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The large size and complicated structure of this organ in the higher vertebrate animals, and its distinctness from the cerebrum,—for its commissural connection with that segment of the encephalon is not extensive,—have excited the interest and curiosity of speculative physio logists ; and, accordingly, we find no part respecting which a greater variety of hypotheses have been suggested, most of them being en tirely devoid of foundation. The experiments of Flourens have, however, thrown more light on this subject than any previous observations; and his hypothesis appears nearer the truth than any which has been proposed.
The facility with which the cerebellum may be removed or injured, especially in birds, without involving the other segments of the bmin, renders it a much more favourable ob ject for direct experiment than them. A skil ful operator may remove the greater part or the whole of the cerebellum without inflicting any injury on the hemispheres or other parts.
Flourens removed the cerebellum from pi geons by successive slices. During the removal of the superficial layers there appeared only a slight feebleness and want of harmony in die movements, without any expression of pat?. On readiing the middle layers an almost uni versal agitation was manifested, without nuy sign of convulsion : the animal performed rapid and ill-regulated movements; it could hear and see. After the removal of the deepest layers, the animal lost completely the power of stand ing, walking, leaping, or flying. The power had been injured by the previous mutilations, but now it was completely gone. When placed upon his back, he was unable to rise. Iie did not, however, remain quiet and motionless, as pigeons deprived of the cerebral hemispheres do ; but evinced an incessant restlessness, and an inability to accomplish any regular or defi nite movement. He could see the instrument raised to threaten him with a blow, and would make a thousand contortions to avoid it, but did not escape. Volition and sensation re mained ; the power .of executing movements remained; but that of coordinating those inove men ts into regular and combined actions was lost.
Animals deprived of the cerebellum are in a condition very similar to that of a drunken man, so far as relates to their power of locomotion. They are unable to produce that combination of action in different sets of muscles which is necessary to enable them to assume or main tain any attitudes. They cannot stand still for a moment; and, in attempting to walk, their gait is unsteady, they totter from side to side, and their progress is interrupted by frequent falls. The fruitless attempts which they make
to stand or walk are suffictent proof that a cer tain degree of intelligence remains, and that voluntary power continues to be enjoyed.
Rolando had, previously to Flourens, ob served effects of a similar nature consequent upon mutilation of the cerebellum. In none of his experiments was sensibility affected. The animal could see, but was unable to exe cute any of the movements necessary for loco motion.
Flourens' experiments have been confirmed by those of Hertwig in every particular, and they have been Lately repeated with similar re sults by Budge and by Longet. The removal of part of the cerebellum appears capable of pro ducing the same vertiginous affection which bas been already noticed in the case of deep injuries to the mesocephale. After the well known experiments of Magendie, of dividing either crus cerebelli, the animal was seen to roll over on its long axis towards the side on which the injury was inflicted.
The effects of injuries to the cerebellum, ac cording to the reports of the experimenters above referred to, contrast in a very striking manner with those of the much more severe operation of removing the cerebral hemispheres. " Take two pigeons," says M. Longet ; " from one remove completely the cerebral lobes, and from the other only half the cerebellum ; the next day, the first will be firm upon his feet, the second will exhibit the unsteady and un certain gait of drunkenness." Experiment, then, appears strikingly to fa vour the conclusion which Flourens has drawn, namely, that the cerebellum possesses the power of coordinating the voluntary movements which originate in other parts of the cerebro-spinal centre, whether these movements have reference to locomotion or to other objects.
That this power is mental, i. e. dependent on a mental operation for its excitation and ex ereise, is rendered probable from the experience of our own sensations, and from the fact that the perfection of it requires practice. The vo luntary movements of a new-horn infant, al though perfectly controllable by the will, are far from being coordinate they are, on the contmry, remarkable for their vagueness and want of definition. Yet all the parts of the cerebro-spinal centre are well developed, except the cerebellum and the convolutions of the ce rebrum. Now, the power of coordination im proves earlier and more rapidly than the intel lectual faculties; and we find, in accordance with Floulens' theory, that the cerebellum reaches its perfect developetnent of form and structure at a much earlier period than the hemispheres of the cerebrum.
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Since her death in 1979, the woman who discovered what the universe is made of has not so much as received a memorial plaque. Her newspaper obituaries do not mention her greatest discovery. […] Every high school student knows that Isaac Newton discovered gravity, that Charles Darwin discovered evolution, and that Albert Einstein discovered the relativity of time. But when it comes to the composition of our universe, the textbooks simply say that the most abundant atom in the universe is hydrogen. And no one ever wonders how we know.
Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, a truly extraordinary woman.
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In part 1 of this article, published in the November 2007 issue of BioPharm International, the lyophilization process, related equipment, and refrigeration requirements were discussed. This part 2 introduces key design
considerations related to cryogenic refrigeration systems and provides guidance on relative cost factors for using cryogenic
versus mechanical refrigeration in lyophilization operations. The article also discusses reliability and maintenance requirements;
flexibility in terms of operating temperature range, cooling rate capability, and precision of temperature control; cost of
ownership; footprint; and environmental impact.
Flexible, precise, and reliable cooling of the shelves and condenser in a lyophilizer is critical to effectively freeze-dry
and protect a broad range of sensitive, high value pharmaceutical products. Conventional cooling methods, as introduced in
part 1 of this article, include using either mechanical or cryogenic nitrogen-based refrigeration. Part 2 begins with an overview
of the fundamental thermodynamic characteristics of cryogenic nitrogen and the factors influencing the maximum amount of refrigeration
available from cryogenic systems. An optimal refrigeration design provides flexible, robust cooling at reduced cost of ownership
versus mechanical alternatives.
We will now review the fundamental thermodynamic characteristics of cryogenic nitrogen, and the factors influencing the maximum
amount of refrigeration available from the cryogenic fluid.
FUNDAMENTALS OF CRYOGENIC REFRIGERATION
Liquid and Gaseous Nitrogen
Pressure and temperature are two key intensive thermodynamic variables that determine the state of any saturated fluid and
thus the refrigeration available from it. The saturation pressure of liquid nitrogen as a function of temperature is shown
in Figure 1.
Maximum Refrigeration from Liquid Nitrogen
Saturated liquid nitrogen stores refrigeration in the form of its latent heat of vaporization, i.e., the energy associated
with the liquid changing state to gas without a temperature change. Boiling the liquid nitrogen (LN2) to gaseous nitrogen (GN2) provides the refrigeration in a cryogenic heat exchanger. Figure 2 illustrates the available latent heat as a function of
operating pressure and temperature. The lower the pressure and temperature, the more refrigeration is available for recovery.
Maximum Refrigeration from Gaseous Nitrogen
Sensible heat is the energy associated with a change in the temperature of a substance. Depending on the cryogenic system
design, the sensible heat from warming the gas may also be recovered in the same or another heat exchanger. The two key factors
that determine the maximum amount of refrigeration recoverable per unit mass of cryogen are the heat capacity and the temperature
rise of the fluid.
Maximum Refrigeration Recoverable from Liquid and Gaseous Nitrogen
We can calculate the total recoverable refrigeration from cryogenic nitrogen by adding the two key components, i.e., the latent
and sensible heat. Figure 3 shows an example of total available refrigeration as a function of gas exhaust temperature for
near-atmospheric-pressure operation. The latent heat from vaporizing the liquid and the sensible heat from warming the gas
each account for approximately 50% of the available refrigeration capacity under typical operating conditions. At higher pressures,
the latent heat of vaporization decreases, as shown in Figure 2, thus reducing the total available refrigeration.
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Diet and Nutrition in Crohn's Disease
Kathryn L Hale, MS, PA-C
Sandeep Mukherjee, MD, MB, BCh
Simmy Bank, MD, MB, ChB
Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD
BS Anand, MD
Why is good nutrition such a challenge for people with Crohn's disease?
Most of us know that good nutrition is essential to good health. Good nutrition is even more important to people whose health is compromised by a chronic disease. When you have Crohn's disease, maintaining good nutrition can be a real challenge.
Several factors contribute to nutritional problems in people with Crohn's disease. When inflamed, the small intestine is not able to do its main job, which is absorbing nutrients from food. The degree of this impairment, called malabsorption, depends on the extent of inflammation and damage in the intestine.
Must Read Articles Related to Diet and Nutrition in Crohn Disease
Find out what women really need.
Read What Your Physician is Reading on Medscape
Pill Identifier on RxList
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Find a Local Pharmacy
- including 24 hour, pharmacies
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Three Massifs, Sahara Desert
Three large rock massifs appear to be pushing up from beneath red sand dunes in this 2000 Terra image. The Tassili n’Ajjer massif is on the left, the Tadrart Acacus is in the middle, and the Tadrart Amsak is on the right. The image includes the southern part of the border between Algeria and Libya, and different rock types account for varying colors. The Tadrart Acacus massif contains some unique scenery and natural wonders, including colored sand dunes and isolated towers that eroded into bizarre shapes and petrified arches.
The dendritic structures of ancient riverbeds are visible in the Acacus-Amsak region. This area is believed to have been wet during the last glacial era, covered by forests and populated by wild animals. Archaeologists have found indications of animal domestication and large numbers of rock paintings and engravings, faint tracks of ancient civilizations. Extremely dry weather conditions today help to preserve their masterpieces.
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|Origin:||accepter, from Latin acceptare, from accipere 'to receive', from ad- 'to' + capere 'to take'|
ac‧cept S1 W1
to take something that someone offers you, or to agree to do something that someone asks you to do [≠ refuse]:
gift/offer/invitation[intransitive and transitive]
Rick accepted her offer of coffee.
He accepted the invitation to stay with us.
His school reports said that he is always ready to accept a challenge (=agree to do something difficult).
Please accept this small gift.
They offered me a job and I accepted.
accept something from somebody
He accepted a glass of water from Helen.
He readily accepted her invitation (=accepted it quickly).
to decide that there is nothing you can do to change a difficult and unpleasant situation or fact and continue with your normal life:
He's not going to change, and you just have to accept it.
We have to accept that this is not an ideal world.
You need to accept the fact that most of your problems are caused by jealousy.
to decide that someone has the necessary skill or intelligence for a particular job, course etc or that a piece of work is good enough [≠ reject]:
think somebody/something is good enough[transitive]
Students accepted by Stanford Law School had very high scores on the LSAT.
accept somebody/something as something
They have accepted him as the representative of the company.
accept somebody/something for something
Random House accepted the book for publication.
to allow someone to become part of a group, society, or organization, and to treat them in the same way as the other members [≠ reject]
become part of a group[transitive]
accept somebody as something
The children gradually began to accept her as one of the family.
accept somebody into something
It often takes years for immigrants to be accepted into the host community.
to agree to take or deal with something that someone gives you, or to say that it is suitable or good enough:
agree to take/deal with something[transitive]
The government has accepted the resignation of a senior army commander.
Please accept my sincere apologies.
Sorry, we don't accept travellers' cheques.
to decide to do what someone advises or suggests you should do:
Be prepared to accept the advice of members of staff.
to agree that what someone says is right or true [≠ reject]:
believe an explanation/statement[transitive]
She has accepted your explanation as to why you didn't attend the meeting.
to admit that you were responsible for something bad that happened:
The University will not accept responsibility for items lost or stolen.
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Our Pericarditis Main Article provides a comprehensive look at the who, what, when and how of Pericarditis
Definition of Pericarditis
Pericarditis: Inflammation of the lining around the heart (the pericardium) that causes chest pain and accumulation of fluid around the heart (pericardial effusion). There are many causes of pericarditis, including infections, injury, radiation treatment, and chronic diseases.
Last Editorial Review: 3/19/2012
Back to MedTerms online medical dictionary A-Z List
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What Should We Do to Make Learning More Efficient?
I’d like to talk about 3 aspects of knowledge: span, depth and connections between the disciplines. I’ve come up with a good metaphor to bring these aspects together, and it looks very to the point. Though, I don’t like metaphors that much, as they’re misleading quite often.
Basically, my metaphor stems from another metaphor according to which people can be broken down into two types. The first type is someone who likes to go over many things in their learning and research. The people of the second type pick just one or two disciplines and dig into them. The first type are foxes, the second type are hedgehogs.
To me, learning looks very much like a geological field research. Imagine that you’re facing a new mysterious continent. You know nothing about it. Of course, you can see mountains, forests, rivers but you have no idea of what’s in there. You don’t know what’s over the horizon, is there a sea, how cold this continent is on the north and what’s the temperature in the south.
So, you start putting the map together. You send expeditions everywhere and you sketch the local maps. Then you drill surface holes to identify the soul texture and composition. Then you discover oil, gold, diamonds, and you start mining.
Learning follows exactly the same scenario. Let’s say you’re studying maths. In the beginning you know very little about it. Okay, you count to 10, and you see how three red balls are different from five blue balls. Step by step you’re discovering some new territories. You learn multiplication tables, and you’re amazed as you get to know the real numbers, or as you find out that it’s impossible to divide by zero. You briefly touch upon differential calculus, and for some unknown reason you learn how to take integrals. By the time you’re 16, you’ve got the map of the nearby territories on your hands, but most likely you have no idea of the set theory, topology and functional analysis. It’s very unlikely that you’ve acquired in-depth knowledge in any of the fields in mathematics. Just scooped and scratched the tidbits off of the surface.
High school doesn’t provide solid knowledge. You only sketch your map at school as you get ready to drill the surface holes.
Choosing your field can be easy … or difficult. One way or another, there you are at a university. Your teachers rightly assume that you know nothing. The truth is: most of the teachers don’t really care where you start your drilling. They deliver their lectures in a boring or in a fun way, and they rarely put any emphasis on the connections between disciplines. Take physicists: they grab differential calculus and use it to solve their problems. No one cares to trace mathematical analysis to physics and to check if it can be used there. Any given scientific field is an island on your map. For some reason, the common belief states that it’s your job to build bridges between the islands – or at least to set up a ferry service.
Your map abounds in the white patches of seas and oceans that can hardly be drilled, except for the shelf areas.
The islands of knowledge build up clusters as they become one integral whole for you, and instead of the bridge an archipelago emerges. That’s the time when you lay down the foundation for cross-field connections. As these connections take shape, the archipelago transforms into a solid land, good enough to host a highway. For example, you’ve got this distinct knowledge of what derivatives are, and how they can be applied to mechanics. Bang, there you go, now you definitely see a connection between the motion of bodies and differential calculus.
Why differential calculus is a standalone subject in the school curriculum? Why no one ever says how it can be applied to solving practical tasks?
The contemporary education, at least in this country, does help if you’re set to discover and develop the new islands… but not the new continents. Too little attention is paid to the connections, as well as to the paths and the logic of discoveries. That’s too bad.
Foxes and Hedgehogs
Back to knowledge span vs. knowledge depth. When you set out to some new field, it’s better to put together a map first, that is, to acquire a span of knowledge. That’s the only way to be able to dig deep into the subject later and identify the spots for drilling.
You must be a fox first, to be able to shape-shift into a hedgehog later. That’s the problem of today’s world: it’s much easier to end up being a fox forever, than to become a hedgehog. I feel it myself; it’s a lot harder to get deep down into your chosen field of knowledge. You always want to read just one more blog post, check Twitter, take a look at this interesting article or book. When all the world’s information is at your fingertips, it’s soo tempting to be a fox.
The spot is selected, and the drill sharpened. So, how to drill now? Watch out for interesting soil layers and horizons. If you reach those layers, you’d never roll back. Beware the space in between the layers – that’s where the rocks might crumble. You dig deep into the subject, you read, you do something, and there’s a moment when things fall into place. Congrats! You’ve found the gold.
There’s one more good metaphor, I’ve picked it up in some book. In the beginning you find yourself in the dark room, and you’re using touch and feel to discover what’s in this room. Then there’s an instant, when the lights turn on, and you see very clearly what is where. The same is going on in your head. The light is suddenly on, and all the standalone concepts get precisely aligned. You will never forget that moment, and this clear alignment will always be there. The lights will be on at all times. The overhead lights might dim with time, but they won’t go out completely.
At times it’s very hard to make yourself keep on drilling. When you see that nothing changes, and you’ve been pecking this subject for several months with no evident progress, you just want to give up everything and get away to some sunny beach. What are you supposed to do in this case? The answer is the same – keep on doing it. If you give up once, give up twice – you’d lose your self-confidence, that’s it. You’d obsess over the thought that you’re good for nothing and get stuck at your current layer forever. You have to keep on drilling. You have to get to the first precious layer and experience the “aha!” moment. You have to turn on the lights to see what’s in the room.
What’s the difference between brilliant programmers and average programmers? It might well be about just one thing: with brilliant programmers, this faith is there all along. They just believe they can’t be anything else but brilliant programmers, whereas average programmers never conjure such things and give up on the drilling eventually. The power of faith and self-confidence can work wonders.
What if you don’t like the drilling location that you’ve previously selected? You have to get busy with something else then. If you take no delight in the studies, if you unconsciously register the count of pages in a new book the moment you open it – this subject or this discipline is not for you. Go over your map one more time and find another location. Maybe you’d get interested in UX, or automation, or marketing. With one or two trial drillings you will locate the spots worth putting your effort into.
So, how we learn? What should we do to make the learning process more efficient?
- Turn on “the fox mode” and sketch your map. Identify some starting points for a more in-depth look into the subject.
- Try to make sense of the connections between disciplines and order the studies logically. It’s quite easy on the high-level.
- Turn on “the hedgehog mode” and dig deep. You’ll have to interrupt the focused digging though to jump to the related subjects, otherwise you won’t be able to reach the even deeper layers.
A great teacher would disclose his map to the students, guiding their way and showing implicit connections between the disciplines. Students will never lose their way if they have such a map.
Unfortunately, I haven’t come across a teacher who would have done that to his students. So I have to break through the jungle all by myself, working with my machete and carrying my torch, as I put new territories on the map. Hopefully, my children will have better luck.
P.S. Translated from Russian by Olga Kouzina.
(Note: Opinions expressed in this article and its replies are the opinions of their respective authors and not those of DZone, Inc.)
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Finding your own rules of haiku
There is, thank goodness, no one way to write a haiku. Though the literature has haiku which we admire and even model our own works on, there is no one style or technique which is absolutely the best. Haiku is too large for that. Haiku has, in its short history (just over 400 years) been explored and expanded by writers so that now we have a fairly wide range of styles, techniques and methods to investigate.
Usually writers stay with a rule until a new one is found to replace it. Because there are so many rules, we all have a different set with which we are working. You need to make the decision: are those rules, goals or guidelines some I want for myself? This thought is much more gentle to the Universe than saying some haiku are good and others are bad.
You've heard Robert Frost's saying “that poetry without rules is like a tennis match without a net” and this is true also for haiku. If you are at that stage, a starting set of rules could be:
- Write in three lines that are short, long, short without counting syllables.
- Make sure the haiku has a fragment and a phrase.
- Have some element of nature.
- Use verbs in the present tense.
- Avoid capital letters or punctuation.
- Avoid rhymes.
As soon as you get proficient with these, you may feel your haiku all sound and look alike, it's time to raise the tennis net by picking a new rule or so, either from this list at the end of this chapter or one you've made up from reading and admiring other haiku, or, and this is possible and not treason –
from other poetry genre.
Now you might be ready for this oft-published article:
HAIKU RULES THAT HAVE COME AND GONE
Take Your Pick
Haiku, which seem so light, free and spontaneous, are built on discipline. If you've a desire to write haiku, you are manifesting a desire for a few more rules in your life. And rules aren't bad as long as they are your rules for your work.
You've heard Robert Frost's saying poetry without rules is like a tennis match without a net and it is true also for haiku. And Basho had his motto: "Learn the rules; and then forget them."
But first he said, "Learn the rules." If you are at that stage of the game (we are all, at all times, students), here are some old and new rules. You can't physically follow all of these, because they conflict, but among them I would hope you'd pick a set just for you. Then write down your thoughts, impressions, and feelings while following your own rules.
As soon as you get proficient (you will notice your haiku all sound alike) it's time to raise the tennis net by picking a new rule or so, either from this list or one you've made up from reading and admiring other haiku, or, and this is possible and not treason, from other poetry genre.
Here we go:
1. Seventeen syllables in one line.
2. Seventeen syllables written in three lines.
3. Seventeen syllables written in three lines divided into 5-7-5.
4. Seventeen syllables written in a vertical (flush left or centered) line.
5. Less than 17 syllables written in three lines as short-long-short.
6. Less than 17 syllables written in three vertical lines as short-long-short.
7. Write what can be said in one breath.
8. Use a season word (kigo) or seasonal reference.
9. Use a caesura at the end of either the first or second line, but not at both.
10. Never have all three lines make a complete or run-on sentence.
11. Have two images that are only comparative when illuminated by the third image. Example: spirit in retreat / cleaning first the black stove / and washing my hands
12. Have two images that are only associative when illuminated by the third image. Example: fire-white halo / at the moment of eclipse / I notice your face
13. Have two images that are only in contrast when illuminated by the third image. Example: two things ready / but not touching the space between / fire
14. Always written in the present tense of here and now.
15. Limited use (or non-use) of personal pronouns.
16. Use of personal pronouns written in the lower case. Example: i am a ...
17. Eliminating all the possible uses of gerunds (ing endings on wording).
18. Study and check on articles. Do you use too many the's? too little? all the same in one poem or varied?
19. Use of common sentence syntax in both phrases.
20. Use of sentence fragments.
21. Study the order in which the images are presented. First the wide-angle view, medium range and zoomed in close-up. (Thanks to George Price for this clarification!)
22. Save the "punch line" for the end line.
23. Work to find the most fascinating and eye-catching first lines.
24. Just write about ordinary things in an ordinary way using ordinary language.
25. Study Zen and let your haiku express the wordless way of making images.
26. Study any religion or philosophy and let this echo in the background of your haiku.
27. Use only concrete images.
28. Invent lyrical expressions for the image.
29. Attempt to have levels of meaning in the haiku. On the surface it is a set of simple images; underneath a philosophy or lesson of life.
30. Use images that evoke simple rustic seclusion or accepted poverty. (sabi)
31. Use images that evoke classical elegant separateness. (shubumi)
32. Use images that evoke nostalgic romantic images. Austere beauty. (wabi)
33. Use images that evoke a mysterious aloneness. (Yugen)
34. Use of paradox.
35. Use of puns and word plays.
36. Write of the impossible in an ordinary way.
37. Use of lofty or uplifting images. (No war, blatant sex, or crime)
38. Telling it as it is in the real world around us.
39. Use only images from nature. (No mention of humanity.)
40. Mixing humans and nature in a haiku by relating a human feeling to an aspect of nature.
41. Designation of humans a non-nature and giving all these non-nature haiku another name.
42. Avoid all reference to yourself in the haiku.
43. Refer to yourself obliquely as the poet, this old man, or with a personal pronoun.
44. Use no punctuation for ambiguity.
45. Use all normal sentence punctuation
: = a full stop
; = a half stop or pause
... = something left unsaid
, = a slight pause
-- = saying the same thing in other words
. = full stop
46. Capitalize the first word of every line.
47. Capitalize the first word only.
48. Capitalize proper names according to English rules.
49. All words in lower case.
50. All words in upper case.
51. Avoid rhymes.
52. Rhyme last words in the first and third lines.
53. Use rhymes in other places within the haiku.
54. Use alliteration. Example by Calvin of Calvin & Hobbes: twitching tufted tail / a toasty, tawny tummy: / a tired tiger
55. Use of words' sounds to echo feeling.
56. Always end the haiku with a noun.
57. Write haiku only from an "ah-ha" moment.
58. Use any inspiration as starting point to develop and write haiku. (These are known as desk haiku.)
59. Avoid too many (or all) verbs.
60. Cut out prepositions (in - on - at - among - between) whenever possible; especially in the short 1/3 phrase.
61. Eliminate adverbs.
62. Don't use more than one modifier per noun. This use should be limited to the absolute sense of the haiku.
63. Share your haiku by adding one at the close of your letters.
64. Treat your haiku like poetry; it's not a greeting card verse.
65. Write down every haiku that comes to you. Even the bad ones. It may inspire the next one which will surely be better.
