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- Xinhua identifies female astronauts who could be on crew
- Launch is planned for mid-June
- China aims to complete manned space docking, joining Russia, United States
- China aspires to build space station, conduct manned mission to the moon
China's historic spacecraft docking mission this month will involve a female astronaut, state-run Xinhua reported.
Either Liu Yang or Wang Yaping -- selected among China's first batch of women astronauts -- will be among the three-person crew to launch aboard the Shenzhou-9, according to Xinhua.
If all goes well with the launch, which is planned for mid-June, the Shenzhou-9 will dock with China's orbiting space laboratory, making the nation the third after the United States and Russia to complete a manned space docking.
As a precaution in case of an emergency, one of the crewmembers will not board the lab, a spokesperson for the space program said in February.
China has big aspirations for its space program with hopes to build a space station like the International Space Station and to conduct a manned mission to the moon.
On Saturday the Shenzhou-9 and its carrier rocket, the Long March-2F, were moved to a launch platform in northwest China's Gansu province to allow scientists to conduct tests before the launch, according to Xinhua.
The Tiangong-1 space lab module was launched into space in September, and two months later it successfully completed China's first space docking with an unmanned spacecraft, Shenzhou-8, according to Xinhua.
The efforts demonstrate "China's continued commitment to becoming a first-class space power with an independent space capability," Taylor Fravel, associate professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, said this year.
"This is a very exclusive club."
On Thursday in Beijing, the China National Space Administration and the Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission signed a space cooperation plan through 2020, state-run China Daily reported. The agreement was signed, while Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari was visiting for the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Summit.
China's efforts come as the United States refocuses its space program toward deep space exploration, and private companies like SpaceX make strides toward the commercialization of spaceflight.
Last month SpaceX's unmanned Dragon capsule completed the first ever commercial mission to the International Space Station.
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Alive and Kicking (X2.0)
Click on the images for larger/full field versions.
Caption: As if making up for lost time lately, the Sun keeps its active streak going. Active region 9415 produced another X2 event on 12 April 2001 at 10:28 UT. A so-called "EIT wave" could be seen in EIT's 195 Å movie. The associated coronal mass ejection (CME) was first spotted by LASCO at 10:31 UT, evolving into a faint full halo event. The speed was "only" 3 million kilometers per hour, and decelerating.
The shockwave may take 2-3 days to arrive at the Earth. To look for the shock in realtime, look at the SOHO/CELIAS MTOF Proton Monitor page, which gives about half an hour early warning due to SOHO's position closer to the Sun.
- Today's Space Weather from SEC/NOAA.
- SOHO/CELIAS MTOF Proton Monitor
- Geomagnetic data from the University of Tromsø, Norway.
- Our Current Space Weather summary.
- The TRACE spacecraft.
Instruments: Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT);
Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO);
Taken: 12 April 2001.
Picture credit: SOHO/EIT and SOHO/LASCO (ESA & NASA)
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A kit contains all the materials that you need to teach one child for an entire year. Each Shurley English instructional kit contains 3 items. Teacher's Manual: The teacher's manual is the heart of the program at every level. Each lesson in the manual begins with a planning box, which contains lesson objectives. Scripted lessons provide you with the exact words for the Question and Answer Flows, questioning strategies, and the teaching techniques that make this program consistent for all grade levels. The script is especially helpful for parents who are new to homeschooling or are new to Shurley English. The Teacher's Manual is set up in chapters. There are five lessons in each chapter, and each chapter can be finished in one week. Each lesson takes approximately twenty to forty-five minutes to complete. Grammar, language skills, and writing are taught in each chapter. Student Workbook: Levels 1-6 do not use traditional textbooks. Shurley English places special emphasis on parent-child interaction and participation. In Shurley English, the children have workbooks, not textbooks, to practice and test their acquired knowledge and skills. Most student workbooks contain a Jingle Section, a Reference Section, a Practice Section, and a Test Section. The Jingle Section contains all the jingles. The Reference Section includes vocabulary words, guided practices, samples, guidelines, and charts. The Practice Section provides extra practice on the various skills taught before the skills are tested. The Test Section contains the tests for each chapter. Each test is divided into four basic areas: grammar, vocabulary, language skills, and a summary of things learned for the week. Introductory CD: The introductory CD provides the jingles and the Question and Answer Flows for the Introductory Sentences. It may be used to demonstrate jingles and Question and Answer Flows to children, or it may be used as a resource for the parents.
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• EMF & EMR
mammograms, dental, chiropractic, any xrays.
Let’s identify what
the various types of Radiation are and the
EMF & EMR
EMF means Electro Magnetic Field. EMR means Electro
Magnetic Radiation. EMF is broad term which includes
electric fields generated by charged particles,
magnetic fields generated by charged particles
in motion, and radiated fields such as TV, radio,
and microwaves. Electric fields are measured
in units of Volts per meter or V/m. Magnetic
fields are measured in milli-Gauss or mG. The
field is always strongest near the source and
diminishes as you move away from the source. These
energies have the ability to influence particles
at great distances. For example, the radiation
from a radio tower influences the atoms within
a distant radio antenna, allowing it to pick
up the signal.
Radiation (EMR): Radiation is made up of oscillating electric and magnetic fields
and propagated with the speed of light. Includes gamma radiation, X-rays, ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation, and radar and radio waves.
is insidious and affects all of us in so many
ways......and yet, we often do not make the connection
between our compromised functioning and exposure
to the world of EMF/EMR and Wireless technology. Computers,
portable cordless phones, cell phone, electronics,
cell towers, WiFI, are all suspect when it comes
to our health, neurotransmitter balance, and
a compromised immune system.
biological tissue: This remains the most
controversial aspect of the EMF issue with virtually
all scientists agreeing that more research is
necessary to determine safe or dangerous levels. Iron,
necessary for healthy blood and stored in the
brain, is also highly effected by EMF.
permeability of the cell membrane of our nerves,
blood vessels, skin, and other organs are affected.
intricate DNA of the chromosomes has been shown
to be effected by EMF’s as well. In
fact, throughout our bodies, every biochemical
process involves precisely choreographed movement
of EMF-sensitive atoms, molecules, and ions.
more than 25 years of intensive study, the health
and safety conscious Swedish government has established
a safety limit for exposure to ELF magnetic field
at 2.5 mG, and VLF magnetic fields at only 0.25
the U.S. government has been slower to act in
establishing its own standards, the Swedish standard
is generally accepted throughout the world. What
this possibly means is that if someone consistently
experiences exposure which exceeds the standard,
that person could be at risk for
developing health problems which can range from
headaches, fatigue, and dizziness to skin rashes,
miscarriages and neuro-endocrine disruptors,
leukemia, and cancer. In fact, numerous
court cases where plaintiffs claim to have been
injured by EMF’s are now in progress.
though the controversy of conflicting scientific
studies persists, it seems strange that cigarettes
and alcohol are packaged with warnings we already
know about, and the sodium, fat, and cholesterol
content of foods must appear on the labels, but
NO ONE TELLS YOU THAT THE AVERAGE HAIR DRYER,
VACUUM CLEANER, OR CAN OPENER YOU USE EMITS AN
AMAZING 300 mG OR MORE!!!
is defined as the portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum ranging from 10 kilohertz (10,000 cycles
per second) to 300 gigahertz (300 billion cycles
per second). AM and FM radio, broadcast
television, cellular phones and WiFi are all
examples of technologies that utilize RF radiation.
networks in the United States typically operate
in the 800 megahertz (800 million cycles per
second) or 1,900 megahertz range, whereas WiFi
most commonly operates at 2.45 gigahertz. Health
and environmental concerns are raised both by
the power level or intensity of RF radiation
emissions, as well as by the characteristics
of the signal itself (e.g., its frequency, modulations,
Towers that are SENDING information are the harmful
Towers that are RECEIVING information are harmless.
you have a cell tower near your residence or
your office, find out if it is sending or receiving
to www.antennasearch.com. You will find location of cell towers
near you and who owns it. Call the company that
owns the tower and ask if it is sending or receiving. Cell
towers that send microwaves should
be around 3 miles away from your home.
for Radiation Detoxification
• Dr. Dale’s Homeopathic Radiation Formula can be
effectively used by itself for adults or children. For adults who
have had much radiation exposure you can also
follow this entire protocol for radiation detoxification.
drops twice daily; 5 days on, two days off.
You may only need this formula once per week
after using it for two
Children over 5 years old or those who suffer symptoms that
are elusive and have had exposure to the various
types of radiation
in this document: Three drops once daily,
three to four
days per week and then once per month or according
to your holistic health providers recommendations.
the Lymph Detox three drops two days per week.
• Lymph Detoxification: 5 drops two times daily,
5 days on and two days off.
• Whole Body Deep Cleanse Kit or the Slow Detoxification
that utilizes these products
• Healthful Organic Diet and Lots of Clean Water
• Cell Phone usage: Keep it to a minimum. Don’t
let children use cell phones or put them up to
their head. Use the RF airtube headset or a speakerphone;
a BioPRo Cell Chip and Universal Chip on Computers
and even portable phones. I wear the BioPro pendent
when traveling or when using my computer.
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Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) is the description of an image as an application of the Extensible Markup Language (XML). Any program such as a Web browser that recognizes XML can display the image using the information provided in the SVG format. Different from a raster graphicsscalable part of the term emphasizes that vector graphic images can easily be made scalable (whereas an image specified in raster graphics is a fixed-size bitmap). Thus, the SVG format enables the viewing of an image on a computer display of any size and resolution, whether a tiny LCD screen in a cell phone or a large CRT display in a workstation. In addition to ease of size reduction and enlargement, SVG allows text within images to be recognized as such, so that the text can be located by a search engine and easily translated into other languages.
Vector graphics images also have the potential advantage over the standard Web image formats, the GIF and the JPEG, of size. Compared with a bitmap image, an SVG image may be much smaller and arrive more quickly.
GIF and JPG images (and a newer format, the PNG) are expected to continue to predominate. While the bitmaps of these image formats can be resized, dimensional reduction does not necessarily save memory, storage, or bandwidth, and significant enlargement produces irregular edges ("the jaggies"). It is expected, however, that bitmaps are, and will likely continue to be, favored for digital transmission of photographs, especially scenes containing complex objects not readily translatable into the formulas used by vector graphics programs.
Continue Reading About Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG)
- "W3C Advances Shrink-to-fit Graphics Technology" describes how SVG enables adaptation for different size displays.
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WASHINGTON, D.C. - A hot topic of debate on Capital Hill is how to recycle NASA. "What the heck is NASA for?" Joe Citizen is asking.
No longer a viable institution, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration has been the agency of the United States government responsible for the nation's civilian space program and for aeronautics and aerospace research.
No more. There simply isn't enough money. However, lawmakers realize that to throw out all the NASA emblazoned signs, space shuttles, stationary, jet propulsion fuel, bomber jackets, lunar modules, ball caps, rockets, space food and beverages, vehicles, mugs, personalized pens, flight simulators, etc. would be a gross misuse of taxpayer money and trust.
"We have had several brainstorming sessions in closed committees, trying to think of ideas. Ideas outside the box, so to speak," reports Congressman Skip Delacourte. "Actually, we are thinking 'outside the country', too."
Delacourte reports that the most popular idea to date is to try to sell everything to Namibia, an African country, so they can use the items for their own national agency. One example would be Namibian African Shuttlebus Agency.
"Obviously, we had to find countries that started with the letter "N". We ruled out Nicaragua, New Zealand, Norway and Nigeria for various top secret reasons," commented Delacourte. "We settled on Namibia as it seemed like the most appropriate location."
Delacourte explained that our space shuttles could be converted into buses to transport people, chickens, cows, and farm products throughout the Namibian countryside, which includes vast stretches of desert.
According to Delacourte, "The lunar rovers could also be utilized to traverse the Sossusvlei sand dunes, similar to the way they were used on the moon. Flight Simulators could be utilized to train bus drivers for difficult scenarios they might encounter. Rockets could be remodeled and used as modern Tribal Huts, serving as inns for weary travelers. Even space food and beverages could easily be repurposed as snacks on the longer bus trips."
When asked to comment, a spokesman for the Namibian Government, expressed surprise that such an idea was being contemplated. "How would we, a poor country, pay for such equipment?" he asked through a translator. "We cannot imagine a great country like the United States would take cattle in payment!"
When asked to comment on the Namibian spokesman's comment, Congressman Delacourte replied, "How much IS a cow worth these days? I'll have to have my aide research that question and then get back to you."
Meanwhile, employees of NASA are on tenterhooks, contemplating their own uncertain futures. Many are considering moving to the Russian or Chinese space programs, which are still being funded.
One employee, who asked to remain anonymous, stated, "Most of us would rather eat Chinese yuxiang pork or Russian goulash with buckwheat, than give up our dream of space exploration!"
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Common name: Pink-tip Daisy-bush
Olearia erubescens (Sieber ex DC.) Dippel APNI*
Description: Shrub to 2 m high; shoots and young leaves often red.
Leaves alternate, scattered or crowded; lamina elliptic, 15–125 mm long, 3–20 mm wide; apex acute, mucronate; margins prickly, flat; surfaces discolorous, upper surface glabrous, lower surface silver-felted; venation reticulate; petiole to 11 mm long.
Heads terminal, in panicles, 15–31 mm diam.; peduncle to 55 mm long. Ray florets 4–7, white. Disc florets 7–13, yellow.
Achenes glabrous; pappus with 55–79 bristles in 2 series.
Distribution and occurrence: Grows in dry sclerophyll forest; widespread on the coast and ranges south from the Blue Mtns, west to Orange, also recorded from Drake and near Point Lookout.
NSW subdivisions: NC, CC, SC, NT, CT, ST
Other Australian states: Vic. Tas. S.A.
Text by N. S. Lander
Taxon concept: Flora of NSW 3 (1992)
APNI* Provides a link to the Australian Plant Name Index (hosted by the Australian National Botanic Gardens) for comprehensive bibliographic data
***The AVH map option provides a detailed interactive Australia wide distribution map drawn from collections held by all major Australian herbaria participating in the Australian Virtual Herbarium project.
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Phytomedicine reports on a pilot study that seems to corroborate the idea that regular consumption of cranberries (or cranberry extract / juice) can help prevent recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs). Though the study followed only 12 women, it selected those women based on frequency of UTIs (6 over the last year) and followed them for 12 weeks of cranberry therapy.
The results: none experienced UTIs during the 12 weeks of the primary trial. The women were followed for 2 years total, and 8 continued with the cranberry extract during those years. None of those taking the cranberry had a UTI during the follow-up time either!
Previous research seems to point to cranberry's ability to limit bacterial adhesion and the formation of bacterial biofilms in the urinary tract (and oral cavity, by the way). Adding this new, in-vivo information to the mix might help not only to relieve the often painful and distressing symptoms of recurring UTIs, but also to reduce the administration of potent antibiotics like Cipro.
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On Friday I was talking to Katie, she works in a department where teams are trying to apply Behaviour-Driven Development (BDD). She hasn't been on Matt Wynne's BDD training workshop yet and is looking for some background reading to explain what it's all about. So I've put together this blog to explain what BDD is and pull together some links for further reading.
What is BDD?
The B in BDD stands for Behaviour, the desired behaviour of the software to be developed. The DD part stands for Driven-Development. BDD is an approach for building a shared understanding on what software to build by working through examples.
I've drawn this basic sketch to illustrate the basic idea.
BDD is pretty simple, describe what you want the system to do by talking through example behaviour.Work from the outside-in to implement those behaviours using the examples to validate you're what you're building.
You don't have to bring the whole team together but it helps to get different perspectives to flesh out the examples. The customer (who may be a Scrum Product Owner) describes what they want and the developers ask questions to flesh out enough detail about the behaviour to be able to implement it. If you have business analyst or quality assurance specialists then they can help tease out details of different scenarios.
Like TDD but more
The examples are often turned into automated tests and BDD practice follows the same basic idea as Acceptance Test-Driven Development, where acceptance tests are elaborated for each user story and automated as the software is built. Matt Wynne says "BDD is basically TDD done properly."
BDD is more than TDD because it focuses on collaborating with business people. Dan North, who originated the BDD moniker, noticed that business people switched off in conversations about "tests" as these seem to be too technical. He hoped that framing conversations about "behaviours" would be a way to engage the whole team.
To make sure that the whole team understand what's wanted, we describe the behaviour in non-technical language. We're careful to use names that reflect the ubiquitous language used by business people, a basic principles of Domain-Driven Design as explained by Eric Evans and summarised in Domain-Driven Design Quickly.
Ultimately BDD is about building a shared understanding, you're doing BDD wrong if the only people who read the examples are the developers. I have seem this implementation in a few places, see pic below. BDD is much more than a way of automating tests and if that's all you have in mind then a unit-test framework might given you a faster suite of tests.
Inspirations of BDD
BDD was originated by practitioners of eXtreme Programming (XP) who were looking for a way to involve all perspectives (including BA and QA) in conversations about what to build.
Much credit has to go to Ward Cunningham, inventor of the wiki and many XP practices, who in 2003 developed a testing framework called FIT that enabled business people to specify tests in tables using spreadsheets. Around the same time, Brian Marick, was writing about expressing tests as examples.
BDD is about figuring out what to build that helps flesh out behaviour. BDD isn't an Agile framework or project management approach. Teams using Scrum or Kanban with BDD will need to figure out what to put in their backlogs and boards for planning purposes. You might want to measure the number of BDD scenarios delivered instead of velocity but often these scenarios are too fine-grain for release planning purposes.
- "The Cucumber Book:Behaviour-Driven Development for Testers and Developers" Matt Wynne and Aslak Hellesøy
- "Fit for Developing Software: Framework for Integrated Tests" by Rick Mugridge and Ward Cunningham
- "The RSpec Book: Behaviour-Driven Development with RSpec, Cucumber, and Friends" by David Chelimsky, Dave Astels, Zach Dennis, Aslak Hellesøy, Bryan Helmkamp, Dan North
- Virtual Panel: Specification by Example, Executable Specifications, Scenarios and Feature Injection
- The Three Amigos
Please add comments to point to further resources. Thanks!
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http://agilecoach.typepad.com/agile-coaching/2012/03/bdd-in-a-nutshell.html
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| 0.946955
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Assessing the seasonal dynamics of the Brazilian Cerrado vegetation through the use of spectral vegetation indices
Abstract:In this study, the response of vegetation indices (VIs) to the seasonal patterns and spatial distribution of the major vegetation types encountered in the Brazilian Cerrado was investigated. The Cerrado represents the second largest biome in South America and is the most severely threatened biome as a result of rapid land conversions. Our goal was to assess the capability of VIs to effectively monitor the Cerrado and to discriminate among the major types of Cerrado vegetation. A full hydrologic year (1995) of composited AVHRR, local area coverage (LAC) data was converted to Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) values. Temporal extracts were then made over the major Cerrado vegetation communities. Both the NDVI and SAVI temporal profiles corresponded well to the phenological patterns of the natural and converted vegetation formations and depicted three major categories encompassing the savanna formations and pasture sites, the forested areas, and the agricultural crops. Secondary differences in the NDVI and SAVI temporal responses were found to be related to their unique interactions with sun-sensor viewing geometries. An assessment of the functional behaviour of the VIs confirmed SAVI responds primarily to NIR variations, while the NDVI showed a strong dependence on the red reflectance. Based on these results, we expect operational use of the MODIS Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) to provide improved discrimination and monitoring capability of the significant Cerrado vegetation types.
Document Type: Research Article
Affiliations: 1: Federal University of Goiás, Social and Environmental Studies Institute Campus Samambaia - Cx. Postal 131 74001-970 Goiânia-GO Brazil, Email: email@example.com 2: Department of Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, Terrestrial Biophysics and Remote Sensing Lab University of Arizona 429 Shantz Bldg., #38 Tucson AZ 85721 USA, Email: Ahuete@ag.arizona.edu
Publication date: May 1, 2004
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Knowledge Management and Information for Decision-Making
The contribution of UNESCO to Chapter XVIII (Knowledge management and information for decision-making) of the Mauritius Strategy relates to the generation of new knowledge in many technical and non-technical fields as well as to the transmission and use of knowledge through education and communication.
As such, other chapter headings (left) provide access to many activities that also concern ‘Knowledge management and information for decision-making’. Included here are many of the entries relating to communication and ICTs, science and technology, education and capacity building, enabling environments, and so on. More specific examples include contributions to early warning systems (Chapter II), community multimedia centres and the participation of all in the emerging global information society (Chapter X) and distance education (Chapter XIV).
Hotlinks to a handful of these issues posted elsewhere on this website – together with some additional entry points – are provided here.
- Towards Knowledge Societies
- World Summit on the Information Society
- MOST Social Sciences Research Results for Policy Making
- Distance Learning and the Building of New Knowledge Societies
- Community Multimedia Centres
- Connecting Island Communities : Nurturing Telecentre Initiatives in the Pacific
- Local e-Governance
- Preserving Documentary Heritage
- Information Literacy
- Internet Discussion Forums
- Partnership in Statistics for Development in the 21st Century/UNESCO Institute for Statistics
- 'Knowledge Management and Information for Decision-Making' and '60 Minutes to Convince'
- Participation Programme
- UNESCO Focal Points for 'Knowledge Management and Information for Decision-Making' in SIDS Regions
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Select a Neighborhood
In 1990 only 543 people lived in the area known as the Industrial Valley, although in 1910 approximately 18,900 people called it home. The Industrial Valley has been part of the City of Cleveland since 1850 when the City annexed the remainder of Cleveland Township.
A primary reason for the industrial development in Cleveland was excellent transportation which made for easy flow of raw materials in and finished products out. Development of shipping on the Great Lakes had already made Cleveland a commercial port and the coming of the railroads changed the focus of the region's economy to heavy industry.
Coal brought in by rail from mines in Pennsylvania fired the blast furnaces which made iron out of the ore shipped to Cleveland from the upper Great Lakes. An immediate boost to Cleveland's iron industry was provided by the Civil War which created a market for its products. American Steel and Wire, a subsidiary of U.S. Steel, made Cleveland the wire capital of the world. Republic Steel, formed in the 1930's from the merging of a number of smaller companies, including Cleveland's Corrigan-McKinney, was a major Cleveland employer until 1984 when it was acquired by LTV Steel.
In addition to the iron industry, other industries found homes in the Industrial Valley. In 1870, John D. Rockefeller established the Standard Oil Company and through his control of shipping, refining and distributing, made Cleveland the center of the American refining industry until his monopoly was broken up by the courts. The Grasseli Co., which became part of DuPont, established in 1866 a large plant in the Industrial Valley which supplied needed chemicals to the refineries but which later broadened its base to supplying a wide range of industrial chemicals.
Today, in addition to the steel and chemical companies which still are located in the Industrial Valley, other large uses include trucking companies, the Ontario Stone Company, the U.S. Post Office Main Branch and the Cuyahoga County Pre-Release Center.
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Neutrophils, critical components of the immune system's response to bacteria and other pathogens, throw out tube-like tethers that act as anchor points, controlling their speed as they roll along the walls of blood vessels during extremely fast blood flow en route to an infection site, according to research presented on Dec. 17 at the American Society for Cell Biology Annual Meeting in San Francisco.
To attack a bacterial infection in tissue, neutrophils have to leave the blood stream and approach the infection site through tiny venules that are part of the microcirculation system, according to Prithu Sundd, PhD, who is in the laboratory of Klaus Ley, PhD, at the La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA.
Extensions of the cell membrane, the slings turned out to be vital aids in the navigation because if neutrophils lose control while attempting to enter infected tissue, they can be swept away in the blood flow, which could delay the immune defense mechanism. Flow in these narrow venules is measured as wall shear stress. A shear stress exceeding 2 dyn/cm2 can sweep away other leukocytes, but neutrophils have a special ability to move under control at shear stress 10 times higher.
Shear-resistance in neutrophils was known to be aided by cell flattening and by these mysterious membrane extensions but the details were poorly understood. To determine the exact mechanism behind neutrophils' rolling, Dr. Sundd working with physicist Alex Groisman, PhD, of the University of California, San Diego, to shoot a high-speed video, using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy to track labeled neutrophils from mouse bone marrow rolling along an artificial venule, all driven by a microfluidic device at a shear stress of 6 to 10 dyn/cm2.
In the 15-second video, the red-dyed neutrophil used its long membrane tether like a sling to anchor itself without being swept away by the high shear force of blood. Instead of a single anchor point, the sling tether is coated by patches of cell adhesion molecules that latched onto the passage walls but peeled loose, patch by patch, as the neutrophil gently rolled forward. At the tether's end, the neutrophil swung it ahead like a lasso to gain new leverage.
The researchers say their dramatic video underscores the complexity of the body's immune system. The slings are not only unique structures, says Dr. Sundd, but may help explain how rolling neutrophils are able to present their antigen-sensing ligands at the blood vessel wall before entering the site of infection.
This study was supported by the NCRP-Scientist Development Grant (11SDG7340005) from American Heart Association (PS), WSA postdoctoral fellowship (10POST4160142-01) from American Heart Association (EKK), and National Institutes of Health (EB02185) (KL).
For further details, see Sundd P. et al., 'Slings' enable neutrophil rolling at high shear, Nature 488:399-403, 2012.
Prithu Sundd, PhD
La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology
American Society for Cell Biology
"Slings enable leukocyte rolling during inflammation," Monday, Dec. 17, 2012, 12:30 pm, Session: Intermediate Filaments, presentation:1290, poster: B575, Exhibit Halls A-C
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are working to recover normal movement and behavior within patients
who have suffered
brain damage by creating microelectronic circuitry that will
promote the reconnection of neurons and growth of axons.
type of work was inspired by the brain injuries and trauma the troops
in Iraq and Afghanistan face. Pedram Mohseni, a professor of
electrical engineering and computer science at Case Western Reserve
University, along with Randolph J. Nudo, professor of molecular and
integrative physiology at Kansas University Medical Center, are the
top researchers on this project who recognize that head
trauma/injury is common in injured soldiers, despite their
use of armor and helmets.
damage comes with side effects that can drastically alter a person's
normal reality, such as loss of mobility, balance, coordination and
problem-solving skills. Emotional side effects include depression,
anxiety, social inappropriateness, emotional outbursts, mood swings
now, further research of these injuries indicates that a healthy
brain, as it develops, creates and maintains communication pathways
that allow neurons to "repeatedly fire together." So
Mohseni and Nudo's new research revolves around the repeated
communications between neurons who are distant only weeks after
injury, which could lead to the reconnection of distant axons as
note that the month following an injury is a crucial time period in
their research because the brain is redeveloping at this point. This
allows them to perform extensive
rewiring where the brain cannot do so itself.
month following injury is a window of opportunity," said
Mohseni. "We believe we can do this with an injured brain, which
is very malleable."
researchers are able to do this by bringing their separate projects
and expertise together. Mohseni has been developing a multichannel
microelectronic device called a brain-machine-brain interface, which
is capable of bypassing gaps left after injury. This device works
through a microchip, which is smaller than a quarter, on a circuit
board where the
microchip amplifies neural action potentials, which are
signals created by one part of the brain. An algorithm is then used
to separate signals, which indicate brain spike activity from noise.
brain spike activity is found, the microchip delivers a "current
pulse" to activate neurons in another part of the brain, thus
reconnecting both regions of the brain.
contributed his expertise on brain activity, after studying and
mapping brain activity in rats, then testing the new device and the
neuroanatomical rewiring theory on a traumatic brain injury model.
brain-machine-brain interface is a miniature device that connects to
microelectrodes implanted in two regions of the brain, and stays
outside of the body.
the future, Mohseni and Nudo hope to test their ability to rewire the
brain further on rat
models. If this process turns out well, they would like to move
on to testing this procedure on non-human primates. If the primates
are able to recover from brain injuries after extensive rewiring,
Mohseni and Nudo see human patients using this in approximately 10
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Christie Rowe: In Search of the Source of Earthquakes
By Jim Hynes
You might say Christie Rowe was born to study earthquakes.
The Northern California native was 11 years old when the Loma Pietra earthquake that killed 57 people in October 1989 literally shook her world.
“That experience made me realize the earth is a dynamic place, with so much going on under our feet that we rarely get to see,” Rowe says. “I think there is an inherent human curiosity about the natural world, wanting to understand our place in the universe. We all get a feeling of awe at those moments when we feel very small, but not necessarily insignificant – looking at the night sky, a chance meeting with a wild animal, or experiencing an earthquake or a storm. Loma Prieta was like that for me. It started me on the path of wanting to understand how things really work.”
Rowe, an Assistant Professor in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences who came to McGill a little more than a year ago from UC Santa Cruz, will share her vast knowledge about all things ground-shaking with her fellow McGillians on Thursday, Sept. 13, when she delivers the Cutting Edge Lecture in Science: In Search of the Source of Earthquakes, at the Redpath Museum. The lecture gets underway at 6 p.m.
Last spring, Rowe joined 27 other scientists aboard the world’s largest scientific drilling vessel to study the fault that generated the 3/11/11 Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami that devastated parts of Japan.
Rowe will share her experiences during that expedition with lecture-goers, and also address more basic concepts, like what an earthquake is, where its energy comes from and where it goes, and how it can be recorded in the rock record. She’ll also give some examples of “fossilized earthquakes” and more recent ones, and finally bring it all home and show how earthquakes are responsible for creating temporary conditions that help ore deposits form in the crust, with some examples from Quebec and Canadian mines.
For more about this and other Cutting Edge Lectures in Science, visit: www.mcgill.ca/redpath/whatson/cuttingedge
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ballot, means of voting for candidates for office. The choice may be indicated on or by the ballot forms themselves—e.g., colored balls (hence the term ballot, which is derived from the Italian ballotta, meaning "little ball"), printed tickets, or mechanical or electronic devices—or by the depositories into which the ballots are put.
The ballot was used in Athens in the 5th cent. B.C. by the popular courts and, on the question of ostracism, by the people as a whole; in India before 300 B.C.; and in Rome by the popular assemblies and occasionally by the senate. Ballots were not used during the Middle Ages, but reappeared in the Italian communes and in elections to the papacy during the 13th cent. In the 16th and 17th cent. the ballot appeared in English borough and university elections.
The General Court of Massachusetts elected governors by ballot after 1634; corn and beans were occasionally used as ballots. Early American ballots were known as "papers": the name ballot does not occur in America before 1676. The British colonies in America were the first to elect representatives by secret ballot, and its use was made obligatory in all but one of the state constitutions adopted in the United States between 1776 and 1780. In the 19th cent. the use of the ballot became widespread in local and national elections in Europe.
Groups wishing to intimidate popular governance have opposed the ballot. The effort to reform election abuses led to the widespread use of the Australian ballot, which was adopted in Victoria in 1857, in Great Britain in 1872, and grew increasingly popular in the United States after 1888. In the latter country it gradually replaced earlier methods of voting such as the lengthy "tickets" distributed by political parties. In the Australian system all candidates' names are printed on a single ballot and placed in the polling places at public expense, and the printing, distribution, and marking of the ballot are protected by law, thus assuring a secret vote.
The Australian ballot is now used in many European countries and in almost all sections of the United States. Separate ballots are frequently distributed for referendums and constitutional propositions. Mechanical, computerized, electronic, or optically scannable means of voting (see voting machine) are now used to record about 90% of all votes in the United States. Estonia used an Internet website as alternative means of voting for local candidates in 2005 and national candidates in 2007. The institution of official ballots and the use of voting machines have helped bring political parties under the scope of the law.
Some critics have denounced the excessive length of the United States ballots, claiming that voters are thus too pressed for time in their decisions. The use of the presidential short ballot, listing only the candidates, not the electors pledged to them, has not much alleviated this problem.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
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"It's not every day one gets to see a bird such as this," he said. "This photograph was taken just outside the village of Lyons."
Laura Erickson, science editor at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, said albinos in the bird world are usually partial albinos, but this bird appears to be a true one with no pigments at all. Unfortunately, she said, that gives the bird a "pretty bleak" outlook in terms of living a long life.
"Without pigments in the eyes, or access to sunglasses, albinos tend to become blind at a young age because pigments protect our retinas from excessive light," she said. "Albinism in birds is rare but most common in a few species, including cardinals, red-winged blackbirds and house sparrows."
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Am Fam Physician. 2002 Aug 1;66(3):367.
Here's another reason girls should be encouraged to participate in sports: they are less likely to grow up to be obese adults. In a study published in Preventive Medicine, researchers evaluated the past athletic involvement and current body mass index (BMI) of 486 women. They found that women who participated most in sports when they were young continued to be physically active and had a lower BMI as adults. Surprisingly, the adult women's dietary intake did not seem to be influenced by their past sports involvement.
A child's pet rodent may bring along an unfriendly skin condition. According to findings presented at the annual meeting of the Noah Worcester Dermatological Society and published in Family Practice News, a mysterious rash affecting five 11-year-old patients resulted from exposure to pet gerbils. The children had an itchy rash on the trunk and extremities and had more pronounced symptoms at night. They reported seeing “bugs” on their bed sheets, which turned out to be avian mites that the gerbils may have picked up in pet stores where birds were also sold, or from an open window near the gerbils' cages. Once the cause of the rash was found, treatment required elimination of the mites from the gerbils and replacement of the animals' bedding material.
Prescribing a dose of red pepper to cool the flame of chronic indigestion may sound peculiar but, according to a research letter published in the New England Journal of Medicine, indigestion lessened by 60 percent when participants took preprandial pills containing red pepper for five weeks. In a small study, 30 patients with chronic indigestion or stomach pain with an unknown origin were given either placebo or pills containing 2.5 g of red pepper—the equivalent of eating two or three spicy entrees a day. Capsaicin, a chemical in red peppers, may block the nerves that transmit pain signals from the gut to the brain. But please consult your doctor before ordering the spiciest dish at your local restaurant.
Vegetarian adolescents are more likely than nonvegetarian teenagers to meet the national Healthy People 2010 dietary guidelines, according to a study in Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. Results from surveys given to 4,746 teenagers reveal that vegetarian teens are more likely to eat fewer calories from fat and saturated fat, and less likely to consume fast food and sugary soft drinks. Although the findings suggest that some teens are making better food choices, vegetarians were also more likely to be female and weight-conscious, and they could be more concerned with weight control than with healthy eating.
Despite a national trend toward casual Mondays and dress-down Fridays, patients want their physicians to look professional and “well-groomed.” According to the results of a written survey completed by 275 persons and published in the Archives of Dermatology, most patients would prefer that their physician wear a white coat, name tag, and dress pants or skirt. One in three patients do not want their physician to wear jeans or sandals and, if their physician is a man, open shirts, long hair, and earrings are frowned on. Other fashion “no-no's” indicated by patients include tennis shoes, cologne, and surgical scrubs.
Copyright © 2002 by the American Academy of Family Physicians.
This content is owned by the AAFP. A person viewing it online may make one printout of the material and may use that printout only for his or her personal, non-commercial reference. This material may not otherwise be downloaded, copied, printed, stored, transmitted or reproduced in any medium, whether now known or later invented, except as authorized in writing by the AAFP. Contact firstname.lastname@example.org for copyright questions and/or permission requests.
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Is the history of medicine “that of its instruments?” (Henri Sigerist). In spite of the importance of material tools for diagnosis and therapeutic practices since Antiquity, we have insufficient knowledge of medical equipment, its uses or production. Yet, recent studies have emphasized the importance of the forceps in the successful management of difficult births, the role of ceramic in the storage and commercial display of drugs in early modern Europe, the development of toyware and that of metallic trusses sent to the colonies, or the visual technologies that linked corpses, printed images, wax artefacts and instruments for diagnosis. To give one example, the study of drug commercialization put emphazis on the majolicas used for storage and display of remedies, which had been imported from Italy since the 15th century to Northern Europe, before their manufacturing near the largest places of distribution, like London, thanks to migrants from Southern France or the Low Countries around 1650s.
The conference aims to present highly innovative interdisciplinary research on the material culture and practices of medicine, at the crossroads of medical history, the history of technology and economic history. Considering Europe and its colonies between 1600 — the beginning of herniary surgery in France — and 1850 — the launching of world fairs — the conference will address two major issues:
1. The medical “life of things”
What was considered instrumental to medicine? Patients and practitioners have used a wide variety of tools – trusses, plasters, forceps, cutting knives, herniary bandaging, electrical devices, baths, orthopaedic machines, models, tools for diagnosis, up to plants transformed into medical commodities or “medicines”. Some were similar to devices that are still in use today; others have fallen into oblivion, thus challenging medical museums’ curators who wish to present them before the public. What were the technologies of the early modern patient and practitioner – surgeons, midwives, barbers, nurses, etc.? To what extent did the early modern medical equipment contribute to the management of health, by patients and/or practitioners and to the redefining of medical knowledge and know-how? What type of medical trades did they help to set up or to challenge? How did tools and commodities help redefining medical work? How did they get into use, and how did they circulate among the medical community?
2. Medical technologies, industry and commerce.
How were the products conceived and marketed? How was the production of medical instrumentation organized? To what extent had the trade recourse to patenting, the expert evaluation of academies, such as the Académie royale de chirurgie? Which industrial trades and production sectors did it bring together? How was it funded? Did medical instruments’ makers exploit new channels for the retailing of their instruments — such as nineteenth-century French industrial fairs — or use old ones? What were the routes of medical instruments to individual practitioners, public charities, national armies or to the colonies?
