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AndersWoodruff
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Evolution_Essay_Trump

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[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Parkman in America, like our mid-century historians, was not too scientific to be readable. Of theology, except when recommended by the art of a Newman or a Jowett, nothing is here to be said; though I could cheerfully say a good deal, especially about Biblical criticism. ...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Swinburne every conceivable literary influence, from the Greeks to Baudelaire, from the Elizabethans to Victor Hugo, makes itself abundantly conspicuous. These poets, younger than Matthew Arnold, are not much influenced by Wordsworth, though by Shelley Mr. Swinburne was in...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "He stood much aloof from the contemporary literature of his day, and his letters prove that he was no fervent admirer even of Tennyson or Browning. His own poetry has been to many, as to myself, full of delightful passages, whether he wrote of the Oxford country-side, or o...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Watson, Mr. Davidson, Mr. Dobson, Mr. Benson, Mr. Thompson, Mr. Henley, Mr." } ]
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Henley, Mr. Gosse, Mr. Stephen Philips, Mrs. Marriott Watson, Mrs. Maynell, Mr. Kipling, “a nest of singing birds.” It would be impertinent, and indeed perilous, to “draw invidious distinctions,” as the undergraduate said about the major and minor prophets: nor is it for t...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Kipling, “a nest of singing birds.” It would be impertinent, and indeed perilous, to “draw invidious distinctions,” as the undergraduate said about the major and minor prophets: nor is it for this century to sift the poetic sheep from the goats, who, in an age that reads l...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Pater, so unlike in all but conscious interest in style, and reminiscence of the best models. Indeed, essay writing is almost an unpractised art, as the public “has no use for it,” any more than for the letter H on the Sandwich boards. A fairly bad novelist can live; to an...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Arnold’s literary income, it is known, surprised, when stated, the Commissioners of Income Tax: not by its affluence. Of living critics it would be in the highest degree dangerous to say a word, though many words, both of praise and dispraise, might be said of a person of ...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "We have been taught by many centuries of creative geniuses, from Theocritus to the latest protesting popular novelists, to know our proper place, and we take refuge in “confession and avoidance.” The new century will not know our names when we pass where Dennis and where C...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "But the main stream keeps its course, and English may be written with perfect purity, and with new fluency and variety, by the men for whom the task is reserved by fate. But what does the century bequeath by way of intellectual motive? Little but the more or less transform...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Hence, indeed, might come a new force in letters. Again, the social ideas of 1750–1800 may take practical shapes of incalculable momentousness, but these would not for long be favorable to literature. Or, less probably, the return on the past may assume practical shape, th...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "English-speaking America had, indeed, a literature long before the War of Independence; but it was not a literature for every reader of to-day. Now, and for long, the States have taken their own part in history, fiction, poetry, and all other branches of letters. Germany c...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Such changes in national literatures resemble the political waxings and wanings of national fortunes. The English-speaking peoples may have their eclipse; perhaps it is heralded by a modern comparative deficiency in humor which, if England and America cease to laugh, will ...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Since the end of the Middle Ages, with their poets, German writers had mainly been devoted to theology and classical criticism. Latin was the language of the learned. Many ascertainable causes, in the middle and end of the eighteenth century, and doubtless many causes whic...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Thus Kant wrote in his own native speech in reaction against the sceptical philosophy of David Hume, and Kant became the father of the long array of German metaphysicians from Hegel and Fichte to Schopenhauer and Hartmann. Their philosophy “cannot be briefly stated, especi...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Goethe began as the child of Rousseau, but as a child who had read Kant, and drunk deep of the romance of the Middle Ages. Doubtless his is the greatest name of modern Germany, both as a student of life, of nature, of history, and of thought. He was the spiritual parent of...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Probably the two parts of his _Faust_ and his _Roman Lyrics_ are the most popular, and, as literature, the most permanent parts of his work, with _Werther_, _Wilhelm Meister_, and _Elective Affinities_, in prose. Schiller, beginning with the boyish romanticism of _The Robb...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Wolf, writing in Latin (and I believe that his work on Homer has never attained a third edition, and has never been translated into English), became the parent, for good or evil, of what is called the Higher Criticism, Lachmann introducing the painfully conjectural tendenc...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The “insularity” with which the English are charged is a matter of reproach by French scholars against Germany. Some sets of ideas, long familiar in America, England, and the Latin nations, are only now beginning to reach German classical scholars. To write an account of t...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The year 1830 is the sacred year of French romanticism, drawing its ideals partly from the German romantic movement, partly from Scott and Shakespeare, read, of course, only in translations. Everything was now to be mediæval, Spanish, and passionate: the drama was to be em...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "This was, indeed, an extraordinary generation, by far the greatest since that of Corneille, Racine, and Molière. Many others might be named: the reserved force and incisive irony of Mérimée; the learned and genial criticism of Sainte-Beuve; the inexhaustible talent of Geor...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Poetry, after Lamartine, dwindled into the prettinesses of the Parnasse and the eccentricities, too obviously intentional, of Baudelaire, Verlaine, and the Symbolistes. Literary art, at the end of the century, became too self-conscious, too fond of argument about ideals an...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The defects, rather than the merits, of France have been imitated; a squalid pessimism is easily affected. The closing century has seen Russia awake, as the close of the eighteenth century beheld the literary revival of Germany. Russian poetry has only reached the learned ...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Possibly the vehement admirers of some Russian writers have been thus misguided. In any case, no qualified critic thinks that his opinion of works which he cannot read in the original language is of any value. For this reason I need not offend or please the reader by offer...