Here is space for you to actually write down the rules you wish to adopt for your haiku. Do date them and notice how soon you need to change one or another. The order in which you list them is also important. I wish I could peek into everyone's list right now!
MY HAIKU RULES
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Damage from cell phones comes from two sources. The first damaging source occurs from the Near-Field Plume of radiation generated by the cell phone’s antenna. This plume of radiation extends out a distance of six or seven inches from the antenna in all directions. The near-field plume has been studied most extensively and contains the most intense energy. It is able to penetrate deep into biological tissue. This radiation is absorbed when the cell phone is held in close proximity to the body.
The second form of damage comes from a radio wave called the information-Carrying Radio Wave, or ICRW. The cell phone signal is made up of two parts. The first part of the signal vibrates at 600 to 2500 megahertz. This wave is moving much too fast for the body to recognize and, as far as we can tell, is not causing any harm. However, when a person speaks or sends a text message the information is “piggy-backed” or packeted onto the first radio wave. This creates a second wave or signal which is called the information-carrying radio wave, or ICRW. It vibrates at a frequency down in the hertz range. In this range the ICRW is recognized by the body and it is this wave that is causing damage. Data Sourced From Report “The Cell Phone Poisoning Of America” Written by Lynn Quiring, Rph CCN, NMD – Logical Health LLC
WHAT HAPPENS TO YOUR BODY WHEN IT IS EXPOSED TO EMF RADIATION?
Your cellular energy is now used for protection rather than metabolism. Cell membranes weaken keeping nutrients out and waste products in.
This causes waste to accumulate inside the cells creating a higher concentration of free radicals, leading to both disruption of DNA repair (micronuclei) and cellular dysfunction.
THE DANGER: Unwanted cell death occurs releasing the micronuclei from the disrupted DNA repair into the fluid between cells (interstitial fluid) where they are free to replicate and proliferate. This, says Dr. Carlo, is the most likely mechanism that contributes to cancer.
Damage occurs to proteins on the cell membrane resulting in disruption of intercellular communication. When cells can not communicate with each other, the result is impaired tissue, organ, and organism function. In the blood-brain barrier, for example, cells can not keep dangerous chemicals from reaching the brain tissue, which results in damage.
WHAT DO THE EXPERTS SAY?
Dr. George Carlo: The cellphone industry’s own research program concluded cellphone radiation was damaging to consumer’s health. Dr. George Carlo, was the cellphone industry’s Director of Research who was hired to run their $28 million dollar, 7 year research program to find out if cellphones were dangerous. Dr. George Carlo presents and reveals how the information-carrying radio waves from cell phones and other wireless technology are causing biological harm. Dr. Carlo says that when our cells are hit by EMF radiation, the cells regard the information-carrying radio waves as unrecognizable foreign toxins. This causes the cell membranes to weaken and shut down the transport channels between cells. As a result, nutrients donít get in and waste products donít get out. Among these waste products are free radicals that cause disruption of the cellular respiratory function. The cells become further energy-deficient, eventually triggering programmed cell death. The free radicals also interfere with DNA repair, a factor in the development of micronuclei and tumor formation.
Vanuatu, Port Vila,
Costa Rica, San Jose,
Mongolia, Ulan Bator,
City of Fairfield, Australia,
Mount Isa, Queensland,
Grand Rapids Michigan USA
Click on any of the pictures below
to learn more
Date posted: Saturday, August 25th, 2012 8:48 am | Under category: Uncategorized
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What Is Vitiligo?
Vitiligo (vit-ill-EYE-go) is a disorder in which white patches of skin appear on different parts of the body. This happens because the cells that make pigment (color) in the skin are destroyed. These cells are called melanocytes (ma-LAN-o-sites). Vitiligo can also affect the mucous membranes (such as the tissue inside the mouth and nose) and the eye.
What Causes Vitiligo?
The cause is not known. Vitiligo may be an autoimmune disease. These diseases happen when your immune system mistakenly attacks some part of your own body. In vitiligo, the immune system may destroy the melanocytes in the skin. It is also possible that one or more genes may make a person more likely to get the disorder.
Some researchers think that the melanocytes destroy themselves. Others think that a single event such as sunburn or emotional distress can cause vitiligo. But these events have not been proven to cause vitiligo.
Who Is Affected by Vitiligo?
In the United States, 2 to 5 million people have the disorder. Most people with vitiligo develop it before their 40th birthday. The disorder affects all races and both sexes equally.
People with certain autoimmune diseases (such as thyroid disease) are more likely to get vitiligo than people who don't have any autoimmune diseases. Scientists do not know why vitiligo is connected with these diseases. However, most people with vitiligo have no other autoimmune disease.
Vitiligo may also run in families. Children whose parents have the disorder are more likely to develop vitiligo. However, most children will not get vitiligo even if a parent has it.
What Are the Symptoms of Vitiligo?
White patches on the skin are the main sign of vitiligo. These patches are more common in areas where the skin is exposed to the sun. The patches may be on the hands, feet, arms, face, and lips. Other common areas for white patches are:
# The armpits and groin (where the leg meets the body)
# Around the mouth
People with vitiligo often have hair that turns gray early. Those with dark skin may notice a loss of color inside their mouths.
Will the White Patches Spread?
There is no way to tell if vitiligo will spread. For some people, the white patches do not spread. But often the white patches will spread to other areas of the body. For some people, vitiligo spreads slowly, over many years. For other people, spreading occurs quickly. Some people have reported more white patches after physical or emotional stress.
How Is Vitiligo Diagnosed?
The doctor will use a family and medical history, physical exam, and tests to diagnose vitiligo. The doctor may ask questions such as:
# Do you have family members with vitiligo?
# Do you or family members have any autoimmune diseases?
# Did you have a rash, sunburn, or other skin problem before the white patches appeared?
# Did you have some type of stress or physical illness?
# Did your hair turn gray before age 35?
# Are you sensitive to the sun?
The doctor will do a physical exam to rule out other medical problems.
Tests might include:
# Taking a small sample (biopsy) of the affected skin
# Blood tests
# An eye exam.
How Is Vitiligo Treated?
Treatment may help make the skin look better. The choice of treatment depends on:
# The number of white patches
# How widespread the patches are
# The treatment the person prefers to use.
Some treatments are not right for everyone. Many treatments can have unwanted side effects. Treatments can take a long time, and sometimes they don't work.
Current treatment options for vitiligo include medical, surgical, and other treatments. Most treatments are aimed at restoring color to the white patches of skin.
Medical treatments include:
# Medicines (such as steroid creams) that you put on the skin
# Medicines that you take by mouth
# A treatment that uses medicine plus ultraviolet A (UVA) light (PUVA)
# Removing the color from other areas so they match the white patches.
Surgical treatments include:
# Skin grafts from a person's own tissues. The doctor takes skin from one area of a patient's body and attaches it to another area. This is sometimes used for people with small patches of vitiligo.
# Tattooing small areas of skin.
Other treatments include:
# Cosmetics, such as makeup or dye, to cover the white patches
# Counseling and support.
What Can People Do to Cope With Vitiligo?
When you have vitiligo, you may be upset or depressed about the change in your appearance. There are several things you can do to cope with the disorder:
# Find a doctor who knows how to treat vitiligo. The doctor should also be a good listener and be able to provide emotional support.
# Learn about the disorder and treatment choices. This can help you make decisions about your treatment.
# Talk with other people who have vitiligo. A vitiligo group can help you find a support group (check your local listings). Family and friends are another source of support.
Some people with vitiligo have found that cosmetics that cover the white patches improve their appearance and help them feel better about themselves. A person may need to try several brands of concealing cosmetics before finding the product that works best.
What Research Is Being Done on Vitiligo?
Research on vitiligo has increased in recent years. A large study of families with vitiligo is looking for genes that might cause the disorder. Researchers continue to look for the causes of and new treatments for vitiligo.
For More Information on Vitiligo and Other Related Conditions:
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)National Institutes of Health1 AMS CircleBethesda, MD 20892–3675Phone: 301–495–4484 or 877–22–NIAMS (226–4267) (free of charge)TTY: 301–565–2966Fax: 301–718–6366E-mail: NIAMSInfo@mail.nih.govwww.niams.nih.gov
The information in this publication was summarized in easy-to-read format from information in a more detailed NIAMS publication. To order the Vitiligo Q&A full-text version, please contact NIAMS using the contact information above. To view the complete text or to order online, visit http://www.niams.nih.gov.
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This page is part of the
column edited by Annie and John Selden. It gives complete citations for the mathematics education research (and other) articles mentioned. Other references will be included from time-to-time.
Annotated Bibliography on Constructivism
Preservice Teachers' Conceptions of Mathematics and How to Teach it
What Does it Take to be an Expert Problem Solver?
Why Mathematics Education Research Papers are Accepted or Rejected
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RODALE NEWS, EMMAUS, PA—Eating local can be tricky. Certainly, eating local, organic, sustainably farmed food is an incredible way to protect your health, and even helps keep taxpayers happy. Sustainable farming techniques protect the soil and reduce runoff, pollution, and flooding in your area.
But a new interactive map points out that in many parts of the country, eggs, dairy, and meat products marketed as "local" could actually be coming from a factory farm in your county. Which means some of the local food sold in grocery stores could be from animals raised in inhumane conditions and in such high concentrations that they pollute your local water supply and air. Since many industrial farming operations are inconspicuous—they look like warehouses, with no animals to be seen—many people have no idea that they live near a factory farm, also known as a concentrated animal-feeding operation, or CAFO. The new and improved Factory Farm Map, created by Food and Water Watch, uses color coding and easy-to-understand stats to help consumers find factory-farm hotspots throughout the country. Using U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) data, consumers can easily drill down to the county level to see how many industrial farm animals are in each county of the United States.
THE DETAILS: Using USDA data from 1997, 2002, and 2007 for beef and dairy cattle, hogs, broilers, and egg-laying operations, Food and Water Watch discovered that biggest factory farms are now cramming more than 20 percent more animals onto farms, compared to 2002 stats. And virtually no region in the country is untouched by factory-farm operations that often deprive animals of sunlight, cleanliness, pasture, room to move, and high-quality feed. These large-scale operations also threaten local air and water quality, as raw manure runoff laced with antibiotics potentially contaminates groundwater. "While more and more light is being shed on the ways our food system is broken and consumers are increasingly interested in knowing where their food comes from, there is still a lot of information that’s hidden from public view," says Wenonah Hauter, executive director of Food and Water Watch. "The purpose of the Factory Farm Map is to provide an easy-to-use tool that anyone can access to learn more about where our food is really coming from."
Here are some key findings in the Food & Water Watch analysis used to build the Factory Farm Map:
• In just five years, the total number of animals on factory farms grew by 5 million, or more than 20 percent.
• Cows on factory dairy farms nearly doubled from 2.5 million cows in 1997 to 4.9 million in 2007. Factory dairy farm growth in Western states like Idaho, California (not-so-happy cows), New Mexico, and Texas shifted the dairy industry away from traditional states like Wisconsin, New York, and Michigan. (Yes, we're now raising cows in deserts.)
• Beef cattle on industrial feedlots rose 17 percent from 2002 to 2007, adding about 1,100 beef cattle to feedlots every day for five years.
• Nationally, about 5,000 hogs were added to factory farms every day for the past decade.
• The growth of industrial broiler chicken production added 5,800 chickens every hour over the past decade.
• Egg-laying hens on factory farms increased by one quarter over the decade. (Learn how to buy the healthiest eggs; previous research found caged hens—the premiere method used in factory farming—raises salmonella risk exponentially.)
• In 2007, the average factory-farmed dairy held nearly 1,500 cows and the average beef feedlot held 3,800 beef cattle.
• The average size of factory hog farms increased by 42 percent over a decade.
• Five states with the largest broiler chicken operations average more than 200,000 birds per factory farm.
• Over a decade, ending in 2007, average-size layer chicken operations have grown by 53.7 percent to 614,000.
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Home > Patents and Inventions
Patents and Inventions
Creative ideas are a result of our minds hard at work and inventions are the result of these creative ideas. Patents are the part of the intellectual property law that protects inventions. A national government office will grant a patent after review of the application, which will describe what your product or service is and what it will do.
Three Main Types of Patents
- Utility patents offer protection for machines, product, process, and composition of matter or any improvements to these. Examples where a utility patent may be used are computer hardware, fiber optics, medications
- Design patents protect against the unauthorized use of ornamental design, shape, configuration or improvement of an invention. Examples of design patent include the design of Coca-Cola bottles, designer eyeglass frames, athletic shoe, Star Wars character.
- Plant patent protects asexually reproduced plant varieties that are discovered or invented such as Silver Queen corn, Hybrid tea roses, Better Boy tomatoes.
What You Cannot Patent
- Laws of nature (gravity, wind)
- Physical phenomena (water, sand)
- Abstract ideas (a philosophy, mathematics)
- Literary, musical, dramatic and artistic works (These can be copyright protected.)
What You Can Patent
- Inventions that are new or novel
- Inventions sufficiently different and nonobvious - even if you've developed a product that has never been made before, if it's too similar to something else, it cannot be patented.
- Inventions that are useful, will perform both its declared purpose and a practical purpose
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It was the brightest cosmic explosion ever observed, and astronomers are still hotly debating its origin and implications. But already the giant flare of December 27, 2004, produced by a bizarre star in our own Milky Way galaxy, is providing a partial solution to a 10-year-old astrophysical mystery. Such "magnetar" flares in distant galaxies may account for at least some of a particular class of gamma-ray burst that has defied explanation.
Despite its distance of 50,000 light-years, the December flare was brighter than the full moon. Yet no one actually saw it, because it belched out almost all its stupendous power in the form of energetic gamma rays, completely saturating the sensitive Burst Alert Telescope on NASA's Swift satellite, which had been launched into orbit just five weeks earlier. "It was an astonishing event," recalls gamma-ray-burst researcher Ralph Wijers of the University of Amsterdam in the Netherlands.
After learning of the giant flare, Swift scientist David Palmer of Los Alamos National Laboratory immediately had a hunch. If a similar magnetar flare occurred in a distant galaxy, he reasoned, it would be indistinguishable from a so-called short gamma-ray burst, with a duration less than two seconds or so. These short bursts are quite different from their longer cousins, which last from a few seconds to many minutes. Astronomers believe that long gamma-ray bursts, all detected in remote galaxies so far, signal the catastrophic and terminal detonation of supermassive, rapidly spinning stars. This proposed mechanism probably does not apply to short gamma-ray bursts, however.
Palmer developed his idea and found that the magnetar flares offer at least a partial explanation. In an analysis to be published in Nature, he and his colleagues conclude that at least a few percent of all short bursts are quite likely to be explained in this way. Based on the observed luminosity and expected frequency of giant magnetar flares, a few dozen of these events per year would occur in other, relatively nearby galaxies. This amount is not enough to explain all short gamma-ray bursts, but, Palmer says, "5 percent is a good approximation." He quips that this number "is probably not off by more than a factor of 20, which is actually pretty good in this business."
As for the cause of the other short gamma-ray bursts, Chryssa Kouveliotou of the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center says that the leading explanation is the violent merger of two neutron stars orbiting each other. But Palmer notes: "With the December 27 event, we now know that neutron-star mergers are not responsible for all short gamma-ray bursts. Whether they are responsible for any of them is still an open question." Wijers agrees that it remains unclear whether a neutron-star merger can produce this type of gamma-ray burst.
The answer may come soon, though. Astronomers expect that the Swift satellite, which became fully operational in early April, will accurately pinpoint sky positions and distances for a number of short bursts, enabling scientists to finally get a grip on these enigmatic phenomena. Palmer, for one, is optimistic: "The next gamma-ray burst we see could bring enlightenment."
This article was originally published with the title Rare Flare.
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Learn something new every day More Info... by email
Enzyme therapy involves the administration of enzymes into the body to treat disease, deficiencies, and other conditions. Enzymes are macromolecules that speed up biological processes in the body and work to digest food, cleanse the blood, break down toxins, strengthen the immune system, reduce stress in the pancreas, and build protein muscle. In other words, enzymes make things happen.
Enzyme therapy, also known as systemic enzyme therapy, is used to treat a variety of conditions. It refers to the process of enzymes flowing through the body, producing beneficial, healing changes. It’s most often used by alternative health practitioners but is also used in mainstream medicine via asparaginase, an enzyme used in chemotherapy. Enzyme therapy may be used in the treatment of cystic fibrosis, pancreatic insufficiency, and to treat certain cancers. Enzymes can be taken intravenously, topically, or orally via pills or capsules.
Enzymes used in therapy can be divided into pancreatic enzymes and plant enzymes. Pancreatic enzymes used in enzyme therapy are derived from an animal source. These enzymes work to promote healthy immune and digestive systems. Plant enzymes are sourced from food, like pineapple and papaya, and work to make the digestive system run efficiently. Besides digestive enzymes, there are also metabolic enzymes that build new cells and repair damaged ones throughout the body.
Another type of therapy, called enzyme replacement therapy, is used to supplement people who have enzyme deficiencies. Cells in the body are capable of producing 10,000 different enzymes, yet some people have bodies that fail to produce this amount. Enzyme replacement therapy ensures that the body has enough enzymes to be beneficial. In this therapy, they are usually administered via an intravenous infusion.
The medical community is divided on whether enzyme therapy is a reliable method of treatment. There is little to no evidence supporting the success of supplementing the body with enzymes. Though many studies and tests have been conducted, none have been sufficiently unbiased to be considered generally reliable by the medical community.
Proponents claim that there are positive results from the use of enzyme supplements. Among the benefits claimed by those who encourage use of enzyme supplements include symptom relief for ulcers and allergies, weight loss, strengthened immune system, and improved circulation.
Some alternative practitioners see hope in enzyme therapy, which has proven successful in extending the lifespan of people with pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic enzymes may have high cancer-fighting properties that work similar to chemotherapy by keeping tumor cells from dividing and spreading. In this form of treatment, patients supplement with enzymes but also eat a minimally-processed diet, take plenty of vitamin and mineral supplements, and detoxify their body with coffee enemas to remove any waste materials from the liver.
Enzyme therapy was first used by a Scottish scientist, John Beard, in 1902. Dr. Edward Howell introduced the treatment to the United States in the 1920s.
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Anxiety Treatment and Research Program
What is Obsessive Compulsive Disorder?
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a relatively common anxiety disorder characterized by upsetting and unwanted intrusive thoughts and repetitive behaviors the person feels compelled to perform. Symptoms of OCD may include unwanted doubts; anxiety-provoking thoughts about harm, contamination, sex, health, or religious themes; and rituals that feel necessary, such as excessive washing, cleaning, checking, praying, or counting. Oftentimes, the symptoms also include special, mental acts or thoughts designed to counteract or un-do upsetting, unwanted, or fearful thoughts. To learn more, please read our Obsessive Compulsive Disorder FAQ.
What is Social Anxiety Disorder?
Social Anxiety Disorder is a common anxiety disorder characterized by fear and avoidance of various social situations. In many respects, Social Anxiety Disorder resembles an extreme form of shyness. Unlike shyness, however, Social Anxiety Disorder interferes significantly with an individual's functioning. People with Social Anxiety Disorder often become anxious in and avoid social situations such as speaking in public, meeting new people, or dating. To learn more, please read our Social Anxiety Disorder FAQ.
Project SOS: FREE Online Treatment Program for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Drexel University offers a FREE online treatment program (using Skype) for adults (ages 18-65) suffering from obsessive compulsive disorder. Please visit the Online Treatment for OCD section of our website for more information. All results are confidential.
Social Anxiety In-Person Treatment Program
Drexel University offers a FREE in-person treatment program for adults (ages 18-65) suffering from social anxiety disorder. If you are an adult who has these problems and you live in the greater Philadelphia area, please visit the Social Anxiety In-Person Treatment section of our website for more information.
Internet Self Help Treatment Program for Social Anxiety
Drexel University is conducting a research study that offers an Internet-based self-help treatment program for adults (ages 18-65) suffering from social anxiety disorder. Please visit the Internet Self-Help Program for Social Anxiety section of our website for more information.
Disclaimer: We are not able to answer specific treatment questions for individuals or their families. Please talk to a mental health professional in your area for assistance. The material presented on this site is provided for information purposes only and not for medical purposes. We cannot attest to the quality of any of the services listed by those other than Drexel University. In the event of an emergency, please go to your nearest hospital emergency room or call 911.
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'It is out of the question the most wonderful plant ever brought to this country, and one of the ugliest.'
This was the response of the Regius Keeper of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in 1863 when presented with a plant of Welwitschia mirabilis. Welwitschia mirabilis plants are unusual for their large, strap like leaves that grow continuously along the ground. During its entire life, each plant produces only two leaves, which often split into many segments as a result of the leaves being whipped by the wind. Carbon-14 datings of the largest plants have shown that some individuals are over 1500 years old.
The Welwitschia mirabilis is a dioecious perennial plant with short stem and taproot. Beyond that, the plant is often described as 'bizarre', 'weird', or 'unlike any known plant on earth'. Its short, woody, unbranched stem is surmounted by 2 strap-shaped leaves that grow from a basal meristem throughout the life of the plant, becoming twisted and frayed with the passing centuries.
Stomata occur on both leaf surfaces. The woody stem widens with age to become a concave disc up to a meter across, from which grow small ramified branch systems that serve only to bare pollen and seed cones. The branched reproductive shoots arise near the leaf bases. Red pollen cones, resembling those of Ephedra, appear in groups of 2-3 on each branch. Normally, only one seed develops within each cone and is dispersed by wind.
The leaves are the longest-lived in the plant kingdom, they are evergreen, a single pair and generally broad and flat. The broadest unbroken leaf measures 179 sm. This particular leaf was 6 meters long of which 3.15 meters were living tissue. The surface that this leaf covers helps the plant to survive at a temperature on the soil as high as 65 'C. It keeps the soil under the plant cool and moist. The leaves grow annually an average 13.8 sm. Therefore the plant can produce up to 150 metres of leaf tissue over a growth period of 1000 years.
The leaves are on average 1.4 mm thick. The leaves that lay on the sand surface also prevent wind erosion. Even under gale force conditions the broad leaves remain rigid and immobile. Absorption of water through the stomata must be regarded as very interesting; this characteristic of the leaves has ensured the species survival. The stomata remains open until the fog has lifted and although much of the water that has condensed on the leaves runs off the direct intake of a proportion of this water takes place. Unlike other plants the stomata is open under foggy conditions and closes when it is hotter. This ensures that no water is evaporated during the heat of the day.
The Welwitschia is endemic to the Namib Desert, which is one of the world's oldest deserts with extreme arid conditions stretching in the western part of Namibia along the coast up to the southwestern part of Angola. The area receives no rainfall during some years and averages fewer than 100 mm per year. Most specimens are found within 80 km of the coast in a fog belt, suggesting that the fog is an important moisture source. Leaves typically grow at a rate of 8-15 cm/yr on mature plants, some of which have been found with leaves measuring 1.8 m wide and 6.2 m long, suggesting potential ages of 500-1000 years.
Most of the observations are done on the Welwitschia Fläche, a desert plain, about 50 km east of Swakopmund and east of the confluence of the Khan and Swakop rivers.
The first Welwitschia plant was discovered by Austrian botanist Friedrich Welwitsch (1806-1872) in 1860 in the Namib desert in the southern part of Angola. The plant was named after Friedrich in recognition of his successful botanical research and because he found and collected it first.
Dr. Friedrich Welwitsch (1806-1872):
Friedrich Welwitsch was born in Austria where he worked for some time as a theatre critic. Later he fled to Portugal where he started to work as a plant collector. Several years later he was sent to Angola by the Portuguese government where he made over 5000 collections during 12 years in the country. Some were completely new to science at that time and contained large amount of useful information.
When he returned from Angola Welwitsch decided to settle in London to stay close to the Natural History Museum and the Royal Botanical Gardens. He worked there until his death in 1872. After his death the Portuguese Government (who funded his collections) took the executors of his estate to court to try to retrieve the collections. After a long court battle, which lasted 3 years a compromise was reached - the Portuguese Government got the first set of duplicates and the Natural History Museum received the second set. Dr. Friedrich Welwitsch is buried in Kensal Green Cemetery in London. His tombstone is decorated with an engraving of Welwitschia.