This international conference to be held at the École normale supérieure and the Académie nationale de medicine (Paris) will bring together experts working in a wide range of disciplines and geographical areas with view to contributing to a European history of medical technologies in its global context. We now invite scholars to submit abstracts of 300-400 words (English or French), outlining new research addressing or related to the questions posed above, and giving their institional and contact details. Papers that attempt to challenge traditional disciplinary or geographical boundaries are particularly encouraged, as are those that raise methodological issues about research into the global history of medical technologies. Abstracts should be sent to Dr Christelle Rabier (email@example.com) no later than 31 March 2010. All those who submit abstracts will be notified by 15 April whether their papers can be included in the conference programme and their expenses met with.
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No decade in recent history has seen as much change in the status and style of women as the 1920s, sometimes called the Roaring Twenties or the Era of Wonderful Nonsense. Trendy young women of the 1920s were nicknamed flappers, and the flapper became the image that represented the tremendous change in women's lives and attitudes during that period.
During the early part of the twentieth century women in countries from Australia to Norway were gaining the right to vote, and more and more women were able to support themselves by working at jobs. In addition to women's new freedoms, by the 1920s there were automobiles to drive, films to see, and jazz music to dance to, and modern young women wanted to join in the fun. Young women were no longer content to spend hours binding themselves into burdensome layers of clothing or styling long masses of hair.
The term flapper originated in Great Britain, where there was a short fad among young women to wear rubber galoshes (an overshoe worn in the rain or snow) left open to flap when they walked. The name stuck, and throughout the United States and Europe flapper was the name given to liberated young women. Flappers were bold, confident, and sexy. They tried new fad diets in an effort to achieve a fashionable thinness, because new fashions required slim figures, flat chests, and slim hips. The flapper dress was boxy and hung straight from shoulder to knee, with no waistline, allowing much more freedom of movement than women's fashions before the 1920s. While it did not show breasts or hips, it did show a lot of leg, and the just-below-the-knee length horrified many of the older generation. French fashion designer Gabrielle "Coco" Chanel (1883–1971) did much to popularize the new freedom of the flapper look.
Flappers also shocked conservatives by cutting their hair short and wearing makeup. Before the 1920s long hair was the mark of a respectable lady, but flappers had no time for elaborate hairdos. They cut, or bobbed, their hair just below the ears and curled it in dozens of tiny spit curls with a new invention called a bobby pin. Some also used electric curling irons to create small waves called "marcels," named after Marcel Grateau (1852–1936), the French hair stylist who invented them. Cosmetics had long been associated with prostitutes and actresses, but flappers considered it glamorous to wear dark red lipstick, lots of rouge, and thick black lines around their eyes, sometimes made with the burned end of a matchstick. New cosmetics companies including Maybelline and Coty began manufacturing products to help women achieve the new look. For the first time, women began to carry cosmetics with them in handbags wherever they went.
One of the most famous flappers was silent film star Clara Bow (1905–1965). Sometimes called the "It" girl, Bow was thought to have "it," a quality of open sexuality, innocence, and fun that was the very definition of the flapper. Many women imitated Bow's look by drawing a bow shape on their lips, rimming their eyes in black, and curling their hair onto their cheeks.
Despite the youthful enthusiasm for flapper style, some people felt threatened by it. When hemlines began to rise, several states made laws charging fines to women wearing skirts with hemlines more than three inches above the ankle, and many employers fired women who bobbed their hair. However, in the excitement and gaiety that followed the end of World War I in 1918, the movement toward a freer fashion could not be stopped by those who valued the old ways. It took the stock market crash of 1929 to bring the era of the flapper to a sudden end. Almost overnight, the arrival of an economic depression brought a serious tone to society. Women's hemlines dropped again, and the carefree age of the flapper was over.
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WWF Educates UK Shoppers About the Cerrado
Shopping to save the planet is a goal of many consumers, but reality creeps in as we make our day to day shopping decisions. With the reams of data and bevy of sustainability ratings, it is hard to remember what is “good,” and “what is bad,” with the result that most of us are just confused. WWF and the Roundtable on Responsible Soy (RTRS) is trying to make these decisions easier and more lucid for supermarket shoppers in the United Kingdom by directly appealing to retailers. Soy has a huge impact on the planet: massive amounts of soy are shipped from South America, especially Brazil, which has become the “soy basket” of the globe. That demand for soy has affected the balance of nature throughout Brazil’s cerrado, the savannah-like terrain in Brazil that hosts five percent of life on earth but that sustainability experts often ignore in favor of Brazil’s august rain forests. Now WWF is urging UK supermarkets like Tesco and Asda to use their buying power wisely, and source soy that is coming from third-party independently certified sources. The infographic below paints a clear picture of what occurs when soy and other crops are not harvested sustainably. While we often tout soy as a “health food,” the bulk of “factory farmed” soy is for animal feed, from livestock to even farmed tilapia fish. Learn more about WWF’s efforts in the cerrado here.
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The Development of the Video Game “Pong” was a Training Exercise for a New Gaming Developer at Atari and Wasn’t Originally Intended to Be Released
Today I found out “Pong” was originally meant only as a training exercise for a new gaming developer at Atari, Allan Alcorn, and wasn’t intended to be released as a consumer product.
When Alcorn was hired by Atari in 1972, Nolan Bushnell, who founded Atari along with Ted Dabney, told Alcorn that he had recently signed a contract with GE for Atari to create a very simple electronic table-tennis game. The only stipulations were that it needed two paddles, one moving spot for a ball, and to have digits that displayed the score.
In fact, there was no such contract and Bushnell just wanted to give Alcorn something very easy to develop as Alcorn had no experience with video game design and development, though he did have a background in Computer Science and Electrical Engineering. Even though it wasn’t ultimately meant for public consumption, Bushnell wanted Alcorn to think it was so that he would take it seriously and really put a lot of effort into it.
With the initial set of stipulations for the game, Alcorn found it quite boring, so decided to spruce it up a bit by making the ball bounce off the paddle at different angles, depending on what segment of the paddle was hit. He also had the ball progressively move at a faster rate after each successful return. By a happy accident of a defective circuit, the game also featured a space at the top of the screen which was unreachable by the paddles and which Alcorn felt made the game more fun, as skilled players could try to aim for that spot.
Despite the fact that it was initially meant as a training exercise, Bushnell and Dabney were impressed with what Alcorn had come up with in the few months he had been working on the project. While still pessimistic about its marketability, they decided to try the prototype out at a local bar, Andy Capp’s Tavern, to see how it did. If it did well, they figured they’d try to sell it to Bally Manufacturing or Midway Manufacturing, two companies they had contracts for other games with.
Both Bally and Midway were interested initially in the game. However, within about a week of the test run, the game started malfunctioning and Alcorn was sent out to fix it. What he found was that the game was malfunctioning because the milk carton used to collect the coins had overflowed and eventually some of the coins began causing shorts in the coin operating circuitry.
The manager of the tavern also told Bushnell that he actually had customers lining up before opening time, just to come in and play the game. At this point, Bushnell backtracked on his offer to sell the game and decided to have Atari manufacture it. To do so, he convinced Bally that Midway didn’t think the game had any potential. He then convinced Midway that Bally thought the game had no potential. When the two competitors heard this, they both withdrew, leaving Bushnell free to do business with them later, while still retaining the rights to Pong.
After funding and then manufacturing difficulties, Pong as an arcade style game was finally released and was wildly successful, earning an unprecedented $35-$45 per day, per machine. An even bigger step forward for it, though, was when Atari released a home version of Pong, originally through Sears Sporting Goods under Sears’ “Tele-Games” brand name. That home version sold 150,000 units the first Christmas it was released. From that and subsequent sales, this simple training exercise became the first ever commercially successful video game, spurring the video game boom that followed.
If you liked this article, you might also enjoy subscribing to our new Daily Knowledge YouTube channel, as well as:
- How the Gun in the Original Duck Hunt Worked
- When Pinball was Illegal
- That Time the Inventor of Whac-A-Mole Accidentally Blew Up His Warehouse
- Buried in the Desert: E.T. and One of the Biggest Video Game Flops of All-Time
- The Surprisingly Long History of Nintendo
- According to Nolan Bushnell, Atari was named after a term in the game “Go”. In that game, when you are about to capture another player’s piece, you say “atari”, which is somewhat equivalent to “check” in Chess. The word itself is derived from the nominalized form of the Japanese word “ataru”, meaning “to hit the target”.
- Bushnell may or may not have gotten the idea for Pong from a previously developed table-tennis game made by Magnavox. Specifically, Magnavox alleged that before Atari developed Pong, Bushnell played their table-tennis game on the Magnavox Odyssey, which was the world’s first home video game console. He had supposedly played it a few months before at a trade show in San Francisco, though he denies even being at the event, let alone playing the game. The only witnesses to the event that claimed they saw him there and saw him play the game were all Magnavox employees. Whether he was there or not, Pong’s success resulted in Magnavox suing Atari for supposedly infringing on their patents. It is important to note here that there had been previous electronic table tennis games out long before Magnavox’s and which Bushnell had played (going all the way back to his college years). So it was thought Atari would have won the battle in court due to prior art invalidating Magnavox’s patents (although, Nintendo unsuccessfully later counter-sued Magnavox on these grounds and lost). However, the case never went to court because Atari didn’t have the money to defend themselves at the time (it was estimated it would cost about $1.5 million). Due to the fact that the legal issue was in doubt, Magnavox instead gave Atari extremely favorable terms for settling out of court, requiring only $700,000 in cash, among a few other stipulations. They also agreed to then go after all the Pong copy-cats out there and force those companies to pay high royalties, which would help Atari’s Pong sales. Unlike the Pong competitors, Atari didn’t have to pay royalties after that initial $700,000 license was purchased.
- Another stipulation in the Magnavox settlement was that Atari would hand over the rights to whatever new consumer products it made for the next calendar year. To get around this problem, Atari simply stopped producing any consumer products for one year, keeping everything in development for that span. They also timed the agreement such that it was made a week before the annual major Consumer Electronics Show. This way, they could develop things for a year, but not release anything, then have a huge release the following year at the trade show. Atari then gave Magnavox’s lawyers the run-a-round when they periodically stopped by to see what Atari was working on during that span.
- Ralph Baer, who created the video table tennis game Magnavox owned for which they sued Atari for, also created the first shooting game to feature a light gun, similar to what would later be used by Nintendo in Duck Hunt. Baer also was the inventor of the “Simon” pattern matching game.
- The reason Bushnell didn’t originally think Pong would be marketable was that he felt that the resulting game would be far too simplistic to entertain anyone. This is interesting because, before co-founding Atari, Nolan Bushnell (and Dabney) created a game called “Computer Space”, which was the world’s first coin operated video arcade game that was commercially available. In the game, the player would fly through space and have to destroy other ships encountered before they destroyed the player. This game was extremely unpopular when tested out with the general public, with the chief complaint from people being that it was too complicated and difficult to understand what you were supposed to do. The exception was on University Campuses where the game was very popular, particularly with electrical engineers. Despite all this, Bushnell didn’t learn his lesson. As Alcorn stated: “…Nolan gave me it because it was the simplest game that he could think of. He didn’t think it had any play value. He believed that the next winning game was going to be something more complex than Computer Space, not something simpler. Nolan didn’t want to tell me that because it wouldn’t motivate me to try hard. He was just going to dispose of it anyway.” So, in some respects, Bushnell became “the father of video games” almost despite himself.
- The project to design the home system of Pong was code-named “Darlene”. Darlene was an apparently very attractive woman who worked at Atari…. Nerd flirting or sexual harassment? (or both)
- In the original plan for Pong, Bushnell and Ted Dabney wanted Alcorn to create cheering and booing sound effects to happen every time a point was scored or lost so that he would get some experience with sound effects. Fortunately (because that would have been really annoying) Alcorn didn’t know how to make those sounds and the board already had too many parts. Instead, he came up with another solution for the now famed Pong sound effects: “I poked around the sync generator to find an appropriate frequency or a tone. So those sounds were done in a half a day. They were the sounds that were already in the machine.”
- Shortly after the release of Pong, Atari created a separate company called “Kee Games” that would act as a competitor to themselves with the connection between Atari and Kee Games kept a secret. Kee Games was managed by Bushnell’s neighbor, Joe Keenan. The payoff to this was that the two companies could give “exclusive” deals to certain distributors who required that stipulation. The games sold would then be near exact copies of one another with very slight differences so that the distributors wouldn’t get too suspicious. This ruse was discovered a year after it was instigated.
- Once it was discovered that Kee Games was created and more or less run by Atari, Kee Games was shut down. However, because Joe Keenan had done such a phenomenal job at running Kee Games, he was made president of Atari when Kee Games was dissolved.
- The Atari 2600, which was the first Atari system to be able to play multiple games, currently holds the record for the longest-lived home video game console, in terms of continual production, at fourteen years and two months, finally being retired in 1992.
- Initially, the Atari 2600 wasn’t very popular due to the fact that many people didn’t understand you could play other games besides the various derivatives of Pong, which had slowly dwindled in popularity. In its first year after its release, the Atari 2600 sold only 250,000 units. However, with the release of Space Invaders, licensed through the company Taito in 1980, sales skyrocketed with Atari grossing $2 billion that year and by 1982, Atari had sold 10 million consoles and nearly just as many of each of its most popular games, including Space Invaders and Pacman.
- The Atari 2600 featured one of the more powerful home-based system CPUs on the market when it was created. This processor, a specialized version of the MOS Technology 6507, featured a whopping 1.19 MHz clock speed and their cut-down version of the chip could only address a max of 4 kB of memory. The console itself had 128 bytes of RAM.
- The Atari 2700, which was never publicly available, had wireless remotes that had 1000 foot range. The problem with this was, of course, that any other Atari consoles within 1000 feet could be affected by these remotes. It also featured touch sensitive buttons, rather than the traditional plunger style. Unfortunately, problems with the system itself and interference issues from the huge range of the wireless controllers caused it to be shelved.
- Just four years after founding Atari and on the cusp of releasing the soon to be wildly successful Atari 2600 console, Bushnell sold Atari to Warner Communications for around $30 million (about $120 million today). Just 9 year later, Warner sold Atari to the founder of Commodore International, who had left that company, Jack Tramiel, for $240 million in stock, which is equivalent to over half a billion today.
- The proto-type of the original Pong arcade game was made by hand wiring all the circuits and then running the video output through a $75 Hitachi black and white television purchased by Alcorn at a Payless near the Atari offices. He then enclosed it all in a wood box and added a milk jug to collect the coins. The only instructions for how to play the game were “Avoid missing ball for high score.”
- Interestingly, the groundbreaking Magnavox Odyssey’s failure as a home game console is largely thought to be because people didn’t understand it would work with any TV. Most thought it could only be used with Magnavox TVs. This and other marketing failures by Magnavox allowed companies like Atari and, eventually, Nintendo, to take over a market that likely would have been Magnavox’, given how far ahead of the competition Magnavox was at the time.
- Nintendo entered the home video game console business in 1977 after releasing Color TV Game 6. This console could play six different versions of ping pong. They followed that up with Color TV Game 15, which, not surprisingly, had 15 versions of the game. These Pong clones by Nintendo were actually quite successful, selling over one million units and saving the then struggling business from going under.
|Share the Knowledge!|
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Oxford / Galaxy Zoo
One of the galaxies identified through the Galaxy Zoo program looks like the profile of a penguin with its beak pointing toward the left. Does that elliptical grouping of stars under the penguin's beak look like an egg?
Galaxy Zoo has added another 250,000 galaxies to its menagerie, and is looking for hundreds of thousands of volunteers to put them in their proper pigeonholes.
The latest phase of the global galaxy-classification project kicked off today with a refurbished website and lots of fresh imagery from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey as well as the Hubble CANDELS survey. Researchers used automatic image-recognition software to harvest the 250,000 new images of galaxies, "most of which have never been seen by humans," the project's organizers said in a news release.
Now it's the humans' turn ... again.
More than 250,000 people have taken part in the Galaxy Zoo project since its founding in 2007. More than a million images from Sloan and Hubble already have been sorted, based on the size and shape of the galaxies shown. That process has yielded more than two dozen scientific papers, delving into the statistics of galaxy formation, the process of citizen science, and some of the oddities that the volunteers have come across over the years.
Perhaps the best known of those oddities is Hanny's Voorwerp, a strange green blob that was spotted by Dutch teacher Hanny van Arkel in 2007 and touched off years of study. Just last year, researchers using the Hubble Space Telescope explained how blasts from a black hole lit up a cloud of gas to create the effect.
Other curiosities include galaxies that look like numbers and letters of the alphabet — so much so that there's a website called My Galaxies that can make the stars spell out your message. There are other galaxies that look like animals — enough of them to populate an entire online zoo with celestial elephants, dinosaurs, snails, fish and the Penguin Galaxy you see here.
Who knows what folks will find now that Galaxy Zoo has been expanded?
"We’d like to thank all those that have taken part in Galaxy Zoo in the past five years. Humans are better than computers at pattern recognition tasks like this, and we couldn’t have got so far without everyone’s help,” Galaxy Zoo's principal investigator, Chris Lintott from the University of Oxford, said in today's release. "Now we’ve got a new challenge, and we’d like to encourage volunteers old and new to get involved. You don’t have to be an expert — in fact we’ve found not being an expert tends to make you better at this task. There are too many images for us to inspect ourselves, but by asking hundreds of thousands of people to help us we can find out what’s lurking in the data."
If galaxies aren't exactly in your groove, there are other citizen-science projects to choose from in the Zooniverse. Here are just a few:
- Ancient Lives: Help scholars decipher ancient texts in the Oxyrhynchus collection.
- The Milky Way Project: Sift through Spitzer data to characterize infrared "bubbles."
- Moon Zoo: Classify features in moon images from NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter.
- Solar Stormwatch: Track solar activity, as recorded by NASA's STEREO probes.
- Old Weather: Pore through ships' logs to help climate researchers fine-tune their models.
- Planet Hunters: Analyze changes in a star's brightness to spot the signs of exoplanets.
- Whale FM: Help marine scientists figure out what the whales are saying.
Alan Boyle is NBCNews.com's science editor. Connect with the Cosmic Log community by "liking" the log's Facebook page, following @b0yle on Twitter and adding the Cosmic Log page to your Google+ presence. To keep up with Cosmic Log as well as NBCNews.com's other stories about science and space, sign up for the Tech & Science newsletter, delivered to your email in-box every weekday. You can also check out "The Case for Pluto," my book about the controversial dwarf planet and the search for new worlds.
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|HOME||A BIT ABOUT BUGS||GALLERY||SYSTEMATIC LISTS||RECORDING BUGS||CONTACT US||LINKS|
A species which has rapidly colonised the UK following its arrival in 1996, and is now widely established and common across south and central Britain at least. The host-plants are sycamore and field maple, although it may frequently be encountered on other trees and shrubs.
D. flavilinea is a large and fairly distinctive bug, but sexually dimorphic and thus rather variable. Males are much darker than the more orange females, and the front and rear margins of the pronotum are narrowly pale. The cuneus is variable and the sides of the scutellum paler in both sexes.
The tibial banding pattern is shared by D. olivaceus, which is brick red in colour, similar to female flavilinea. However, this uncommon species is larger, has long hairs on the sides of the pronotum and is associated with hawthorn.
Length 7-8 mm
|Adult male: Leics (July 2009) ©David Gould
|Adult male: south London (June 2007) ©Joe Botting
||Adult male: Leics (June 2008) ©David Gould|
|Adult female: north London (June 2008) ©Tristan Bantock
||Adult female: Berks (June 2009) ©Jonathan Michaelson
|Adult female: Notts (June 2007) ©Jerry Clough
||Nymph: north London (May 2009) ©Tristan Bantock
|Nymph: Berks (May 2009) ©Jonathan Michaelson
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and Frederick Douglass were, in most respects, similar to that of Booker T. Washington.
Atlanta schools were desegregated in 1961. But it took many more years to achieve any meaningful desegregation of the schools, and that was soon lost as White parents moved their children out of the city or placed them in private schools. The only possible way to have meaningful desegregation would be crosstown or cross jurisdictional busing. Most Whites and some Blacks, however, opposed this solution. Recognizing the futility of the matter, and with the sanction of the courts, Black and White leaders forged what became known as “the Atlanta Compromise” in 1973. In exchange for a cessation of pressures for busing, Blacks would be given administrative control of the now mostly Black school system. The Blacks believed that with the empathy and control of resources which a Black-run school system would have, that they could provide a better education for their children.
There was much promise in 1973, the venerable former Morehouse College President Benjamin E. Mays was elected president of the Atlanta school board and Alonzo Crim of Chicago became the school system’s first Black superintendent. Crim had a five-year plan for marked improvements, particularly on test scores, for the Atlanta schools. He set out to prove that disadvantaged Black children could learn — and learn well. But the pattern of low test scores from most of the students in the disadvantaged neighborhoods continued under his leadership and all who followed him.
While there has always been friction on the Atlanta School Board, the egotism which led to the recent fractions and factions is unparalleled. In the crisis the geographical and racial divides that have always existed in the city have appeared. With the probationary accreditation, some northside White parents have reportedly threatened to withdraw their children, while the only protests against the probation have come from a few Blacks. Also, a group of Black leaders led by the venerable Rev. Joseph Lowery have asked the Fulton County District Attorney Paul Howard to not put any teachers in jail.
Until accreditation was threatened, attendance at Atlanta School Board meetings was sparse and there was little public outcry, except in the media, about the school system’s cheating scandal and the board in-fighting. Since most White children in the city do not attend the public schools, as well as many upper- income Black children, there has not been a strong public voice in support of the schools for at least the past four decades. Without such a voice and without substantial improvements in the socio-economic conditions of disadvantaged communities, the public schools in Atlanta and most urban communities have a steep uphill climb. However a united, committed and visionary board of education and superintendent are a prerequisite in the quest for the quality education that the Black communities have always sought.
Alton Hornsby Jr. is Fuller E. Callaway Professor of History (Retired), Morehouse College. He has written on the history of Black education in Atlanta in his books, A Short History of Black Atlanta and Black Power in Dixie: A Political History of African Americans in Atlanta.
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This small brick structure, built into the walls of the Levallois cemetery, is one of the remaining traces of a particularly hated source of taxation - l'octroi.
The octroi was a local tax collected on articles being brought into a city for consumption. Going back to Roman times, such taxes have always existed, but in Paris the system was a very controversial one, playing a small role in the country’s revolution in 1789.
Louis XVI erected a wall known as the mur des fermiers généreux, around the city, and installed the tax collectors in 57 mostly elegant buildings (several of which still survive today such as at Stalingrad, Monceau, the Place de la Nation and at Place Denfert Rochereau). When revolution struck, the octroi became a target and several of the barrières were attacked and burned to the ground, and the tax was swiftly abolished. Ten years later though, the city authorities realised how out of pocket they were and reintroduced the tax, but this time they said to raise capital for ‘good deeds’ only. Soon, the city was generating 85% of its revenue from the tax and the good deeds only aspect was dropped.
As this was generally a tax on basic goods such as oil, sugar and coffee, a market for such produce naturally sprung up just outside the city walls. Nowhere was this more evident than in the market for alcohol! Tax free wine could be enjoyed for a fraction of the price outside the city, and city-dwellers could often be found in the slightly dubious taverns of places such as the Bas Courtille in the then suburb of Belleville.
The very basic structure shown in the picture at the top and in these other examples below are an interesting footnote to this history. As the Paris city walls came down and the city itself begun swallowing up its neighbours, so the octroi tax started moving outwards into the growing towns of the suburbs. These structures were built at the very beginning of the 20th century at the entrance points into the towns concerned (Levallois and Neuilly), as these territories took the opportunity themselves to raise taxes on incoming goods.
What were their targets though? Although most revenue came from the staple products, over time a wide range of goods have been targetted. In the middle of the 19th century, luxury carriages, dogs and man-servants were taxable, whilst more recently horses and billiard tables were also affected by the tax.
The octroi tax was finally abolished over 60 years ago in 1948, so it is somewhat surprising to find these small brick units still standing in these suburban towns. What are they used for today? It is easy to imagine how they were used at the time; small two or three man affairs, little more than the small cabins that security staff on private sites may use today, but then surely more comfortable and solid, with a working fire on cold days.
On one unit today there is a sign suggesting that this is now used by a union - the Confédération Française des Travailleurs Chrétiens (French confederation of Christian workers), but there can't be many of those if they can all fit into such a small space.
Today then they have become little more than a curious part of the street furniture - but one with an interesting story to tell.
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This is my first post on Cprogramming.com as i have just got started with learning C++ from the tutorial area on this website which at the moment is going quite good. However i'm onto the part what explains about the NOT, AND, OR operators. I'm at the last section of the IF statements page currently where it gives an example of the following below:
Does the first example (A) does the OR operator take place first? So the 1 || 0 would be TRUE and then the NOT operator comes in and changes it to False which gives it a value of 0?A. !( 1 || 0 ) ANSWER: 0
B. !( 1 || 1 && 0 ) ANSWER: 0 (AND is evaluated before OR)
C. !( ( 1 || 0 ) && 0 ) ANSWER: 1 (Parenthesis are useful)
Is that how it works?
many thanks, Josh.
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Animal Studies Bibliography
Davis, Karen. 1988. Farm animals and the feminine connection. The Animals' Agenda 8(1): 38- 39.
Many thinkers have made the connection between the treatment of animals and the treatment of women and minorities. This formulation, however, does not account for the fact that while some animals are abused and looked down upon, men have also revered and sought to emulate certain animals. The more proper analogy is between women/minorities and farm animals. Both these groups represent domesticity, tameness, and docility, traits that our culture puts down. The male ethic governing Western culture values instead what is wild and untamed. We can see this bias in the kinds of animals that are considered similar to humans--they are always animals seen in the wild, viewed with this masculine ethic, and are never animals revered because they have good feminine qualities. The chances of farm animals being saved from the abuses they face is made more remote by the fact that even the animal rights community considers them a low priority. Even within the movement, then, the cultural biases remain strong. This oversight leaves the public with the impression that farm animals and meat eating are not problematic, since the animal rights people don't seem to care about them. It is all the more important to recognize the farm animal issue now when deep ecology is gaining prestige. Deep ecology has its good aspects, like recognizing value in all of the environment, sentient or not, and using a holistic approach. Deep ecology, however, is infused with a macho mystique (39) that values this natural and wild (i.e. not farm animals/women/minorities) ethic as well as hunting, fishing, and meat-eating done in the spirit of participation in nature (i.e. following Aldo Leopold). This approach is dangerous to the goal of animal rights, and one important way to fight it would be to put farm animals and our abuse of them at the forefront of the animal rights agenda.
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undertilde-gen – A simple macro for placing a tilde under a character
The code creates a \mathord at standard size (no attempt to adjust for different contexts in a mathematical expression).
Benjamin Bayart's undertilde (for all its faults) does the job better—the general user could easily remove the LaTeX mechanisms from the file.
|License||Unknown Status, No Information Available|
|Contained in||TeX Live as genmisc|
|MiKTeX as genmisc|
support for typesetting mathematics|
Maybe you are interested in the following packages as well.
- pmat: Typeset partitioned matrices
- mathdots: Commands to produce dots in math that respect font size
- variations: Typeset tables of variations of functions
- verbatim-gen: Generic macros for setting text verbatim
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http://ctan.org/pkg/undertilde-gen
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Global warming threatens Qld agriculture sector: report
The Federal Government's Climate Change Commission is warning in a new report of a looming crisis in Queensland's agricultural sector.
The Climate Change Commission says Queensland's economy is particularly vulnerable to the effects of global warming.
It says rising temperatures and changing weather patterns will lead to falls in beef, sugar and cereal production.
Commissioner Lesley Hughes says it is critical to quickly reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
"The challenge that we have in front of us is how quickly we can act to avoid the worst of those changes," she said.
But she says some change is inevitable and farmers must adapt.
"There will be some sorts of agricultural practices that simply won't be able to occur where they occur now," she said.
The Commission's report also warns of threats to the state's coastal developments, biodiversity and tourism sector.
Ms Hughes says urgent action is needed to reduce carbon emissions.
"Nowhere's doing enough so I wouldn't single out Queensland in any way - Queensland is particularly vulnerable," she said.
"Its economy, its natural environment, its agricultural industries and its coastal infrastructure is extremely vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, so Queenslanders have to do their bit."
Topics: climate-change, government-and-politics, economic-trends, agribusiness, rural-tourism, tourism, brisbane-4000, bundaberg-4670, cairns-4870, gladstone-4680, longreach-4730, mackay-4740, maroochydore-4558, mount-isa-4825, rockhampton-4700, southport-4215, toowoomba-4350, townsville-4810
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Issue Date: May 20, 2013 | Web Date: May 17, 2013
Human Genome Map Turns 10
The Human Genome Project officially ended in 2003. The $3.8 billion, 13-year effort accomplished its main objective of completing the sequence of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA.
The project has led to mandatory genetic information on the labels of more than 100 drugs, has fostered new ways of treating cancer, and has rewritten anthropology texts with a view of early human migration that’s different from that shown by stones and bones. It also laid the foundation for sharing data freely without restrictions and catalyzed a multi-billion-dollar biotechnology industry in the U.S.
But it’s still too soon to tell whether the project will live up to its promise to truly revolutionize medical care. A lot of work still needs to be done to bring the full power of genomics to the clinic.
To assess the impact of the Human Genome Project a decade after its completion, scientists gathered at a symposium at the National Institutes of Health last month. The date of the symposium, April 25, also marked the 60th anniversary of the discovery of the double-helical structure of DNA.
At its start, the genome-mapping effort was hugely controversial. “The majority of the scientific community was either skeptical or frankly opposed to this project,” recalled NIH Director Francis S. Collins, who led NIH’s National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) from 1993 to 2008. People were concerned that it was technically unfeasible, might take away money from their basic research grants, or was just so boring that no good scientist would want to work on it, he said.
Collins pointed out that NIH is facing similar opposition today with respect to the recently announced Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative (C&EN, April 8, page 9). That effort aims to develop new ways to map brain circuitry so researchers can unravel how brain function is linked to behavior, learning, and disease.
Collins played a game with the symposium audience, asking them to guess whether various quotes were said in 1988 about the then-just-announced Human Genome Project or this year about the BRAIN Initiative. The quiz was published on April 5, 2013, in Wired magazine.
The audience got off to a good start with this quote: “The project is bad science, it’s unthought-out science, it’s hyped science.” They correctly guessed the genome project.
But they struggled with this one: “Concentrating hundreds of millions of dollars on this one megaproject in the era of budget cuts is sure to starve hundreds of small, more promising biomedical research projects.” The correct answer is the genome project, which most people did not guess.
Despite the early concerns, the Human Genome Project was successful, Collins said, finishing two years ahead of schedule and $400 million under budget. “One of the reasons the genome project succeeded was because it was so compelling. It was so game changing. It was so interdisciplinary,” he emphasized.
Others who have also worked in genomics since the beginning of the Human Genome Project say the future of the field looks bright. If DNA sequencing costs continue to plummet, within a few years sequencing individual genomes will be affordable for routine medical care. Current costs are $4,000 to $6,000 per genome, compared with about $10 million to $50 million when the project ended in 2003 and $1 billion when it started in 1990, according to NHGRI Director Eric D. Green.
At last month’s symposium, Green reminisced about the early days of the genome project when DNA sequence information was generated using radioactive labels and shared via fax. Today multiple technologies are available for DNA sequencing, results are shared by e-mail and Twitter, and an entire genome sequence can be stored on a thumb drive.
Green noted several medical advances that resulted because of the genome project. For example, today there are 4,847 rare genetic diseases with a known molecular basis. There were 2,264 in 2003 and just 61 in 1990, Green said. Similarly, the number of genes with known disease-causing mutations has more than doubled from 1,474 in 2003 to 2,973 today. The number was 53 in 1990.
The number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in public databases has also increased dramatically as a result of the Human Genome Project. Today there are about 54 million, compared with 3.4 million in 2003 and 4,400 in 1990, Green noted.
SNPs are variations that occur when a single nucleotide—A, T, C, or G—in the genome differs among individuals. Multiple SNPs in people with and without a particular disease can be examined in genomewide association studies to determine whether any SNPs are associated with the disease. About 1,550 of these studies have been published since the completion of the Human Genome Project, according to Green.
Collins believes such studies may be useful for identifying new drug targets. “The major advantage here is to understand disease pathogenesis and pathways and to utilize that information to come up with new ideas about therapeutics. We have not taken advantage of that as we might have, and it is time,” he said.
One disease where advances in genomics have already changed how patients are treated is cancer. Doctors are linking particular genomic profiles with outcomes and deciding which drugs to give patients on the basis of genomic information.
Currently about 11,000 tumors are being sequenced to identify subsets of cancer and target therapy more effectively. Through an effort called the Cancer Genome Atlas, the goal is to have the sequences completed by the end of 2014. “Cancer patients will clearly be one of the big early winners due to genomic applications to medicine,” Green said.
The single largest application of genetic testing to date is newborn screening, said Jeffrey R. Botkin, a professor of pediatrics at the University of Utah. In 2003, 46 states tested for six conditions in newborns using a dried blood spot from a heel stick. Today, all states test for more than 30 conditions from a dried blood spot, Botkin noted. The change was driven by technology more than philosophical reasons, he said. The Human Genome Project spurred that technology development.
Despite advances in technology, genomics has yet to live up to its full potential for routine clinical care. One of the reasons is that it isn’t yet feasible to sequence the entire genome of every newborn in the U.S. to predict a baby’s risk of developing various conditions. Although the amount of time it takes to sequence a human genome has fallen dramatically from six to eight years in 1990 to two to three days today, states do not yet have the infrastructure to conduct such large-scale testing or to manage the counseling that is necessary when results are disclosed.
Cost is also a concern. Assuming the cost of sequencing drops as low as $1,000 per human genome, with 4 million babies born each year in the U.S., that amounts to $4 billion per year for sequencing.
Sequencing every newborn child also raises questions about the ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) of the results. Since the beginning of the genome project, NHGRI has invested about 5% of its budget on ELSI studies. In total it has spent about $300 million toward about 470 ELSI grants.
Work in this area focused congressional attention on the potential for insurance companies and employers to discriminate against people on the basis of their genetic profile. In 2008, Congress passed the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act to address the issue. Other areas, such as privacy, access to genomic data, and direct-to-consumer marketing of genetic information, have also been debated on Capitol Hill. NIH is interested in how people would use genomic information if they received it from their doctors.
“We can say today that genomics is beginning to have meaningful impact on medicine,” Green said, pointing out that the Food & Drug Administration requires genetic information on the labels of 106 drugs on the market. The labels alert doctors that certain genomic information should be considered when prescribing a particular drug. Before the genome project, only four drugs had such labels, Green noted.
Over the past decade, genomics has begun to play an important role in numerous areas. But Collins gets annoyed when people say, “We are in the postgenomic era.” That won’t happen, he said, “until we actually figure out how the genome functions.”
- Chemical & Engineering News
- ISSN 0009-2347
- Copyright © American Chemical Society
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There is a reason that many games are rated Mature only... unfortunately most parents don't care are not home.
Didn't people already try this approach back in 1999 with the whole Columbine thing?
Originally posted by chrisb9
The Tragic Shootings at Newtown, Connecticut elementary school is yet one more " Wake Up Call " in the long list of " Mindless Killings " that are the product of Violent Video Games and Violent Movies.
While many people hop on the " band the gun's " bandwagon, everyone realizes more and more that this " Monstrous Evil Plague " on the nations of the world has it's roots in Violent Video Games and Movies.
Denial is " Not a river in Egypt " and until everyone world wide wakes up to the fact of how our children are " Programmed by " Violent Video Games. These random insane mass shootings will only increase in numbers world wide.
Are Violent Video Games More Harmful than Violent TV Programs and Films?
There are at least three reasons to believe that violent video games might be even more harmful than violent TV programs and films.
•First, video game play is active whereas watching TV is passive. People learn better when they are actively involved. Suppose you wanted to learn how to fly an airplane. What would be the best method to use: read a book, watch a TV program, or use a video game flight simulator?
•Second, players of violent video games are more likely to identify with a violent character. If the game is a first person shooter, players have the same visual perspective as the killer. If the game is third person, the player controls the actions of the violent character from a more distant visual perspective. In a violent TV program, viewers might or might not identify with a violent character. People are more likely to behave aggressively themselves when they identify with a violent character (e.g., Konijn et al., 2007)
•Third, violent games directly reward violent behavior, such as by awarding points or by allowing players to advance to the next game level. In some games, players are rewarded through verbal praise, such as hearing the words "Nice shot!" after killing an enemy. It is well known that rewarding behavior increases its frequency. (Would you go to work tomorrow if your boss said you would no longer be paid?) In TV programs, reward is not directly tied to the viewer's behavior.
