
It has been said that the impact of the environment in which one finds himself is of immense importance in terms of social standards and values. Emily Brontë shows that these ‘areas’ are permeable, but that they create only the surface of human action. Catherine can live as a good wife of Edgar for some time, she can behave according to the rules of his house, but deep in her soul she is different.
As the story deals with three generations of people, it is easy to see how childhood and youth shape the core of a peson’s personality. Cathy and Heathcliff obviously in their ideals never grew up, they never left childhood and everything that it meant for them. They never surpassed this period in their lives, they never really proceded to the adult age.
The essay began with the name of the novel and I shall return to it eventually once more. This essay listed many contrasts present in the novel, compared Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. What may challenge this, however may again be the name of the novel. Why is it called Wuthering Heights and not Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange? Is the passionate principle elevated above the principle of social order? It is not outright but it is sure that Wuthering Heights survives. Thrushcross Grange is finally rented to strangers and even they leave.
Brontë, Emily. Wuthering Heights. Penguin Books Ltd., Bungay, 1972. | <urn:uuid:454113da-46b8-4a30-aa44-420a105a907c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://kacicka.t.sweb.cz/pages/Aj_Wuthering%20Heights.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394937.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00065-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969216 | 3,137 | 2.921875 | 3 |
INDIANAPOLIS — A nebula that shines about 5,500 light-years from Earth could be going through a "baby boom," according to a new study.
NGC 6334 (the Cat's Paw Nebula) might be one of the most productive star-forming regions in the Milky Way. The nebula is home to tens of thousands of newly formed stars and plays host to about 200,000 suns' worth of star-creating material.
"NGC 6334 is forming stars at a more rapid pace than Orion — so rapidly that it appears to be undergoing what might be called a burst of star formation," the study's lead author Sarah Willis of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) and Iowa State University said in a statement. "It might resemble a 'mini-starburst,' similar to a scaled-down version of the spectacular bursts sometimes seen in other galaxies."
More than 2,000 of the stars in the nebula are very young and are still trapped inside the "dusty cocoons" that birthed them, scientists said. Willis presented the new findings here today (June 5) at the 222nd meeting of the American Astronomical Society.
Astronomers have observed distant, bright starbursting galaxies before, but because the Cat's Paw Nebula is a region within the Milky Way, scientists can get a better sense of why starburst regions might form and what they look like closer-up.
"Because NGC 6334 is nearby, astronomers can probe it in much greater detail, even down to counting the numbers of individual stars of various types and ages," CfA officials wrote.
Astronomers are still trying to investigate the origin of the starburst. Some researchers think that a blast from a supernova explosion or galactic collisions could create starbursts; however, neither of those explanations appear to explain the Cat's Paw Nebula's recent activity.
Scientists expect that the starburst will last for a relatively short amount of time in cosmic terms. In total, NGC 6334's burst will probably endure for only a few million years.
"We’re lucky, not only because it’s nearby but also because we’re catching it while the starburst is happening," Willis said. | <urn:uuid:fc463481-bc17-4531-9884-240fd109dead> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.space.com/21443-cats-paw-nebula-starburst.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396027.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00035-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940658 | 469 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Study: Women Workers Are Still Shortchanged
An examination of the latest Census data shows a gender-based wage gap is affecting a majority of women around the United States.
The analysis conducted by the National Partnership for Women & Families is the first ever analysis of data separated by U.S. congressional districts.
The study shows that in 97 percent of the nation’s congressional districts, the median pay for women is less than the median pay for men by 23 cents. Women of color seem to experience an even greater disparity: African American women are paid 64 cents and Latinas are paid 55 cents for every dollar paid to white, Non-Hispanic men.
In Texas the median pay for a woman working full time year round is $35,301 per year, compared to $43,160 for men. Meaning women are being paid 82 cents for every dollar paid to men.
In Austin's Congressional District 25, women are losing $7,524 per year due to this pay discrepancy. | <urn:uuid:c74e4e4e-097b-4327-9a09-415ad0ffaec4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://kut.org/post/study-women-workers-are-still-shortchanged | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403502.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00144-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949352 | 201 | 2.53125 | 3 |
As Ukraine faces parallel political and economic crises, the IMF is once again in the spotlight as it seeks to prevent an economic collapse of an emerging market country.
The Fund, over its 70 year history, has stood as the world’s first line of defense for countries facing financial difficulties. From the Latin American debt crisis of the 1980s to the Asian financial crisis of the 1990s to the recent global crisis, the IMF has prevented serious contagion from flowing into the global economy.
Ninety-six percent of the world’s consumers live outside the United States and one in five American jobs are supported by international trade. U.S. economic growth increasingly depends on trade and investment between the U.S. and the rest of the world.
Continuing to support the IMF in its efforts to promote global financial stability is essential for U.S. economic growth and is an important foreign policy tool.
To that end, it is vital that the funding and governance reforms agreed to by the G20 in 2010 be enacted. All major countries, including important U.S. allies, have ratified these reforms except for the United States. The recent crisis in Ukraine should remind lawmakers of the importance of the IMF to U.S. interests and encourage them to enact these reforms into law.
It is important to understand what these reforms mean for the IMF and for the United States. They will not cost U.S. taxpayers a single cent, but will help promote U.S. job creation and economic growth by sustaining global trade.
Under this package, the U.S. would remain the IMF’s largest shareholder and retain its veto power. But it would shift 6 percent of the Fund’s voting shares to emerging market countries. This would ensure the IMF better represents the dynamic and growing contribution emerging market economies make to the global economy, without weakening the United States’ ability to influence IMF priorities the U.S. deems critical.
These reforms will also not increase the U.S. financial commitment to the IMF. By a simple accounting change, the U.S. will increase its quota in the IMF while at the same time decreasing its outstanding loan commitments to the Fund by an equal amount. These are funds already authorized by Congress, which assures U.S. taxpayer dollars will not be added to the deficit.
At the same time, these reforms will increase funding contributions from emerging economies like China, India and Brazil and ensure these countries bear greater responsibility for the IMF’s decision-making.
Congress unfortunately did not include IMF quota reform in its recent two-year budget agreement. And without Congressional action, the IMF will likely have to seek more bilateral lending agreements with other countries. This will result in the U.S. losing influence and oversight at the Fund.
Congress shouldn’t let this happen, especially at this critical stage in the global economic recovery.
Developed economies are beginning to see economic growth pick up, driving overall global economic activity, but risks still threaten the global economic outlook. Many emerging market countries continue to experience turbulence due to external and internal factors. A number of these countries will be able to manage this turbulence through a mix of monetary and fiscal policy actions. But in some cases, like Ukraine, the IMF will need to step in and help.
As the IMF continues to be active in countries around the world, the U.S. should not give up its leading role at the Fund by neglecting to pass these important reforms. Reforms that benefit U.S. jobs and economic growth.
In recent testimony, Treasury Secretary Jack LewJack LewFed, Group of 7 monitoring markets after Brexit vote Senate Dem won't rule out blocking Puerto Rico debt relief Puerto Rican officials plead with Senate to pass debt relief MORE said these reforms offer a “win-win” scenario for the United States. Congress should see it the same way.
Adams is president and CEO of the Institute of International Finance, the globl association of the financial industry. | <urn:uuid:5d8be75e-d6d3-4b3b-8ec2-97ca974c9946> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/foreign-policy/201202-ukraine-shows-urgency-of-passing-imf-reform | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392527.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00106-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943717 | 814 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Evans, I. S. (2006) 'Allometric development of glacial cirque form : geological, relief and regional effects on the cirques of Wales.', Geomorphology., 80 (3-4). pp. 245-266.
Headward and downward erosion near glacier sources, at rates exceeding fluvial erosion, is important in recent discussions of orogen development and the limits to relief. This relates to a long history of debate on how the form of glacial cirques develops, which can be advanced by relating shape to size in large data sets. For 260 cirques in Wales, this confirms different rates of enlargement in the three dimensions: faster in length than in width, and slower in vertical dimension whether expressed as overall height range, axial height range or wall height. Maximum gradient, plan closure and number of cols increase with overall size. This allometric development applies over different cirque types, regions and rock types. Headwall retreat, often by collapse following glacial erosion at the base, is faster than downward erosion. Welsh cirques form a scale-specific population and, as in other regions, size variables follow Gaussian distributions on a logarithmic scale. As in England, width commonly exceeds length. Vertical dimensions correlate with length more than with width. Cirque form varies with geology, but also with relief as both vary between mountain groups. The main contrast is between larger, better-developed cirques and higher relief on volcanic rocks in the north-west, and smaller, less-developed cirques and lower relief on sedimentary rocks in the south.
|Keywords:||Glacial erosion, Cirque form, Allometry, Morphometry, Wales, Statistical graphic.|
|Full text:||PDF - Draft Version (795Kb)|
|Publisher Web site:||http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.02.013|
|Record Created:||19 Mar 2008|
|Last Modified:||02 Aug 2011 16:18|
|Social bookmarking:||Export: EndNote, Zotero | BibTex|
|Usage statistics||Look up in GoogleScholar | Find in a UK Library| | <urn:uuid:11871a99-92f5-4773-9540-ce0d0391750d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://dro.dur.ac.uk/1131/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399522.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00041-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.862421 | 456 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Given his druthers, Meisels, at Erikson Institute, says he’d try to get a more comprehensive picture of the child. “And that can only be found through watching children in classroom situations,” he says. “And looking at the products of their work. And getting to know them. And that can be done through observational assessments.”
I try to interrupt him, but he anticipates my objection. “It’s not very practical, I know,” he says. “It means teaching teachers how to do it. It’d be more expensive. But you could do it. And then you’d get the right kids into these differentiated programs.”
Many researchers agree with him—and will add, as Meisels later does in our conversation, that kids ought never to be evaluated just once. “If one believes that kids do learn and improve,” says McCall, “then a few new kids should be eligible for gifted programs each year.”
If you’re looking for practical answers though, Plucker, of Indiana, has a modest proposal. He suggests that schools assess children at an age when IQs get more stable. And in fact, that’s just what City and Country, one of Manhattan’s more progressive schools, does. Standardized tests aren’t required of their applicants until they’re 7 or older. “That way, the kids are further along in their schooling,” explains Elise Clark, the school’s admissions director. “They’re used to an academic setting, they can handle a test-taking situation, and overall, we consider the results more reliable.” Even then, she says, her school still doesn’t weight IQ scores very much. “If we did, what we’d have is a group of kids with good test-taking skills and … I don’t know what else.”
But my money’s on the marshmallow test. It’s quite compelling and, apparently, quite famous—Shenk talks about it with great relish in The Genius in All of Us. In the sixties, a Stanford psychologist named Walter Mischel rounded up 653 young children and gave them a choice: They could eat one marshmallow at that very moment, or they could wait for an unspecified period of time and eat two. Most chose two, but in the end, only one third of the sample had the self-discipline to wait the fifteen or so minutes for them. Mischel then had the inspired idea to follow up on his young subjects, checking in with them as they were finishing high school. He discovered that the children who’d waited for that second marshmallow had scored, on average, 210 points higher on the SAT.
Two hundred and ten points. Can Princeton Review boast such a gain? Maybe our schools ought to be screening children for self-discipline and the ability to tolerate delayed gratification, rather than intelligence and academic achievement. It seems as good a predictor of future success as any. And Mischel’s test subjects, too, were just 4 years old. | <urn:uuid:8ef9aaa5-dcc8-4ba0-8d5e-04e214c05a81> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://nymag.com/news/features/63427/index5.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403823.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00096-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974965 | 672 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Author: Linda Driscoll
Grade Level: High School
Time Estimated: two weeks (50-minute periods)
In this unit, a heterogeneous group of 11th grade students will examine the origins of the Constitution of the United States. This unit works well when students have completed a unit on the Declaration of Independence and the American Revolution. At the completion of the unit, students will have learned about the events that propelled the leaders of the Revolution to abandon the Articles of Confederation and establish a new government that sought to correct its weaknesses. They will compare and contrast the structural framework for the distribution of power in the Articles and the new Constitution. Students will identify the key principles embodied in the Constitution and working with primary documents, will reenact the debate on ratification between the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists.
The national government created by the Articles of Confederation successfully concluded the Revolution and established the Northwest Ordinance. It soon became clear, however, that this new government was woefully inadequate. The Founding Fathers were so suspicious of the centralized authority they experienced under the British crown that they created a weak national government and placed most power in the states. The national government could not regulate trade and lacked both the authority to tax and the ability to establish a common currency. There was no national judiciary to regulate disputes. The Articles did not provide for a separate executive to carry out the laws and the Congress was crippled by rules that required super majorities to enact laws or to amend the Articles. The national government was so weak it was unable to face threats from home and abroad; Indian uprisings, the British refusal to remove their troops, and the closing of the port of New Orleans by Spain. The fledgling nation was ridiculed in Europe. It was a chaotic time and the government seemed paralyzed to act.
These were serious problems, but the catalyst for the Constitutional Convention was Shays’ Rebellion (1786-87). Several sections of the new nation were plunged into a recession after the war and angry farmers, burdened with debt and facing foreclosures, stormed a Massachusetts courthouse to prevent seizure of their property. The rebellion was quickly suppressed by a volunteer army, but the impact of the revolt crystallized a growing fear among the leaders of the Revolution that what they had so bravely achieved would drown in disorder and the right to property would be lost to democratic excesses.
In 1787, delegates met in Philadelphia to try to revise the weak Articles but decided instead to write a new Constitution. The presence of George Washington brought credibility to the Convention and James Madison, a student of government, brought a depth and understanding of political theory that laid the basis for the underlying principles embodied in the Constitution. Whereas the Declaration of Independence was a clarion call for liberty and revolution, the Constitution was a calming call for order and stability. What form of government would consolidate the rights fought for in the Revolution and simultaneously establish a strong government that could curb mob violence and unify the nation to insure domestic tranquility? The Constitution they wrote separated and divided power in such a way as to create a system that would first “enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself.” Drawing ideas from the enlightenment, a long British tradition, and state Constitutions, a federal system was created dividing power between a central government and the states and within the national government, separating power among three branches. This document is the oldest written Constitution in the world and serves as model for many developing nations. Its durability rests on its ability to adapt to changing times and it serves as unifying national symbol for a diverse nation.
The Constitution of the United States was framed by a small group of gifted leaders from the American Revolution to restore order and stability in a climate of economic and political uncertainty that the Articles of Confederation seemed incapable of addressing. The Founding Fathers crafted a document that balances competing centers of power and endures today as a revered symbol of national unity.
- Recognize the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and the events that led to the drafting of the Constitution by reading primary sources from Shays' Rebellion and excerpts from Federalist # 15.
- Interpret primary sources to understand how the conflicting sectional and class interests as well as those of small and large states were resolved through compromises.
- Explain how the Constitution consolidates the liberty won in the Revolution by restoring order and balancing competing centers of power through the underlying principles of limited government, federalism, separation of powers, checks & balances.
- Analyze and interpret documents written by Federalists and Anti-Federalists to understand the differing perspectives regarding the issues surrounding the Constitution.
- Debate the issues surrounding the ratification of the Constitution.
- Understand that the addition of the Bill of Rights to the Constitution began a long historical process of expanding the political and civil rights of Americans.
- Explain why our enduring Constitution has become a model of stability and adaptability in the world today.
VUS.1. The student will demonstrate skills for historical and geographical analysis, including the ability to
a) identify, analyze, and interpret primary and secondary source documents, records, and data, including artifacts, diaries, letters, photographs, journals, newspapers, historical accounts, and art to increase understanding of events and life in the United States;
b) evaluate the authenticity authority and credibility of sources;
c) formulate historical questions and defend findings based on inquiry and interpretation;
e) communicate findings orally and in analytical essays and/or comprehensive papers;
f) develop skills in discussion, debate, and persuasive writing with respect to enduring issues and determine how divergent viewpoints have been addressed and reconciled;
h) interpret the significance of excerpts from famous speeches and other documents.
VUS.5a. Demonstrate knowledge of the issues involved in the creation and ratification of the Constitution of the United States of America and how the principles of limited government, consent of the governed and the social contract are embodied in it by
a) explaining the origins of the Constitution, including the Articles of Confederation.
b) identifying the major compromises necessary to produce the Constitution, and the roles of James Madison and George Washington
c) describing the conflict over ratification, including the Bill of Rights and the arguments of the Federalists and Anti-federalists.
d) examining the significance of the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom in the framing of the Bill of Rights. | <urn:uuid:abb1d7dc-7da5-4381-8cbe-8e7e907d3dfd> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://chnm.gmu.edu/acpstah/units_acps.php?acpstahid=4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00038-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950722 | 1,306 | 4.09375 | 4 |
Ancient Fitness Routines Inspire Modern Workouts
The ancient Greeks and Romans did it. So did the people of China, Japan and most of Asia. It was even ingrained in the culture of India thousands of years ago. The “it” is fitness, and many of the ancient practices and rituals performed by these cultures have inspired modern fitness habits.
Ancient Asian and Indian Workouts
The popular Eastern workouts practiced in the United States today are yoga, Pilates and martial arts. Eastern religions espouse harmony between the mind and body. Harmony was incorporated into ancient religious practices as a form of meditation during physical workouts. Not only is meditation good for the mind, it is often part of low-impact exercise routines that do not stress the joints and muscles.
Meditation coupled with gentle movement make up the routines for the three main types of tai chi practiced in the United States. Tai chi is an ancient Chinese martial art discipline that dates back to the ninth century. Today it is often called “meditation in motion,” though Harvard prefers to describe it as “medication in motion.”
If you have driven by a park or open space with people of all ages slowly moving into different positions then you probably came across a tai chi class. What makes this ancient practice so appealing to modern society is that no special equipment or uniforms are needed to participate. You can work out alone or in a group. If you choose to work out solo, you can find online instruction from GaiamTV Workout videos, which offer tai chi, yoga and Pilates videos—just a few of the types of classic or modern workouts available.
For a workout that offers the benefits of many ancient fitness practices consider gyrotonics, a modern exercise routine created by Juliu Horvath, a professional dancer who combined ancient tai chi, yoga, Pilates and swimming. This contemporary version of the ancient arts has three benefits. First, it stretches your body and keeps you limber. Secondly, years of participation in golf, tennis, baseball and other sporting activities can misalign the body. Gyro routines exercise and strengthen both sides of your body, and help correct misalignment. Finally, many people today walk around slouched with rounded shoulders from sitting at a computer for long periods. Gyro helps strengthen the back, and stretches and opens the hip flexors, which improves posture and relieves back pain associated with extended sitting.
Western Civilization Fitness Influence
The Greeks and Romans are the two civilizations that continue to influence athletes and fitness enthusiasts in modern times. While the Greeks started the Olympics and the Romans gave the world Gladiators, there are many gym activities that can be traced back to both ancient societies.
The Greeks were enthusiastic about weight lifting, and archeological digs have uncovered rocks that were used by Greek weightlifters commemorating lifts that involved huge weight. One stone was discovered with the name of the athlete and the inscription “Eumastas, the son of Critobulus, lifted me from the ground.” The rock weighed 1,040 pounds.
Another workout that blends ancient fitness with modern components is CrossFit training. It is an intense workout that combines jump training and Olympic lifts with modern weight lifting equipment such as suspension systems or water-filled implements. Beginners and mid-level CrossFit participants time their workouts—how many reps can they do in a set time. More experienced CrossFit enthusiasts challenge each other to see how quickly they complete the daily workout and then post the results on a website. It is a rugged workout that requires training by an experienced person at a gym or online.
We know from archeological finds that when the Colosseum was not being used for Gladiators battling, coed exercises took place. Today women lift weights as part of their training, just as they did during the Roman Empire. Murals depicting women lifting weights and throwing a javelin have been uncovered on archeological digs. Weight training provides cardio workouts that improve endurance and strength, and help to lose fat. First-timers need to get instruction at a gym or online about how to avoid injury while weight training. | <urn:uuid:25f4a680-828c-4617-97de-7b12cb055201> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.pagedaily.com/ancient-fitness-routines-inspire-modern-workouts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396872.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00024-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961192 | 848 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Immigrants, Refugees and Migrants
Adopted by the Governing Board
May 14, 1981
The National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States (NCCC), when it first addressed matters related to immigration and naturalization policies in 1952, stated: "The plight of the world's uprooted peoples creates for the United' States . . . a moral as well as an economic and political problem of vast proportions."
Some of these "uprooted peoples" have been persons displaced by war, or are refugees from tyrannical regimes, and expellees and escapees from a variety of conditions. Others have been identified as "surplus populations" those who cannot be supported by the economies of their respective countries.
Today more than 16 million men, women and children are refugees or have' fled or been displaced from their homelands. There has been an appalling increase in the numbers of those who, despite changes in the world economic situation, have little hope for economic survival or well-being in their own countries. Nevertheless, the task of serving the immediate human needs of refugees, immigrants and migrants, as well as of changing basic social, economic and political structures in order to alleviate the conditions that promote migration - and of doing these things without abusing power - is a challenge that must be addressed.
The National Council of Churches in 1962 identified the "source of responsibility" of nations as well as persons for the welfare of such peoples: "God's sovereign claim upon all people has been proclaimed by the advent and example of His Son, Jesus Christ, in human society. Under God, persons and nations are responsible to each other and for the welfare of all humanity." (1962)
On that occasion, as well as on numerous others, the National Council of Churches affirmed that all persons, including migrants, immigrants and refugees, are endowed with "God-given dignity and worth," and that all in need must be viewed through the eyes of Christ. Christians have a unique motivation to participate, both corporately and individually, in the struggle for justice, human rights, and the-alleviation of suffering. As people redeemed by the Cross and Resurrection of Jesus Christ and incorporated into Christ's Body, the Church, Christians are freed and called to serve their neighbors in the worldwide human family. The Bible has been and continues to be one of me primary sources of inspiration for the struggle for human rights.
The violation of human rights - civil, political, social, economic, cultural - often impels people to leave their homes and seek new ones. In a sinful world the quest for human rights frequently involves a conflict between rights.
People who are suffering the deprivation of their rights should be able to move to another land where they can pursue economic well-being, freedom and dignity: But those who already live in that land - especially the working poor and the unemployed - have a right to employment and to social and economic security. The tension among these rights should be resolved in the context of the stewardship of God's gifts, the knowledge that all resources come from God and are not the unqualified property of those holding them, and the recognition that all possessions are held in trust for the benefit of the human community today and in future generations.
The National Council of the Churches of Christ, through its Governing Board, reaffirms its commitment to those who are identified as the world's uprooted, pledging to minister to these sojourners and strangers and to champion their welfare. It reaffirms its commitment to work for a world in which the conditions of life for all are made more abundant, equitable and just, recognizing that Christians under God link arms with other people of good faith and join with secular institutions and organizations of good will in a common search for justice, dignity and the well-being of refugees, immigrants and migrants.
II. POLICY GUIDELINES
1. The NCCC shall continue and strengthen its ministry to immigrants, refugees and migrants in cooperation with and through its member communions, church agencies and local congregations as well as ot
her ecumenical, religious and secular bodies, both international and national.
2. The NCCC shall, in these humanitarian endeavors, continue and strengthen:
a. its cooperation with agencies of the United States' federal and state governments responsible for processing and relocating immigrants, refugees and migrants;
b. its constant advocacy for just, humane and equitable policies of the United States government with regard to immigrants, refugees and migrants, and the protection of their rights;
c. its advocacy for the allocation by government agencies of adequate funds for the care and resettlement of refugees;
d. its promotion of effective cooperation between the churches and government agencies in relation to immigration, while at the same time recognizing the need for the Churches' moral and ethical perspectives and exercising care that the churches not become mere instruments for implementing U.S. government policy;
e. its cooperation, both directly and through the World Council of Churches, with the United Nations agencies which have responsibilities in these fields;
f. its encouragement of United States' government efforts to sensitize the world community to the United Nations' standards of protection of immigrants, refugees and migrants including adherence to the principle of non refoulement of refugees (protection of individuals seeking asylum against being forcibly returned to a country where they fear persecution), and in enhancing the United Nations' operational effectiveness by cooperating more fully with international efforts to address the pressing needs of immigrants, refugees and migrants allover the world.
3. The NCCC shall promote and encourage a United States' immigrant, refugee and migrant admissions policy which in both principle and implementation is non-discriminatory with respect to:
a. the elements of human equality contained in Article 2 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status; and
b. other elements of distinction such as: age, education, sexuality, physical or mental handicaps.
4. Although considerable progress has been made in eliminating racist provisions from immigration laws, the National Council of the Churches of Christ recognizes that immigration practices, including the granting of asylum, continue to have racist aspects. The National Council of the Churches of Christ opposes this discrimination, which denies particular ethnic groups equal justice under law.
5. The NCCC recognizes that requests for refugee status or political asylum in the United States have been denied on the basis of past political activity or political offenses judged criminal in the applicants' countries of origin. The proliferation of repressive regimes and the abrogation of the rule of law in some of those countries and the advances made in United States' laws in defining "crimes against humanity" call such denials into question in many cases. The NCCC calls upon the United States to base its decisions regarding such cases upon basic principles of United States' law, including "due process," "the presumption of innocence," and others that are relevant to these situations.
6. The NCCC recognizes that some immigrants, refugees and migrants are denied entry to the United States as a result of their past criminal records, as distinct from convictions for political reasons. Immigration policy should never be a means of punishment for real or alleged crimes. The NCCC shall promote policies which will not discriminate against immigrants, refugees or migrants on the basis of past convictions for which the legal penalty has been paid, or there is evidence of rehabilitation. A consistent pattern of repeated offenses considered felonies under U.S. law may, however, justify exclusion after a careful evaluation of the case.
7. The NCCC opposes as unjust the system of restrictive national-origin quotas. Earlier national-origin quotas were eliminated in 1965. The NCCC recognizes, nevertheless, that current United States' law may still be susceptible to discrimination based on quantitative immigration country ceilings. It urges that all quotas be subjected to 'continuing scrutiny and periodic adjustment to assure that, while remaining deeply concerned about the wellbeing of this nation, Americans be sensitive to the needs and aspirations of other peoples, such as the need for flexible policies with regard to immigration of citizens from Canada and Mexico.
8. The NCCC shall promote United States' immigrant, refugee and migration policies that protect and encourage family reunification, grant safe havens to refugees and provide for their settlement.