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We all have friends who are never late for any engagement and others who are easily distracted and take a less direct approach to life. So it is with birds.
Each year golden-crowned sparrows arrive in my yard from Canada and Alaska on the same calendar date, plus or minus two days. The same is true for their departure in spring. Other birds are nearly as predictable, including hermit warblers breeding in our forests and American wigeon wintering on our farm ponds. You can almost set your watch, OK, your calendar by the movements of many birds.
A little less predictable are robins and waxwings. In a year with abundant madrone berries, they stay with us in the thousands. If the berry crop fails, most are quick to head for distant places with better fare. However, come spring there will always be a pair of robins in my yard and cedar waxwings nesting along Bear Creek.
For the epitome of fickleness, think finches. This family includes pine siskins, goldfinches, crossbills, evening grosbeaks and purple finches. I've given up predicting the movements of these birds. One spring pine siskins are everywhere in the forest feasting on madrone flowers. Then they'll vanish for years with only a few scattered individuals to be found. Early ornithologists wrote of the curious absence of red crossbills in the Siskiyous. They needed only to be patient. Some years they can be found throughout.
Then there are evening grosbeaks. In May, they sometimes drop into the valley for a visit by the hundreds to feast. In other years, they are absent. This past spring small numbers stayed to breed locally in the mountain forests, a first in my experience.
Goldfinches, too, can be erratic, but not to the same degree as their relatives. They are predictable breeders, but flocks often surge through the valley in the fall and winter. When and where? It's anyone's guess. Only the house finch in this family of wanderers seems to be predictable, which is every day at my feeder.
Why are members of this family so erratic? It starts with their food supply. Siskins tend to follow the cone crop, especially hemlock, and crossbills appear wherever pines and spruce are producing abundant cones.
Cone production depends upon growing conditions, meaning the weather, and we all know how predictable that is. Crossbills are so closely tied to their food supply that they will even breed in the snows of winter if the cone crop is plentiful.
This last observation helps provide the rest of the answer to our question. Finches and their close relatives feed their young partially digested seeds. This is unusual among songbirds.
Others that feed on seeds much of the year, such as sparrows, juncos, towhees, buntings and black-headed grosbeaks, all feed their young protein-rich insects instead. It looks odd to see a black-headed grosbeak with its massive bill collecting caterpillars, but the diet produces strong young. Believe it or not, insect populations are more predictable than cone crops and, consequently, so are the movements of sparrows, juncos and other birds that eat them.
So what will it be this winter? Will pine siskins be abundant or absent? Will next spring bring feeders teeming with evening grosbeaks? Has anyone checked the cone crop lately?
Stewart Janes is a Biology professor at Southern Oregon University. He can be reached at email@example.com.
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Growth or Equality: Two Competing Visions for America’s Future
The current political debate in America hints at an unspoken, but profoundly important choice between two radically different visions of the path to prosperity for all.
- One vision holds that inequality is an essential and beneficial precondition to unleash the economic growth needed to end poverty and heal the environment. Freeing the rich from taxes and cumbersome regulation will unleash a wave of productive investment, job creation, and prosperity that eventually will trickle down to enrich us all.
- The other vision holds that inequality bears a primary responsibility for the political, economic, social, and environmental failures that threaten the future of America and the world. America already has the world’s largest economy and one of the world’s highest per capita income levels. Further growth for growth’s sake is not the answer. Our priority need is to reallocate and redistribute our economic resources to get the outcomes we really want.
Equality: The Evidence
British epidemiologist Richard Wilkinson has done an exhaustive review of the evidence on the relationship between the distribution of wealth and indicators of physical, mental, and social health across and within countries. His research demonstrates that on virtually every indicator, more equal societies enjoy more positive outcomes than less equal societies.
Figure 1, below, graphs the results for the world’s high-income countries. By a substantial margin, the United States ranks first in inequality and has the worst outcomes on a range of indicators of physical, mental, and social health (see also Wilkinson’s TED talk).
Wealth in equality in America has become so extreme that it should be setting off alarm bells as a threat to national well being.
In relatively equal societies, modest differences in wealth and privilege based on differences in real competence and contribution are easy to accept as fair and justified. When, however, the differences become extreme and the winners distinguish themselves primarily by their willingness to engage in morally corrupt behavior for personal advantage, there is an inevitable deterioration of the trust, institutional legitimacy, and moral fabric essential to the healthy function of individuals, communities, and society. That creates a social deficit, from which it takes generations to recover.
Health and Social Problems are Worse in More Unequal Countries
Index: Life expectancy; math and literacy; infant mortality; homicide; imprisonment; teenage births; trust; obesity; mental illness, incl. drug and alcohol addiction; social mobility.
Source: Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level (2009), www.equalitytrust.org.uk
Figure 1: Equality and National Health
More Sucking Up Than Trickle Down
Wall Street interests would have us believe that the best way to deal with the plight of the poor is to bring up the bottom by growing the economy from the top down—the classic claim of trickle-down economics. When wealth and power are concentrated at the top, however, the result is not trickle down. It is a sucking up. Those on the top suck up the wealth and gorge on a spending spree. Those on the bottom suck in their guts, tighten their belts, and fight for survival.
From 1983 to 2008, total U.S. GDP grew from $6.1 trillion to $13.2 trillion in constant 2005 dollars. Figure 2, below, shows the distribution of the total wealth gain during this period. The wealthiest 5 percent of American households captured 81.7 percent of the gain. The bottom 60 percent of households not only failed to share in the overall increase, they suffered a 7.5 percent loss.
Figure 2: Who Captures the Wealth Gain from Growth?
Current U.S. per capita GDP is $48,100 for every man, woman, and child in the United States. This places us somewhere around seventh in the world, depending on who is counting. We are bested only by countries with comparatively tiny populations (Qatar, Luxembourg, Singapore, Norway, Kuwait, Brunei)—four of them with a lot of oil.
Debt Crisis? Try Growth Crisis
Richard Heinberg explains why the debt crisis is really a growth crisis... and why that might not be such a bad thing.
If distributed equally, U.S. per capita GDP would translate into $192,400 for a family of four. Our economy is already far larger than necessary to provide for needs of all and provide a fair reward for those who make distinctive contributions.
Contrary to the incessant mantra of economists, politicians, and media pundits, economic growth is not the solution to what ails us. In fact, sheer economic growth drives the need to chew up ever more of our living Earth, creating an environmental deficit that compromises Earth’s living systems to feed an economic system that fails to meet our most basic needs because of an egregious misallocation of resources. Our prime need is for a more intelligent distribution of the wealth we have—giving social and environmental returns priority over financial returns.
When Wall Street Interests Make the Rules
The sucking-up economy is no accident. More than 30 years ago, Wall Street interests mobilized in the name of deregulation and market “freedom” to rewrite the rules of finance in order to break the link between contribution and reward; and to favor the bankers, big corporations, private equity firms, and others in the business of playing financial games to make money from money. They suppressed wages and benefits for working people, reduced taxes paid by the rich, and stripped away constraints on speculation and other financial games by which those at the top increase their financial wealth without contributing to the real wealth of society.
Wall Streeters now pride themselves on generating eye-popping profits and bonuses through financial manipulation, deception, and extortion while producing nothing of real value. As the wealth gap grows, so too does the relative political power of the elites and thereby their ability to rig the rules in the favor of yet greater wealth concentration.
Economic structures institutionalized by policies that favor growth for the rich now virtually guarantee that the benefits of growth flow to the top. There will be no economic recovery for the rest of us so long as these institutions control our economy and our politics.
To understand how it works, we must recognize that in a corrupted financial system it is possible to make a great deal of money without contributing to the production of real wealth. Money itself is not wealth. It is a system of accounts by which modern societies record and balance our obligations to one another and allocate access to marketable goods and services. When the money system allocates money fairly in proportion to our individual contribution to the health and well-being of our community, it is a beneficial mechanism essential to the function of a complex modern society.
When access to the essentials of living—for example, food, water, shelter, education, and medical care—depends on our individual access to money, those who control the creation and allocation of money hold tremendous power. The more corrupt the money system, the greater the opportunity and incentive to abuse that power. The greater the abuse, the faster the wealth/power gap spirals out of control.
The greater the power of those at the top and the greater the desperation of those at the bottom, the more intense the competition to improve one’s position on the wealth pyramid by any means—no matter what the cost to the society. The financial logic of profit maximization becomes the only logic. Concern for others and Earth’s living systems is off the table.
The moral calculation is clear and simple: Be a winner or be a loser. Experience the unbounded power and privilege of the winners or bear the burden of desperate servitude to the winners’ arbitrary whims.
A Positive Federal Deficit Reduction Plan
To put ourselves on the path to a more egalitarian society will take time and effort on many fronts. One immediate opportunity lies in the debate about reducing the federal deficit. It provides one example of how a high visibility debate can be reframed to raise public awareness that we are in trouble not for lack of growth, but because of a massive misallocation of economic resources.
A recent report of the Institute for Policy Studies identifies 24 sensible fiscal reforms that would eliminate the deficit, increase equality, deny the Wall Street gamers their ill-gotten gains, and move us toward a balanced relationship with Earth’s biosphere. These include new taxes on Wall Street corporations, wealthy individuals, and pollution, and the elimination of subsidies for environmentally harmful activities. Together these recommendations would eliminate more than $572 billion a year from the deficit and simultaneously increase equality, reduce reckless financial speculation, and improve human and environmental health.
The report also identifies cuts in military spending that would save another $252 billion and make us more secure. All together, the 24 reforms could make a win-win contribution of $824 billion every year toward balancing our federal budget. In the process, we would take a first step toward the larger goal of creating a New Economy based on ecological balance, equitable distribution, and living democracy.
For more than 30 years, Republicans have made their commitment to the Wall Street vision abundantly clear. They are quick to condemn anyone who hints at a need for redistribution toward greater equality as a socialist looking for a free ride—ignoring the fact that those who profit from unproductive financial games are the ultimate free riders.
America's Deficit Attention Disorder
Money is the least of our problems. It’s time to pay attention to the real deficits that are killing us.
Democrats are rather more inclined toward an equality agenda, but are restrained by dependence on Wall Street donors and an obsolete national ideology that says growth is the path to prosperity and the success of the “wealth creators” benefits us all.
It falls to civil society to expose the nature, cause, and consequences of the wealth gap and to define a policy agenda to achieve financial integrity, close the gap, and resolve the financial, social and environmental deficits that threaten our national and human future. The goal is not to give anyone a free ride. It is to secure and expand the middle class and to assure everyone an opportunity to contribute to our national prosperity and to share in the benefits.
We must assure that the winners in the next election are politicians receptive to this agenda. Regardless of who wins, however, our task remains to build irresistible public support behind a framing vision and agenda for a nation that lives up to its promise of providing a secure and prosperous life for all who are willing work hard and play by the rules.
The Wall Street elites will push relentlessly for more growth for the 1 percent and will back their demands with enormous financial power. We must be prepared to counter with the even more powerful force of an aware and engaged citizenry committed to creating an America that works for all.
David Korten wrote this article for YES! Magazine, a national, nonprofit media organization that fuses powerful ideas and practical actions. David is the author of Agenda for a New Economy, The Great Turning: From Empire to Earth Community, and the international best seller When Corporations Rule the World. He is board chair of YES! Magazine, co-chair of the New Economy Working Group, a founding board member of the Business Alliance for Local Living Economies, president of the Living Economies Forum, and a member of the Club of Rome. He holds MBA and PhD degrees from the Stanford University Graduate School of Business and served on the faculty of the Harvard Business School.
- 5 Issues This Election Should be About, and One to Drop
Cutting through the campaign rhetoric and attack ads, here are five issues we believe should be at the center of the 2012 election, plus one that has no place in the public sphere.
- The Path to Real Prosperity
Step by step we can reclaim for Main Street the economic and political power that Wall Street now holds and create a world that truly works for all.
- How You Can Get Started Building a New Economy
No one of us can do it alone. If, however, we each contribute according to our distinctive gifts and circumstances, together we can turn the human course.
That means, we rely on support from our readers.
Independent. Nonprofit. Subscriber-supported.
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Arts in Healthcare
The Arts in Healthcare is an international movement that works to infuse the full spectrum of the arts into healthcare settings, including design, visual, performing and literary arts, resulting in programs and healthcare environments that are welcoming and uplifting for caregivers, patients, their families and visitors.
Arts in Healthcare: Best Practices (pdf)
The arts in healthcare encompass a broad array of approaches that take place in both inpatient and outpatient settings including hospitals, rehabilitation centers, hospices, mental health facilities, community health centers, nursing and convalescent homes, assisted living facilities, and private practices. The Office for AccessAbility has compiled some examples of outstanding arts programs from around the country to encourage and assist the development of similar activities.
Arts Endowment Issues Report Calling for
Greater Involvement of the Arts in Health Care
The March 19-20, 2003 symposium, hosted by the NEA and the Society for the Arts in Healthcare, brought together 40 experts in medicine, the arts, social services,
media, business and government to develop a strategic plan for advancing
cultural programming in healthcare.
Arts in Healthcare Resource List
Organizations that assist in incorporating the arts into hospitals and other healthcare institutions through education, grants, research, and programming.
The Fine Art of Healing the Sick By Christine Larson
Embracing the benefits of writing, music, and art.
Read complete story
The Art of Healing By Beth Baker
Visual and Performing Arts Take on a Bigger Role in Patient Recovery
Read complete story (pdf format)
Society for the Arts in Healthcare
Society for the Arts in Healthcare (SAH), founded in 1991, promotes the incorporation of the arts as an integral component of Healthcare by demonstrating the valuable role the arts can play in enhancing health and well being.
The Society for the Arts in Healthcare Toolkit
The Society for the Arts in Healthcare Tool Kit provides detailed information, handouts and interactive sessions that cover the basics of developing an arts in healthcare program within a wide variety of settings.
Return to Accesibility Top Page >
National Endowment for the Arts · an independent federal
1100 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
Washington, DC 20506
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Ontario Voter's Lists 1867-1900 are now online, courtesy of Ancestry.com I took a few minutes to search them this morning for my own ancestors, and it's well worth having a look.
Some years have information - name of voter, residence, and whether the individual was an occupant, owner or tenant of the home he was in. Even though it may seem basic, it helps determine where and if an ancestor was living in those years.
Others have residence, description of voter (male or female), whether or not they are eligble as a juror and if they are eligible to vote in special elections or regular. some years include an occupation.
After confederation in 1867 the government began keeping registration lists of eligible voters. Some of the lists are separated according to who is eligible to vote at Municipal elections and who is eligible to vote at Legislative Assembly elections.
Ancestry.com description of this database staes "Women weren’t granted the right to vote until 1918, so there won’t be any women listed in these records." This is incorrect. For example a search using only the first name CATHERINE brought up 526 hits!
Voter registers are valuable records to use as census substitutes, since they will usually contain the names of heads of households and other adults. Because voter registers were published on a fairly consistent basis they are useful for tracking individuals over time and place.
Although the title of this database is ONTARIO Voter's List, I found over 500 names from Montreal Centre, Quebec in the 1867 lists.
So that makes even more reason to search Ontario Voter's Lists 1867-1900 - there ARE women on the list and there are names from Quebec as well as Ontario.
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Let Me Feel Your Pulse
( Originally Published 1936 )
"The familiar figure of the doctor, watch in hand," as S. Weir Mitchell's phrase is, itself indicates the value of the hints given to the diagnostician by the pulse. It is almost impossible to dissociate our idea of the doctor from his watch and thermometer. And, indeed, these simple instruments of precision give more information to the well-trained mind than many of the expensive tests made by far more elaborate machines.
The pulse at the wrist—the "radial pulse" as we call it, because it is the pulsation of the radial artery—is a reflection of the contraction or beat of the heart transmitted along the exquisitely elastic walls of the arteries to the radial artery itself. If the heart contraction is a heaving one, it is reflected in a large pulse. If the heart beat is a weak one, it is reflected in a small pulsation. If the heart stops for a moment, or if it beats irregularly, this, too, is reproduced with great minuteness in the radial pulse.
The heart beat, under normal conditions, is remarkably regular and similar in all human beings. In adult life it beats a little oftener than once a second--72 times a minute. It is a little faster in child-hood and a little slower in old people. The hearts of different animals also contract at a given rate for nearly every species. The larger the animal, the more likely is the heart beat to be slow.
Of the 7-10 of a second which is occupied by a heart cycle, 340 are taken up with the contraction and 440 with the period of rest or relaxation. The heart muscle needs this period of rest in order to regain its ability to Contract. Why the heart should beat rhythmically, with such even regularity, is a mystery to physiologists, but it is probably wrapped up in the time that it takes the heart to recover from the fatigue of a beat and regain this contractile power.
This rhythmicity is probably inherent in the heart muscle, because strips of heart muscle will contract when removed from the body, if placed in proper solutions.
But the heart also has nervous connections, and one set of nerves which terminates in the heart muscle will cause a rapid beat if stimulated, and another set will cause the heart to slow its rate if stimulated.
No wonder, then, since these nerves arise from the central nervous system, that when we are excited nervously or deeply affected in any emotional way, the rate of the heart changes. The mere excitement of an examination by a physician will often run the pulse rate up 20 to 30 beats, and the experienced physician, in getting the pulse rate, frequently goes back and tries it again, after the patient has become more used to his presence.
The rapid heart beat is probably caused by the output of adrenalin which occurs in conditions of excitement, and which affects the vagus nerve to the heart. The pulse increases in rapidity, however, under many conditions, with nearly all the fevers and in shock, after an accident or injury, surgical operation, etc.
A slow pulse is usually considered by the life insurance companies to be a sign of long life. This is, of course, provided it is not too slow—that is, below 60. It is one of the old rules of thumb that pulses of 60 and thereabouts run in families, and are linked with a tendency to long life.
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Dora Bas Rivka Silver O'H
Prescription: Take 3X Daily
Psalm 145 is commonly known as "Ashrei," even though the two verses that start with that word are actually from two other Psalms (84 and 144). This Psalm is an alphabetic acrostic missing the letter Nun, and the Talmud in Brachos (4b) says that one who recites it thrice daily is assured of a place in the Next World. (We will discuss both of these points at the conclusion of the synopsis.)
David says that he will praise G-d and bless His Name every day, forever. G-d is great beyond our comprehension and He is rightly praised for it. Each generation will tell the next of His mighty deeds and the wonders He has made. They will relate how He punishes the wicked and bestows kindness. G-d is merciful and slow to anger; He is good to all and has mercy on His creatures, who thank Him for it.
Those whom G-d has created will tell of His might and the glory of His kingdom. His kingdom is eternal and He rules throughout history. G-d supports those who have fallen and He straightens those who have been bent. Everyone and everything turns to G-d for sustenance, and He supplies it in the proper time. He opens His hand to feed every creature. G-d is righteous and kind in all His actions; He is close by for those who call Him with faith. He acts on behalf of those who are in awe of Him and saves them. He protects those who love Him and destroys the evil ones. David concludes by saying that he hopes to always be able to bless G-d and that eventually all mankind will be inspired to join him in doing so.
So, back to our two statements. The Psalm is an alphabetical acrostic, but it does not contain a verse beginning with the letter Nun, which represents falling, as in Amos 5:2, "Fallen is the maiden of Israel; she will not arise again." That's some bad mojo. But the missing letter is alluded to in the verse subsequent to where Nun would be: "Someich Hashem l'chal hanoflim" - "G-d supports all who have fallen."
Finally, what's so special about Psalm 145 that reciting it three times a day ensures one a place in the Next World? Two things: it is an alphabetical acrostic, which praises G-d "from A to Z," and it contains the verse "You open Your hand and satisfy the needs of all living things." Others Psalms may have one of these sentiments or the other, but only Psalm 145 has both.
Disclaimer: Merely reciting the Psalm thrice daily may not be enough to reserve your place! It is assumed that the constant repetition reinforces the sentiments in the Psalm and causes a person to act upon them. Don't take Ashrei for granted!
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Hunters advised to use caution when handling deer and elk due to chronic wasting disease
|Hunters are urged to use caution while transporting deer and elk parts into Utah. There has been evidence suggesting that chronic wasting disease does exist in wildlife in several surrounding states. To avoid the spread of the disease, hunters are asked to follow the above listed guidelines while transporting wild game.|
Hunters who take elk, mule deer or white-tailed deer in areas outside of Utah where chronic wasting disease has been found may not bring certain parts of those animals into the state. An emergency rule not allowing importation of certain animal parts was approved Sept. 10 by the Utah Wildlife Board.
Importation of harvested elk, mule deer or white-tailed deer, or certain parts of those animals, will not be allowed if the animals were taken in any of the following areas:
Colorado game management units seven-nine, 12, 19-20, 29, 87-96, 191, and 951.
Nebraska counties of Cheyenne, Kimball, Sioux, Scotts Bluff.
New Mexico, White Sands Missile Base.
Saskatchewan wildlife management zone 46.
South Dakota, Fall River County.
Wisconsin deer management zones 54, 70-71, 73, and 75-77.
Wyoming deer hunt areas 10, 14-16, 22, 55, 57, 59-67, 73, 88, 105 or elk hunt areas 5-7.
Hunters who do take animals in these areas will be allowed to bring the following animal parts into Utah:
Meat that is cut and wrapped either commercially or privately.
Quarters or other portions of meat with no part of the spinal cord or head attached.
Meat that is boned out.
Hides with no heads attached.
Skull plates with antlers attached that have been cleaned of all meat and tissue.
Antlers with no meat or tissue attached.
Upper canine teeth, also known as buglers, whistlers, or ivories.
Finished taxidermy heads.
"There's no evidence that deer and elk in Utah have chronic wasting disease and we want to do everything possible to keep it that way," explained Lou Cornicelli, wildlife manager with the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources.
"The disease centers itself in certain parts of deer and elk and those are the parts of animals that we don't want brought into the state."
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) was recently found in wild deer near Craig, Colo. about 70 miles east of the Utah border. The DWR will conduct extensive CWD testing this fall on Utah hunting units that border Colorado.
"Only deer will be tested because they're the most susceptible to CWD," Cornicelli stated. "The last extensive testing in Utah was done in 1998 and 1999, when a total of 700 deer and elk were tested. All of those animals tested negative for CWD."
Utah limited entry and antlerless deer hunters will also be asked to help. They'll receive a letter soon, requesting assistance with CWD sampling of animals they take this fall.
The DWR will also release a brochure in the next few weeks that provides the public with information about CWD and efforts the agency is making to minimize the chance of the disease entering Utah.
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Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are computer-based systems which allow you to explore, store, analyse and manipulate data that has a spatial or geographic component. Geographic Information Science (GISc) relates to the concepts behind the creation of these systems and the conceptualisation of spatial problems.
We also house a postgraduate GIS lab with a number of high performance machines for students within the School. In addition to the GIS software available on computers in university laboratories (Esri’s ArcGIS, QGIS, etc.), this lab also has ENVI with feature and DEM extraction modules for raster processing. Please apply to Andrew Rae for access.
As part of the School library, we maintain the Eagle GIS library. For details on the books available and for access please see http://www.eagle.co.nz/GIS/
The following staff work in GIS:
Read more about GIS study.
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1. What are the different technologies that WaterAid uses?
Water technologies include protected hand-dug wells, boreholes, tube wells, rainwater harvesting schemes, protected springs, gravity flow schemes, sand dams and infiltration galleries.
Where pumping is required, WaterAid usually supports the installation of handpumps. Electrical, diesel and solar pumps are sometimes used where communities are able to cover operation and maintenance costs and where spare parts can be found locally.
Examples of sanitation technologies include simple pit latrines, ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrines, dual pit latrines, composting latrines, pour flush latrines and communal latrines with a septic tank. Communities and families are trained in all aspects of the correct usage and maintenance of latrines, including emptying systems which is of particular importance in high density settlements.