Quoted From: The International Human Press
The effects of violent video games. Do they affect our behavior?
by: Brad J. Bushman, Ph.D. Professor of Communication and Psychology, The Ohio State University; Professor
of Communication Science, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Proverbs 22:6 :
" Train up a child in the way he should go: and when he is old, he will not depart from it. "
edit on 12/14/2012 by chrisb9 because: (no reason given)
Originally posted by ShotGunRum
A lot of people just knee jerk re-action and say NO NO NO VIDEO GAMES DOESN'T INFLUENCE PEOPLE...
Originally posted by Char-Lee
Originally posted by ElOmen
Big gamer here, and I am very nice I wouldn't hurt a fly.
Does that mean that my mind is too powerful for the programming to have effect on?
Are you a child? Have you been raised on violent video games?
Two kids a couple days ago near here an 11 year old and a 7 year old held up a woman with a loaded gun, they wanted her vehicle and money. She asked the 11 year old if the gun was real which made him angry and he told her he was going to "blow your head off".
She hit the gas and got away, they handed these two over to their parents!
Growing up with no one at home and spending all their time on these very violent games must have an impact. I play also and am not against games. I am against violent games raising children for us.
ou would be better off arguing that violent kids or violent adults are drawn to certain violent video games, not vice versa. (That isn't to say non-viloent people don't enjoy them too however) If anything though, you would probably also find lower rates of actual violence if people can take out their aggressions in a simulated environment. It's called venting.
None of it? You're in denial. You are doubtless a "virtual" mass murderer with a severely damaged conscience.
When I was young, nearly every household in my state had guns. These mass shootings never happened. Oh, there was one in Texas. The guy had a brain tumor.
The crazed gut nut who killed a county constable and another person and wounded two others in a shooting near Texas A&M University on Monday was a "ticking time bomb" that was ready to blow, his family said.
"He was crazy as hell," Richard Weaver, gunman Thomas Caffall's stepfather, told Houston station KPRC television.
May 17, 2000: San Antonio, TX
Two 12 year old male middle school students were arrested at a home while packing up weapons to be used to shoot school other students they were involved with in a conflict. One male pointed a .22-caliber rifle at the arresting officer and the other was found with a .25 caliber handgun pointed at his own head. Both were arrested.
The Luby's massacre was a mass murder that took place on October 16, 1991, in Killeen, Texas, United States when George Hennard (born October 15, 1956) drove his pickup truck into a Luby's cafeteria and shot 23 people to death while wounding another 20, subsequently committing suicide by shooting himself. It was the deadliest shooting rampage in American history until the 2007 Virginia Tech massacre.
Shooting at UT
AUSTIN (1966) On this date in 1966, Charles Whitman killed his wife and mother, then climbed to the top of the tower at the University of Texas and starting shooting at the people below, killing 16 and wounding 30.
Adam Lanza had all the signs that he was a gamer. Computer geek, withdrawn, nerdish. The biggest sign was his ruthless efficiency in dispatching his victims, then hitting "reset" when he heard the sirens.
Gun control might have helped this family, but game control would have done more.
When TSHTF, we will have a world full of people over the edge. Will you(the guy with his head in the sand?) be a target or a perp?
Football, violent movies, and misogynistic music are all problems in increasing psychopathic tendencies, but not to the extent that fps games are with the proactive violent mindset.
Where did Adam Lanza learn the ruthless efficiency with which he snuffed his victims?
The military has alway had a lot of difficulty finding people willing to shoot another human being.
In WWII a surprisingly small fraction could actually bring themselves to shoot directly at another human being.
Present soldiers are far more effective killers. Is it possible that gaming has an impact on this?
Originally posted by AlphaX
If video games or any medium are promoting this kind of behavior in certain people, we should be trying to find those people and fix that problem rather than trying to just get rid of that medium all together so that no one is then able to enjoy it, because clearly they aren't effecting everyone this way.
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Healthcare-Associated Bloodstream Infections in Newborns
A central line or central venous catheter is a catheter (tube) that is passed through a vein that ends near the right atrium of the heart. Central lines are used to deliver medications and fluids to patients and to withdraw blood.
Infections are a risk in any hospitalization. When patients have central venous catheters, they are at higher risk for serious infections, especially if bacteria get into the bloodstream. It is important to take careful precautions to avoid introducing harmful bacteria into patients’ systems. Bloodstream infections are serious and can cause a patient to stay in the hospital for a longer time and can increase the risk of death. While not all central-line infections are preventable, our goal is to avoid preventable infections completely.
Inserting and monitoring central venous catheters using research-based techniques can decrease or eliminate the number of central-line associated bloodstream infections. Health care providers follow specific guidelines for insertion, such as using a sterile barrier, proper hand hygiene, chlorhexidine for skin disinfection, and avoidance of the femoral (groin) insertion site. Once the central line has been inserted, it is important for health care providers to monitor the insertion site, use recommended sterile techniques, and remove catheters when they are no longer needed.
Healthcare-associated bloodstream infection is a significant problem for infants admitted into neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). This is especially true for very low birth weight infants who are at high risk for infections due to their immature immune systems and need for invasive monitoring and supportive care.
About this measure
This measure tracks the percent of healthcare-associated bloodstream infections in newborn babies in intensive care or other hospital units.
In this case a lower number is better.
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Analyze Fitzgerald's conception of the American Dream. Does he view it as totally dead, or is it possible to revive it?
Is Nick a reliable narrator? How does his point of view color the reality of the novel, and what facts or occurences would he have a vested interest in obscuring?
Trace the use of the color white in the novel. When does it falsify a sense of innocence? When does it symbolize true innocence?
Do a close reading of the description of the "valley of ashes." How does Fitzgerald use religious imagery in this section of the novel?
What does the green light symbolize to Gatsby? To Nick?
How does Fitzgerald juxtapose the different regions of America? Does he write more positively about the East or the Midwest?
What is the distinction between East and West Egg? How does one bridge the gap between the two?
In what ways are Wilson and Gatsby similar? Disimilar? Who is Nick more sympathetic to?
How does Fitzgerald treat New York City? What is permissable in the urban space that is taboo on the Eggs?
Is Tom most responsible for Gatsby's death? Daisy? Myrtle? Gatsby himself? Give reasons why or why not each character is implicated in the murder.
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Remains of 15 found in ancient Mexican settlement
The Associated Press
Published Saturday, Jul. 14, 2012 11:19AM EDT
Last Updated Saturday, Jul. 14, 2012 11:22AM EDT
MEXICO CITY -- Archeologists in Mexico City have unearthed the skulls and other bones of 15 people, most of them the children of traveling merchants during Aztec times.
Researcher Alejandra Jasso Pena says they also found ceramic flutes, bowls, incense burners, the remains of a dog that was sacrificed to accompany a child in the afterlife and other artifacts of a pre-Columbian civilization.
Jasso Pena said Friday that construction was about to start on five buildings in a Mexico City neighborhood when the National Institute of Anthropology and History asked to carry out an excavation of the site first.
Experts suspected the site was an important ceremonial center for the Tepanec tribe between 1200 and 1300. The influential traders living there were called Pochtecas.
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Connect with Us
Nursery making water work
Special to The Morning Star
Without water, John and Maria Byland would be out of business.
As the owners of Bylands Nurseries – a major supplier of plants to garden centres throughout the Okanagan – water is vital to their work. As a result, they’re more aware than some people of the importance of the resource, so they’ve taken steps both around their business and their home to conserve water.
The family business has been in operation since just a few years after John’s father Adrian arrived here from Holland in 1953 and began growing trees for the orchard industry. Today, the family actively farms 400 acres in the Okanagan, in addition to acreage in the Fraser Valley.
And while the Bylands have earned international attention for their environmental stewardship and water conservation practices, this commitment shows in their personal lives as well.
The landscape around their West Kelowna home has evolved during the 17 years they’ve been there, but there are still native mature pines and mahonia (Oregon grape) which form a part of it, along with non-native, drought-tolerant plants such as the rugged pink rugosa roses interspersed with blue clouds of Russian sage which line the driveway.
But reducing water use doesn’t mean they don’t grow their own vegetables, most of which require regular watering to produce a crop for the kitchen. In fact, John is particularly proud of the veggie patch. He mostly waters by hand so plants needing more water get it, and those needing less receive less. Rows of kale and cucumbers are watered using a drip irrigation line so evaporation and waste are minimized.
He points out that even his row of cedars has become relatively waterwise, because he uses drip irrigation for them as well as mulching to retain soil moisture. Once established, they need less water too as the roots go deep into the soil.
An exposed bank has been planted in junipers which are very drought-tolerant and yet present a green, living wall along the driveway.
Maria points out that knowing your soil type is essential. Clay soils can lead some people to over water, and gravelly soils can lead to under-watering. Amending the soil so it has proper structure to retain moisture is important, she explains.
And water management, including controlling your automatic sprinkler system so it’s adjusted based on seasonal requirements is also important, notes John.
“An improperly-managed irrigation system can waste a lot of water and cause problems for plants,” he adds. But plants that receive just the right amount of water are more resistant to diseases such as root rot (a common disease caused by too much water).
Back at the nursery, all runoff is collected in recycling ponds where it is mixed with fresh water and used to irrigate again. The system has saved the Bylands a third of the water they used to use.
Larger plant containers are watered using drip irrigation now instead of overhead, and the nursery makes its own compost from discarded plants, which is used as mulch or as a soil amendment.
“We take a more-scientific approach today, ensuring each plant gets the appropriate amount of water, delivered at the appropriate time,” says John.
With 24 per cent of all Okanagan water used on household lawns and gardens, and less water available per person than anywhere in Canada, valley residents are encouraged to reduce outdoor water use this summer. Take the pledge to Make Water Work at www.MakeWaterWork.ca and enter to win $5,000 in WaterWise yard upgrades.
Take the pledge to:
• Water plants. Not pavement.
• Water between dusk and dawn.
• Leave lawn 5-8 cm (2-3 inches) tall
• Leave grass clippings as mulch
• Top dress with compost; and
• Change out some lawn for drought-tolerant turf and/or native and low-water variety plants.
Judie Steeves is with Make Water Work, an initiative of the Okanagan Basin Water Board and its Okanagan WaterWise program.
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An Education Program of Short Talks, Skits and Plays - The Masonic “An Education Program of Short Talks, Skits and Plays” - Summary. This “
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“Importance of Education ” – Short Story M.Ramakrishna Sayee Once there was a person by name, Roger who lived in a village. He was a
teacher and an honest and modest person. He was the first to set up ...
Skit : The Sleep Fairy (Sleep Hygiene) - Sleep EducationAmerican Academy of Sleep Medicine www.sleepeducation.com. Sleep Hygiene:
Classroom Skit . Note to Teachers: Discussion questions follow the skit . Cast:.
Parent-Teacher Conference Skit Narrator - Education and DemocracyTeachers 4 Social Justice. Justice Matters. Parent-Teacher Conference Skit .
Narrator: Mrs. Bacon, a teacher, is at the door talking to another teacher (Teacher
Comedy Skits , Entertainment - The King and The Really Annoying King: You shall be dealt with later until then let us resume our education ....
Comedy Skits , short funny comedy skits scripts for live shows, radio, videos and ...
Scripts - Kids Plays, Children's Theatre, SchoolsSearch by grade / year / key stage (by age / educational level). ... We provide
mostly short play scripts, but we also offer several skits and duologues and a ...
“General Hospital”: Using Skit -Writing and Role-Playing to Teach multiple-choice or short answer questions directly from lecture material). The
instructor may also receive comments about role-playing and skits being
considered too elementary for .... Project supported by the Davis Educational
SCHOOL INSPECTION (HINDI SKIT -FOR SEWAK DAY) | ... Musings Hi Pradeep, thanks a lot for appreciating the skit . It's a comedy skit actually, with
lots of satire on the education system, that prevails in this ...
hiv/aids educational drama - NIEDNational Institute for Educational Development (NIED). Ministry of Basic ..... In
short , AIDS is the result of HIV levels reaching a certain height. You can get the ...
Junior Fire Corps Offers Short Fire-safety Skits to Layton SchoolsJunior Fire Corps Offers Short Fire-safety Skits to Layton Schools ... the sixth-
graders to make sure the skit was educational and entertaining.
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Kaffir (Xhosa) Folk-Lore, by George McCall Theal, , at sacred-texts.com
THERE was once a man who quarrelled with his wife, so that she left him, and went home to her father's place.
When she got home she found nobody, for all the people had been swallowed by a monster. She went into the house that used to be her father's, and noticed that there were footprints of animals and spots of blood all over the floor. She then got into the top of the hut and hid herself. She heard the monster corning, saying
"O man, O man,
I have eaten,
And I am still living."
She kept awake. Shortly the house was filled with all kinds of animals, which made a fire, cooked their food, ate it up, and slept. Next morning they awoke, and all went out to search for something to eat.
The woman had two children born while the animals were away. She came down from her hiding-place, and took up a stone used for raising pots above the fire (called isoko), and went again into her hiding-place.
The animals returned in the evening; and while their pots were on the fire, she threw down the stone into one of them. The animals all rushed out of the house. Outside they held a consultation, and their chief decided that those living in holes should go to the holes, that those living in forests should go to the forests, and that those living in rivers should go to the rivers.
After this, the woman set a trap, and succeeded in catching a buffalo, but she could not skin it. She saw a glutton (called an igongqongqo, a fabulous monster, like a man, but capable of devouring enormous quantities of food) coming, and asked him to help her. He consented.
He pulled out his knife and skinned the buffalo. She gathered some wood, and kindled a fire for the purpose of roasting the liver. The glutton roasted it. She went away and picked up an empty calabash, and when she returned she found the glutton roasting the legs, having already eaten the liver. She then said I am going for water."
She ot behind a bush, and blew the empty calabash. The glutton wondered what this was, and called her. She continued blowing until the glutton was so frightened that he took his bag and put the remainder of the meat into it, and ran away.
She followed him, still blowing, until he threw away the bag containing the meat. She still followed, blowing. The glutton stumbled, and fell into a thorny bush, where he was held fast. The woman then ceased blowing, and heard him blubbering out:
"Let me alone, lu bo bo,
Let me alone, lu bo bo."
She blew again, and he struggled and got free. He ran away with all his might. She then took the bag home with her, made a fire, and cooked the meat. When it was ready, she took it to her hiding-place, and lived on it till her children were able to run about outside.
One day, these twins asked their mother to make bows and arrows for them. Their mother advised them not to wander away from the house, saying to them The glutton will swallow you."
But at a certain time they left home, and went in the direction where the monster lived. They found it asleep, and shot it with their arrows in both eyes. The boys returned home and told their mother. Next day they went to the place, and found the glutton dead.
The boys heard people talking inside the glutton. Having told their mother, she took a knife and cut it open, when people came out, and cattle, and dogs. The people asked: Who killed the glutton?"
The mother of the twins told them, and they rewarded the boys with a large number of cattle.
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Penang Hill or Bukit Bendera, is the site of the first hill station in Malaysia built by the British during colonial times and was used by the wealthy British colonial elite as a place to escape from the heat of the lowlands, with many building bungalows on top of the hill to use as second homes.
During these times the hill was known as Flagstaff Hill as there was a flagpole on top of the Governor of Penang's residence, Bel Retiro, used as a signal transmitter.
At 823 metres above sea level, the climate up here is a few degrees cooler and it is a pleasant place to visit and walk around the hilltop, which offers fine views over the city of George Town.
As far as attractions go, there is not that much to see on top of the hill.
What you come here for is the fine views, the slightly cooler climate and the nature walks through the forest that cover the hillsides.
Unfortunately, the top of the hill is often covered in a ring of cloud spoiling your views.
This is true especially in the mornings.
However, often the clouds will rise as the day heats up. - so have a look over from Georgetown before setting off to see what the weather looks like on the top.
If it's only cloudy on top and clear elsewhere, chances are the cloud will clear later on in the morning!
Walking around on top of the hill is not too strenuous as it is fairly flat, but once you leave the top, it becomes quite steep in places.
Buildings of interest are a small Hindu Temple as well as a Mosque, the Governors residence. there are also many old English style bungalows and the only place to stay on top of the hill, The Bellevue Hotel.
View our Picture Gallery from the hill.
You have two choices - the easy but expensive for tourists way.
Or the hard but totally free way.
1) You can catch the funicular railway train from Air Itam.
2) If you are fit enough, you can walk up from the Botanical Gardens in a couple of hours or so.
For more information, ticket prices and times and how to get to the funicular railway station, please visit our Hill Train page here>>
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Only three among two dozen written statements submitted to FERC favored the project. Many worry about an LNG plant across the bay from an airport in an area threatened by quakes and tsunamis, to which Coos Bay resident Shannon Coates replied: "Nothing is earthquake proof or asteroid proof or volcano proof. The chances are there for a natural disaster, but it's a chance I think we have to take for the economic benefits."
Vander Lyn, an environmental adviser, said FERC approval - which could take a year or more - was clearly a significant step for the pipeline, though various agencies from U.S. Fish and Wildlife to Oregon Coastal Zone managers would still have a say.
COAL'S COOS BAY COMEBACK
While Coos Bay is associated with wood products, having been the world's largest lumber shipment port until the 1970s, signs on its waterfront tell of its history with energy: Euro-American settlers were drawn there in the 19th century to mine coal.
The Oregon coal may now be gone, but six sites for exporting inland coal -- including Coos Bay -- had been under study in the Pacific Northwest before one was scrapped last month at Grays Harbor, Washington, when another export type was deemed better.
"One down, five to go," said Laura Stevens, regional organizer for the Sierra Club's Beyond Coal campaign.
As for the Coos Bay coal project, backed by Japan's Mitsui, it could export 10 million tons a year in a decade.
Environmentalists and politicians want an area-wide EIS from the Army Corps of Engineers that would cover all coal exports from the region, and 100 people recently staged a protest at the their regional headquarters in Portland to demand it.
The Army Corps said there was no timetable for a decision on whether to do an area-wide EIS, but each single project would remain on their regulatory courses. The coal project where it is closest to a decision is in Bellingham, Washington.
Australia's Ambre Energy, which flirted with an initial public offering of shares in Australia this year, is behind two other coal projects on opposite sides of the Columbia River.
One is Longview, Washington, where coal would be moved off trains to ships, and the other is St. Helens, Oregon. Starting in 2014, Ambre would load coal up river on to barges and only transfer it to Asia-bound ships at St. Helens, a historic but modest town 30 miles outside the hip urban bustle of Portland.
Earl Fisher, a county commissioner, says there is limited local opposition to that proposal. More controversial is Kinder Morgan's plan to rail it to St. Helens, leaving little room on the tracks for much else, he said. Yet there was always a risk a rival port deal could clog the rails anyway. "Then we would just wave at the trains as they go by," Fisher said.
For many, however, the logistics of exporting energy sources are beside the point in a country that has had to import large amounts of oil for half a century. "The American people want energy independence," North Bend resident J.C. Williams told the meeting on Jordan Cove. "This will defeat that goal."
(Reporting by Braden Reddall; Editing by Jonathan Weber, Patricia Kranz and Bernard Orr)
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|About this Recording
NA186012 - WORDSWORTH: Great Poets (The)
The Great Poets – William Wordsworth
William Wordsworth lived between 1770 and 1850. Some have expressed the opinion that he lived too long, declining into a sad old age (having become, by the end, an institution rather than an individual voice), as if to say that had he died young like Keats or Shelley, he would have been a better poet.
It is true that the erstwhile supporter of the French Revolution and champion of the poor and unregarded (in his early verses) later became a friend to the aristocracy, and was happy to accept the post of Distributor of Stamps for Westmoreland. To cap it all, he bowed the knee and accepted the role of Poet Laureate.
He remained an industrious versifier, but seemed to lose his way; his poetry no longer guided the reader ever more deeply into the inner world of the self—the territory he had, as it were, pioneered through the most creative period of his career. Retain his intelligence though he surely did, the more celebrated he became as the national (if not world) poet the more he appears to have been treading water, poetically, in his final years.
Nonetheless it is the case that Wordsworth is a huge presence in the canon of English poetry; his achievement is as important as that of Milton. Our modern sense of the self as a subject evolved from seeds sown by Wordsworth.
The two words which appear to have dominated his thought were ‘nature’ and the ‘imagination’ (or ‘Mind’), and it is the response of the individual to nature, via the imagination, that is at the core of his work. Those who have studied Wordsworth, if only superficially, will remember his oft-quoted definition of poetry as ‘the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings from emotion recollected in tranquillity’. The poet contemplates an emotion to the point where ‘by a species of reaction the tranquillity gradually disappears, and an emotion, kindred to that which was before the subject of contemplation, is gradually produced and does actually exist in the mind’. This is the essence of the poetic method that lies behind much of Wordsworth’s most meditative work.
And one should not forget that poetically Wordsworth, along with Coleridge, was a literary revolutionary. In reaction to the effete poetic diction and other artificialities of the Augustan Age, with its emphasis on the general rather than the particular, Wordsworth and Coleridge sought to focus on humble scenes and figures which had been, until then, regarded as too low or ‘mean’ to be suitable subject matter for poetry. They aimed to use plain, simple everyday language into the bargain, risking incomprehension and ridicule from the more conservative critics.
The close observation of nature was what Wordsworth endeavoured to record in his verse. Born in the Lake District, from his earliest days he wandered extensively and tirelessly amid scenes which are now reproduced in countless tourist post cards.
At Hawkshead Grammar School, to which he was sent at the age of eight after the death of his mother, Wordsworth was encouraged to study and write poetry by his young headmaster. His walks to and from school, and elsewhere, frequently giddied him with profound sensations which were dwelt upon at length in such works as The Growth of a Poet’s Mind (his title for what later came to be known as The Prelude). In many ways it is these extraordinary experiences that inform a great proportion of his œuvre.
His father died in 1783, leaving him in the care of his uncle. From Hawkshead he was sent to Cambridge in 1787, in the expectation that he would enter the Church; but he preferred his own methods of study: reading for pleasure and writing his own verse.
Three years later he visited France for the first time, joining in the celebrations to mark the anniversary of the fall of the Bastille, and the following year he met Annette Vallon, by whom he had a daughter. Returning to England in 1792, he did not expect to remain away long, and yet he never carried out his intention to retrace his steps to France and marry Annette—for reasons biographers have speculated upon ever since.
In 1795 a friend left him some money and he moved to Dorset with his sister Dorothy, of whom he was very fond. Her intuitive response to nature was no less keen than his, and many of her recorded observations found their way into his poems, the most famous instance being ‘I wandered lonely as a Cloud’ (also known as Daffodils). Of Dorothy Wordsworth he said, ‘She gave me eyes, she gave me ears’.
At this time he first met Coleridge, and in order to be near him, he and Dorothy moved to Alfoxden in Somerset. This was Wordsworth’s most significant friendship with another poet. Their similarities of outlook and their shared desire to reclaim English poetry for the ordinary man and woman led them to collaborate on what was published—anonymously at first—as Lyrical Ballads, a volume containing pieces now so familiar to us that it is easy to forget what a truly innovative collection of verse it was.
As Coleridge’s health began to fail and his addiction to opium took hold of him, the friendship suffered. A second edition of the ballads included fewer poems by Coleridge, partly because he had refused to allow certain poems of his to be used.
Finally able to come into his inheritance in 1802, Wordsworth travelled back to France to meet his daughter Caroline, to whom he was now able to give 30 pounds per annum. The meeting with Annette went well, but Wordsworth only stayed a month in France. Later in the year he married Mary Hutchinson, a childhood friend, somewhat to the distress of Dorothy, although she and Mary eventually became good friends. (Mary was to meet Annette many years later.)
Wordsworth’s life became settled, but he could not escape tragedy; first his brother John was drowned, and then several years later two of his children, Catherine and Thomas, died. The rift with Coleridge deepened, although later it was partly healed. His disillusion with revolutionary politics had deepened as a result of the ambitions of Napoleon, and he was eventually scorned and despised by the younger generation, particularly Shelley, who had once admired and learnt much from him.
Nevertheless we should not dwell on what are perceived as Wordsworth’s failings, or his loss of creative drive, but instead celebrate the unique contribution he made to the world of English letters, whether it be in the sprawl of The Prelude or in the brief delights of A slumber did my spirit seal.
Close the window
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In sub-Saharan Africa, HIV infections are more prevalent and doctors scarcer than anywhere else in the world. With a lack of medical professionals, Mitchell Besser enlisted the help of his patients to create mothers2mothers — an extraordinary network of HIV-positive women whose support for each other is changing and saving lives. (Recorded at TEDGlobal, July […]Continue reading
Why you should listen
In the developed world, daily care and drugs have turned HIV/AIDS into a manageable condition, and mothers with HIV rarely, anymore, pass it along to their babies. (Take a minute to be grateful for that.) But in developing nations where access to healthcare is difficult, drugs and day-to-day care and support are harder to come by, and rates of maternal transmission of HIV are much higher. Doctor Mitchell Besser works in Cape Town, South Africa, and in 2001, he began a program called mothers2mothers that aims to close this gap, by drawing on the power of community support.
Mothers2mothers employs HIV-positive moms themselves to complement the work of doctors and nurses. After a two-month training, mentor mothers work with other moms with HIV to help them understand how to keep from transmitting HIV to their babies. Equally important, the members of mothers2mothers connect at an emotional level with other moms, offering the support of true peers, helping to reduce the social stigma around HIV diagnosis, and helping each mom stick to her own treatment regiment so she can watch her baby grow. From its beginnings in 2001, mothers2mothers now operates in 600 clinics in seven countries; 1,600 mentor mothers "touch" an estimated 200,000 patients a month -- accounting for 20 per cent of the HIV-positive patients in Africa.
What others say
“I didn't want anything to do with HIV-positive people or women, but when I saw these healthy-looking women and listened to their stories, I immediately became part of that family. We actually created a bond, which will last forever.” — A mother speaking about her m2m experience
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Medications, including vitamins, are not candy, but they taste enough like it to send 60,000 children to the emergency room(www.cdc.gov) every year. In response to this disturbing statistic, the CDC and various partners -- including the AAFP -- are unveiling a new campaign(www.cdc.gov) focused on improving children's medication safety through parent and caregiver education.
Part of a larger public/private partnership known as the PROTECT initiative(www.cdc.gov), the Up and Away and Out of Sight educational campaign(www.upandaway.org) will provide family physicians and other health care professionals with the tools they need to help inform their patients about the dangers of leaving medications out on low tables and counters and within reach of curious little hands.
According to Barbara Kostick, M.D., of Newark, Calif., who serves as the AAFP representative to Up and Away, the campaign can help family physicians reduce the number of adverse drug events that happen each year in the United States.
First convened by the CDC in 2008, PROTECT has pulled together a large group of stakeholders, including other government agencies; members of the pharmaceutical industry; consumer groups; medical professional organizations, such as the Academy; and others, to examine the problem of medication overdose in children and come up with manageable solutions, said Kostick. It is in large part because of its work with PROTECT that the Academy adopted a new policy on standardized measurement of liquid medications earlier this year.
"We've seen which groups are most affected by unintentional overdose," Kostick said. "For children ages 0-5, unintentional overdose happens for one of two reasons: either the parents are unaware and give children the wrong dosage, or the kids find the medications -- which often taste like candy -- and take them themselves.
"This is immensely important to FPs because we see these parents and their children every day at their well and sick visits," she added. "And frankly, I was shocked at what I've learned since becoming involved with this project -- just how many people did not know about the proper way to give these medications."
According to the CDC, Up and Away aims to educate families using a three-pronged strategy:
- remind parents and caregivers about safe medication storage;
- provide parents and caregivers with information and tools to keep children safe; and
- encourage parents and caregivers to take action to safeguard children.
In addition to educational messages included on the Up and Away website, the program also will provide a printed public service announcement, an informational pamphlet, a doctor's office poster, a tip sheet, a video and coloring pages.
"By providing these materials and resources for parents and caregivers while simultaneously sharing this information with health care professionals, the media and third-party organizations, we are helping spread the message of the importance of safe medicine storage," said the CDC in a communication to the campaign's partners.
Kostick said that the data she has seen from Up and Away-sponsored focus groups show that a good portion of parents, regardless of educational background, become confused about the dosage recommendations when giving their child medication.
"In so many cases, a teaspoon is not really a teaspoon," she said. "If one teaspoon is good, two must be better. It is fascinating how pervasive these myths are in our society. This experience has really opened my eyes to the problem. The key factors here are so important -- keep medications up and out of reach from children and make sure your patients understand what the right amount of medication really is."
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HOW TO STRETCHYOUR LUNGS
The first thing you ever did and the last you’ll ever do is breathe. Every person on Earth has practiced breathing every moment of his or her life since forever. So you’re probably already asking yourself, “What does this jerk have to say about breathing?”
There are several professions that take breathing very seriously. My background is in music and music education. One thing that I have learned from teaching students wind instruments is that people in general are very lazy breathers. They do just enough to survive and no more. It's like taking a job that allows you to pay for your rent and groceries and have none left over.
When you were a kid, you used to blow up party balloons the same day one of your little friends was blowing out candles. Those darn party balloons are impossible to blow up on the first try, no matter how purple your face gets. One day, somebody showed you that if you stretch the balloon out before you blow into it, it fills up much easier. Your lungs, because of the lazy breathing you've spent your entire life doing, are un-stretched-out balloons. The more you practice, the greater they will become. Think of your lungs as rubber balloons with indefinite volume.
So, here comes your first ever lesson in how to breathe well.
- Posture, Posture, Posture
Be straight enough to give your lungs as much room to stretch as possible. Whether standing or sitting, make sure your back is straight and your shoulders are back. No slouching. You want to make your wind passage as clear and straight as possible, from your lips to your lungs.
- Blow out all your air
Expel every cubic inch of air in your lungs and hold it. Now expel a little more. You'll find yourself able to do it, but not for long!
- Slowly breathe in to the count of eight
By the time you have counted to eight, you should be FULL. Fill up so much that you feel your lungs stretch just the tiniest bit.
- Expel all your air again. Feel the stretch that getting it all out gives you.
- Repeat this process- but each time you do it, stretch your lungs a little more.
As you go, be sure that your body is as relaxed as it can be. Common faults are Tension (the enemy) in the shoulders, face, back, and arms.
Start to think about using your abdominal muscles as the engine that drives this process. The abs expand as you inhale and contract as you exhale. Any world-class athlete will tell you that the center of his or her body's energy is in the abdominal region. Also, the more stretching you do, the more you will feel your lower back expanding. Put your hand back there on one side and inhale. You should be able to feel your back swelling. The lungs are huge instruments that take up a lot of space.
Concentrate on stretching your lungs every day and see how much better you feel.
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A two-wheeled vehicle that is powered by a motor and has no pedals.
- However in my experience, most accidents involving motorcycles involve other vehicles.
- He also said motorcycles and other motor vehicles would be banned from using the trail.
- Mopeds, motor scooters and motorcycles all offer the freedom of a car while using less fuel.
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: motor|cycle
Definition of motorcycle in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
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Thank you for your question.
The fourth generation tests look for both antibodies AND antigens. Antigens are proteins on the surface of the HIV particle. Antibodies are produced by the immune system in response to the HIV antigens.
Antigens are able to be detected usually about two weeks after infection. HIV tests look for p24 (protein 24) which is is detectable an average or 14 days after infection. However, testing for p24 is not accurate enough on it’s own to be the basis of an HIV test.
Antibodies are not usually produced until 3-4 weeks after an infection depending on the speed and strength of the individual’s immune system. About 95% of people produce either antibodies or p24 by day 28.
Individual response to HIV can vary considerably. There are odd cases where responses are much quicker and other cases where everything takes much longer.
In order to be effective as a test it needs to be accurate at picking up genuine infections and also accurate at ruling out infections when they are not present.
These two factors are complicated and guidelines are usually conservative to allow for the extremes.
Information on this website is provided by treatment advocates and offered as a guide only. Decisions about your treatment should always be taken in consultation with your doctor.
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I. Course Prefix/Number: PAR 227
Course Name: Intellectual Property
Credits: 3 (3 lecture; 0 lab)
III. Course (Catalog) Description
IV. Learning Objectives
2. show an understanding of the history of intellectual property law in the United States.
3. explain the role of a paralegal in obtaining copyright, patent and protective mark protection.
4. explain the role of a paralegal in litigation involving copyrights, patents, protective marks, and trade secrets.
V. Academic Integrity
• plagiarism (turning in work not written by you, or lacking proper citation),
• falsification and fabrication (lying or distorting the truth),
• helping others to cheat,
• unauthorized changes on official documents,
• pretending to be someone else or having someone else pretend to be you,
• making or accepting bribes, special favors, or threats, and
• any other behavior that violates academic integrity.
There are serious consequences to violations of the academic integrity policy. Oakton's policies and procedures provide students a fair hearing if a complaint is made against you. If you are found to have violated the policy, the minimum penalty is failure on the assignment and, a disciplinary record will be established and kept on file in the office of the Vice President for Student Affairs for a period of 3 years.
Details of the Code of Academic Conduct can be found in the Student Handbook.
VI. Sequence of Topics
A. Historical Review of Intellectual Property in the United States
B. Overview of the Function of Intellectual Property
C. Review of Terms that Pertain to Intellectual Property
A. Purpose of Copyrights
B. "Fixed in A Durable Medium"
1) Literary Works
2) Musical Works
3) Dramatic Works
4) Choreographic Works
5) Pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works
6) Films and audiovisual works
7) Sound recordings
C. Common Law Copyright Protection
D. Obtaining Copyright Protection Today
E. Litigation Involving Copyrights
F. In the Public Domain
H. Trade Dress
I. Service Marks
J. Certification Marks
K. Collective Marks
3. Protective Marks
A. Trade Names
4. Trade Secrets
A. What is a Trade Secret?
B. Ownership of Trade Secrets
C. Protecting Trade Secrets
D. Litigation Involving Trade Secrets
E. Defining Patents
1) Non obvious
4) Tangible expression of an idea
F. Types of Patents
1) Design Patents
2) Utility Patents
3) Plant Patents
G. Common Law Patent Protection
H. Applying for Patent Protection
I. Litigation Involving Patents
6. International Intellectual Property Protections
7. Ethical Concerns Regarding Intellectual Property
VII. Methods of Instruction
Course may be taught as face-to-face, media-based, hybrid or online course.
VIII. Course Practices Required
2. Writing Assignments
IX. Instructional Materials
X. Methods of Evaluating Student Progress
2. Homework assignments.
3. Study problems in intellectual property.
4. Attendance and participation.
XI. Other Course Information
If you have a documented learning, psychological, or physical disability you may be entitled to reasonable academic accommodations or services. To request accommodations or services, contact the Access and Disability Resource Center at the Des Plaines or Skokie campus. All students are expected to fulfill essential course requirements. The College will not waive any essential skill or requirement of a course or degree program.
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He made a dead set at her. A pointed or decided determination
to bring matters to a crisis. The allusion is to a setter dog that has
discovered game, and makes a dead set at it.
To be at a dead set
is to be set fast, so as not to be able to move. The allusion is to
machinery. To make a dead set upon someone
is to attack him
resolutely, to set upon him; the allusion being to dogs, bulls, etc.,
set on each other to fight.
Source: Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, E. Cobham Brewer, 1894
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The Black Book of the Admiralty was an ancient book of agreed upon laws ruling the navy of Great Britain. The book is written by several different writers, as both voice and penmanship change abruptly throughout the course of the original text. Compiled with influence from both The Rôles d'Oléron and Consolato del Mare, it was thought to have been first compiled during the reign of King Edward III (approximately 1322 A.D.). The book then grew in fame and volume for about four hundred years until it was lost near the end of the 18th century. In 1874, in an expedition to recover the private papers of a former Registrar of the British Admiralty Court, the book was found in a chest of belongings. Carbon dating at this point revealed that some of the first lines of text were written no earlier than the days of King Edward VI (approximately 1422 A.D.).
One of the most impressive collections of the book is its collection of oaths. In addition to the naval and militant law, the first volume of the book is dedicated to the oath of the King of Arms, the naval herald, and lastly the pursuivant (the attendant to the herald). The oaths are largely a formal regulation of behavior for the navy and military, covering times both out to sea and on the land. The most important of the three oaths, the oath of the King of Arms, is found at the bottom of this document1.
The key difference which separates the Black Book from other ancient naval codes is that it is still available in printed form. While the few surviving copies of The Code of Oleron and the Consulate are mainly privately owned, there are published copies of the Black Book available to the public. Barnes and Noble has no copies in stock, but does offer to search through its used books database for the book. Internet bookstore Amazon.com stocks the book. The prices are $280 for the Monumenta Juridica edition and $495 for the appendicied version. Both are hardcover. A slightly more financially sound purchase can be found at addall.com, where the book can be found under the full title "Black Book of the Admiralty - Monumenta Juridica Charter of Oleron of the Judgments" for only $70.
Oath of the King of Arms
as quoted from The Black Book of the Admiralty
in original Middle English
"You shall swear by the oath the you received when you were made a herald, and by the faith that you owe to the king, our sovereign lord, whose arms you bear, that you shall truly keep such things as are comprised in the articles following:
"1st, whensoever the king shall command you to give any message to any other king, prince, state, or any other person out of this his realm, or to any person of whatever state, condition, or degree he be of within the same, that you shall do it as honorably and truly as your will and reason can serve you, and greatly to the advantage of our sovereign lord and his realm, and truly report bring again to his highness of your message and as near to the charge to you committed in words and in substance, as your said reason may attain to, always keeping yourself secret for any manner motion, save to such persons as you be commanded to utter your charge unto.