9. The NCCC shall encourage federal and state agencies to treat immigrants, refugees and migrants with dignity and respect, granting status or benefits as efficiently as pos sible, and avoiding unnecessary restrictions on personal liberty. To this end, and to eliminate state and local abuses, federal authorities should assume exclusive responsibility for the enforcement of U.S. immigration law, and discrimination in social services based on immigration status should be prohibited.
10. The NCCC shall encourage participation of immigrants, refugees and migrants in the formulation and implementation of programs (resettlement, education and other services) which will affect their lives. The NCCC shall work for the equitable status, dignity and integration of immigrants, refugees and migrants and their families in the United States for the elimination of all forms of domestic discrimination in laws, regulations or practices which affect them; for the assurance that constitutional guarantees are accorded to every person physically present in the country or under United States' jurisdiction elsewhere, regardless of legal status; for safeguards against the application of punitive or retaliatory measures against persons present in the United States who are citizens of a state which the United States' government or individual United States' citizens may view with disfavor; and for the equal protection under the United States' laws of citizens, residents, immigrants, refugees and migrants alike, in particular, the laws governing labor.
11. The NCCC recognizes that millions of persons reside in the United States who, though not in lawful status, have established ties here and are making contributions to this society and the nation's. economy. Efforts to search out and deport these people would be inhumane and would also pose threats to the rights of permanent residents and citizens. The NCCC therefore calls upon the United States' government to:
a. grant" permanent resident status to overstayed/undocumented persons who have resided in the United States for a definite and reasonable period of time prior to a fixed date, both to be set by Congress;
b. seek ways to strengthen state and federal laws against exploitation of workers.
12. The NCCC recognizes that the movement of immigrants, refugees and migrants across national borders almost invariably gives rise to conflict and competition for jobs. housing and social services. Some United States' citizens and permanent residents, especially those belonging to racial or ethnic minorities, already suffer disproportionately high levels of unemployment. and have legitimate cause for concern when large numbers of newcomers enter their job markets. Ending immigration or refugee resettlement, however, will not automatically produce jobs for the poor. Unemployment is high in some areas where resettlement is low, and low in some areas where resettlement has been high. Short·term dislocations for individuals and communities are likely to result from any movement of peoples, but history shows that successive waves of immigrants, refugees and migrants have ultimately enriched the culture and enhanced the economic viability of the United States. Convinced that the influx of immigrants, refugees and migrants is not as primary a cause of unemployment in the United States as are domestic economic policies, which have a far greater impact on unemployment than does immigration, yet aware that high unemployment aggravates both real and perceived conflicts related to immigration, the NCCC shall:
a. promote resettlement policies which strengthen local communities rather than add to the burdens of areas marked by high unemployment, all the while taking into account the right to free choice of those being resettled;
b. continue and strengthen its efforts on behalf of the poor and oppressed citizens and residents of the United States;
c. continue to work for a decent wage for all laborers citizens, residents, immigrants, refugees and migrants alike - and for the elimination of exploitative employment which encourages unfair competition;
d. work for legislation which would extend to all foreign migrants and temporary workers employed in the United States full and equal protection of their human rights, and such labor rights as collective bargaining, occupational safety and health, and wage and pension protection;
e. draw the churches' attention to the positive recommendations made in its Policy Statement on Full Employment;
f. renew its commitment to work for the establishment of just economic structures which would protect the rights of all United States' citizens and residents to full employment and needed human services; immigration restrictions found genuinely necessary to protect these rights should be relaxed when changed conditions permit.
13. The NCCC recognizes that many citizens of other countries seeking residence in the United States do not freely choose to leave their homelands, and that it must seek to deepen its understanding of the underlying social, economic and political causes of such emigration. It recognizes further that such conditions are often to a significant degree attributable to this country's policies and practices. The NCCC renews, therefore, its commitment to work for the establishment of just and equitable relations between the United States and other nations which would contribute to the well-being of all peoples and hence to the elimination of one of the possible causes of involuntary emigration.
A. The end of the colonial period in American history saw the creation of a new, independent nation with thirteen states. Although many national, ethnic and racial groups were present in the population, the young nation was dominated by English culture. Major Spanish and French colonies also existed in North America.
B. United States' immigration history reflects a massive movement of people with estimates of 40 to 50 million people arriving during the decades from 1820 to 1940. Some were brought as slaves, others arrived as indentured servants or contract laborers. Some fled persecution, some were summoned by relatives, some simply sought a new life, new opportunities or came as adventurers. While the motives were different, this mobility constituted a physical and cultural uprooting, with problems of identity and cultural assimilation.
C. The movement of peoples to this country in the colonial period stemmed primarily from western and northern Europe and, involuntarily, from Africa. It was later augmented by immigration from southern and eastern Europe. Only in more recent decades has there been proportionately large movement from other parts of the world.
D. The movement of peoples has reflected world conditions such as war, famine and economic crises. Yet domestic conditions in the United States have also influenced the openness or closedness of United States' policy; there has been a constant interplay of push-pull forces.
Nineteenth century expansionism had another feature often overlooked in the pluralistic nature of the American population: while immigration accounted for massive increases, geographical inclusion added vast numbers of others, This process of political incorporation often encompassed people whose allegiances were not easily transferred and whose cultural identities were not consciously changed or assimilated. The process often created distinct communities, including the Native Americans, the Mexican-Americans, the native Hawaiians, the Alaskan Inuits and the Puerto Ricans.
E. Among the internal movements and struggles which have made a significant impact on immigration patterns, one can identify the frontier movement filling the continent from east to west; the conflicts between systems based on slave and free labor; the transitions from an agrarian-based economy to an industrial-based economy and from a rural-centered population to an urban-centered population.
While conflict has occurred with Canada and Mexico, the extensiveness of the geographical boundaries made military control difficult. At the same time the relative degree of peace with these neighbors insured that "open" boundaries existed where a free flow of persons was permitted to occur across borders, not as new citizens but as neighbors.
During the early decades of this century there was an internal migration movement from South to North and West, reflecting further mechanization of agriculture. Today there is an internal migration to the "sunbelt" area.
F. Immigration to the United States has often reflected international and domestic economic conditions. Sometimes the immigrant stream has created conflict over jobs, services, housing. More often it provided needed labor in expanding labor markets, stimulating the upward mobility of existing labor groups. Though short term dislocations for individuals and communities always result from the movement of peoples, United States' history shows that successive waves of immigrants and refugees have enriched the culture and enhanced the economic viability of the country.
G. Immigration history has been characterized by both hospitality and hostility. There has been racial and ethnic conflict frequently growing out of the prejudices, fears and interests of those present against those arriving. While the motives have varied, actions have often been brutal and shameful. The slave system was replaced by fixed patterns of legal, economic and social discrimination. Notable also are the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, the 1924 National Origins Act and the enforced relocation 'of Japanese-Americans to detention camps during World War II. Irish, Germans, Chinese, Japanese, Jews, Slavs have each in turn served as scapegoats, obscuring the true nature of, and the required means to resolve, pressing social problems. At present, Latin Americans are being subjected to discriminatory treatment, including dragnet raids by the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS).
H. In addition to conflict between the dominant American groups and the newcomers, there have been patterns of conflict and tensions within and among arriving ethnic groups themselves. These patterns reflect the differences between first-, second- and third-generation immigrants. Often they brought their political, economic and ideological conflicts to these shores.
I. Legal response to immigration has varied from time to time, in regard to the groups, the flow, numbers, origins and the "type" of people to be admitted. This has included restrictive legislation, e.g., the notorious "national origins" quota system.
J. American conceptions of their own immigration heritage have gone through varying ideological interpretations, each with its special significance. These have included concepts of the melting pot and the mosaic of cultural-pluralistic society.
K. In religious terms, there has also been a transition.
Groups of primarily Protestant origin have been followed by those of Orthodox Christian, Catholic and Jewish faiths. Despite the fact that small pockets of other religious groups have been present in every period, only recently have there been sufficient numbers of people from outside the Judeo-Christian tradition to challenge the dominance of that tradition.
Special Aspects of the Present Period of American Immigration History
A. Introduction. Each period of American immigration history has had its own peculiarities. In the current situation, the United States is confronted with unprecedented problems, including the large number of persons residing in the United States classified as "undocumented" and another group classified as "overstayed." In addition, this refugee situation reflects for the first time in U.S. history large numbers of non-European refugees with different racial, ethnic, religious and cultural origins.
The Immigration Act of 1924 established immigration quotas based on national origin that heavily favored northern and western Europe and completely excluded Asians and Africans, The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 perpetuated these quotas and simultaneously imposed many harsh and undemocratic provisions regarding exclusion, deportation and citizenship cancellation. After extensive public hearings on the Act* in various parts of the United States, the Truman Commission on Immigration and Naturalization concluded:
The immigration and nationality law embodies policies and principles that are unwise and injurious to the nation. It rests upon an attitude of hostility and distrust of all aliens. It applies discriminations against human beings on account of national origin, race, creed and color. It ignores the needs of the United States in domestic affairs and foreign policies. It contains unnecessary and unreasonable restrictions and penalties against individuals. It is badly drafted, confusing and in some respects, unworkable. It should be reconsidered and revised from beginning to end.
The Immigration Act of 1965 partially revised the 1952 law, making important and beneficial changes in the quota system while leaving intact other questionable provisions. At the same time, other changes made by the 1965 Act have either created problems or failed to cope adequately with problems that have arisen from new domestic and international conditions. An evaluation of the experience with the 1965 law, and with the provisions of the 1952 law that have continued unchanged, is part of the mandate of the United States Select Commission on Immigration and Refugee Policy. The Commission's findings and recommendations based on public hearings and research are to be submitted to Congress by spring of 1981.
B. The Legislative changes of 1965. A basic change in the immigrant selection system, the repeal in 1965 of the "national origins" mode first enacted in 1921, marks the beginning of a new immigration period.
Culminating a long public debate, Congress in 1965 abolished quotas based on national origin and made equal the allotments to all independent countries of the Eastern Hemisphere. Simultaneously, the 1965 law placed restrictions on all immigrants, including those from the Western Hemisphere. Those from any country seeking residence who do not have close family ties must secure a Labor Department certification that their labor is needed here. The 1965 law coincided with the termination of the United States-Mexico "bracero" program regulating the temporary admission of Mexicans for agricultural labor. Under legislation effective January 1, 1977, annual immigration from any country, including Mexico, is limited to 20,000. These changes in the law set the stage for classifying many law-abiding Mexicans tied by history and long-established close family relationships to free access to the U.S. Southwest as "illegal aliens."
C. INS apprehension of Mexican undocumented persons ("illegals"). In 1964 Immigration and Naturalization Service apprehensions of Mexicans not in lawful status totaled 44,000. Since then, annual apprehensions on the Southwest border have soared to nearly one million. Estimates of the number staying here permanently vary widely. Staff members of the U.S. Census Bureau evaluated estimates made in more than ten governmental and private studies. Their report concluded that most Mexicans come here temporarily to work, returning "to Mexico to live for part of the year," a circular flow which "has historically been a normal part of the labor-intensive segment of the economy in the Southwestern United States." The number of Mexicans residing here, according to the Census Bureau report, may possibly be "only 1.5 to 2.5 million" and the total number of illegal residents may be "possibly only 3.5 to 5.0 million" (Preliminary Review of Existing Studies of the Number of Illegal Residents in the United States," submitted to the U.S. Select Commission on Immigration and Refugee Policy, January 31, 1980).
D. Overstayed and undocumented persons: social services and subculture. Even not counting Mexicans temporarily here, and assuming the accuracy of the Census Bureau estimate of illegal residents, the number involved is considerable. In many vital respects, such as health care and education for their children, overstayed and undocumented persons are cut off from normal relations with society as a whole. Even if it were feasible (which is open to question) to ferret out those not in lawful status, the uprooting of millions would be inhumane and the necessary procedures for attempting this would entail serious dangers to the civil liberties of the American people.
The U.S. Department of Labor's Linton Report finds the overstayed and undocumented persons "were far more likely to have participated in programs that involved the payment of taxes than the use of tax-supported services." Social security taxes were withheld for 77 percent of "i1legals" and federal income taxes for 73 percent. But only 3.9 percent collected unemployment insurance, 1.3 percent obtained food stamps and 0.5 percent secured welfare. A 1977 San Diego County, California, survey shows illegals paying $48 million in taxes and utilizing only about $2 million worth of social services in the country.
E. Amnesty and revision of the immigration law. The provision for granting residence to overstayed and undocumented persons is presently limited to those continuously - residing here since June 30, 1948. In the context of granting amnesty, a Carter Administration bill in 1977 proposed granting legal status to those continuously residing here prior to January 1, 1970. No hearings were held on this bill. Instead, a law was passed in 1919 providing for a Select Commission on Immigration and Refugee Policy to make findings and report its recommendations to Congress by the spring of 198.1. The mandate of the Commission covers not only me issue of amnesty, but the entire spectrum of U.S. immigration and nationality laws.
The 1952 Immigration and Nationality Act repealed a previously existing time limit (a statute of limitations) on deportation of permanent residents. Since then, permanent residents living in the U.S. as long as 50 years have been deported on the basis of acts done 20 or more years before. The 1952 law retroactively made these acts a ground for deportation. In their old age, exiled to a foreign land, they are even deprived of the Social Security payments they earned while working here. Similarly, no time limit presently exists on revocation of naturalization. Proceedings to cancel naturalization have been commenced as late as 30 years after citizenship was granted. The statutes of the federal government and of the 50 states impose time limitsfor the commencement of criminal prosecutions (with few exceptions, such as murder and treason) and civil suits.
The 1952 statute also vastly extended the powers of immigration officials, authorizing them to interrogate any person "believed to be an alien," as distinct from having reasonable belief that a person is an illegal alien. On this basis, INS investigators continually conduct random dragnet searches ("area control" operations) on the streets and at bus stops, factories, residential areas and elsewhere. These searches have often resulted in the arrest and detention of permanent residents and U.S. citizens and, in some instances, their expulsion to Mexico and other countries.
F. Increase in number of refugees and changing composition. The increasingly unsettled world situation, coupled with the pressures exerted by repressive regimes, has given rise to the likelihood of a chronic condition of heightened refugee movement. The center of gravity of this movement has shifted from Europe. For all refugee groups granted asylum in the U.S. before 1960, 82 percent were from European background and 18 percent were non-Europeans. Since 1960, however, a dramatic change has taken place: 88 percent of all refugees accepted were from non-European areas and only 12 percent from European areas. The Refugee Act of 19aO eliminated the geographic limitations (refugees emanating only from the Middle East) and ideological criteria (only refugees fleeing communist regimes) of the 1952 Immigration and Nationality Act, and adopted the general non-discriminatory standards of the United Nations Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees. Policy formulation, as well as implementation of the provisions of the Refugee Act of 1980, with respect to admission of refugees - including that of Cubans and Haitians coming to the United States as the country of first asylum - their resettlement and other aspects, remain areas of concern. The political turmoil, drought and other natural disasters in Africa have generated millions of immigrants, refugees and migrants. This is a problem likely to become more serious and to increase the danger of racial discrimination in the application of U.S. immigration laws.
The growing movement of immigrants, refugees and migrants poses new challenges to the United States for the formulation and implementation of enlightened and practical policies consistent with conscience. Today, as in the past, it also offers rich new possibilities. It is against this background that the NCCC seeks in its Policy Statement on Immigrants, Refugees and Migrants to make a constructive contribution to the discussion and wise resolution of the issues involved which are of deep concern to the churches and to a broad cross-section of the American people.
* At the hearings, opposition to the Act was expressed by Protestant, Catholic and Jewish leaders, and by the NAACP, the AFL and CIO, farm organizations, the American Bar Association and other groups. Members of the Truman Commission included the Solicitor General of the United States, the Chairman of the Board of Immigration Appeals and prominent Protestant and Catholic clergy. | <urn:uuid:7e6667df-7201-46bc-816f-47697316750f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nationalcouncilofchurches.us/common-witness/1981/immigration.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00096-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959577 | 5,710 | 2.90625 | 3 |
The operator of Japan's crippled Fukushima nuclear plant has conceded defeat in its effort to create a frozen plug in a tunnel to stop water flowing into the No. 2 reactor building and becoming contaminated with radiation.
Since early June, engineers from Tokyo Electric Power Co. have injected more than 400 tons of ice and dry ice into the tunnel in an effort to freeze a section of the passage solid.
Halting the flow of water through the tunnel, which was originally used to run cables into the reactor's turbine building, would have made it possible to pump highly radioactive water out to be treated.
Tepco said that it will now experiment with cement and other sealant materials in an effort to stop the water moving through the tunnel, as well as installing a filter to try to slow the flow of water.
Officials of the Nuclear Regulation Agency and other atomic energy experts have raised doubts as to whether that proposal will be effective.
When Tepco began the process of freezing the water in tunnels at the site, officials described the move as "a major milestone" in the decommissioning of the plant, which was devastated by a magnitude-9 earthquake and tsunami in March 2011.
Officials have also emphasised that the failure of the effort to freeze water in the tunnels is not connected with the construction of an impermeable wall of soil frozen with chemicals on the landward side of the plant in order to stop groundwater seeping into the reactor buildings and becoming contaminated before escaping into the Pacific Ocean.
"The difficulties encountered in freezing the contaminated water does not in any way represent a 'setback' in development of the ice wall, for which construction is proceeding as planned," Tepco said in a statement. | <urn:uuid:3dcec7ee-cfc3-4f38-ab42-031f38bf09a2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/11045921/Fukushima-radioactive-water-ice-plug-plan-fails.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403508.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00146-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971516 | 346 | 3.078125 | 3 |
In olden times, the leader of a nation was at the head of his forces when they entered battle. Alexander the Great was right up front when his men charged and for those who have seen films and plays about King Henry V leading his men into battle against the enemy, it made our hearts stir as he gave the famous speech about standing and fighting for dear old England. As recently as WWII, generals were still in front line positions and risked their lives along with the men who served under them. Prince William of England is next in line to become the king if grandma dies and he wants to be allowed to serve in Afghanistan where his younger brother is currently piloting Apache helicopters.
There is something important about having those who lead risk their lives in battle. We all know how George Bush was given a nice soft job in America during the Vietnam War due to family connections. One wonders if George might have thought differently had he actually been shot at by the enemy. Would the experience of battle have made him think twice before ordering American soldiers to risk their lives in Iraq?
Dwight Eisenhower, who commanded British and American forces in Europe turned down French requests to send American soldiers into Vietnam in 1954. He was the only American president since 1952 who actually reduced the military budget.
Let William get a taste of battle. | <urn:uuid:526b5434-6970-4d8e-9d4b-58fd5a702cef> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://theimpudentobserver.com/world-news/prince-william-wants-to-fight/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397111.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00174-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.991936 | 265 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Legislation refers to any law enacted by the governing body of a state or nation. In the United States, both the House of Representatives and the Senate must pass a bill (by majority approval) in order for the bill to reach the President’s desk.
If the President signs a bill, it becomes law. If the President vetoes (or, during the last 10 days of a legislative session, simply does not sign) the bill, it returns to the chamber from which it originated.
The Congress can override the President’s veto with a two-thirds majority in both chambers. Legislation can also be adopted by a state or local legislative body, through a similar process. The courts have the power through judicial review to interpret what the legislation means when the clear language of the statute is not determinative and to declare that legislation is unconstitutional. | <urn:uuid:4b11bfa0-1609-472a-a42d-352c88114aff> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.annenbergclassroom.org/term/legislation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398516.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00140-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935889 | 174 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Larry and Laura Rorem call their two adopted children pioneers.
The Rorems adopted a girl with fetal alcohol syndrome in 1973, the year the term was coined. They adopted a boy with fetal alcohol syndrome three years later.
Both times, the couple was told their adopted children were healthy. They soon found out that wasn't the case.
"My son didn't want to be touched," said Laura, 57. "He was born with anger, but on good days he was the most delightful baby. It remains true."
Fetal alcohol syndrome is caused when mothers drink during pregnancy and often results in brain damage. It also can cause limited attention span, hyperactivity and difficulties with coordination, emotion and impulse control.
Alaska has the highest rate of the syndrome in the country. About 14 out of 10,000 infants in the state are born with the condition, according to state figures.
No amount of alcohol is safe during pregnancy, said Ric Iannolino, Juneau Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Team coordinator.
"The best way is not to drink when you are sexually active," Iannolino said. "Most women are not aware that they are pregnant in the first few weeks. This is a disability that is 100 percent preventable."
When their children were little, the Rorems worked with teachers to find creative ways their kids could overcome learning problems. Their children are now adults, and the couple has dealt with the legal system regularly when their children have been in trouble.
Over the years, the Rorems have advocated for service improvements for people with fetal alcohol syndrome. But they say each day is a struggle to look after their children and fight for them.
"Living with such a disability is a tremendous burden for them and for us," Laura. "We not only have to deal with their disability but also people's misunderstandings of us and our children."
The state has spent $29 million in the last five years on fetal alcohol syndrome, but it remains one of the most misunderstood disabilities, Iannolino said.
People with severe fetal alcohol syndrome sometimes have a flat nasal bridge, a short nose, a thin upper lip and a smooth philtrum - the area between the lip and nose.
"About 80 percent of people who have fetal alcohol syndrome don't have the facial features unique to their medical condition, because facial features develop in the first three months of pregnancy," Iannolino said.
"They can look very normal, but their brains are severely damaged," he said.
Alcohol can have a wide range of effects on a baby's brain, growth and body characteristics. These effects are called fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.
People with alcohol-related birth defects may have trouble with the law, drop out of school, develop mental illness or engage in inappropriate sexual behaviors. They also tend to become homeless or have substance abuse.
"Men with fetal alcohol syndrome often end up in jail because they don't know how to use judgment," Iannolino said. "Many of them become easy victims because they don't remember what happened and don't have the ability to say no. A woman can be raped by the same man because she meets him on a different street and she doesn't remember what happened."
About five of the eight patients living at the apartments of Juneau Alliance for Mental Health Inc. have fetal alcohol syndrome, said Clinical Supervisor Marla Siverly.
"Fetal alcohol syndrome just complicates our patients' mental illness," Siverly said. "Every morning, we go into their apartments. We make sure they take their medication and don't wear shorts when it snows outside."
Research has shown that people with fetal alcohol syndrome are more likely to avoid social problems if they are diagnosed early and raised in a stable and nurturing environment.
"An early diagnosis can help them at school," said Susan Hunter-Joerns, a neurologist who has diagnosed 30 people with fetal alcohol syndrome since she started her career in 1987. "Some children might need special help with their handwriting. Some may need a special aide to help them with learning. There are many things we can do to reduce their frustrations."
Hunter-Joerns said when her patients are brought to her clinic, they already stick out.
"Nobody knows what to do with them," she said.
Although they were not diagnosed until they were adults, the Rorems' two children with fetal alcohol syndrome are lucky. The couple has provided them with a structured and nurturing environment.
"You need to think out of the box to meet their needs," said Laura, who used to be a special-education teacher. "When our son was at grade school, he couldn't write if his pencil was not sharp enough. So we gave him a pen."
With their children now grown up, the Rorems are challenged to tell their children what to do. Their 28-year-old son has had trouble keeping jobs. He and two of his four children are living with the Rorems.
Their 32-year-old daughter's mental illness has become so serious that she is always at great risk of being harmed, or harming herself.
"They are teens forever and they are so much fun to be around," said Larry, pastor at Shepherd of the Valley Lutheran Church. "My son can create chaos but cannot deal with it. My daughter said she has a traffic jam in her brain."
The Rorems don't know what they are going to do with their children when they are too old to take care of them.
"Both of my children are still pioneers, because we are still trying to find appropriate intervention and accommodations," Laura said. "We will retire when the appropriate intervention and accommodations are in place."
I-Chun Che can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:1d60b9d4-dfc0-4c44-86ff-235f10af436f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://juneauempire.com/stories/090904/sta_fas.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397111.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00051-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985654 | 1,205 | 2.625 | 3 |
This site complies with the Health on the Net Foundation Code for trustworthy health information:
EUFIC REVIEW 07/2014
Motivating Behaviour Change
Behaviour, the product of individual or collective action, is a key determinant of people’s health. Lifestyle risk factors are now recognised as leading contributors to morbidity and mortality in Europe. The most prevalent chronic health conditions in Europe, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, obstructive lung diseases and diabetes, are strongly linked with lifestyle.1 Smoking, lack of physical exercise, high calorie intake and excessive alcohol consumption leading to obesity, high cholesterol levels and high blood pressure are precursors of these diseases.1 There is convincing evidence that a healthy lifestyle including regular exercise, a balanced diet, blood pressure control and smoking abstinence is associated with a longer and healthier life span.1
However, the behaviours that can cause these diseases are common and changing them may mean changing long standing habits. Many people are involved in supporting and encouraging changes in the behaviour of others and of course many seek to change their own behaviours and may seek the support of others in doing so. It is thus important to identify effective approaches and strategies that motivate change and sustain newly-adopted healthy behaviours.2
This review presents approaches to behaviour change and highlights evidence of their effectiveness. It refers to the development of theories about the processes that shape behaviour, to empirical studies that test these theories, and to applied research. The latter particularly relates to how behaviour can be changed in everyday settings and situations.
2. An ecological approach to behaviour change
There is a wide range of personal, social, and environmental factors that influence behaviour. Most can be assigned to three levels:3
- Personal or individual: beliefs, knowledge, attitudes, skills, genetics
- Social: interaction with other people including friends, family and the community
- Environmental: the area in which an individual lives, e.g. school, work place, local shops and facilities, and wider factors including the economy (such as prices) and technology.