With all technologies, we evaluate each approach with the first aim of long-term sustainability. Each is evaluated based on:
- Availability in local markets
- Availability of spare parts or materials in local markets
- Ability to deliver cost effective, long-term supplies without complex maintenance, expensive components or expensive chemicals
These lists are not exhaustive and WaterAid is supportive of innovation at the local level and efforts to develop new sustainable technologies.
2. Why do you use the technologies you do?
WaterAid focuses on long-term sustainable development and therefore uses technologies and approaches that can be supported by local communities and institutions beyond WaterAid's term of intervention.
The technologies we use to assist with water and sanitation provision need to be appropriate to local financial and geographical conditions and within the technical capacity of the benefitting community to operate and maintain.
We aim to use technologies that include locally sourced materials and spare parts which can be purchased and transported easily.
We also work closely with local and national governments who may have their own criteria for technology choice.
3. I have invented a new technology or product that I think would benefit WaterAid, what should I do?
WaterAid is always interested to hear about innovative technologies and approaches. We are particularly supportive of locally led innovation within the communities where we work. They can support our local partners to develop technical solutions to water, sanitation and hygiene related problems.
We do however, have limited financial resources and as such are not in a position to pilot new inventions developed outside of our programme work. If there is a sufficient body of data concerning the performance, cost, sustainability and appropriateness of a particular technology and it fills a clear gap in the provision of equipment or services, we may consider using it.
But, if it seems to us that a technology is not appropriate for work with the poorest people, we will not take it up. Reasons for this may include cost, availability of spare parts, skills to operate and maintain, and suitability for use in specific geographical conditions.
If you have developed a new water or sanitation technology or have a new product that's been reviewed against the above criteria and would like further advice please contact our Technical Advisors at firstname.lastname@example.org.
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The template class is an iterator adaptor that describes a reverse iterator object that behaves like a random-access or bidirectional iterator, only in reverse. It enables the backward traversal of a range.
For a list of all members of this type, see reverse_iterator Members.
Existing Standard Template Library containers also define reverse_iterator and const_reverse_iterator types and have member functions rbegin and rend that return reverse iterators. These iterators have overwrite semantics. The reverse_iterator adaptor supplements this functionality as offers insert semantics and can also be used with streams.
The reverse_iterators that require a bidirectional iterator must not call any of the member functions operator+=, operator+, operator-=, operator-, or operator, which may only be used with random-access iterators.
If the range of an iterator is [_First, _Last), where the square bracket on the left indicates the inclusion on _First and the parenthesis on the right indicates the inclusion of elements up to _Left but excluding _Left itself. The same elements are included in the reversed sequence [rev – _First, rev – _Left) so that if _Left is the one-past-the-end element in a sequence, then the first element rev – _First in the reversed sequence points to *(_Left – 1 ). The identity which relates all reverse iterators to their underlying iterators is:
&*(reverse_iterator ( i ) ) == &*( i – 1 ).
In practice, this means that in the reversed sequence the reverse_iterator will refer to the element one position beyond (to the right of) the element that the iterator had referred to in the original sequence. So if an iterator addressed the element 6 in the sequence (2, 4, 6, 8), then the reverse_iterator will address the element 4 in the reversed sequence (8, 6, 4, 2).
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- News Analysis
- Special Reports
- Arts & Culture
It was an important day for Angola, June 20th, 2006. Amid the diplomatic pomp and handshakes of an official visit Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao opened the Luanda General Hospital and had his picture taken peering into a microscope surrounded by officials in suits and medics in white smocks. The capital’s General Hospital, a sprawling eighty-thousand square meter complex, was constructed with Chinese funds and meant to symbolize the growing partnership between Beijing and Angola, a symbol replicated across the African continent in countless roads, bridges, and other infrastructure projects funded by Chinese investments. Premier Wen stayed only 24 hours but the hospital remained; a physical reminder of Sino-African trust and cooperation. Four years later the hospital was in imminent danger of collapse. Deep cracks ran through its walls, bricks crumbled under the structure’s weight. Personnel and 150 patients were evacuated with some forced to live in tents on the hospital grounds. Beijing dispatched an investigatory team and their findings concluded that faulty Angolan surveys resulted in flawed Chinese designs, a diagnosis that has come to symbolize the greater Sino-African relationship: great ambitions built on uncertain ground.
China has a vested interest in developing Africa’s infrastructure through loans underwritten by the continent’s vast natural wealth, and it is clear why. China’s manufacturing economy requires immense resources, resources Africa can provide from Angola’s oil to Zambia’s mineral wealth, and Beijing has seeded billions of dollars across the economically fertile continent. $6 billion for the Democratic Republic of Congo, $8.4 billion to Nigeria, the Wall Street Journal reports $16 billion invested in Ghana, and last July Chinese President Hu Jintao promised an additional $20 billion for agriculture and infrastructure loans. Massive investments across the continent underscore the fact China sees its future economy closely tied to Africa and this future looks bright as the IMF forecasts seven of the ten fastest growing economies will be African by 2015. Now China is Africa’s largest single trading partner, and in 2011 bilateral trade crested $166 billion, up a staggering 33 percent from the year before. Significantly, $93 billion were African exports of mostly natural resources and agricultural goods, while the remaining $73 billion consisted of manufactured goods imported from China. Rather than just an extraction site for China’s resource needs, Beijing sees Africa as a highly significant market for Chinese products.
On the surface, China’s resource-for-infrastructure investments are presented in simple terms: in exchange for access to African resources, Beijing underwrites major infrastructure projects necessary for partner countries’ development and economic growth. These resource deals are ostensibly built upon China’s principle of “equality and mutual benefit, cooperation and win-win, and common development” as outlined by the Forum on Africa-China Cooperation. While this ‘win-win’ economic cooperation has the very real capacity to significantly increase African development and benefit the lives and fortunes of millions across the continent, China’s massive investments have attracted criticism raising deep concerns about just how beneficial their policies will be for Africans. In signing deals that trade African resources for easy loans and much needed infrastructure Beijing must be seen as a fair player in regional development and not, as some critics suggest, a neocolonial power colluding with kleptocratic governments. China’s brand name is its most important calling card in regional development, embraced by many as a business-based alternative to traditional Western aid, but in recent years, China’s actions on African soil have questioned Beijing’s ‘win-win’ rhetoric and ultimate aims on the continent.
One of the many criticisms leveled at Chinese resources-for-infrastructure deals is that their infrastructure projects are of shoddy quality, poorly constructed, and not long to last. Luanda’s General Hospital is no isolated event as The Economist has reported Chinese-built roads in Zambia washed away by rains, and Al-Jazeera similarly revealed substandard Chinese construction in Angola. In Ghana, the $5.7 million Koroidua bypass built by the China Water and Electric Company became immotorable just a year after it opened due to craters and gullies. At the University of Liberia’s Fendell Campus, a $30 million gift from China, the administration building showed signs of collapse after being open only two years. Perhaps there is no greater symbol of Chinese construction challenges on the continent than the new African Union complex in Addis Ababa which opened this January. Built by local labor under Chinese managers, the African Union’s $200 million headquarters was hailed as China’s gift to Africa and a sign of progressive partnership. Only six months later the Christian Science Monitor reported photographs of the building’s leaking ceiling making the rounds on Facebook.
A more troubling aspect of China’s resources-for-infrastructure deals is its willingness to align with authoritarian leaders, and this is exemplified by its close relationship with Zimbabwe’s President Robert Mugabe. In 2008, the New York Times reported dockworkers in South Africa refusing to unload a Chinese cargo ship carrying three million rounds of ammunition, several thousand mortar rounds with mortar tubes, and 1,500 rocket-propelled grenades bound for Zimbabwe. In response to international attention China’s Foreign Ministry responded to Reuters stating “China has always had a prudent and responsible attitude toward arm sales. One of the most important principles is not to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries.” While Beijing’s stated policy is to not interfere in Zimbabwe’s affairs, their actions in support of Mugabe’s internationally criticized regime suggest otherwise. Last year, the China Development Bank announced they could invest up to $10 billion dollars in Zimbabwe’s mining and agricultural sectors, and this year President Mugabe opened a new $98 million military academy built by Chinese contractors, with the project’s cost to be repaid in Zimbabwean diamonds. For years China has been mining partners with a Zimbabwe state-run firm in the controversial Marange diamond fields where, in 2008, Mugabe’s helicopter gunships killed some 200 diamond panners and many more were subjected to torture, rape, and dog attacks. Now, with perhaps $10 billion to invest and Chinese diamond mines currently operating in eastern Zimbabwe, Beijing’s policy to ‘not interfere with internal affairs’ seems to ring as hollow as their support for Mugabe is resonant.
While China’s controversial relationship with Mugabe’s repressive regime illustrates one chief criticism of China’s resources-for-infrastructure deals, another concern dogs their continental ambitions: labor abuses. China’s mining interests in Africa are significant and in 2010 Zambia earned $2.2 billion from bilateral copper exports but not without controversy. Human Rights Watch reported Chinese managers making copper miners work 12-18 hour shifts up to 365 days a year in fume-filled tunnels without providing drinking water or safety equipment. Other alleged abuses include beating workers with hammers and shovels, and paying most workers less than $200 per month. In 2010, similar pay and working conditions at the Chinese owned Collum Coal Mine provoked protests from Zambian miners; their Chinese managers responded by firing guns into the crowd and injuring twelve. Two managers were accused of attempted murder but these charges were later dropped. A year later, another clash at the same mine left one Chinese manager dead and two others wounded. A sobering example of growing tension in Sino-African relations is documented in a US State Department Human Rights Report involving the China Henan International Cooperation Group in Mozambique. After beginning work on a new water supply system complaints arose about labor and safety violations but the greatest insult were Mozambican workers wearing badges bearing “escravo”, the Portuguese word for ‘slave’.
Resources-for-infrastructure deals hold the potential to dramatically develop African economies and with immense capital reserves China’s strategic investments can potentially improve the livelihoods of millions across the continent, but for Beijing to be a lasting and beneficial partner its brand name must be above suspicions of neocolonialism. Substandard infrastructure projects, cozy relationships with repressive governments, and abusive labor practices are a few of the many accusations facing Chinese investment practices and undermine the real development of many African economies. Regarding China’s loan pledge of $20 billion, last July South African president Jacob Zuma struck a sober tone at the China-Africa Forum stating “Africa’s commitment to China’s development has been demonstrated by supply of raw materials, other products and technology transfer. This trade pattern is unsustainable in the long term. Africa’s past economic experience with Europe dictates a need to be cautious when entering into partnerships with other economies.” While China is quick to refute critics labeling them neocolonialists the moral high ground of history is reached by slippery slopes and when signing infrastructure loans for Africa’s natural wealth Beijing would be well to remember the roads France paved through Vietnam, the Dutch-built ports of Indonesia, and how Britain laid their rails across the spine of India.
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Special and Named Printed Collections in the National Library of Scotland
The library of the Dalrymple family was formed largely by Sir David Dalrymple (1726-92), Lord Hailes, who added to the collection of his grandfather, Sir David Dalrymple (c. 1665-1721). Together with the manuscripts also acquired from Newhailes House, it is the most important contemporary collection to survive from the period of the Scottish Enlightenment. Although it has not survived intact - a Sotheby’s sale on 24 and 25 May 1937 sold 453 lots from the library, including 23 incunables, 182 STC (see p. 3) items and many 18th-century foreign books - the collection admirably reflects the interests and achievements of Lord Hailes, a central figure in 18th-century Scottish history. The collection consists of c. 7,000 volumes and a number of pamphlets, broadsheets, prints, maps and music; British and foreign works, of the 16th to the 18th century, with three incunables and some 19th century material; and a number of examples of fine bindings and typography. It is strongest in history and biography (c. 1,800 vols.), classical and modern literature (c. 2,500 vols.), law, politics and economics (c. 1,000 vols.), and theology (c. 750 vols.); but it is surprisingly less well represented in philosophy, science and geography, despite Lord Hailes’ association with contemporary philosophers and the position of his brother Alexander (1737-1808) as the first hydrographer to the Admiralty and writer on geographical matters. Notable items include Sanson’s Geographie of 1696, and the four-volume Blaeu Nouveau Theâtre d’Italie of 1704; a 1675 edition of vol. 1 of John Ogilby’s Britannia, and the rare Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College (1747), Thomas Gray’s first publication; splendid architectural folios include the Venice, 1616 edition of Palladio, and Perrault’s Les Dix Livres d’Architecture de Vitruve (Paris, 1684). The collection is particularly strong in 17th century French history books, containing first editions of important authors such as Sully and d’ Aubigné. Among the papers is the manuscript of Lord Hailes’s Annals of Scotland, annotated by Samuel Johnson, and letters of his contemporaries including Hume, Robertson, Beattie and Burke. There is also a complete set in 20 bindings of Alexander Dalrymple’s private and East India Company charts, published between 1769-1786, which are held in the Map Library. These were sent by Alexander to the family home in 1786 and are accompanied by the books of his East Indies nautical memoirs. The collection was accepted by the Government from the Trustees of Sir Mark Dalrymple, Bt (1915-71), in lieu of estate duty, and allocated to the National Library in 1978.
Cataloguing of printed books and manuscripts (Vol. XVII (unpublished) of the Library’s Catalogue of Manuscripts) in progress.
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Alcohol Awareness Month Sheds Light on US Drinking
The purpose of April's Alcohol Awareness Month is to help the millions of Americans who don't seek help.
How much do you drink? In honor of Alcohol Awareness Month in April, non-profit treatment organization the Gateway Foundation has conducted a survey to encourage people to examine their own drinking habits. Altogether, 73% of adults surveyed confirmed that they drink; when asked how many drinks they down per session, the most popular response was two drinks—in line with government recommendations for men (they recommend one for women). On the other hand, nearly one in 10 confessed to drinking four or five drinks per drinking event, which could indicate trouble. "Most people can have a couple drinks and be fine; but for some people, drinking alcoholic beverages creates a strong craving for more," says Dr. Phil Welches, Clinical Director for the Gateway Foundation. "For example, when a person consistently drinks four to five drinks a couple nights a week and experiences blackouts and frequent hangovers, it is possible that a drinking problem is developing." The online survey sampled 2,265 adults ages 21 and over. The National Survey on Drug Abuse and Health—administered by the federal government—found that of the 23 million Americans who need help for alcoholism, only 3 million actually seek treatment.
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Altitude or height is defined based on the context in which it is used (aviation, geometry, geographical survey, sport, and more). As a general definition, altitude is a distance measurement, usually in the vertical or "up" direction, between a reference datum and a point or object. The reference datum also often varies according to the context. Although the term altitude is commonly used to mean the height above sea level of a location, in geography the term elevation is often preferred for this usage.
Vertical distance measurements in the "down" direction are commonly referred to as depth.
Altitude in aviation and in spaceflight
In aviation, the term altitude can have several meanings, and is always qualified by either explicitly adding a modifier (e.g. "true altitude"), or implicitly through the context of the communication. Parties exchanging altitude information must be clear which definition is being used.
Aviation altitude is measured using either Mean Sea Level (MSL) or local ground level (Above Ground Level, or AGL) as the reference datum.
Pressure altitude divided by 100 feet (30m) as the flight level, and is used above the transition altitude (18,000 feet (5,500 m) in the US, but may be as low as 3,000 feet (910 m) in other jurisdictions); so when the altimeter reads 18,000 ft on the standard pressure setting the aircraft is said to be at "Flight level 180". When flying at a Flight Level, the altimeter is always set to standard pressure (29.92 inHg / 1013.25 mbar).
On the flight deck, the definitive instrument for measuring altitude is the pressure altimeter, which is an aneroid barometer with a front face indicating distance (feet or metres) instead of atmospheric pressure.
There are several types of aviation altitude:
- Indicated altitude is the reading on the altimeter when the altimeter is set to the local barometric pressure at Mean Sea Level.
- Absolute altitude is the height of the aircraft above the terrain over which it is flying. Also referred to feet/metres above ground level (AGL).
- True altitude is the actual elevation above mean sea level. It is Indicated Altitude corrected for non-standard temperature and pressure. In UK aviation radiotelephony usage, the vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point, measured from mean sea level; this is referred to over the radio as altitude.(see QNH)
- Height is the elevation above a ground reference point, commonly the terrain elevation. In UK aviation radiotelephony usage, the vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point, measured from a specified datum; this is referred to over the radio as height, where the specified datum is the airfield elevation (see QFE)
- Pressure altitude is the elevation above a standard datum air-pressure plane (typically, 1013.25 millibars or 29.92" Hg). Pressure altitude and indicated altitude are the same when the altimeter is set to 29.92" Hg or 1013.25 millibars.
- Density altitude is the altitude corrected for non-ISA International Standard Atmosphere atmospheric conditions. Aircraft performance depends on density altitude, which is affected by barometric pressure, humidity and temperature. On a very hot day, density altitude at an airport (especially one at a high elevation) may be so high as to preclude takeoff, particularly for helicopters or a heavily loaded aircraft.
These types of altitude can be explained more simply as various ways of measuring the altitude:
- Indicated altitude – the altimeter reading
- Absolute altitude – altitude in terms of the distance above the ground directly below
- True altitude – altitude in terms of elevation above sea level
- Height – altitude in terms of the distance above a certain point
- Pressure altitude – the air pressure in terms of altitude in the International Standard Atmosphere
- Density altitude – the density of the air in terms of altitude in the International Standard Atmosphere
- Troposphere — surface to 8,000 metres (5.0 mi) at the poles – 18,000 metres (11 mi) at the equator, ending at the Tropopause.
- Stratosphere — Troposphere to 50 kilometres (31 mi)
- Mesosphere — Stratosphere to 85 kilometres (53 mi)
- Thermosphere — Mesosphere to 675 kilometres (419 mi)
- Exosphere — Thermosphere to 10,000 kilometres (6,200 mi)
High altitude and low air pressure
Regions on the Earth's surface (or in its atmosphere) that are high above mean sea level are referred to as high altitude. High altitude is sometimes defined to begin at 2,400 metres (8,000 ft) above sea level.
At high altitude, atmospheric pressure is lower than that at sea level. This is due to two competing physical effects: gravity, which causes the air to be as close as possible to the ground; and the heat content of the air, which causes the molecules to bounce off each other and expand.
Because of the lower pressure, the air expands as it rises, which causes it to cool. Thus, high altitude air is cold, which causes a characteristic alpine climate. This climate dramatically affects the ecology at high altitude.
Relation between temperature and altitude in Earth's atmosphere
The environmental lapse rate (ELR), is the rate of decrease of temperature with altitude in the stationary atmosphere at a given time and location. As an average, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) defines an international standard atmosphere (ISA) with a temperature lapse rate of 6.49 K(°C)/1,000 m (3.56 °F or 1.98 K(°C)/1,000 Ft) from sea level to 11 kilometres (36,000 ft). From 11 to 20 kilometres (36,000 to 66,000 ft), the constant temperature is −56.5 °C (−69.7 °F), which is the lowest assumed temperature in the ISA. The standard atmosphere contains no moisture. Unlike the idealized ISA, the temperature of the actual atmosphere does not always fall at a uniform rate with height. For example, there can be an inversion layer in which the temperature increases with height.
Effects of high altitude on humans
Medicine recognizes that altitudes above 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) start to affect humans, and extreme altitudes above 5,500–6,000 metres (18,000–20,000 ft) cannot be permanently tolerated by humans. As the altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases, which affects humans by reducing the partial pressure of oxygen. The lack of oxygen above 2,400 metres (8,000 ft) can cause serious illnesses such as altitude sickness, high altitude pulmonary edema, and high altitude cerebral edema. The higher the altitude, the more likely are serious effects. The human body can adapt to high altitude by breathing faster, having a higher heart rate, and adjusting its blood chemistry. It can take days or weeks to adapt to high altitude. However, above 8,000 metres (26,000 ft), (in the "death zone"), the human body cannot adapt and will eventually die.
There is a significantly lower overall mortality rate for permanent residents at higher altitudes. Additionally, there is a dose response relationship between increasing elevation and decreasing obesity prevalence in the United States. However, people living at higher elevations have a statistically significant higher rate of suicide. The cause for the increased suicide risk is unknown so far.
For athletes, high altitude produces two contradictory effects on performance. For explosive events (sprints up to 400 metres, long jump, triple jump) the reduction in atmospheric pressure signifies less atmospheric resistance, which generally results in improved athletic performance. For endurance events (races of 5,000 metres or more) the predominant effect is the reduction in oxygen which generally reduces the athlete's performance at high altitude. Sports organisations acknowledge the effects of altitude on performance: the International Association of Athletic Federations (IAAF), for example, have ruled that performances achieved at an altitude greater than 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) will not be approved for record purposes.
Athletes also can take advantage of altitude acclimatization to increase their performance. The same changes that help the body cope with high altitude increase performance back at sea level. These changes are the basis of altitude training which forms an integral part of the training of athletes in a number of endurance sports including track and field, distance running, triathlon, cycling and swimming.
Effect of altitude on animals
Decreased oxygen availability and decreased temperature make life at high altitude challenging. Despite these environmental conditions, many species have been successfully adapted at high altitudes. Animals have developed physiological adaptations to enhance oxygen uptake and delivery to tissues which can be used to sustain metabolism. The strategies used by animals to adapt to high altitude depend on their morphology and phylogeny.
Fish at high altitudes may also have a lower metabolic rate, as has been shown in highland westslope cutthroat trout compared to introduced lowland rainbow trout in the Oldman River basin. There is also a general trend of smaller body sizes and lower species richness at high altitudes observed in aquatic invertebrates, likely due to lower oxygen partial pressures. These factors may decrease productivity in high altitude habitats, meaning there will be less energy available for consumption, growth, and activity, which provides an advantage to fish with lower metabolic demands.
The naked carp from Lake Qinghai, like other members of the carp family, can use gill remodelling to increase oxygen uptake in hypoxia. The response of naked carp to cold and low-oxygen conditions seem to be at least partly mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). It is unclear whether this is a common characteristic in other high altitude dwelling fish or if gill remodelling and HIF-1 use for cold adaptation are limited to carp.
Rodents living at high altitude include deer mice, guinea pigs and rats. As small mammals they face the challenge of maintaining body heat in cold temperatures, due to their large volume to surface area ratio. As oxygen is used as a source of metabolic heat production, the hypobaric hypoxia at high altitudes is problematic.
There are a number of mechanisms that help them survive these harsh conditions including altered genetics of the hemoglobin gene in guinea pigs and deer mice. Deer mice use a high percentage of fats as metabolic fuel at high altitude to retain carbohydrates for small burst of energy. To convert fats to energy in the form of ATP, more oxygen is required than to convert the same amount of carbohydrates. The reason they use fats is believed to be because they have it in large stores, but also means that they must eat more or they will begin to lose weight.
Other physiological changes that occur in rodents at high altitude include increased breathing rate and altered morphology of the lungs and heart allowing more efficient gas exchange and delivery. Lungs of high altitude mice are larger, with more capillaries, and hearts of mice and rats at high altitude have a heavier right ventricle, which pumps blood to the lungs.
Birds have been especially successful at living at high altitudes. In general, birds have physiological features that are advantageous for high-altitude flight. The respiratory system of birds moves oxygen across the pulmonary surface during both inhalation and exhalation, making it more efficient than that of mammals. In addition, the air circulates in one direction through the parabronchioles in the lungs. Parabronchioles are oriented perpendicular to the pulmonary arteries, forming a cross-current gas exchanger. This arrangement allows for more oxygen to be extracted compared to mammalian concurrent gas exchange; as oxygen diffuses down its concentration gradient and the air gradually becomes more deoxygenated, the pulmonary arteries are still able to extract oxygen. Birds also have a high capacity for oxygen delivery to the tissues because they have larger hearts and cardiac stroke volume (mL / min) compared to mammals of similar body size. Additionally, they have an increased vascularization in flight muscle due to increased branching of capillaries and small muscle fibres (which increases surface-area-to-volume ratio). These two features facilitate oxygen diffusion from the blood to muscle, allowing flight to be sustained during environmental hypoxia. Bird's hearts and brains, which are very sensitive to arterial hypoxia, are more vascularized compared to mammals. The bar-headed goose (Anser indicus) is an iconic high flyer that surmounts the Himalayas during migration, and serves as a model system for derived physiological adaptations for high-altitude flight.