"2ndly, you shall do your true duty to be every day more cunning than others in the office of arms, so as you may be better furnished to teach others under you, and execute with more wisdom and more eloquence such charges as your sovereign lord and his realm or of his realm any nobleman shall lay unto you by the virtue of the office, which his highness will erect you to at this time, discovering in no wise that you have in charge to keep closer than that be predjudicial to the king our sovereign lord and his realm.
"3rdly, you shall do your diligence to have knowledge of all the nobles and gentlemen within your march, which should bear coats in the field in the service of our sovereign lord, his lieutenants, officers, and commisaries, and them with their issue truly register, and such arms as they bear, with the difference due in the arms to be given, and they hold any service by knight's fee, whereby they should give to the king service for the defence of his land.
"4thly, you shall not be unwilling to teach pursuivants or heralds, nor to ease them in such doubts as they shall move to you, and such as cannot be eased by you, you shall show to the constable, and if any pursuivant asks any doubt of you, you shall ask him first, whether he has desired any of the heralds to instruct him in the same, and, if he says, you, you shall limit him one of them, or else ease him if you can. Also, you shall keep, from month to month, in your marches, your chapters to the increase of cunning in the office of arms, and the doubts that there cannot be eased, you shall move to the constable.
"5thly, you shall observe and keep to your cunning and power all such oaths as you made when you were created a herald, to the honor and worship of noblesse and integrity of living, namely, in eschewing disreputable places and people, and always more ready to excuse than to blame any noble person, unless than you be charged to say the truth by the king, his constable, and marshal, or in any place judicial. Also you shall permit truly to register all acts of honor in manner and form as they be done, as forsooth as power and cunning may extend, etc."
Briefly interpreted, a King of Arms shall:
Firstly, Do work well, and keep his mouth shut when not in the company of your king or his men.
Secondly, Be better than the best.
Thirdly, Know his enemies better than he know himself.
Fourthly, Be a mentor, change a life.
Fifthly, We are an elite secret society; don't tell anybody else what you have learned from us.
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DURHAM, N.C. -- A discovery by scientists at Duke University Medical Center and Johns Hopkins University could increase the chances for an effective combination of drug therapy to treat the second most common type of brain tumor.
For years scientists have been looking for the primary cancer genes involved in the development of oligodendrogliomas. Scientists knew the two chromosomes that held the probable mutations, but not the particular gene information.
Now scientists at Duke and Johns Hopkins have discovered the most likely genetic mutations that researchers have been hunting for on chromosomes 1 and 19. These genes were difficult to find until the technology improved, said Hai Yan, M.D., Ph.D., Duke associate professor of pathology and co-corresponding author of the study.
"The team used whole genome sequencing technology so that no genes would be excluded, and we found to our surprise that one gene, on chromosome 19, was mutated in six out of the seven initial tumor specimens we sequenced," Yan said. "A mutation frequency of 85 percent is very high."
The study was published in the Aug. 4 ahead-of-print issue of the journal Science.
"Whenever we find genes mutated in a majority of tumors, it is likely that the pathway regulated by that gene is critical for the development and biology of the tumor," says Nickolas Papadopoulos, Ph.D., co-corresponding author and associate professor of oncology at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center.
The finding of two additional new genes involved in oligodendrogliomas increases the chances for an effective combination drug therapy for the tumor, Yan said. He envisions a combination cocktail of drugs similar to the combination-drug treatments taken by HIV patients that would target different pathways involved in cancer, and assist in reducing the chance of relapsing, increasing odds of success.
The genes they identified are tumor suppressor genes. The cancer-related pathways that involve these genes could become targets for future treatments, Yan said.
"Tumor suppressor genes like the ones we found, CIC or FUBP1, won't be targeted directly by small molecules, because the mutated gene products result in loss of function, but the pathways that these genes are involved in could be targeted," Yan said.
"Another very important feature is that the genes could be used as biomarkers to distinguish this type of cancer from other types of brain tumors."
The researchers found CIC on chromosome 19 and FUBP1 on chromosome 1 based on an initial study of seven oligodendrogliomas; they found six mutations and two mutations, respectively, in the seven tumors. Further study of 27 more of these tumors showed that there were 12 and three mutations of CIC and FUBP1, respectively. The two genes were rarely mutated in other types of cancers, indicating that they are oligodendroglioma-specific genes.
These tumors also contained a glioma (brain tumor) gene mutation identified earlier by Yan and colleagues, the IDH mutations.
|Contact: Mary Jane Gore|
Duke University Medical Center
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1 Answer | Add Yours
Maya Angelou’s as a writer epitomizes the intellectual black woman. Her wit and wisdom find a home in her poetry. The theme of never “giving up or in” to adversity typifies her view of the black woman rising above the expectations that were once so understated, something we find in her poem "Still I Rise."
The tone of the poem implies strength and bitterness. In addition, the optimism of the poet shines through as she knows that even if the worst happens and someone is down, she will rise again much like the Phoenix in Egyptian mythology. Angelou always interjects humor along with a sardonic attitude, which can be said to be a part of the persona of a black woman.
Her theme is addressed in the title of the poem “Still I Rise.” Nothing can keep the black woman from getting up from adversity and standing beautiful and strong. Angelou’s poem written in 1978 was prophetic. Since the publication of the poem, there have been several black congresswomen. We have had a black Secretary of State and United Nations ambassador. These women have risen to the highest places in the land.
The poem does have a rhyming pattern. It does not follow any set form. The vocabulary is forceful. Angelou uses dialogue and some black dialect. The poem gives several scenarios that place a black woman or any woman in a compromising situation.
She seems to speak to white civilization or white men.
Speaking about the way that history perceives the black woman in a negative view; the poet says that she will rise out of the dust.
The poem implies that black women are sassy. Her attitude is one of arrogance, and she walks as though she is very rich.
Just like the natural world in which everyone knows what will happen, she will rise like the moon.
The poet lists several scenarios that this woman has faced.
Does my haughtiness offend you?
Don't you take it awful hard
'Cause I laugh like I've got gold mines
Diggin' in my own back yard.
Well, do not expect it from the poet. She does not need anyone’s pity: It is shameful how the black people have been treated. But this person will rise about it. This strong black woman will rise like the ocean with its tides and waves swelling… no more fear. When the sun rises, the poet will rise with it.
She will bring all of the traits and talents that her ancestors bestowed on her. The new black woman is the hope of the future. She will rise.
The poem provides a spirited guide for the young black woman to follow. Nothing will keep a person down if she keeps on trying. Rising out of poverty, abuse, slavery---no one will keep these beautiful, elegant, sassy women from achieving their goals.
We’ve answered 327,499 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question
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| BENZODIAZEPINES |
|Anticonvulsant - Anxiolytic - Hypnotic - Sedative |
|Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Benzodiazepines are glycoproteins with an affinity for benzodiazepine receptors which act as specific binding sites for gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS. Although various mechanisms of action have been proposed, the precise sites and mechanisms of action have not been completely established. It is believed that benzodiazepines produce their effect within the CNS by interacting with a macromolecular protein complex in the neuronal membrane which includes GABAa receptors, high-affinity benzodiazepine receptors and chloride channels.
Occupation of the benzodiazepine receptor increases the affinity of the GABAa receptor for GABA. GABA potentiates the direct opening of the chloride ion channel, allowing an increased influx of chloride into the neuron. The inward shift of chloride ions hyperpolarizes and stabilizes the membrane, resulting in a net inhibitory effect on neuronal firing. Benzodiazepines alone have little effect on chloride ion channel permeability and depend upon the presence of GABA in the synapse for their actions.
Benzodiazepines with very similar chemical structures can differ in their potency, rate of absorption and other pharmacological parameters. The potency of a benzodiazepine is correlated with its affinity for its binding site, the benzodiazepine receptor. In therapeutic use, the benzodiazepines, while differing in potency, have similar pharmacologic profiles.
It is believed that there are different types of benzodiazepine receptors in different areas of the CNS which produce the various pharmacological actions of the drugs. As the dose of benzodiazepine is increased, anxiolytic effects are first produced, followed by anticonvulsant effects, a reduction in muscle tonus, and finally sedation and hypnosis.
Clinically, benzodiazepines are used in the management of anxiety disorders, insomnia, seizure disorders, skeletal muscle spasticity, alcohol withdrawal, panic disorder and as premedicants prior to surgical or diagnostic procedures. Benzodiazepines have also been used in the management of nausea and vomiting associated with emetogenic cancer chemotherapy.
Pharmacokinetics: Following oral administration, benzodiazepines are well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Absorption of diazepam or chlordiazepoxide after i.m. injection is slow and erratic. Following i.m. administration of lorazepam or midazolam, absorption appears to be rapid and complete. Lorazepam is well absorbed after sublingual administration, reaching peak levels in 60 minutes.
Benzodiazepines are widely distributed in the body and accumulate preferentially in lipid rich areas such as the CNS and adipose tissue. The more lipophilic agents have the fastest rates of absorption and onset of clinical effects. Benzodiazepines and their metabolites are highly bound to plasma proteins.
Steady state plasma concentrations of benzodiazepines and their metabolites are reached after about 5 elimination half-lives, usually a few days to 2 weeks after initiation of therapy.
Benzodiazepines or active metabolites with very long elimination half-lives can accumulate with chronic dosing and produce prolonged effects, especially in elderly or obese patients, those with liver disease, or with concurrent use of other drugs that compete for hepatic oxidation. Benzodiazepines that undergo hepatic glucuronide conjugation and do not have active metabolites are unlikely to accumulate with chronic administration and require multiple daily dosing for sustained effects.
Most of the benzodiazepines are excreted almost entirely in the urine in the form of oxidized and glucuronide-conjugated metabolites. Benzodiazepines are not significantly removed by hemodialysis.
The primary differences among the benzodiazepines are in their pharmacokinetic properties, and these often are among the main factors considered in drug selection. Table I reflects the major pharmacokinetic properties of these agents.
Indications And Clinical Uses: Benzodiazepines have similar pharmacologic actions; however, clinical applications of specific agents may reflect differences in their pharmacokinetic profiles, the availability of evidence-based data, or the labeled indications for a particular agent. Table II outlines the current labeled indications of benzodiazepines available in Canada.
Contra-Indications: Patients with known hypersensitivity to this class of drugs or to any component of the product in question. The manufacturers advise against the use of benzodiazepines in patients with myasthenia gravis and acute closed angle glaucoma, but they may be used in patients receiving appropriate therapy for open angle glaucoma. Specific product monographs should be consulted as individual products may have additional contraindications to their use. tag_WarningWarnings
Manufacturers' Warnings In Clinical States: Benzodiazepines are not recommended for use in patients with a major depressive disorder or psychosis in which anxiety is not a prominent feature.
Benzodiazepines should be used with extreme caution in patients with severe pulmonary insufficiency or sleep apnea, especially the elderly or very ill patients, and those with limited pulmonary reserve.
Resuscitative facilities and equipment should be available when benzodiazepines are administered parenterally, particularly i.v. These agents should not be administered i.v. to patients in shock, coma, acute alcohol intoxication, or to patients who have recently received other respiratory depressant drugs.
Benzodiazepines must be used with caution in severely depressed patients or those in whom there is any sign of impending depression with an associated anxiety disorder, particularly in patients at risk of increased suicidal tendencies. Appropriate protective measures may be necessary during benzodiazepine therapy in these patients. Consideration should be given to the quantity of medication prescribed at any one time.
Patients should be informed about possible negative effects on memory and advised to report to their physician any mental or behavioral changes that develop during benzodiazepine therapy (see Precautions).
Occupational Hazards: Patients should be warned about the potential impairment of mental alertness or physical coordination which may decrease their ability to perform hazardous tasks such as driving or operating machinery. Elderly patients may be at particular risk for these CNS depressant effects.
Dependence and Withdrawal: Tolerance and the risk of psychological and physical dependence may occur following prolonged use of benzodiazepines at therapeutic doses. The possibility that such effects also may occur following short-term use of benzodiazepines, particularly at higher doses, should also be considered. Tolerance to the hypnotic and sedative effects develops rapidly. In contrast, clinically significant tolerance to the anxiolytic effect usually does not occur even after prolonged use.
Risk of benzodiazepine dependence can be minimized by titrating the dose, close observation and follow up, proper screening for possible risk factors and education of the patient. Benzodiazepine use should be avoided in patients with a history of alcohol or substance abuse.
Abrupt withdrawal of benzodiazepines may lead to symptoms such as anxiety, insomnia, irritability, gastrointestinal discomfort, anorexia, diaphoresis, photophobia or increased sensitivity to noise. More severe symptoms may occur such as confusion, depersonalization, myoclonus, delirium, psychosis or seizures. Rebound insomnia may occur, particularly following abrupt discontinuation of a benzodiazepine with a short elimination half-life.
Withdrawal can also be precipitated by dosage tapering or inadvertent withdrawal, e.g., due to forgotten doses or admission to hospital. Such effects can also emerge in the early morning following bedtime administration of a short-acting agent. In addition, an increase in daytime anxiety and/or restlessness may be observed between doses of short-acting agents. Rebound or symptom re-emergence may occur after as little as 4 to 6 weeks therapy. It is more likely if the drug is short-acting, taken regularly for >3 months and abruptly discontinued. Symptoms may be similar to those experienced by the patient prior to initiation of the benzodiazepine, but may be more intense.
Choice of withdrawal regimen may depend on the setting of detoxification, severity of dependence and concurrent drug or substance abuse. Patients should follow a structured discontinuation program. When discontinuing benzodiazepines in patients on prolonged therapy, dosage should be gradually decreased over about 6 to 12 weeks, especially in patients with a history of seizures or epilepsy, regardless of their concomitant anticonvulsant drug therapy. If the patient had been taking a short-acting agent, a longer-acting benzodiazepine may be substituted, to provide a gradual decrease in drug concentration and decrease the possibility of withdrawal symptoms. Adjunctive agents such as propranolol, clonidine and carbamazepine have been useful in some patients in suppressing withdrawal symptoms which continue to be severe despite gradual reduction in benzodiazepine dosage.
Precautions: Benzodiazepines may cause psychologic or physical dependence (see Warnings).
Elderly or debilitated patients, children, and patients with liver disease or low serum albumin are most likely to experience CNS adverse effects. Generally it is recommended that therapy be initiated with low dosages and gradually titrated up to the lowest effective dose, to minimize the possibility of ataxia, dizziness and oversedation. Benzodiazepines can produce prolonged CNS depression in neonates because of the inability to convert the benzodiazepine into inactive metabolites. Reversible dementia has also been reported in the elderly after prolonged administration of benzodiazepines.
Differences in the degree of residual and cumulative CNS depressant effects among the benzodiazepines may be particularly important in elderly patients, in patients with potentially impaired elimination of drugs and in individuals whose occupation or life style requires unimpaired intellectual or psychomotor function. There is some evidence that ataxia and the risk of falling and associated hip fracture in elderly patients is greatest with the use of long-acting benzodiazepines as compared to short-acting agents.
Benzodiazepine therapy should be individualized and closely monitored in elderly patients, and the need for continued therapy with these drugs should be re-evaluated frequently.
Anterograde amnesia has occurred following therapeutic doses of benzodiazepines. The degree of severity and duration of effects may vary depending on the drug, dosage, route of administration or individual patient (e.g., elderly patients may be at particular risk). Although amnesic effects have been more commonly associated with midazolam, triazolam and lorazepam, these effects have occurred with other benzodiazepines. Data suggest that anterograde amnesia and next day memory loss occur at a higher rate with triazolam, generally at a 0.5 mg dose. Cases of transient global amnesia and "traveler's amnesia" have also been associated with triazolam in patients taking the drug to induce sleep while traveling. These amnesic effects are unpredictable and not necessarily dose related. The manufacturers advise warning patients not to take triazolam under circumstances in which a full night's sleep and clearance of the drug from the body are not possible before they will need to resume full activity and alertness, e.g., an overnight flight of less than 7 to 8 hours.
Paradoxical stimulant reactions have occurred in psychiatric patients and hyperactive, aggressive children. Such reactions include restlessness, anxiety, mania, insomnia, sleep disturbances, increased muscle spasticity, acute rage and hyperactivity, and have appeared early in therapy, usually in the first 2 weeks. Benzodiazepine therapy should be discontinued if CNS stimulation occurs.
Serious behavioral changes and abnormal thinking have occasionally been associated with benzodiazepine use. Some of these changes may be characterized by hallucinations, depersonalization, agitation, bizarre behavior and decreased inhibition manifested as aggression or excessive extroversion, similar to that seen with alcohol and other CNS depressants.
Caution is advised during parenteral administration of benzodiazepines to elderly patients as they may be more likely to experience apnea, hypotension, bradycardia or cardiac arrest.
Patients with compromised renal or hepatic function should be monitored and the dose carefully titrated to avoid accumulation of these agents.
Because of isolated reports of blood dyscrasias and abnormal liver function tests, periodic blood counts and liver function tests may be of benefit during long-term therapy.
Drug Interactions: Table III lists the more common interactions. Consult individual product monographs for more detailed information pertaining to specific agents.
Pregnancy: Benzodiazepines should be avoided during pregnancy. Benzodiazepines have been associated with an increased risk of congenital malformations after first trimester exposure. Hypotonia, lethargy and sucking difficulties have been reported in infants whose mothers received benzodiazepines during labor. Chronic use of benzodiazepines during pregnancy has also been associated with neonatal withdrawal. The use of benzodiazepines solely as hypnotics is contraindicated during pregnancy. A women planning a pregnancy or who becomes pregnant should be encouraged to discontinue benzodiazepine therapy.
Lactation: Benzodiazepine use in lactating women is not recommended. Because the ability of neonates to metabolize these drugs is limited, accumulation may occur.
Occupational Hazards: Because of the CNS depressant effect of benzodiazepines, patients should be cautioned with regard to driving or performing other hazardous tasks which require mental alertness and physical coordination.
Adverse Reactions: The most common adverse effects reported with the use of benzodiazepines are dose dependent CNS effects. Ataxia, dizziness, lightheadedness, drowsiness, including residual daytime drowsiness when used as a hypnotic, weakness, and fatigue usually occur in the first few days of therapy and may decrease with continued therapy. If these effects are persistent, a reduction in dosage may be necessary. Elderly or debilitated patients, children, and patients with liver disease or low serum albumin may be unusually sensitive to the CNS effects.
The more serious, occasionally reported adverse reactions are hypersensitivity reactions, mental depression, behavioral problems, paradoxical stimulant reactions, leukopenia, jaundice, hypotension, memory impairment, phlebitis or venous thrombosis, and seizures.
Other adverse effects less frequently reported include: abdominal or stomach cramps or pain, blurred vision or diplopia, sexual dysfunction, constipation, diarrhea, dry mouth or increased thirst, vertigo, syncope, confusion, vivid or disturbing dreams, slurred speech, euphoria, headache, increased bronchial secretions or watering of mouth, muscle spasm, nausea or vomiting, incontinence, urinary retention, tachycardia or palpitations, trembling and unusual tiredness or weakness.
Symptoms And Treatment Of Overdose: Symptoms: Symptoms of mild overdose include drowsiness, impaired coordination, diminished reflexes, confusion and lethargy. In more serious overdose, symptoms may include ataxia, hypotonia, hypotension, respiratory depression, seizures and coma. Although cardiac arrest has been reported, death from overdose of benzodiazepines in the absence of concurrent ingestion of alcohol or other CNS depressants is rare. tag_Treatment
Treatment: Management consists of appropriate supportive and symptomatic therapy. In the case of a recent oral overdose, if vomiting has not occurred spontaneously and if the patient is fully conscious, emesis may be induced with ipecac. If the patient is unconscious, gastric lavage should be considered. Activated charcoal and a saline cathartic may be administered after gastric lavage and or emesis to remove any remaining drug. Vital signs and fluid balance should be monitored. With normal renal function, i.v. fluids may be administered. An adequate airway should be maintained and respiration assisted as required. Hypotension may be controlled by i.v. administration of vasopressors.
Flumazenil is used as an adjunct for the management of benzodiazepine overdosage and for the complete or partial reversal of benzodiazepine-induced sedation. The hypnotic-sedative effects of benzodiazepines are rapidly reversed. However, the residual effects may reappear gradually within a few hours, depending on the dose of flumazenil, the time elapsed since the benzodiazepine was administered, and elimination half-life of the benzodiazepine in question. Flumazenil should be administered only when continued observation of the patient, for recurrence of sedation, can be assured. Its effects on respiratory depression are inconsistent; in some studies residual respiratory depressant effects were still present despite reversal of sedation. Improved consciousness is expected within the first several minutes of flumazenil administration, but ventilatory support may be required for respiratory depression. Flumazenil does not consistently reverse benzodiazepine-associated amnesia. In patients treated for long periods of time with high doses of benzodiazepines (e.g., patients physically dependent, or those maintained on benzodiazepines for control of seizure disorders or intracranial pressure), flumazenil may trigger withdrawal symptoms including convulsions. Rapid i.v. injections should therefore be avoided. The flumazenil product monograph should be consulted for complete prescribing information.
Dialysis is of limited value in benzodiazepine overdose.
Dosage And Administration: The dosage of benzodiazepines should be individualized and carefully titrated to avoid excessive sedation and mental or motor impairment. The lowest effective dose should be used and the need for continued therapy reassessed frequently. The risk of dependence may increase with the dose and duration of treatment. Individual product monographs may contain recommendations for maximum duration of use or maximum quantity per prescription, e.g., in the treatment of insomnia or anxiety.
Geriatrics: Elderly patients may be particularly sensitive to the CNS effects of benzodiazepines, and may have longer elimination half-lives due to decreased hepatic metabolism. In general, dosages of benzodiazepines for elderly patients tend to be approximately one-third to one-half of the recommended dose for younger adults.
Please refer to individual product monographs for dosage recommendations for specific indications or specific patient groups such as children, elderly or debilitated patients, or those with hepatic or renal failure.
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ELI Code of Conduct
Students must devote time and effort to their studies in order to be successful academically. Homework assignments and in-class participation are important parts of the learning process. Attendance and punctuality are required for every class hour. Students are expected to come to class with necessary books and study supplies, and they should be alert and participate actively.
Students must prepare for each class. On average, students are expected to study outside of class at least two hours for every hour spent in class. They should plan their time so that they complete each assignment on schedule and have it ready to turn in at the beginning of class. In addition to study time, students should schedule enough time for meals and a healthy amount of sleep, physical exercise, and social activity.
Learning English well is important so that students can learn and express their learning according to the University’s standards of academic honesty. Students must not cheat or plagiarize. Plagiarism is the use of another person’s words or ideas without giving that person credit. The sources of all information and ideas must be cited in written and oral assignments. When words are copied from any source, the source must be cited and the fact that they are copied must be indicated through explanation and appropriate punctuation.
Because plagiarism may be a sign of inadequate English proficiency, in cases of plagiarism the English Language Institute faculty may consider whether to move a student to a lower level or require a student to repeat a level. In all departments of the university, students who plagiarize may have to rewrite the paper, receive a grade of “F” on the paper, receive a grade of “F” in the course, or—for students who plagiarize several times—be required to leave George Fox University.
In and out of the classroom, students in the English Language Institute must follow the George Fox University community standards at all times. Examples of behaviors that are not allowed include: smoking, drinking alcohol, using drugs not prescribed by a physician, sexual relations outside of marriage, gambling, vandalism, pornography, theft, and possession or use of firearms or explosives at the University. Details are provided in the Student Handbook.
Studying in a different country can be challenging, so students should keep in mind that various people at George Fox University are available to provide moral support and assistance. Students who are facing an academic or personal problem should contact a teacher, advisor, resident assistant, counselor, or other employee of George Fox University as soon as possible for help in addressing the problem.
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June 12, 2014
Astronomers Analyze Dark Gamma-Ray Burst Environments
redOrbit Staff & Wire Reports - Your Universe Online
For the first time ever, scientists using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) have discovered molecular gas in galaxies that had once been rocked by gamma ray bursts, according to new research published Wednesday in the journal Nature.The new observations reveal that the molecular gas, which serves as the fuel for the star formation process, was concentrated towards the center of the galaxies, the study authors explained. The gamma ray bursts (GRBs), on the other hand, took place in atypical environments that were lacking gas but had copious amounts of dust.
Lead investigator Bunyo Hatsukade, an assistant professor at the Chile Observatory of the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), and his colleagues believe the scarce amount of molecular gas around these extremely bright explosions was due to strong ultraviolet (UV) radiation originating from massive young stars. That radiation is capable of breaking apart gas molecules while having little impact on the dust.
According to the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), the GRBs observed by Hatsukade’s team (GRB 020819B and GRB 051022) are located roughly 4.3 billion and 6.9 billion light-years away from Earth, respectively. The sensitivity of the ALMA telescopes made it possible for the researchers to both detect carbon monoxide gas in a GRB host galaxy for the first time.
[ Watch the Video: Gamma-Ray Burst Buried In Dust (Artist’s Impression) ]
By mapping out the molecular gas and dust in the host galaxies of the GRBs, the study authors hope to gain new insights into these objects. Recently, astronomers have been working to learn more about how these explosions form by probing their host galaxies, expecting to find that GRB progenitors would be found in active star-forming regions surrounded by large amounts of molecular gas.
However, as officials with the European Southern Observatory (ESO) explained, there had been no observational results to back up this hypothesis. Now this study's authors have found the gas-to-dust ratio made the two observed GRBs to appear as “dark bursts,” meaning they do not possess the slowly-fading emissions that typically accompany these explosions.
Those emissions, which are known as the afterglow, are believed to be caused by collisions between ejected material and the surrounding gas. One possible explanation for this phenomenon, according to the ESO, is that the afterglow radiation is absorbed by clouds of dust. During their study, Hatsukade and his associates were able to use ALMA to detect radio emissions from the molecular gas in the host galaxies – a never-before-accomplished feat.
The researchers also note that GRBs are currently classified as either short- or long-duration events. Long-duration GRBs last at least two seconds and are believed to be the result of a supernova explosion of a star at least 40 times the mass of our sun. On the other hand, short-duration GRBs are less than two seconds long and have been linked to the collision and merger of neutron stars. GRB 020819B and GRB 051022 are both dark, long-duration GRBs.
“We have been searching for molecular gas in GRB host galaxies for over ten years using various telescopes around the world,” said research team member and University of Tokyo professor Kotaro Kohno. “As a result of our hard work, we finally achieved a remarkable breakthrough using the power of ALMA. We are very excited with what we have achieved.”
“We didn’t expect that GRBs would occur in such a dusty environment with a low ratio of molecular gas to dust. This indicates that the GRB occurred in an environment quite different from a typical star-forming region,” added Hatsukade, adding the findings have led to speculation that massive stars quite possibly die as GRBs cause changes in the star-forming region of their galaxies before they actually explode.
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1. Schools’ operational costs are increasing.
2. Kids need STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math) education.
3. Natural disasters cause widespread power failures.
The Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC), a research institute of the University of Central Florida, has one solution to all three problems: SunSmart Emergency Shelters.
When natural disasters occur, schools are often used as emergency shelters. FSEC is working with Florida utility companies to provide complete photovoltaic systems to schools across the state. These PV systems generate power every day, reducing the schools’ energy costs. FSEC is also providing educational materials and training teachers about renewable energy. These lessons are carried into the classrooms, providing students with valuable STEM education. And when natural disasters occur, each school becomes an emergency shelter that has its own electricity generating capabilities. Win-win … win.
Each participating school receives a 10 kW photovoltaic system that includes a bimodal inverter (an inverter that can run stand-alone or grid-tied), batteries, and a battery charge controller. While the batteries won’t power the entire school during a power failure, they store enough energy to power critical loads and emergency equipment. The system also includes data collection hardware that’s used in the classrooms, showing students how much energy is generated and the reduction of the school’s carbon footprint as a result of using solar power.
In this video, a solar engineer with good musical taste describes the SunSmart system:
Images and video: Florida Solar Energy Center/University of Central Florida
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The Cuban Castaway
The Cuban Castaway is the story of Jorge
Esquival, a young boy who survives a shipwreck during which he witnesses the drowning of his
mother and nine other Cuban immigrants who
are trying to enter the United States illegally.
The Cuban Castaway is a young adult novel
about family, Cuban culture and immigration. More
The Cuban Castaway is a middle grade novel that follows the extraordinary experience of ten-year-old Jorge Esquivel. The story begins when he’s torn away from his home in Havana in the middle of the night and survives a shipwreck where he witnesses the drowning of his mother. Barely clinging to life, he fights off a shark attack and later endures an epic custody battle between the U.S. and Cuba. The theme of The Cuban Castaway is Jorge’s love for his mother.
Jorge is discovered floating in an abandoned boat by two fishermen; Ernesto and Camilo. The two fishermen unite him with his mother’s family in Miami. Once in Miami, Jorge is in awe of the American lifestyle but he has difficulty overcoming the trauma of seeing his mother drown and his ordeal at sea.
The youngster is forced to decide between either his father, who wants him home in Cuba, or his dead mother, who wanted opportunity for him in America. Outside his relative’s house in Miami, crowds of Cuban exiles chant his name, confusing Jorge. He feels like a prisoner in his aunt and uncle’s house. The exile community calls Jorge “El Nino Milagro.” (The Miracle Child)
The ever-enduring Cuban revolutionary leader Fidel Castro gets involved in Jorge’s custody battle. Castro takes an interest in the boy and his family and makes Jorge Cuba’s favorite son. In a dramatic intervention by the U.S. government, Jorge is whisked from his home in the middle of the night and returned to his father in Cuba.
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Many observers mention the bright yellow flower used as an offering on graves on altars and graves in Mexico on Day of the Dead. Sometimes it is called a marigold, the Tzeltals call it tusus and Brenner writes about the pungent, yellow cempoalxochitl. As with bird names, flower names are often difficult to translate, so it’s possible all three of these are the same flower.
Marigolds have confusing names. Tagetes erecta is the most common variety, and is known as the African marigold, though it is not native to Africa. Tagetes patula is called the French marigold, though it’s not native to France. Tagetes lucida is known in Mexico as Pericon. It is used to make a sweet, licorice-flavored tea.
It also appears under the names of Spanish tarragon and Mexican mint marigold. Then there’s tagetes minuta, also known as Mexican marigold, which, according to Wikipedia, is an important culinary herb with a flavor like a mixture of sweet basil, tarragon, mint and citrus.
In Europe, the flower was named in honor of the Virgin Mary: Mary’s gold. (The calendula is also called a marigold, or sometimes, a pot marigold.) Although the genus name, tagetes, is often derived from an Etruscan prophet, Tages, that seems unlikely. This is a New World plant which first appears in 16th century European herbals under the name, tagetes, which may derive from tanacetum, as it has the same strong odor as tansy.
The marigold—one species is called tagetes azteca–was brought to Europe by Portugese explorers who found it growing wild in Brazil in the sixteenth century. The flower was sacred to the Aztecs who used it to decorate shrines and temples. It was sometimes used as a symbol of the Spanish conquest, the red stains on the yellow blossoms representing the blood shed by the Spanish. It was also called flor de muerto, the flower of death.
Friar Duran writing about the Aztec culture described a festival called Farewell to Flowers, celebrated before the first frost:
Among the most solemn feasts was the one called Farewell to the Flowers, which meant that frost was coming and flowers would wither and dry up. A solemn festivity, filled with rejoicing and merrymaking, was held to bid them farewell. On that same day they commemorated a goddess named Xochiquetzalli, which means “Flowery Plumage.”
On this day they were as happy as could be, the same happiness and delight they feel today on smelling any kind of flower, whether it have an agreeable or a displeasing scent, as long as it is a flower. They become the happiest people in the world smelling them, for these natives in general are most sensuous and pleasure-loving. They find gladness and joy in spending the entire day smelling a little flower or a bouquet made of different kinds of flowers; their gifts are accompanied by them; they relieve the tediousness of journeys with flowers. To sum up, they find the smelling of flowers so comforting that they even stave off and manage to survive hunger by smelling them. Thus they passed their lives among flowers in such blindness and darkness, since they had been deceived and persuaded by the devil, who had observed their love for blossoms and flowers. . .
On this day their persons, temples, houses and streets were adorned with flowers. . . . Thus decorated with flowers, they engaged in different dances, merrymaking, festivities, and farces, all filled with gladness and good cheer. All this was in honor of and reverence for flowers. This day was called Xochilhuitl, which means “Feast of the Flowers,” and no other finery-gold, silver, stones, feathers-was worn on this day-only flowers. Besides being the day of the flowers it was the day of a goddess, who, as I have said, was called Xochiquetzal. This goddess was the patroness of painters, embroiderers, weavers, silversmiths, sculptors, and all those whose profession it was to imitate nature in crafts and in drawing. All held this goddess to be their patroness, and her feast was specially solemnized by them. . . (238)
[This selection was translated by John Curl and found at the web site of the Foundation for the Advancement of Meso-American Studies.]
The Portugese took the flower to India where it soon became a sacred flower in Hindu worship. It is grown in great quantities in India and Thailand and used in garlands for rituals, weddings and festivals. You can see the garlands ornamenting cars, carts and tools during the Dussera festival in India in this article at Julie Ardery’s wonderful site, Human Flower Project, where you can also read a great article by Jill Nokes about her journey on the trail of Zempasuchitl.
Marigold flowers can be dried and added to scrambled eggs or other egg and cheese dishes. In Mexico, the dried flower heads are fed to chickens because they add color to the flesh of the chickens who eat them and to the yolks of the eggs they produce. The flower petals also produce a yellow dye.
The marigold is a great companion plant in the garden. Both the odor of the leaves and chemicals in the root keep away pests. The smell of linalool found in marigolds (and lavender and sweet peas) has been shown to reduce stress.
One of my favorite sources for garden plants, Mountain Valley Growers, sells several unusual varieties of marigold and provides thorough descriptions of them, including the results of a taste test between French marigold and Spanish marigold.
If you want seeds instead, go to this article (also at the fabulous Human Flower Project web site) about marigold missionary, David Moffitt, who gives away thousands of marigold seeds away if you send him a self-addressed stamped envelope.
In the language of the flowers, marigolds have unfortunate meanings. African marigolds mean “vulgar minds” and French marigolds mean “jealousy.”
Greenaway, Kate, Language of Flowers
Kaplan, Lawrence, “Historical and Ethnobotanical Aspects of Domestication in Tagetes,” adapted from a paper presented at the IX International Botanical Congress at Montreal, August 28, 1959
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Low blood sugar: treat it!
Low blood sugar should be treated with or without symptoms.
Many people just don’t know this simple fact.
We routinely have those patients on insulin test their sugar when they come in for an office visit. It’s amazing how many have a low blood sugar with almost no symptoms. A sugar below 70 milligram per deciliter (mg/dl) is considered low and a level that low is called hypoglycemia. Now to be clear, I am referring only to persons with diabetes in this post.
Too often patients decline treatment and say “but I feel fine!”
And some come in with their logbook showing repeated glucoses in the 60’s.
And they did nothing about that for weeks!
They wait to let me know until that office visit!
The brain needs glucose to function. The lower the glucose goes, the more likely there will be problems with brain function. With hypoglycemia, some people get angry, irritable or short tempered.
With hypoglycemia, others think more slowly or have changes in vision.
Sweating is a very common symptom of hypoglycemia. With a very low blood glucose, a person can pass out (lose consciousness) or have a seizure.
The level of glucose at which loss of consciousness or a seizure occurs varies but probably needs to be below about 35 mg/dl.
The more frequently someone gets hypoglycemia the fewer the typical symptoms of hypoglycemia they will feel. The typical symptoms are shakiness, heart beating fast, weakness and hunger.
When the glucose is repeatedly low, a person may not feel much at all. This is called hypoglycemia unawareness.
Because of hypoglycemia unawarenenss, we routinely test for hypoglycemia in our office in those people taking insulin.
The main concern with insulin therapy is the increased risk of hypoglycemia.
Those with hypoglycemia unawareness, usually have slower brain function when their glucose is low. But very often, they just don’t know that their brain is working slower.
Our brain adapts to low or high glucoses so we seem to function fairly well if our glucoses have often been low. And on the other hand, those who often have high glucose, hyperglycemia, may not feel quite right when their sugar is normal.
By avoiding hypoglycemia, the person with hypoglycemia unawareness can regain awareness of hypoglycemia and start to feel symptoms again. That’s good.
It’s bad to not feel when your glucose is low.
We want our brains to work as well as possible. I do, and I assume you do too.
Of course, preventing hypoglycemia is the best approach. And smart insulin treatment as described in a previous post is the key to prevention of hypoglycemia. Here are some specifics on treatment.
And patients and doctors need to understand how to interpret results from blood glucose testing. Continuous glucose monitor systems such as the Dexcom system are a major advance in our goals to minimize hypoglycemia.
Two key points to keep in mind about blood glucose testing.
Expired blood glucose test strips can give goofy, unreliable readings. So expired strips should not be used.
Also a blood glucose meter that is really cold or hot may give false readings.
I’ve seen that before with someone who left their meter in a cold car and had a glucose reading of 25 with no symptoms. And his Mom said he looked and acted just fine.
You would not be fine if your glucose is really 25. When the meter came to room temperature, his glucose tested 132.