A complex web of societal and biological factors must be considered when one aims to tackle obesity-related behaviour.4 Behaviour change is generally best served by a mix of interventions, delivered over a long period of time and modified in response to measured impact. Interventions that only address factors at the individual level, and do not take into account the social and environmental influences mentioned above, are unlikely to work. An ecological approach “that identifies and addresses the factors influencing behaviour at all three levels is likely to be most effective at bringing about behaviour change”.3 This approach also appears to be the most cost-effective.5
3. Information and advice are not enough
The traditional approach, still sometimes used in health consultations and media campaigns, relies on providing direct advice and information. While information is important for education and informing consumers, it is rarely sufficient to change behaviour. It is based on the assumptions that people lack knowledge (of what they should be doing) and that improving knowledge changes attitude, creating the desire to change.6 It does not take account of the many complex influences on behaviour. This approach prescribes changes for the client in a style that may be perceived as being “told what to do”. The health practitioner may place emphasis on the benefits of change, without fully addressing the personal implications for the individual, which may result in resistance to change.7 The same is true of many education programmes and campaigns aimed at raising awareness. The provision of information is likely to appeal to those who want to know how to change their behaviour. In turn, information provision approach may worsen health inequalities, disadvantaging those whose behaviour is more immediately shaped by their environment, and who may have less access to, or desire for, information.8
Theories and models of behaviour change
In recent years there is much interest in theories of behaviour and models of behaviour change largely drawn from psychology and informed by economics and sociology.9 They consider the wide range of psychological, social, societal and contextual factors such as emotions, habits and routines.10 The theories of change support interventions by describing how behaviours develop and change over time. Behavioural models are designed to help us understand behaviour and identify the underlying factors that influence it. An understanding of both aspects is needed to develop effective intervention strategies.11
Over 60 socio-psychological models and theories of behaviour have been identified, many of which have been used as the basis for designing and implementing health promotion programmes, with varying success.11 There is substantial evidence that the use of theory in designing and implementing behaviour change interventions improves the effectiveness of interventions.2,12 In the published studies, however, the details of the applied theory are often missing. As reviewed recently, only 44% of 34 randomised control trials in obese adults reported the theoretical basis of behavioural interventions.13 The most commonly applied were the Transtheoretical Model and Social Cognitive Theory (explained below), although a third of the reviewed studies did not explain why a particular theory was used. The Theory of Planned Behaviour has also been effectively applied to physical activity and dietary interventions.14,15
- Transtheoretical Model (also referred to as the ‘Stages of Change’ model): segments the audience and tailors the intervention to their stage of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination.
- Social Cognitive Theory: focuses on the role of observing and learning from others, and on positive and negative reinforcement of behaviour.
- Theory of Planned Behaviour: assumes that people’s behaviour is determined by intention, and is predicted by attitudes, subjective norm (beliefs about whether other people approve or disapprove), and perceived behavioural control (beliefs about whether it is easy or difficult to do).
Models and theories identify techniques to change behaviour. Interventions often use several different behaviour change techniques.16 They range from providing information (for example, about the consequences of behaviour) to prompting the setting of specific goals and providing opportunities for social comparison. They can also include stress management, motivational interviewing and time management.17
4. Which behaviour change techniques are most effective?
It is not completely clear which techniques are effective under which conditions. Self-monitoring and other self-regulatory techniques (goal-setting, prompting, self-monitoring, providing feedback on performance, goal review) are consistently reported as effective behaviour change tools.18-20 A medium-to-low quality evidence suggests that dietary change is best supported by:
- instruction provision (teaching the behaviour),
- self-monitoring (recording behaviour, e.g. writing a food diary), and
- relapse prevention (problem solving and identifying coping strategies),
while physical activity is best supported by:
- prompting (to stimulate behaviour, e.g. telephone reminder),
- self-monitoring (recording behaviour, e.g. writing an activity diary),
- personalised messages (tailored to stage of change, resources and context),
- goal-setting (e.g. step-goals monitored with pedometer).18
Dietary and physical activity interventions appear to be more effective in weight management when targeted simultaneously.18 There is also good evidence to encourage engagement of social support (usually from family members).18
It is challenging to maintain behaviour change in the long-term. Evidence suggests that time management techniques (e.g., how to fit activity into a daily or weekly schedule) can help maintain physical activity levels. Encouraging self-talk (i.e. talk to yourself before and during planned behaviours) is another useful technique in facilitating physical activity and healthy eating.18
Combining skill development with underlying, intrinsic motivation and reason, is believed essential for lasting change. Intrinsic motivation does not rely on external pressure, like rewards/approval or punishment/disapproval from peers or health professionals. It exists within the individual, and is driven by interest or enjoyment in the task itself. This is the basis of the self-determination theory. Contrary to rewards and incentives, self-driven motivation is believed to be stable and enduring.21,22 The individual must believe the behaviour is enjoyable or compatible with their ‘sense of self’, values and life goals. This is supported by probing why one should persist, or in what ways the new behaviour would relate to wider goals.22 People need to feel a sense of choice and responsibility for their actions, to feel capable of achieving the goal and also understood, cared for, and valued by others.
The self-determination theory was the basis of a one-year weight-control programme involving nearly 250 overweight or obese individuals. The programme used self-regulatory techniques and education about energy balance and body image. Participants were given options to reduce energy intake and to increase energy expenditure. They were encouraged to try different activities to find those they enjoy. By the end of the trial, autonomous motivation for physical activity was higher in the intervention group. In turn, physical activity levels increased by year-two and weight control at year-three. Furthermore, at year-three, women who had received the intervention reported almost 90 minutes more of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per week than the control group. The intervention was also reported to have positively influenced eating behaviours.23
There are many parallels between the self-determination theory and motivational interviewing.23
Motivational interviewing is a counselling approach which uses a combination of behaviour change techniques, and has been shown to be significantly more effective than traditional advice-giving. It is a directive, client-centred method for enhancing intrinsic motivation by exploring and resolving ambivalence and barriers to behaviour change.24 This approach views lecturing or confrontation as unhelpful. The main principles underpinning motivational interviewing are:8
- Express empathy (through reflective listening)
- Develop discrepancy (between the individual’s goals and their current behaviour)
- Avoid argumentation
- Roll with resistance (acknowledge and explore the individual’s resistance to change, rather than opposing it)
- Support self-efficacy
To gain a better understanding of the factors which impact its success, further research combining motivational interviewing with the self-determination theory has been recommended.25
Motivational interviewing is particularly effective in combination with Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT).25 CBT is a treatment for emotional and behavioural problems that aims to help individuals identify and modify dysfunctional thoughts, assumptions and patterns of behaviour. It explores the range of factors that influence one’s behaviour, both external (e.g. environmental stimuli and reinforcement) and internal (e.g. thoughts). CBT also uses several techniques such as goal-setting and self-monitoring, and is based on the belief that all behaviour is learned and can be unlearned. The systematic literature review by Spahn et al. suggests that the use of an intensive course of CBT (for 6 to 12 months) may help to prevent and delay the onset of type 2 diabetes and hypertension. The potential of this intervention has also been demonstrated in treatment of childhood and adolescent obesity (30% reduction in overweight vs. 9% reduction without CBT).26
It is worth noting that these counselling approaches rely on the individual to engage in self-regulation.22,25
5. The role of social marketing
Social marketing draws on some of the principles of commercial marketing and uses behaviour change theory to influence behaviour for ‘social good’.27 The benefit is for society, not for the organisation doing the marketing. Segmentation of the relevant market allows for interventions to be targeted.
A major example of a social marketing campaign is Change4life, launched in the UK in 2009.28 It involved the government, media, industry and retailers to create a societal movement to promote healthier behaviours, making new behaviours appear fun and achievable. Ongoing support was provided to families via post and online social media (e.g. Facebook). In addition, 200,000 at-risk families received support packs, and 44,833 of these families were still interacting six months later. Over one million mothers who joined the campaign said they had made changes to their children’s behaviour.29 Another evaluation (cluster-randomised control trial) of the Change4Life campaign, revealed that while the campaign materials increased awareness of the campaign, they had little impact on the attitudes or behaviour of the study participants.30 It concluded that, in the area of childhood obesity, campaigns should be more targeted to a smaller range of behaviours and groups of people, use behaviour change theory, and use formal pilot testing.30
Social marketing as an approach to changing behaviour has been criticised, as it is hard to promote the immediate benefits of healthy lifestyle choices. Behaviour (e.g. physical activity) is not the same as a product (like running shoes), and in social marketing a consumable item is not exchanged between a producer and consumer. Therefore social marketing interventions should not be regarded as the sole means of changing behaviour.31
An approach commonly known as ‘nudging’, primarily drawn from behavioural economics, has attracted interest in recent years.32 It aims to ‘nudge’ people’s choices, not by removing the less healthy ones, but by making the healthier option easier. Making salad the default side dish, or making the stairs a more attractive choice than taking the lift are examples. An individual may also be ‘nudged’ by being made aware of social norms, by receiving feedback on their behaviour compared to other people.
The reformulation of products, when recipes are modified to improve their nutritional content, is also an example.33 This approach has been effective in reducing salt intakes. Governments may also consider fiscal policies that attempt to influence food prices ‘in ways that encourage healthy eating’. However, policies may be perceived as a ‘shove’, rather than a nudge, when people are pushed to behave in ways against their will.
Unsurprisingly, there has been a lot of debate about how ethical it is to nudge people in ways that they do not notice, and whether it is effective.34 A recent influential report in the UK concluded that nudging ideally needs to be combined with other types of intervention.35
7. Using technology to change behaviour
The age of technology widens the possibilities for changing behaviour. E-health interventions, delivered using the internet, are increasingly common. They are often cited as being cost-effective, but there is a lack of data to assess this. The most effective internet-based interventions at changing behaviour appear to be more extensively based on theory (particularly the theory of planned behaviour) and use a number of techniques. The use of additional communication methods, particularly SMS (short message service) or text messaging to send motivational messages e.g. reminders of the benefits of exercise, facilitates behaviour change.15 For example a weight loss intervention study proved more effective for people who also received 2-5 personalised SMS per day, including tips and questions on different topics (and a monthly telephone call from a trained health counsellor).36 They lost more weight (1.97 kg) than the group who only received printed materials about weight control.
Mobile phones are good candidates for the delivery of behavioural interventions. The advancement of mobile technology to include internal sensors of user location, movement, emotion, and social engagement, raises the prospect of continuous and automated tracking of health-related behaviours. This supports self-regulatory techniques (e.g. goal-setting and monitoring). Such interventions may be cheaper, more convenient, or less stigmatising (due to private participation). Also, connectivity allows the sharing of behavioural and health data among health professionals or peers, which may facilitate behaviour change. There is rapid development and interest in Smartphone Apps, however research on their evaluation is still immature. The challenge will be maintaining long term use and effective behaviour change.37
Video games are another platform that engages the audience. This entertaining and interactive technology has demonstrated the ability to positively influence health-related behaviour.38 For example, a small study found that combining stationary cycling with interactive video games increased attendance and improvements in health-related physical fitness, compared to traditional cycle exercise training.39 Another study showed increased attendance with listening to music, a less expensive option.40 Controlled studies (in the laboratory) show that ‘active video games’ (which encourage physical interactivity by using body movements) result in light-to-moderate intensity physical activity, but few show significant increases.41 Video games are also an attractive platform for changing dietary behaviours, particularly to children. Research is in the early stages of understanding how such games are designed for maximum effects.42
An innovative approach for one-to-one consultations is telephone-counselling, which can provide access to remote clients. In Canada there are dedicated tele-health dietitian services, with limited evaluations (Dial-A-Dietitian, EatRight Ontario). Early evaluations suggest that this approach holds promise though more evidence is needed before standards of practice and guidelines can be developed.43
Researchers are starting to explore how online technologies can be designed to make them maximally effective.44 Given the high reach and low cost they have promise in enabling wide access.45
8. Behavioural theory in practice
Numerous frameworks aim to encourage and support the integration of behaviour change theory into the design of interventions. An example of such a framework is shown in the box below.
The cyclical ‘Nine Principles framework’:10
- Identify the audience groups and the target behaviour. If faced with a complex behaviour, break it down into its component behaviours and/or adopt a systems thinking approach.
- Identify relevant behavioural models (use both individual- and societal-level models). Draw up a shortlist of influencing factors.
- Select the key influencing factors to work on. Use these to design objectives in a draft strategy for the intervention.
- Identify effective intervention techniques which have worked in the past for the influencing factors selected.
- Engage the target audience for the intervention in order to understand the target behaviour and the factors influencing it from their perspective.
- Develop a prototype intervention based on the learning from working with the actors. Cross-check this against appropriate policy frameworks and assessment tools.
- Pilot the intervention and monitor continuously.
- Evaluate impacts and processes.
- Feedback learning from the evaluation.
The process is iterative; learning from one principle could require revisiting an earlier assumption.
The differential effects on different population groups should be considered in the design and monitoring of interventions and requires a thorough understanding of the behaviour and the audience. Interventions should be targeted, based on relevant audience characteristics. Engaging the audience, so that they are partners in the process of change, seems effective at bringing about lasting change. ‘Learning through doing’ is considered to play a fundamental part in the process of change.10,11
It should be remembered that models tend to focus on personal and social factors influencing change. Additional work may be needed to identify influencing factors at the environmental level.3
The process of designing a behaviour change intervention first involves understanding the target behaviour and selecting a broad approach, and then designing the specific behaviour change techniques to be used.16 The ‘behaviour change wheel’ (Figure 1) has been developed as a guide for selecting appropriate interventions and an 'intervention design tool' is currently under development.16
Figure 1. ‘Behaviour change wheel’
Finally, some scholars suggest focusing on social practices (patterns of action which bring together different ways of 'doing and saying').46 For example snacking may be related to the social practice of eating while watching TV. Looking at practices moves the focus away from an individual’s attitudes, behaviour and choices, and highlights how particular ways of life are sustained, including the role of governments and institutions. For example, this type of analysis would draw attention to ‘obesogenic environments’ and would consider the way in which patterns of diet and exercise are ‘socially, institutionally and infrastructurally configured’.46
9. Evaluating behaviour change interventions
Despite the recognised importance of behaviour change and the extensive research surrounding this subject, there is no consensus on how certain behaviours are best supported. Models and theories need to be used and reported in more coordinated ways to facilitate evaluation.35 To make further progress in understanding the effectiveness of behaviour change interventions, the WHO has called for all initiatives to be fully evaluated.47
Ideally, theory and evaluation will be built in from the outset of planning an intervention. Behaviour change takes time, and evaluation needs to be sufficiently long-term to demonstrate that an intervention has resulted in and maintained behaviour change. This requires the allocation of adequate funding.35 Controlled trials or other high quality methodologies should be used wherever possible. The randomised controlled trial is considered the gold standard for such evaluations, but is not always possible. Another approach is a ‘natural experiment’, where the investigator does not control who receives a treatment, but uses natural variation in exposure to the event, intervention or policy (e.g. change in nutritional requirements of school meals).35 Furthermore, evaluations will ideally have measures of behaviour as the outcome - not just measures of whether participants liked the intervention, and not just measures of the health changes (that are intended to be a consequence of targeted behaviour).12 It is critical that these measures are consistent between studies, and the details of an intervention are reported precisely.
Evaluations will help to establish whether the interventions are working and, ideally, why they are working. They will also inform decisions as to how the intervention can be improved. They should also assess the cost effectiveness of the intervention and thus discern whether or not they represent value for money.35 It is important for evidence of effectiveness to be shared between researchers, policy makers and practitioners, to avoid duplication of research and reduce costs.
Knowledge of what is successful in the field of health behaviour change is crucial for achieving improvements in health and preventing disease. In recent years, there has been growing recognition of this and a lot of work has been undertaken to examine the best approach. There is considerable evidence that the use of theory in designing and implementing health promotion programmes improves their effectiveness. However, there is less evidence concerning which techniques to use. In addition to targeting behaviours directly, interventions must help create communities and environments that enable change. Full evaluation of such interventions is essential to advance understanding of health behaviour change.
Training and continuing professional development (CPD) should reflect the shift in focus, away from simple advice-giving, towards the complexity of behaviour and the relationship between health professional and client. Developing the self-confidence of professionals to use behaviour change techniques is essential. Health professionals are advised to seek out formal training opportunities to study the principles of effective behaviour change and practise the core techniques.
- World Health Organization (WHO) (2008). Behaviour change strategies and health: the role of health systems. EUR/RC58/10. Tbilisi, Georgia: WHO.
- National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2007). NICE Public Health Guidance 6 ‘Behaviour change at population, community and individual levels’. London: NICE.
- Central Office of Information (COI) (2009). Communications and behaviour change. London: COI.
- Butland B, Jebb S, Kopelman P, et al. (2007). Tackling obesities: future choices – project report, 2nd Edition. London: Foresight Programme of the Government Office for Science.
- Sassi F, Cecchini M, Lauer J, et al. (2009). Improving lifestyles, tackling obesity: the health and economic impact of prevention strategies, in OECD Health Working Papers. Paris: OECD Publishing.
- Speller V (2007). The prevention paradox. Principles and practice of health promotion: health promotion models and theories, in HealthKnowledge Public Health Textbook, Public Health Action Support Team (PHAST).
- Britt E, Hudson SM, Blampied NM, et al. (2004). Motivational interviewing in health settings: a review. Patient Education and Counseling 53:147–155.
- Christmas S (2009). Nine big questions about behaviour change. London: Department for Transport.
- Michie S, Johnston M, Francis JJ, et al. (2008). From theory to intervention: mapping theoretically derived behavioural determinants to behaviour change techniques. Applied Psychology: an international review 57(4):660–680.
- Darnton A (2008). Practical Guide: An overview of behaviour change models and their uses. London: Government Social Research Service (GSR).
- Darnton A (2008). Reference report: an overview of behaviour change models and their uses. London: GSR.
- Michie S & Johnston M (2012). Theories and techniques of behaviour change: Developing a cumulative science of behaviour change. Health Psychology Review 6(1):1-6.
- Dombrowski, Stephan U, Sniehotta, et al. (2007). Current issues and future directions in Psychology and Health: Towards a cumulative science of behaviour change: Do current conduct and reporting of behavioural interventions fall short of best practice? Psychology & Health 22(8):869-874.
- McEachan RRC, Conner M, Taylor NJ, et al. (2011). Prospective prediction of health-related behaviours with the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology Review 5(2):97-144.
- Webb TL, Joseph J, Yardley L, et al. (2010). Using the internet to promote health behavior change: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of theoretical basis, use of behavior change techniques, and mode of delivery on efficacy. Journal of Medical Internet Research 12(1):e4.
- Michie S, van Stralen NM & West R (2011). The behaviour change wheel: A new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions. Implementation Science 6:42.
- Abraham C & Michie S (2008). A taxonomy of behavior change techniques used in interventions. Health Psychology 27(3):379–387.
- Greaves CJ, Sheppard KE, Abraham C, et al. (2011). Systematic review of reviews of intervention components associated with increased effectiveness in dietary and physical activity interventions. BMC Public Health 11:119.
- World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) (2009). Effective health behaviour change strategies. Informed 35.
- Michie S, Abraham C, Whittington C, et al. (2009). Effective techniques in healthy eating and physical activity interventions: a meta-regression. Health Psychology 28(6):690-701.
- Teixeira PJ, Silva MN, Mata J, et al. (2012). Motivation, self-determination, and long-term weight control IJBNPA 9:22
- Teixeira PJ, Patrick H, Mata J, et al. (2011). Why we eat what we eat: the role of autonomous motivation in eating behaviour regulation. Nutrition Bulletin 36(1):102-107.
- Silva MN, Markland D, Minderico CS, et al. (2008) A randomized controlled trial to evaluate self-determination theory for exercise adherence and weight control: rationale and intervention description. BMC Public Health 8:234.
- Rubak S, Sandbæk A, Lauritzen T, et al. (2005). Motivational interviewing: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of General Practice 55(513):305-312.
- Spahn JM, Reeves RS, Keim KS, et al. (2010). State of the evidence regarding behavior change theories and strategies in nutrition counseling to facilitate health and food behavior change. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 110(6):879-891.
- Teixeira PJ, Palmeira AL & Vansteenkiste M, et al. (2012). The role of self-determination theory and motivational interviewing in behavioral nutrition, physical activity, and health: an introduction to the IJBANPA special series. IJNBPA 9:17.
- Stead M, Hastings G & McDermott L (2007). The meaning, effectiveness and future of social marketing. Obesity Reviews 8(s1):189-193.
- UK Department of Health (2011). Changing behaviours, improving outcomes: a new social marketing strategy for public health. London: Department of Health.
- UK Department of Health (2010). Change4Life one year on. London: COI for the Department of Health and the Department for Children, Schools and Families.
- Crocker H, Lucas R & Wardle J (2012). Cluster-randomised trial to evaluate the ‘Change for Life’ mass media/ social marketing campaign in the UK. BMC Public Health 12:404.
- Rayner M (2007). Social marketing: how might this contribute to tackling obesity? Obesity Reviews 8(s1):195-199.
- Thaler RH & Sunstein CR (2008). Nudge: improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness. New Haven, CT & London: Yale University Press.
- EU project EATWELL (Interventions to Promote Healthy Eating Habits: Evaluation and Recommendations) (2012). Effectiveness of Policy Interventions to Promote Healthy Eating and Recommendations for Future Action: Evidence from the EATWELL Project.
- Blumenthal-Barby JS & Burroughs H (2012). Seeking better health care outcomes: the ethics of using the “nudge". American Journal of Bioethics 12(2):1-10.
- House of Lords (2012). Behaviour change. Science and Technology Select Committee 2nd Report of Session 2010–12. London : The Stationery Office Limited.
- Patrick K, Raab F, Adams MA, et al. (2009). A text message–based intervention for weight loss: Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 11(1):e1.
- Dennison L, Morrison L, Conway G, et al. (2013). Opportunities and challenges for smartphone applications in supporting health behavior change: qualitative study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 15(4):e86.
- Baranowski T, Buday R, Thompson DI, et al. (2008). Playing for real: video games and stories for health-related behavior change. American Journal of Preventative Medicine 34(1):74-82.
- Warburton DE, et al. (2007). The health benefits of interactive video game exercise. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 32(4):655-663.
- Adamo KB, Rutherford JA & Goldfield GS (2010). Effects of interactive video game cycling on overweight and obese adolescent health. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 35(6):805-815.
- Peng W, Crouse JC & Lin JH (2013). Using active video games for physical activity promotion: a systematic review of the current state of research. Health Education & Behavior 40(2):171-192
- Baranowski T, Diep C, Baranowski J (2013). Influences on children's dietary behavior, and innovative attempts to change it. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 62(Suppl 3):38-46.
- Myers EF, Spence LA, Leslie B, et al. (2010). Nutrition and telephone counseling: future implications for dietitians and teledietetics. Topics in Clinical Nutrition 25(2):88-108.
- Morrison LG, Yardley L, Powell J, et al. (2012). What design features are used in effective e-health interventions? A review using techniques from critical interpretive synthesis. Telemedicine journal and e-Health 18(2):137-144.
- Cugelman B, Thelwall M, Dawes P, et al. (2011). Online interventions for social marketing health behavior change campaigns: a meta-analysis of psychological architectures and adherence factors. Journal of Medical Internet Research 13(1):e17.
- Shove E (2010). Beyond the ABC: climate change policy and theories of social change. Environment And Planning 42(6):1273-1285.
- World Health Organization (WHO) (2008). Resolution. Behaviour change strategies and health: the role of health systems. EUR/RC58/R8. Regional Committee for Europe Fifty-eighth session. Tbilisi, Georgia: WHO. | <urn:uuid:bd3e5455-7462-46ff-b63d-aca6a809e40a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.eufic.org/article/en/expid/Motivating-behaviour-change/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399106.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00017-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911099 | 6,734 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Scarlet Knight . . . The future of deep-water oceanography?
On December 9, officials from NOAA joined scientists from Rutgers University and other overseas institutions in a celebration highlighting the first-ever trans-Atlantic ocean crossing of an unmanned, underwater glider . . .
The glider, launched off the coast of New Jersey last April, repeatedly dove to depths of 200 meters (656 feet) to collect data including temperature, salinity, and density. Scientists correlate these data with those from satellite imagery and altimetry, sea-floor and buoy-mounted sensors, and radar systems to get a more detailed view of a particular patch of ocean in near real time.
Source: NOAA's press release
Further details about mission can be found at Rutgers University Scarlet Knight website. | <urn:uuid:b77340c5-e472-4c17-aaca-5fc44d1fc957> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://diydrones.com/profiles/blog/show?id=705844%3ABlogPost%3A850008&commentId=705844%3AComment%3A850706&xg_source=activity | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400031.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00190-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909905 | 158 | 3 | 3 |
Long-term and accurate climate data is needed to underpin work to understand, mitigate and adapt to climate change. At the Met Office Hadley Centre we monitor the climate system and compile observational evidence of variability and change to build a complete picture of the world's climate.
Dr Peter Stott, Head of Climate Monitoring and Attribution explains the importance of maintaining global and regional temperature datasets and how these give us, not only a robust record of past climate, but confidence in computer model projections of future climate.
The thing most people will immediately say is temperature and this, of course, is a key parameter for us to record. Together, we and the University of East Anglia's Climatic Research Unit compile a temperature set for the entire world, known as HadCRUT. In conjunction with the National Climate Information Centre, based at the Met Office, we also compile temperature datasets for the UK and are responsible for maintaining the Central England Temperature series. This is the longest instrumental record in the world and gives a unique insight into the temperature over a period spanning
more than 350 years.
But there are many other elements which are equally important for us to know about. Determining how much heat is stored in the oceans; the extent of polar sea-ice; glacier mass; and the temperature high up in the stratosphere are among the records that combine to provide a comprehensive picture of our climate.
Whatever we observe, length of record is absolutely essential. This is because naturally occurring year to year variability tells us very little about climate change and it's only by looking over longer periods of time that we detect underlying trends within the 'noise' of shorter records.
The reason we're now able to monitor more than simply land and sea-surface temperature is the advent of modern technologies. So we've moved from having thermometers and hygrometers measuring temperature and humidity to instruments flown on satellites and travelling at depth in the world's oceans to measure a much larger range of elements. Using satellites we can monitor the extent and thickness of sea- and land-ice and specialist submerged floats provide us with temperature and salinity readings deep in the oceans, as well as information on currents, that previously were not available to us.
These are much more than a straightforward averaging of a range of temperatures. The datasets are expressed in terms of an anomaly; that is, how each part of the series differs from the average conditions. A lot of work goes into their construction. To do this, temperature measurements are quality controlled and careful account taken of the different ways in which temperatures have been measured over the years. For instance, sea temperatures used to be measured by hauling in buckets from the sides of ships but are now mostly measured by special measuring buoys.
By building a comprehensive picture of past climate we can test how well climate models perform. We start our climate models at some point in the past, run them forward to the present day and look to see how well the model replicates what has actually happened. We can check to see whether the model has the correct climatology in terms of temperature and humidity; we can check whether the model has the correct variability, such as successfully replicating the variability between El Niño and La Niña conditions in the Pacific Ocean; and we can check how well the model represents clouds, showing us how well it has captured the physical processes of our atmosphere. We can also verify that the model correctly captures the main features of climate change over the last century.