- Air Navigation. Department of the Air Force. 1 December 1989. AFM 51-40.
- Radiotelephony Manual. UK Civil Aviation Authority. 1 January 1995. ISBN 0-86039-601-0. CAP413.
- "Layers of the Atmosphere". JetStream, the National Weather Service Online Weather School. National Weather Service. Archived from the original on 19 December 2005. Retrieved 22 December 2005.
- Webster's New World Medical Dictionary. Wiley. 2008. ISBN 978-0-470-18928-3.
- "An Altitude Tutorial". International Society for Mountain Medicine. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-22.
- Cymerman, A; Rock, PB. Medical Problems in High Mountain Environments. A Handbook for Medical Officers. USARIEM-TN94-2. U.S. Army Research Inst. of Environmental Medicine Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division Technical Report. Retrieved 2009-03-05.
- "Atmospheric pressure". NOVA Online Everest. Public Broadcasting Service. Archived from the original on 25 January 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2009.
- Mark Zachary Jacobson (2005). Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modelling (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83970-X.
- C. Donald Ahrens (2006). Meteorology Today (8th ed.). Brooks/Cole Publishing. ISBN 0-495-01162-2.
- "Non-Physician Altitude Tutorial". International Society for Mountain Medicine. Archived from the original on 23 December 2005. Retrieved 22 December 2005.
- West, JB (2002). "Highest permanent human habitation". High Altitude Medical Biology 3 (4): 401–407. doi:10.1089/15270290260512882. PMID 12631426.
- Peacock, Andrew J (17 October 1998). "Oxygen at high altitude". British Medical Journal 317 (7165): 1063–1066. doi:10.1136/bmj.317.7165.1063. PMC 1114067. PMID 9774298.
- Young, Andrew J. and Reeves, John T. (2002). "21". Human Adaptation to High Terrestrial Altitude. In: Medical Aspects of Harsh Environments 2. Washington, DC. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-05. More than one of
- Muza, SR; Fulco, CS; Cymerman, A (2004). "Altitude Acclimatization Guide". U.S. Army Research Inst. of Environmental Medicine Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division Technical Report (USARIEM–TN–04–05). Retrieved 2009-03-05.
- "Everest:The Death Zone". Nova. PBS. 1998-02-24.
- West, John B. (January 2011). "Exciting Times in the Study of Permanent Residents of High Altitude". High Altitude Medicine & Biology 12 (1): 1. doi:10.1089/ham.2011.12101.
- Voss, JD; Masuoka, P; Webber, BJ; Scher, AI; Atkinson, RL (2013). "Association of Elevation, Urbanization and Ambient Temperature with Obesity Prevalence in the United States". International Journal of Obesity. doi:10.1038/ijo.2013.5. PMID 23357956.
- Brenner, Barry; Cheng, David; Clark, Sunday; Camargo, Carlos A., Jr (Spring 2011). "Positive Association between Altitude and Suicide in 2584 U.S. Counties". High Altitude Medicine & Biology 12 (1): 31–5. doi:10.1089/ham.2010.1058. PMC 3114154. PMID 21214344.
- Ward-Smith, AJ (1983). "The influence of aerodynamic and biomechanical factors on long jump performance". Journal of Biomechanics 16 (8): 655–658. doi:10.1016/0021-9290(83)90116-1. PMID 6643537.
- Wehrlin JP, Zuest P, Hallén J, Marti B (June 2006). "Live high—train low for 24 days increases hemoglobin mass and red cell volume in elite endurance athletes". J. Appl. Physiol. 100 (6): 1938–45. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01284.2005. PMID 16497842. Retrieved 2009-03-05.
- Gore CJ, Clark SA, Saunders PU (September 2007). "Nonhematological mechanisms of improved sea-level performance after hypoxic exposure". Med Sci Sports Exerc 39 (9): 1600–9. doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3180de49d3. PMID 17805094. Retrieved 2009-03-05.
- Rasmussen, Joseph B.; Michael D. Robinson, Alice Hontela, Daniel D. Heath (8). "Metabolic traits of westslope cutthroat trout, introduced rainbow trout and their hybrids in an ecotonal hybrid zone along an elevation gradient". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 105: 56–72.
- Verberk, Wilco C.E.P.; David T. Bilton, Piero Calosi, John I. Spicer (11). "Oxygen supply in aquatic ectotherms: Partial pressure and solubility together explain biodiversity and size patterns". Ecology 92 (8): 1565–1572.
- Peck, L.S.; G. Chapelle (2003). "Reduced oxygen at high altitude limits maximum size". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 270: 166–167.
- Jacobsen, Dean (24). "Low oxygen pressure as a driving factor for the altitudinal decline in taxon richness of stream macroinvertebrates". Oceologia 154: 795–807.
- Matey, Victoria; Jeffrey G. Richards, Yuxiang Wang, Chris M. Wood, Joe Rogers, Rhiannon Davies, Brent W. Murray, X.-Q. Chen, Jizeng Du, Colin J. Brauner (30). "The effect of hypoxia on gill morphology and ionoregulatory status in the Lake Qinghai scaleless carp, Gymnocypris przewalskii". The Journal of Experimental Biology 211: 1063–1074.
- Cao, Yi-Bin; Xue-Qun Chen, Shen Wang, Yu-Xiang Wang, Ji-Zeng Du (6). "Evolution and regulation of the downstream gene of hypoxia-inducible factor-1a in naked carp (Gymnocypris przewalskii) from Lake Qinghai, China". Journal of Molecular Evolution 67: 570–580.
- Storz, J.F.; Runck, A. M., Moriyama, H., Weber, R. E., Fago, A (1). "Genetic differences in hemoglobin function between highland and lowland deer mice". The Journal of Experimental Biology 213: 2565–2574. PMID 20639417.
- Pariet, B.; jaenicke, E. (24). "Structure of the altitude adapted hemoglobin of guinea pig in the R-state". PloS One 8 (5): e12389. PMID 20811494.
- Cheviron, Z.A.; Bachman, G. C., Connaty, A. D., McClelland, G. B., Storz, J. F (29). "Regulatory changes contribute to the adaptive enhancement of thermogenic capacity in high-altitude deer mice". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 22 109: 8635–8640. PMID 22586089.
- Yilmaz, C.; Hogg, D., Ravikumar, P., Hsia, C (15). "Ventilatory acclimitization in awake guinea pigs raised at high altitude". Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology 145: 235–243. PMID 15705538.
- Hsia, C.C.; Carbayo, J. J., Yan, X., Bellotto, D. J (12). "Enhanced alveolar growth and remodeling in guinea pigs raised at high altitude". Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 147: 105–115. PMID 15848128.
- hronic hypoxia causes angiogenesis in addition to remodelling in the adult rat pulmonary circulation, K.; Preston, R. J., McLoughlin, P. (15). "Chronic hypoxia causes angiogenesis in addition to remodelling in the adult rat pulmonary circulation". The Journal of Physiology 547: 133–145. PMID 12562951.
- Calmettes, G.; Deschodt-Arsac, V., Gouspillou, G., Miraux, S., Muller, B., Franconi, J. M., et al. (18). "Improved energy supply regulation in chronic hypoxic mouse counteracts hypoxia-induced altered cardiac energetics". PloS One 5 (2): e9306. PMID 20174637.
- Broekman, M; Bennett, N., Jackson, C., Scantlebury, M. (30). "Mole-rats from higher altitudes have greater thermoregulatory capabilities". Physiology and Behavior 89: 750–754. PMID 17020776.
- McCracken, K.G.; , Barger CP, Bulgarella M, Johnson KP, Sonsthagen SA, Trucco J, Valqui TH, Wilson RE, Winker K, Sorenson (October 2009). "Parallel evolution in the major haemoglobin genes of eight species of Andean waterfowl". Molecular Evolution 18 (19): 3992–4005. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04352.x. PMID 19754505.
- Foster and Smith. "How the Respiratory System of Birds Works". Retrieved 21 December 2012.
- Moyes, C. and Schulte, P. (2007). Principles of Animal Physiology, 2/E. Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company. ISBN 0321501551.
- Grubb, B.R. (October 1983). "Allometric relations of cardiovascular function in birds". American Journal of Physiology 245 (4): H567–72. PMID 6624925.
- Mathieu-Costello, O. (1990). Histology of flight: tissue and muscle gas exchange. In Hypoxia: The Adaptations. Toronto: B.C. Decker. pp. 13–19.
- Faraci, F.M. (1991). "Adaptations to hypoxia in birds: how to fly high". Annual Review of Physiology 53: 59–70. PMID 2042973.
- Swan, L.W. (1970). "Goose of the Himalayas". Journal of Natural History 70: 68–75.
- "Altitude pressure calculator". Apex (altitude physiology expeditions). Retrieved 2006-08-08.
- "The Race to the Stratosphere". U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission. Archived from the original on 9 March 2006. Retrieved 25 January 2006.
- Downloadable ETOPO2 Raw Data Database (2 minute grid)
- Downloadable ETOPO5 Raw Data Database (5 minute grid)
- Find the altitude of any place
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Asteroids missed us–comets next
By Vernon Whetstone
Did you see asteroid 2012 DA14 last week? I think I did. It was quite a news event.
Combining the very close pass of DA14 with the explosion of a possible asteroid over Siberia injuring more than 1,000 people the day before made for some real headlines.
Even from the heavily light-polluted skies of Denver I was able to locate the Big Dipper. Using the planetarium software on my computer I was able to locate just where D14 would be and when.
Using binoculars I was able to examine the area and there was a tiny spot of light where the asteroid was supposed to be.
Now, down to business. In the coming months there will be two comets that will make a pass through the inner solar system to grace our skies. One in March and the other in November.
As with most things like this, just after their discovery, astronomers started making predictions as to just how bright they think the comets will be–a lesson I thought they would have learned with the fiasco of Comet Kohoutek several years ago.
With both comets being “discovered” so far out in the solar system thoughts began to range toward just how bright they would be.
However, now the words, “might,” “perhaps,” “could,” and “may” are starting to spring up when discussions of the comets appear in internet postings.
For our discussion about comets, Astronomy Class 101 will now come to order.
Comets are basically just icy, frozen clumps of dirt, water, and gas often described as “dirty snowballs.”
There are two possible areas of origin for them.
The first is a spherical cloud of icy planetesimals that is located nearly a light-year from the Sun (you do remember that a light-year is almost six trillion miles).
It is called the “Oort Cloud” after Dutch astronomer Jan Oort who first theorized it in 1950.
This sphere surrounds the entire solar system and is thought to be the place where long period comets–those with orbit length in the hundreds if not thousands of years.
The other possible location is a flat, disc-like belt of similar icy bodies that is roughly parallel with the galactic plane called the Kuiper Belt. It was proposed by astronomer Gerald Kuiper in 1951.
The Kuiper belt is thought to be the origin of short-period comets like Haley’s Comet. It is also the area where the former planet Pluto resides as well as where the other dwarf planets are located.
Not much is known about either the Oort Cloud or the Kuiper Belt which is why astronomers are eagerly awaiting the arrival of the New Horizons space craft on its way to examine Pluto then beyond into the Kuiper Belt.
SKY WATCH: Full moon, Monday, Feb. 25. Tonight, about an hour after local sunset the bright planet Jupiter can be found just to the left of the tiny open star cluster Pleiades located almost overhead. The pair are just above Aldebaran, the brightest star of Taurus, the Bull. Use binoculars to examine the Pleiades cluster as well as the Hyades star cluster–the “V” shaped face or horns of the bull. This week is your last chance for a while to catch a glimpse of tiny Mercury just above the western horizon after sunset.
NEXT WEEK: Astronomy 101 class Part II, the difference between comets, asteroids, and meteors.
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What These Data
Can Tell Us
Online Reference Maps
Colorado School District Demographics
Colorado school district demographic comparative analysis profiles may be viewed using this Web page. These data, developed by Proximity, provide important information that can facilitate planning and evaluation. See New York State sample districts web page to see how school district demographics can be analyzed over time.
Viewing Profiles. To view profiles for areas of interest, proceed with the following the three steps. If you click on display, step 3, as shown in the default state, comparative analysis profiles are generated for the Census 2000 districts of Denver County 1, Adams-Arapahoe 28J, and Adams County 14 school districts (see map).
Source and Uses of the Data [goto top]
Data made available via this Web page have been developed by Proximity for subject matter categories corresponding closely to the Census Bureau Census 2000 "demographic profiles." Why use these data? Because they represent the most widely used cross section of demographic data that can be used to assess the overall socioeconomic composition of an area. In addition, using this set of data items makes it easier to compare attributes of school districts with those of counties, communities, census tracts, ZIP code and other types of areas.
The scope and content of the demographic profiles is described in the technical documentation located at http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/ProfileTD.pdf. The technical documentation contains a glossary and related information that may be useful to users of data made available through this Web page -- the comparative analysis profiles.
The Census Bureau developed the demographic profiles only for states, counties, places, and other selected governmental jurisdictions. The Census Bureau has not developed these subject matter summaries for smaller geographic areas such as census tracts and school districts.
Relationship to Census 2000 School District Special Tabulation. The Census Bureau is in the process of developing the Census 2000 school district special tabulation (SDST 2000) under sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Education. The SDST 2000 data are expected to become available in the spring of 2003 (May). In contrast, the data demonstrated accessible via this Web page are available now.
As the SDST 2000 data become available, the corresponding sections of the underlying Proximity database will be updated so that the Census 2000 data are identical.
The comparative analysis format used in the display of the data for multiple school districts is a proprietary structure developed by Proximity. The comparative analysis capacity will be extended as the SDST 2000 data are released and Excel based files paralleling the comparative displays will be downloadable.
The resources demonstrated through this Web page are transportable. That is, the html pages, software and databases may be placed on any Windows compatible HTTP server. Data dissemination plans for the NCES SDST 2000 data will be resident on the NCES server only, making it more difficult to integrate the SDST 2000 data with other data -- a key attribute of the evolving Proximity structure.
Neither the Census Bureau nor the U.S. Department of Education will provide access to 1990 Census data beyond what now exists. This makes online access to 1990 Census school district demographics only available through Proximity developed resources. In addition, there is no capacity, other than through the Proximity resources, to access area-equivalent data for school districts enabling the comparison of characteristics in 1990 with characteristics in 2000.
What These Data Can Tell Us [goto top]
These data provide important information that can facilitate planning and evaluation. They help enable analysis of the following types of application areas.
Compare school district characteristics using a composite set of key indicators.
Assess 'state of education' -- educational attainment by school district.
Analyze attributes of the households that suggest different educational needs.
Assess special education needs using data on children with disabilities.
Assess size of certain populations of interest.
Examine patterns of labor force/employment infrastructure in relation to education.
Assess the need/demand for wide-ranging education-related programs and services.
Examine English language proficiency among school districts.
Analyze number of children in school systems for health and youth development.
Geospatial Analysis [goto top]
Data displayed in a tabular form can also be viewed in a geospatial analysis context. In the following maps, geographic information system (GIS) software is used to view a thematic map of English language proficiency for school districts in the Denver, Colorado area.
The following graphic shows the Denver County 1, Adams-Arapahoe 28J, and Adams County 14 school districts. County boundaries are blue. Major roads are shown in gray. Schools are depicted as points/icons. The legend at the lower left shows data item DP2066 as a percent of DP2063. 26.9-percent of the population 5 years and older speak English language less than very well in Adams County 14 school district. View these data in the table via this Web page using the default geography selections and viewing the in the lower section (Language Spoken at Home) of Table 2. Adams County 14 school district has a value of that places the district in the top (5th interval). It is easy to reconstruct the data items used in the thematic display, zoom in or out to an area of interest, change colors and highlights, and present different related layers.
Schools are shown as points/icons on the map. In the following map, Swansea elementary school is highlighted in yellow. A tabular display of attributes of the school (2000-2001 school year) are shown in the panel at the left. Total enrollment by grade and Hispanic enrollment by grade are shown in the fields in the lower section of the table. This view demonstrates how the school level distribution of Hispanic enrollment (93 in grade 1) can be assessed relative to total enrollment (101 in grade 1) by grade.
Online Reference Maps [goto top]
Maps of school districts, in the context of counties, communities, census tracts, streets, schools, and other features may be viewed using the Census Bureau Web-based Factfinder (http://factfinder.census.gov).
Getting the Maps, Step-by-Step. Here is a step-by-step summary describing how to get a map for districts of interest and see related geography.
Methodology [goto top]
Demographic data for school districts have been developed by aggregating census block and census block group level data to corresponding school district geography.
Data presented in Table 1, General Demographics, are derived from the Summary File 1 (SF1) complete-count data. SF1 data are summarized for the low level geography of census block. School districts may be defined as a unique set of census blocks. School districts boundaries, as used in Census 2000, do not split census blocks. Though tedious, development of the SF1 school district data from census blocks is straight-forward and not subject to any errors of estimation.
Data presented in Tables 2-4 are derived from the Summary File 3 (SF3) sample-based estimates data. SF3 data are summarized for the low level geography of census block group. As shown in the above map, school districts do split census block group (BG) boundaries. School district summary data in Tables 2-4 is developed by aggregating BG summary data for the corresponding area. In those cases where a BG is split by the school district, the BG data are apportioned to the school district(s) splitting the BG. The allocation of the data is based on the portion of the BG in the school district as determined by the component census blocks. The allocation of the data is based on the total population, households, or housing units, depending on the specific subject matter.
An error of estimation exists in all SF3 data at all geographic levels since the data are based on sample-based questionnaire data. In the case of the allocation of split BGs into respective school district area, additional error, albeit small, is also introduced.
Data made accessible through this Web page are made available for subscriber use only and may not be used by non-subscribers for production or operational applications without further authorization. These data are provided for end use only and may not be redistributed.
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Updated on 27 September 2012
Dr Pawan Kumar Dhar, the founding editor-in-chief of Springer's System and Synthetic Biology and director of the Center for Biodesign, Symbiosis, India, is a renowned bio-informatician and systems biologist. Dr Dhar is the inventor of Cellware and is know for artificially making proteins from non-coding DNA
DNA sends the coded message to RNA for the onward transmission of message to proteins. For a long time people thought that once the ‘DNA tap' is open, the message will flow out uniformly. Not any longer. Some of the recent experiments have demonstrated that the transmission of DNA's message to RNAs and proteins looks more like perfume spray, with the intensity of gene and protein expression being highly fluctuating. Technically we know this as genetic noise. In parallel, molecular biology experiments have shown that cellular edits in the form of addition, deletion or replacement of genes frequently result in unexpected cellular behaviors.
It is interesting that the information travels at least six magnitude in size from H-atom to the whole cell level. Understanding such a system that shows spatial, temporal and contextual complexity optimized for millions of years is clearly non-trivial. Is there an alternate way to understand how biological systems function?
In the summer of 2004, people at MIT took an audacious step towards exploring the possibility of engineering organisms by organizing the first conference of Synthetic Biology. The questions that formed the basis of this new approach were simple. Can we compose organisms from scratch? Can we perform precise network edits and biologically engineer organisms towards predetermined behaviors? If yes, what are the key requirements, the best case scenarios and boundary conditions of compiling organisms?
Synthetic Biology is defined as a controllable construction of biological systems from scratch. The intended meaning of "synthetic" is not chemical, as the term might tend to indicate. Several alternative terms like constructive biology, biological technology, biodesign, biosystems engineering have appeared to emphasize construction of biological systems part-by-part.
Some of the key features of the synthetic biology approach, include abstraction of biological systems into parts, devices and circuits; building an inventory of well characterized parts; making a bio-truth table; developing data extraction and data exchange standards; identifying the rules of composition; inventing technologies for rapid synthesis and rapid assembly of parts; and developing a BioCAD platform.
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When multiplying radical expressions, it is helpful to remember that only terms "inside" the radicals can be multiplied and only the terms "outside" the radical can be multiplied together. After multiplying radicals, check to see if any perfect squares can be factored out to simplify the radical expression. Multiplying radicals is used to rationalize radicals and in Geometry.
When you're asked to multiply or divide radicals expressions meaning they have square roots, it's a lot like distributing and foiling. Those are the ideas you're going to keep in mind. Remember foil means when you have two binomials, you multiply the first, the outers, the inners, the last, that's what foil stands for and then combine like terms.
Before you start there's a couple of things I want to show you to keep in mind. The first thing is that, if you were to see something like square root of 9 times square root of 9, you could do that problem right? Square root of 9 is 3, square root of 9 is 3, so your answer would be 9. Check it out. That was your radicand all along. Same idea with things that have non-integer square roots. Like square root of 10. Square root of 10 is some nasty decimal, I don't know what it is. But I do know that square root of 10 times square root of 10 equals regular old 10. That's really important. Or to generalise it, square root of x times square root of x equals x.
That's going to become really important when you start multiplying square roots. Again just keep in mind what you already know about distributing and use foil if you have a binomial.
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Singers, speakers, actors, and anybody who uses his or her voice as a tool knows the importance of throat clearing to free the throat of mucus in order to project a strong, in-tune voice. For example, learning proper throat clearing techniques can help a singer to more effectively hit high notes, sing in scales and improve general performance. Though most people can clear their throats by simply expelling excess mucus, some people need to take additional measures. Clearing your throat involves coughing, drinking lemon juice in water, avoiding dairy products and smoke, and may even involve seeking medical help if your throat continues to feel obstructed. Because coughing and throat clearing can be traumatic and cause injury to your vocal folds, the key is to start with the simplest, least irritating method and work your way to stronger methods, reducing the damage to your throat. The following steps will teach you how to clear your throat.
- 1Clear your throat without contracting your throat area. Coughing and overusing the throat can create wear and tear on the vocal chords. The following method will protect your voice.
- Sharply sniff, then swallow. Repeat if necessary.
- 2Drink lemon juice in water without ice.
- Squeeze a quarter of a lemon into a tall glass of water. Sip this slowly for 25 to 30 minutes. Lemon water is helpful for cutting through extra mucus.
- 3Avoid dairy products.
- Dairy products such as milk, yogurt and cheese create more mucus in the body, including in the throat and nasal passages. Eliminating dairy from your diet, or cutting back significantly, should decrease the amount of mucus in your throat and reduce the necessity for throat clearing. If you can't eliminate or cut back on dairy, you should try to avoid it on days you need a clear throat, for instance on performance days.
- 4Clear your throat the usual way. Most people clear their throat with an audible noise, ahem. The quieter this is done, the less damage is done to the vocal folds.
- Start with a modest, small cough. Spit out any excess mucus that enters your mouth as a result.
- Repeat this process, making your coughs slightly louder if necessary, until your throat is clear.
- 6Stop smoking and stay away from second-hand smoke. Smoking, whether you're the one smoking or it's somebody around you, creates mucus build up
- 7Treat any allergies you have.
- 8Pollen, dust mites and dander can all trigger allergies, which in turn trigger the excess production of mucus. If you suffer from allergies, use anti-histamine medication to prevent the symptoms from affecting you.
- 9Seek medical help.
- If you can't clear your throat after following the steps above, seek medical help as there might be a more serious medical reason you can't clear your throat. There are medications your doctor can prescribe to help thin mucus.
- Drink more water throughout the day. Sometimes people feel like they have too much mucus when the actual problem is having mucus that is too thick. Increasing your water intake will gradually help thin your mucus.
Edit Things You'll Need
Edit Related wikiHows
Edit Sources and Citations
Categories: Respiratory Health
Recent edits by: Jeffrey, Xonnie, ElizabethD
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What is RAM, What is a Hard Drive: A Plain English Explanation
A lot of people I talk to seem to be apologetic about their lack of knowledge. It's too bad people feel that way; they really shouldn't. What I tell them is that while they may not know as much as I do about computers, there's nothing wrong with that, and they probably know a lot of other things I don't know much about.
All you need is someone who takes the time to explain things to you in a way that makes sense.
One term many people confuse is memory or RAM, and hard drive storage space. RAM stands for Random Access Memory (don't worry, you don't need to remember that!).
It is a temporary working space the computer uses to get work done, which gets emptied when the computer is turned off.
Think of it like a work bench or table. You have a project you're working on and you do your project on the bench and when you're done, you clear it off.