Most meters usually are not accurate below a temperature of 40 F or above about 110 F.
But in the usual setting, a glucose below 70 mg/dl should be treated and not ignored.
As we strive to get our diabetes under good control, we need to minimize hypoglycemia. And when we detect hypoglycemia, we should promptly treat it.
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If nothing is done, the rising prevalence of obesity could bankrupt the health system, warn doctors in this week's BMJ.
In the United Kingdom, well over half the population is overweight and more than one in five adults is obese, write Naveed Sattar and colleagues. Obese people are at high risk of multiple health problems, while the cost of obesity to a country's health service is currently estimated at up to 9%, and the overall social cost of the condition is seen as a major hindrance to economic development.
So, can we reverse the rising trend in the prevalence of obesity, and if so, when"
People clearly have some responsibility for their health, but society and government also have a responsibility to make the preferred, easy choices healthier ones. It is increasingly apparent that most individuals are unable to make enough "proactive" changes to prevent excess weight gain but are simply "reactive" to their environment, say the authors.
What is provided is what is eaten so what is provided has to change, they add. Thus education alone will fail to halt this obesity epidemic, and environmental changes (physical, food, and fiscal policy) are urgently needed.
They believe that prevention is the only economic long term solution to the problem and recommend that:
- The food industry needs to take more responsibility for preventing obesity. And governments, as custodians of public health, should create the conditions for this to happen
- The advertising of energy dense foods needs to be substantially curtailed
- The basic principles of energy balance should be taught in primary schools, and education should be provided at all levels to change attitudes and behaviour towards diet and physical activity
- Obesity should be made a core part of all medical training
- Public health consequences should be considered for all decisions made in public life
Medical practice must adapt to the current epidemic of obesity and nutrition related diseases, while society must also accept that many people now need drugs (and in some cases, surgery) to cut risks of and disability from obesity, and to limit its progression, they write.
As the prevalence and costs of obesity escalate, the economic argument for giving high priority to obesity and weight management through a dedicated coordinating agency will ultimately become overwhelming. The only question is, will action be taken before it's too late?
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Editor’s Note: This article is the first of a two-part Q&A from a roundtable in which James Cameron discussed deep-ocean science with researchers at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Cape Cod, Mass.
In March filmmaker and aquanaut James Cameron, back from his record-setting visit to the Challenger Deep in the Marianas Trench 11 kilometers below the surface of the Pacific Ocean, announced the donation of his sub, DEEPSEA CHALLENGER, to Woods Hole, where scientists plan to use its cutting-edge technology to help further their understanding of life in ocean trenches.
The first order of business when the DEEPSEA CHALLENGER arrives at Woods Hole in a few weeks: Fit its custom-made lights, imaging equipment and high-definition 3-D cameras on to Woods Hole’s Nereus robotic sub in preparation for the latter’s dive to the 10-kilometer-deep Kermadec Trench—off the northeastern tip of New Zealand's North Island—in February or March 2014. The Kermadec Trench is a kilometer shallower than the Challenger Deep site that Cameron explored, but Nereus’s mission is crucial to understanding the peculiar inhabitants, ecosystem and geologic activity that have evolved in ocean trenches—the planet’s most hostile habitat.
The roundtable discussion with Cameron took place in New York City in April and included: Tim Shank, a Woods Hole deep-sea biologist and lead investigator for the institution’s Hadal Ecosystem Studies (HADES) program; Andy Bowen, director of Woods Hole’s National Deep Submergence Facility; Susan Avery, president and director of Woods Hole; along with a handful of journalists.
In part 1 Cameron and the Woods Hole researchers talk about how the technological advances that enabled the DEEPSEA CHALLENGER to take him to the deepest spot on the planet will unlock new possibilities for understanding life at the vastly unexplored hadal depths, those below six kilometers. The discussion also addresses the upcoming Nereus mission and what Woods Hole hopes to find at the bottom of one of the world’s deepest, coldest trenches. Cameron also describes his experiences piloting the DEEPSEA CHALLENGER on his historic voyage to Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench.
In part 2 Cameron discusses how the era of exploration in the 1960s—both into space and to the ocean’s depths—inspired his career as a filmmaker and, later, as an deep-sea pioneer and science advocate.
[An edited transcript of the interview follows.]
Why are you donating the DEEPSEA CHALLENGER to Woods Hole?
James Cameron: To me, that’s an infinitely better outcome than it sitting dormant until I’m done with my next two movies, and maybe comes to the tech community five or six years down the line when it’s already obsolete or other solutions have been found in the meantime.
[When the dust settled following the March 2012 piloted expedition to the Challenger Deep] my fantasy goal was that the entire scientific community would want to have access to it. Unfortunately the kind of money that existed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the heyday of deep-sea exploration, is harder to come by these days. So we had to look for a way the technology could be beneficial to the oceanographic community. And we came up with something that we’re all happy about.
In terms of [future missions for] DEEPSEA CHALLENGER, I don’t think that any of us want to take that off the table. We’ll look at possibly getting it out to sea again at some point and go out and try to find some funding for that when it makes sense. The more immediate goal is to transition technology from the sub into the mainstream of the oceanographic community.
Short of taking the DEEPSEA CHALLENGER out again, how will it benefit deep-ocean science?
Andy Bowen: That’s underway right now. Some of that technology will be transitioned into our Nereus underwater robotic vehicle, which will undertake a scientific survey project in the [Kermadec Trench] using, in particular, the cameras developed as part of the DEEPSEA CHALLENGER program.
Cameron: It’s interesting how those cameras came about. We knew the DEEPSEA CHALLENGER was going to move through the water column rapidly so we would have as much bottom time as possible. But that meant if we wanted to have the camera out on a boom to be able to see the sub and the area around it, that camera was going to be tiny, and I wanted high-definition and 3-D [capabilities]. My previous HD [or high-definition], 3-D submarine camera weighed about 180 pounds, and it went on a 150-pound pan-and-tilt mechanism. Well, all of that was going to have to go out on a boom, and that clearly wasn’t going to happen on a small weight- and space-constrained vehicle.
So I set my engineers with the challenge of coming up with something that was orders of magnitude smaller and had to operate twice as deep as our previous camera system. That puts you off the scale in terms of difficulty, but they built the camera from the sensor level up. [Two of these cameras in a titanium housing weighed about four and a half pounds] We put it on a four-pound pan-and-tilt platform. You could put a couple of these on Nereus.
What else will Woods Hole do with the DEEPSEA CHALLENGER when it arrives in June?
Cameron: My team of engineers that spent seven years building the DEEPSEA CHALLENGER will share their experiences and knowledge with Woods Hole engineers, and vice versa.
I don’t expect a fleet of DEEPSEA CHALLENGERs to be built. That was a very specific vehicle that served a very specific purpose. But if you were able to take the various systems on the sub and abstract them out to a different form factor, you might end up with some of that being integrated into an [autonomous underwater vehicle] for hadal research. Several of those out there going through the trenches starts to give you much better science in return.
I haven’t put any constraints or restrictions on [how the DEEPSEA CHALLENGER’s technology is used]. I think we agreed not to saw up the sub for awhile.
What are the specific scientific goals of the 2014 expedition to the Kermadec Trench?
Tim Shank: We want to take Nereus on a six-week expedition to the Pacific Ocean’s Kermadec Trench to explore part of the ocean’s hadal regions, which are largely unknown. The vast majority of information about these regions comes from two cruises in the 1950s [the Danish Galathea and the Soviet Vitjaz expeditions], which is rather embarrassing. We just have a catalogue with the names of some species that came up in a trawl. In the 2000s there were a couple of cruises that explored hadal depths and brought back some samples, each of which is incredibly valuable. [Sediment samples from the Mariana Trench, for example, have contained highly active bacteria communities even though the environment there is under extreme pressure almost 1,100 times higher than at sea level, according to a March Nature Geoscience report.] The research [also] showed a carbon food supply down in the trenches that we hadn’t known about. [Scientific American is part of Nature Publishing Group.]
There are seven institutions around the world and 10 scientists [involved in the Kermadec expedition as part of the Hadal Ecosystems Studies (HADES) program] who are out to answer six major questions, including what’s there in terms of biodiversity, what they are feeding on and how they’ve evolved in isolation.
Cameron: I think it’s interesting to have an overview of just how little is known about hadal depths in terms of biology and geology. Most of what’s known about the bottom has come from images shot miles up in the water column, and it’s a relatively coarse data set. So you’ve got to get down there and look around and ground-truth it. Very little of that looking around has been done. As Tim said, there’ve been a couple of cruises.
Shank: Foremost, we want to bring back samples and study their use for biotechnology. Based on the hadal samples we’ve seen so far, these animals secrete enzymes that are very beneficial for humans. Some are being used for trials to treat Alzheimer’s disease. Now we’re looking for antibody, anticancer, anti-tumor properties, too. All of this depends on how well you can preserve these animals and bring them up [alive], something we can’t do now. [Living samples have been brought to the surface successfully from no deeper than about 1.4 kilometers.]
Cameron: Their biology just doesn’t work when that pressure is taken away. But the deeper you dive the less equipment you can bring with you. It would take a heavy piece of gear to bring a pressure vessel down to hadal depths [that could keep specimens alive when they are brought to the surface].
To the best of our knowledge right now, what is life like at the bottom of the trenches?
Shank: People think the trenches are these ponded settlements, but they’re very dynamic places. There’s a lot of friction and fracturing that goes on [on the ocean floor]. There’s a buildup of sediments and water gets squeezed out of those sediments, and that percolates up and interacts with rock. Lots of earthquakes, and that means a lot of slopes [on the ocean floor]. We also think that there are mud volcanoes in these trenches, sediments that build up over time with their own unique chemistry.
With the HADES program, we’re trying to study every 1,000 meters down to the maximum of 11,000 meters. We think the trenches are completely different from the rest of the ocean. The paucity of the food source on the seafloor for some reason increases when you get to the trenches. It’s less and less and less until you get to the abyssal plane. Then, when you go deeper, the available food source increases. We don’t know why that is. Maybe it’s the topography of the trenches bringing that stuff in. Whatever it is, we think that’s supporting the great diversity in the trench habitat. But it’s hard to learn those kinds of things if you just send down a drop-camera system.
Cameron: There’s a reasonable hypothesis that [geologic activity in hadal zones] might be the crucible for life, and that needs to be looked at.
Bowen: It’s almost like you’re looking back in time. The trench is a window into [biological and geologic] processes that we have not been able to witness.
Shank: The microbes [from hadal regions] we’ve looked at so far are very diverse. They have a multitude of functions, and [they survive on chemicals including] methane, hydrogen and sulfide. Some of the arthropods down there have cellulose-digesting enzymes in their bodies. They can digest wood. Other animals show signs of gigantism [they’re inexplicably bigger than their shallower water counterparts]. One theory is that you’re so deep you can’t fold your proteins because your cells are too squished. You have to have a way of making yourself larger, and you have specialized enzymes that do that. Another theory is that you have to make yourself bigger to function, and we know they have the enzymes to do that. But you can’t be gigantic if you don’t have a big food source, which is another indication there’s a lot of food down there, much more than we thought. There are so many exceptions to every explanation that nothing has worked yet. Way more questions than answers.
Ocean exploration has been underway for decades, why is it still so difficult to study life in the trenches?
Cameron: We’re right at the cutting edge of hadal-depth technology. Everything changes when you go below 6,000 meters. [From an engineering perspective] at that point, your performance–benefit ratio has changed in terms of flotation, pressure vessels, wall thickness and so on. Vehicles tend to get very heavy and unmanageable. That drives up your power budget and your cost, and it’s not a trivial problem. People think that because you can get to four miles down, that extra three miles shouldn’t be a big problem. But you come up against the limits of materials science where you actually have to create new materials to create vehicles that have the same agility and cost factors as ones that operate higher in the water column. Which is why hadal depths are still relatively unexplored.
Your success as a filmmaker has been tied to deep-sea exploration, starting with The Abyss and continuing with Titanic and the documentaries about making that movie. How did you prepare for your dive to the Challenger Deep?
We developed the [DEEPSEA CHALLENGER sub] in Sydney and then we were going to dive it essentially near Guam at the Challenger Deep. We wanted to prove the sub could reach that spot in the ocean, not necessarily because the deepest spot is the most scientifically interesting place but because once you’ve demonstrated that you can go anywhere else. In the process of getting to Guam, the Tasman Sea [got to be] quite rough. So we started looking for a deep place we could operate near a landform that would prevent the propagation of the big oceanic swells that are driven by the trade winds at that time of year. We looked between the New Britain and New Ireland islands, where the New Britain Trench [runs] five miles deep, plenty deep enough for us to do our sea trials before we went on to the Challenger Deep.
It was meant to be technical sea trials, and we had a whole science team that was meant to meet us in Guam from Scripps, the University of Hawaii, and even the University of Guam and Jet Propulsion Laboratory—people that I knew. It turned out there was so little data about what’s at the bottom of the New Britain Trench, they all wanted to come early and take a look at that. So our sea trials actually ended up being science dives, where we were bringing back samples, which is fine because we needed to have an activity to focus on anyway.
Can you describe your historic dive to the Challenger Deep?
Cameron: I doubt my pulse went up much. Maybe when we took away the floats [at the surface]. I was task focused. I had a multipage checklist that was organized around time and depth, metrics, things I had to do. I had to power up systems in a certain order because the sphere would overheat. One of the biggest problems with the sub is the heat flux. The pilot’s sphere is very tiny, and it’s got a lot of equipment packed in there with me. If I turned all of the equipment on at the surface, I’d bake. I’d literally be like poached salmon. So I had this whole protocol for bringing things online as needed. The unique thing about the Challenger Deep dive is that I got through everything on my checklist that had taken me right down to the bottom of the New Britain Trench, then I had nothing to do. And I had 9,000 feet to go.
I had a little stereoscopic HD camera out on the end of a two-meter boom. I would just point the camera across at a spotlight I left on. And the spotlight would illuminate the particulate in the water column. I got to the point where I could tell in half-knot increments what the [plankton] particulates running through the spotlight would look like if I was going fast or slow. When I got below 29,000 feet, my altimeter just stopped. The “snow” went away at 29,000 feet, and the [altimeter] reading went to zero. The water was just clear.
Going down, I left the surface at 5.2 knots and arrived at the bottom at zero basically. The first thing I saw when I landed was the track of some other vehicle, which might have been [Woods Hole’s Nereus, which had been to the Challenger Deep in 2009]. You get away from that one [landing] spot, and there’s really almost nothing. You don’t see how the animals are behaving when they’re alive in situ.
Why is deep-sea exploration so important to you?
Cameron: It’s good to remember that the aggregate area of these hadal trenches is greater than the size of the United States, greater than the size of Australia, so it’s basically like a continent that’s never been explored that exists right here on Earth. So many people think we live in a post-exploration age—it’s all been seen, it’s all been mapped. How did we manage to get into the 21st century and just happen to miss a continent? Because that’s what we did. The answer is obvious: It’s the hardest place to get to on the planet. From a technological standpoint, it’s the most challenging place to operate. I would make the argument, having been involved with space robotics and now full ocean-depth technology, it’s a much more demanding environment than building hardware for space because the stress forces are so much greater, about 1,000 times as much.
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|Fort Pulaski once guarded the approaches to Savannah. Now it's a National Monument.|
Fort Pulaski was built according to the standards that prevailed in Europe
for about 300 years, complete with arrowhead bastions and a moat.|
Fort Pulaski was built beginning in 1829. One of the Army engineers engaged in the work was a young West Point graduate named Robert E. Lee.
Fort Pulaski has a moat just like European forts with one major exception. This
moat does have alligators!
Read the last two lines of the sign and weep for Western civilization.
By 1861 the fort was decrepit and manned only by a couple of caretakers. The
Confederates moved quickly to prevent its being re-occupied.
Fort Pulaski's one battle in April 1862 rendered massive forts obsolete. Rifled shells (right) chewed into masonry like traditional cannonballs (left) could not. With shells rapidly penetrating closer to his powder magazine, the Confederate commander, Colonel Charles Olmstead, surrendered. It was as honorable as a surrender can be since it saved both his men and the attackers a completely unnecessary - and inevitable - slaughter.
Left: the powder magazine.
Below: battle damage. The fort was actually pretty badly battered but has been rebuilt.
|View of a corner bastion.|
|Chain for raising the drawbridge.|
|Entrance to a sally port.|
|Drawbridge and main entrance|
|Looking out through the main entrance|
|Above: stonework inside the entrance. They certainly didn't get that stone locally|
|Looking toward the interior of the fort.|
|One of the doors at the inner entrance.|
|Below: inside the galleries.||Below: reconstructed soldiers' quarters.|
|Earthworks that once ringed the fort as an outer defensive perimeter are faintly visible.|
The general idea of star forts was that every inch of the perimeter should be exposed to fire from somewhere inside the fort.
|Left: the main entrance is concealed by an arrowhead shaped earthwork. However, if an attacker takes the earthwork, he's completely exposed.|
|Evangelist John Wesley came to Georgia early in his career. It was not a happy stay. Wesley found himself the target of gossip and embroiled in controversies, plus an unhappy romance. (Wesley had only himself to blame for that - he was so worried about the appearance of impropriety that he broke off the relationship without explanation. It merely made the gossip worse. Then he was shocked when the woman married someone else.) His enthusiastic brand of Christianity didn't fit the more nominal, lukewarm religion of the settlers. He returned to England after only a couple of years, seriously demoralized. He still had some growing up to do.|
Created 28 March 2007, Last Update 02 July 2012
Not an official UW Green Bay site
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A-level Applied Science/Energy Transfer Systems/Body Temperature
The body generates heat as a result of chemical reactions taking place in it. Energy is constantly lost from the surface of the body through the skin as heat. A small amount of heat is also lost with expired air, urine and faeces.
The rate at which heat (energy) is lost from the body depends on conditions such as the temperature of the surroundings, how much skin is exposed and the level of activity of the body.
Normally, body temperature is regulated by homeostatic mechanisms and maintained at a more or less constant value. Variation from this value may indicate a failure of these mechanisms and a probable health problem. However, the body can produce a physiological response to conditions such as fever and will raise the body temperature to aid recovery.
The range of body temperatures measured in the mouth: normal 36.8°C ; range 22.214.171.124°C death below 25°C hypothermia 32°C fever above 37.2°C heat exhaustion or heat stroke likely if above 38°C in absence of infection high temperatures that would lead to death above 43°C
19• how temperature is controlled and regulated by the nervous system, the circulatory system and the skin. You should be able to describe the temperature control mechanisms of sweating, vasodilation, vasoconstriction and shivering; 20• the circumstances in which particular individuals may be at risk of hypothermia, heat exhaustion or heat stroke.
- 1 Thermoregulation
- 1.1 Temperature regulation
- 1.2 Types of thermoregulation
- 1.3 Thermoregulation in vertebrates
- 1.4 Variations in the temperature of human beings and some animals
- 1.5 Variations from thermometer placement
- 1.6 Variations associated with development
- 1.7 Variations due to circadian rhythms
- 1.8 Variations due to women's menstrual cycles
- 1.9 Variations due to fever
- 1.10 Limits compatible with life
- 2 Human temperature variation effects
- 3 Hypothermia
- 4 Hyperthermia
- 5 References
- 6 External links
Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when temperature surrounding is very different. This process is one aspect of homeostasis: a dynamic state of stability between an animal's internal environment and its external environment.
If the body is unable to maintain a normal temperature and it increases significantly above normal, a condition known as hyperthermia occurs. The opposite condition, when body temperature decreases below normal levels, is known as hypothermia.
Heat production and heat loss vary considerably in different parts of the body, although the circulation of the blood tends to bring about a mean temperature of the internal parts. Hence it is important to determine the temperature of those parts which most nearly approaches to that of the internal organs. Also for such results to be comparable they must be made in the same situation. The rectum gives most accurately the temperature of internal parts. Occasionally that of the urine as it leaves the urethra may be of use. More usually the temperature is taken in the mouth, axilla or groin.
- conduction - heat escapes from or enters into your body e.g.when lying on a cold or hot surface.
- convection - cooler air currents remove heat from the surface of your skin, warmer air currents make the skin hotter.
- evaporation - evaporative cooling occurs when water (from perspiration or swimming) leaves the skin surface as a vapour, lowering the body temperature by taking the heat from the body.
- radiation - e.g. acquisition of heat from solar radiation or losing heat from the skin.
Types of thermoregulation
There are two types of thermoregulation that are used by animals:
- physiological regulation: Endothermy - This is when an organism changes its physiology to regulate body temperature. For example, many mammals tend to sweat in order to lower temperature. Another example is when humans get cold, muscles may shiver in order to produce heat.
- behavioral regulation: Ectothermy - This is when an organism changes its behaviour to change its body temperature. For example, when animals warm up in direct sunlight, they may wish to find shade to cool down.
Thermoregulation in vertebrates
Almost all birds and mammals have a high temperature almost constant and independent of that of the surrounding air. This is called homeothermy.
To regulate body temperature, an organism may need to prevent heat gains in arid environments. Evaporation of water, either across respiratory surfaces or across the skin in those animals possessing sweat glands (mammals) helps in cooling body temperature to within the organism's tolerance range.
Skin often has a continuous layer of insulating fat beneath the dermis — in marine mammals like whales this is referred to as blubber. Organisms when presented with the problem of regulating body temperature not only have behavioural, physiological and structural adaptations, but also a feedback system to trigger these adaptations to regulate temperature accordingly. The main features of this system are; Stimulus, Receptor, Modulator, Effector and then the feedback of the now adjusted temperature to the Stimulus. This cyclical process aids in homeostasis.
In cold environments, mammals employ the following adaptations and strategies to minimize heat loss:
- using small smooth muscles (arrector pili) which are attached to hair shafts; this shivering thermogenesis distorts the surface of the skin as the hair shaft is made more erect (called goose bumps or pimples)
In warm environments, birds and mammals employ the following adaptations and strategies to maximize heat loss:
- behavioral adaptations
- evaporative cooling by perspiration
Variations in the temperature of human beings and some animals
Variations from thermometer placement
As stated above, the temperature of warm-blooded animals is maintained with but slight variation. In health under normal conditions the temperature of humans varies between 36.5 °C and 37.5 °C, or if the thermometer be placed in the axilla, between 36.25 °C and 37.5 °C. In the mouth the reading would be from 0.25 °C to 1.5 °C higher than this; and in the rectum some 0.9 °C higher still. The temperature of infants and young children has a much greater range than this, and is susceptible of wide divergencies from comparatively slight causes.
Variations associated with development
The average temperature falls slightly from infancy to puberty and again from puberty to middle age, but after that stage is passed the temperature begins to rise again, and by about the eightieth year is as high as in infancy.
Variations due to circadian rhythms
In humans, a diurnal variation has been observed dependent on the periods of rest and activity, the maximum ranging from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m., the minimum from 11 p.m. to 3 a.m. These observations indicate that body temperature is partially regulated by circadian rhythms.
Variations due to women's menstrual cycles
During the follicular phase (which lasts from the first day of menstruation until the day of ovulation), the average basal body temperature in women ranges from 36.45 - 36.7 °C. Within 24 hours of ovulation, women experience an elevation of 0.15 - 0.45 °C due to the increased metabolic rate caused by sharply elevated levels of progesterone. The basal body temperature ranges between 36.7 - 37.3°C throughout the luteal phase, and drops down to pre-ovulatory levels within a few days of menstruation. Women can chart this phenomenon to determine whether and when they are ovulating, or to aid conception or contraception.
Variations due to fever
Fever is a regulated elevation of the set point of core temperature in the hypothalamus, caused by circulating pyrogens produced by the immune system. To the subject, a rise in core temperature due to fever may result in feeling cold in an environment that people without fever do not.
Limits compatible with life
There are limits both of heat and cold that a warm-blooded animal can bear.
The effect of too extreme a cold is to lessen metabolism, and hence to lessen the production of heat. Both catabolic and anabolic changes share in the depression, and though less energy is used up, still less energy is generated. This diminished metabolism tells first on the central nervous system, especially the brain and those parts concerned in consciousness. Both heart rate and respiration rate become diminished, drowsiness supervenes, becoming steadily deeper until it passes into the sleep of death. Occasionally, however, convulsions may set in towards the end, and a death somewhat similar to that of asphyxia takes place.
On the other hand, too high a temperature hurries on the metabolism of the various tissues at such a rate that their capital is soon exhausted. Blood that is too warm produces dyspnea and soon exhausts the metabolic capital of the respiratory centre. Heart rate is increased, the beats then become arrhythmic and finally cease. The central nervous system is also profoundly affected, consciousness may be lost, and the patient falls into a comatose condition, or delirium and convulsions may set in. All these changes can be watched in any patient suffering from an acute fever. The lower limit of temperature that man can endure depends on many things, but no one can survive a temperature of 45°C or above for very long. Mammalian muscle becomes rigid with heat rigor at about 50°C, and obviously should this temperature be reached the sudden rigidity of the whole body would render life impossible.
Human temperature variation effects
Fevers are not to be confused with heat stroke. In fever the person can feel cold at high body temperatures since the body is fooled into thinking it is cold by the infectant microbe affecting the point that the body thermostat is set at. It is literally set higher than usual.
- 37°C (98.6°F) - Normal body temperature (which varies between about 36.12-37.5°C (96.8-99.5°F)
- 38°C (100.4°F) - Sweating, feeling very uncomfortable, slightly hungry.
- 39°C (102.2°F) (Pyrexia) - Severe sweating, flushed and very red. Fast heart rate and breathlessness. There may be exhaustion accompanying this. Children and epileptics may be very likely to get convulsions at this point.
- 40°C (104°F) - Fainting, dehydration, weakness, vomiting, headache and dizziness may occur as well as profuse sweating.
- 41°C (105.8°F) - (Medical emergency) - Fainting, vomiting, severe headache, dizziness, confusion, hallucinations, delirium and drowsiness can occur. There may also be palpitations and breathlessness.
- 42°C (107.6°F) - Subject may turn pale or remain flushed and red. They may become comatose, be in severe delirium, vomiting, and convulsions can occur. Blood pressure may be high or low and heart rate will be very fast.
- 43°C (109.4°F) - Normally death, or there may be serious brain damage, continuous convulsions and shock. Cardio-respiratory collapse will occur.
- 44°C (111.2°F) or more - Almost certainly death will occur; however, patients have been known to survive up to 46.5°C (115.7°F).
- 36°C (97.0°F) - Normal body temperature (which varies between about 36-37.5°C (96.8-99.5°F)
- 36°C (96.8°F) - Mild to moderate shivering (it drops this low during sleep). May be a normal body temperature.
- 35°C (95.0°F) - (Hypothermia) is less than 35°C (95.0°F) - Intense shivering, numbness and bluish/greyness of the skin. There is the possibility of heart irritability.
- 34°C (93.2°F) - Severe shivering, loss of movement of fingers, blueness and confusion. Some behavioural changes may take place.
- 33°C (91.4°F) - Moderate to severe confusion, sleepiness, depressed reflexes, progressive loss of shivering, slow heart beat, shallow breathing. Shivering may stop. Subject may be unresponsive to certain stimuli.
- 32°C (89.6°F) - (Medical emergency) Hallucinations, delirium, complete confusion, extreme sleepiness that is progressively becoming comatose. Shivering is absent (subject may even think they are hot). Reflex may be absent or very slight.
- 31°C (87.8°F) - Comatose, very rarely conscious. No or slight reflexes. Very shallow breathing and slow heart rate. Possibility of serious heart rhythm problems.
- 28°C (82.4°F) - Severe heart rhythm disturbances are likely and breathing may stop at any time. Patient may appear to be dead.
- 24-26°C (75.2-78.8°F) or less - Death usually occurs due to irregular heart beat or respiratory arrest; however, some patients have been known to survive with body temperatures as low as 14.2°C (57.5°F).
Hypothermia refers to any condition in which the temperature of a body drops below the level required for normal metabolism and/or bodily function to take place. In warm-blooded animals, core body temperature is maintained at or near a constant level through biologic homeostasis. When the body is exposed to colder temperatures, however, its internal mechanisms may be unable to replenish the heat that is being lost to the body's surroundings.
Hypothermia is the opposite of hyperthermia. Because the words sound alike, they are easily confused.
Stages of Hypothermia in Humans
- Stage 1
- Body temperature drops by 1°C - 2°C below normal temperature. Mild to strong shivering occurs. Unable to perform complex tasks with the hands; the hands become numb. Blood vessels in the outer extremities contract, lessening heat loss to the outside air. Breathing becomes quick and shallow. Goose bumps form, raising body hair on end in an attempt to create an insulating layer of air around the body (a vestigial response, but useful in other species).
- Stage 2
- Body temperature drops by 2°C - 4°C. Shivering becomes more violent. Muscle miscoordination becomes apparent. Movements are slow and laboured, accompanied by a stumbling pace and mild confusion, although the victim may appear alert. Surface blood vessels contract further as the body focuses its remaining resources on keeping the vital organs warm. Victim becomes pale. Lips, ears, fingers and toes may become blue.
- Stage 3
- Body temperature drops below approximately 32°C (normal is 37°C). Shivering usually stops below 32°C; difficulty speaking, sluggish thinking, and amnesia start to appear; inability to use hands and stumbling are also usually present. Cellular metabolic processes shut down. Below 30°C the exposed skin becomes blue and puffy, muscle coordination very poor, walking nearly impossible, and the victim exhibits incoherent/irrational behavior including terminal burrowing behaviour or even a stupor. Pulse and respiration rates decrease significantly but fast heart rates (ventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation) can occur. Major organs fail. Clinical death occurs. Because of decreased cellular activity in stage 3 hypothermia, the body will actually take longer to undergo brain death.
Hyperthermia (hyperpyrexia), in its advanced state referred to as heat stroke or sunstroke, is an acute condition which occurs when the body produces or absorbs more heat than it can dissipate. It is usually due to excessive exposure to heat. The heat-regulating mechanisms of the body eventually become overwhelmed and unable to effectively deal with the heat, and body temperature climbs uncontrollably. This is a serious medical emergency that requires immediate attention.
Hyperthermia is the opposite of hypothermia. Because the words sound alike, they are easily confused.
Body temperatures above 40 °C are life-threatening. At 41 °C, brain death begins, and at 45 °C death is nearly certain. Internal temperatures above 50 °C will cause rigidity in the muscles and certain, immediate death.
Heat stroke may come on suddenly, but usually follows a less-threatening condition commonly referred to as heat exhaustion or heat prostration.
Signs and symptoms
Heat prostration, or heat exhaustion, is characterized by mental confusion, muscle cramps, and often nausea or vomiting. At this stage the victim will likely NOT be sweating. With continued exposure to ambient heat, which sometimes is facilitated by the mental confusion, temperature may rise into the 39 to 40 °C range, and lead to full-blown heat stroke.
One of the body's most important methods of temperature regulation is sweating. This process draws heat from inside, allowing it to be carried off by radiation and/or convection. Evaporation of the sweat furthers the cooling process, since this is an endothermic process that draws yet more heat from the body. When the body becomes dehydrated enough to prevent the production of sweat, this method of heat reduction is stopped. When the body is no longer capable of sweating, core temperature begins to rise quickly.
Victims may become confused, hostile, often experience headaches, and may seem drunk. Due to dehydration, blood pressure may drop significantly, leading to possible fainting or dizziness], especially if the victim stands suddenly. As blood pressure drops, heart rate and respiration rate will increase (tachycardia and tachypnea) as the heart attempts to supply enough oxygen to the body. The skin will become red as blood vessels dilate in an attempt to increase heat dissipation. As heat stroke progresses, the decrease in blood pressure will cause blood vessels to contract, resulting in a pale or bluish skin colour. Complaints of feeling hot may be followed by chills and trembling, as is the case in fever. Some victims, especially young children, may suffer convulsions. Acute dehydration such as that accompanying heat stroke can produce nausea and vomiting; temporary blindness may also be observed. Eventually, as body organs begin to fail, unconsciousness and coma will result.
- Excerpt: Humans, Body Extremes. Guinness World Records, 2004. Last accessed November 27, 2006.
- Handbook of Physiology, Kirkes, (Philadelphia, 1907)
- Simpson, S. & Galbraith, J.J. (1905) Observations on the normal temperatures of the monkey and its diurnal variation, and on the effects of changes in the daily routine on this variation. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 45: 65-104.
- Temperature of a Healthy Human (Body Temperature)
- Canadian rescue workers internet site (hypothermia division)
- Windchill chart in km/h windspeeds and °C temperature measures
- Help the Aged charity (United Kingdom) - hypothermia in the elderly, death information, advice, downloads etc.
- Table of hypothermia effects at different water temperatures
- Paradoxical Undressing Why hypothermia victims frequently remove their warm clothing
- International Red Cross Information on Heat Stroke
- Hiking and Camping Note Book Heat Stroke Advice
- BBC Heat Illness News and Information
- Environment Canada's Heat Index (humidex) Chart
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Celebrating Homer's Landscapes
In this beautiful and engaging book, an eminent authority on Homeric texts takes us on a tour of the main localities that Homer paints so vividly in his Iliad and Odyssey. Providing numerous photographs of the terrain and quoting liberally from the two epics, J.V. Luce argues convincingly that Homer's descriptions of the ancient landscape, far from being poetic fantasies, are accurate in every detail. Luce surveys what Homer tells us about the environs of Troy and Ithaca, applying the developing science of narratology to the Homeric depiction of landscape. He also incorporates information about Troy that has been obtained in the past two decades, in particular new geophysical information about the comparatively recent alluviation of the Trojan plain and new archaeological data about Troy that reveals that the fortified area of the city was ten times as large as previously supposed. Tracing the ebb and flow of battle as described in the Iliad, Luce shows how Homer's account is consistent with this new picture of the plain. He also demonstrates that the topography of Ithaca is sketched with such accuracy that Homer must have had firsthand knowledge of the terrain. Luce's book is a significant contribution for specialists and a delightful companion for readers of Homer or visitors to the ancient sites. J.V. Luce is Emeritus Professor of Classics at Trinity College, Dublin. He is the author of numerous books, including Homer and the Homeric Age, and he has led many archaeological tours to the Homeric lands.
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Using the technique, it might be possible to identify certain bacterial strains that protect against C. difficile infection, and others that might make a person more vulnerable, according to Dr. Zilberberg. “This is just a very small cog in a large wheel,” she says. “It’s an important cog, but it’s not close to the consumer yet.”
In the meantime, Dr. Zilberberg thinks that the findings confirm that it’s crucial to be an “educated consumer” when it comes to antibiotics. “Don’t say yes to a prescription of antibiotics unless you’re convinced that you really need those antibiotics, because they’re not without risk,” she says.
Dale Gerding, MD, a professor at Loyola University Chicago, agrees: “The message is one that we’ve been saying for a long time—before you take an antibiotic, make sure you need it.”
Previous research had suggested that there were maybe 500 bacterial species in the intestines, but more sophisticated techniques are now showing that there are more. Dr. Gerding also says that it had long been suspected that antibiotics destroy some beneficial bacteria, which is why some people became vulnerable to C. difficile.
“Antibiotics should not be used casually simply because there doesn’t seem to be a downside,” he warns.
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Warning: this video is not for the faint-hearted. The autopsy has been an invaluable tool for finding the causes of unexplained deaths, but post-mortems have traditionally been a messy affair – weighing the organs to opening up bodies and seeing how a person died can take a lot of time, precision and surgical procedures.
BBC Click’s David Reid looks at pioneering digital post mortem technology that uses 3D modelling to allow people to look at certain parts of a body without cutting into it. Scrolling through a 3D model allows pathologists to visualise things like gas distributions or scattered metal fragments that they wouldn’t normally see in a real body.
If you would like to comment on this video or anything else you have seen on Future, head over to our Facebook page or message us on Twitter.
You can also find the Click team on Facebook or at @BBCClick
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Mike W. Campbell
Cultural interaction among societies and civilizations, particularly Western and non-Western. Intellectual, cultural, social, and artistic aspects; historical factors. Offered: Sp.
In the 20th century nation-states replaced multi-ethnic empires as the primary polities on the planet. Many of these new nation-states were founded upon the Wilsonian principle of national self-determination. In practice, however, this utopian doctrine laid the fault lines for the nationalist conflicts of the past century. This survey will retrace the transition from empire to nation-state in three conflict zones: Czechoslovakia; Bosnia and Kashmir. In each case, we will compare how these transnational conflicts were created and how they have, or have not yet, been resolved.
Student learning goals
General method of instruction
We will meet four times a week (twice for lecture and twice for discussion). Readings and discussions will focus on the intersections of theory and practice in understanding irredenta conflict.
A willingness to work hard, complete the readings and engage in discussions
Class assignments and grading
Two short papers; a mid-term and a final. Texts include: Rogers Brubaker, Nationalism Reframed Jeremy King, Budweisers into Czechs and Germans Noel Malcolm, Bosnia: a Short History Victoria Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict Kristen P. Williams, Despite Nationalist Conflicts
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Egg carving is done in two ways: lacing and sculpting. Both ways start with the same first step---preparing the egg for the project. The egg carver washes and disinfects the egg, removing the contents from inside. Egg carving is an expensive hobby, and enthusiasts make extensive use of specialized tools.