Increasingly, we are able to perform a forensic examination of the causes of extreme weather. An international group of scientists is examining specific instances of extreme weather and through a process of 'optimal fingerprinting' establishing how the odds, or frequency, of a given event occurring are changing and why that might be. We are able to identify and isolate likely causes, be they natural or man-made, for temperature extremes with more work being done to establish causes for extremes of rainfall.
The European heatwave of 2003, which led to tens of thousands of additional deaths, is estimated to have been made at least twice as likely in future because of man's activities. Through these studies we can build a picture of future climate and help inform decisions on how best to adapt to, or mitigate against, them in the future.
In terms of temperature, there is an international initiative to build a new dataset which has more data on daily timescales and is benchmarked to improve comparison between the data. This will give us much more information on variability and emerging trends in extreme temperatures at local scales.
Today's more sophisticated climate models are including feedbacks within the climate system to evaluate the response of the climate to thawing permafrost and the carbon cycle among other things.
So just as temperature records demonstrate the effectiveness of climate models, we need to accurately measure permafrost and the changing carbon dioxide balance in the atmosphere to give us confidence that these newer models are accurately reflecting what's actually happening.
View the document Core capabilities - Observations and monitoring (PDF, 197 kB)
Last updated: 28 January 2016 | <urn:uuid:5ead4107-52c5-4e65-bcc7-f11f3fd62651> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/climate-services/case-studies/observations | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00011-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945441 | 1,031 | 4.03125 | 4 |
A History of Rossie, NY
HISTORY OF ROSSIE [St. Lawrence Co., NY] By Herbert O. Johnson
In 1792 Alexander Macomb purchased of the state of New York, all of the town of Rossie and several hundred thousand acres more for 8 pence an acre. He failed to make good, however, and did not get a title. The first title was given to Daniel Mch. 3, 1795, and for four months he was the owner of the town, when he sold an undivided fifteenth. Between July 10, 1795, and July 24, 1804, Richard Harrison, Abijah Hammond, Wm. S. Smith, Wm. Constable, Robert Gilchrist, Theodosius Fowler, Francis Childs, Jonathan H. Lawrence and Jonathan Dayton were all interested in the lands of the town.
On July 24, 1804, all the heirs of Wm. Constable and the executors of his will signed a deed conveying to James Donatiaous Le Ray de Chaumont and Grace, his wife, gave a warranty deed to David Parish, covering the whole town of Rossie; the description in the deed was based on a map and survey made by Benjamin Wright.
In 1796, the state bought the land of the Indians and agreed to pay “at the mouth of the river Chazy” of Lake Champlain on the third Monday in August, 2230 pounds, 6 shillings and 8 pence, with an annual payment on the third Monday in August each year “forever thereafter” the sum of 213 pounds, 6 shillings, and 8 pence. For value received, the “Seven Nations or tribes of Indians” did “cede, release and quit claim to the people of the state of New York forever, all claim, right or title of them, the said Seven Nations or tribes of Indians” to lands within said State” thereby making good the title of the state.
In 1806, Ambrose Simmons, Oliver Malterner, Amos Kinney, Jr., Samuel Bonfy, Silvius Waters, Josua Sevens, Jerome Waldo, Geo. W. Pike, Benjamin Pike, Jr., Ebenezer Bemis and David Shepard made contracts for land in the town of Rossie, near the present village of Somerville. A part if not all of the men making a personal visit and locating their land that year, returning to their homes in Herkimer County late in the fall.
In 1807, Joseph Teall and Reuben Strayer purchased or rather contracted for all the eastern end of the town from where the Oswegatchie River crosses the town at Wegatchie. According to Highest History of St. Lawrence Co., the contract was made through George Morris a nephew of Gouverneur Morris, though the country records do not show that Gouverneur Morris owned any land in the town of Rossie. In 1810 they were given deeds to over 1600 acres, by David Parish. They came from Herkimer County, to Somerville in 1807 and Mr. Straighter made the first clearing the same year. It was about half a mile east of Wegatchie on the farm now owned by Mr. Henry Force.
The usual trials of pioneer settlers fell to the lot of those hardy men. It was no easy task to hew a farm from the forest and the first year there was little to live on except game and such provisions as they brought with them which could not have been very much. Through the first winter they all made small clearings and in the spring of 1808 crops were planted, most of the seed having been carefully saved from the little store brought with them from Herkimer County.
By 1809 the little community began to find life somewhat easier, roads had been built, one to Gouverneur; another from Somerville to Wegatchie and from there to Natural dam, where there was a grist mill. Mr Straighter built a sawmill at Wegatchie that year, and boards could be secured for doors and floors.
In 1810, David Freeman, James Straighter, Joseph Teall, Diamond Wheeler, Eli Winchell, Simeon Sevens, John Wilcox, and Daniel Wilcox, the latter unmarried, moved to the new country; several of them had been up the summer before and built log houses for themselves, so that all that was necessary to settle was a fire on the hearth and their few household goods in place. To start a fire on his hearth, one of the men, Mr. Freeman, walked half a mile to borrow a burning brand.
Because of the easier access probably no settlement had been started west of the Oswegatchie River previous to 1810; in that year, however, Mr. Parrish decided to open up the western end of the town.
It was, of course, known that Black Lake extended from the settlement near Ogdensburg to the boundary of Mr. Parish’s possessions in Rossie, and offered an easy route to the St. Lawrence River. Early in the spring of 1810, he sent Mr. Daniel W. Church, who had superintended the erection of a stone store for Mr. Parish in Ogdensburg, to the head of Black Lake to look for a water power. He found a very promising power on the Indian River about one-half mile above its junction with the Lake.
In the early summer of 1810 Mr. Church with seven men, one of whom took his wife as cook, boarded a Canadian bateau for the head of navigation on Indian River where a water power had been located. They landed just at sunset. Fastening their sail to poles, they made a tent for the married pair, while the rest of the party rolled themselves in their blankets and slept on the rocks by a fire they built. The next day, a two room shanty was put up with material they had brought with them. That was the first house in what is now Rossie village. It was on the island near where the old furnace now stands.
Some previous attempt to establish a settlement, or station at Rossie had been made, for the early settlers found a boat loaded with stone and sunk in Indian river, that had evidently lain there for many years, and at a point where the stone store was later built, an excavation had been made, as though some building was to be erected. Why, or by whom, no one knows. A theory plausible at least, is that it was done by the French Missionaries.
The Sulpitians erected a mission building on the point where the Oswegatchie River flows into the St. Lawrence at Ogdensburg in 1749. Many years ago the corner stone was found in removing the walls. On it was a Latin inscription which translated reads: “Francis Picquet laid the foundation of this habitation in the name of the Almighty God in 1749.”
There are many evidences that the Indians were numerous around Black Lake. Old Indian hearths, rude pottery and earthworks, implements of the chase and of warfare have been found all along its shores. It is quite probable that the Sulpitians desired to establish a mission station in the midst of the Indian homes.
No one will ever know for there is no known record French or English, regarding the boat load of stone in the bottom of Indian River, or the hole in the ground on its shore, nor can any one tell why it was abandoned. It may have been an unrecorded frontier tragedy. There were many such, whatever the cause. It no doubt delayed the beginning of Rossie’s history for many years.
The work on the saw-mill was begun the day following their arrival. Mr. Church says in an autobiography, “The first work we did was a saw pit and set the whip saws going and by night had a log hut of two rooms covered with the plant cut for the dam and flume.” By hard and well directed effort the mill was completed and ready to operate before winter.
It was quite essential to the prosperity of Mr. Parish’s tenants, and the improvement of his lands that some means of closer communication between the different sections he established. With this end in view, he engaged Mr. Crary, a surveyor of Antwerp, to run a line from Ox-Bow through Rossie to Ogdensburg, to determine the feasibility of building a road between those points. Mr. Crary reported such a road impossible. Mr. Parish at once wrote to Mr. Church, asking him to examine the ground and give his opinion. Mr. Church says, “I started one afternoon with one man and went through to Vrooman’s Chanity (shanty) where we stopped that night, and as soon as daylight in the morning, Vrooman with us, to show us the county line, we started and began our line as soon as we could see. We ran over a point of the ridge and down into the cedar swamp where the long crossway now is.” After a breakfast of raw pork and bread, they continued their line reaching a point near the Helmer farm at night and the next morning finished their survey. Mr. Church reported that the road could be built but at “considerable expense.”
During the winter of 1810 and 1811 Mr. Church built a bridge across the Indian River at the foot of “big hill” just above the present bridge. At the same time lumber was sawing at the new mill for contemplated buildings in Rossie, and also for a boat the “Genesee Packet” that was to be built in Ogdensburg. The next summer, 1811, a road was constructed on the line run by Mr. Church between Rossie and OxBow. This road connected with a road previously built from OxBow through Wegatchie to Somerville and completed a road from end to end of Mr. Parish’s possessions.
Rossie was made to feel the effects of the war of 1812 in various ways. While it was out of the path of soldiers, sent north both by the U.S. Government and by the State, and was far enough from the Canadian border to be free from the annoyance of foraging parties, it was nevertheless so near the seat of war on the northern frontier that it experienced the excitement and some of the hardships of actual war. On one occasion the able bodied men or a part of them at least, were ordered to pack two weeks rations, shoulder their muskets and march to Ogdensburg. It was a “hurry call” and the trip was made in one fatiguing day’s march, arriving late in the evening. The men camped that night and the next day were ordered to shoulder their muskets and march home again. They left their rations with the half starved soldiers camped there, some of whom were living on flour and water mixed and roasted over the campfire.
To the settlers from the Mohawk country who had experienced the horrors of Indian warfare during the Revolutionary war, a means of defence was a great and pressing necessity. Most of the able bodied men in the eastern end of the town gathered on a point in the road from Somerville to Wegatchie about three-fourths of a mile from the latter place, on what is now a part of the Teal farm to erect a block house. They worked frantically cutting and hewing timber, for the block house must be substantial and safe. So the timber was all squared that entered into its construction. It was finished in a very short time and the community breathed easier.
A small block house was started at Somerville, near the little creek that flows by the town, on the land now owned by John Salmon. This was of round logs and was never completed. It is not surprising that the war with its probable British and Indian alliance should send a thrill of fear through the inhabitants of that part of the town for most of them came from Herkimer County where the Indian allies of the British had committed the most villainous atrocities during the revolutionary war. The older settlers had passed through these horrors. Grandmother Malterner, the mother of Oliver and Geo. Malterner, and Mrs. David Freeman, had fled to a swamp with her little brood, during that awful period and from there had seen night illuminated, the torches being [thrown at] her own home and the houses of her neighbors, by their light had seen women and children carried off to captivity or torture or their heads split with a tomahawk; had seen the brains of infants dashed out on rocks. She had come within a second of death at the hand of an Indian warrior whose uplifted tomahawk was caught by another Indian as its sharp blade was about to descend upon her head. Her husband was a captive at Quebec, carried off by these same Indians.
Something like a panic prevailed upon the declaration of war. The sight of an Indian, no matter how innocent he might be, would send the people to cover. Before the blockhouse was finished, and while the men were at work on it, a young man by the name of Keeney came rushing through the settlement at Somerville saying, there was a party of Indians on the war path. Seizing a gun from its pegs in one of the houses he swore a magnificent oath that he would protect the settlers if he had to exterminate the whole tribe. Women ran screaming from their homes, some guarding their children, others leaving them in their fright; one woman dropped a child she was carrying and ran on. Grandmother Malterner cautioned silence, but silence was an impossibility in the frenzied state prevailing. She gathered some most valued possessions in a bundle, saw that the children were all together and started for the blockhouse collecting sons and daughters, including the infant that was dropped in the cornfield. The men hearing of the peril, started for their homes, meeting the fugitives on their way. At night all were safely fathered at the blockhouse where they remained for several days. It was the believe of the settlers, when the excitement was over, that Keeney saw no Indians, but was seeking a reputation for valor.
The same summer, 1812, Mr. Streeter’s saw mill at Wegatchie burned and its destruction was attributed to Indians. The incident came near causing another panic. Later it was found that the mill had been fired by a man living near who left the country the same night, never to return.
In 1813, Rossie village was captured by the British and was in possession of the enemy for about 24 hours. A gang of horse thieves and all-around toughs, deserters from both armies and vagabonds from both sides of the St. Lawrence, made their headquarters at Rossie, making raids in various directions, but chiefly into Canada, stealing horses and running them to the rocky ravines around Rossie where they were kept until there was a chance to sell them. Their raids became so frequent and so bold that the Canadian authorities determined to put a stop to them. With that end in view, Col. Frazier with a company of British regulars, came over by way of Morristown. The “invading army” surrounded Rossie village and captured it, but as no resistance was offered the battle was both bloodless and powderless. The force was divided, a part being left to guard the town, the balance were sent to hunt up the thieves. No captures were made, however, and the next day the soldiers marched back to Brookville. This ended the war so far as the town of Rossie was concerned.
The excitement of new business enterprises, the work of building mills, houses and roads, and the toil and moil of making productive homes in the wilderness, drove all thoughts of war from the people’s minds, and the routine of life was resumed as though there had been no interruption.
Until Jan. 1, 1811, Rossie was a part of the great unwieldy town of Russell which then embraced the present towns of Russell, Fowler, Pierpont, Pitcairn, Rossie and parts of the towns of Hammond and Fine.
In 1810, Benjamin Pike in behalf of the inhabitants of the section of the town bordering on Jefferson County, requested of the free holders that they might be set off from Russell, the intention being to annex themselves to Gouverneur. There seemed to be no objection to letting them go, as the following from the records of the town of Russell shows: “At a special meeting of the free-holders and other inhabitants of the town of Russell assembled on Tuesday, the first day of January, 1811, at the dwelling house of Moses A. Bunnell, in said Russell, voted to grant the request of Benjamin Pike, in behalf of the inhabitants of that part of Russell called Somerville that they be set off from Russell and annexed to Gouverneur.” The part so set off embraced the townships numbered 1, 2 and 7. Hammond, Killarney and Somerville of tract number 3. That is the present towns of Fowler, Rossie and part of Hammond. After the separation, it was decided to form a separate town instead of becoming a part of Gouverneur.
On January 27, 1813, a special act of the Legislature was passed incorporating the town of Rossie. In the act a day was named for holding the first town meeting. The day passed and no meeting was held. The following extracts from the records of the town gives the reason: “The proceedings of a town meeting held by the Justice of the Peace for the town of Rossie at the house of Reuben Streeter on Thursday the 16th day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and thirteen, agreeable to the statutes made and provided, In the case of neglect of the town in not choosing town officers at the legal time of holding town meeting, they not having been informed of their incorporation in time, we, the subscribers, Justices of the Peace in and for the County of Saint Lawrence, having met for the purpose above mentioned, have chosen and appointed the following persons as town officers for this year.” The following list of officers were named: Supervisor, Reuben Streeter; Town Clerk, Geo. W. Pike; Assessors, H.G. Berthrong, Jedediah Kingsley, Benjamin Pike; Commissioners of Highways, Simeon Stevens, Diamond Wheeler, Alvin Wight; Constable and Collector, Elias Teall; Overseer of the Poor, Samuel Bonfy and Silvius Waters; and “seventhly chose Reuben Streeter, Benjamin Pike, Silvius Waters and Ebenezer Parker overseers of the highways in the several districts in which they respectively live, and lastly do agree and appoint the next annual town meeting to be held at the house of Reuben Streeter, in said town.” Signed: Isaac Austin, Pardon Babcock and Diamond Wheeler, Justices of the Peace. Attested by Geo. W. Pike, Town Clerk. There follows a record of receiving and placing on file the oaths of office for all the chosen officials. Diamond Wheeler was evidently the only justice in the new town. Pardon Babcock and Isaac Austin were residents of Gouverneur and were of the first party of four men to visit Gouverneur with the intention of settling there. This was in 1805. Mr. Berthrong named as assessor was the first “inn keeper” at Rossie.
Mr. Streeter had moved to the block house shortly after its completion, it being the only house of any size in town. For many years the town meetings were held there.
The new town was named by Mr. Parish, Rossie, being the name of a castle in Scotland owned by his brother-in-law. His sister’s name was Rosa. Somerville was named from Somerville, N.J., which was familiar ground to some of the land holders of that time. Hammond was named from Abijah Hammond, who, with W.S. Smith owned large tracts of Macombs land, the other township forming the new town of Rossie. Killarney was doubtless named by McCormick, who was a native of Ireland.
When the town was formed, the settlers had made a good showing for that time, and their number on the first assessment roll showed a list of thirty-seven taxpayers, not all residents of the town, however, there were 499 ¾ acres of land cleared and 90,575 acres wild, the total valuation being at $183,754.00. The buildings did not show up very well, they were only valued at $2,990.00 which certainly could not be considered extravagant in the way of house building.
The assessment roll was for the present towns of Rossie, Fowler and Hammond. The greater part of the land cleared was in the vicinity of the present village of Somerville. There was a small settlement at Hailesboro in Fowler though not very much land was cleared. In Hammond, one man had established himself at Chippewa Bay and a hermit lived somewhere in the woods. At Rossie village a small clearing had been made around the mill. Of the 499 acres cleared, less than 100 lay outside the Teall and Streeter tract.
Throughout Northern New York, the first industry started was the sawmill, after which came the flour mill, then followed any thing that the proprietors looked upon as likely to enhance the value of their lands or help their tenants in their struggles with adverse nature. The pioneer found certain aspects of nature an enemy to be conquered. It was a far cry from a dense forest to waving fields of grain, yet the waving fields of grain were necessary to their prosperity, almost their existence. The one implement that he must have was the ax; a gun came next. He moulded his own bullets, made his own powder; with these implements and an iron kettle for his wife he was ready to face the forest. He had the hardihood, energy and good health that were sure winners. His first move was the erection of a log house with one or two rooms below and a loft above. The saw mills sometimes furnished boards for floors and partitions and sometimes they were split from pine logs. This is a description of the home of David Freeman, built in the summer of 1810, that has been handed down from generation to generation. It was built of square logs and contained two rooms on the ground floor about seven feet high. Above was one room at first, though later partitioned, about three feet high on the sides and seven or eight at the peak. At one end the chimney and fireplace was built. It was of stone and formed a part of the end of the house. It was rough and irregular, and the children amused themselves by climbing up its sides. It was very much like climbing stairs and from it they crawled through the little window into the loft. Inside there was more of an attempt at symmetrical lines. The stones were more smoothly laid and it was rudely plastered in places. The fireplace was wide and deep, almost large enough to set up a bed. From its capacious throat hung a pot-hook, a hook hung at the end of a chain just over the fire, the other or top end of the chain being fastened at the top or part way up the chimney. At the side of the fireplace was attached a crane. The boards in the floor were loose. Tradition says that the cracks in the walls were stopped with lime mortar, though more often clay was used.
All the houses were very much alike, except that some, most in fact, were made of round logs, instead of hewn timber. Baking was done in the kettles until the dignity of a brick oven was reached. This oven was built out of doors, so that baking day depended somewhat on the weather. Baking was quite an elaborate process. In the first place they must have “oven wood,” dry wood cut short and split fine. The fire was built several hours before the baking was to be done to get the oven hot. Once hot, the baking could be done without further fire. The result was far better bread than can be made in the modern stove or range, at least the old people used to say so.
The farmer must be a mechanic as well, for most of his farm tools and furniture he made with his axe, jack-knife, and sometimes if especially fore-handed, a draw shave. He made his drag, table, chairs, bedstead, put up shelves and made chests for the storage of linen. The only wagons were those in which they moved from Herkimer or wherever they came from. Those who had no wagons, used sleds. The runners hewed out of a “natural crook” selected with great care from some tree. Nevertheless, these hardy pioneers enjoyed life, enjoyed work, they liked to see the little clearing around the house grow larger acre by acre, the little patch of wheat, not enough for the year’s consumption, expand until there was a surplus, enjoyed telling how many acres of rye they had sown, and the corn, how luxuriantly it grew.
They read nature, not books, aside from bibles, there were not a hundred books in the town and only now and then a newspaper. They were up early enough to hear the birds in the morning; every bird’s voice was familiar to them. They were strong, healthy, hearty and could sleep, and the homely fare was enjoyed to the uttermost. The children were strong of limb, tanned and freckled by being always out of doors. Healthy from simple food and constant exercise. It was a pleasure to live.
The education of the children of the community commenced in 1811 when a Mr. Maynard opened a school in a little log house on the farm now owned by Wallace Emonds, about one mile west of Somerville. There were no school districts, in fact no school provided for except as the people subscribed for the purpose. The pioneers paid a certain amount for tuition and boarded the teacher a certain length of time, while he with a good birch rod and an English reader directed the young idea. The method of teaching was peculiar to the time, many things of a religious character were taught. The alphabet was memorized before any attention was given to the appearance of the letters. When the children reached the proper age, the multiplication table was committed to memory and then the youth learned to sing it. During the boy’s entire education until he got big enough to “lick the teacher” he was given frequent lessons in dancing to the tune whistled by the birch rod, as it cut the air in its descent on the home made woolen that clothed his sturdy form.
Not until 1815 was the matter of education taken up officially. On March 30th of that year, the town was divided into three school districts, number one, comprising the present town of Fowler, number two, all of Rossie from No. 1 to the Indian River, while No. 3 reached from the Indian River to the St. Lawrence. The little log school house of district number two was standing not a great many years ago, though all trace of it is gone now. It was near where the first school was taught by Mr. Maynard. On Mar. 31, 1814, a feeble cry was heard at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Williams. It was the first cry of just that kind that had been heard in the town and was a little baby boy’s protest against uncongenial surroundings. Because he was the first baby in the new town he was named “Rossie”—William Rossie Williams. His advent may have hurried the people of the town in their efforts to establish a better school system, for at the town meeting that year Reuben Streeter, James Howard and Noah Holcomb were named “commissioners of common schools.” No school meeting was held— all the school business being transacted by the above board and at regular town meetings. In 1816, it was voted, that three times the money shall be raised for the support of common schools that is allowed by the state. The records do not show the amount.
A wolf bounty of $5.00 was offered in 1855; there was also a fox bounty of 55 cents. It was ordered at town meeting that “hogs should not run at large” and that “cows should not run at large near any tavern or mill in the winter season.”
Until April 15, 1815, the town of Rossie extended from the present village of Fullerville to the St. Lawrence River. On that date, the town of Fowler was organized and with it went school district No. 1. The division took a goodly lot of territory but comparatively few inhabitants. Of the industries a saw-mill and grist mill at Hailesboro were all the new town possessed. It was a fortunate thing for the town of Rossie that David Parish was induced to invest in its real estate for he, and the others who followed, took a personal interest in their tenants, knew them all and were always looking after their welfare. David Parish was the second son of John Parish, an English gentleman who was a resident of Hamburg where he was interested in a Rothschild bank. David was educated with the expectation that he would continue his father’s business, but instead, he was employed by European capitalists to transfer certain credits from the Spanish colonies in Mexico to Europe. Mr. Parish located in Philadelphia where he met Robert and Gouverneur Morris, the Ogden families, so prominent in the history of Ogdensburg, LeRay de Chaumont and others interested in northern lands, and through them was induced to make large purchases. He never became a citizen of the United States, and the State Legislature on Nov. 8, 1808, passed an “enabling act” giving him permission to “purchase or take by descent any real estate within this state; and to hold and dispose of the same in like manner as a natural born citizen.” He built a fine place at Ogdensburg where he made his home most of the time until 1816 when he returned to Europe, where by investment in a concern that proved to be a corrupt institution, he lost heavily and died in 1826 possessed of but little property outside of his American holdings. He died intestate and without issue. His heirs were his father, John Parish, and his brothers, George, Charles, Richard and John. Being aliens they could not hold real estate in New York, except by special act of Legislature. Such an act had been passed, however, in 1817 allowing David’s brother George, who had acted as his agent since his return to Europe, to hold real estate, thus he inherited. The remaining heirs brought suit through the court of Chancery and obtained a judgment. The property was sold to the highest bidder by Peter Seton Henry, master in Chancery, and was purchased by Joseph Rossell, the confidential agent of the Parishes. The deed to Rossell was dated June 26, 1827, and on July 2, 1827, Joseph Rossell and Louisa, his wife, gave a deed of all the property to George Parish. For six days Mr. Rossell owned the property. Mr. Rossell came to this country to escape conscription in Napoleon Bonaparte’s army and was often the only representative of the Parishes in this country. Until his disastrous speculation in Europe, David Parish was very wealthy. He with Steven Girard of Philadelphia, put up seven millions— almost half of a sixteen million dollar loan negotiated by the government in anticipation of the war of 1812-13 with England. He was generous, but practical in his generosity; aristocratic in the best sense of the word; energetic, painstaking and not discouraged by apparent failures. His brother George who succeeded him in management and finally in possession of the property in Northern New York, was a man with many of his characteristics. He, too, was educated for a commercial life, in addition to a finished literary course. He had traveled extensively and continued his trips to many lands while owner of Rossie. George Parish was born in 1781 and was about 35 years old when he came to America.
The difficulty experienced in settling the estate of his brother David, made George more careful. That there might be no trouble in case of his death, he executed a “Last Will and Testament” in which he bequeathed his property in the state of New York to Joseph Rossel of Ogdensburg in trust for his brother Richard, his heirs, etc. Mr. Rossel was further directed to “Devise and bequeath the estate aforesaid to competent trustees. He died very suddenly in Paris, Apr. 22, 1839, while preparing for an extensive journey in Asia, leaving as heirs, Richard Parish of Hamburg, John Parish of Bohemia, Charles Parish of Hamburg and Elizabeth Hamilton of Glasgow. His will was proved July 12, 1839, before Horace Allen, Surrogate of St. Lawrence County.
For the second time Mr. Rossel was in possession of all the Parish property in New York State. On Dec. 6, 1841, Mr. Rossel sold to George Parish all the land in Rossie. The deed recites the will of George Parish and further says “the said Richard Parish has authorized and directed the said Joseph Rossel to grant, sell, and convey to his son, George Parish,...all lands, etc...and in consideration of $228,000.00 conveys with other lands in the town of Rossie township of Somerville, the unsold residue of various lots amounting to about 1700 acres. This deed also covered all personal property, machinery, mines and minerals. On Dec. 31, 1859, another deed was given by Mr. Rossel wherein he conveyed “all real and personal estate of what nature and kind, whatsover. Whereof, the said George Parish, deceased, died seized or possessed or was in any way or manner entitled or interested, not otherwise conveyed.”