The hard drive is the main place your computer uses to store information. It looks like a rectangular metal box which contains a non-removable disk (as opposed to something like a CD Drive where you can take the disk out).
It is the disk inside the drive which stores everything on your computer -- every picture, every music file, every email, and every Word document. Not only that, but Windows or Mac OS X, the operating system that makes the computer run.
To continue our analogy, think of it as a set of shelves where you store the tools or materials for your project -- when you want to work on something you choose the things you need from the shelves, put them on the bench and work on the project.
This is like when you run a program; the computer loads the program from the hard drive into memory (the temporary working space).
So the larger the shelves, the more you can store -- i.e. the more programs you can have installed, the more songs or pictures or videos you can save on your computer.
Most people with a computer made in the last few years have far larger hard drives than they'll ever use. Few people ever fill them up, unless they are keeping a lot of large files such as sound files or pictures, or especially video files.
They say a picture is worth a thousand words. If that's true, video is worth at least a million words, and the files can be that much bigger!
If someone tells you you need more memory, or your computer gives you an error message about being low on memory, this usually means you don't have enough RAM. This can slow your computer down drastically.
Think of the bench idea again: if your bench is very small, you can't fit everything you need on it to get your work done, so you're constantly wasting time moving one piece of the project off the bench to make room for the next piece... if you can really work at all.
Both RAM and hard drive space are measured with the same terms: bytes, kilobytes (KB), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), with newer drives even being measured in terabytes (TB). Since both RAM and hard drives are measured in the same way, this may be one reason people confuse the two terms.
You don't need to understand exactly what those terms mean, but understand that each one is basically a thousand times larger than the one before. So a kilobyte is 1,000 times larger than a byte, a megabyte is 1,000 times larger than a kilobyte, a gigabyte is a thousand times later than that, and so on.
The reason you buy a computer one year that has a lot of RAM, and two or three years go by and suddenly someone tells you you don't have enough memory, is because each year the average size of programs, and the amount of memory they need, gets larger.
It's as if the tools you use on your workbench keep growing every year so you eventually have to get a larger bench.
If your computer seems to be running more slowly recently, or you've been having odd errors, it could be that you need to upgrade your memory. This isn't always the source of these problems, but RAM is very inexpensive these days and adding to what your computer has can add life to your Mac or PC.
Hopefully this clears up the meaning of these basic computer terms for you, and made a lot more sense than it used to! To learn more about RAM and memory, read this related article that explains how RAM affects the speed of a computer, and more.
Labels: computer basics, computer dictionary, computer jargon, computer terminology, Mac basics, permanent memory in a computer is, what is a hard drive, what is ram, what will more ram do for my computer
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The Online Editing Service Marketplace
Dennis Oliver's Phrasal Verbs: G
get across (separable): make something understood;
communicate something understandably.
"Alan is really intelligent but sometimes he has
problems getting his ideas across."
get along (with) (inseparable): have a friendly
relationship (with); be friendly (toward).
"Why can't you and your sister get along?
Everyone else gets along with her just fine!"
get around (1. inseparable): avoid having to do something.
"Teresa got around the required math classes by
doing well on a math proficiency test."
get around (2. no object): move from place to place.
"She doesn't have a car. She gets around by
bicycle, bus, or taxi."
get around to (inseparable): do something eventually.
"I really should wash the dishes, but I don't feel
like it. Maybe I'll get around to them tomorrow morning."
get by (no object): survive, financially, in a difficult
"It's going to be hard to pay the rent now that you've
lost your job, but somehow we'll get by."
get in (1. inseparable): enter a small, closed vehicle.
"I don't know where Carole was going. She just got
in her car and drove away."
get in (2. no object): arrive.
"Do you know what time Fred's plane gets in?"
get on (inseparable): enter a large, closed vehicle.
"I'm sorry, but you're too late to say goodbye to
Angela. She got on the plane about 20 minutes ago."
get off (1. inseparable): leave a large, closed vehicle.
"When you get off the bus, cross the street,
turn right on Oak Street, and keep going until you're at the corner
of Oak and Lincoln Boulevard."
get off (2. separable): be excused (for a period of time)
from work, class, or other regularly scheduled activities.
"Some schools got President's Day off
but ours didn't. We had classes as usual."
get off (3. separable): make it possible for someone to
"Everyone knew he was guilty, but his lawyer was
clever and got him off."
get out of (1. inseparable): leave a small, closed vehicle.
"There's something wrong with the garage door opener.
You'll have to get out of the car and open it by hand."
get out of (2. inseparable): escape having to do something.
"Lisa said she had a terrible headache and got out
of giving her speech today."
get over (1. no object): finish. (Note: for
individual activities, not ones that happen again and again.)
"What time do your classes get over?"
get over (2. inseparable): recover from an illness or
"Katy was really upset when she failed the test. She
thought she would never get over feeling so stupid."
get rid of (1. inseparable): dispose of; give away or throw
"That shirt is really ugly. Why don't you get
rid of it?"
get rid of (2. inseparable): dismiss someone; fire someone
from a job; cause someone to leave.
"The treasurer of the XYZ company was spending too
much money so the company president got rid of him."
get up (usually no object; with an object, separable):
leave bed after sleeping and begin your daily activities.
"You'll have to get up much earlier than usual
tomorrow. We have to leave by no later than 6:00 AM."
"I know I won't hear the alarm tomorrow morning. Can you
get me up at 6:00 AM?"
give up (1. separable): stop doing something (usually a
"He knows smoking isn't good for his health, but he
can't give it up."
give up (2. no object): decide not to try (unsuccessfully)
to solve a problem.
A: "What's black and white and red all over?"
B: "I give up. What?"
A: "An embarrassed zebra!"
go out with (inseparable): have a date with.
"You went out with Sharon last night, didn't
go with (1. no object): look pleasing together.
(Note: for clothes, furniture, etc.)
"You should buy that shirt. It will go well
with your dark brown suit."
go with (2. no object): date regularly and steadily.
"Is Gina going with Jim? I see them together
all the time."
goof off (no object): be lazy; do nothing in particular.
A: "Do you have any special plans for your
B: "No. I'm just going to stay home and goof off."
grow up (1. no object): spend the years between being a
child and being an adult.
"Did you know that Frank grew up in Malaysia?"
grow up (2. no object): behave responsibly; behave as an
adult, not a child.
A: "Lee really irritates me sometimes. He's really
silly and childish."
B: "I agree. I wish he would grow up."
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Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
The Pentagon Papers are a 7,000-page, top-secret United States Department of Defense history of the United States involvement in the Vietnam War from 1945 to 1971. The Pentagon Papers were leaked in 1971 by Department of Defense worker Daniel Ellsberg. Excerpts were published as a series of articles in The New York Times beginning June 13. On June 29, U.S. Senator Mike Gravel of Alaska entered 4,100 pages of the Papers into the record of his subcommittee on Buildings and Grounds. These portions of the Papers were subsequently published by Beacon Press.
The document revealed, among other things, that the government had planned to go to Vietnam even when president Lyndon Johnson was promising not to, and that there was no plan to end the war. The document increased belief in the credibility gap, hurting the war effort.
When the Times began publishing the series, President Nixon was incensed. His words to Secretary of State Henry Kissinger that day included "people have gotta be put to the torch for this sort of thing..." and "let's get the son-of-a-bitch in jail." The next day, Attorney General John Mitchell talked Nixon into getting a federal court injunction to cease publication of the documents. This was the first time in U.S. history that any executive successfully obtained a judicial prior restraint against publication for national security reasons.
On June 18th, the Washington Post began publishing the Papers. That day the Post received a call from the Assistant Attorney General, William Rehnquist, asking them to stop publishing the documents. When the Post refused, the Justice Department sought another injunction. That court refused, and the government appealed. The Times also appealed the injunction that was issued, and on June 26 the Supreme Court of the United States agreed to take both cases, merging them into the case New York Times Co. v. U.S. (403 US 713). The Supreme Court held in a 6-3 decision that the injunctions were unconstitutional prior restraints and that the government had not met its burden of proof. The justices wrote nine separate opinions, disagreeing on significant substantive issues. While it was a victory for the First Amendment, many felt it was a lukewarm victory at best, offering little protection for future publishers when claims of national security are at stake. Thomas Tedford and Dale Herbeck summed up the reaction of editors and publishers at the time: "As the press rooms of the Times and the Post began to hum to the lifting of the censorship order, the journalists of America pondered with grave concern the fact that for fifteen days the 'free press' of the nation had been prevented from publishing an important document and for their troubles had been given an inconclusive and uninspiring 'burden-of-proof' decision by a sharply divided Supreme Court. There was relief, but no great rejoicing, in the editorial offices of America's publishers and broadcasters." (Tedford and Herbeck, pp. 225–6)
- _____ (1971). The Pentagon Papers. New York: Bantam Books. As published in The New York Times. ISBN 0552649171.
- _____ (1971–1972). The Pentagon Papers: The Defense Department History of United States Decisionmaking on Vietnam. Boston: Beacon Press. 5 vols. "Senator Gravel Edition"; includes documents not included in government version. ISBN 0807005266 & ISBN 0807005223.
- Daniel Ellsberg (2002). Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers. New York: Viking. ISBN 0670030309
- George C. Herring, ed. (1993). The Pentagon Papers: Abridged Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 007028380X.
- George C. Herring, ed. (1983). Secret Diplomacy of the Vietnam War: The Negotiating Volumes of the Pentagon Papers. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0292775733.
- Thomas Tedford and Dale Herbeck (2001). Freedom of Speech in the United States, fourth edition'. State College, Pennsylvania: Strata Publishing, Inc. ISBN 1891136046.
- U.S. Congress, House Committee on Armed Services (1971). United States-Vietnam Relations, 1945-1967: A Study Prepared by The Department of Defense. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 12 vols.
- Pentagon Papers
- Nixon Tapes & Supreme Court Oral Arguments
- Pentagon Papers Articles & Documents
- Article at Ed Moise's Vietnam Bibliography
The contents of this article is licensed from www.wikipedia.org under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details
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is the cross disciplinary study of the merging of nanotechnology
and genetics, i.e. using genetic nanostructure to create nanometer size
machines, etc or “Nanogenes”. I first thought of this term in the summer
of 1997 while vacationing in Michigan.
The first mention that I can find of the mixing of genetics and nanotechnology is the novel ‘’Blood Music’’ by Greg Bear published in 1985. In that novel Mr. Bear creates white blood cells with a certain degree of intelligence and the ability to change and evolve.(See Greg Bear or Blood Music)
The basic primer on nanotechnology is Richard Feynman’s December 29, 1959 lecture ‘’There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom’’(Feynman Article) Other sources of nanotechnology information are :
While the current state of nanotechnological development
is for the most part theoretical, I propose to present a new line of discussion
for my project. Most prior work has held that assemblers must be self replicating
in an androgynous sense, and have great strength in the form of diamond
or fullerene backbones. As an alternative I propose binary nanogenetic
assemblers which are incomplete in and of themselves and read the instruction
set coded into the external DNA sequence of a mated pair or controller
assembler and which consists of low strength inert composites upon which
a coded DNA fragment is placed. These nanogene fragments need not
be limited to acting as pairs for purposes of assembly but can act as teams
of three or more. One of the difficulties of prior work is the conceptual
problem of how to store the coded instruction set in a single nano-unit.
By using the DNA fragments of other nanogenes as the instruction set ,depending
on complexity, the instruction set can be parsed among multiple nanogenes.
Errors common in DNA replication can be minimized by the use of yeast type
telomeres as nanogene ‘’stop ‘’ or ‘’start’’ instructions. If you would
like to discuss this or any other nanogenetic topic please email me at
the address below.
Additional souces of information are Leonard
Adleman's 11/94 Science Article "Molecular Computation..."first describing
Erik's Molecular Computation page
Laura Landweber's Gene Scrambling, and DNA Computing
Nanogenetic Patent Collection
Quantum Computer Collection
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Democratization, while heralded by Africa's citizens and supported by Western governments, brought
unexpected and often painfully familiar conditions for the press in 1995. Few leaders
appeared willing to tolerate the free speech they promised fellow citizens on the
campaign trail. As governments rushed to take pre-emptive steps before upcoming elections,
draconian press laws were introduced, laws CPJ is carefully monitoring and protesting.
The one bright spot in 1995 was South Africa, which has shown remarkable progress
and encouraged democratic reform and free speech throughout the region.
Crackdowns on the press were particularly harsh in Zambia, the Gambia and other countries
with upcoming presidential and legislative elections. Many of the incumbents, former
one-party rulers or military dictators, effectively outlawed free speech through the use of colonial-era sedition laws and criminal libel laws that make "insulting
or offending" the president or other government officials offenses punishable by
prolonged imprisonment. Foreign correspondents and journalists working for state-owned
media were also targeted for perceived unfavorable coverage. For the benefit of donor
nations in the West that are prone to criticize undemocratic methods, governments
use the courtroom, rather than brute force, to curtail freedom of expression and
to intimidate the press. In Kenya, Zambia and Zimbabwe, the judiciary is so compromised that
it rarely decides in favor of the press despite the fact that press freedom is guaranteed
by the constitution. And in the Gambia, Nigeria and Sierra Leone, military regimes simply enact decrees to override judicial verdicts they deem unfavorable to the
Nigeria's position as Africa's most populous and oil-rich nation lends particular
significance to the actions of Gen. Sani Abacha's brutal regime. Abacha's systematic
and unrelenting attack on members of the press and proponents of democracy escalated
in 1995, with a chilling effect on the Nigerian people. The secret military trials for
treason of journalists Christine Anyanwu, Ben Charles Obi, Kunle Ajibade and George
Mbah; the executions of nine Ogoni human rights activists, including the writer Ken
Saro-Wiwa; and the continued imprisonment of President-elect Moshood Abiola and thousands
of pro-democracy campaigners and human rights workers ushered in a new era of political
repression that threatens to erupt into full-scale civil war. CPJ is working closely with Lagos-based journalists and has started a campaign to keep the endangered
Nigerian press in the international spotlight.
Rwanda and Burundi continued to be the most dangerous places on the African continent
for journalists to work. Targeted by the government, the military and citizens for
perceived ethnic alliances past and present, some journalists fled into exile. "Hate
radio" was still used to incite ethnic violence, and government's attempts to shut
it down proved futile. To counterbalance its effects, alternate broadcasting facilities
have been created to provide information that is more ethnically neutral to refugees
throughout the region.
Broadcast media remain state owned throughout most of Africa, and governments show
no signs of relinquishing their control of the airwaves. Because of high illiteracy
rates, low incomes in high-inflation economies and large numbers of citizens living
in the countryside, radio is still the most effective medium for reaching the majority
of the continent's population.
Economic factors--such as skyrocketing printing costs, the scarcity of advertising
and the high cost of libel suits, fines and other forms of state harassment--continue
to deter the growth of pluralism in the press.
The events of 1995 have left the press at an unwelcome crossroads. The coming year
will determine whether Africa's independent press backtracks to its earlier position
of compromise, or whether it continues to fight for true freedom of expression.
is the program coordinator for Africa. An editor, author and award-winning documentary
filmmaker, she has lived and studied in Ghana and Botswana and traveled throughout
From October 1994 to September 1995,
was the program coordinator for Africa.
CPJ's director of research and program coordinator for the Middle East and North
Africa, wrote the Sudan section of the report. Special thanks to
Thomas R. Lansner. Azeen Salimi,Nana Yaa Ofori-Atta
CPJ research assistants, contributed extensively to this report.
Country-by-country reports of attacks on the press in this region are available at CPJs Web site and in the print edition of this book.
The Nigerian independent press is in deep crisis. Famous as the most vibrant on the African continent, Nigeria's
independent media--especially its scrappy private press--is in retreat. A sanguine
view is that this is a tactical withdrawal in the face of a particularly brutish
military regime, and that the independent press will outlast Gen. Sani Abacha. Perhaps, but
there are serious questions concerning the viability of the press and its relevance
to the body politic.
In a 136-year history, the Nigerian news media have evolved from endorsing the colonial
missionary catechism through the spirited advocacy of the struggle for independence
and moved on to its post-independence mission, defining its role within the state.
Since 1960, the press has been asserting its relevance to the evolution of the Nigerian
state, although for 25 of those 35 years it has operated under the malevolence of
increasingly repressive military regimes. Its vital tradition of lively reportage,
remarkable on the African continent, was nurtured within a political culture that tolerated
dissent, especially as a mechanism for balancing the various ethnic and political
forces battling for the center of the Nigerian state. This center, then and now,
remains the federal government of Nigeria. Structured as a 30-state federation, Nigeria's
de facto mechanism of governance remains integrated into a unitary structure. This
arrangement endows the federal government, and therefore whoever heads it, with virtually complete control of the Nigerian state--and unfettered access to its treasury.
The Nigerian news media--especially privately owned presses--have also been subject
to the government's pull. Atop the pile, for now, sits Gen. Abacha, buoyed by the
two million barrels of oil produced daily.
But it is to his immediate predecessor, Gen. Babangida, under whom Abacha served as
head of the army for nearly a decade, that credit must go for the systematic assault
on the press. Babangida's regime appropriated and centralized an unprecedented measure of executive powers, weakening the existing counterweights of civil society. The
regime systematically stripped the judiciary of its effectiveness, appropriated all
legislative functions and neutralized virtually all organized dissent by the political
class with the tantalizing promise of elections and the full restoration of democracy.
The Nigerian media, in their classic role as public watchdogs and instrument of checks
against the government's excesses, were particularly targeted by Babangida. In a
sophisticated carrot-and-stick strategy, the government co-opted senior members of
the media, corrupted many, coerced others and terrified some--driving scores into exile.
It was under this regime that a top editor, Dele Giwa, was assassinated by a letter
bomb in March 1986 and various publications were proscribed by executive fiat. In
1993, in the aftermath of Babangida's nullification of the June 12 elections, the
Nigerian news media's sustained campaign helped lead to the coup that unseated him.
Babangida's successor, Abacha, takes a more ham-fisted approach to muzzling the press.
This era may be the last for the generals, and his regime's survival depends on strategically
silencing the last organized domestic opposition to military rule.
Until today, conflicts between the media and the state were resolved through backdoor
negotiations and/or judicial intervention. Although many journalists have been fined
and, in a few instances, jailed for plying their craft in defiance of military regimes, social pressures have historically limited the degree to which the state could
be punitive. Potential flash points were defused through the mediation of the Nigerian
Union of Journalists (whose members include both government and independent press),
as well as a handful of quasi-autonomous guilds and councils that regulated the media.
This relationship between the government and the media, already badly frayed by the
Babangida era, was obliterated in March 1995 when four journalists--Christine Anyanwu,
publisher and editor in chief of The Sunday Magazine;
Ben Charles Obi, editor of Weekend Classique;
Kunle Ajibade, editor in chief of TheNEWS;
and George Mbah, assistant editor of Tell
magazine--were among 42 people (mostly military personnel) arrested and charged with
attempting to stage a military coup against the Abacha government. The four were
tried before a secret military tribunal and sentenced to 25 years to life imprisonment.
Several prominent human rights and civil rights activists were also arrested and charged
with participating in plotting the coup. They might well have been executed if national
and international groups had not pressured the junta to commute their sentences. The Abacha regime, in its crude attempt at instituting a totalitarian order, has
finally drawn the press into its vortex.
This unprecedented infringement on the rights of civilians is the current military
dictatorship's desperate attempt to secure its own survival by employing the full
resources of the Nigerian government. But even the Abacha regime is not omnipotent.
In today's exquisite political balancing act, the sentences of the journalists imprisoned
for allegedly plotting the coup were reduced from life imprisonment or 25 years to
15 years. And in his October Independence Day address, Gen. Abacha removed the ban
on the Punch Group and the Concord Group, two prominent news media chains that were put
out of circulation for more than a year. A third, the Guardian Group, was unbanned
in July only after its owners were forced to offer a personal apology to Abacha himself.
Last November, seeming to defy world opinion, the regime executed the author and television
producer Ken Saro-Wiwa and eight other Ogoni human rights activists. But, with these
acts, it was clearly playing to a domestic gallery--attempting to reassert control after backing down by commuting the sentences of those who allegedly plotted the
As the Abacha regime attempts to exercise control of the Nigerian polity, it is occasionally
forced to retreat by the press, other remaining pockets of civil opposition and the
uneven pressure of international sanctions. But the military blunders on.
During Christmas week, State Security Service agents arrested Nosa Igiebor, editor
in chief of Tell
magazine, Nigeria's leading newsweekly. (Igiebor was the recipient of the Committee
to Protect Journalists' International Press Freedom Award in 1993.) The agents also
confiscated 55,000 copies of the magazine and forced its managing editor, Onome Osifo-Whiskey, into hiding. In a related incident, the office of the recently unbanned The Guardian
was attacked and torched by men armed with machine guns. Tell
magazine released a statement shortly after the arrests and attacks saying, "State
terrorism and acts of brutal intimidation will not force us to compromise our belief
in freedom, justice and the rule of law." This might well be the battle cry of the
Nigerian news media.
While the responsibility of the media to the polity remains clear, their ability to
function effectively has been seriously compromised. In the best of times, the many
structural inadequacies of the system were mitigated by the intellectual brilliance
and commitment of a corps of top-notch journalists that kept the national debate lively
and engaging. During the last decade, however, an entire generation of journalists
fled Nigeria, alongside the country's best and brightest professionals in every field.
Those who chose to remain behind, like Dapo Olorunyomi, editor in chief of TheNEWS,
and Nosa Igiebor, in addition to facing off the military, must contend with a depleting
stock of experienced and well-trained journalists.
The rejuvenation of the press as an element of civil society is tied to the overall
need to reinvent a democratic post-Abacha Nigeria, and hence a postmilitary era.
The gradual erosion of democratic structures over a quarter-century of military misrule,
cascading into an avalanche under this present regime, is the prevailing reason for
the Nigerian news media's retreat. But the media's current position may be a tactical
withdrawal: The Abacha regime has been forced to announce plans for a transition
to democracy, but the full implementation of those plans might be well beyond this government's
control and tenure.
The author of this report, a Nigerian journalist based in New York, writes for international
newspapers and magazines.
(c) 1996 Committee to Protect Journalists. All rights reserved. The information in this document may be freely copied and distributed provided that it is properly attributed to the Committee to Protect Journalists.
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May 30, 2012–The Ohio legislature cleared a fracking bill May 24, 2012 that increases inspections of wells and requires drillers to hold liability insurance. But Reuters reports: "Many Democrats said the bill paves the way for the industry to hide information about toxic chemicals that could contaminate groundwater."
May 16, 2012–After backroom lobbying by gas and oil industry groups, the Obama White House watered down the promised fracking-fluid disclosure requirement promised earlier this year — imposing it only after completion of the fracking operation, when the information may have little effect (such as public pressure on BLM to deny a drilling permit).
April 18, 2012–After complaints from BP, the US government agreed to give the company evidence of the basis for its calculation of the flow rate from the stricken Deepwater Horizon well in the Gulf of Mexico. The government will hand over to BP some 100 documents about the size of the 2010 oil spill that have not yet been made public.
April 18, 2012–If you have a fracking story in your beat, getting information about what's in the controversial fracking fluids may be like pulling teeth. But there are a few resources that can help, such as the "FracFocus" chemical disclosure registry.
April 15, 2012–Read this excerpt from the Spring issue of SEJournal: Bill Dawson has the inside story on ex-CNN science, environment, weather and technology executive producer Peter Dykstra's return to the journalism fold.
April 15, 2012–In this excerpt from the Spring issue of SEJournal, InvestigateWest's Robert McClure gets into the (clean water) act by asking, "Four decades later, is our water cleaner?" You'll find shocking answers and a flood of ways to localize this issue.
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GENEVA – A new report finds the conflict in Syria is having a devastating impact on the country's food, crop and livestock production. A recent assessment by the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization
, the World Food Program
and Syria's Ministry of Agriculture notes up to three million people will need assistance during the coming year.
Of the three million vulnerable people, the report says about half will need immediate food assistance over the next three to six months. This is particularly true of Syrians who are displaced by or caught up in the fighting.