Burin and Shovel Knives
Hobbyists use an oblique burin to carve fine lines and details onto an egg; the carver uses a small, flat blade for corners and precision details and a large flat blade for rougher carving. Another egg carving tool, the shovel knife, levels the surface of the egg. When working on a project, burin knives and shovels must be in impeccable condition as an egg presents a delicate surface, and an imperfect tool could easily damage it. As such, sharpening tools such as whetstones are important to the craft. Knives and implements used in egg-carving need regular sharpening to be in their best conditions.
Sometimes eggs for a carver arrive from a hatchery, in which case the shipment arrives already washed, disinfected and ready to be transformed into a work of art. However, when an artist uses a fresh egg, it has to be cleaned and completely rid of its contents. An egg blower is a tool that washes away the white and the yolk from inside an egg. The egg carver makes a tiny hole on one end of the egg and pumps air from the other end, using the egg blower. After the contents are washed away, the carver cleans the egg with a disinfectant solution. An egg may also be "blown" by making one hole on its surface, rather than two. Small devices such as an ear bulb syringe or an injection syringe may also be fashioned into an an egg blower.
A carver uses the Dremel tool to drill holes on the egg surface and carve it into desired shapes. Essentially high-speed drilling machines, egg carvers adjust Dremel tools according to the type of egg (ostrich, duck, chicken, emu, etc.) and the type of curves. The bit defines the Dremel tool's drilling prowess, and there are a number of bits made specifically for egg carving hobbyists.
An egg carver will also need pencils, pens, erasers, sharpeners and markers for the hobby. These are important when the carver wants to reproduce an image on the surface of the egg from another source. The carver can then begin to work on the egg, going by the drawing on the egg.
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It’s a shocking number of diseases, 428.
That’s the number of diseases determined to co-occur in people with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD).
FASD is a term used to describe a broad range of disabilities that can occur in people who were exposed to alcohol in the womb. Symptoms vary depending on such issues as the amount and duration of alcohol exposure, and other factors including the mother’s stress level, and nutrition amongst others.
The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) in Toronto has just published their comprehensive review of studies of moribidity and cause of death in a paper in the respected medical journal, The Lancet
“We’ve systematically identified numerous disease conditions co-occurring with FASD, which underscores the fact that it isn’t safe to drink any amount or type of alcohol at any stage of pregnancy, despite the conflicting messages the public may hear,” says Dr. Lana Popova, Senior Scientist in Social and Epidemiological Research at CAMH, and lead author on the paper. “Alcohol can affect any organ or system in the developing fetus.”
The co-occuring conditions affected nearly every system of the body, including the central nervous system (brain), vision, hearing, cardiac, circulation, digestion, and musculoskeletal and respiratory systems, among others.
While some conditions do not have an obvious connection to FASD, the study showed that a higher percentage of problems occurred in people with FASD than in the general population.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrom (FAS) is the most severe form of FASD. The study looked at 33 studies involving more than 1700 individuals and found they showed very high percentages of communication and comprehension problems, hyperactivity and attention problems, with 90 percent showing co-occuring problems of conduct.
They also showed a far higher percentage of hearing loss, or vision problems when compared to the general population.
Canadian studies have shown that between six and fourteen percent of women drink alcohol during pregnancy. It is estimated that FASD costs Canada about $1.8 billion annually in such things as lost productivity, health care, and police/corrections costs.
“We can prevent these issues at many stages,” says Dr. Popova. “Eliminating alcohol consumption during pregnancy or reducing it among alcohol-dependent women is extremely important. Newborns should be screened for prenatal alcohol exposure, especially among populations at high risk.”
She adds, “It is important that the public receive a consistent and clear message – if you want to have a healthy child, stay away from alcohol when you’re planning a pregnancy and throughout your whole pregnancy”.
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THE LIBRARY LANTERN
"Inside a good stout lantern hung its light"-Browning
Hamilton Smith Library, University of New Hampshire,
Durham, New Hampshire
WILLIAM W. SHIRLEY, Librarian
"Entered as second-class matter October 10, 1927, at the post office at Durham, New Hampshire,
under the act of August 24, 1912."
Voume Six, Number 7 Monthly from October to June
WHAT IS MAN?
THE SCIENCE OF LIFE, by H. G. Wells, Julian S. Huxley, and G. P.
This work, the second of the triology proposed by Mr. Wells, attempts
to do for biology what he did for history when he wrote his "Outline of
History." The third work, which is to appear later has to do with man's
relation to economics and morality. Anyone who has read the first two,
hopes the last will appear soon.
"The Science of Life" covers from all possible angles man's relation to
the biological sciences, with some geology added. We go from the amoeba to
Freud, and from genetics to psychical research. Even if what the books tell
us be false in part, we must marvel at any group of three men who can pre-
sent so much knowledge so reasonably. The authors collaborated so effi-
ciently that it is not possible for one not familiar with their previous work
to say that any one of them wrote a particular passage.
First we learn now our bodies work, from the embryo to death, then
the various classes of life are described, which leads to the book on evolu-
tion. Evolution is presented as a fact, with a following book giving ex-
planations. So on to books on the "History and Adventure of Life" and the
"Spectacle of Life."
The last three books are doubtless the most interesting to one not
trained in science. They are "Health and Disease," "Behaviour and
Thought," and the "Biology of the Human Race."
Here is some good reading for everybody. A lucky few will know
enough to like all of it. In the slang of the publishing world, Mr. Wells
has "done it again."
%. 4 *\0.1
THE CHILDREN'S ROOM
RED SHOES, by Katherine Ellis Barrett.
Thoughts of a little boy turned into poetry by his sister who is a New
Hampshire woman. The poems have a distinctive charm of their own and
are cleverly illustrated by Dorothy Fuller Odell.
THE BOLD DRAGOON AND OTHER GHOSTLY TALES, by Washing-
Thrills and chuckles are in store for the boys and girls who read this
THE FIRST PICTURE BOOK, by Mary Steichen Martin.
Twenty-four photographs of everyday things for baby to enjoy rec-
ognizing and to help him connect imagery with reality.
LIANG AND LO, by Kurt Wiese.
You will be just as surprised as these little boys were at what hap-
pened when the buffalo charged the dragon and the pictures will make you
THE WEE MEN OF BALLYWOODEN, by Arthur Mason.
Mr. Mason must be on very good terms with the wee men or he would
not know so many things about them.
THE TALE OF LITTLE PIG ROBINSON, by Beatrix Potter.
When Little Pig Robinson starts off to market in Stymouth he does not
know of the exciting adventures in store for him and his very narrow es-
cape from the "Pound of Candles."
PETER POCKET'S LUCK, by May Justus.
Peter Pocket is a very poor little boy who lives with Granny Messer
in a cabin in Tennessee. But Peter is happy because he has Granny, his
fiddle, his Pickle Pup and his school friends.
THE ARK OF FATHER NOAH AND MOTHER NOAH, by Maud and
A new version of the story of Noah's ark with many colored pictures.
RAMA: ,THE HERO OF INDIA, by Dhan Gopal Mukerji.
Mr. Mukerji has prepared this adaptation of the Ramayama especially
for English speaking children. The Ramayama is a long epic poem of
the life and deeds of Rama and almost every Hindu can recite from memory
the story of this great hero.
THE FIVE CHILDREN, by E. Nesbit.
This thick book contains three long stories and you do not want to miss
one of them, especially if you are not acquainted with the Psammead who
could grant wishes.
THE CAT WHO WENT TO HEAVEN, by Elizabeth Coatsworth.
An artist's love for his little cat almost spoils his great picture of
Buddha and the animals who were his friends. Buddha performs a
miracle and the outcast cat receives his blessing. Lynd Ward has drawn
some very fine pictures.
CONTEMPORARY ILLUSTRATORS OF CHILDREN'S BOOKS, by
Bertha E. Mahony and Elinor Whitney.
This is not a book for children but one which will interest everyone
who has come in contact with children's books and noted the very fine work
of the illustrators. The biographical material fills a long-felt need and the
examples of the work of these artists serve to show the wide range of pic-
torial art used to make the present day children's books so much more at-
tractive than those of a good many years ago.
TOWARD THE NEW PHILOSOPHY
THE ENDURING QUEST, by Harry Allen Overstreet.
Into the philosophic blackness in which we were plunged by nineteenth
century physics and biology, a few rays of light are beginning to shine.
There seems to be approaching a new age when science and philosophy
together will release us from the deadening effects of mechanistic thought
and open vistas of the creative possibilities of free minds. Electrons, says
Overstreet, are not the only reality, for reality is the sum-total of all points
of view, including that of mind. The human mind is a part of nature and
as such represents the most important part, because it is forever reaching
forward and making new combinations, producing something which was
not in the world before. It is even now creating a new philosophy of life
for those who wish to get beyond mechanism.
CORONADO'S CHILDREN, by J. Frank Dobie.
The Spaniard Coronado was the first white man to go treasure-hunt-
ing in the Southwest. From his day to ours his spiritual children have
carried on the quest, following old trails, old legends, old landmarks,
in search of the treasure which someone, at some time, knew to be there.
The fact that no one ever found anything only whetted the appetites of each
succeeding generation, and he who reads may still hunt clues if he feels
inclined. The stories of the seekers have been collected from local sources
and gathered into an exciting book of nearly four hundred pages.
AMERICANS IN PARIS
READER, I MARRIED HIM, by Anne Green.
Paris is a heaven and a haven for irresponsible people. The Douglass
family found living there with no resources but their charm as easy as
breathing. To be sure Catherine had a brief season of difficulty with
Gilbert Hunton. HIe tried to escape her and marry an heiress. She
straightway took advice from Nesta, the fortune teller, and his affection
returned. In fact he became so jealous, so fond, that Catherine wanted
to escape from such overwhelming love. Again Nesta was consulted.
The stern moralist will disapprove of the path of life being strewn
with primroses for such worthless people; the moralist-on-vacation will
enjoy these gay creatures and will be decidedly envious of their carefree
I AMERICANS, by Salvador de Madariaga.
In a prefatory note the author thinks it wise to warn his readers that
"Americans" on the title page does not necessarily mean citizens of the
United States, and in one of the essays, he says "national prejudices may
be useful . provided prejudices-like dogs-are trained to behave. I
have tried to keep my own dogs asleep while I wrote this article. May I
ask the reader to keep an eye on his own while he reads it?"
The reader, if he has a fiercely American dog, may have to say "Down,
Fido, down" once or twice, but aside from that I think he will enjoy these
highly original articles on international cooperation.
A SECONDARY DEFENSE
Everyone, sooner or later, has the pleasure of a call from agents for
various subscription books or "sets"-to give them their common name.
Doubtless librarians receive such calls more frequently than others.
The American Library Association issues a quarterly called "Sub-
scription Books Bulletin." This publication is written by a group of li-
brarians who give their opinion, favorable or unfavorable, on "sets." The
"Bulletin" now has been published for over a year, hence many sets have
been described and valued. The field covered is extensive, from the En-
cyclopedia Britannica to some of the many collections of children's readings.
The Library will be glad to quote any such reviews over the telephone
if the agent is present. In any case "Subscriptions Books Bulletin" is
always available in the Librarian's office for consultation.
THE TIMES INDEX
The "New York Times" now has published its "Index," in a single vol-
ume, of 2,864 pages, weighing nine pounds. The "Index," like the bound
volumes, which we have as well, is printed on imperishable rag paper.
This Library will now have a complete and well-indexed record of
the affairs of the world from January 1, 1930.
GOOD MYSTERIES, OLD AND NEW
Abbott-About the Murder of Geraldine Foster.
Christie-Murder of Roger Ackroyd.
Fielding-Net Around Joan Ingilby.
Fletcher-Middle Temple Murder.
Keeler-Voice of the Seven Sparrows.
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A clinical cardiac electrophysiologist, or cardiac EP, is a doctor who treats rhythm problems of the heart. A cardiac EP is a type of cardiologist. A cardiologist is a doctor who has had three or more years of extra training to treat problems of the heart and blood vessels.
A cardiologist has at least 10 years of medical training. This includes 4 years of medical school, 3 years of training in internal medicine, and 3 or more years in other special training. He or she must then pass a test from the American Board of Internal Medicine.
A cardiac EP is a cardiologist who gets extra training beyond that required for board certification in cardiology. He or she is certified by the American Board of Internal Medicine in the specialty of cardiovascular disease. This focuses on caring for patients with diseases of the heart and blood vessels. These include heart attack, valve disease, and some arrhythmias. A cardiac EP then gets certified in the subspecialty of clinical cardiac electrophysiology. This focuses on testing and treating the heart for rhythm problems.
A cardiac EP is not your primary health care provider. This doctor only works with patients who need special heart-related care. Your health care provider may refer you to a cardiac EP if you have symptoms of heart rhythm problems. These may include dizziness, fainting, and fluttering feelings in your chest. Or you may see a cardiac EP if you have risk factors for dangerous arrhythmia, such as heart disease. You would likely see a cardiac EP in a hospital or cardiac clinic.
Cardiac EPs test for, diagnose, and treat abnormal heart rhythms. Abnormal heart rhythms are called arrhythmias. EPs need to know about how the heart works, what kind of arrhythmias there are, and what may cause them. They also know how to do different kinds of tests. They know how to implant special devices in the body to regulate heartbeat. And they can prescribe medication, lifestyle changes, and make other recommendations.
A cardiac EP can diagnose and treat conditions such as:
A cardiac EP can perform certain procedures and prescribe treatments. These include:
A cardiac EP can also implant devices in the body to help reset or control heart rhythm. These include:
If you would like to make an appointment with an electrophysiologist, please call us at 314-996-3627 or contact us online.
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John Singer SARGENT
Italy 1856 – England 1925
France and USA 1874-90, England from 1890, with regular visits to France, Italy and USA
oil on canvas
canvas 232.0 (h) x 142.0 (w) cm
Musée d'Orsay, Paris , Purchased from the artist 1892
© RMN (Musée d'Orsay) / Gérard Blot
Sargent was born in Europe, of expatriate American parents. He was profoundly influenced by the Spanish masters Diego Velazquez, El Greco and Francisco Goya, and by Edouard Manet’s reworking of them. In the 1870s he studied at the atelier of Carolus-Duran, and placed second in the entrance examination for the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, on his second attempt. After early success at the Salon, Sargent lived in Britain and travelled occasionally to the United States for portrait-painting binges.1
The Spanish dancer known as La Carmencita first came to fame at the Exposition Universelle in Paris in 1889, where Sargent probably saw her performing in a tent. She presented herself as a classically trained ballet dancer named Carmen Dausset, neither a Gypsy nor flamenco performer.2 The name was famous from Bizet’s opera Carmen of 1875. By February 1890 she was dancing in a music hall in New York City,3 when Sargent encountered her at a private performance at a friend’s party and asked her to pose for him.
In the portrait, the painter is the performer as much as the dancer. Theatricality is the means through which Sargent presents the moving figure in an imaginary space. A dark background is overcome by flaring footlights, which light the dazzling yellow satin and lace costume, and the dancer’s paler arms and face. Her dramatic Spanish colouring restates the light tones, her red lips the bright colour, and her dark hair the importance Sargent placed on the manipulation of tones to represent reality, rather than line. In its manipulation of compressed space and repeated dynamic angles, Manet’s painting of another Spanish dancer, Lola of Valencia 18624 seems to be the model for Sargent’s composition. He had the chance to view Manet’s retrospective in Paris in 1884, and again at the Exposition Universelle in 1889.
After the painting’s triumphant debut at the annual spring exhibition of the Society of American Artists in May 1890, it was shown at the Royal Academy in London the following year. It was praised for its liveliness and drama (‘the picture of the year … intensely modern, intensely realistic in treatment’), although the same writer saw it as a little decadent (‘something of that halo of decay which gives a lurid fascination to the creations of Baudelaire’).5 On its exhibition in Paris at the Salon in 1892, La Carmencita was bought by the French state. Perhaps this went some way towards restituting the hostile reaction Sargent’s Portrait of Madame X 18846 had met at the 1884 Salon, where it was criticised as scandalous, blatantly erotic and artistically eccentric.
Text © National Gallery of Australia, Canberra 2009
From Masterpieces from Paris: Van Gogh, Cézanne, Gauguin and beyond Post-Impressionism from the Musée d'Orsay exhibition book, National Gallery of Australia, Canberra 2009
- Sargent painted twenty-four portraits on his American trip between September 1887 and May 1888; see Richard Ormond and Elaine Kilmurray, John Singer Sargent: the early portraits, New Haven: Yale University Press 1998, cats 192–215, pp. 197–217.
- M. Elizabeth Boone, Vistas de España: American views of art and life in Spain, 1860–1914, New Haven: Yale University Press 2007, p. 139.
- Carmencita was the first woman to appear in front of an Edison motion picture camera in 1894. See the Library of Congress, American memory site, viewed 25 August 2009, http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/papr:@filreq(@field(NUMBER+@band(edmp+4019))+@field(COLLID+edison)).
- Musée d’Orsay, Paris.
- Claude Phillips, Art Journal, 1891, p. 198, quoted in Richard Ormond and Elaine Kilmurray, John Singer Sargent: portraits of the 1890s, New Haven: Yale University Press 2002, p. 22.
- Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
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Invitation to Explore: Nature in the Fall
I'm so excited because I have proof that Fall is coming! If you're still suffering through the lingering summer heat, I know you're with me when I say that I can't WAIT for the cooler temps.
But look what I found -- colored leaves, acorns that have fallen to the ground and mums! Ahhh, signs of Fall.
This week's linky will Discover & Explore Fall Activities.
We're also introducing our first Invitation to Explore.
An Invitation to Explore is a way to encourage children to discover something new and look deeper into a topic that interests them. They are easy to set-up and adapt for kids of all ages.
One of my favorite things about these invitations is that they inspire discussions. Many times, kids will ask questions about the items, sometimes science or math-related inquires and other times the questions will relate to family, history or the world around them. They are a wonderful way to inspire learning and family connections.
Invitation to Explore: Nature in the Fall
There are so many fun ways to enjoy the season and one of the biggest changes kids will notice is what is happening in nature.
For this invitation, you will need to go on a nature scavenger hunt and round up a variety of items. The items can then be displayed in a basket or on a tray for the kids to explore.
I decided to gather the items while the kids were at school so it would be a surprise when they got home.
Items to Include in Your Nature Tray:
You will be able to find items for this tray in your yard, at a park or even in your kitchen. The idea is to display natural items that will lead to a discussion about the seasonal changes that take place in the Fall.
Here's a quick list of what I included:
- A variety of shapes and colors of leaves (the more, the better as you'll see below)
- Tree seeds -- acorns, pinecones, spiny bur
- Tree fruits -- crab apples, hedge apples (osage oranges)
- Whole spices that remind us of fall - cinnamon & nutmeg
- Blooms of mum flowers
- Magnifying glass
- Plastic knife
I would have liked to include some tree pods but none have fallen yet. Also, please remember to return all the items back to your yard or park when you are done exploring as the animals will need them this fall!
Quick Learning Ideas
There are a few things that kids will notice right away such as different color and shaped leaves. You can begin by discussing colors and shapes for some quick learning. Have them sort leaves into groups (by color or shape) and also count the items if you have younger kids who are mastering their counting skills.
And here is where the questions will begin -- why are leaves different shapes? Why do some turn yellow and others turn red?
As kids ask these questions, they are exploring science -- it's so easy! This is a great opportunity to discuss how we use leaves and seeds to identify different types of trees. Take a walk back to the areas where you gathered the leaves & seeds so you can help kids identify the different trees.
If you'd like a book to go with the activity, I would recommend the following:
Count Down to Fall for younger kids (ages 2 - 5) and
Awesome Autumn for older kids (ages 5 - 11)
One of the questions that arose during our exploration was -- can we eat acorns? Hmmm...good question! We eat other types of nuts so why not acorns -- we're now researching to find the answer.
Connecting with Nature
The variety of tree seeds and fruits will naturally lead to learning about size, weight and even smell! Let the kids hold the items and sniff them too.
Ask the kids which is heavier -- could a squirrel carry all the items up a tree or would they need to break them apart on the ground first? What items could easily be blown around by the wind?
You could also experiment with a sink or float experiment by placing the items in a shallow tub of water -- you might be very surprised at the results!
If the kids are older, have them dissect the items in the tray. For younger children, have adults cut open some of the items.
This was a huge hit at our house! When you cut open a crab apple or peel away the outer shell of an acorn, they have a great scent. The inside of a hedge apple looks similar to a kiwi (who knew?!) We broke open the cinnamon stick and nutmeg and Wow! Amazing smells!
Inspiring Kids to Explore
One of the biggest draws is always the science equipment and it doesn't have to be anything big or complicated. A simple magnifying glass will let kids get an up close view of the veins on a leaf and the details of a nut. And it's also a great way to introduce them to items that real scientists use (and likely, things they will use as they enter junior and senior high school one day!).
So there you have it -- Simple, easy and engaging ways to explore the season!
If you're looking for a more ideas of ways to celebrate the season, make sure to hop over to our printable list of 40 Awesome Autumn Activities for inspiration.
You're Turn to Share!
We'd love to see all your fun fall ideas -- please share any crafts, activities, recipes and other awesome Autumn items!
Make sure to visit all our co-hosts for more fun ideas this week:
Please read the following guidelines for sharing:
- Share family-friendly posts related to the weekly topic -- kids activities, crafts, recipes, nature outings, printables, etc.
- By linking up, you are giving me permission to share your post including one photo in our weekly feature post and on social media channels.
- Visit 2-3 other posts that have linked up, find some new ideas & meet new friends!
- If you'd like, grab a button for your post -- we love to share and want to find lots of great activities to highlight for you!
- Each of the host blogs will feature some of the outstanding posts the week following the linky!
September 18th - 5 Senses
September 25th - Pumpkins
Some of the links included in this post are affiliate links. If you purchase any of the products at no extra cost to you, I would like to thank you as I will receive a small commission and very much appreciate your patronage. For more information , please see our full disclosure statement.
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Environment Institute Seminar Series 5 Martin Williams
Environment Institute Science Seminar Series 2009 A tale of three rivers: The Nile, the Darling and the Son Presented by: Emeritus Professor Martin Williams
Ganga sunset A tale of three rivers: the Nile, the Darling and the Son MARTIN WILLIAMS University of Adelaide
OUTLINE River response to climate change: a 300 000 year flood history of the Nile Historic floods and droughts in India, the Nile basin and the Darling: the global importance of sea surface temperature anomalies Global warming and possible future hydrological changes in Australia
Blue Nile, Khartoum River response to climate change: a 300 000 year flood history of the Nile
At the present time the White Nile provides a steady flow to the Nile Valley, while the tributaries from the Ethiopian Highlands produce a large but highly seasonal contribution. x10 6 cm 3
AMS 14 C and OSL dates at Esh Shawal 14 C dates on shells: correspond within error limits to OSL dates on sediments immediately overlying and underlying the shell bed. Interpreted as representing resumption of flow from equatorial headwaters of White Nile. 14 C dates on microcrystalline carbonate: much younger than OSL dates in sedimentary quartz. OSL dates interpreted as White Nile flood deposits and pre-White Nile lake. 14 C dates interpreted as representing phase of aridity culminating in LGM (Williams et al., Geology 2003,31, 1001-4).
Conclusions Our work has extended the demonstrated age of the White Nile from 15,000 yr to well over 250,000 yr The White Nile flows across the floor of an ancient lake that extended from the southern marshes of Sudan almost to the Blue Nile confluence some 400,000 yr ago The carbonates in the lower core represent the final phase of aridity which culminated in the Last Glacial Maximum; the OSL dates represent times of alluvial sedimentation.
During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM: 24-18 ka) the Nile valley was more arid than it is today, with desert dunes active as far south as latitude 12°N.
During the LGM flow into the Nile from its equatorial headwaters ceased - Lakes Victoria and Albert were closed basins. Our work has enabled more precise limits to be put on the date at which flow resumed.
Blue Nile at 21ka THE BLUE NILE AT 21 KA: A HIGHLY SEASONAL BED-LOAD RIVER DRYING OUT IN WINTER
THE BLUE NILE AT 21 ka Less summer rainfall Winters 4ºC cooler; glaciers above 4 200 m Slopes unstable down to 3 000 m, resulting in coarse debris Treeline 1 000 m lower in headwaters High seasonal runoff, resulting in high peak flows but reduced annual discharge Winter deflation of channel sands, resulting in source-bordering dunes
Overflow from White Nile headwaters ~ 15 ka Evidence from White Nile flood deposits Strontium isotope ratios in Nile gastropod shells (Talbot, Williams and Adamson, Geology 2000, v.28, no 4, 343-6). Strontium isotope ratios in Lake Albert sediment core (Williams, Talbot et al., QSR 2006)
Lake Albert Strontium values: Lake Albert km 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values > 0.7123 occur when L.Albert is isolated from L.Victoria and L.Edward. Values > 0.7123 show hydrologic connection between the basins Low early Holocene 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values suggest abundant inflow from L. Edward. 0 20 40
The sudden overflow of Lake Victoria in the Ugandan headwaters of the Nile ~ 15 ka caused extensive flooding in the Nile valley. Gastropod shells and associated sediments from the highest flood level have been dated by AMS 14 C and OSL to 15-16 ka. This mega -flood event marks the abrupt return of the summer monsoon.
Distinct break in slope at 382m above sea level (about 6m above present maximum flood level of White Nile). The shell layer is not present beyond this break in slope, and represents a recessional flood line.
9000 BP Blue Nile THE BLUE NILE AT 9 KA: A PERENNIAL SUSPENDED-LOAD CHANNEL
THE BLUE NILE AT 9 Ka High summer rainfall; longer wet season Winters 4º C warmer; treeline 900m higher Slopes vegetated and stable above 3 000m Expansion of lowland savanna into former semi-desert Weathering and soil formation. Higher annual discharge and greater base-flow, resulting in attenuated flood peaks Perennial flow and widespread flooding by sinuous suspension load channels
HIGH NILE FLOODS WHITE NILE BLUE NILE 1.2 - 1.0 ka 1.1 - 0.9 ka 3.4 - 2.3 ka ? 5.5 - 4.8 ka ? 6.4 - 5.9 ka 6.5 - 5.9 ka 8.2 - 7.6 ka 7.9 - 7.6 ka 9.5 - 8.4 ka ? 10.7 - 8.7 ka ? 15.4 - 12.1 ka 15.4 - 13.1 ka
Meroitic sites Meroe was the iron-smelting centre of this part of Africa. Acacia groves provided wood for charcoal. Runoff was stored in large earth dams. Runoff in the Butana desert today is not enough to fill these dams, nor to sustain much settlement
Red Sea Hills The mollusc and ostracod assemblages from Erkowit plateau in the Red Sea Hills is consistent with perennial water c. 2000 years ago. The land was more densely vegetated than today, with swampy meadows in the valley bottoms flanking mixed-load streams that were actively aggrading their channels with sandy or silty muds.
Dune ripples THEY REPORTED THEIR WAY BLOCKED BY VAST SWAMPS SURROUNDING TWO ROCKY HILLS… THESE HILLS [JEBEL AHMED AGHA] ARE NOW 200 KM NORTH OF ANY SWAMPS… IN ca.A.D 60 NERO SENT TWO CENTURIONS TO DISCOVER THE SOURCES OF THE NILE…
DROUGHT AND OCEAN TEMPERATURES During the past 80 years, dry phases (including the Sahel drought) coincide with a warmer ocean surface south of the Equator and in the North Indian Ocean, and cooling of the North Atlantic and the North Pacific. (Folland, Palmer & Parker, 1980) The net effect of this SST anomaly pattern was a reduction of moisture flux into the Sahel zone. (Rainer Zahn, 1994)
ENSO variations, Ecuador (After Moy et al., 2002) The frequency of ENSO events has varied in the last 12 000 years, with fewer events in the last 1 200 years.
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Rage—Goddess, sing the rage of Peleus’ son Achilles, murderous, doomed, that cost the Achaeans countless losses
The poet invokes a muse to aid him in telling the story of the rage of Achilles, the greatest Greek hero to fight in the Trojan War. The narrative begins nine years after the start of the war, as the Achaeans sack a Trojan-allied town and capture two beautiful maidens, Chryseis and Briseis. Agamemnon, commander-in-chief of the Achaean army, takes Chryseis as his prize. Achilles, one of the Achaeans’ most valuable warriors, claims Briseis. Chryseis’s father, a man named Chryses who serves as a priest of the god Apollo, begs Agamemnon to return his daughter and offers to pay an enormous ransom. When Agamemnon refuses, Chryses prays to Apollo for help.
Apollo sends a plague upon the Greek camp, causing the death of many soldiers. After ten days of suffering, Achilles calls an assembly of the Achaean army and asks for a soothsayer to reveal the cause of the plague. Calchas, a powerful seer, stands up and offers his services. Though he fears retribution from Agamemnon, Calchas reveals the plague as a vengeful and strategic move by Chryses and Apollo. Agamemnon flies into a rage and says that he will return Chryseis only if Achilles gives him Briseis as compensation.
Agamemnon’s demand humiliates and infuriates the proud Achilles. The men argue, and Achilles threatens to withdraw from battle and take his people, the Myrmidons, back home to Phthia. Agamemnon threatens to go to Achilles’ tent in the army’s camp and take Briseis himself. Achilles stands poised to draw his sword and kill the Achaean commander when the goddess Athena, sent by Hera, the queen of the gods, appears to him and checks his anger. Athena’s guidance, along with a speech by the wise advisor Nestor, finally succeeds in preventing the duel.
That night, Agamemnon puts Chryseis on a ship back to her father and sends heralds to have Briseis escorted from Achilles’ tent. Achilles prays to his mother, the sea-nymph Thetis, to ask Zeus, king of the gods, to punish the Achaeans. He relates to her the tale of his quarrel with Agamemnon, and she promises to take the matter up with Zeus—who owes her a favor—as soon as he returns from a thirteen-day period of feasting with the Aethiopians. Meanwhile, the Achaean commander Odysseus is navigating the ship that Chryseis has boarded. When he lands, he returns the maiden and makes sacrifices to Apollo. Chryses, overjoyed to see his daughter, prays to the god to lift the plague from the Achaean camp. Apollo acknowledges his prayer, and Odysseus returns to his comrades.
But the end of the plague on the Achaeans only marks the beginning of worse suffering. Ever since his quarrel with Agamemnon, Achilles has refused to participate in battle, and, after twelve days, Thetis makes her appeal to Zeus, as promised. Zeus is reluctant to help the Trojans, for his wife, Hera, favors the Greeks, but he finally agrees. Hera becomes livid when she discovers that Zeus is helping the Trojans, but her son Hephaestus persuades her not to plunge the gods into conflict over the mortals.
Like other ancient epic poems, The Iliad presents its subject clearly from the outset. Indeed, the poem names its focus in its opening word: menin, or “rage.” Specifically, The Iliad concerns itself with the rage of Achilles—how it begins, how it cripples the Achaean army, and how it finally becomes redirected toward the Trojans. Although the Trojan War as a whole figures prominently in the work, this larger conflict ultimately provides the text with background rather than subject matter. By the time Achilles and Agamemnon enter their quarrel, the Trojan War has been going on for nearly ten years. Achilles’ absence from battle, on the other hand, lasts only a matter of days, and the epic ends soon after his return. The poem describes neither the origins nor the end of the war that frames Achilles’ wrath. Instead, it scrutinizes the origins and the end of this wrath, thus narrowing the scope of the poem from a larger conflict between warring peoples to a smaller one between warring individuals.
In the summary for book 4 it says, " Zeus argues that Menelaus has won the duel," while in the quiz the "correct" answer for the person who believes that Paris won the duel is Zeus. This is a direct contradiction and should be rectified.
15 out of 19 people found this helpful
I must disagree with Hektor's commentary above.
"His refusal to flee even in the face of vastly superior forces makes him the most tragic figure in the poem."
He did flee. THREE times... The only moment when he stands and fights is when he thinks he has a buddy by his side to back him up.
("Athene deceived Hector with her words and her disguise.")
Sorry, but that is cowardice (and he is the GREATEST of the Trojans... just saying...) He is a coward by the end of the book, not so different from Paris.
12 out of 24 people found this helpful
Read the full answer at
7 out of 9 people found this helpful
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It doesn't all end up in the trash. Once food hits its sell-by date, many markets donate products to food banks or sell them to salvage stores.
As darkness falls, your local supermarket becomes a hive of activity. From canned vegetables and salad dressings to fresh fruits and deli meats, countless items are removed from shelves by night staff. Approaching their expiration dates or because they are no longer at their peak quality, most stores consider them unfit for sale. With 15,000 different products in an average supermarket and 25,000 in a superstore according to the Food Marketing Institute (FMI), retailers in the U.S. are lumbered with endless pounds of past-their-prime items every year.
So what comes of all of this food? Fresh vegetables and meats are often cooked up for in-store deli and salad counters before they spoil, says supermarket consultant David J. Livingston. A portion of it is inevitably thrown into the garbage and ends up in landfills. But a surprisingly amount of it finds a second home. Some is given away to food banks, some sold to salvage stores, and the rest taken by people who scrounge outside supermarkets.
With the current economic troubles, expired foods are increasingly becoming a part of America's diet. Salvage stores are seeing a steady uptick in business from cost-conscious consumers. Similarly, food banks across the country have reported an increase of up to 40 percent in the demand for emergency food assistance in the past year, according to a survey by Feeding America, a network of over 200 food banks.
And even the Food and Drug Administration approves of outdated fare. The government agency decided that expiration dates are simply an indication of optimum quality as deemed by the manufacturer. "Foods can remain safe to consume for some time beyond sell-by and even use-by dates provided they are handled and stored properly," says Dr. Ted Labuza, a professor of food science at the University of Minnesota. For fresh produce and refrigerated foods this means storage at or below 41 degrees Fahrenheit. Canned foods and shelf-stable goods like salad dressings, Labuza adds, can be consumed for years beyond their expiration dates. While their quality might suffer -- for example, emulsified dressings may split -- they will not pose a safety hazard unless contaminated. Apart from baby formula and certain types of baby foods, product dating is not even required by federal regulations.
BACK ON THE STORE SHELVES
Take a walk through the Country Discount Grocery in Wautoma, Wisconsin, and you'll see outdated packs of Quaker's granola bars, Cheerios cereal boxes, and bottles of A1 Steak Sauce. Hundreds of salvage grocery stores just like this one take advantage of the fact that retailers are generally not beholden to abide by dates stamped on food items.
Distinct from outlets run by manufacturers such as Pepperidge Farm and Entenmann's, which retail outdated baked goods from overproduction, salvage grocery stores sell past-their-prime foods discarded by supermarkets and regular grocery stores.
Outdated, damaged, and out-of-season items from supermarkets, collectively known as "unsaleables," are sent to large clearing houses known as reclamation centers. These are most often operated by the supermarket chains themselves or wholesale distributors. Here, dangerous items such as broken jars and obviously contaminated or spoiled foods are disposed of. The remainder is sold into the salvage industry or donated to food banks.
Every two weeks Patricia Quillen, owner of the Country Discount Grocery, re-stock her store with a 53-foot trailer packed full of goods from the reclamation center. The unsaleables are stuffed into cardboard banana boxes, each one containing a mixture of up to 40 different food and health and beauty items. No one box is identical. So Quillen says she really doesn't know what's going to line her shelves until she opens them up. In fact, out of the 1,152 boxes in a single delivery there might be just one jar of much-desired blueberry jam.
Up to 50 percent of Quillen's stock is outdated and a further 10-15 percent is very close to its best-before stamp. But clearly her customers don't mind. "We have about 100 customers every day and 150 on the weekend," Quillen says. She checks online, visits Walmart, and uses leftover price labels on stock as an indicator of the former retail value of her stock. Then she prices it a full 50 percent cheaper. Outdated cans of Campbell's chunky soup at 80 cents and Campbell's regular soups at 50 cents were big winter sellers. With the arrival of spring, Quillen anticipates that the canned fruit will be in demand.
Quillen's customers now don't think about much the dates, but when she first opened the shop five years ago, it was a different scenario. "People thought we were going to kill them," she said, adding with a laugh, "so we told them we only depend on new customers because we killed off our old ones." But she soon educated them. "At first they would buy $10 worth and if they lived through that, they would come back and buy $25," she says. Now some of her customers spend hundreds of dollars at a time.
While other businesses may be suffering during these lean economic times, Quillen says that her sales have increased nearly 40 percent over the past year. And she's confident that this isn't a fad. "We don't expect to lose any customers as the economy gets better, she says, "because when they hit the regular stores, they won't be able to handle those prices any more."
While Gayle Bryant, 37, from Longview, Washington, may not spend big money at salvage stores -- she tries to keep to a weekly grocery budget of $60 to feed her family of six -- she shops at them several times a month. And she often brings home outdated foods. "I did my own research because a lot of people are scared of eating expired foods," says the housewife.
Bryant won't touch outdated dairy products, but she'll happily throw expired canned foods, cereal, and granola bars into her shopping cart. With savings of more than half what she would spend in a regular store for the same amount of food, she knows its worth glossing over a past best-before date or two, especially since she's never had any problems with the quality of her purchases.