George Parish 2nd, a nephew of David Parish, was the last of the name to live in this country. He possessed the extensive ability of his uncles, managed the property in a way to keep values increasing, but was less inclined to make improvements that were not of direct benefit to his property. His pace was rather more swift than that of the previous owner. He kept quite extensive stables, maintained his house in great style, evidently was rather fond of display, though always easily approached. He gave himself no air of superiority in his contact with other men. There are four old lithographs in the Laidlaw house at Rossie that Mr. Parish had executed in Germany shortly after taking possession of the property in 1841,--one is of Victoria lead mine, one of the iron works at Rossie. He spent a great deal of his time in Europe and gave powers of attorney to different people to transact any business including the transfer of real estate. Joseph Rossel and his son John Francis, Charles R. Westbrook, Royal Phelps, Robert Gordon, Benjamin F. Butler (Maitland Phelps & Co.) were among those to whom such power was granted. About 1866 he was given the title of Baron VonSeftonburg by Austria and at once removed to that country, and so far as is known, no member of the Parish family has visited the United States since. He died in 1883. About 1899, a deed was given by Oscar Parish through his attorney, closing out the last little end of the Parish interests in this country.
For sixty years the Parish family took a personal interest in Rossie, spending their money freely for its betterment, entering into its history when it was a wilderness, watching and directing its growth until it became a prosperous, highly cultivated and well developed town, then leaving. They are as much a part of its history as its mines, mills or farms.
In 1812 iron ore was discovered at about a mile east of Somerville. Mr. Parish sent samples to Albany for assay. The assay proving satisfactory, enough ore was sent to give it a trial in a furnace. The furnace trial showed the ore to be of good quality, making a superior grade of iron. Mr. Parish in 1813, began the erection of a furnace at Rossie Village. Mr. James Howard, a brother-in-law of D.W. Church, and who had worked with Mr. Church in Ogdensburg, was placed in charge of the building operation. A Mr. Bempo, an English furnace man was made the first manager and conducted the first blast in 1815 which was a complete failure. Then began a series of costly experiments, lasting until about 1819, when Mr. Bembo gave it up and returned to England, no further work being done there for a number of years. Meanwhile Mr. David Parish had returned to Europe, 1816, and his brother George had assumed the management of the Parish property. In 1817 James Monroe, President of the United States, visited Rossie as a guest of Mr. Parish. The same year, the recorded vote in the town, for Governor, was Daniel D. Tompkins 14 and Preston King 5, making 19, the total number of votes cast in the town for Governor of the great state of New York.
Some time in the 20’s, Mr. Parish opened correspondence with a Mr. Call of New Jersey who was familiar with furnace work as practiced in Germany. He came to Rossie in 1822 or 23. Under his management a successful blast was made for Messrs. Keith, Marvin & Sykes, to whom Mr. Parish had leased the furnace for experimental purposes. Having demonstrated that the furnace was a success, they gave it up and it was leased to S.Fuller & Co. After three years, Mr. Parish bought the contract of Messrs. Fuller and made a long lease with Robert R. Burr of New Jersey. Mr. Burr gave up his lease in 1827 after having run the furnace for only two or three years. For ten years the furnace was idle.
In 1837, Mr. Parish built a new stack and in other ways enlarged and improved the property and May 12th the furnace was again blown in. In 1844, the furnace was again enlarged. Between 1837 and 1852, something over 17000 tons of iron was made. In 1848-9 a foundry and machine shop was built in connection with the furnace. The shop was devoted largely to material for railroad construction.
In 1844, George Parish, 2nd, a nephew of David Parish, became owner of the Parish interests in St. Lawrence County. He kept the furnace property until 1864 when he sold it and the iron mines at Keenes and Caledonia to Samuel W. Torrey, who in turn sold the property to the Rossie Iron Works, a corporation of which Mr. Torrey was made President. The furnace was blown out for the last time in 1867 and is now a somewhat picturesque ruin owned by Mr. John P. Crary of Rossie.
The furnace at Rossie was built to smelt the ores found at the Caledonia mine, which had been opened in 1812. For many years all the ore mined was hauled to Rossie usually by the tenants of Mr. Parish, he paying them from $1.00 to $3.00 per ton for hauling. Mr. Parish and his attorneys managed the mines until the property was sold in 1864, when Mr. Chas. R. Westbrook of Ogdensburg was given the management by the Rossie Iron Works. Mr. Westbrook was of an old Ulster County family, his ancestors having settled there in 1640. In 1883 his son, Charles S. succeeded him in the management which re retained until 1890, when Mr. Gregory P. Hart succeeded him and continued until the mine was closed in 1893.
The history of the mine would furnish a good ground work for the financial history of our country, its periods of activity and of depression being almost the same as the periods of financial prosperity and gloom. Until the 40’s all the ore mined was hauled to Rossie. Between that time and the building of the railroad in 1856, other furnaces had been built near by and used Caledonia ore. From 1868 to 1873, there was but little ore shipped until 1879, when another wave of prosperity struck the iron interests. In 1881-2, the hand drilling was mostly abandoned and the work was done with compressed air. A machine shop was built and a company store started under the management of Mr. Addison Cummings, a native of the town of Rossie. In 1887, shipments of ore stopped, and from then no work was done except to keep the mine free from water. In 1890, shipping was resumed in a small way, lasting until 1893, when everything, pumps, tracks and all machinery was taken from the mines and they were allowed to fill with water. The property was placed in charge of Mr. Victor Boulet, who had been in the employ of the company since 1868, coming from the “Grand Banks” where he had been a fisherman.
The Rossie Iron Works made application for a voluntary dissolution and Mr. Joseph P. Curtis was appointed receiver to sell the property. On Sept. 26, 1898, the property was sold, Mr. Chas. S. Westbrook and Mr. James M. Wells buying the mines and mineral rights. In 1900 Mr. Westbrook pumped out the Caledonia mine and sold to the Rossie Iron Ore Co., who have continued its operation since, first under the management of Mr. Rodie until 1904, when the present manager, Mr. Brimsmead assumed charge. He is a native of New York, a technical graduate with a wide practical experience, having been connected with mines in Missouri, Montana, British Columbia and South America. At present about 100 men are employed at the Caledonia Mine and they are raising about 200 tons of ore per day.
The first postoffice established in the town of Rossie was at Rossie village, May 16, 1816. It was the eleventh office in the county, the first having been established in Dekalb in 1806. Mr. Roswell Ryon was the first postmaster and was one of the supervisors of the town.
In 1828 a postoffice was established at Somerville, Solomon Pratt was the first postmaster being succeeded by Martin Thatcher, Ward P. Lewis, H.R. Albro, Chauncey B. Fell, Lyman Merriman, Gilbert Waid, Hiram Hall, Chas. Witt, J.B. Johnson, P.M. Crowley, A.A. Scott, John Brickley, and Geo. VanOrnum. In January, 1905, the postoffice was discontinued.
The postoffice at Spragueville was first established at the house of Alexander Wright on Shingle Creek, some distance from its present location. Later it was moved to Steels Corners, then to Spragues Corners. It was first named Shingle Creek then Keensville and finally Spragueville, its present name. Mr. Wright was the first postmaster, followed by Daniel Wilcox, Geo. F. Steele, Eben Gillet, A.M. Vedder, L.G. Draper, D.W. Sprague, Geo. Steele, D.W. Sprague, A.H. Johnson, and Frank Johnson, the present incumbent.
A good roads movement started June 8, 1812, when a company composed of David Parish, L. Hasbrouck, N. Lord, J. Rossel and others was incorporated with a capital of $50,00 and was known as the Ogdensburg Turnpike Co., for the purpose of making a turnpike road from Ogdensburg to Wilna. They turned the road over to the town in 1826. This road extended from OxBow to the Morristown line. The town maintained its own roads from 1826 to 1848, when the Gouverneur, Somerville and Antwerp Co. was formed to build a plank road from Antwerp through to Gouverneur. This road crossed the town of Rossie at Somerville, being only about 1-1/2 miles in the town. The company was incorporated Dec. 30, 1848. The road was finished in September, 1850. The directors were C.P. Egbert, S.B. VanDuzee, Gilbert Wait, N.L. Gill, Chas. Anthony and Martin Thatcher. Gilbert Wait and Martin Thatcher, the latter being treasurer, were both residents of Somerville. Jan. 23, 1850, the Hammond, Rossie and Antwerp Plank Road Co. was incorporated to build a plank road from Antwerp via Ox Bow and Hammond to Ogdensburg. From OxBow to the Morristown line it was in Rossie. Its directors were Ira Hinsdale, E. Brainard, Z. Gates, A.P. Morse and D.W. Baldwin. Mr. Baldwin was a resident of Rossie and manager of the Parish industries of the town.
The construction of the plank road through the town presented two difficult problems: one was crossing the long swamp about a mile out of OxBow and the other was the approach to Indian River. The swamp was soft and gave no secure foundation for a road bed. At Indian River, there was an almost perpendicular descent of over 50 feet. There was a standard grade established for plank roads, which must not be exceeded. This made it necessary to cut down the hill which was rock and fill from there to the river, a distance of about one-eighth of a mile and a fill of over forty feet at its greatest depth. Messrs. Frasier & Co. took the contract to build the road from OxBow to Rossie for $7,000. The approach to the Indian River cost all they had got for the whole road. The road was completed in December, 1850. After the plank was worn out, the company was permitted to gravel the road and maintain it as a turnpike, collecting the toll the same as before. In 1880 the company’s charter expired and the road was turned over to the town. Previous to 1854, when the railroad was completed from Watertown to Potsdam, crossing the town at Keenes, where a station was established, there had been two lines of stage coaches, running via Antwerp, Somerville and Gouverneur north, the other from Antwerp to Ogdensburg by OxBow, Hammond, Rossie and Morristown. Before the advent of the railroad, all produce was hauled to Albany or Troy.
In 1818 an element entered the town, destined to have a great influence in shaping its moral and industrial growth. In that year, came Robert Ormiston, William Faichney, James Dixon, James Fairbairn, Thomas Elliot, Donald McCarvie, James Henderson, Colon McLaren, James Douglass and Andrew Dodds, with their families. They sailed from Scotland for Quebec. From Quebec they sailed up the St. Lawrence as far as Prescott, where they met one of Mr. Parish’s agents who induced them to visit Rossie. They finally settled in the town between the Oswegatchie and Indian Rivers, now known as Scotch Settlement, Mr. Parish agreeing to clear three acres of land and build a log house for each family, and furnish a yoke of oxen for each two families, and give each a cow, provision and seed wheat for a year. In 1819 Robert Clark, Andrew Culbertson, John Henderson, Andrew Fleming, John Dodds, James Hobkirk, John Tait, James Ormiston, David Storie, Wm. Laidlaw and James Lockie, joined the little colony. John McRobbie, Thomas Turnbull, and his brothers Michael, Adam, Andrew and William, came in 1820.
In 1829 or 30 Joel Jepson who had moved to Rossie from Vermont, was planting corn. His little daughter, nine years old, was droppping it for him; she saw a peculiar looking stone, white and covered with cubes. She hit it breaking it into numberless cubes, and squares of a dark gray color. She had discovered the Victoria Lead Mine. No real effort was made to work the rich deposit until 1835, when on Dec. 11 Mr. Parish made a contract with Mr. Bliss T. Mash, to prospect for minerals in the town of Rossie, one of the conditions being that Mr. Parish was to get fifty cents a ton for all iron ore mined and seventy-five cents for all lead. Any lead mined was to be smelted at Rossie. The contract was for ten years. On May 12, 1837, two lead mining companies were incorporated, one was named the Rossie Land Mining Co., and the other the Rossie Galena Co. Both were to be capitalized at $24,000. The two companies worked on the Coal Hill vein. Some work was done by the Rossie Galena Co. in 1836 but no extensive operations were commenced until 1837, when both companies put an immense number of laborers at work. The smelting was done under a contract with Messrs. Moss and Knapp, whose furnace was on Indian River, something over a mile from the mine. They got $25 a ton, and all over 68 per cent, that the ore might yield in lead, giving them $28 a ton for smelting. Work was discontinued by both companies in 1840. The Victoria and Union veins had been worked by Mr. Parish. He also opened a mine on what was called the Robinson or Indian River vein, out of which he took 1,100 pounds of lead at a cost of $1,600. The two companies operating Coat Hill vein took out 3,250,690 pounds of metallic lead, the ore yielding 67 per cent on an average. After remaining idle for more than ten years, Mr. Parish, to whom the leased mine had reverted, made another lease to R.P. Remington, for ten years more. Mr. Remington was to pay a royalty of 1-12 of all lead mined. A stock company was formed Sept. 8, 1852, called the Great Northern Lead Co., capitalized at $500,000. The best machinery that could be procured was installed. They ran the mine about three years, with miners from Cornwall, England, when they were forced to close. The low price of lead and high royalty made it a losing venture.
In 1854 J.B. Morgan leased the mines running them with varying fortunes until 1868, when they were again closed. About this time the Parish interests in the town of Rossie were nearly all closed out. A. Pardee buying the mineral rights in the western end of the town and also buying about 365 acres of land at the Victoria and Union Mines. The mines were opened for the last time in 1875 under the management of Mr. John Webb, Mr. Pardee’s agent. The work only lasted about one year when the mines were finally closed. The mines and mineral rights still remain the property of the Pardee estate. Mr. Ara J. Moore of Dekalb being the present agent.
The advent of railroads, the invention of automatic machinery, and the concentration of manufacturing in large centers, were all factors in ruin of the small interior towns, even though they had water powers of great value. No town in St. Lawrence county was harder hit than Rossie. At one time the villages of Somerville and Rossie were the leading places in the county and Wegatchie had promise of being a manufacturing center of great importance. Rossie had its furnace, foundry and machine shop, saw mill, grist mill, oat-meal mill, though the latter was never much of a success. Now, there is a saw mill doing purely local work, a grist mill, grinding feed mostly, four stores, two hotels and two blacksmith shops.
Wegatchie had a furnace, saw mills, grist mill, spoke factory, woolen mill, and stone mill. Now there is a woolen mill owned and operated by H.K. Wright; one saw mill, a store, hotel, cheese factory and blacksmith shop. Somerville possessed in its days of prosperity two furniture factories, one carriage factory, two blacksmith shops, stores and two hotels. Now there is a blacksmith and carriage repair shop, one store and a hotel. The postoffice has yielded to the mail carrier and been abandoned.
There are five religious societies in town, one Catholic, one Presbyterian, and three Methodist. The Catholic society begins officially in 1816 when an attempt was made to build a church. The frame was raised but never enclosed. Previous to that, priests from Ogdensburg had visited the community with more or less regularity. By 1861 a church was completed. St. Patricks society was incorporated in 1872 with Thomas Kane and Thomas Spratt as the first trustees. The pastors have been Father Clark from Carthage, Fathers Harvey, Sherry, De Shannhae, McDonald, Rossiter, and Brown from Redwood, and Fathers Kelly, who built the present stone church, Fitzgerald, O’Neil, who died at Rossie in 1899, and the present pastor, the Rev. Father Crowley of Rossie.
The Presbyterian Society was organized in 1855. Andrew Laidlaw, William Allen, James Brodie, George Lockie and David McFalls, were the first trustees. The pastors have been John McGregor, James Gardiner, Alex. Adair, Wm. H. Robinson, Daniel A. Ferguson, John E. Beecher, Elias B. Fisher, John A. Pollock, Albro Green and Chas. G. Mitchell. They have a handsome church overlooking the Indian River. The Methodists at Rossie village have never built a church. Their first pastor was the Rev. Samuel Orvis appointed in 1844. He was followed by Henry Woodruff, J. Francis,, G.W. Plank, Samuel Griffin and P.M. Crowley. These pastors serving until 1854, when the church apparently ceased to exist until 1868, when it reorganized with A.T. Nicholas as the first pastor.
Wegatchie has a small Methodist organization served by the preachers located at OxBow. On Aug 16, 1845, the Methodist Episcopal Society of Somerville was organized with Hiram Hale, Orin Freeman, John Johnson Freedom Freeman, Augustus Preston and A.C. VanDyke as trustees. In 1846 a church was built. Silas Slater was the first pastor, followed by P.M. Crowley, C.C. Symes, J. Zimmerman, C.E. Beebe, J. Austin, L. Whitcomb, M.O. Kinney, S. Ball, D. Simmons, G.P. Kinney, S. Blackburn, C.W. Brooks, S. Boyd, H. Hesselgraves (1871), A.L. Smith, A.T. Tichols, J.G. Price, A.G. Woodard, W.P. Hall, B.M. Phelps, John Bragg, G.S. Hastings, A. Warren, T.H. McClanthan, and the present pastor, H. Hesselgrave.
The first Universalist Society of Somerville was incorporated in 1842 with Lyman Merriman, Alva Weeks and Wm. Ayres as the first trustees. For many years services were held with more or less regularity, being supplied from the St. Lawrence University at Canton much of the time. A church was built in 1846. The society has gone out of existence and a few years ago the church was sold.
The town of Rossie has good reason to be proud of her record in the war of 1861 to 1865. But few towns in this or any other state, furnished more volunteers for the same population than Rossie while the village of Wegatchie sent nearly one man to every six of her total population, to the front. Another direction in which the town takes great pride, is the character of the men sent to the county Legislature. Her supervisors have always been strong men, deeply interested in the town’s welfare. Mr. Reuben Streeter, the first supervisor, was a man of exceptionally strong character, wielding a greater influence during the town’s infancy than any other one man. He served as supervisor in 1813-14-16-17-18 and 29. Theodocius O. Fowler was elected in 1815. He was a resident of what was later the town of Fowler and was the first supervisor of that town. In 1819 and 1825, Ebenezer Martin was elected, and in 1820 Russell Ryan. Lewis Franklin followed Mr. Ryan holding the office until 1824. James Howard was elected first in 1826 and again in 1827. William Brown served one year, 1828. In 1830 Solomon Pratt was elected holding the office until 1832. He was again elected in 1835 and in 1845-6 and in 1852 he was appointed to fill vacancy, holding the office until 1854. Wm. Skinner was supervisor in 1833-4 and in 1836-7-8 Robert Clark held the office. Martin Thatcher was elected in 1839 and 1840; William B. Bostwick was elected in 1843, reelected in 1844 and again in 1858. H.V.R. Wilmot held the office in 1847-8, Zacheus Gates followed Mr. Wilmot in 1849 and in 1851 and 52, dying the latter year. R.R. Sherman served one year, 1855, followed by D.S. Baldwin, in 1856-7. From 1859 to 1863 James H. Church was supervisor. Thomas A. Turnbull served in 1864-65 and 66; again in 1870 he was elected, holding the office until 1874 and finally in 1878 he served one year. In 1867-68 and 69 Dr. David McFalls was the executive officer of the town. Abial E. Helmer followed Mr. Turnbull, holding the office during the years 1875-76-77-79-80-83-84-85 and 86. George McLear, a democrat, was elected in 1881 and again in 1882. John Barry was elected in 1887 and re-elected in 1888. In 1889, D.W. Church held the office for one year. From 1890 to 1891, James W. Marshall was supervisor. Dor. Fuller was elected in 1895, serving during the years 1896-7-8-9 and was re-elected in 1901. The May following he died. Mr. Marshall was appointed to fill the vacancy, and at the next town meeting he was elected for the full term, holding the office until 1905, when John Barry was again elected and is now supervisor.
There are many of Rossie’s citizens who are deserving of more than passing notice. Such men as Reuben Streeter, James Howard, the Churches and Turnbulls, James Marshall and many others who have identified themselves with all that meant progress, improvement, and honesty in the town’s affairs. The influence of such men will last as long as time and Rossie owes to them more than can be realized.
Mr. Streeter was of New England parentage, possessing all the traits that make a leader in pioneer life. His wealth was freely expended for the benefit of the community in which he lived. He gave the new town of Rossie its start in the direction of honest growth. His old age was clouded by the loss of property brought about by an unfortunate lawsuit. In the 40’s he left Rossie for Vermont, where he died.
Mr. Marshall was a native of the town. He was born at Spragueville, where his boyhood was spent. He had many things to hamper him, yet by force of character and the will to go ahead, he succeeded in becoming a man of influence in his town and a man looked upon by the Board of Supervisors, as one of the few men worthy of leadership. Of him, it can safely be said that he never knowingly did a mean thing or wronged any man.
The Churches were always identified with the town’s best interests. Daniel Church, son of Daniel Whipple Church and Dorothy (Wheeler) Church was born in the town of Canton, Sept. 17, 1809. His father was one of the first pioneers who settled St. Lawrence County and who in 1810 surveyed and laid out the road through the long swamp between OxBow and Rossie, a thing that had been considered impracticable. Daniel came from Morristown to Wegatchie in the town of Rossie in the year 1855, and engaged with his brothers, Louis and Howard, in the woolen business. In 1867, the factory was burned and rebuilt by Daniel the same year. This mill is still in operation and the little village is yet often called Church’s Mills, after the men who so long ago were active there. Mr. Church was of New England descent, his ancestor, Richard Church, being one of the first settlers of Hartford, Conn. The pioneer life which he had lived strengthened his sterling qualities and though he had very few advantages except of the most primitive sort, his natural desire for knowledge was so strong that he mastered many branches of science, without the aid of school or teacher and his ever widening range of useful information was a source of surprise even to his intimate friends. Modest, retiring, and unobtrusive by nature he was a fearless thinker and dared to investigate thoroughly the great questions of life and stood by his convictions sometimes almost alone. He hated sham and hypocrisy and inculcated honesty, charity, temperance economy and love of humanity, both by precept and example.
In 1848 he married Harriet Law Wheeler of Groton, Mass. Their four children are Martha Adams now Mrs. G.S. Conger, whose portrait will be seen in the group of Daughters of the American Revolution, Mary Hayward, who was lost at sea November 22, 1876; Daniel Whipple, a civil engineer in Chicago, Ill., and Harriet, now Mrs. A.W. Orvis. His wife died October 22, 1878, and five years later, the cares, toils and disappointments of life came to an end and Daniel Church entered into rest July 13, 1883.
Mary Hayward Church, second daughter of Daniel and Harriet Church, was born in Morristown, N.Y., July 20, 1851. Her childhood days were spent at Wegatchie, where the beauties of nature surrounding her helped to develop her innate artistic qualities and at an early age her fondness for drawing was displayed, her pet animals being always her patient models. Ella Turnbull, a natural artist, of Wegatchie, guided her first efforts and later she studied at the Gouverneur Wesleyan Seminary. In 1870 she entered Cooper Union in New York City, where she spent two years in honest, patient work, earning besides a diploma and two silver medals, the love and admiration of her co-workers and teachers. So much encouragement was given her that she decided to go to Europe to study in the great art galleries there. Her whole soul was filled with love of her chosen art, and her parents, with remarkable unselfishness and love, gave her the opportunity which in those days was quite uncommon.
November 15, 1873, the steamer Ville du Havre left New York harbor with nearly three hundred passengers on board. None with brighter prospects, purer and higher aims than Mary H. Church, then only 22 years old. In mid-ocean and at midnight, a sailing vessel, the Loch Earn, came gliding through the waters. There was a collision and this large steamer, the finest, strongest and most elegantly equipped on the ocean, in ten minutes sank out of sight; 226 people were lost, Mary H. Church being one of the number.
James H. Church, a brother of Daniel, was born in Canton. He learned the clothier’s trade in Antwerp and with his brother started the woolen mills at Wegatchie one of that village’s industries that still survives. The Churches trace their ancestors back to the 17th century, Samuel being born in Massachusetts some time in that century. His son, Nathaniel, was born at Hadley, in that state in 1704.
It is impossible to do justice to the men who made Rossie. Messrs. Pratt and Thatcher of Somerville, were two who deserve more than passing mention. Mr. Gilbert Wait for many years one of the town’s assessors, and so on for Rossie has been fortunate in having more than her share of strong men, such as give to communities a name that stands in history, not so much for great deeds as for sterling honesty.
[Entered as a data file in the O*C Genealogy BBS collection June 30, 1993.]
Used by permission.visit Lynn Burton's Outer Chaos Genealogy Website
Return to Index | <urn:uuid:73780e3b-4487-4ddb-b751-a3b180837fcb> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.rossie.nhturnbulls.org/ros_hist.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399425.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00023-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.984342 | 13,694 | 2.65625 | 3 |
GLT SARASWATI BAL MANDIR SR. SEC. SCHOOL NEHRU NAGAR ND-65 Desert Habitat WebQuest By: Deepak XF
Introduction◊ Chiminike Children’s Museum wants to create a new exhibit about the desert habitat, and guess what? The students of 2B have been asked to create and display the new room! The exhibit must be fun, creative, full of cool information about desert life, and include every student acting as a plant, animal, or native person of the desert!◊ Before the exhibit can be permanently displayed at Chiminike, it must first be presented at the American School. Chiminike wants to make sure that the new desert habitat display is educational, exciting, and attractive to all children.
TaskYou will work with a team of other geographers in your class. Youand your team will research characteristics of the Sahara desert and usethat information to design and create the new display! You will recordyour information in a data sheet or science journal.You and your team must investigate the following:*Characteristics of the Sahara desert.*Animals, plants, and people of the Sahara/their adaptations*What decorations and props will be used to create the scene?*How will each student act out his or her part creatively?
Process Step 1 The Sahara is a hot desert. What are hot deserts like?Click on “Sahara” below. Write four characteristics of hot deserts on your data sheet. Sahara Click here for more information.
Step 2 Click on any of the animals or plants below to research information about them. Choose any four and write three (3) facts about each one on your data sheet. *Camel *Fennec fox *Gazelle *Jerboa *Ostrich *Scorpion *Peccary Rattlesnake Coyote Jack rabbit Thorny Saguaro Barrel cactus Yucca Aloe devilDragon tree Old man Prickly pear Desert *Cactus cactus cactus spoonThe plants/animals with a * are found in the Sahara Desert . The others are not.
Step 3Click here. After investigating, discuss with your group onething that you learned about the Tuareg people.