In addition, the report says nearly one million people need crop and livestock assistance such as seeds, food for animals, fuel and repair of irrigation pumps. The report says the Syrian agricultural sector has lost $1.8 billion this year as a result of the ongoing conflict.
WFP spokeswoman Emilia Casella says there is a great risk of a complete collapse of livelihoods of farming families in the next few months. She says urgent action is needed to help these people before winter.
"Now, what we are seeing is that many of these farming families and Bedouins and herders have had to start to cut the size of their meals," Casella said. "They are eating cheaper food, lower quality food. They are taking their children out of school and sending them to work. They are selling their livestock and their other assets, which means that even when peacetime comes, and we hope it comes soon, some of these people will not be able to quickly return to farming because they have had to sell their assets in order just to survive now."
The report says the situation is forcing Syrian farmers to abandon farming or leave crops unattended. This is because of insecurity, the unavailability of labor, the lack of fuel and rising costs, as well as power cuts affecting the water supply.
The report says wheat harvesting is delayed in the regions of Dara'a, Damascus, Homs and Hama. It warns part of the crop will be lost if farmers do not receive timely assistance.
The assessment mission also finds deforestation is on the rise. It says Syrian farmers increasingly are turning to the forest for firewood as cooking gas and fuel become scarce.
Casella says the farmers needing immediate assistance include female-headed households.
"There are about five to 10 percent of the farming families that were interviewed for this assessment were headed by women," she explained. "And, this is either because the husbands had to leave to seek work or have not been able to get back to be with their families or indeed because they are headed by widows. And, they really need special attention. They are even more vulnerable obviously if they are looking after children and having to protect their families and at the same time try to farm their farms and keep production going."
Last October, the World Food Program started an emergency operation to feed 850,000 people throughout Syria. It has fallen short of this goal because of the conflict, reaching 540,000 people by the end of July.
Casella says the WFP, working with the Syrian Red Crescent, distributed food to 28,000 people Monday in Aleppo, where a battle between the government and rebels is raging. As long as fighting persists, she says lack of access will continue to hamper humanitarian operations.
Casella says lack of money is also a big problem. To date, she says WFP has a shortfall of $62 million in its $103 million Syrian appeal for this year.
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Writing a Book Review
The purpose of a book review is to comment on a particular work and not to summarize the book.
Tips in preparing a meaningful book review:
· Read the complete book carefully. Take careful notes if it helps.
· Mention the name of the author and the book title in the first paragraph of the review. There is nothing more frustrating than reading a review and not knowing the author or the title.
· If the book is part of a series, identify the series.
· Think about whether the book is part of a genre.
· Present the main theme of the book in the beginning of the review.
· List the main points your want to cover before you begin to write the review; use one paragraph for each point.
· Explain how you feel about the book and why, not just what the book is about.
· Provide your judgment of the style, format, contents, and historical value of the book.
· Incorporate biographical information about the author to establish his/her authority.
· Avoid writing in the first person.
· Avoid slang. Reviews are formal papers.
· Avoid contractions.
· It may be necessary to refer to specific portions of the books to illustrate your statements and conclusions, but do not quote extensively from it.
· Proofread your manuscript carefully before submitting it.
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http://annbell.wordpress.com/tag/book-review/
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Attention Deficit Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a biological condition that is accompanied with poor attention and being easily distracted and that may or may not be characterized with hyperactivity and impulsive behaviors. ADD/ADHD is one of the most common mental conditions that affect approximately 2 million children in the U.S. It is possible that these children will never out grow this condition and their ADD/ADHD will continue into adulthood. Children that suffer from this condition should seek treatment right away. If left untreated, poor grades, poor social skills and low self esteem may develop.
Although the exact cause of ADD/ADHD is unknown, it is believe that genetics and heredity plays a part. Constant exposure to low levels of lead, being born premature, difficulties in childbirth and exposure to cigarette smoke from the pregnant mother may cause children to be at greater risk for developing this condition. Ritalin LA works by affecting certain chemicals in the brain that are linked to both hyperactivity control and impulse control.
Children with ADHD often seem to be very fidgety, hyper and have impulsive behavior. They tend to blurt out things and interrupt others while they are talking. Waiting for their turn can be a very difficult task. In addition they have trouble sitting still and they talk excessively.
Stimulants have been found to work very well in treating ADD/ADHD symptoms. Ritalin LA is a stimulant medication that is widely used to treat ADD/ADHD. Ritalin LA is a long acting version of the prescription medication Ritalin. Ritalin LA is available in 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg capsules. If your child has difficulty swallowing the Ritalin LA capsule, the capsules can be opened and the contents may be sprinkled onto food. In addition to taking Ritalin LA to treat ADD and ADHD, they will require some sort of therapy.
Less serious Ritalin LA side effects include:
- Decreased appetite
- Stomach pain
- Weight loss
Some more serious Ritalin LA side effects include:
- Feeling faint
- Increased heartbeat
- Fever and sore throat accompanied with a severe skin rash
- High blood pressure
If you experience any of the more serious Ritalin side effects or if you have an allergic reaction to Ritalin LA, such as swelling of the face, mouth or throat, seek immediate medical attention. For more ADD information, please visit www.add.org
At FreemedPrograms.com, you may be eligible to receive free Ritalin LA. Pharmaceutical companies have designed free medication programs for individuals that are unable to afford their prescription medication. In addition to free Ritalin LA, there are about 1,000 other prescription medications that are available for free or at a significantly reduced cost. If you are among the millions of Americans that are struggling to afford your prescription medications, FreeMedPrograms.com may be your ticket to free Ritalin LA and many other prescription medications.
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| 0.93823
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Description from Flora of China
Shrubs or trees, deciduous; buds conspicuous, narrowly conical, with several scales. Leaves simple, petiolate, stipulate, venation camptodromous, margin entire or serrate. Racemes terminal; bracts caducous. Hypanthium campanulate. Sepals 5, margin entire. Petals 5, white, oblong or lanceolate, slender. Stamens 10–20. Ovary inferior or semi-inferior, 2–5-loculed, with 2 ovules per locule, separated by a false partition from back of locule; styles 2–5, partly connate or free. Fruit a small berrylike pome, bluish black to dark purple, usually juicy and sweet, incompletely 4–10-loculed, with one seed in each locule, crowned by persistent, usually recurved sepals.
About 25 species: Asia, Europe, North America; two species (one endemic) in China.
(Authors: Gu Cuizhi (Ku Tsue-chih); Stephen A. Spongberg)
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http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=101333
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LONDON: Scientists have developed a unique and affordable device which could enable millions suffering from nerve degenerative diseases and amputees to interact with their computers and surroundings using simple eye movements.
The eye-tracking devices and "smart" software, which costs less than 40 pounds, can help patients suffering from multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's, muscular dystrophy and spinal cord to interact with the computer freely.
According to a study, published in The Journal of Neural Engineering, the device could even allow people to control an electronic wheelchair simply by looking where they want to go or control a robotic prosthetic arm.
Composed from off-the-shelf materials, the new device can work out exactly where a person is looking by tracking their eye movements, allowing them to control a cursor on a screen just like a normal computer mouse.
Researchers from Imperial College London demonstrated its functionality by getting a group of people to play the classic computer game Pong without any kind of handset. Users were also able to browse the web and write emails "hands-off,"
Aldo Faisal, a lecturer in neurotechnology at Imperial's Department of Bioengineering, is confident in the ability to utilise eye movements given that six of the subjects, who had never used their eyes as a control input before, could still register a respectable score within 20 per cent of the able-bodied users after just 10 minutes of using the device for the first time.
The commercially viable device uses just one watt of power and can transmit data wirelessly over Wi-Fi or via USB into any computer.
The GT3D system has also solved the 'Midas touch problem', allowing users to click on an item on the screen using their eyes, instead of a mouse button.
"Crucially, we have achieved two things: We have built a 3D eye tracking system hundreds of times cheaper than commercial systems and used it to build a real-time brain machine interface that allows patients to interact more smoothly and more quickly than existing invasive technologies that are tens of thousands of times more expensive," he said.
"This is frugal innovation. Developing smarter software and piggy-backing existing hardware to create devices that can help people worldwide independent of their health care circumstances."
The cameras constantly take pictures of the eye, working out where the pupil is pointing, and from this, the researchers can use a set of calibrations to work out exactly where a person is looking on the screen.
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http://www.indiatimes.com/hardware/now-control-computers-with-simple-eye-movements-31914.html
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Civil War Soldiers' Monument postcard, Bath, ca. 1940
Contributed by Patten Free Library
This "Photolux" black-and-white postcard with divided back of the Soldiers' Monument and cannon with the Sagadahoc County Courthouse in the background shows Centre Street rising to meet High Street. The monument to those lost in the Civil War was undertaken by the city in 1867, just as planning for the Courthouse across the street was becoming a reality. The monument lists the names of the 109 men who died during the War from wounds or disease, a list of tragic stories ranging from young George and Joseph Pepper to John S. Stacy. George died from disease at home in November of 1862, while Joseph died in April of 1862, the first man of the Union Army killed in McClellan's advance on Richmond. John Stacy enlisted in November of 1861, taking five or six years off his age when providing details on the muster roll. He was dead at the age of fifty a year later in Frederick City, Maryland of his wounds. As Henry Owen wrote in his history of Bath, "Bath was one of the few communities in the State to contribute to the Union army a complete company which existed prior to the call for troops," in the Bath City Grays that constituted Company A of the 3rd Maine Volunteer Infantry. Altogether Owen estimated that the total number from Bath that served in the armed forces during the four years of the Civil War was not less than 800, or about one-tenth of the total population.
- Title: Civil War Soldiers' Monument postcard, Bath, ca. 1940
- Creator: American Art Postcard Co., Boston, Mass.
- Creation Date: circa 1940
- Subject Date: circa 1940
- Town: Bath, Frederick City, Richmond
- County: Sagadahoc
- State: MD, ME, VA
- Media: black-and-white lithographed postcard
- Dimensions (cm): 8.7 x 13.8
- Local Code: Private Collection KN
- Collection: Private Collection
- Object Type: Image
For more information about this item, contact:
Patten Free Library
33 Summer Street, Bath, ME 04530
Cross Reference Searches
LC Subject Headings
High Street (Bath, Me.)
Centre Street (Bath, Me.)
Monuments & memorials--Maine--Bath
United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Monuments--Maine--Bath
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http://www.mainememory.net/artifact/28481/
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| 0.93338
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Take pictures of the students in your class the first day. Make a copy of the pictures for each child and cut them out. Students make treasure boxes from lunch bags as shown and write “My new friends are my treasures.” Give children copies of the pictures to take home and share with their families.
Guess Who? (Pam Ledwell)
Make a book for your class called “Guess Who?” Take a photo of the back of each child and place it on one page and write “Guess who?” Take a photo of the front of the child and place it on the next page. Write “It’s child’s name.”
Substitute the letter you are working on for directions at transition times. For example: B –“Bine bup bor bunch.” The kids have to figure out the real directions.
Here’s a great idea for “morning baskets” that the children can do each morning when they arrive at school. Each teacher in their kindergarten team makes 7 different buckets with 4 different activities for math and reading. They rotate these each week at the tables in their classrooms. They have a set for the beginning of the year, middle of the year, and end of the year.
Nursery Rhyme Club (Janie Moore)
Challenge your students to learn 8 nursery rhymes and say them in front of the class. Create a poster where they can sign their name and give them a membership card to the “Nursery Rhyme Club.”
ABC Patty Cake (Veronica Thomas)
Children face each other and patty cake. They say the letter as they tap right hands, clap, and then make the letter sound as they tap left hands.
Daily Countdown (Wendy Merrifield)
Draw large T-shirts on poster board. Take photos of students doing daily activities. Write the activity, time, and glue the picture to the T-shirts. Next, hang a clothesline across the top of one of your bulletin boards. Clothespin the T-shirts in order to the line. As you move through the day, turn over each shirt so the students can see their day get shorter and shorter. When you get to the last T-shirt do an “end of the day” dance!!!
Cheer! (Debbi Smith)
Pat yourself on the back.
Shake your own hand.
Point to yourself and say, “Very good job!”
Train the Brain (Susan Sayre)
Our brains are trained to go up from eating and drinking. However, children need to learn to pull down when they are writing. Here’s an exercise that will help:
1st Open your arms wide to the side.
2nd Move palms up and above the head.
3rd Palms together and slice down in front of your body.
Magic Door (Lisa Haines & Julie Wilson)
Once you go through the magic door (Point finger framing a door.)
You go like this (Shhh!)
Because we can’t talk anymore.
Zip it. (Zip lips.)
Lock it. (Pretend to lock lips.)
Put it in your pocket. (Put imaginary key in your pocket while wiggling hips.)
Paper Plate Name Game (Hillary Warren)
Put each child’s name on a paper plate. Sing, “If your name is on the plate pick it up. If your name is on the plate, pick it up. If your name is on the plate, then you’re doing really great. If your name is on the plate, pick it up.” Put down one plate at a time. At the end when you pick up the plates you can ask each child to spell their name, say their birthday, tell you their address, or whatever you’re working on.
Birthday Circle (Lucy Pittenger)
Let the birthday child choose friends to be the candles on their cake. Candles form an inner circle around the birthday child. The rest of the class holds hands and makes an outer circle. As you sing “Happy Birthday” the candles go counter clockwise as the outer circle walks clockwise. The birthday child taps the heads of the “candles” to light them. After blowing on their tummy the candles fall down.
Singing (Angel Hollandsworth)
When you sing “Today Is Sunday,” Give each child a paper plate and plastic fork or spoon to keep the beat.
*Sing the ABC’s as you tap them on a keyboard.
Kids Wanna Have Fun! (Tanya Lane)
During parent orientation use paper plate “clappers” to sing “Kids Just Wanna Have Fun.” This will break the ice with parents and show them how much fun you can have learning.
For tall letters put your hands in the air. For midline letters stick your arms out by your sides. If a letter goes in the basement, touch your toes.
Fun Friday (Erica)
Choose a key idea to focus on and review on Friday. Make games, crafts, food, or stories to reinforce the skills. This will give kids (and teachers) something to look forward to each week.
Open Mic Friday
Every Friday during “Writer’s Workshop” give children a play microphone and let them read one of their stories to the class.
Egg Hunt (Leila Hinkle)
Hide sight words in plastic eggs. Use different colored eggs for each group. Children collect the appropriate color and read the words.
Sound Substitution (Courtney Tisdell)
Insert different sounds in “Tooty Ta.” Example: “Cooty ca” for Cc.
Give Me Five
Make a poster for the classroom door with two hands. Attach a Velcro circle to each hand. Write sight words and attach them to the Velcro. Children give the poster a high five and read the words every time they leave the classroom.
Oh, the Places You Will Go!
Ask each child’s parents to purchase this book by Dr. Seuss. The book is passed to each teacher through the K-12 years. Each teacher writes an encouraging word or positive comment about the child. What a special graduation present when they leave high school!
Waiting Crown (Nicole Edwards)
When working one-on-one or testing, wear a toy crown as a visual to show others in the class that they have to wait and can’t interrupt.
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://drjeanandfriends.blogspot.com/2012/08/southern-swing.html
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Drive over the Buckman Bridge with a compass and it will tell you that you’re traveling either east or west.
But if you look at the road signs along that stretch of Interstate 295, they will tell you that you’re going either north or south.
That confusion will end, or at least switch directions, sometime in 2010, when I-295 swallows 25 miles of Florida 9A and becomes a 60-mile loop with an east-west designation — even though the majority of it will run north and south.
The Times-Union asked Florida Department of Transportation spokesman Mike Goldman to explain that and other particulars of the change.
When the two roads merge, what will it be called?
It will be called the Interstate 295 Beltway, with Florida 9A ceasing to exist. Interstate 295 is already part of the federal interstate highway system, and 9A will also become part of the federal highway system.
Why are the roads being merged?
The long-term plan was always to combine the two roads. Florida 9A was built under the assumption that it would become part of Interstate 295.
Why was the road called Florida 9A? Why wasn’t it part of Interstate 295 when it was being built?
Florida 9A had two traffic lights at the intersection of Butler Boulevard until recently. Federal law states a road cannot be part of the interstate highway system if it has traffic lights. That situation was recently rectified when a new interchange was built at the intersection of Butler and 9A that allowed the traffic lights to be removed.
Why does the state want the road to become part of the federal highway system?
Once a road becomes part of the federal highway system, it qualifies for federal highway funds.
Does any construction need to be completed before the roads are merged?
The last construction was the overpass at the intersection of Butler Boulevard and Florida 9A. That project is essentially complete, though there is still some minor work being done such as the installation of lights and the resurfacing of pavement. The entire project is expected to be complete by the end of February.
What has to happen before a road becomes part of the federal highway system?
The road must be reviewed by the Federal Highway Administration and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation to determine if it meets interstate design standards. FDOT officials say it was built to meet interstate standards, so the review should be routine. However, it is possible the federal government will want changes made when it comes to exit numbers or road markings. When that review is over, FDOT must install new signs on the road, and on other roads, that identifies the entire roadway as Interstate 295. The cost is expected to be $3.4 million, and FDOT plans to accept bids for the project in November.
Where does the road change from east to west, and vice versa?
The change occurs where the road intersects with Interstate 95, between exits 60 and 61 and exits 35 and 36. Essentially, the existing Interstate 295 will be Interstate 295 west and Florida 9A will be Interstate 295 east.
Why change it to an east-west road when people are used to it as a north-south road?
FDOT believes it will be easier to navigate the road this way. Interstate 95 is a north-south road, so it makes more sense to have Interstate 295 be east-west.
This report also contains material from Nancy Singer, Federal Highway Administration spokeswoman.
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How to Talk to Children About Art
written by Francoise Barbe-Galle
Frances Lincoln | ISBN 9780711223882
Member’s price: $17.96
Usually ships within 2–11 business days.
The first children's art book for grown-ups. In everyday language this handy little book shows how to explain to children what to look for and how to enjoy paintings as diverse as a Renaissance religious scene and a Jackson Pollock. How to Talk to Children about Art examines thirty paintings by great artists, from the early Renaissance to the present day, in galleries around the world. The book gives examples of the kinds of questions a child might ask about the paintings, and provides straight forward answers. 'Who are these people in this painting?' 'Why has the artist used those colours?' 'How did the artist choose what to paint?' The book demystifies art appreciation and reveals that the simplest questions can be among the most pertinent. There is plenty that will stimulate children's interest in art and enlighten grown-ups.
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/shop/item/9780711223882/
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| 0.941724
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|
The Evolution of Textile Mill Villages
by Bennett M. Judkins and Dorothy Lodge
Reprinted with permission from the Tar Heel Junior Historian. Fall 1986.
Tar Heel Junior Historian Association, NC Museum of History
Large-scale expansion of southern textile mills began in the 1880s. Many people left the farms and the mountains to begin work in these mills. Although they would have preferred to stay on their farms and remain independent, they had lost their land because they could not pay taxes and were indebted to merchants as tenant farmers or sharecroppers. Mill companies offered to move them, their families, and their possessions to the new mill villages to encourage them to undertake “public work,” or work for wages outside the home. Steady wages, the company store, and mill houses were strong attractions.
From 1880 until about 1930 southern mill towns showed a continuation of the paternalism that marked slave plantations. Paternalism, which comes from a word that means father, indicates that the mill owner had many of the rights and responsibilities of a father to his workers. The mill owner provided shelter, jobs, medical care, and schooling, and maintained authority over the private lives of his employees.
The pattern of paternalism gained hold in part because of the large number of workers coming into towns to work in the mills. They all needed housing and services, and only the mill owners had the money to provide these. Houses, company stores, churches, and schools all became a part of the emerging mill villages. The villages remained under the complete control of the mill management.
Some of the people who lived in mill villages in Gaston County in the 1920s and 1930s described their lives in the mills and mill villages for a 1985 oral history project conducted for the North Carolina Humanities Committee. They remembered the houses, the work, and the strong sense of community the workers shared. Mill housing, for instance, consisted of small, often crowded rooms. Many had no bathrooms or indoor plumbing. As one millworker reflected, “We had an outhouse in the back. . . . We had a big old white commode thing. Didn’t have water to flush it. You washed it with slop jars full of water. That toilet was really nice. You wouldn’t be afraid to go and set on it.”
By the 1920s almost all the houses had electric lights, something infrequently found at that time even on prosperous rural farms. The number of light bulbs a house burned determined the rent paid by that household. “That was the way you paid your rent, was 25 cents a light bulb. A lot of them didn’t have a light bulb on the back porch because that would have cost a quarter. That paid for all the utilities, too.”
The benefits of mill housing caused some discontent among workers in the twentieth century who did not rent homes from the company. Employees living outside company housing enjoyed independence. They disliked losing the advantages offered those living in the mill villages, however.
. . . [T]his town has always had two classes of workers—the ones in company houses, and the ones like me who have their own places. People in the Cannon houses were taken care of. They paid low rent, no taxes, and the company did all of the maintenance. They had it made all of their lives. The rest of us had to pay for all of this. What it meant was the man working beside you at the same job for the same pay was getting two dollars an hour more in benefits you weren’t getting.
Mill owners required that at least two, sometimes three, members of a family work in the mill before the company would rent a mill house to that family. Fathers, mothers, and children often would work together in the same mill. This kept the families together, but it also meant that children faced demanding jobs at an early age. From the 1880s well into the twentieth century children as young as eight and nine years of age would work at least part-time in the factories. Full-time work began around the start of the teenage years. A seventy-four-year-old millworker recalled what it was like when she began to work in the mill at the age of eleven as an assistant to the women spinners. She described the big machinery and how hard it was to learn the work at the speed required.
There are rollers on the spinning frames. . . . [Y]ou had to pick them with your fingers. And oh my fingers would get so sore! I would tear the spinners’ ends down—see I didn’t know how to put up an end—and of course they would get furious because it would get them behind in their work. I learned to put up the ends that I tore down picking the rollers, and that was the way I learned to spin.
Another mill employee began work at the age of fourteen. Her mother trained her on the job, and together they put in a very long day. “I went to the mill when I was fourteen years old, and my mother learnt me to reel. We worked eleven hours a day and got an hour for dinner... We got up of a morning to be at work by 6:00 [A.M.].”
After work the family shopping was done at the company store, a practice encouraged by mill owners who frequently charged more for goods than stores outside the mill villages. As one employee stated, “Almost everything you bought was bought out of the store. At one time they had these coupon books, and they were worth 5, 10, 15, 20 cents, and so on. They’d give you one of the books as part of your pay. You’d take that into the store and use it for a Coca-Cola, or whatever you wanted.”
The prosperity of mill villages remained closely tied to the economic health of the textile industry. When trouble hit the management, it quickly filtered down to the workers. After 1930 many changes occurred as mill owners sought to increase their profits during times of depression and low prices. The paternalistic image fostered by the companies gave way to more “modern” industrial relations. The owners and managers stressed technology and performance over a sense of family. Less and less did the owners know the names of their workers or show a fatherly concern over their welfare. The textile industry met falling prices and increasing American and foreign competition with improved automation in the mills. This cost many workers their jobs. Small family-owned mill companies, unable to compete, were sold to large corporations. New workers entered the labor pool, especially African Americans recruited from outside the mill community. These trends weakened the close interactions of mill village residents. The sense of being one big family disappeared. One worker mourned, “I use to know everybody who lived up and down that street... and over the street behind me. No more, everybody’s moving.” An employee who worked at Cannon Mills for thirty-nine years deplored the sale of that family mill to investor David Murdock and summed up the difference it made in the work atmosphere. “Mr. Cannon was family. Mr. Murdock’s the Boss.”
The sale of mill villages by mill companies has increased as textile plants have closed or merged with other companies. From 1982 to 1985 more than 10,000 North Carolina textile workers lost their jobs when sixty-seven plants closed. Factories continued to shut down every year. The workers often faced hardships in finding new jobs after spending a lifetime at one job in one factory. It is a sad end to the cotton textile industry that for 100 years served as the economic foundation of North Carolina. Those who built the companies, and those who worked in this industry, have had a major impact on our state and its people.