Ryan Blankenship, 34, owner of the California Discount Grocery, got into the salvage business less than two years ago when he realized how lucrative an industry it was. Recently he noticed that the amount of expired foods he receives fluctuates with the seasons. " At the beginning of the year we got a lot of outdated holiday foods," he explains, attributing the abundance of stock to the recession's effect on holiday spending. "But now only about 20-25 percent of what we have is expired."
Nonetheless, Blackenship has a store policy of not putting anything on his shelves that is more than three months old -- but that's mostly because the older the food the less likely it will sell. Still, it's easier to shift certain types of outdated items than others. "Canned foods will sell much more easier than, say, cookies or chips if they are past their best-before date. We don't offer old bread like day-old bakeries, or anything like that, just because it would be difficult to sell," he says
FROM SUPERMARKET AISLES TO FEEDING AMERICA'S HUNGRY
According to a 2005 FMI Supermarkets and Food Bank study, more than half of the 8,360 supermarkets surveyed donated 100,000 pounds of product that they could not sell to food banks annually. Feeding America West Michigan Food Bank, which serves over 1,200 soup kitchens, homeless shelters, food pantries, and other charity agencies, is one recipient. According to Executive Director John Arnold, up to 40 percent of the food that they receive is close to expiring or already expired.
If there is any doubt over the safety or the quality of a product, the bank's certified dietician will be brought in and subject it to a formal testing procedure. When it comes to a perishable item, there are clear indicators of quality. "If it's going bad there's rarely any mystery," Arnold says. "It lets you know, either with its appearance or its smell or its texture."
But despite general confidence among food banks that expired foods can be safely distributed to their agencies, not everyone agrees. According to Anne Goodman, executive director of the Cleveland Foodbank in Ohio, "when we get retail products from grocery stores we sort out products which are past their expiration date and we throw them away. We never take a chance." Perhaps if Goodman had heard the comment a certain manufacturer once told Arnold, she might be less cautious: "We put enough preservatives in our food to embalm an elephant," the manufacturer confessed.
AND IF YOU DON'T WANT TO BUY OUTDATED, JUST TAKE IT
If you see Leia Mondragon, 24, rifling through trash outside the grocery stores of Manhattan's West Village, don't be tempted to offer her your loose change. Unlike the homeless or needy who must resort to picking from trash, Mondragon's penchant for outdated foods is a lifestyle choice. Mondragan insists that expiration dates exist to propel consumerism. This belief is shared by many of her fellow Freegans -- a community who subsist on minimal consumption and salvaged goods.
"The manufacturing world uses it as a way to push products through the system; a way to get the stores to keep buying in bulk and keep things moving in and out of shops," she says.
At least twice a month and sometimes more, Mondragon arms herself with bags or a cart and goes foraging through New York City's urban jungle either by herself or with friends. In the evening, stores will leave their trash outside on the sidewalk awaiting collection from garbage trucks that come around one or two in the morning. The Freegans ensure they arrive before the trucks to avoid losing their spoils.
"I don't go by the dates, I only pay attention to my senses," Mondragon says. "This is backed up by billions of years of evolution. We've survived by sensing what is good for us and what is not." And with most stores removing stock from shelves on the day or the day before its sell-by dates arrives, Mondragon knows that she has a few days before anything in the trash will go bad. "Stores are not going to sell something that as soon as you buy it it's going to rot," she theorizes. Furthermore, as she picks up her food only a couple of hours after it has been dumped, even produce and fresh meat will not likely spoil from lack of refrigeration.
In fact, spoilage is something that Freegan Sowmya Reddy has never experienced from eating outdated foods from the trash. Neither has she seen any vermin mixed up with her dinner. "Because the trash bags are tied up tightly and dumpsters closed, rats or mice cannot get in," she says.
Having recently moved to New York City from Bangalore, India, for her post-graduate studies, Reddy has even been able to find a taste of home in the trash. When she wants Indian ingredients like chilies and spices, she heads down to Manhattan's Murray Hill, which is full of Indian grocery stores.
"You learn how to be resourceful for things," explains Mondragon, whose favorite supermarkets are D'Agostino's and Gristedes for general groceries. "I know what sorts of things a lot of places throw out, what they usually overbuy or have excess stock on." And even if the Freegan's menu relies on expired fare from the garbage, her choice is far from limited. Mondragon knows exactly where to go for bagels, broccoli rabe, kale, especially ripe mangoes, and even cupcakes.
Venture past the Crumbs bakery on West 8th in Manhattan at 9 p.m. one evening and chances are you'll catch Mondragon with her head inside a trash bag searching for the vanilla cupcakes with chocolate frosting. Just don't fight her for them. There's plenty to go around, she says.
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Port-Royal National Historic Site of Canada
Introduction A Taste of History Hard Times for the Colonists Port-Royal: A Landmark of Preservation
Introduction - continued
Once Sieur de Mons settled his expedition, his small band of men (no women were on the expedition) immediately went to work reassembling buildings they had transported from Saint Croix. Needing to work with his investors and seeing the settlement rapidly taking shape, Sieur de Mons returned to France, leaving Captain François Pont-Gravé, in charge.
The reconstructed Habitation is based in part on Champlain's sketch © Parks Canada
Sketches of the Port-Royal Habitation by Champlain show a rectangular shape 18 metres (60 feet) long and 15 metres (48 feet) wide, resembling a fortified farm hamlet as seen in France during the early 1600s. At the southwest corner of the rectangle, the men built a bastion with four guns. The structure held lodgings for the settlers according to rank. Standing alone at the northern corner of the Habitation was a small house with a high-hipped roof where Pont-Gravé and Champlain lived in 1605-06. Next to their house spanned a row of smaller dwellings for gentlemen. A Catholic priest and Protestant pastor lived there, along with the surgeon Deschamps and a skilled shipwright named Champdoré. On the southwest was a dormitory for skilled workmen.
Champlain and Pont-Gravé planted gardens on the south side of the settlement. About his labours Champlain tells us, he “sowed there some seeds which throve well.” He surrounded his garden with “channels full of water, wherein I placed some very fine trout.” His servants constructed a small reservoir to hold salt-water fish. In spite of milder temperatures than what the expedition had experienced in Saint Croix, around twelve men out of 45 died that first winter in Port-Royal. Buried in the cemetery to the east of the Habitation, the deceased included a miner, the Catholic priest and the Protestant pastor.
Sieur de Mons remained in France to rally support at court and maintain ties with investors who supported the North American project. He assigned Pont-Gravé to a post on the Atlantic coast and sent over Jean de Biencourt de Poutrincourt, as lieutenant governor of Port-Royal. In going to Port-Royal, Poutrincourt would be visiting the land de Mons had granted him, the equivalent to having his own overseas estate. In the summer of 1606, Poutrincourt brought 50 men ashore at Port-Royal. This new contingent included his 14-year-old son, Charles de Biencourt, the lawyer and writer Marc Lescarbot, and the pharmacist Louis Hébert.
A replica of Poutrincourt’s gristmill lies near the original site on the Lequille River © Parks Canada/A. Rierden
A person with broad interests, Poutrincourt came with a vision of creating a self-sustaining agricultural colony and began to work toward that end. Under his supervision, his workmen cleared large areas of land for grain and other crops upriver near present Fort Anne National Historic Site. On a small river nearby (present-day Allains River), Poutrincourt built a water-powered mill to grind the grain.
As the colony evolved, music, performance and celebration became a central part of life. In November of 1606, for example, Poutrincourt and Champlain limped back to Port-Royal after an expedition down the coast, where they had faced a hostile encounter with the Monomoyick peoples of Cape Cod. As their battered barque sailed to shore, the exuberant Lescarbot welcomed the explorers back. A family friend of Poutrincourt, Lescarbot had written a theatrical production especially for the occasion. Le Théâtre de Neptune, or The Neptune Theatre, called for a cast of eleven actors including the sea god Neptune, Tritons and Frenchmen dressed as native people. Into this lively script, Lescarbot wove classical verse, humour and poems of praise for Sieur de Poutrincourt.
A gifted musician and composer, Poutrincourt also contributed to the settlement’s artistic spirits. He wrote both religious and secular music and encouraged singing for various celebrations. Champlain too, added to the merriment by creating a dining society called the Order of Good Cheer or, L’Ordre de Bon Temps.
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High School: Geometry
Similarity, Right Triangles, and Trigonometry HSG-SRT.D.9
9. Derive the formula A = ½ab sin(C) for the area of a triangle by drawing an auxiliary line from a vertex perpendicular to the opposite side.
Area 51, originally intended to be a testing site for the U-2 spy plane, has grown in pop culture and infamy to outlandish proportions. The alleged site of myriad government and military cover-ups, this location is well known around world for its rumored possession and testing of alien technologies and specimens.
Many parents scoff at the idea that the government needs to cover up any evidence of extraterrestrial life, claiming their very own teenage offspring have clearly been replaced with aliens. We here at Shmoop are keeping our mouths shut. After all, that kind of information is classified for a reason.
As for Area 51, well, we disavow any knowledge of that topic as well.
But finding the area of a triangle is public knowledge that we are willing and able to discuss. Even young spacelings—er, students—are familiar with the topic. By second grade, they have begun their study of area by counting the number of squares inside a shape. By sixth grade, they've calculated area with formulas. And now, they need to be able to derive the formula for finding the area of a triangle.
Before they become convinced that the standard expects them to master an alien concept, have them work through a few sample problems. Start with the original formula they learned (A = ½bh) and a few right triangles. Then demonstrate the derivation of the fancier sine-based version and relate it to the simpler one.
Being able to derive the formula is one skill that will be crucial for those students choosing to enroll in more advanced math courses, like analytic geometry, applied calculus, and intergalactic algebra.
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Definition of thy
: of or relating to thee or thyself especially as possessor or agent or as object of an action —used especially in ecclesiastical or literary language and sometimes by Friends especially among themselves
Origin and Etymology of thy
Middle English thin, thy, from Old English thīn, genitive of thū thou — more at thou
First Known Use: 12th century
THY Defined for Kids
Definition of thy for Students
: your <“Out!” snapped Father Wolf. “Out, and hunt with thy master.” — Rudyard Kipling, The Jungle Book> Hint: Thy is a very old word that still appears in books and sayings from long ago. People also use it today to imitate that old way of speaking.
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up thy? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).
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Published: Jun 2003
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|PDF (2.5M)||32||$25|| ADD TO CART|
|Complete Source PDF (104M)||325||$1086|| ADD TO CART|
VOLATILITY, IN ITS SIMPLEST DEFINITION, IS THE TENDENCY OF A LIQUID TO CHANGE INTO VAPOR. For fuels, lubricants, and other petroleum products, this tendency is measured in a variety of ways. Volatility parameters are related to the performance characteristics and/or safety of these materials. Among the various ways of determining the volatility properties of materials are: distillation, rate of evaporation measurement, flash point test, and vapor pressure determination. Distillation determines the temperatures required to evaporate known portions of the material, as well as the temperatures at which distillation begins and ends. Distillation also determines the temperature the boiling range of the materials. A volatility property particularly important in solvents and coating materilas is the rate of evaporation. The flash point of a liquid is the lowest temperature, corrected for barrometric pressures, at which application of an ignition source causes the vapor above the specimen to ignite. Vapor pressure is the force per unit area exerted on the walls of a closed container by the vaporized portion portion of the liquid material in the container.
Imperial Oil Ltd., Products and Chemicals Division, Sarnia, Ontario
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Tillandsia, also known as air plants, are a very versatile choice for terrariums because they do not need any soil. Air plants are epiphytic meaning that they grow on trees or other structures and get their moisture and nutrients from air and rain.
There are about 600 different species of tillandsia, ranging from Spanish Moss to the small air plants you will find glued in seashell souvenirs at the beach.
Their epiphytic nature allows for unlimited creativity when you are creating a terrarium. Tillandsia can be glued or wired to almost any surface.
Caring for Tillandsia Air Plants
Tillandsia are very easy to care for, as long as you remember that they DO need water. When you first get your air plant, soak it in water for 20-30 minutes; allow it to dry completely before placing or mounting it in your terrarium. Mist your air plants about once a week, although you may need to adjust this more or less depending on the humidity of your house and terrarium container. If your air plant looks unhappy and too dry, take it out and soak it again for at least 30 minutes.
Tillandsia prefer bright indirect light so try to make sure they are in a well lit area in your home. Just be careful not to place them in direct sunlight, especially in a terrarium, since the glass container will heat up very quickly and cook your plants. They can also grow happily under fluorescent lighting so they can be a great low-maintenance choice for offices.
More Information about Tillandsia Air Plants:
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"The true sign of intelligence is not knowledge but imagination." This quote by renowned scientist Albert Einstein motivated us to beat our brains out in order to discover different types of intelligences that exists in the world.
We came across an infographic created by Mark Vital of Funders and Founders, wherein he beautifully depicted 9 types of intelligences based on a book titled "Frames of Mind: Theory of Multiple Intelligences" by American developmental psychologist Howard Gardner. This book was published in 1983.
Gardner, who has been awarded the Brock International Prize in Education this year, has demonstrated existence of 9 different types of intelligences as following:
· Naturalist Intelligence
This intelligence designates the human ability to discriminate among living things, for instance: plants and animals. Besides, it also makes one sensitive regarding other features of the natural world, for instance: clouds and rock configurations. This is best showcased by farmers, hunters, and gatherers.
· Musical intelligence
It is the capacity to discern pitch, rhythm, timbre, and tone. This intelligence enables us to recognize, create, reproduce, and reflect on music. It is demonstrated by composers, conductors, musicians, vocalist, and sensitive listeners.
· Logical-Mathematical Intelligence
It's the ability to calculate, quantify, consider propositions and hypotheses, and carry out complete mathematical operations.
· Existential Intelligence
Sensitivity and capacity to tackle deep questions about human existence, such as the meaning of life, why do we die, and how did we get here.
· Interpersonal Intelligence
It is the ability to understand and interact effectively with others. This type of intelligence is exhibited by teachers, social workers, actors, and politicians.
· Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence
It is the capacity to manipulate objects and use a variety of physical skills. This intelligence also involves a sense of timing and the perfection of skills through mind-body union. Athletes, dancers, surgeons, and craftspeople exhibit well-developed bodily kinesthetic intelligence.
· Linguistic Intelligence
This is the ability to think in words and to use language to express and appreciate complex meanings. Linguistic intelligence is the most widely shared human competence and is evident in poets, novelists, journalists, and effective public speakers.
· Intra-personal Intelligence
It's the capacity to understand oneself and one's thoughts and feelings, which can be use in planning and directing one's life.
· Spatial Intelligence
This is the ability to think in three dimensions:
1) Core capacities (mental imagery, spatial reasoning, image manipulation)
2) graphic and artistic skills
3) an active imagination
Sailors, pilots, sculptors, painters, and architects all exhibit spatial intelligence.
You can also share this infographic with your friends and family members to find out their domain of intelligence.
(Image 1: Thinkstock)
(About the infographic: This has been created by Mark Vital of Funders and Founders. )
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Generic/Broad Job Description
A business analyst solves business problems by designing information systems which execute the strategy defined by the business. These solutions generally achieve one of the following goals for the business: implement a new/novel business process, increase efficiency and productivity of existing business processes, or reduce operating costs of existing processes. A quick note: many of you reading this might think the snapshot of the profession focuses too much on systems. That may be so, however the reality is that most, if not all, projects have solutions that rely heavily on information systems and technology. This is the reality of today's business analyst.
The business/systems analyst gathers and analyzes new business requirements and weighs them against the existing business systems and processes. Working closely with the business stakeholders, the analyst guides the process of modeling and designing new systems which implement the goals of the organization as expressed by the business requirements.
Next, they document the solution, the blueprint of the new system, by creating documents and diagrams which specify system-user interactions, describe how data should flow through the system, and spell out the logical operations the new system must perform. They present their design to the business and, once approved, they work closely with the system architects and programmers to implement the solution.
Typical Work Activities
Most business analysts and systems analysts are involved in creating, modifying, or maintaining some type of information system or software. Depending on the size and nature of the organization, work activities include, but are not limited to:
- interacting with the business organization representatives, including executive management, to understand the business process and the needs of the business
- gathering business requirements from identified project stakeholders identifying potential solutions to the problems posed by the business needs and requirements
- translating the business requirements into functional requirements (what features should the system have)
- creating functional specifications for new systems which solve the given business problems
- presenting solutions to business stakeholders and facilitate the iterative refinement of the system requirements
- working with the developers (programmers) to make sure the functional specifications are un-ambiguous
- creating (or helping others create) test scenarios and verifying the system
How does one become an analyst?
Effective analysts have comprehensive business knowledge in addition to the systems design skills. They generally become analysts in one of the two ways:
- Earn a degree in a business related discipline (such as economics, finance, or accounting) and, on the job, continue their education by learning systems design skills and by getting involved as stakeholders in IT projects. Many such business practitioners attend additional courses in software design, use cases, modeling in order to round out their modern analyst skills.
- Another very common path is to earn a degree in computer science or related field (such as engineering, information systems, etc.) and begin work as programmers, web designers, etc. Slowly, on the job, they acquire business domain skills from the projects they worked on as developers. Most developers take additional courses in communication, writing, requirements elicitation to round out their modern analyst skills.
Many business analysts go on and earn advanced degrees some focused on a business side such as an MBA and some in the technical field such as Masters in Information Systems or Computer Science.
How much does it pay?
According to the 2005 statistics published by the U.S. Department of Labor, the median annual wage for Computer Systems Analysts was $68,300 with the highest-paid 10 percent of analysts earning more than $102,750.
Managers of computer and information systems teams earn a median annual wage of $96,520 with the highest paid ones earning in excess of $145,000 per year.
How many jobs are out there and in what industries?
In 2005, there were almost half a million computer systems analysts in United States and about 259,000 computer and information systems managers.
Today’s analysts are employed by virtually every industry which uses computer systems such as: all levels of government, software design companies, financial institutions, internet companies, manufacturing companies, universities, etc.
What about the future?
Over the next ten years, the number of information technology analysts is expected to grow much faster than the average career. People with proper training should have great job prospects. Those who have college degrees in business and courses related to computers also should be able to find jobs in this field.
The 2006 research by Money Magazine and Salary.com, ranked “Computer IT Analyst” to be the 7th best job in America with an average salary of $83,500 and a 10-year growth outlook of 36%. According to the same research report, the annual job openings for this position reached 67,300 – that’s a lot of job openings.
Read on: Definition of the Business Analyst Profession
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This month’s book review and give-away is incredibly unique. It’s called Reading Amplified: Digital Tools That Engage Students in Words, Books, and Ideas by ninth grade teacher Lee Ann Spillane. The book is from Stenhouse’s new line of Read & Watch books which bring together text, video, and audio.
What I love about this format is that you can read about a teaching strategy and then watch a video demonstration of the strategy all within the context of the book. You can also leave comments on each chapter to ask questions of the author or exchange ideas with other readers. If you use a free service like Diigo, you can even highlight text and take notes on the pages.
To access the various chapter sections, you just click “Next Page” at the bottom of a page or click the section title in the navigation bar. I skim and scan a lot when reading online, and I’d like to have a “View All” option so that I can see the entire chapter on one page. However, I can see how other readers might prefer to have the book organized the way it is, because it speeds up loading time, more closely resembles a real book, and prevents the reader from becoming overwhelmed at the large amount of information on one page.
Here’s a video to show you how the Read & Watch books work:
In this particular Read & Watch book, Reading Amplified, Lee Ann Spillane explains how she guides her students to deeper reading and engagement using digital tools. Though Spillane teaches at the secondary level, the tools she demonstrates in the book are easily adaptable for a wide range of grade levels (such as the Google Book search concordance feature, comic strip software, and my personal favorite, Voicethread).
Spillane takes a very practical approach to the topics she tackles (which range from fluency to vocabulary to comprehension skills) and she writes and speaks conversationally in the text and videos. She includes photos of student work samples, audio samples of her read-alouds, and video tutorials to show you exactly how to implement the strategies she’s shared.
The book also includes lots of links to other resources where you can learn more about the topic or connect with other educators through forums, wikis, Twitter, etc. Usually when I read professional texts, I end up Googling something every few pages to clarify a term, learn the research or opposing views to what I just read, or see how teachers are actually implementing the ideas in their classrooms. When I read Reading Amplified, this wasn’t necessary: each time I thought Oh, that’s amazing, I want to know more!, I’d find in the very next sentence that Spillane had linked to a high-quality resource that was exactly what I was looking for.
It’s very tempting to turn a book about technology integration into an obsession with “cool tools”, but Spillane does a remarkable job staying focused on deep learning. It’s obvious from the instructional strategies she chooses that Spillane’s ultimate goal is to motivate her students to become passionate and independent readers. Her approach is holistic and always practical–she speaks to the classroom management and technology challenges that teachers face in real classrooms (I love the section called “What If It’s Blocked? A Work-Around That Won’t Get You Fired”).
Spillane also deserves credit for making the book accessible to teachers at all different levels of tech proficiency. I’m pretty tech savvy, but never felt like I was reading a re-hash of every other tech-integrated reading resource that’s out there: I learned about lots of tools I hadn’t heard of and discovered new ways to use familiar tools. And because of the straightforward language and descriptions Spillane uses (not to mention the video tutorials that are included), I feel very confident in recommending this book to teachers who are in the beginning stages of learning to integrate technology into instruction.
In addition to Reading Amplified, there are two other Read & Watch books now available on the Stenhouse website: Word Travelers: Using Digital Tools to Explore Vocabulary and Develop Independent Learners by Lee Ann Tysseling and Digitally Speaking by Erik Palmer. Each of the Read & Watch books is available for less than $20 for a limited time.
A big thanks to Stenhouse for providing the review copies for me and offering copies of ALL THREE Read & Watch books for FIVE fans of The Cornerstone! Enter the contest below to win–you can enter daily until the contest closes at midnight EST on December 12. Good luck!
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- 40 Hour Teacher Workweek Club is open to new members through July 6th - June 27, 2016
- 8 things you can do this summer to make back-to-school less stressful - June 21, 2016
- 4 secrets to building rapport with students (even when it’s hard to connect) - June 12, 2016
- Kiddom: an easier way to manage standards-based grading - June 1, 2016
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If your child has cancer, you're probably familiar with the short-term effects of the disease and its treatment: pain, nausea, fatigue, skin rashes, and more. But even when the disease is in remission and your child has been cancer-free for years, long-term side effects may arise. These problems are called "late effects."
About two-thirds of cancer survivors will develop at least one late effect sometime in their lifetimes. With early diagnosis and proper follow-up care, most late effects can be treated or cured.
The cancer itself is not what typically causes the late effects — rather, it's the treatment. Chemotherapy and radiation both work by killing fast-growing cells. Cancer cells are among those, but unfortunately so are lots of other healthy cells.
More research needs to be done to fully understand the mechanism that causes late effects, but it is likely that damage to these cells at critical points in a child's development leads to late effects.
The study of late effects in childhood cancer survivors is still relatively new. In many ways, this is a good thing. It means more and more kids are surviving childhood cancer and living longer. The downside, however, is that doctors can't always predict how the life-saving treatments they perform today are going to affect children's lives next month, next year, or 10 or 20 years down the road.
What is known is that the types of effects a childhood cancer survivor might experience later appears to depend on the type of cancer the child had, where it was in the body, the type and dose of chemotherapy and radiation, and the age and general health of the child at the time of treatment.
Late side effects experienced by childhood cancer survivors include:
Learning disabilities. Cognitive and memory impairments appear to be more common in kids who were younger than 5 at the time of treatment and in those who received chemotherapy directly in the spine or radiation to the head and neck area. Some chemotherapy drugs, like methotrexate and cytarabine (Ara-C), also can interfere with learning.
Learning difficulties range from mild to severe, and may show up soon after treatment or several years later. Common learning difficulties include problems with memory, processing speed, and multitasking. Kids who are at risk of learning disabilities should be evaluated after their cancer treatment ends.
Abnormal bone growth. Kids who undergo radiation treatment may be at risk for stunted bone growth later on, especially in the area where the radiation was targeted. Chemotherapy has a similar effect, and even though there may be a period of catch-up growth after treatment, some kids won't grow past a certain height.
Growth disorders also can be caused by treatment's effect on the glands and hormones of the endocrine system, the system in the body that regulates growth and development. Children younger than 5 or those who were in puberty at the time of treatment seem to be most susceptible. They also may be at risk for developing osteoporosis (thinning of the bones) or scoliosis (a curvature of the spine).
Thyroid problems. The thyroid is a gland of the endocrine system that controls metabolism. It may be damaged by radiation to the head or neck. The result is typically hypothyroidism, an underproduction of thyroid hormone that results in fatigue, weight gain, thinning hair, and dry skin.
Hearing loss. Chemotherapy, radiation to the brain, and even certain antibiotics can lead to high-frequency hearing loss (when a person cannot hear high-pitched sounds), tinnitus (ringing in the ears), or dizziness.
Vision problems. Blurred or double vision, glaucoma, or cataracts are more likely in kids who were treated for tumors near the eye or received radiation to the brain.
Dental problems. Short dental roots, delayed teeth, or missing teeth are more common in very young children who've had radiation to the brain. All kids who have received chemotherapy are at risk for tooth decay and gum disease.
Lung, liver, or kidney problems. Childhood cancer treatments have been linked to several types of organ damage later in life, although the severity varies widely depending on the type of cancer and treatment.
Heart problems. Kids who had chemotherapy with anthracycline antibiotic drugs or underwent chest and spinal radiation are at increased risk for heart problems up to 20 years or longer after treatment. The severity of the problem depends on how much chemotherapy or radiation was given during treatment, what part of the body the radiation was delivered to, and the child's age at the time of treatment. Family genetics, weight, and cholesterol level also have an impact regarding heart problems.
Delayed sexual development and fertility issues. Both chemotherapy and radiation can cause fertility problems. These late effects may be from damage to the endocrine system (which triggers the onset of puberty) or to the sexual organs themselves.
Because of the risk, special measures are taken prior to or during treatment to preserve the reproductive organs. For example, during radiation doctors may shield the ovaries and testicles from treatment. And teens boys and girls may be able to bank their sperm and eggs prior to treatment. The good news is that despite these potential risks, many childhood cancer survivors can go on to have healthy children of their own.
Increased risk of future cancers. Childhood cancer survivors have a slightly increased risk of developing a second cancer at some point in their life — even if the original cancer doesn't recur. Many factors affect this risk, such as the type of the first cancer, the treatments given, and any genetic predisposition.
Once your child is deemed cancer-free and in remission, you may be tempted to stay as far away from doctors and hospitals as you can. But your child needs to be carefully monitored for years to come, even into adulthood. As with any disease, the sooner any potential late effects are caught, the quicker they can be managed.
After treatment ends, ask the doctor for what's called an "off-treatment summary" that includes all of the information related to your child's cancer diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up care. Follow-up appointments may include regular screenings like blood tests, hearing tests, vision tests, and heart tests (echocardiograms, or EKGs).
It's important that your child follow this schedule. The hospital may have a cancer survivorship clinic to help with this process. Survivorship clinics provide long-term medical services and follow-up care for cancer survivors. The focus is on educating you and your child about the cancer that's now in remission; long-term follow-up recommendations; and ways to live a healthy, happy, long life.
Be sure to keep all medical records in a safe place and give them to your child when he or she is old enough to manage his or her own health care.
As your child grows, emphasize the importance of regular follow-up care and also a healthy lifestyle that includes a balanced diet and regular exercise. Both can increase your child's chances of staying well in the future.
Any childhood cancer survivor has to learn to live with the thought that the cancer might come back. Some kids may even put off telling their parents about certain symptoms for fear of being sick again.
Reassure your child that no one knows what tomorrow holds and that even if a late effect should one day appear, it's better to address symptoms earlier rather than later. Many late effects are treatable with routine medical care. Also explain that the only reason the late effect exists is because his or her life was once saved.
Despite the emotional toll of having had a childhood cancer, most kids with a strong support system are not only able to move past their ordeal but also to thrive.
Reviewed by: Joanne Quillen, MSN, PNP-BC
Date reviewed: May 2012
|American Childhood Cancer Organization ACCO provides support and information for children and teens with cancer.|
|American Cancer Society The American Cancer Society is the nationwide community-based voluntary health organization dedicated to preventing cancer, saving lives and diminishing suffering from cancer through research, education, advocacy, and service. Call:(800) ACS-2345|
|Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation for Childhood Cancer A unique foundation that evolved from a young cancer patient's front-yard lemonade stand to a nationwide fundraising movement to find a cure for pediatric cancer.|
|Fertile Hope Fertile Hope is a nonprofit organization dedicated to providing information, support, and hope to cancer patients and survivors whose medical treatments present the risk of infertility.|
|Cancer Basics Get the basics on cancer and cancer treatments in this article.|
|Steroids and Cancer Treatment If your doctor prescribed steroids as part of your treatment for an illness, don't worry. It's not the illegal, doping scandal kind of steroid. Get the details in this article for teens.|
|When Cancer Keeps You Home Sometimes kids who have cancer need to stay home instead of going to school and doing their normal stuff. Find out why and what kids can do in the meantime.|
|Cancer: Readjusting to Home and School If you've just finished a long hospital stay, you may have questions about reconnecting with friends and family. Get answers in this article for teens.|
|Coping With Cosmetic Effects of Cancer Treatment It's normal for kids to have hair loss, skin changes, or weight gain during treatment. This article offers tips for helping kids feel better about their appearance.|
|Keeping Your Child Healthy During Cancer Remission Many families with a child in remission feel empowered to make lifestyle changes that could benefit their child's health in the future. Here are some tips.|
|Can I Have Children After Cancer Treatments? When chemotherapy and other treatments attack cancer cells, they can affect some of the body's healthy cells too. As a teen, you'll want to know what this can mean to your fertility.|
|Effects of Cancer Treatment on Fertility While some cancer treatments have little to no effect on reproductive health, others are more likely cause temporary or permanent infertility.|
|Dealing With Cancer It's unusual for teens to have cancer, but it can happen. The good news is that most will survive and return to their everyday lives. Learn about how to cope if you or someone you know has cancer.|
|Cancer Center Visit our Cancer Center for teens to get information and advice on treating and coping with cancer.|
|Cancer Center From treatments and prevention to coping with the emotional aspects of cancer, the Cancer Center provides comprehensive information that parents need.|
|Steroids for Treating Cancer Unlike the steroids that body builders use, steroids used in cancer treatment are safe and help kids feel better.|
|Stem Cell Transplants Stem cells can develop into cells with different skills, so they're useful in treating diseases like cancer.|
|Side Effects of Chemotherapy and Radiation Side effects of cancer treatment can include fatigue or flu-like symptoms, hair loss, and blood clotting problems. After treatment ends, most side effects gradually go away.|
|Cancer Center Cancer is a serious illness that needs special treatment. Find out more about how kids can cope with cancer.|
|Chemotherapy Chemotherapy is a big word for treatment with medicines used to help people who have cancer. This medicine kills the cancer cells that are making the person sick.|
|Radiation Therapy Radiation therapy is a treatment that can help people with cancer. Learn what's involved and how it works.|
What to expect when coming to Akron Children's
For healthcare providers and nurses
Residency & Fellowships, Medical Students, Nursing and Allied Health
For prospective employees and career-seekers
Our online community that provides inspirational stories and helpful information.
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Essay on Divali, an Ideal Cultural Essay Topic
Enlighten Others on the Festival by Writing an Essay on Diwali
Majority of Indians and Nepalese celebrate the festival of Diwali. This celebration is mainly a Hindu festivity, but people from other Indian religions too have been known to join in the celebrations. When you are assigned to write an essay on Diwali there are numerous elements of the festival which you can discuss and provide information on. Since this is a festival related to a particular culture, by writing informatively, the essay writer can create a high awareness. By infusing descriptive essay writing skills, the essay can pain a vivid picture of the festival in the minds of a reader that has not experienced this festivity.
What is Diwali?
Diwali is also known as the festival of lights. Thousands of small clay lamps are lit all along the streets and lakes and the sight is a breathtaking yet serene one. Unlike Christmas or New Year there is no set date for the festival. The celebration depends on the timing of the lunar calendar.
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Frequently Asked Questions FAQ
What’s a Power of Attorney?
A power of attorney is a legal instrument that is used to delegate legal authority to another. The person who signs a power of attorney is called the principal. The power of attorney gives legal authority to another person (called an agent or attorney-in-fact) to make property, financial and other legal decisions for the principal. The word attorney here means anyone authorized to act on another’s behalf. Its not restricted to lawyers.
A principal can give an agent broad legal authority, or very limited authority. The power of attorney is frequently used to help in the event of a principal’s illness or disability, or in legal transactions where the principal cannot be present to sign necessary legal documents.
Is it possible for an Agent to steal my money and property?
Yes. A power of attorney can be abused, and dishonest agents have used powers of attorney to transfer the principal’s assets to themselves and others. That is why it is so important to appoint an agent who is completely trustworthy.
What kinds of legal authority can be granted with a Power of Attorney?
A power of attorney can be used to grant any, or all, of the following legal powers to an agent:
- Buy, sell, maintain, pay taxes on and mortgage real estate.
- Manage your property.
- Conduct your banking transactions.
- Invest, or not invest, your money in stocks, bonds and mutual funds.
- Make legal claims and conduct litigation.
- Attend to tax and retirement matters.
- Make gifts on your behalf.
- Use your assets to pay your everyday expenses and those of your family.
- Buy and sell insurance policies and annuities for you.
- Claim property you inherit or are otherwise entitled to.
- Collect benefits from Social Security, Medicare or other government programs or civil or military service.
- Operate your small business.
Do I need to have my signature witnessed on a Power of Attorney?
Power of attorney requirements vary by state, but typically are signed by the principal and need to be witnessed and/or acknowledged before a notary public.
Do I need a lawyer to prepare a Power of Attorney?
No, you are not required to hire a lawyer.
How many copies of a Power of Attorney should I sign?
You are required to sign (execute) only one copy. However, it is not unusual for a principal to sign several original copies. Some banks and brokerage companies have their own durable power of attorney forms. If you want your attorney-in-fact to have an easy time with these institutions, you may need to prepare two (or more) durable powers of attorney with your own form and forms provided by the institutions with which you do business.
How do I select an Agent for a Power of Attorney?
You should choose a trusted family member, a proven friend, or a professional with an outstanding reputation for honesty. Remember, signing a power of attorney that grants broad authority to an agent is very much like signing a blank check. Certainly, you should never give a Power of Attorney to someone you do not trust fully. Do not allow anyone to force you into signing a Power of Attorney.
What is a “durable power of attorney”? Are there different types of powers of attorney?
There are various types of powers of attorney; they can be either general, durable or limited. Some states have also adopted a statutory power of attorney. A general power of attorney grants the agent broad powers to act in regard to the principal’s assets and property while the principal is alive and not incapacitated. A durable power of attorney will remain effective even if the principal becomes incapacitated. A special or limited power of attorney restricts the agent’s action to a particular purpose in order to handle specific matters when the principal is unavailable or unable to do so. A statutory power of attorney copies the language in a state statute which includes an example of a form that may be used. State laws vary, but the states that have adopted a statutory form of power of attorney typically allow for other language to be used as long as it complies with the state law. A power of attorney may be created for a limited time period and/or specific purpose, such as a Health Care Power of Attorney, Power of Attorney for Care and Custody of Children, Power of Attorney for Real Estate matters and Power of Attorney for the Sale of a Motor Vehicle.
I have a living trust. Do I still need a durable power of attorney for finances?
A revocable living trust can be useful if you become incapable of taking care of your financial affairs. The person who will distribute trust property after your death (the successor trustee) can also, in most cases, take over management of the trust property if you become incapacitated.
Few people, however, transfer all their property to a living trust, and the successor trustee has no authority over property that the trust does not own. So a living trust isn’t a complete substitute for a durable power of attorney for finances.
Can I appoint more than one Agent in a Power of Attorney?
Yes, you may appoint multiple agents. If you appoint two or more agents, you must decide whether they must act together in making decisions involving your affairs, or whether each can act separately.
Consider the advantages and disadvantages to both forms of appointment. Requiring your Agents to act jointly can safeguard the soundness of their decisions. On the other hand, requiring agreement can delay action, or one may be unavailable to sign. If your agents are allowed to act separately, one will usually be available to act for you, but there may be confusion and disagreements if the agents do not communicate with one another, or if one of them believes that the other is not acting in your best interests.
Powers of attorney are only as good as the agents who are appointed. Appointing a trustworthy person as an agent is critical. Without a trustworthy agent, a power of attorney becomes a dangerous legal instrument, and a threat to the principal’s best interests.
Can a Power of Attorney grant an Agent the authority to make medical decisions for the Principal?
In some states, the proper legal instrument for delegating health-care decisions to another is called a health care proxy. In most states a durable power of attorney for finances does not give your agent legal authority to make medical decisions. In most states, you also want to write out your wishes in a living will or an advanced health care directive which will tell your doctors your preferences about certain kinds of medical treatment and life-sustaining procedures if you cannot communicate your wishes. If your living will is properly prepared, your doctors are legally bound to respect your wishes.
Once I sign a Power of Attorney, may I continue to make legal and financial decisions for myself?