Step 4Think about the plant, animal, or person that you will represent in themuseum. What will you say? How will your character pose/stand?When presenting, you must talk in first person and give the mostimportant information about your character. Work with your team towrite four to six lines. You will say these lines by memory in themuseum. All members of the team will use the same lines. Getinformation from this WebQuest, books, or other people.You must practice in front of the class once everyone memorizes thelines. Write your lines on your data sheet or in your science journal.
Step 5 *What is an oasis? Click here. Write what you learned on your data sheet. Draw a picture of an oasis and a sand dune.
Step 6Click below to see examples of deserts.Deserts 1Desert 2Desert 3Desert 4Sitting with your team, discuss what things need to be included in thedesert scene for the museum. Make a list.Also discuss who will bring the materials or how they are going to bemade.
ConclusionYou are ready to put all of this information together to create thedisplay for the museum! Chiminike is going to be so excited about itsnew room!As you explored the websites, I hope that you were asking yourselfmany questions about life in the desert. Write those questions in yourscience journal and research them at another time. Also, don’t forget touse books in your research. They are also a wonderful tool.Now is the time to sit, discuss, and PLAN, PLAN, PLAN with yourgroup. Good luck! I know that you’re going to put on a fabulous show! | <urn:uuid:d85e0ea6-f703-4c9e-9a21-7821720e2099> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.slideshare.net/dgupta330/desert-habitat-web-quest-by-akash-chaudhary-15587565 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393146.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00055-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.898446 | 816 | 3.921875 | 4 |
> What is the simplest way to measure the output impedance of a buffer
> given just a spice netlist?
Since CMOS buffers are generally very nonlinear, the first
problem is to decide what you mean by "output impedance."
Example: Zout is the value of pull-up resistance to Vddq
that the driver can pull down to Vddq/2
Example: Zout is the slope of the V/I curve at the supply
Example: Zout is Zline minus the series resistance that
gives a first-incidence amplitude of Vddq/2.
For all of these the answer is pretty clear as soon as you
choose the definition; just simulate the output under the
given conditions and constraints.
-- D. C. Sessions firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:b65ccff3-b912-4873-aea3-49445cf8fb25> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.qsl.net/wb6tpu/si-list2/pre99/1279.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391766.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00101-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.881422 | 177 | 2.578125 | 3 |
1700 World population 700 million. Beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Act of Resumption in Ireland.
1701 Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius devises the centigrade temperature scale. Jethro Tull invents the seed drill, a mechanical drill pulled by a horse to plant rows of seeds. Act of Settlement in England.
1702 French Huguenot rebellion.
1703 St Petersburg founded by Peter the Great. Act of Security in Scotland.
1704 Alien Act in England. Newton publishes Optiks. In Ireland, Penal Laws enacted: Catholics are barred from voting, education and the military.
1707 Act of Union between Scotland and England, creating Great Britain.
1709 Bartolomeo Cristofori invents the piano.
1712 Thomas Newcomen patents the atmospheric steam engine.
1714 George I becomes King of Britain.
1715 Louis XV becomes King of France. Jacobite rebellion in Scotland northern England – they are defeated at Battle of Preston.
1716 John Law founds Banque Generale in France.
1717 John Law founds Louisiana Company. Handel composed his Water Music. Edmund Halley invents the diving bell.
1718 Samuel Johnson published Dictionary of the English Language. Coffee planted in Brazil (brought from Arabia). Edward Scarlett, a London optician, put arms on eyeglasses to hold them on the ears. Ketterer invents the cuckoo clock.
1719 Daniel Defoe publishes Robin Crusoe.
1720 South Sea Bubble. Great Awakening: an influential religious revival sweeping through the British colonies of North America. First yacht club established in Cork Harbour, Ireland.
1722 C. Hopffer patents the fire extinguisher.
1724 Jonathan Swift publishes Drapier’s Letters. Gabriel Fahrenheit invents the first mercury thermometer.
1727 First Indemnity Act for Nonconformists in England.
1729 Beginning of Methodist revival in England. Newton’s Principia translated from Latin into English. Johann Sebastian Bach composes St Matthew Passion.
1732 Benjamin Franklin begins publishing Poor Richard’s Almanack.
1733 Jethro Tull publishes The Horse-Hoeing Husbandry, improving agricultural techniques. John Kay invents the flying shuttle. Chester M Hall invents the achromatic lens.
1735 Carolus Linnaeus and his colleagues divide all living organisms into just two kingdoms: plants and animals. (Their system placed humans and apes in the same category, basically they were the first to suggest humans and apes sharing ancestry.) Since, biologists have realized that there are enough fundamental differences between living organisms to warrant adding four additional kingdoms, recognizing Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists, Monera, and Archaea.
1738 Parties of Hats and Caps first appear in Sweden.
1740 Benjamin Huntsman introduces the crucible steel process. Captain Vitus Bering discovers Alaska.
1741 Handel writes Messiah. Thomas Arne publishes Rule, Brittania!
1743 King Louis XV of France have the world’s first indoor elevator installed in his palace, calling it a “flying chair,” the device being operated by weights. (For centuries, monks had been using baskets to elevate people to their clifftop monasteries.)
1745 E.G. von Kleist invents the leyden jar, the first electrical capacitor.
1748 Montesquieu publishes De l’Esprit de lois (on The Spirit of Laws), writing, “There are no other word that has more different meaning… than liberty.”
1749 Henry Fielding publishes Tom Jones. John Harrison invents the marine chronometer.
1700 – 1749 | 1750 – 1799
| 2000 – 2099 | 1900 – 1999 | 1800 – 1899 | 1700 – 1799 | 1600 – 1699 | 1500 – 1599 | 1400 -1499 | 1300 – 1399 | 1200 – 1299 | 1100 – 1199 | 1000 – 1099 | 900 – 999 | 800 – 899 | 700 – 799 | 600 – 699 | 500 – 599 | 400 – 499 | 300 – 399 | 200 – 299 | 100 – 199 | 1 – 99 | Before Christ | | <urn:uuid:88272e24-47f1-481b-8a2b-7d7946b2b545> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://didyouknow.org/history/18thcentury/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402699.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00018-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.867036 | 887 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Your smartphone’s communications degrade when the device competes with other mobile traffic to send and receive data, and that competition will only intensify. Far more than a billion smartphones are expected to ship this year. Additional wireless traffic is pouring in from tablets, and more will come from "Internet of Things" devices, car-to-car communications, and other sources.
Wireless spectrum, however, remains scarce and expensive. The U.S. Federal Communications Commission, for example, has raised $60 billion since 1994 by auctioning off cellular spectrum. For years, wireless providers have extended the reach of their networks within existing frequencies by various means.
One strategy that has gained popularity in the last decade is to add small cell base stations, also known as femtocells or picocells, in places with high traffic density such as inside buildings or in densely populated urban neighborhoods. These lower-powered versions of wireless macro cell towers can fill gaps in coverage in these high-density locations, using the same frequency bands and hooked to the cellular network via landline. Business customers now are also installing small cell base stations at a rapidly accelerating pace, and this arrangement is backed by operators ranging from AT&T to Korea’s SK Telecom. Informa Telecoms and Media estimates that the market for small cell base systems will reach $22 billion by 2016.
This blizzard of base stations, however, can interfere with operation of towers and with each other, boosting the numbers of degraded connections and calls that are dropped or never connected. “As you put more small cells out there, you are also putting out a lot of little interfering signals, and today’s devices can’t handle all that noise adding up and getting in the way of the signals they want to hear,” says Rachel Learned, a researcher at MIT’s Lincoln Laboratory. “We want to get past that.”
Cognitive coexisting radio (CCR) technology developed by Learned and her colleagues helps to overcome interference problems by intelligently exploiting the spectrum already in use for other transmissions, dramatically boosting connections while living comfortably side by side with those existing transmissions. Moreover, the CCR approach can be added to existing off-the-shelf wireless components, and it doesn’t require changes to existing wireless infrastructure, active management by the small base station operator, or collaboration with other users of the spectrum.
A number of other new MIT technologies address challenges in wireless spectrum use. “Everything in high-speed networks is about how you deal with interference,” notes Dina Katabi, professor of electrical engineering and computer science and head of the MIT Center for Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing.
Solving base station spectrum scarcity
Several other approaches to get more use from existing wireless spectrum for small cell base stations have been adopted, but they pose significant drawbacks that CCR does not.
In one approach, operators can avoid interference by allocating part of their spectrum to each small base station, but that prevents them from using that band in a macro tower station that handles many more users and generates revenue.
Another more popular way to reduce interference is to make the small cells “public” so that they support traffic from any local user. For instance, when a FedEx driver passes a building with a small cell base station, the driver’s phone call can be carried via that station. Almost three-quarters of small cell base stations installed by network operators are public. However, business customers aren’t happy about making their private systems public, because they end up paying for nearby outsiders to piggyback on their systems, thereby degrading performance for their own users, increasing levels and duration of signal exposure to their building occupants, and adding security concerns.
A third commonly adopted technique is to divide available spectrum among all transmitters in a given area by allotting time/frequency slots available to the operator. However, Learned points out that this is hard to coordinate among station operators. If that coordination isn’t practical, the small base can’t respond flexibly to spectrum demand, and instead gives up large slots of times or frequencies or both.
With another proposed technique, a cognitive radio variant called opportunistic interference avoidance, the base station monitors other calls and adaptively uses frequencies that are not being used at that moment. But during peak times when demand is high, there are no idle frequencies available. Even in non-peak times, as more wireless devices and small cell base stations are installed, the availability of such frequencies will plummet.
In contrast to all of these approaches, CCR purposely locates its transmissions on the same band that another receiver/transmitter pair is already using, Learned says. Built on a cognitive engine, CCR watches and actively exploits occupied channels, intelligently and adaptively manipulating interference to create new links without significantly degrading existing links or requiring negotiation with other station operators.
“The CCR system monitors the power and the rates of the other transmitters to understand their use of the spectrum,” she explains. “It predicts when its presence is likely to cause little harm, then makes use of the channels occupied by likely oblivious links, all while watching to see if the existing link adapts too much. If the other users react too much, it can play nice, by going away or reducing its power. If they react just a little, the system will conclude that it’s okay to coexist with these links.”
“The system also has a learning capability that can improve the prediction over time and reducing the chance of causing problems,” Learned says. “So it has a pretty good chance of not hurting any of the existing macro or small cells, all the while providing additional high-throughput small cell links without needing more spectrum.”
“Basically it’s like when you walk down a sidewalk and someone’s in front of you,” she adds. “You do that little dance for a second and then you figure it out and pass each other. You don’t have to talk to each other but you do have a little impact on each other. After a few encounters, you even learn the customary side to favor, and may have to do the dance less often as you travel the sidewalk. So that’s what your phone does with CCR — it does the sidewalk dance with other phones.”
The advantages of this approach are increased throughput and the ability to initiate and maintain calls, says Learned, with benefits that depend on each specific situation. One simulation that examined how users of a small cell base station would be affected by a passerby’s smartphone, for example, showed the ability to maintain five links simultaneously instead of one.
CCR will also help in situations where customers want to keep their small cell base stations private. In that situation, nearby users whose phones are linked to the nearest cell phone tower rather than the small base system may interfere with all of the frequencies that the small base station is trying to use — unless the small cell base station is equipped with CCR.
Importantly, manufacturers of base stations can exploit these CCR advantages with standard existing technologies and protocols, Learned emphasizes. Additionally, CCR systems can play an important role in disaster response, helping to ensure reliable communications among emergency radio equipment of all kinds.
Widening the spectrum
Other MIT efforts to optimize the use of wireless spectrum include a cognitive radio technology that weaves together available frequencies and technologies that aim to improve network performance via smart antennas.
Katabi’s group developed SWIFT (Split Wideband Interferer Friendly Technology), a “cognitive aggregation” radio technology designed to let high-throughput network nodes efficiently coexist with unknown low-throughput devices. “SWIFT can detect the bandwidth of use by others in the spectrum, and it can weave the bandwidth available together so that it can get a very wide spectrum,” she says. “If there are holes in the spectrum that are used by other people, it doesn’t interfere with them and it still gets very high data rates.”
Other MIT programs look at methods to achieve five to 10 times higher data rates under certain conditions using smart antenna technology, in ways that could aid small cell base stations as well as other wireless systems, Katabi says.
One technology called MegaMIMO synchronizes network-independent access points so that they can communicate with their clients on the same wireless channel as if they were a single large multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) transmitter, thus permitting wireless networks to smoothly scale up their throughput by adding independent access points on the same channel. A related technology, OpenRF, aims to let access points on the same wireless channel each target signals at their own clients more tightly and cancel their interference at other clients.
MIT researchers also have engineered several wireless multi-user detection schemes that can help to enable CCR or can be used on their own.
Additionally, Katabi and colleagues have developed an algorithm that can efficiently handle high bandwidth data 10 or more times faster than the conventional Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Sparse Fast Fourier Transform (sFFT) is expected to find many applications on cellular networks, including analyzing available spectrum and compressing large video files for transmission.
All these MIT technologies may aid in making good connections among smartphones and other devices as the global population of small cell base stations soars, from 11 million in 2013 to 92 million in 2016, by Informa estimates.
“Everyone wants to use the cellular network,” says Afarin Bellisario, MIT technology licensing officer. “People are mobile and increasingly urban, the Internet of Things is arriving to create smart cities and smart highways, and it all consumes bandwidth. With people increasingly living, working, or taking trains in very close proximity, we need an enabling and robust wireless infrastructure.” | <urn:uuid:b243b041-fbfa-47f4-a897-b8f55d2bd229> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://news.mit.edu/2014/turning-tables-wireless-interference-1002 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00160-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946087 | 2,034 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Hundreds of women were featured on the cover of the Post in the early decades of the last century. Young, beautiful, dressed at the height of fashion, they were captured by painters like J. C. Leyedecker, Guernsey Moore, and Sarah Stillwell Weber.
Today the names of these cover girls are, for the most part, lost to us. One rare exception is the women seen on the April 8, 1911 cover: Dorothy Gibson.
We know her name because she was a favorite subject of Harrison Fisher. And we know her because of a fateful decision she made one year after this magazine cover appeared, when she chose to sail on the RMS Titanic.
Dorothy Gibson, born in Hoboken in 1889, was living with her mother in New York in 1910 when she began to earn a living singing and dancing. Soon she was offered work as a model. After Harrison Fisher began painting her, Ms. Gibson became one of the iconic beauties of her time, rivaled only by the women drawn by Charles Dana Gibson (no relation).
It wasn’t long before she was approached by some New York film studios. She proved so successful that she was offered a generous contract by the Éclair Company. She starred in several dramas and comedies, including A Lucky Holdup, which premiered the same week she and her mother, returning from a European trip, boarded the RMS Titanic in Cherbourg.
She was walking on deck after an evening of card playing when she felt the deck lurch slightly. Seeing from the ship’s officers that something was wrong, she didn’t return to her cabin but headed straight for a lifeboat.
She was in the first lifeboat lowered to the water, one of just 19 people in a boat designed to hold 65. Another passenger in her life boat recalled, “the sea was perfectly calm—not even a ripple on the surface… suddenly all the lights dipped simultaneously to a pale glow. A moment or two later [we] saw, silhouetted against the star-lit sky, the stern of the ship rise perpendicularly into the air… Then, with a prolonged rush and a roar like ten thousand tons of coal sliding down a metal chute several hundred feet long, the great ship went down… A great cry arose on the air from the surface of the calm sea where the ship had been.”
Ms. Gibson recalled that sound: “I will never forget the terrible cry that rang out from people who were thrown into the sea and others who were afraid for their loved ones.”
Rescued by the Carpathia, she arrived in New York on April 18. Almost immediately she had agreed to a suggestion from the studio’s producer to make a movie of her experiences. Within a week, she was filming Saved from The Titanic, wearing the same evening gown, long sweater, and gloves she’d worn the night she escaped the sinking ship. The ten-minute ‘feature’ movie proved highly successful, but Ms. Gibson soon lost interest in the movies.
She was considering a career in opera when, in 1915, the producer of Éclair Studios was involved in an automobile accident that killed a man. During the subsequent inquiry, the court—and then the public—learned it was Dorothy Gibson, not the producer, who had been driving the car. Worse, she had been having an adulterous affair with the producer for several years.
In the wake of the scandal, the producer divorced his wife and married Gibson but they, too, were divorced just two years later.
Ms. Gibson, still with her mother in tow, lived on her movie residuals and alimony and eventually decided to move to Europe in 1927 where the cost of living was much less. She and her mother lived in France and Italy, ultimately settling in Paris. She was still there when World War II began.
We are unsure of what happened to her over the next few years; her account is vague and sometimes contradictory. Until America entered the war, she had been allowed to visit her mother in Italy. But in 1941, she was suddenly unable to return to her Paris home. At some point, she was arrested, then sent to San Vittore prison in Milan.
She surfaced again in 1944 when she tried to enter Switzerland. She told the American consul in Zurich she had escaped with the help of an Italian official. He had obtained her release by falsely informing Nazi officials in Italy that Ms. Gibson would enter Switzerland to spy for the fascists.
Apparently the allied authorities never determined whether she was pretending to be a spy or was, in fact, a spy for the German occupiers of Italy. She returned to Paris in 1945 and died there in 1946.
She was outlived by her mother, who survived her by 15 years. As Dorothy’s mother grew even more feeble, she grew vocal in her criticism of the allies. She often made antisemitic, pro-Nazi statements, which led some to infer that her daughter, Dorothy, had been a fascist sympathizer. As in so much of her later life, her political sympathies have never been determined. | <urn:uuid:47c7b010-d70a-4746-ad8a-5136164eef8d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2012/04/07/archives/post-perspective/dorothy-gibson.html/comment-page-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402479.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00143-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.988779 | 1,065 | 2.625 | 3 |
Poetry is the chosen language of childhood and youth. The baby repeats words again and again for the mere joy of their sound: the melody of nursery rhymes gives a delight which is quite independent of the meaning of the words. Not until youth approaches maturity is there an equal pleasure in the rounded periods of elegant prose. It is in childhood therefore that the young mind should be stored with poems whose rhythm will be a present delight and whose beautiful thoughts will not lose their charm in later years.
Laid down his pipe, flew to the gate,
And thus accosted him:
"What news? what news? your tidings tell
Tell me you must and shall--
Say why bareheaded you are come,
Or why you come at all?"
Now Gilpin had a pleasant wit,
And loved a timely joke;
And thus unto the calender
In merry guise he spoke:
"I came because your horse would come;
And, if I well forbode,
My hat and wig will soon be here,
They are upon the road."
The calender, right glad to find
His friend in merry pin,
Return'd him not a single word,
But to the house went in;
Whence straight he came with hat and wig,
A wig that flow'd behind,
A hat not much the worse for wear,
Each comely in its kind.
He held them up, and in his turn
Thus show'd his ready wit,
"My head is twice as big as yours,
They therefore needs must fit.
"But let me scrape the dirt away
That hangs upon your face;
And stop and eat, for well you may | <urn:uuid:75a1a12e-f286-42d5-9a29-6c5be33accd3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://manybooks.net/titles/anonetext058poet10.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397636.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00053-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969218 | 353 | 2.6875 | 3 |
At Laguna del Diamante, there are plenty of reasons why life should not exist.
To start with, the lagoon rests amongst sulphur-spewing vents within one of the world's largest volcanic calderas - belonging to the active Argentinean volcano Cerro Galán.
And it's not just the poisonous gases you have to look out for. The hyper alkaline lagoon (with a pH level of 11) is five times saltier than sea water, and has levels of arsenic that are 20,000 times higher than the amount deemed safe for drinking by the EPA.
Aside from the harmful gases and toxic water, the altitude of the site presents even more dangers to life at the lagoon. At 4,600 meters above sea level, oxygen levels are low and ultraviolet light from the sun is 40% more intense than it is in the lowlands.
It was quite a surprise, then, when Argentinean scientists exploring Laguna in early 2010 discovered a flock of flamingos thriving on a healthy population of particularly resistant microorganisms. Rocks at the lagoon are covered with mats of unidentified microbes, which the colony of flamingos relies on for food. Though flamingos are considered a hardy species with a knack for adapting to different conditions, the environment at Laguna del Diamante is the most extreme that the birds have been witnessed living in.
The conditions at Laguna are also thought to be quite similar to those of the early Earth. Scientists are therefore hoping that studying the lagoon's mysterious microorganisms will help reveal how life on Earth began.
Another puzzle that remains to be solved is the identification of a red crystal compound that also grows on the lagoon's rocks. Preliminary results from an X-ray diffraction study (a method for examining the structure and geometry of crystals) failed to reveal the presence of any known minerals.
The case of Laguna del Diamante just serves to demonstrate not only life's resilience but also the strange and unexpected forms it takes on to survive in Earth's most hostile environs. | <urn:uuid:fed0002b-8d3e-4773-965d-d220223e30ab> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/laguna-del-diamante | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00165-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928073 | 421 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Prussian Silesia, the largest province of Prussia, has an area of 15,557 square miles, and is traversed in its entire length by the River Oder. In 1905 the province had 4,942,612 inhabitants, of whom 2,765,394 were Catholics, 2,120,361 Lutherans, and 46,845 Jews ; 72.3 per cent were Germans and nearly 25 per cent Poles. Agriculture is in a flourishing condition, 66 per cent of the area being under cultivation; the mining of iron, lead, and coal is largely carried on, and the manufacturing industry is considerable; among the articles manufactured are hardware, glass, china, linen, cotton and woollen goods.
In the earliest period Silesia was inhabited by Germans, the tribes being the Lygii and the Silingii. When during the migrations these peoples emigrated about the year 400 towards the West, the territory was lost to the Germanic races, and for about eight hundred years the region was Slavonic. The sole memorial of the Silingii is the retention of the name Silesia; the Slavs called Mount Zobten near Breslau "Slenz" ( Silingis ), and the Gau surrounding Mount Zobten they called Pagus Silensi or Slenzane, Slenza , Silesia. The region belonged politically at times to Poland and at times to Bohemia. Christianity came to it from Bohemia and Moravia. The apostles of these two countries, Cyril and Methodius (from 863), are indirectly also the apostles of Silesia. Until nearly the year 1000 Silesia had no bishop of its own. The right bank of the Oder belonged to the Diocese of Posen which was established in 968 and was suffragan of Magdeburg ; the left bank belonged to the Diocese of Prague, that was established in 973 and was suffragan of Mainz. The Emperor Otto III transferred the part on the left bank of the Oder to the Diocese of Meissen in 995. In 999 Silesia was conquered by the Poles. Duke Boleslaw Chrobry (the Brave) of Poland now founded the Diocese of Breslau ; in the year 1000 this diocese was made suffragan of the new Archdiocese of Gnesen that was established by Otto III. In 1163, at the command of the German Emperor Frederick Barbarossa , Silesia was given dukes of its own who belonged to the family of the Piasts. With these rulers began the connection with Germany and German civilization. Lower Silesia was governed by Boleslaw the Long, the companion-in-arms of the emperor. His successor was Henry the Bearded (1201-38), the husband of St. Hedwig. From about 1210 Henry began to bring German colonists into his territory and to permit them to found German villages and cities. Bishop Laurence of Breslau followed his example in the district under the control of his see, the castellany of Ottmachau. The monasteries did much to aid the colonization and the Germanic tendencies, especially the Cistercians of the monastery of Leubus. These established no less than sixty-five new German villages and materially promoted agriculture and gardening, mechanical arts, mining, and navigation of the Oder. In the reign of Henry II (1238-41), the son of St. Hedwig Silesia and its western civilization were threatened by the Tatars. Henry met them in battle at Wahlstatt near Liegnitz and there died the death of a hero; his courageous resistance forced the barbarians to withdraw. Consequently 9 April, 1241, is one of the great days of Silesian history.
The German colonization was vigorously carried on and towards the end of the thirteenth century Lower Silesia was mainly German, while in Upper Silesia the Slavs were in the majority. Among the contemporaries of St. Hedwig (d. 1243) were the Blessed Ceslaus and St. Hyacinth, both natives of Upper Silesia. They entered the Dominican Order in Italy and then became missionaries. Ceslaus labored in Breslau, where his order in 1226 obtained the Church of St. Adalbert; he died in 1242. Hyacinth, who among other labors also preached in Upper Silesia, died in 1257 at Cracow. A third native saint of Silesia was a relative of Hyacinth, Bronislawa, who became a Premonstratensian in 1217 and passed forty years in the practice of severe penances. Besides the monastery of Leubus the Cistercians had monasteries also at Kamenz (1248) Heinrichau (1228), Rauden (1252), Himmelwitz (1280), and Grussau (1292). The wealthiest convent was the Abbey of Trebnitz for Cistercian nuns founded by St. Hedwig who was buried there. Celebrated monasteries of the Augustinians were the one on the Sande at Breslau, which was founded at Gorkau about 1146 and was transferred to Breslau about 1148, and that at Sagan, established in 1217 at Naumburg on the Bober and transferred to Sagan in 1284. There were also a large number of houses belonging to the Premonstratensians, Franciscans, and orders of knights, as the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, Knights of the Cross, Knights Templar. Up to the middle of the fourteenth century forty-five monasteries for men and fourteen for women had been established. The ruling family, the Piasts, repeatedly divided their inheritance so that in the fourteenth century Silesia contained no less than eighteen principalities. This made it all the easier for the Bishop of Breslau as Prince of Neisse and Duke of Grottkau to become the most important of the ruling princes. Silesia came under the suzerainty of the kings of Bohemia in 1327-29. As Bohemia was controlled by Germany the change was more favorable for colonization than if it had fallen to Poland. Silesia suffered terribly during the Hussite Wars (1420-37). The Hussites repeatedly undertook marauding expeditions, and hardly any city except Breslau escaped the havoc they wrought. About forty cities were laid in ashes. The clergy were burnt or put to death in other ways; the nobility grew poor ; the peasants became serfs; the fields lay uncultivated; the "golden" Diocese of Breslau became a diocese of "filth". In 1469 Silesia came under the suzerainty of Hungary. However, as in 1526 Hungary, with Silesia, and Bohemia became at the same time possessions of the Habsburgs, from this time the province was once more regarded as a dependency of Bohemia.