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "To pronounce each of these gentlemen a Shakespeare or Æschylus is not unusual in cultivated circles; it remains for the new century to ratify or quash the verdict. In the mean time, have the approving critics taken the precaution of reading Æschylus and Shakespeare? ANDREW...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The term civil engineering, which will be here described, is often used by writers as covering structural engineering only, but it has a much wider meaning. The logical classification is: statical engineering, including that of all fixed bodies, and dynamical, covering the...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Then we have the combined application of statical, mechanical, and electrical engineering to what is now called industrial engineering, or the production of articles useful to man. This may be divided into agricultural, mining, metallurgical, and chemical engineering. Sure...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The pyramids of Egypt still stand, and will stand for thousands of years. Roman bridges, aqueducts, and sewers still perform their duties. Joseph’s canal still irrigates Lower Egypt. The great wall of China, running for fifteen hundred miles over mountains and plains, cont...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Peter’s, and the mediæval cathedrals shame our puny imitations. These mighty works were built to show the piety of the Church or to gratify the pride of kings. Time and money were of no account. All this has now been changed. Capital controls, and the question of time, mon...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Hence come scientific design and labor-saving machinery. The engineer of our modern works first calculates the stresses on all their parts, and proportions them accordingly, so that there is no waste of material. Hand labor has given place to steam machinery. All parts are...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "RAILWAYS \nThe greatest engineering work of the nineteenth century was the development of the railway system which has changed the face of the world. Beginning in 1829 with the locomotive of George Stephenson, it has extended with such strides that, after seventy years, th...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "In the United States an average of 6147 miles was completed every year during ten successive years, and in 1887 there were built 12,982 miles. The physical difficulties overcome in Siberia are no greater than have been overcome here. This rapid construction is due to sever...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "This rendered necessary a different kind of rolling-stock suitable to such construction. The swivelling-truck and equalizing-beam enabled our engines to run safely on tracks where the rigid European engines would soon have been in the ditch. Our cars were made longer, and ...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "As there are some eleven million car-wheels in use in the United States the resulting economy is great. It was soon seen that longer cars would carry a greater proportion of paying load, and the more cars that one engine could draw in a train, the less would be the cost. I...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Before that time a wooden car weighed sixteen tons, and could carry a paying load of fifteen tons. The thirty-ton engines of those days could not draw on a level over thirty cars weighing 900 tons. The pressed steel car of to-day weighs no more than the wooden car, but car...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Steep grades soon developed a better brake system, and these heavier trains have led to the invention of the automatic brake worked from the engine, and also automatic couplers, saving time and many lives. The capacity of our railways has been greatly increased by the use ...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "This was an average rate per ton of $5.33. In 1899 Poor gives the total freight tonnage at 975,789,941 tons, and the freight receipts at $922,436,314, or an average rate per ton of ninety-five cents. Had the rates of 1867 prevailed, the additional yearly cost to the public...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "This much can surely be said: the reduction in cost of operating our railways, and the consequent fall in freight rates, have been potent factors in enabling the United States to send abroad last year $1,456,000,000 worth of exports and flood the world with our food and ma...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Bridge construction has made greater progress in the United States than abroad. The heavy trains that we have described called for stronger bridges. The large American rolling-stock is not used in England, and but little on the continent of Europe, as the width of tunnels ...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Before the advent of railways, highway bridges in America were made of wood, and called trusses. Few of them existed before railways. The large rivers and estuaries were crossed in horse-boats, a trip more dangerous than an Atlantic voyage now is. A few smaller rivers had ...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Some of Burr’s bridges are still standing after more than one hundred years’ use. This shows what wood can do when not overstrained and protected from weather and fire. The coming of railways required a stronger type of bridge to carry concentrated loads, and the Howe trus...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "One of the first long-span bridges was a single-track railway bridge of 400-foot span over the Ohio at Cincinnati, which was considered to be a great achievement in 1870. The Kinzua viaduct, 310 feet high and over half a mile long, belongs to this era. It is the type of th...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "After many experiments, the proper proportions of carbon, phosphorus, sulphur, and manganese were ascertained, and uniformity resulted. The open-hearth process is now generally used. This new chemical metal, for such it is, is fifty per cent. stronger than iron, and can be...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The bridge of 1870 was of iron, had panels twelve feet long, and its height was forty-five feet, and span 400 feet. The bridge of 1886 was of steel, had panels thirty feet long, and its height was eighty feet. Its span was 550 feet. The weights of the two were nearly alike...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The great Forth Bridge, in Scotland, 1600-foot span, is of this style, as are the 500-foot spans at Poughkeepsie, and now a new one is being designed to cross the St. Lawrence near Quebec, of 1800-foot span. This is probably near the economic limit of cantilever constructi...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The only radical advance is the use of a better steel than could be had in earlier days. Steel-arched bridges are now scientifically designed. Such are the new Niagara Bridge, of 840-foot span, and the Alexandra Bridge at Paris. It is curious to see how little is said abou...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "When these bridges were built, in 1898, the path had been made so clear by mathematical investigation and the command of a better steel, that the task seemed easy. That which marks more clearly than anything else the great advance in American bridge building, during the la...
[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Their dimensions were so liberal that the new bridge was put upon them, although four times as wide as the old one." } ]