Yes, the agent named in a power of attorney is only your representative. As long as you are capable to make decisions, you can instruct your agent to do only those things that you want done.
What are an Agent’s obligations to a Principal?
The agent is obligated to act in the best interests of the principal. An agent is a fiduciary, with strict standards of honesty and loyalty to the principal. An agent must safeguard the principal’s property, and keep it separate from the agent’s personal property. Money should be kept in a separate bank account for the benefit of the principal, and agents must also keep accurate financial records of their activities, and provide complete and periodic accountings for all money and property coming into their possession. Instruct your agent to provide accurate records of all transactions completed for you, and to give you periodic accountings. You can also direct your agent to provide an accounting to a third party (e.g., a member of your family or trusted friend) in the event you are unable to review the accounting yourself.
Am I required to file a Power of Attorney in a government office?
Usually, powers of attorney do not need to be recorded. However, powers of attorney dealing with the sale and purchase of real estate must be recorded in the county real estate records.
Who monitors the actions of my Agent?
There is no official or government monitoring of agents acting pursuant to power of attorney. That is the responsibility of the principal. It is therefore important to insist that your agent keep accurate records of all transactions completed for you, and to provide you with periodic accountings. You might also direct your agent to give an accounting to a third party in the event you are unable to review the accounting yourself.
What can I do if my Agent does not follow my instructions?
You may revoke the authority of the agent. n order to revoke, cancel, or end a power of attorney before it expires, the principal must sign a revocation of power of attorney and give a copy of the revocation to any person who might have or will possibly deal with the agent. Giving a copy of the revocation to people the former attorney-in-fact dealt with is to avoid an apparent authority situation.
A person has apparent authority as an agent when the principal, by his words or conduct (e.g., having granted power of attorney to former attorney-in-fact), leads a third person to reasonably believe that the person/agent has the authority that the agent appears to have, and the third person relies on this appearance of authority. The question of apparent authority is probably the most litigated question in agency law.
If a principal revokes a power of attorney that is recorded in the real estate records of a county, a revocation of that power of attorney should also be recorded in the real estate records.
How The Agent Should Sign?
Assume John Doe appoints his wife, Mary Doe, as his agent in a written power of attorney. One way to sign a document as attorney-in-fact would be as follows:
By:_________________________ JOHN DOE, Attorney-in-Fact
What if I move?
Generally, a Power of Attorney that is valid when you sign it will remain valid even if you change your state of residence. It should not be necessary to sign a new power of attorney merely because you have moved to a new state. However, it is a good idea to take the opportunity to update your power of attorney.
Will my Power of Attorney expire?
Today, most states permit a Durable Power of Attorney to remain valid once signed until the principal dies or revokes the document
Is there any authority that cannot be given to an agent?
Generally speaking, a principal can give an agent the authority to do any act that the principal could do on his or her own, unless prohibited by public policy or a contractual obligation. Although each state is free to determine its own rules, the following acts are generally not permitted by an agent on behalf of a principal:
- Marriage or Divorce. Matters pertaining to marriage and divorce cannot be delegated to an agent.
- Voting. An agent cannot vote on behalf of a principal.
- Creating, amending or revoking a Last Will and Testament. No state (with the possible exception of the State of Washington) currently allows an agent to create, amend or revoke a Last Will and Testament on behalf of a principal.
- Amending or revoking revocable living trusts. If a revocable living trust provides for the disposition of assets upon the death of the grantor, then the common law provides that an agent cannot act on behalf of the grantor to amend or revoke the trust. However, the law in this regard is not clear in most states, so extreme caution is warranted if this authority is to be considered under a power of attorney.
- Representing a principal in court. An agent may not normally represent a principal in court. The exception, of course, is if the agent is also an attorney at law.
- Bankruptcy. The bankruptcy courts are divided on this issue. One bankruptcy court (the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Virginia) has denied a bankruptcy petition filed by an agent on behalf of a principal. Other bankruptcy courts have permitted such filings.
- Retirement benefits. Neither the Department of Veterans Affairs, the Social Security Administration, nor the United States Office of Personnel Management recognizes an agent under a power of attorney.
Where should a power of attorney be kept?
Unless the power of attorney is to be used immediately, the original should always be retained by the principal in a safe place. The agent should be advised that he or she has been named as agent and should also be advised as to the location of the original and the number of originals that have been signed. If the principal stores the originals of the power of attorney in a safe-deposit box, the principal should authorize the bank to allow the agent access to it and should also give the agent a key. If the principal stores the originals of the power of attorney at home, then the originals should be kept in a fire and water proof safe. The agent should also have access to the home, either with a key or through contact with a neighbor or relative.
Is a Power of Attorney legal if a family member takes it upon himself to get a power of attorney, and has the principal sign even though the principal is already incompetent?
In order for a power of attorney (POA) document to be valid, the person granting the POA (the Principal) must be mentally competent when the Principal signs it. This means that the Principal must understand the powers that he/she are granting to the Agent (i.e. the attorney-in-fact) and the implications of having someone else make decisions for the Principal.
How can I get a power of attorney for my father who is already incompetent?
A person appointing an agent must be mentally and legally competent to appoint an agent. Otherwise, the appointment is voidable. Someone who had been declared NCM (i.e., mentally incompetent) by a Court cannot appoint an agent.
You might consider having a guardian or conservator appointed on behalf of your father. A guardianship or conservatorship is a legal relationship between a competent adult (e.g., guardian or conservator) and a person who is no longer able to make his own responsible decisions (e.g., ward). A guardian or conservator appointed by a court can be authorized to make legal, financial, and health care decisions for the ward. The guardian must regularly report to the court and may be removed if he or she does not adequately take care of the ward and adhere to the guardianship or conservatorship laws.
Do all power-of-attorney documents expire upon the death of the grantor?
Generally, the death of the principal (grantor) operates as an instantaneous and absolute revocation of the agent’s authority or power.
Can the attorney-in-fact of a power of attorney resign?
A power of attorney is simply an agency relationship based on an agreement authorizing one person, the agent, to act for another, the principal. An agent or attorney-in-fact may resign by giving notice to the principal (person that granted the power of attorney) and recording the notice wherever the power of attorney was recorded (such as the county land records).
Is an agent appointed as power of attorney responsible for debts obtained by principal?
If the power of attorney legally authorizes a particular act, the agent cannot be held personally liable for doing that act, unless the contract specifies otherwise.
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Dr. Larissa Samuelson, University of Iowa, Playing With Your Food
Maybe you should let your children play with their food!
It seems like a mess just waiting to happen, but Larissa Samuelson, associate professor of psychology at the University of Iowa, is demonstrating that playing with one's food might be a beneficial part of the learning process.
Dr. Larissa Samuelson is an associate professor of psychology at the University of Iowa. Her main research interests include: word learning and category formation, dynamic systems theory, and the role of domain-general processes in cognitive development. She earned her PhD from Indiana University in 2000.
Dr. Larissa Samuelson - Playing With Your Food
“Don’t play with your food” is a familiar refrain at the dinner table with young children. Recent research in my laboratory, however, shows how playing—sometimes even with food—is critical for learning.
Imagine you are looking at a cup of school glue and a cup of milk. How do you know which one you should drink? Visual information alone won’t tell you but if you stuck your finger in the cups you’d quickly know. This is the situation faced by children when learning names for nonsolid things like pudding and oatmeal. In my previous work we found that children had trouble learning names for nonsolid substances in the laboratory, even though they learn names for similar things at home.
It turns out, however, most of the names for nonsolid substances that children learn early are names for foods; words like milk, juice and jelly. And, critically, young children experience foods in a particular context—the highchair. This context is special both because it is different from the typical table setting we use in the laboratory and because many children are used to playing with their food and getting messy when seated in their highchair.
To look at how playing might make learning easier we taught toddlers names for unfamiliar substances while seated either at a table or in a highchair. We showed them a novel substance—blue mayonnaise in a figure 8 and named it—“this is my toma” We then showed them pink mayonnaise in a squiggle and mustard in a figure 8 and asked them which was also a toma. Children whose parents reported they were messy eaters at home played with the stimuli when they were seated in the highchair but not at the table. And, those children who played with the stimuli learned the names better. The highchair context brought out behaviors essential to learning names for nonsolid substances. This shows that context can help children use what they already know to learn new things and it also illustrates a more general truth – knowledge is constructed over time via play.
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Chemists at the University of Montreal used DNA molecules to developed rapid, inexpensive medical diagnostic tests that take only a few minutes to perform. Their findings, which will officially be published tomorrow in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, may aid efforts to build point-of-care devices for quick medical diagnosis of various diseases ranging from cancer, allergies, autoimmune diseases, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and many others. The new technology may also drastically impact global health, due to its potential low cost and easiness of use, according to the research team. The rapid and easy-to-use diagnostic tests are made of DNA and use one of the simplest force in chemistry, steric effects - a repulsion force that arises when atoms are brought too close together - to detect a wide array of protein markers that are linked to various diseases.
The design was created by the research group of Alexis Vallée-Bélisle, a professor in the Department of Chemistry at University of Montreal. "Despite the power of current diagnostic tests, a significant limitation is that they still require complex laboratory procedures. Patients typically must wait for days or even weeks to receive the results of their blood tests," Vallée-Bélisle said. "The blood sample has to be transported to a centralized lab, its content analyzed by trained personnel, and the results sent back to the doctor's office. If we can move testing to the point of care, or even at home, it would eliminates the lag time between testing and treatment, which would enhance the effectiveness of medical interventions."
The key breakthrough underlying this new technology came by chance. "While working on the first generation of these DNA-base tests, we realized that proteins, despite their small size (typically 1000 times smaller than a human hair) are big enough to run into each other and create steric effect (or traffic) at the surface of a sensor, which drastically reduced the signal of our tests," said Sahar Mahshid, postdoctoral scholar at the University of Montreal and first author of the study. "Instead of having to fight this basic repulsion effect, we instead decided to embrace this force and build a novel signaling mechanism, which detects steric effects when a protein marker binds to the DNA test."
The sensing principle is straightforward: the diagnostically relevant protein (green or red), if present, binds to an electro-active DNA strand, and limits the ability of this DNA to hybridize to its complementary strand located on the surface of a gold electrode. Francesco Ricci, a professor at University of Rome Tor Vergata who also participated in this study, explains that this novel signaling mechanism produces sufficient change in current to be measured using inexpensive electronics similar to those in the home glucose test meter used by diabetics to check their blood sugar. Using this highly selective and sensitive DNA-based assay, the researchers were able to detect multiple protein markers directly in whole blood in fewer than 10 minutes, even if their concentration is 1,000 000 times less concentrated than glucose. "A great advantage of this DNA-based electrochemical test is that its sensing principle can be generalized to many different targets, allowing us to build inexpensive devices that could detect dozens of disease markers in less than five minutes in the doctor's office or even at home," concludes Alexis Vallée-Bélisle.
Univalor, the commercial partner of the Université de Montréal, strongly supports this project and has filed a patent application to protect the technology. "We are convinced that this rapid and easily multiplexed biosensor could significantly improve patient's health by providing new point-of-care diagnostics for a wide variety of diseases " said Patricia Escoffier, Project Manager at Univalor. Many other applications are envisaged, including pathogen detection in food or water and therapeutic drug monitoring at home, a feature which could drastically improve the efficient of various class of drugs and treatments.
About this study:
The University of Montreal is officially known as Université de Montréal. This work was funded by the Grand Challenges Canada, the Fond de recherche du Québec - Santé, and the Canada Research Chair in Bioengineering and Bio-nanotechnology.
Vallée-Bélisle and his colleagues will publish the final version of "A highly selective electrochemical DNA-based sensor that employs steric hindrance effects to detect proteins directly in whole blood" in the Journal of the American Chemical Society on September 24, 2015. (DOI:10.1021/jacs.5b04942)
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Researchers at John Hopkins University in Maryland have developed the HemoGlobe, a small smartphone attachment that can test for anemia. The sensor uses small wavelengths of light, not needles, to detect the level of hemoglobin in a person's blood. The results of the test are sent to a central database for further analysis.
The researchers at Johns Hopkins University estimate that the HemoGlobe could be manufactured for about $10 to $20 a piece. If mass produced, the HemoGlobe could be a big help to health workers in third world countries. A health worker who could use their phone to test for anemia could cover more ground than one who has to continually search for clean needles. The HemoGlobe has a shot at going into production as the team that developed it has won a $250,000 grant from Saving Lives at Birth: A Grand Challenge for Development competition.
Smartphone Blood Cell Tests
More Stats +/-
Anticipated Phone Graphics
Stuffed Toy Smartphone Cases
Magic Text-Predicting Apps
Footwear-Inspired Phone Protectors
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A research team of scientists from EMBL Grenoble and the IGBMC in Strasbourg, France, have, for the first time, described in molecular detail the architecture of the central scaffold of TFIID: the human protein complex essential for transcription from DNA to mRNA. The study, published today in Nature, opens new perspectives in the study of transcription and of the structure and mechanism of other large multi-protein assemblies involved in gene regulation.
By controlling the transcription of DNA into messenger RNA, TFIID forms the cornerstone of the machinery that controls gene expression in our cells. Despite its crucial role, very little was known about its architecture. TFIID is present at very low levels in cells, and it is a very large protein complex made of 20 subunits: this combination largely prevented previous attempts to purify it and decipher its structure and function in molecular detail. Even the most advanced methods for recombinant protein production met their limits when trying to produce its various subunits in the right proportions.
The solution to this bottleneck came from studying the strategy certain viruses, such as Coronaviruses, use when they replicate: they produce very long protein chains that are then divided into individual proteins. Mimicking this technique led to highly abundant and correctly assembled complexes of the core scaffold of TFIID (comprising 10 subunits), which could be purified and analysed at high resolution by combining electron microscopy and data from X-ray crystallography.
This ground-breaking analysis reveals the inner workings of the core-complex of human TFIID in unprecedented detail. It shows that some of its subunits adopt a very defined structure, whereas other parts appear to adopt intricate, extended geometries winding like worms through the complex, holding it together. The overall architecture of the complex is symmetric; however, the authors describe how it becomes asymmetric when it binds to other subunits to finally form the complete TFIID complex.
"We know now in some detail what the core of TFIID looks like, and what happens when further subunits are bound. We believe that we have opened the door to determining the architecture of the entire human TFIID complex in the near future, and likewise of other large multiprotein assemblies involved in gene regulation, and to explain their roles in catalysing biological function," concludes Imre Berger, coordinator of the study at EMBL.
|Contact: Isabelle Kling|
European Molecular Biology Laboratory
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Computer Noises is a wide palette of noises that computers emit when booting, reading from their CD-ROM drives or accessing a hard disk. The library is split into 2 main categories - mono files and dual-channel files where presets have a dedicated crossfade macro that pans from left to right. The main categories are further organized in different segments like booting computers, blower fans, read/write access of floppies, CD-ROMs or hard drives. Oddities like hum, buzz and all kinds of crosstalk were used for the creation of sound effects.
Specifications (Live Pack).
- Instruments: 69 (69 Samples).
- Disk space: 105 MB.
- Live Pack
The full-length stems of each computer recorded for this Live Pack are available as separate WAV-file package.
Specifications (WAV Pack).
- Samples: 104, 24-bit/44.1kHz.
- Length: 10 to 100 seconds.
- Disk space: 1.1 GB.
- WAV Pack
Price: 9 EUR.
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Family: Cyprinodontidae, Killifishes view all from this family
Description The banded killifish (Fundulus diaphanus), is a North American species of temperate freshwater killifish belonging to the Fundulus genus of the Fundulidae family. The natural geographic range extends from Newfoundland to South Carolina, and west to Minnesota. It occupies the Great Lakes drainages. The Banded killifish is the only freshwater killifish found in the Northeastern United States, but can occasionally be found in brackish water.
Olive colored on the dorsal and white coloring under the ventral. Their throat and fins are yellowish in color. In addition, there are 13-15 rays on a killifish's dorsal fin and 10-12 rays on the anal fin. Furthermore, the homocercal tail of a Banded Killifish is slightly convex or rounded. It also have a small pelvic fin along the abdominal. The body is slender and elongated with somewhat of a flat side and flattened head and small terminal mouth position for surface feeding. Banded Killifish also have a row of small sharp teeth lining their upper and lower jaw. It does not have a lateral line along the side but it do have 39 to 43 cycloid scales in the lateral series. The average size of a Banded Killifish range from 10–13 cm in length and weighs a few grams. Additionally, there are multiple vertical black and silver/white stripes along both sides of the Banded Killifish; similar to its cousin species the Western Banded Killifish Fundulus diaphanus menona. The numbers of bandings on the dorsal fin of a Banded Killifish are useful in determining the sex of this species. The females tend to grow larger in size than the male. They also have larger bandings on the sides and appear black in color. In contrast, the males have pale gray bandings that are close together.
Dimensions Up to 5" (12.5 cm).
Habitat Rivers & streams, Lakes & ponds.
Range Widely distributed throughout Eastern North America, ranging from South Carolina to as far north as the Atlantic Provinces. They are also found in the eastern part of Montana to Minnesota and throughout the suitable habitats of the Great Lakes watershed of southern Ontario to Lake Superior
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bare-metal programmingAlso called bare-metal, it is considered to be a low-level method of programming that is specific to the hardware used in the computer system and is often used for optimizing software and applications for an individual computer or small group of systems, or the creation of basic tools which would be used on a new system to do things like such as bypassing the BIOS or operating system interface. Bare-metal programming is a term derived from the phrase programming on the bare metal.
See also machine language.
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(May 1, 1893–October 30, 1893.)
Map of Fairgrounds, 1893
Organized to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Columbus's landfall in the New World, the World's Columbian Exposition became
a defining moment in Chicago's history and the history of the United States as a whole.
When the World's Columbian Exposition opened, only 22 years had passed since the Chicago Fire of 1871; only 28 years had passed since the end of the American Civil War. In the interval, the era of Reconstruction had given way to a Gilded Age characterized by frenetic industrial growth, mass
immigration, and class violence as evidenced by Chicago's 1886 Haymarket Square bombing. With many Americans wondering if sectional conflict had given way to class conflict, American political and
economic leaders followed the example of their peers in Europe and turned increasingly to the medium of the world's fair to
provide the cultural cement for their badly fragmented societies. The first world's fair, London's Crystal Palace Exhibition
of 1851, had been championed by the British government to counter the spread of political radicalism and to tout the global
expansion of the British Empire. The success of London's imperial show inspired Britain's continental rivals to organize fairs
of their own. The United States followed in 1876 with a world's fair in Philadelphia, but this exposition lost money and left
many Americans wondering if the exposition movement would ever take hold in the United States. Chicago's World's Columbian
Exposition cast all doubts aside.
Court of Honor, 1893
Momentum to celebrate the Columbian quadricentennial began building in the early 1880s. By the close of the decade, civic
leaders in St. Louis, New York City, and Washington DC joined their counterparts in Chicago and announced that they were interested
in hosting a fair that, in a time of great economic uncertainty, held the promise of generating commercial profits as well
as increasing real-estate values. Exposition backers also were also motivated by the prospect of securing greater prestige for themselves and for their
cities. By 1890, it was clear that the U.S. Congress would have to decide where the fair would be held and that the principal
contenders, by virtue of their superior financial resources, would be Chicago and New York. New York's financial titans, including
J. P. Morgan, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and William Waldorf Astor, pledged $15 million to underwrite the fair if Congress awarded
it to New York City. Not to be outdone, Chicago's leading capitalists and exposition sponsors, including Charles T. Yerkes,
Marshall Field, Philip Armour, Gustavus Swift, and Cyrus McCormick, responded in kind. Furthermore, Chicago's promoters presented
evidence of significant financial support from the city and state as well as over $5 million in stock subscriptions from people
from every walk of life. What finally led Congress to vote in Chicago's favor was banker Lyman Gage's ability to raise several
million additional dollars in a 24-hour period to best New York's final offer.
Wooded Isle, 1893
Euphoric over their accomplishment, Chicago's powerful exposition backers had no time to rest. Although Congress pushed back
the opening of the exposition to 1893, major battles lay ahead, especially over the selection of a site. Many downtown commercial
interests favored a central location, but struggles over property rights and traffic congestion forced the exposition corporation,
headed by Harlow N. Higinbotham, and the national exposition commission, headed by Thomas W. Palmer, to settle for Jackson Park, a marshy bog seven miles south of the Loop.
To hasten the process of construction and exhibit selection, exposition authorities vested responsibility in Daniel H. Burnham,
the exposition's director of works, and George R. Davis, director-general. Both drew inspiration from earlier fairs, especially
the 1889 Paris Universal Exposition with its famed Eiffel Tower. And both sought ways to make the Chicago fair distinctive.
Columbian Exposition Planners
For Burnham, architecture and sculpture would be to the Chicago fair what engineering had been to the Paris exposition. With the help of his partner,
John W. Root, who died suddenly in 1891, Burnham assembled a stunning array of artistic and architectural talent to design
the fair's main, palatial exhibition buildings on grounds that landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted envisioned becoming
a public park that would rival Central Park in New York City. Major outdoor sculptures included works by Augustus Saint-Gaudens,
Frederick MacMonnies, and Daniel Chester French. The major buildings and their architects included Administration, by Richard
Morris Hunt; Agriculture, by Charles McKim, William Mead, and Stanford White; Electricity, by Henry Van Brunt and Frank Howe;
Horticulture, by William L. Jenney and William B. Mundie; Fisheries, by Henry Ives Cobb; Machinery Hall, by Robert Peabody
and John Stearns; Manufactures and Liberal Arts, by George B. Post; Mines and Mining, by Solon Beman; and Transportation,
by Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan. With the exception of the latter, which boasted Sullivan's long-remembered Golden Door,
all these buildings were decidedly neoclassical, lathered with plaster of Paris, and painted a chalky white, thus bestowing
the moniker of “White City” on the main exposition buildings. The White City's neoclassicism provoked a long-lived debate
among architects. Sullivan, for one, would decry the pernicious effects of the fair on American architecture, while others
praised the “civilizing” and uplifting effect that Burnham's Beaux-Arts plan would have on the public architecture of squalid
Exhibits on the Midway Plaisance, 1893
While Burnham was developing his blueprint for the exposition grounds and buildings, Davis and his team of directors tackled the equally monumental task of giving form to the millions of exhibits
that would go on display. For assistance with classifying exhibit material, Davis relied on the advice of America's foremost
taxonomist, the Smithsonian Institution's G. Brown Goode, who conceptualized the fair as a veritable encyclopedia of civilization.
What exactly did “civilization” mean? Part of the answer came from the monumental exhibition palaces stuffed to overflowing
with technologies of industrial and agricultural production as well as exhibits of fine art that surrounded the Court of Honor. Another part of the answer was provided by negative example through exhibits and concessions arranged along the Midway Plaisance,
a mile-long avenue that ran at a right angle to the White City and blended education with amusement.
Ferris Wheel, 1893
The inspiration for the Midway came from the 1889 Paris Universal Exposition, where the French government and prominent anthropologists
turned representations of the French colonies into living ethnological villages featuring people from Africa and Asia. To
lend anthropological legitimacy to their enterprise, Chicago's exposition directors placed the Midway under the nominal direction
of Harvard's Frederic Ward Putnam, who had already been chosen to organize an Anthropology Building at the fair. Putnam envisioned
the Midway as a living outdoor museum of “primitive” human beings that would afford visitors the opportunity to measure the
progress of humanity toward the ideal of civilization presented in the White City. All of the ethnographic villages and most
of the other attractions on the Midway, however, were commercial ventures organized by entrepreneurs who obtained concessions
through the Ways and Means Committee of the World's Columbian Commission. By opening day, the Midway boasted an African village
and a massive Streets of Cairo concession along with other ethnological shows. But the Midway, in addition to providing a serious educational component
to the fair, had become its amusement center as well. With its wheel designed by George Ferris revolving high above the fairgrounds, its notorious—at least by Victorian standards—belly dancers,
and its varied cuisine, the Midway's multiple fascinations challenged the White City's unity and dignity. Indeed, the Midway
Plaisance is perhaps best understood as a cultural hothouse that generated many novel mass cultural forms (Riverview Park
and Coney Island, for instance, were direct offshoots of the Midway) that would lend a distinctive character to American culture
as it evolved over the course of the twentieth century.
As tensions between the White City and the Midway Plaisance made clear, the World's Columbian Exposition reflected broader
struggles in American society over the future course of American society and culture. Concerns about the power of the exposition
to shape the future were also apparent in the struggles fought by African Americans and women over their representation at the fair.
Haitian Building at the WCE, 1893
The whiteness of the White City became increasingly offensive to African Americans as plans for the fair unfolded. In response
to the determination of African Americans to show the world their accomplishments since emancipation, exposition directors
insisted that African American proposals for exhibits be approved by all-white state committees. Most such requests were rejected
out of hand. In response to requests from African Americans that they receive a role in planning the fair, exposition authorities
appointed a St. Louis school principal to the position of alternate on the national commission. Enraged by the politics of
exclusion and tokenism, some African Americans, led by Ida B. Wells, urged African Americans to boycott the fair. Frederick
Douglass, who served as Haiti's representative at the exposition, disagreed and urged African Americans to participate as
fully as possible. When exposition managers set aside a special “colored American” day (white ethnic groups had their own
days as well), Douglass seized the occasion to insist that Americans live up to the Constitution and their promises of social
justice for former slaves. But the fair, through its racist policies, had already helped pave the way for national acceptance
of the separate-but-equal doctrine that would become the law of the land in 1896.
Postcard of Woman's Building, 1893
Since the act of Congress that originally awarded Chicago the fair mandated that a Board of Lady Managers be created as part
of the exposition's governing structure, it was clear that white middle-class women would have more success than African Americans
in securing measure of representation at the fair. But it was not clear how women would be represented. Some women argued
that exhibits prepared by women should be displayed in the major exhibition palaces alongside those organized by men and judged
accordingly. Others pressed and won their case that women should have a separate building for their exhibits. Bertha Honoré
Palmer, president of the Board of Lady Managers, lent her considerable talents to organizing exhibits for the Woman's Building, which was designed by Boston architect Sophia Hayden and located near the point where the Midway Plaisance joined the main
Art Institute of Chicago, c.1904-1913
The World's Columbian Exposition defined American culture. Its World's Congress Auxiliary presented lectures and discussions
by prominent political activists and intellectuals about subjects as wide-ranging and pressing as religion and science, labor,
and women's rights. Historian Frederick Jackson Turner gave his famous paper on the significance of the frontier in American
history to a meeting of historians held in conjunction with the fair. Henry Ford saw an internal combustion engine at the
fair that fired his dreams about the possibility of designing a horseless carriage. For millions of visitors, the electrical
illuminations of the fair were a source of wonder and excitement about the possibilities of illuminating America's farms and
cities. Whether they saw the fair firsthand or experienced it through postcards or accounts in newspapers and magazines, most Americans regarded the World's Columbian Exposition as a cultural touchstone
and remembered it for the rest of their lives.
Multiple tragedies marked the end of the fair. A smallpox epidemic that originated at the fair in midsummer spread throughout the city by early autumn. Then, just before the gala closing ceremonies
were to be held, Mayor Carter Harrison was assassinated. Finally, shortly after the fair's close, a fire swept through the fairgrounds, destroying
many of the buildings.
Ruins of World's Fair Building, 1894
The fair was gone, but not its influence. It lifted the spirits of over 20 million people who paid to visit the exposition
just as the Panic of 1893 hit. Furthermore, many of the exhibits found their way into museums around the country, including
the Smithsonian Institution and the Philadelphia Commercial Museum. Chicago's Field Museum owed its origin to the fair and opened in 1894 in the former Palace of Fine Arts, a building that would later be reconstructed
to become the Museum of Science and Industry. And the building that had housed delegates to world's congresses would become the Art Institute of Chicago. On another level, the triumph of the World's Columbian Exposition revivified the American world's fair movement and set
a standard against which every subsequent exposition would be measured. Forty years later, the promoters of the Century of Progress Exposition made clear their indebtedness to the 1893 fair when they triggered the opening of their exposition with a beam of starlight
that left Arcturus the same year that the World's Columbian Exposition had illuminated Chicago's skies.
Badger, Reid. The Great American Fair: The World's Columbian Exposition and American Culture. 1979.
Harris, Neil, Wim de Wit, James Gilbert, and Robert Rydell. Grand Illusions: Chicago's World's Fair of 1893. 1993.
Rydell, Robert W. All the World's a Fair: Visions of Empire at America's International Expositions, 1876–1916. 1984.
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This map depicts the world in the year 2300, with the size of countries adjusted to reflect their share of the world's population:
The highest long term population growth is predicted for Africa. Africa is currently underpopulated and has the lowest life expectancies. Other regions' populations are predicted to stay level or decline. Between 2050 and 2300 the areas currently known as India, China, the United States and Pakistan maintain their ranked order as having the world's highest populations.Link (via Neatorama). Europe, which currently has about the same population at the United States, just keeps shrinking. And do you notice that the mainland United States looks exactly the same size and shape as it does in real life? I think the map was indexed around that, which is a bit Amero-centric of the mapmakers. By 2300, the world's population is expected to be nine billion, all of which will have been served by McDonald's.
Indexed by tags science, cartography, map, world, globe, population, projection, future, 2300, Africa, Europe.
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Your 10th Grade Year
During your sophomore year in high school you should continue to follow the recommended core curriculum for Missouri high school students, and take courses such as:
- English composition
- American history
- Foreign language
It is also a good idea to become involved in school- or community-based extracurricular activities that interest you and/or enable you to better explore your career interests. Extracurricular activities can also help you begin to build a resume of experience, which may help you later when you begin to apply to postsecondary schools.
Other things you can do during your sophomore year in high school include:
- Begin looking through college catalogs and research financial aid information.
- Meet with your career/guidance counselor to discuss college options and their requirements.
- Develop a high school curriculum plan that includes college prep courses and any potential Advanced Placement credit opportunities.
- Take the ACT test.
- Take the Preliminary Scholastic Assessment Test/National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test (PSAT/NMSQT). If you have difficulty paying the registration fee, see your career/guidance counselor about a possible fee waiver.
- Visit colleges and talk to students. Summer vacation is a great time to visit college campuses.
- Get a summer job or internship to save money for college.
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Translation of beseech in Spanish:
transitive verb past tense & past participle beseeched or besought[literary]
- 1 to beseech somebody
to+ infinitivesuplicarle or rogarle a alguienI beseeched her to stay que+ subjunctivele supliqué or le rogué que se quedaraExample sentences
- His friends urgently besought him while there was yet time to flee the country. ‘I have just been abroad… one can't keep on going abroad unless one is a missionary, or, what comes to the same thing, a commercial traveller ’, was his response.
- People who pray tend to beseech their deity for some kind of enrichment or advancement.
- The forlorn gazes of the people beseeched them to give them solace, to end their pain.
- 2 (beg for)(mercy/pardon)
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
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CensusPlease login to see the search form or click here to register
The census records information on the country's population and has been taken every ten years since 1801, with the exception of 1941. The returns of most use to the family historian are those from 1841 onwards. From 1861, the gathering of Scottish census material has been the responsibility of the National Records of Scotland. Records may only be inspected after 100 years, so the census returns presently available for public scrutiny are 1841-1911.
The census is essentially a snapshot of the people in a household on a given night and as such can provide details of a particular family and anyone else who happens to be in the house at the time, for example, servants, lodgers, or visitors. Census records can be used, not only to further your search for direct ancestors, but also to broaden your knowledge of the wider family and to bridge the gap between statutory and OPR records. They can also give an indication of how the family lived. Geographic mobility can be tracked through the given birthplaces, and social mobility through addresses and occupations.
The National Records of Scotland holds the census records for all Scotland. Online access to the indexes and images for 1841, 1851, 1861, 1871, 1881, 1891, 1901 and 1911 are available here on ScotlandsPeople. You may also view transcripts of the 1881 (LDS) census.
Please look under an individual census year for more information:
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Get Educated / Expert Advice
BAC = “Blood Alcohol Concentration”, the ratio of alcohol to blood in the body.
A drug is any substance taken by a person to achieve a better physical or mental state– real or imagined.
Drunk driving is illegal in every state and the penalties can be severe.
Hardcore Impaired Drivers are people who have one or more previous drunken driving offense and/or have a Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) of 0.15 mg/dL or more when stopped.
Young people, typically ages 16-20, who drink and drive take an even greater risk behind the wheel than older drivers do.
Underage drinking is a public health problem that impacts everyone. All states have laws minimum drinking age laws prohibiting people under the age of 21 from purchasing alcohol.
‘BAC’ stands for blood alcohol content. True or False?
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The health and human rights of refugees and asylum seekers are of key concern to psychologists, and other health professions, as well as to many members of the general public. Psychologists have long played a role in the resettlement of refugees and asylum seekers through counselling, support and advocacy. The APS in particular has voiced concerns around the deleterious effects of immigration detention on the mental health and well-being of asylum seekers, particularly those who are already vulnerable, such as children, or those with pre-existing trauma or mental illness. This is particularly the case where detention occurs in offshore and remote locations. The APS has argued for the positive and accurate representation of refugees and refugee issues (e.g., in the media, by government), as this is linked to the successful settlement and wellbeing of refugees, while misrepresentations that demonise asylum seekers can seriously distort public debates on ‘border protection’ policies.
- The APS Code of Ethics (2007) mandates psychologists to respect and protect people’s human rights (General Principle A), avoid unfair discrimination (Standard A.1.1), demonstrate knowledge of the consequences of unfair discrimination (Standard A.1.2) and assist clients to address unfair discrimination (Standard A.1.3).
- The vulnerability of people seeking asylum and the related likely incidence of mental health problems amongst refugees is based on specific risk factors related to exposure to loss and trauma both prior to and post arrival, and may be expressed in various ways.
- There is overwhelming evidence that detention has an independent, adverse effect on mental health, over and above any pre-existing illness or trauma. This is compounded when detention is offshore and in remote locations where there is little if no access to mental health and other services (including legal, medical and interpreting services), and where the ethical delivery of such services is seriously compromised.
- Further harm is caused to asylum seekers who are issued with temporary visas or subjected to conditions that prolong the assessment of their refugee claims and/or restrict access to supports, work opportunities and services.
- Positive and accurate representation of refugee issues in the media is critically important to combat myths and negative stereotypes around refugees and asylum seekers.
- The presence of family can have a therapeutic effect on people who have survived traumatic experiences, and plays a pivotal role in providing emotional, physical and economic support to refugees upon resettlement.
- Taking a stand against the destructive consequences of racism and xenophobia, for both populations and individuals, can mean making clear the adverse public health and mental health consequences of such prejudices, and identifying the personal stories and resilience of refugee communities and the contributions made by refugees to the broader community.
- The APS Refugee Issues and Psychology Interest Group was formed in 2012 and aims to provide a forum for the exchange of ideas about the psychological wellbeing of refugees and asylum seekers in Australia, for discussion, peer contact, support and information sharing for psychologists interested in issues around refugee mental health and wellbeing, to liaise with like-minded groups whose aims are congruent with those of the APS, and to establish and contribute to partnerships, networks and coalitions that facilitate a multidisciplinary approach to enhancing the mental health and wellbeing of refugees and asylum seekers. Collaborating with those working directly with refugees, and with refugee communities themselves, is particularly important.
- The APS contributed to the Victorian Foundation for Survivors of Torture and Trauma’s publication Promoting the engagement of interpreters in Victorian health services available
- Researchers for Asylum Seekers:is a voluntary and non-profit group of predominantly psychologists concerned about the treatment of asylum seekers in Australia. Affiliated within the School of Behavioural Science, University of Melbourne, RAS aims to raise awareness of the plight of asylum seekers through forums, conferences, research and the distribution of information on asylum seeker issues.
- Yearning to Breathe Free. This edited book is an initiative of RAS. The book's editors, psychologists Dean Lusher and Nick Haslam, aimed to present an overview of the historical, social and political contexts that have shaped Australia's recent treatment of asylum seekers, and its psychological and humanitarian consequences. Each section features introductory commentaries from prominent names such as Malcolm Fraser, Sir Gustav Nossal, and Lyn Allison. Of particular interest to psychologists are the chapters on the effect of detention on brain function and mental health, and a chapter on the psychology of exclusion that examines attitudes towards asylum seekers. Copies in bookstores are hard to find, so the web is the best option: www.federationpress.com.au/bookstore/book.asp?isbn=9781862876569
- Psychologists wishing to support asylum seekers through volunteer counselling are in high demand. The Asylum Seeker Resource Centre (ASRC) www.asrc.org.au in Victoria, for example, has a counselling program where asylum seekers who are unable to access any other mental health services can find support. ASRC provides training for volunteers who are experienced in trauma counselling.
- The APS Refugee Issues and Psychology Interest Group provides a forum for psychologists working with refugees and asylum seekers to gain mutual support and provide a platform of advocacy around issues impacting on refugee wellbeing.
- The APS Psychology and Cultures Interest Group focus on the provision of psychological services to the culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) population in Australia, including refugees, as well as promote culturally sensitive and appropriate psychological services and promote networking and peer support among psychologists, who offer psychological services to the CALD population.
- Rural Australians for Refugees facilitate groups across Australia in almost 100 rural communities to provide advocacy and support to refugees and asylum seekers.
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