The Reformation made rapid progress in Silesia. For the causes of this see T HE P RINCE -B ISHOPRIC OF B RESLAU . In the same article also the course of the Reformation and that of the counter-Reformation are fully treated. A large share of the credit for the restoration and firm establishment of Catholicism is due to the Jesuits, who during the years 1622-98 established in Silesia nine large colleges, each with a gymnasium, four residences, and two missions, and brought under their control all the higher schools of the country. This control endured, as Frederick the Great continued his protection of the Jesuits, even after the suppression of the order, up to 1800. In the seventeenth century Silesia obtained great renown through the two Silesian schools of poetry, the chief of these poets being Martin Opitz, Friedrich von Logau, and Andreas Gryphius. In 1702 the Jesuit college at Breslau was changed into the Leopoldine University (see BRESLAU, UNIVERSITY OF). At the close of the three Silesian wars (1740-2, 1744-5, 1756-63) the greater part of Silesia belonged to Prussia. By this change Catholicism lost the privileged position which it had regained in the counter-Reformation, even though Frederick the Great did not impair the possessions of the Church, as happened later (1810-40). In 1815 the Congress of Vienna enlarged Silesia by the addition of about half of Lausitz (Lusatia). During the decade of the forties the sect of "German Catholics " developed from Silesia as the starting-point; this sect was founded at Laurahutte in Upper Silesia by the ex-chaplain, John Ronge. Finally a brief mention should here be made of the enormous economic development of the province in the last fifty years, especially in the mining of coal, the mining and working of metals, and the manufacture of chemicals and machines. In Upper Silesia especially manufactures have advanced with American rapidity. Ecclesiastically the entire province belongs to the Prince Bishopric of Breslau with the following exceptions: the commissariat of Katscher, which consists of the Archipresbyterates of Katscher, Hultschin, and Leobschutz with 44 parishes and 130,944 Catholics, and belongs to the Archdiocese of Olmutz; the county of Glatz, which has 51 parishes and 146,673 Catholics, and belongs to the Archdiocese of Prague
Austrian Silesia is that part of Silesia which remained an Austrian possession after 1763. It is a crownland with an area of 1987 square miles and a population of 727,000 persons. Of its population 84.73 per cent are Catholics ; 14 per cent are Protestants ; 44.69 per cent are Germans; 33.31 per cent Poles; 22.05 per cent Czechs. As in Prussian Silesia, agriculture, mining, and manufactures are in a very flourishing condition. The districts of Teschen and Neisse belong to the Prince Bishopric of Breslau, those of Troppau and Jagerndorf to the Archdiocese of Olmutz.
The Catholic Encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on Catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. This easy-to-search online version was originally printed between 1907 and 1912 in fifteen hard copy volumes.
Designed to present its readers with the full body of Catholic teaching, the Encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the Church has defined, but also an impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. In the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy, history, apologetics, archaeology, and other sciences are given careful consideration.
No one who is interested in human history, past and present, can ignore the Catholic Church, either as an institution which has been the central figure in the civilized world for nearly two thousand years, decisively affecting its destinies, religious, literary, scientific, social and political, or as an existing power whose influence and activity extend to every part of the globe. In the past century the Church has grown both extensively and intensively among English-speaking peoples. Their living interests demand that they should have the means of informing themselves about this vast institution, which, whether they are Catholics or not, affects their fortunes and their destiny.
Copyright © Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company New York, NY. Volume 1: 1907; Volume 2: 1907; Volume 3: 1908; Volume 4: 1908; Volume 5: 1909; Volume 6: 1909; Volume 7: 1910; Volume 8: 1910; Volume 9: 1910; Volume 10: 1911; Volume 11: - 1911; Volume 12: - 1911; Volume 13: - 1912; Volume 14: 1912; Volume 15: 1912
Catholic Online Catholic Encyclopedia Digital version Compiled and Copyright © Catholic Online | <urn:uuid:f5bdaa1b-f209-47ad-8d17-8b31beecc764> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=10820 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403508.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00004-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964756 | 2,528 | 3.671875 | 4 |
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new dinosaur textbook
I received this new textbook about a week ago, but since nobody reported it
to the DML, I'd like to give some comments on;
Introduction to the Study of Dinosaurs
by Anthony J. Martin
published July 2001
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Definition of a Dinosaur
Overview of Scientific Methods
Paleontology and Geology as Sciences
Importance of Knowing the History of Dinosaur Studies
Dinosaur Bones: Their Formation, Name and Features
Basic Concepts in Dinosaur Taphonomy
Basic Information about Dinosaur Tracks
Basic Information about Dinosaur Eggs and Nests
Dinosaur Feeding Habits
Introduction to Dinosaur Evolution
Overview of the Clade Theropoda
Overview of the Clade Sauropodomorpha
Overview of the Clade Ornithopoda
Overview of the Clade Thyreophora
Overview of the Clade Marginocephalia
Dinosaurs, Birds and Extinctions
more information can be found at
The website even gives you free access to 3 sample chapters (Definition of a
Dinosaur, Basic Concepts in Dinosaur Taphonomy, Dinosaurs Birds and
Extinctions) and a useful glossary (pdf format) for a total 100 free pages !
Dozens of images (jpg format) are also available !
The webpage "for the instructor" lists interesting links that include the
excellent "Dinosaurs: A Natural History" by Thomas Holtz.
Textbooks on the subject of dinosaurs are quite rare, this new publication
is comparable to the popular;
Dinosaurs: The Textbook
by Spencer G. Lucas
Paperback - 304 pages 3rd edition (July 23, 1999)
McGraw-Hill Higher Education; ISBN 0073036420
my impression of "Introduction to the Study of Dinosaurs";
1. Although the complete array of anatomical terms (for all bones found in
dinosaur skeletons) is listed, there are too few illustrations that
visualise these terms.
2. Great to see inclusion of the chapters on tracks and eggs, they provide
an excellent short overview of these unusual fossils and their importance
(although I've already discovered an error; the oogenus Prismatoolithus is
NOT referable to ornithopods, but instead to theropods; this is probably
still based on the initial evaluation of Prismatoolithus levis belonging to
Orodromeus, we now know it belongs to troodontids).
3. The author links the study of dinosaurs to a historical perspective and
other areas of scientific research (incl. geology, evolution, taphonomy,
mathematics, physics ...) which is very clever.
4. As with most other textbooks, the number of photographs included is
limited, but there are some pictures of rare mounted skeletons
(Giganotosaurus, Utahraptor, juvenile Stegosaurus ...).
5. The author clearly supports the use of cladistics and phylogenetic
classification, but the chapter on Theropoda unfortunately doesn't give much
details on the diverse clades of this group of dinosaurs, there is little
information on the different clades within Coelurosauria.
To summarize, this is serious competition for other dinosaur textbooks. I
think that S.G. Lucas' textbook still remains the favourite for classroom
use, but A.J. Martin's book is better suited for the growing number of
people who learn about dinosaurs through self-study.
Gunter Van Acker | <urn:uuid:0e7927c4-d85c-43d7-871e-6dce844865f7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://dml.cmnh.org/2001Aug/msg01040.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398873.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00133-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.803757 | 761 | 3.0625 | 3 |
John Hancock, statesman and outspoken patriot, was born in Braintree, Massachusetts on January 23, 1737. Hancock was one of the richest men in the colonies and used his wealth to support the colonial cause during a time of much political unrest against British rule.
John Hancock is most remembered as the first signer of the Declaration of Independence, especially because his signature was so large and extravagant on the document. For this reason, “John Hancock” has become a name synonymous with the word signature, specifically in the United States.
Hancock acted as president of the 2nd Continental Congress and served as the governor of Massachusetts for two non-consecutive terms. He died on October 8, 1793 at the age of 56. | <urn:uuid:9d0b4cc0-9e52-4e51-be7e-e9f562eea965> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blog.calendars.com/tag/john-hancock/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395992.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00035-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.987284 | 152 | 3.921875 | 4 |
The Thinking Toolbox: Thirty-Five Lessons That Will Build Your Reasoning Skills, by Nathaniel Bluedorn and Hans Bluedorn, illustrated by Richard LaPierre, ISBN 0974531510, 234 pp. Christian Logic, 2005.
Nathaniel and Hans Bluedorn are brothers who live in Indiana (more about them at www.christianlogic.com) and The Thinking Toolbox is a follow-up to their first book, The Fallacy Detective. These books are primarily intended for use as homeschooling textbooks, and the Bluedorns’ interest in this area stems largely from their education at home growing up.
In an interview, Nathaniel gets at the intention behind the book: to make logic accessible and enjoyable for students. “Logic books are notorious for being very difficult, very austere,” he says. Instead, logic should be “a very enjoyable thing that everybody can do.” Hans affirms that the first step is to get kids to “think at all, and then the next step is to get them to think correctly.”
The book is a course of 35 lessons, with illustrations, applications, and exercises forming distinct little units. Colorful illustrations abound in the book, courtesy of Richard LaPierre. The book starts with the most basic building blocks of critical thinking, inculcating rules like “Just because somebody tells you something, that doesn’t mean it is true,” and moving on to examine things like the different kinds of discourse, and recognizing the difference between facts, opinions, and inferences.
The writing is easy and entertaining, placing the reader in imaginative and interesting situations to illustrate the relevant principle. This fits well with the intended audience, as the book is written for ages 13 and up, although it may not be too difficult for worthy children of a somewhat more tender age. Of course, this clear and simple style can at times be a drawback for a more mature audience, as the repetition and exercises can sometimes be pedestrian. But again, this is an artifact of the intended audience rather than a shortcoming of the book itself.
Various exercises will keep the attention of the child and get them to use the various tools they learn about in the book. There are a number of fictional mysteries thrown in, with relevant (and sometimes irrelevant) clues given to tease the imagination. Not all of the problems are fictitious, however, as fans of Westerns will be pleased to know that the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral appears in the book as an informative exercise in historical investigation.
A key part of the book is its identification of the purpose and role of logic in life. For example, Lesson 3 gives some guidelines for knowing “When it is Dumb to Argue.” In this way, some rhetorical concerns, such as audience, types and appropriateness of conversation, are woven into the book.
One criticism of the book, however, is that it does not delineate clearly or explicitly enough the role of logic in relation to Christian apologetics. This comes up especially in Lessons 6-8, in which beliefs are challenged and the book leads the reader through ways to examine, articulate, understand, and defend a particular belief.
So in Lesson 6 we read, “To understand a belief, we need to understand the reasons that point to it. We keep track of our reasons in our heads, even though we may not be aware we’re doing this.”
Lesson 7 leads us beyond stating positive reasons for a belief to examining what in epistemology are called “defeaters.” The book states, “It is not good enough to have convincing reasons for the things you believe. If you want to have a strong position, then you need to anticipate opposing arguments and prepare counter arguments.” Strictly within the realm of logical argumentation, this is certainly true. But is it more broadly applicable?
Indeed, it could lead someone to believe that it is not possible to know something or it is inappropriate to believe something unless we have explicit and expressed (and sufficiently good) reasons for doing so. This would be something akin to epistemological evidentialism or foundationalism, views the Christian philosopher Alvin Plantinga has done much to combat in his series on warrant and Christian belief.
If this were the sort of role that the Bluedorns were advocating for logic and reason in the Christian life it would be very problematic. The book leaves the verdict somewhat ambiguous in my opinion, but their comments elsewhere clear up any mysteries.
“Just because someone is very intelligent and is very logical, it doesn’t mean that they have the truth,” says Hans in an interview. This gets at an appropriately circumscribed Christian view of logic and reasoning, as articulated by G. K. Chesterton, for example.
Chesterton states, “Logic and truth, as a matter of fact, have very little to do with each other. Logic is concerned merely with the fidelity and accuracy with which a certain process is performed, a process which can be performed with any materials, with any assumption. You can be as logical about griffins and basilisks as about sheep and pigs.” Indeed, “Logic, then, is not necessarily an instrument for finding truth; on the contrary, truth is necessarily an instrument for using logic – for using it, that is, for the discovery of further truth and for the profit of humanity. Briefly, you can only find truth with logic if you have already found truth without it.”
The book would do better to more clearly illustrate the role of logic in its traditional Christian role as “handmaiden” to Christian belief, or theology. But given the intended audience, and the overall tone of the book, this is a rather small criticism. After all, logic is identified in the title and throughout the book as a tool, and very important one, but a tool nonetheless.
The Bluedorns have certainly achieved their goal of creating a logic textbook that is neither boring nor distant, but rather informative, approachable, enjoyable, and valuable. This little book could admirably play a large and important role in the education of any child. | <urn:uuid:e1e9f498-1fd3-455f-8cf0-e6acf2f173ad> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blog.acton.org/archives/296-book-review-the-thinking-toolbox.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399106.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00089-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961904 | 1,291 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth across the nation are making a statement today through the annual Day of Silence organized by the Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network (GLSEN). The Day of Silence encourages students not to speak in order to raise awareness about anti-LGBT bullying in schools.
Students created the first National Day of Silence 16 years ago at the University of Virginia and has since grown to all 50 states, the district of Columbia, and countries around the world. In 2001, GLSEN became the official sponsor. The yearly event is now viewed as a way for students to show solidarity for victims of bullying and “to draw attention to the ‘silencing effects’” of anti-LGBT harassment. It is consistent with similar projects that GLSEN promotes throughout the rest of the year, such as providing guidance to start Gay-Straight Alliances and GLSEN chapters at local middle and high schools, developing research on the effects of harassment, and creating campaigns such as “Think B4 You Speak,” which discourages youth from using anti-LGBT language.
Hundreds of thousands of students are expected to be participating in this year’s Day of Silence, and gotten considerable press coverage. Several youth testimonies (those of Sam Harman, Chelsea Shamy, and Hannah Kreider) were spotlighted today in the Huffington Post. Hannah Krieder, a high school student from Virginia, writes her reasons for participating in Day of Silence are connected to her faith.
I see my participation in the Day of Silence as an act of my Christian faith. My participation is guided by my favorite verse, Colossians 3:14, which reads, ‘But most of all, let love guide your life.’ Until stories like mine are no longer the minority, I encourage anyone and everyone to take the vow of silence with me.
These testimonies also remind us that religion is not a monolithic suppressor of voices, but often is a part of many LGBT people’s lives. We do know, of course, not all LGBT people and allies have the same experiences with this day. For those who are met with resistance, Lambda Legal has provided a resource for students to learn about their legal rights in the context of their activism on this day. Students who are participating can also register their participation online in order to demonstrate the strength of youth on this day.
GLAAD is committed to the safety of LGBT students in their schools and community. School support systems and education about the harms of harassment are more important than ever, as reports by GLSEN reflect shocking levels of bullying towards LGBT and LGBT-perceived youth. GLAAD applauds GLSEN on its leadership throughout the Day of Silence and will continue to monitor media coverage of different events around the country. | <urn:uuid:64f364ed-7ab8-4944-ba4b-e54d18ddcb2d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.glaad.org/blog/students-participate-day-silence-2012?page=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00067-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964505 | 576 | 3.265625 | 3 |
On March 14, 2010 The Eastern Native Tree Society and Western Native Tree Society switched from discussion lists on Google Groups to a new discussion list in a Bulletin Board format at: http://www.ents-bbs.org/index.php Posts made since the inception of the BBS on march 14, 2010 will be sorted and archived on the BBS. Click on the link above to go to the equivalent section on the new BBS. This website will continue to serve as a front end for the ENTS and WNTS groups. It will continue to serve as a repository of older posts, and will serve as the host site for special projects and features that are not well suited for a BBS format. Please visit the BBs for the latest information and trip reports.
American Chestnut Project
A famous American poem written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1841) begins: Under the spreading chestnut tree, the village smithy stands." The words evoke a scene of the great chestnut trees found here in the eastern United States in the mid 19th century However since these words were penned, the American Chestnut (Castanea dentata) has been reduced to occasional specimens growing as root sprouts as a result of Chestnut Blight (Cryphonectria parasitica), a Chinese fungal parasite introduced into the American population in the early 1900's. By the late 1930's a species that once compromised almost 25% of the tree populations in the Appalachians was all but gone from its entire range in the eastern United States.
Present day specimens rarely reach 20 feet in height, before succumbing to the the still virulent chestnut blight. larger specimens are rare and are sought out by groups such as The American Chestnut Foundation http://www.acf.org/ and the American Chestnut Cooperators Foundation http://ipm.ppws.vt.edu/griffin/accf.html are actively seeking out these larger specimens as a source of genetic material and seed in attempts to someday restore the American Chestnut populations. In areas of the western United States and Canada pockets of isolated trees and planted specimens still flourish where the pathogen is not present. A once isolated pocket in Wisconsin has recently been reached by the blight and is succumbing to the infection.
James Parton (photo above), a member or Easter Native Tree Society and a member of the American Chestnut Foundation, has initiated the ENTS American Chestnut project to compile and coordinate the efforts of ENTS members to document the remaining large specimens of American Chestnut and related species, to document historical information on the species, and to encourage further research on the species. This section of the website will serve as the portal for the information collected as part of this project.
ENTS Field Trips and Discussions
External Links and Accounts | <urn:uuid:c64ec6bb-a695-4073-b7c0-5207dc37c739> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nativetreesociety.org/projects/chestnut/index_american_chestnut.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397749.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00081-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942738 | 575 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Subtracting a negative = adding a positive · Subtracting negative numbers ·
Multiplying positive & negative numbers ... Dividing positive and negative
Adding positive numbers is just simple addition. ... We also found that taking
away balloons (subtracting positives) or adding weights (adding negatives) both
Adding positive numbers to negative numbers can get tricky, because you need
to pay close attention to where the negative signs are placed in the problem.
www.ask.com/youtube?q=Adding Positives and Negatives&v=UXnk9FgaS2w
Nov 12, 2012 ... This video shows how to add and subtract positive and negative numbers. More
videos and information can be found at: www.
www.ask.com/youtube?q=Adding Positives and Negatives&v=xBJuf6Yvm3I
Sep 10, 2013 ... Learn how to add and subtract negative numbers in this step by step video. ...
Adding and Subtracting Positive and Negative Numbers: Math ...
Here is your cheat sheet to help you remember what to do with positive and
negative numbers (integers) with adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing.
introducing concept of negative and postive numbers. ... Negative - Positive =
Negative (same as adding two negative numbers). (- 8) - 3 = -8 + (-3) = -11.
In this lesson you will learn to add positive and negative integers by using a
Date: 01/05/98 at 16:52:00 From: confused Subject: When do two negative
numbers = a positive? Dear Doctor Math, I am very confused by negative number
Adding and subtracting. To add and subtract numbers always begin counting
from zero. When dealing with positive numbers count to the right. When dealing ... | <urn:uuid:4f1eb630-e902-4157-aeb4-ee21afdcb122> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ask.com/web?q=Adding+Positives+and+Negatives&o=2603&l=dir&qsrc=3139&gc=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00018-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.748211 | 387 | 3.90625 | 4 |
In a push for linguistic unity, China points out that 400 million of its people can't speak the national language.
Mandarin is the official national language of China and large numbers either speak it badly or can't speak it at all, state media said.
According to Reuters, Ministry of Education spokeswoman Xu Mei said that only 70 percent of the country could speak Mandarin and the remaining 30 percent or 400 million people could not speak it. China's ruling Communist Party has promoted Mandarin for decades to unite a nation with thousands of often mutually unintelligible dialects and numerous minority languages, but has been hampered by the country's size and lack of investment in education, especially in poor rural areas. The promotion of Mandarin has long been a contentious issue in China, despite the practical benefits of having the entire population fluent in one tongue, and in some cases has lead to violent unrest. | <urn:uuid:af4eee71-4236-4620-984c-b510f4e67f3f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://m.ksbw.com/national-news/400-million-cant-speak-national-language-in-china/21790938 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00109-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972663 | 176 | 2.59375 | 3 |
As electronic devices are built smaller and smaller, the materials from which the circuits are constructed begin to lose their properties and begin to be controlled by quantum mechanical phenomena. Reaching this physical barrier, many scientists have begun building circuits into multiple dimensions, such as stacking components on top of one another.
Nature Nanotechnology - Dynamic internal gradients control and direct electric currents within nanostructured materials
a, Optical micrograph of a nanoparticle film located between six electrodes 1–6. Scale bar, 500 µm. b, Scheme illustrating polarization of the film, with potential applied between electrodes
They have made reconfigurable electronic materials: materials that can rearrange themselves to meet different computational needs at different times.
"Our new steering technology allows use to direct current flow through a piece of continuous material," said Bartosz A. Grzybowski, who led the research. "Like redirecting a river, streams of electrons can be steered in multiple directions through a block of the material -- even multiple streams flowing in opposing directions at the same time."
Grzybowski is professor of chemical and biological engineering in the McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science and professor of chemistry in the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences.
The Northwestern material combines different aspects of silicon- and polymer-based electronics to create a new classification of electronic materials: nanoparticle-based electronics.
The study, in which the authors report making preliminary electronic components with the hybrid material, will be published online Oct. 16 by the journal Nature Nanotechnology. The research also will be published as the cover story in the November print issue of the journal.
"Besides acting as three-dimensional bridges between existing technologies, the reversible nature of this new material could allow a computer to redirect and adapt its own circuitry to what is required at a specific moment in time," said David A. Walker, an author of the study and a graduate student in Grzybowski's research group.
Imagine a single device that reconfigures itself into a resistor, a rectifier, a diode and a transistor based on signals from a computer. The multi-dimensional circuitry could be reconfigured into new electronic circuits using a varied input sequence of electrical pulses.
The hybrid material is composed of electrically conductive particles, each five nanometers in width, coated with a special positively charged chemical. (A nanometer is a billionth of a meter.) The particles are surrounded by a sea of negatively charged atoms that balance out the positive charges fixed on the particles. By applying an electrical charge across the material, the small negative atoms can be moved and reconfigured, but the relatively larger positive particles are not able to move.
By moving this sea of negative atoms around the material, regions of low and high conductance can be modulated; the result is the creation of a directed path that allows electrons to flow through the material. Old paths can be erased and new paths created by pushing and pulling the sea of negative atoms. More complex electrical components, such as diodes and transistors, can be made when multiple types of nanoparticles are used.
Switchable nanomaterials—materials that can change their properties and/or function in response to external stimuli—have potential applications in electronics, sensing and catalysis. Previous efforts to develop such materials have predominately used molecular switches that can modulate their properties by means of conformational changes. Here, we show that electrical conductance through films of gold nanoparticles coated with a monolayer of charged ligands can be controlled by dynamic, long-range gradients of both mobile counterions surrounding the nanoparticles and conduction electrons on the nanoparticle cores. The internal gradients and the electric fields they create are easily reconfigurable, and can be set up in such a way that electric currents through the nanoparticles can be modulated, blocked or even deflected so that they only pass through select regions of the material. The nanoion/counterion hybrids combine the properties of electronic conductors with those of ionic gels/polymers, are easy to process by solution-casting and, by controlling the internal gradients, can be reconfigured into different electronic elements (current rectifiers, switches and diodes).
38 pages of supplemental information
If you liked this article, please give it a quick review on ycombinator or StumbleUpon. Thanks | <urn:uuid:61e6b505-808c-4d40-8a17-acd7936c5a6f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://nextbigfuture.com/2011/10/scientists-develop-new-nanomaterial.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394414.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00197-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92228 | 890 | 3.4375 | 3 |
The department is equipped with a digital x-ray machine. The images are sent electronically to Radiologists who interpret the image and send the report back to the physician who ordered the x-ray. The images are stored on a Picture Archival and Communication system (PACS), which allows Physicians to see the images from their office.
Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP): what is it and what should I know?
- An IVP is an x-ray examination of the kidneys and urinary system. Contrast medium is injected into the veins, it travels through the blood stream and collects in the kidneys and urinary tract turning these areas bright white on the x-ray images. An IVP allows the radiologist to view and assess the anatomy and function of the kidneys, ureters and the bladder.
- Patients with diabetes who take Metformin should follow the instructions for precautions after the procedure. | <urn:uuid:ff386224-3b74-4290-b3e2-935482006312> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.drhc.on.ca/programs-services/diagnostic-imaging/x-ray/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00135-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925342 | 186 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Mary is of Latin origin, and its meaning is "star of the sea". Saint Jerome associated the Virgin's name with the Latin phrase "stella maris". Other possible meanings are (Hebrew) "wished-for child; rebellion; sea of bitterness". Variant of Miriam. However it was most likely originally an Egyptian name, perhaps derived in part from mry "beloved" or mr "love".
This was the name of several New Testament characters, most importantly Mary the virgin mother of Jesus, and Mary Magdalene. .
Variant of Miriam.
Originally a Middle English Anglicized form of the French Marie, derived from the Latin Maria, and ultimately from the Hebrew name of uncertain origin Miryam.This is the New Testament form of Miriam, which St. Jerome derives from elements meaning 'd
Name is an anglicized form of name Maria Which is derived from the Hebrew name Miryām means Sea of bitterness.It has several means included rebelliousness, wished for child, beloved lady etc.
Mary was the name of the Virgin Mary, mother of Jesus Christ, who has been a subject of cult from earliest times.The name, borne in the Bible by the virgin mother of Jesus, has become one of the most enduringly popular names in the Christian world.
was an American linguist who specialized in North American Indian languages, Thai, and historical linguistics.Haas attended high school in Richmond, Indiana, and later Earlham College. At the University of Chicago she undertook graduate work on comparative philology. Her first published paper, A Visit to the Other World, a Nitinat Text, a collaboration with Morris Swadesh (to whom she would later be married for a time), was published in 1933.She went on to complete her Ph.D. in linguistics from Yale University in 1935 with a dissertation entitled A Grammar of the Tunica Language. (Tunica was a language once spoken in present-day Louisiana.) Haas worked with the last fluent speaker of Tunica, Sesostrie Youchigant, producing extensive texts and vocabularies.
Mair, Mal, Malia, Mallie, Mame, Mamie, Manette, Manon, Manya, Mara, Marabel, Marabelle, Mair, Maire, Mal
Mary Name also appears in following Origin(s): Biblical, Egyptian, Latin
Baby girl name meaning Wished-for Child
Sea Of Bitterness in Hebrew. Mary also named in American, Hawaiian, Australian, Chinese, Danish for girl . We have received lots of suggestion from our website users on baby names. We are thankful for all the contribution on meaning of girl name Mary. What does the name Mary mean in other origin if you know then please suggest. Further suggestion or detail on what is the meaning of name Mary. History of name and famous personality with Mary will help to update our database and other website users.
better know by her stage name Penny Banner, was a professional wrestler. She was best known for her time spent in the American Wrestling Association. She was also the Commissioner of the Professional Girl Wrestling Association (PGWA) from 1992 until her d
List of Hebrew baby names, Hebrew babies names, Hebrew baby names and meanings has been compiled from various resources. Please use this up to date list of Hebrew name as a reference to name your kid/child. This vast database of Hebrew names has been compiled from various references and suggestions provided by our web site users and resources partners. This information is developed to primarily serve as a reference. We are unable to respond on request for personalized assistance at the moment. Thank you for your support. Largest list of Hebrew baby names with meanings, numerology, popularity and comments. | <urn:uuid:d5cf9d58-a442-423d-922e-a6b182a0ce89> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.babynology.com/meaning-mary-f29.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398209.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00072-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956939 | 771 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Seventy-five years ago, a shocking event took place that permanently scarred relations between two countries that share the same island in the Caribbean.
Under the brutal regime of the Dominican dictator Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina, in the fall of 1937, up to as many 20,000 Haitians (perhaps many more) were massacred -- many in the most horrific ways -- by Dominican soldiers and civilians wielding machetes, bayonets and rifles.
The mass slaughter has since been known, bizarrely, as the Parsley Massacre. In a test to identify who was Haitian, Dominican border guards would ask people to pronounce the word “perejil” (Spanish for “parsley”). Haitians, who spoke French and Creole, could not pronounce the word properly and often paid for this phonetic inability with their lives.
The bloody purge -- some would call it genocide -- occurred across only five days.
No Haitian (or dark-skinned Dominican suspected of being Haitian) was spared -- women and children were as mercilessly slaughtered as the men-folk.
Continue Reading Below
Dominicans who tried to help Haitians escape the violence were also targeted for death.
Under Trujillo, who took over the Dominican Republic in 1930, a move was made to prevent the migration of Haitian laborers who sought work in local sugar plantations as the global economic depression weighed on sugar exports and the Dominican economy as a whole.
As such, Haitians were looked at as a liability and scapegoat.
During a speech at the border town of Dajabón, Trujillo spelled out his plan for the Haitians:
“For some months, I have traveled and traversed the border in every sense of the word,” he said. “I have seen, investigated and inquired about the needs of the population. To the Dominicans who were complaining of the depredations by Haitians living among them, thefts of cattle, provisions, fruits, etc., and were thus prevented from enjoying in peace the products of their labor, I have responded, ‘I will fix this.’ And we have already begun to remedy the situation. Three hundred Haitians are now dead in [the city of] Bánica. This remedy will continue.”
In another touch of the macabre, the bodies of dead Haitians were deposited en masse in the Massacre River, a body of water between the two nations that was named so after prior conflicts between colonial powers Spain and France.
The killings also had a decided racial angle, hence the term “genocide” favored by some scholars who studied the massacre.
Dominicans, like many Latin American societies, were ruled by a white Spanish elite who lorded over a population principally comprised of mixed-race mulattoes or those who were of mixed European-Amerindian blood. Haitians, in contrast, were overwhelmingly of unmixed black African heritage.
Ironically, Trujillo (like his contemporary Fulgencio Batista of Cuba) was himself a mulatto – but that fact did not engender any warm feelings on his part towards the black people of neighboring Haiti. Quite the contrary.
The killings left an indelible stain on the island.
Prior to the massacre, Trujillo was hailed as a strong ally of the U.S. government. However, after the U.S ambassador in Santo Domingo, R. Henry Norweb, characterized the scale of the murders as "a systematic campaign of extermination,” President Franklin D Roosevelt demanded that Trujillo pay reparations to the families of the victims (money which never reached its intended recipients).
Trujillo sought to justify the killings by citing Haiti’s occupation of the Dominican Republic one century before.
However, Trujillo’s actual motives for perpetrating this mass bloodletting remains a mystery -- some claim he wanted to expand Dominican territory, others claim he was paranoid about Dominican exile groups based in Haiti that sought to overthrow him, while others cite pure racism as the major driving force (i.e., Trujillo wanted to wipe out the black race on the island).
Ironically, the two nations enjoyed generally peaceful relations prior to 1937.
“It’s not true that this anti-Haitianism that you see today is timeless,” said Edward Paulino, a Dominican-American history professor at the City University of New York, who commemorated the massacre through an organization called Border of Lights, according to the Christian Science Monitor.
“Much of it began with the massacre in 1937.”
Julia Alvarez, a Dominican-American novelist, told NPR that she grew up not knowing much about the massacre.
“There's been this enormous silence, so I grew up not knowing about this,” she said. “It took coming to this country [the U.S.] and connecting with Haitians and Haitian-Americans and with my own Dominican people that were here that I began to learn more and more of the history, and I think that's when this revulsion for something that had happened that had never been addressed or redressed properly filled me.”
Seventy-five years later, the borders between Haiti and the Dominican are open again, but ill will lingers on both sides.
"We have more in common than the differences," Lesly Manigat, a Haitian doctor living in the Dominican town of Santiago, told the BBC. "Trujillo tried to rid the Dominican Republic of its Haitian roots, but our cultures and lifestyle are very similar. The French, the Spanish, the Africans -- it's a shared history."
However, given Haiti’s extreme poverty, Dominicans resent the presence of at least 1 million illegal Haitian immigrants in their country.
"After 1937, the Dominican culture became exclusive," Paulino told the BBC. "On a local level, people could work together and could accept that we have a society that's mixed, of which Dominicans of Haitian descent are a part. But at the state level, there's still this sense of rejection of dark-skinned Haitians."
For example, Dominicans of Haitian descent were recently stripped of citizenship and are regarded as foreigners, even if there were born on the country.
Felicia Persaud, CEO of Hard Beat Communications in New York and an expert on Caribbean affairs, noted that the Parsley Massacre was perhaps of the 20th century's least-remembered acts of genocide “and it’s truly amazing that people remember the slaughter of Jews by Adolf Hitler but not so much, the murder of some 20,000 by Trujillo."
There also appears to be a “schism” between the large Dominican and Haitian communities in New York City.
"I have not seen much collaboration between the two sides at all,” Persaud stated.
“Haitians live in their own communities, like Brooklyn, while nationals of the Dominican Republic live in Upper Manhattan, and the void between them is stark."
She added: “Whether this is a direct [consequence] of the Parsley Massacre or not, I'm not sure. What I do know is that there is some level of discrimination that exists in the way Haitians are treated in the [company towns] of the Dominican Republic and in the way that descendants of Haitians are treated in the DR. There is racial prejudice towards Haitians in the DR and their Dominican-born children are refused citizenship because they are considered ‘in transit’ and are as such left stateless.”
Yet, others express hope for the future.
"For all of the tragedy and horrible things that happened, it's been great to see people in the Dominican Republic say that these people are our neighbors, our brothers and sisters,” Cynthia Carrion, one of the organizers of Border of Lights, told Germany’s Deutsche Welle.
“We hope to change from a border of tension to a border of light, a place of peace."
“None of our governments have paused for a moment of silence in 75 years to say that this was a sad and painful chapter in our history," Edwidge Danticat, a prominent Haitian author, told the Christian Science Monitor.
"And we have to learn from it in our daily dealings as a state and as part of a total island.”
“It's important to reflect on both sides of the border what this history means in terms of our dealings from now on, how we see each other as island neighbors, consumers and producers, and, in some cases, as binational family members and generally as human beings.”
Indeed, as Persaud herself points out, Dominicans were the first to offer their help with the devastating earthquake struck Haiti in January 2010. | <urn:uuid:de5cfe26-4a20-4398-89b6-6e019b6e5986> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ibtimes.com/parsley-massacre-genocide-still-haunts-haiti-dominican-relations-846773 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00158-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973937 | 1,834 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Available for: iPad, iPhone, Android, Mac, and Windows.
Dietrich Bonhoeffer's pastoral sojourn in England from October 1933 to April of 1935, which he initially viewed as a withdrawal from the church clashes in Germany, marked instead a new phase in his intensive participation in that struggle. London, 1933-35 provides an almost daily documentation of his deepening engagement against the placid backdrop of his two London pastorates.
Detailing Bonhoeffer's extensive contacts with German expatriates, ecumenical partners and allies, and friends and family, London: 1933-1935 impressively records both Bonhoeffer's involvement in the rapidly developing clash with the deutsche Christen and the means by which he pursued it.
The bulk of the material consists of his wide correspondence but also includes records and minutes of his congregational meetings, excerpts from the diaries of Bonhoeffer's friend and London colleague Julius Rieger, reports from international conferences from 1934, and more than twenty sermons he preached to his London congregations. The wealth of this material, says editor Keith Clements, allows us to experience a dramatic slice of this history and see the many and complex facets of Dietrich Bonhoeffer's personality.
Dietrich Bonhoeffer was a German Lutheran pastor and theologian who lived from February 1906 - April 1945. He received broad recognition for his writings on Christianity's role in the secular world. Bonhoeffer was also famous for his staunch resistance to the Nazi dictatorship, which ultimately cost him his life in a Nazi concentration camp. | <urn:uuid:06052ca8-49e7-48f1-b1b7-337db9c0a6da> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://www.olivetree.com/store/product.php?productid=21568 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00153-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974202 | 319 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
delivery (plural deliveries)
- The act of conveying something.
- The delivery was completed by four.
- delivery of a nuclear missile to its target
- The item which has been conveyed.
- Your delivery is on the table.
- The act of giving birth
- The delivery was painful.
- (baseball) A pitching motion.
- His delivery has a catch in it.
- (baseball) A thrown pitch.
- Here is the delivery; ... strike three!
- The manner of speaking.
- The actor's delivery was flawless.
- 1919, W. Somerset Maugham, The Moon and Sixpence, chapter 55
- I shall not tell what Dr. Coutras related to me in his words, but in my own, for I cannot hope to give at second hand any impression of his vivacious delivery.
2012 June 3, Nathan Rabin, “TV: Review: THE SIMPSONS (CLASSIC): “Mr. Plow” (season 4, episode 9; originally aired 11/19/1992)”, in (Please provide the title of the work):
- Half of the comedy in West’s self-deprecating appearance on “Mr. Plow” comes from the veteran actor’s purring, self-satisfied delivery as he tells a deeply unnerved Bart and Lisa of the newfangled, less groovy cinematic Batman
- (medicine) The administration of a drug.
- Drug delivery system.
- (cricket) A ball bowled.
- (curling) The process of throwing a stone.
- (genetics) Process of introducing foreign DNA into host cells.
act of conveying something
item which has been conveyed
act of giving birth
manner of speaking
administration of a drug | <urn:uuid:bf664562-baf7-45b8-9de5-8bba8a3a8cf1> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/delivery | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408828.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00098-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931473 | 405 | 2.703125 | 3 |
PEOPLE who live or work on farms in North Yorkshire are being asked to take part in a special study by the Health Protection Agency.
The agency wants to assess more accurately how often a disease called hantavirus occurs in people in England.
Hantaviruses are a group of more than forty rodent-borne viruses which are globally widespread in the environment.
The virus can only be passed to humans through direct contact with rodents or material contaminated with rodent waste.
In most cases, prolonged exposure to rodents carrying the virus is needed for it to be transmitted to people and currently cases of the disease are rarely confirmed in England.
The risk to people in this country from hantavirus is low, but scientists and health experts at the Health Protection Agency say that further research is needed to understand more accurately how widespread the disease actually is.
The director of the North Yorkshire Health Protection Unit, Dr Autilia Newton, said: “We are working closely with our partners including the local NHS, the National Farmers’ Union and the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affair to assist our expert scientists in investigating the prevalence of this disease through this study.”
To register an interest in taking part e-mail firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:0517dde5-bd4b-455a-8f45-11e756e1e3a7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.darlingtonandstocktontimes.co.uk/news/10230108.Health_study_needs_farm_volunteers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397797.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00190-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957731 | 264 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Designers and developers can have a tendency to concentrate on sighted mouse users when building a web site. This is usually due to a lack of knowledge about how other people can use the web.
Something I have been thinking about for a while is using personas to help teach accessibility. I think it would be really useful to come up with some detailed personas that highlight the most common disabilities, the problems they face on the web and how assistive technologies are used. These can then be used to get designers, developers and project owners on board with accessibility – and used in discussions about designs or code that have accessibility issues.
Here’s a quick first attempt at some personas. I’d be interested in what people think of the idea and suggestions for improving the personas.
Tom, 54 is an accountant who spends 2 hours a day commuting to work by train. He is colour blind and uses a 3g dongle to connect to the internet when on the train.
Tom has problems when a website relies only on colour to communicate something.
Ben, 20 is a deaf student studying computer science at university
Tom has problems with websites that don’t include captions or transcripts
Liane, 38 (once sighted) is blind. Uses JAWS and Internet explorer to surf the web.
JAWS lets Liane get up a list of headings and links to get a quick overview of a web pages. She uses short cuts to navigate the page -jumping to headings, lists and tables etc
She has problems when pages don’t make use of headings and when links don’t have descriptive labels.
She has problems with pages that don’t allow keyboard navigation (e.g clickable ‘buttons’ that are implement with ‘span’)
She has problems with pages that use ajax that don’t inform her when new new content has updated
Alice, 69, has poor mobility and poor vision. Unable to get out of her flat without help. Uses the web to do her weekly shop and buy presents.
Uses IE 6. Has difficulty using a mouse so uses a keyboard. Due to poor vision she sets the font size to 200%
Has problems with sites that don’t work with a keyboard and sites that don’t provide the option to skip links.
Has problems with sites that break when font size increased.
Her memory is not as good as it used to be – needs things to be explained in simple language.
Get confused if a website does something unexpected.
Derek does not have full use of his hands so is unable to type. On his desktop uses Dragon Naturally speaking.
When using Dragon Naturally speaking can use the ‘button’ command which displays a number next to all the buttons on the page. Can then say the number to activate the button. Won’t work if developers have used ‘span’ instead of ‘button’
An example Accessibility for the modern web – @ 4 minutes
Can you suggest any other or better personas or scenarios? – or help flesh out the these ones?
It would be great to include the number of people that have these disabilities, examples of sites that have good or bad accessibility for the above issues – and videos that show people using the mentioned assistive technologies | <urn:uuid:a803afde-fde4-4c94-b296-2b49091c6367> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://alistairduggin.co.uk/blog/using-personas-to-teach-accessibility/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397795.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00164-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918847 | 696 | 2.515625 | 3 |
2) Golden Toad
It's difficult to determine the exact cause of the golden toad's sudden extinction, but there was a time when the little guys were ubiquitous in Monteverde, Costa Rica. Breeding primarily during the rainy seasons, climate change brought on by the arrival of El Niño may have dried out the puddles golden toads used to lay eggs. This lack of moisture and rising temperatures likely created an ideal environment for bacteria and fungi to flourish, easily infecting golden toads whose immune systems were affected by increased UV exposure. Adding to that the use of pesticides, golden toads had vanished completely by the late '80s. | <urn:uuid:c59c7235-94ff-4c15-a781-69dcab692377> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.sparknotes.com/mindhut/2014/05/06/8-animals-that-recently-went-extinct/slide/3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393997.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00193-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970184 | 131 | 3.125 | 3 |
|Publication number||US6435209 B1|
|Application number||US 09/829,840|
|Publication date||Aug 20, 2002|
|Filing date||Apr 10, 2001|
|Priority date||Apr 10, 2001|
|Publication number||09829840, 829840, US 6435209 B1, US 6435209B1, US-B1-6435209, US6435209 B1, US6435209B1|
|Original Assignee||Howard Heil|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (14), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (9), Classifications (7), Legal Events (3)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
The present invention generally relates to an apparatus for preventing ice formation in a water tower.
In most municipalities, a basic water system contains a water source, treatment plant, water pumps, water tower, and a distribution system. The beginning of the system and the source of most drinking water is either a well, river, or reservoir. This natural water is then treated in a water treatment plant to remove sediment and bacteria. The clean water is then pumped, at a pressure of 50 to 100 psi, into the water distribution system. A water tower is normally attached to the primary water distribution pipes between the water pumps and the water consumer.
A water tower is simply a large elevated water tank. The primary purpose of elevating a water tank is to provide water storage and water pressure. This water storage and pressure allows a municipality to size its water pumps for the average rather than peak demand, saving the community a lot of money. Water usage is normally at its highest during the day, usually peaking in the morning when everyone wakes up and showers. Similarly, water usage is much higher in the summer when people also water their lawn and gardens. Therefore, the municipality sizes its water pumps for the average use during a summer day. During the transient bursts when water demand is at its peak, greater than the water pumps can provide, the water tower makes up the difference. Then when demand falls, the water pumps supply the demand and refill the tower with any excess. More specifically, water is pumped up the pipe that runs from the ground to the base of the water tank, called the riser. When water demand requires, water flows out of the tank, down through the riser, and into the water system to meet demand.
During the winter, water usage drops significantly compared to summer usage. Furthermore, water usage usually will drop significantly throughout the night and early morning. This low volume of water use results in very little to no water being used from the water tower or requiring the tower to refill, allowing it to freeze over. When the water tower supply freezes over, the water transients are not absorbed.
To prevent freezing, some elevated tanks incorporate various heating systems. The riser is usually covered with insulation. In severe conditions, a heating system may also be installed that introduces heated water or steam into the water. Warm water or steam is usually injected in the base of the riser and the heat rises into the water tank to inhibit freezing. However, heating of the tank with warm water or steam amounts to a considerable expense for the municipality.
In extremely cold regions, some municipalities use submersible pumps or agitators in place of or in supplement to heating systems to prevent freezing. These devices mix warmer water from the center of the tank with colder water at the surface to prevent freezing. However, these devices are submerged within the water in the water tank and susceptible to failure. When these devices fail, air and water temperatures make it extremely difficult to retrieve them and repair them before ice begins to form within the tank.
Thus a need has long been felt for a system to prevent ice formation in water towers that does not including the expense of using heated water or steam or requiring mechanical devices inside the water tank. Such an ice prevention system is very desirable by municipalities in cold climates who require a water tower but can not afford the expense of current ice prevention methods. Therefore, it would be highly desirable to provide a method and apparatus for preventing ice formation in a water tower.
The present invention relates to an improved method for preventing ice formation in a water tower. More specifically, compressed air is introduced into the water of the water tower to prevent ice formation. Use of compressed air will prevent ice formation while eliminating the need for submerged mechanical devices and eliminating the costs associated with other heating systems.
FIG. 1 is a schematic showing a water tower connected to a municipal water system.
FIG. 2 is a schematic showing the ice prevention system connected to a water tower at the riser.
FIG. 3 is a schematic showing the ice prevention system connected to a water tower through the overflow pipe.
FIG. 1 illustrates a water tower connected to a municipal water system 100. The water tower includes at least one water pump 110, a main water supply line 112, an elevated water tank 114, a riser 116, an over flow pipe 118, a manway 120, and stored water 122.
In operation, a municipality's water supply is treated in a water treatment plant (not shown). The treated water, indicated at 102, is then pumped into the main water supply line 112 via one or more water pumps 110. When water usage is at its average demand the treated water 102 is pumped through the main water supply line 112 into the water distribution system, indicated at 104.
When water usage is below average demand, treated water 102 not required by the water distribution system 104 is pumped via the water pumps 110 into the elevated water tank 114 through a pipe or riser 116. The riser 116 connects the elevated water tank 114 to main supply line 112. The elevated water tank 114 holds the stored water 122 until water demand by the water distribution system 104 is greater than the water pump(s) 110 can supply. At that time, the stored water 122 flows out of the elevated water tank 114 via the riser 116 and into the main supply line 112.
FIG. 2 illustrates an ice prevention system 200 connected to a water tower connected to a municipal water system 100. The ice prevention system 200 includes an air supply line 210, an air compressor 212, and a check valve 214.
The air supply line 210 is connected at one end to the air compressor 212. In the preferred embodiment the air compressor 212 is formed from an electric air compressor. The other end of the air supply line is connected to the riser 116 at point 216, which is above ground level, indicated at 202. The connection point 216 may be at least seven feet above ground level 202. The check valve 214 is located on the air supply line 210 close to the riser 116.
To prevent freezing of the stored water 122 in the elevated water tank 114, air is forced into the stored water 122. Compressed air (not shown) from the air compressor 212 is forced through the air supply line 210 and injected into the riser 116. Air bubbles 218 are generated and rise through the stored water 122 in the elevated water tank 114. The air bubbles 218 cause the mixing of warmer water located at the center of the elevated water tank 114 with colder water located at the surface of the stored water 122 in the elevated water tank 114, and generally perturb the water, preventing ice formation on the surface of the stored water 122.
The air supply line 210 also includes a check valve 214 located in close proximity to the riser 116 to prevent water from flowing back into the air line 210 when the air compressor 212 is stopped or fails. The air supply line 210 connects to the riser 116 at a point 216 located above ground level 202. This prevents air from the air supply line 210 from entering the main supply line 112 while the elevated water tank 114 is discharging water downwardly through the riser 116.
In extremely cold regions, an air heater 220 may be used to heat the compressed air in the air supply line 210 to provide additional ice prevention. The air heater 220 may be located at any convenient location on the air supply line 210.
FIG. 3 illustrates a second embodiment of the invention. An ice prevention system 300 is connected to a water tower connected to a municipal water system 100. The ice prevention system 300 includes an air supply line 310 and an air compressor 312.
The air supply line 310 is connected at one end to the air compressor 312. In the preferred embodiment the air compressor 312 is formed from an electric air compressor. The other end of the air supply line 310 enters the elevated water tank 114 through the overflow pipe 118. The air supply line 310 extends along the inside wall of the elevated water tank 114 and terminates at a point located within the elevated water tank 114 such that it is submerged within stored water 122 in the elevated water tank 114.
In this embodiment of the invention, compressed air is injection into stored water 122 through the air supply line 310 by the air compressor 312 to prevent freezing of the stored water 122 in the elevated water tank 114. Compressed air from the air compressor 312 is forced through the air supply line 310 and injected into the stored water 122. Air bubbles (not shown) are generated and rise through the stored water 122 in the elevated water tank 114. The air bubbles cause the mixing of warmer water located at the center of the elevated water tank 114 with colder water located at the surface of the stored water 122 in the elevated water tank 114, and generally perturb the water, preventing ice formation on the surface of the stored water 122.
In extremely cold regions, an air heater 320 may be included to heat the compressed air in the air supply line 310 to provide additional ice prevention. The air heater 320 may be located at any convenient location on the air supply line 310.
Although FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate the preferred embodiment of the ice prevention system 200, 300, alternate embodiments may also be used. For example, instead of using an electric compressor 212, 312 an alternative type of compressor, such as a gas powered compressor, may be used.
While particular elements, embodiments and applications of the present invention have been shown and described, it is understood that the invention is not limited thereto since modifications may be made by those skilled in the art, particularly in light of the foregoing teaching. It is therefore contemplated by the appended claims to cover such modifications and incorporate those features which come within the spirit and scope of the invention.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US1295687 *||Apr 13, 1918||Feb 25, 1919||Harry Bullard||Water-heater.|
|US3109288||Jan 19, 1960||Nov 5, 1963||Perma Pier Inc||Oscillating and aerating ice and water control|
|US3148509||Oct 24, 1960||Sep 15, 1964||Pneumatic Breakwaters Ltd||Wave reduction, de-icing and destratification apparatus|
|US3193260||Mar 13, 1961||Jul 6, 1965||Lamb Charles M||Apparatus for aerating and eliminating ice on water|
|US3293861||Nov 13, 1961||Dec 27, 1966||Nelson Hinde James||Method of distributing fluids in bodies of liquid and apparatus therefor|
|US3318098||Jan 3, 1964||May 9, 1967||Hoddinott David C||Waterway de-icing apparatus|
|US4279537||May 21, 1980||Jul 21, 1981||Tweedy William H||Apparatus for aerating and maintaining an ice free surface area on a body of water|
|US4304740||Oct 11, 1979||Dec 8, 1981||Richard Cernoch||Liquid aeration apparatus|
|US4337152||Sep 27, 1978||Jun 29, 1982||Frebar Holding Ag||Aeration apparatus and method|
|US4481966||Jul 8, 1983||Nov 13, 1984||Brag Systems Canada Ltd.||Waterline freeze protection system|
|US4664143||Jun 3, 1986||May 12, 1987||Thompson Ernest N||External water tower|
|US4815494||Aug 4, 1987||Mar 28, 1989||Raikamo Mikko H||Water tower|
|US5017093||Nov 17, 1989||May 21, 1991||Naes Oscar L||Thermostatically controlled boat de-icer|
|US6237629 *||Jun 24, 1999||May 29, 2001||Clyde H. Zelch||Apparatus for positive water retention and circulation in storage tanks|
|1||Brain, "How Water Towers Work," How Stuff Works http://www.howstuffworks.com (printed Aug. 23, 2000).|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US8147117||May 8, 2009||Apr 3, 2012||Drewry Kristinn G||Water tank deicing mixer|
|US8192069||Jun 5, 2012||Koopmans Richard J||Water supply mixing process|
|US8303161||Nov 6, 2012||Drewry Kristinn G||Water supply thermocline detection and mixing process|
|US20090277846 *||Mar 18, 2009||Nov 12, 2009||Koopmans Richard J||Water supply thermocline detection and mixing process|
|US20090279380 *||Oct 31, 2008||Nov 12, 2009||Koopmans Richard J||Water supply mixing process|
|US20090279381 *||May 8, 2009||Nov 12, 2009||Koopmans Richard J||Water tank deicing mixer|
|CN101914936A *||May 25, 2010||Dec 15, 2010||云南大红山管道有限公司||Water charging system and method for head tank|
|CN101936023A *||Aug 23, 2010||Jan 5, 2011||邬冬根||Recycled water automatic lifting device|
|CN101936023B||Aug 23, 2010||Nov 28, 2012||邬冬根||Recycled water automatic lifting device|
|U.S. Classification||137/593, 137/334|
|Cooperative Classification||Y10T137/6416, E03B11/12, Y10T137/86381|
|Nov 1, 2005||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Feb 12, 2010||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jan 27, 2014||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 12 | <urn:uuid:04b2f109-a961-45c5-89f2-62cbb06a073b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.google.com/patents/US6435209?dq=3798359 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394937.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00185-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.900052 | 3,096 | 2.734375 | 3 |
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