At the time of this article’s publication, Bennett M. Judkins was professor of sociology at Belmont Abbey College in Belmont. Dorothy Lodge taught eighth-grade history in the Gaston County school system.
"Mill Village map." Edenton Cotton Mill. Edenton Cotton Mill Museum of History. Online at http://millvillagemuseum.org/history/
"Mill Village Residents in 1959." Edenton Cotton Mill Museum of History. Online at http://millvillagemuseum.org/history/
References and additional resources:
Documenting the American South, UNC Libraries. Resources on mill villages.
Edenton Cotton Mill Museum of History. http://millvillagemuseum.org/
Learn NC resources on mill villages.
NC LIVE resources on mill villages.
1 January 1986 | Judkins, Bennett M.; Lodge, Dorothy
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A selection of articles related to echternach gospels.
Original articles from our library related to the Echternach Gospels. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Echternach Gospels.
- Pagan Roots of the Bible
- "The Bible is the innerrent word of the living God. It is absolutely infallible, without error in all matters pertaining to faith and practice, as well as in areas such as geography, science, history, etc. Jerry Falwell I have heard this assertion...
Saga of Times Past >> History & Anthropology
- The Pagan Origins Of Christian Mythology
- The Judeo-Christian religions were founded in a region of the world where savior religions existed for thousands of years. Much of the symbolism and many of the stories in the Bible may be traced to earlier myths of the Persians, Egyptians, and other people...
Religions >> Christianity & Paganism
- The Jesus Double-Act
- Is it possible that there were two Jesus', and that the histories of both have become entwined in the modern Bible? An examination of the evidence suggests that this is not only possible, but highly probable. To begin with, let us look at the Gospels....
Christianity >> The Bible
- An Overview of Gospel Music
- Gospels refer to the first four books of the Bible’s New Testament. These hymns became integral part of worship services of “Protestants”.
>> Poetry & Fable
- Story of the Celts: The Celts of Ireland
- The Celts of Ireland [ 33 ] The Celts arrived in Ireland by 350 B.C (some say earlier) and they thrive there to this day. A claim might be made that the Celtic Irish are among the world's oldest nationality groups. Despite periods when foreigners tried in...
History & Anthropology >> Celtic & Irish
Echternach Gospels is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Echternach Gospels books and related discussion.
Suggested Pdf Resources
- THE LINDISFARNE SCRIPTORIUM: FOR AND AGAINST
- scriptorium, viz.
- Establishing a Connection to Illuminated Manuscripts made at
- was copied from a lost ornament page in the Echternach Gospels (Paris: Bibliothèque nationale de France, ms. Lat. 9389).
- LION Images: - Sarcophagus, mid. 3 century. Paris, Musée du
- The art of the Book of Deer
- descends from the depiction of Matthew in the Echternach Gospels (Paris, Bibliotheque. Nationale MS lat.
Suggested Web Resources
- Echternach Gospels - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- The lion symbol of St. Mark from the Echternach Gospels.
- Category:Echternach Gospels - Wikimedia Commons
- Jun 25, 2008 The Echternach Gospels is a 8th century insular Gospel Book from the library of the monastery of Echternach.
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
Echternach Gospels Topics
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Dr. Kari Stefansson can trace his ancestry back 1,100 years. That's almost unheard of in the U.S., but in his native Iceland, where genealogy is a national obsession, it hardly raises an eyebrow. The island nation is a genetic anomaly: settled by a few Norsemen and Celts in the 9th century A.D. and relatively free of later immigration, it is among the most genetically homogeneous countries on earth. And in the late 1990s, when scientists were racing to map the human genome, Stefansson realized that Iceland's genetic isolation and unrivaled genealogical records made it a potential gold mine for isolating genes.
Thus began Iceland's great genetic experiment, an attempt to mine the gene pool of an entire country in search of the root causes of--and potential cures for--some of the world's worst diseases. And after years of controversy, dashed hopes and burst stock bubbles, the effort is finally paying off. Over the past decade, deCODE Genetics, the company Stefansson co-founded in his home city of Reykjavík, has discovered more than a dozen genes linked to diseases ranging from stroke to schizophrenia. Last month, deCODE announced that it had found a gene that boosts the risk of Type 2 diabetes. And within a few weeks, the company will start the final phase of trials for a drug based on a newly identified heart-attack gene that appears to be especially dangerous in African Americans. "I'm very enthusiastic," says Dr. Francis Collins of the U.S. National Institutes of Health and leader of the Human Genome Project. "What deCODE is doing is clearly exciting, and I congratulate them."
In principle, their method is straightforward: to find a disease-related gene, find someone with the disease, then see how his or her DNA differs from the DNA of healthy people. In practice, however, individual genes rarely cause illness on their own; instead, they tend to make people more susceptible. And in places with genetically mixed populations, the complex interaction among genes makes it hard to find the risky ones. But in Iceland, with its uniform population and genealogies that show how everyone is related, risky genes tend to stand out. The country's meticulous medical records provide even more data.
Ingenious as it was, Stefansson's plan quickly ran into problems. In order to build a database of genomes, deCODE needed blood samples from as many Icelanders as possible, as well as access to their health records. Parliament granted permission to tap into those records, along with an exclusive license to assemble, maintain and market the resulting data. Thousands of citizens donated blood, and many bought shares in deCODE as well. But those shares, which rose to a high of $65 in a frenzied run-up in 1999 and 2000, plunged to as low as $2 in the collapse of the dotcom bubble. They're around $9 today--and deCODE still hasn't turned a profit. Investors lost a lot of money, and the firm was forced to lay off scores of employees.
Then in 1998 the U.S. firm Hoffmann--La Roche agreed to pay $200 million for the right to develop drugs based on some of deCODE's data. The idea that a foreign company might profit from their personal information made many Icelanders balk. A woman named Ragnhildur Gudmundsdottir sued to keep her deceased father's medical records from going into the deCODE-run database, citing a right to privacy, and in 2003 Iceland's supreme court ruled in her favor.
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The U.S. Gulf Coast Braces for Oil
Last month, the Deepwater Horizon, an ultra-deepwater drilling rig leased by BP, sank, leading to what may become one of the greatest environmental disasters in United States history. While the potential short- and long-term environmental costs are unknown, it is clear that the oil-slicked sea will soon come ashore on the Alabama and Mississippi coastline. And as the oil continues gushing from under the sea at volumes estimated anywhere between 5,000 and 70,000 barrels per day, it's anyone's guess as to how long it might take to clean up the mess with hurricane season just weeks away.
Video produced by: Dorothee Royal-Hedinger & Mark Andrew Boyer for OrganicNation.tv
Find out how you can help at www.nature.org.
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- Moscow; 10,672,000
- 17,075,400 square kilometers (6,592,850 square miles)
- Russian Orthodox, Muslim, other
- Russian ruble
- Life Expectancy:
- GDP per Capita:
- U.S. $9,700
- Literacy Percent:
Russia Facts Flag
The country has rich mineral and energy resources. The mighty Volga, Europe's longest river, flows from northern Russia into the Caspian Sea. A bleak behemoth, Siberia encompasses more than half the territory but is home to less than 20 percent of the population. Siberian workers toil at prying natural gas, oil, coal, gold, and diamonds from the frozen earth. Commodities such as fur and timber also earn coveted foreign currency.
Invading Mongols controlled Russia from 1240 to 1380. In 1547 Ivan IV, a Muscovite prince, adopted the ancient title of caesar (tsar in Russian). He and his successors unified fragmented lands and began taking the region that is today Siberia.
Russia looked westward after 1698, when Peter the Great returned from his travels in Europe. Conquering territory along the Baltic Sea, he built his mostly landlocked realm a port capital, St. Petersburg (known from 1924 until 1991 as Leningrad), and established Russia's first navy. Russia entered the 20th century as enormous and imperial.
The forced abdication of Nicholas II in March 1917 ended tsarist rule. In November Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, a Marxist, gained power and moved the capital to Moscow—deep in the Russian interior. The new communist state would look inward, expanding and confronting the West. Eventually the Soviet Union came to consist of 15 republics. Soviet planners relocated entire peoples, to reward or punish. Relocation often moved minority peoples eastward (often to Siberia) and replaced them with Russians—who came to teach the Russian language, to organize (and often dominate) the local Communist Party, and to implement Moscow's decisions. Military power and Soviet security forces held the empire together—extending Soviet control into Eastern Europe after World War II.
Mikhail Gorbachev took office in 1985 and unveiled sweeping plans for economic restructuring (perestroika), soon followed by unprecedented political openness (glasnost). The Soviet Union dissolved after a failed coup in 1991, producing Russia and 14 independent republics—with Russian minorities totaling some 20 million. Russia seeks to protect these minorities, maintain its economic influence on resources (like oil), and confront separatism at home (as in Chechnya).
- Industry: Mining and extractive industries, machine building, shipbuilding, road and rail transportation equipment, communications equipment
- Agriculture: Grain, sugar beets, sunflower seed, vegetables; beef
- Exports: Petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, wood and wood products, metals, fur
—Text From National Geographic Atlas of the World, Eighth Edition
Shop National Geographic
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Volume 3, Issue 6 (June 2006)
Reactive Material Options for In Situ Capping
Environmental dredging creates challenges in finding areas to construct confined disposal facilities and typically results in residual contamination. In situ capping (either in place of dredging or for capping residual contaminants) can be limited by concerns regarding navigation, uniform cap placement, biointrusion and geotechnical stability. A potential solution for many in situ capping concerns is the use of a reactive material cap. A reactive material cap could greatly reduce the thickness required for the cap compared to conventional sand caps. Various reactive materials (e.g., activated carbon, apatite, organoclay, zeolite, zero-valent iron) are used for removal of organics and metals in wastewater and groundwater treatment and may be applicable to in-situ capping. There are several ways that could be used for in-situ capping with reactive materials. A layer of reactive material could be placed in bulk using a clamshell or pumped through a tremie pipe. Another option is a reactive material filled geotextile mat. A reactive material mat would have several advantages over loose placement of reactive materials, including: (1) uniform and verifiable mass per area placement of reactive or adsorptive material; (2) ability to mix reactive or adsorptive materials in defined proportions; (3) geotextiles provide separation of the reactive material from the contaminated sediment and cover material; (4) geotextiles provide a barrier to biointrusion; (5) multiaxial strength of the geotextiles provides resistance to uplift and differential settlement; and (6) geosynthetic reinforcement provides stability on sloped areas. In the United States, a carbon-based geotextile mat was constructed and successfully deployed. A barge with a crane was used to deploy the material off shore. Other deployment methods have also been used for installing geosynthetics in waterways from shoreline and would be applicable to a reactive material mat.
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Jeramy S. Gee
Philosophical consideration of some of the main moral problems of modern society and civilization, such as abortion, euthanasia, war, and capital punishment. Topics vary.
This course is an introduction to moral philosophy through an examination of some contemporary moral issues. We will learn about different normative theories like Kantian Deontology, Utilitarianism, and Virtue Ethics as we examine moral issues surrounding topics ranging from censorship, war, the environment, and poverty. Students will have the opportunity to critically evaluate what others have argued with regard to these topics as well as construct their own arguments and evaluate their own beliefs.
Student learning goals
General method of instruction
Class assignments and grading
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By Pure Matters
Like the ringing of an alarm clock, a cluster headache announces itself every morning or night.
If you suffer from cluster headaches, you know that timing is everything. These headaches -- called "cluster" because of their pattern of striking in groups or clusters -- hit at the same time of day for a period of weeks or months, then vanish as suddenly and as mysteriously as they appeared.
The pain of cluster headaches is very intense. Most sufferers cannot sit still and will often pace during an acute attack. Often described as having a burning or piercing quality, the pain may be throbbing or constant. The scalp may be tender.
Cluster headaches, which are generated by swelling of blood vessels in the head, generally reach their full force within five to 10 minutes after onset. The attacks are usually very similar, varying only slightly from one attack to another.
Malfunction is the trigger
Researchers now believe that cluster headaches, as well as migraines, are triggered by a malfunction of neurotransmitters --in particular, serotonin-- which control the action of the blood vessels in the head and neck.
Although the pain of a cluster headache starts suddenly, people usually have a bit of warning that one is on the way. That warning is often a feeling of discomfort or a mild, one-sided burning sensation. Most cluster headaches last only 30 to 45 minutes, but some range from a few minutes to several hours. The headache will disappear only to recur later that day; most sufferers get one to four headaches per day during a cluster period.
Because they occur so regularly, generally at the same time each day, they have been dubbed "alarm clock headaches."
The headache periods can last weeks or months and then disappear completely for months or years. The cluster headache sufferer has pain-free intervals between series. Many cluster headaches occur in the spring or autumn. Because of this, cluster headaches are often mistakenly associated with allergies or business stress. The seasonal relationship is unique for each sufferer. In about 20 percent of cluster sufferers, the attacks may be chronic--they are present throughout the year and do not occur in groups, thus making the control of these headaches more difficult.
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Lessening the Effects of COPD
You may already know there is no cure for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, it's important that you know there is hope. Much can be done to lessen the side effects and symptoms of the disease. You can lead active and rewarding lives by following the advice of your physician and by following some simple tips.
Inactivity can lead to muscle wasting, weakening of the heart, and mental depression. Daily activity helps your body function more efficiently and keeps you mentally alert.
It's easier to stay active if you simplify work and other activities in order to save energy. Eliminate unnecessary tasks. Break activities down into steps and alternate them with frequent periods of rest. It's best to plan ahead and avoid rushing.
Continue with a regular exercise program after graduation from pulmonary rehab. One easy, convenient, and inexpensive form of exercise is walking.
Use pursed-lip and diaphragmatic breathing
Using pursed-lip breathing and diaphragmatic breathing may increase blood oxygen levels and decrease shortness of breath.
Watch your diet
Food provides your body with energy. Because you have COPD, you use more energy due to the increased demands of breathing. It's important to eat a healthy variety of foods to help your body function at its best.
Try to maintain a normal weight. If you're underweight, you will have less energy stores to pull from. If overweight, your heart has to work harder and you will experience more shortness of breath.
If your doctor orders a special diet, stick to it. Avoid "gassy" foods that bloat your stomach and make it harder to breathe. It's especially important to limit your salt intake if you tend to retain fluids. If eating tires you, eat smaller meals more frequently. If you are on oxygen, use it with meals.
Drink plenty of fluids
Drink three to four quarts of liquid per day unless your doctor advises otherwise. This will keep your mucus thin and easier to cough up.
Fatigue and tension can contribute to shortness of breath, so take time each day to relax, both physically and mentally. Take naps if you feel the need. Rest mentally by listening to soothing music or by doing something else you find relaxing. If you have difficulty relaxing, consult your doctor.
Your ability to recognize and avoid those things causing you problems may be the most important aspect of your self-care. Here are some tips that could help keep you out of trouble:
- Prevent Infection-Infections can cause further lung damage, decrease your lungs' ability to function, and increase mucus production. Therefore, keep your resistance high by eating properly and getting enough rest. Avoid crowds during the cold and flu seasons, and avoid close contact with others who are sick. Be sure to keep home respiratory equipment clean (dirty aerosol and oxygen equipment can carry germs). If you use a room humidifier, clean it often because this type of device can become a breeding ground for germs.
- Be Aware of Signs of Infection-If you suspect that you have an infection, call your doctor immediately. Some signs of infection include fever, chills, chest tightness, increased shortness of breath, and a change in the color or amount of mucus.
- Avoid Contact With Irritants- Many things may irritate your lungs and make breathing more difficult. Some common irritants include smoke, dust, smog, fumes, aerosol sprays, cold air, excessive humidity, pollens, certain foods, and animals.
Look For Other Signs of Trouble
Some things will alert you to more serious problems. Call your doctor immediately if you encounter the sudden development of swollen ankles or have frequent headaches, dizzy spells, confusion, disorientation, or slurred speech.
Take your medications properly
Keep a current list of the drugs you are taking. Write down the doses you are supposed to take and the times to take them. This will keep you from becoming contused and will serve as a quick reference should problems arise.
Do not take other people's drugs. They can cause you serious harm.
Understand how each drug works, and be aware of the possible side effects of each drug you take. If you have doubts, contact your physician or pharmacist.
Do not stop taking or change the dose of a drug without first contacting your physician. Sudden withdrawal from some drugs can cause serious medical problems. If you miss taking a dose, take it as soon as you realize the mistake, and arrange to take the next dose at the recommended time interval. Do not take a double dose to make up for the omitted dose. Also, check with your doctor before taking over-the-counter remedies that might interfere with a prescribed drug you are taking.
Properly store your drugs to prevent them from losing their effectiveness.
Reviewed: May 31, 2005
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Understanding the brain on dance
How does the brain perceive and interpret beautiful movement?
This is one of the key questions being asked by scientists at Bangor University who have enlisted the help of a professional dancer in their quest to better understand how our brains process movement and how we learn by observation.
Dr Emily Cross' research focuses on the relatively new field of science called neuroaesthetics which looks at how the brain perceives artistic endeavours.
Contemporary dancer Riley Watts spent a day at the university being poked and prodded by the school's researchers.
First he was filmed dancing in a variety of settings, including a 3D motion-capture studio. He then underwent a functional MRI brain scan while simultaneously watching videos of himself dancing.
Dr Cross hopes the pilot experiment will provide a window into what Mr Watts' brain is doing as he watches the videos of himself dancing.
"The fMRI data we've gathered will hopefully show what the professional dancer actually perceives when he sees himself moving in very complex ways; whether he is happy with that movement or not, and how his brain differentiates between the various different contexts in which we had Riley dancing."Structural differences in brains
Given Mr Watts' lifelong focus on dance, Dr Cross also thinks the scans of his brain may reveal slight structural variations compared to average people.
This would be similar to London's black cab drivers, whose extensive geographical knowledge actually enlarges the brain's hippocampus, the area where memories are formed.
For Mr Watts, working with scientists for the first time has been a welcome change from his usual artistic endeavours with the Forsythe dance company.
"This collaboration, creating a bridge between dance and science is one of the coolest things that I've ever done," he said.
"I'm thrilled that my skills as a dancer can be put to use in a scientific context to further everyone's understanding of what is actually going on in our brains."
Over the next few months Dr Cross plans to carry out further brain scans of amateur dancers and non-dancers while they watch the video footage she recorded of Mr Watts.
Although this is just the very beginning of her efforts, Dr Cross is optimistic about the future.
"The material Riley and I develop will lead to experiments that advance our understanding of how the brain learns complex movement. In particular, our results will inform how therapists can best teach new motor skills to healthy people as well as those suffering from neurological or physical injury."
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Determined to have his way, Henry usurped papal authority and forced the realm to accept his newly-acquired power. Apart from More, Bishop John Fisher, and several Carthusian monks and friars, most took the mandatory Oath of Supremacy. The few resisters were hunted down like animals. Henry’s demand for a divorce was assured as well as the radical revision of Canon Law. With his dissolution of the monasteries, Catholic England ceased to exist.
A Genuine Though Imperfect Holiness
The Church in England needed reform. Thomas More never denied this, but he grasped a key and core principle. The Church’s holiness and moral authority were measured not by the holiness of its leaders, though this was highly desirable, if not expected. He believed in the Church’s holiness because of the invisible yet real and abiding presence of the Holy Spirit as its lifeblood. Jesus had assured the Twelve that the Father would send the Spirit to guide, counsel, and console them in the truth.
The Church’s holiness emerges from its creed, sacramental life, and moral standards. The visible Church is imperfect, but inwardly, the Church of the Spirit is holy. The members are limited, fallible, and often quite sinful in full gaze of the public. This is why the Body needs reform (ecclesia semper reformanda est) so that it can enjoy proper spiritual health. The reformanda never ends.
In the sixteenth century, the sinfulness within the Church posed a problem for Martin Luther, as it did for many others. The issue was not new. A millennium before Luther’ protest, a sect, the Donatists, demanded that the sacraments be administered only by those clergy judged to have the highest and most rigorous standards of holiness. The issue came down to two theological principles: the term ex opere operato (from the work done) and ex opere operantis (from the work of the doer). The former applied specifically to the theology of the sacraments to emphasize that, since God is the chief agent of the sacrament, it can never fail to produce the effect promised in Christ, if it is celebrated under the proper conditions. The second term refers to the actions or merits of the minister or recipients of the sacraments, in contrast to God’s own action in and through the sacraments. The emphasis here rests on the importance of the inner dispositions of human beings.
Today, Catholics expect the formal principle, that of the Holy Spirit, to override the Church’s subjective imperfections. The objective holiness of the Church is a substantive difference between Catholics and Protestants.
Ideal Catholicism and Its Actuality
Living out the Catholic faith lags behind ideal Catholicism. In fact, there has never been a time when the Church has been without stain of sin. Why the disparity between the ideal and the actual?
First, God’s revelation is necessarily accepted in a limited way when brought to the human and the temporal. Wherever the human condition is, there you have limited, narrow, and fallible judgment. But More, Fisher, monks, and friars? All martyrs supreme! At the very end, like More, each could protest with clear mind and pure heart: “I die the king’s good servant but God’s first.”
Average people either reveal God’s truth and grace to the world or conceal or profane it. God has guaranteed that the Church will not fall into error regarding faith or morals, but this guarantee does not extend to every act and decision of church authority. “Reflective Catholics,” writes Karl Adam, “must feel and be pained by the conflict which arises out of the contrast between the sublimity, depth, and power of divine revelation and the weakness of the human, too-human factor” (“The Spirit of Catholicism,” 242ff).
Today through sin and vice, “Christ as he is realized in human history is dragged through the dust of the street, through the commonplace and the trivial, and over masses of rubbish. That is the deepest tragedy, the very tragedy of the Divine, when it is dispensed by unworthy hands and received by unworthy lips” (Ibid, 250). In short, the perfect revelation of God rests in the hands of God’s imperfect instruments.
Second, the Church, as a visible society, encounters problems of authority and human liberty. Clashes occur between individual charism and personal choice and formal structure, Church law. Though the Church prohibits blind faith and merely external conformity, every Catholic – pope, bishop, priest, consecrated religious, or lay person, is inwardly bound to obey the authoritative teaching of the Church, which echoes the preaching of Jesus. Spontaneous and independent spirit needs structure, and structure needs charism, “the flow of life and experience if it is not little by little to become rigid and crusted over” (Ibid). We are the Church of Peter and Paul; we are the Church of structure and of charism.
Who Is the Holy Spirit?
The Holy Spirit is properly referred to as ‘spirit.’ The word means ‘wind, breathing, breath.’ In its secondary meaning, it refers to the sign of life. When Jesus breathed his last breath, he breathed forth his Spirit, who came formally on Pentecost.
The Holy Spirit is God’s own Self who gives life to the world. It was the Spirit of God who breathed over creation as it evolved into the history of salvation. The Holy Spirit is the creative power and the source of beauty in the world. God’s Spirit flourishes “wherever something new arises, whenever life is awakened and reality reaches ecstatically beyond itself, in all seeking and striving, in every ferment and birth, and even more in the beauty of creation.” (Walter Kasper, “The God of Jesus Christ,” 227)
“The world is charged with the grandeur of God.
It will flame out, like shining from shook foil.
It gathers to a greatness, like the ooze of oil.
Crushed.” (Gerard Manley Hopkins)
The Spirit is our Advocate (Greek: parakletos). Now an advocate is the legal term for a defense attorney, the moral force who is called to help someone in need of counsel and who imparts wisdom and fortitude in us. The Spirit comforts and consoles, supports, prods, protects, pleads, and intercedes for us before the Father. (1 Jn 2:1) Our Advocate is our personal Gift and our personal Giver of gifts.
The Spirit-Advocate also serves as the jury and judge. Upholding the truth (Jn 16:9), our Advocate teaches us right from wrong and helps us interpret the glamour of sin and the deceits of Satan “who prowls about disguised as an angel of light.” (2 Cor11:14;1 Jn 4:1)
Where is the Spirit? The Spirit is at work always and everywhere leading us forward to the eternal, always seeking new ways of bringing forth new fruit. (Jn 16:13)
The Creator-Spirit in a Spiritless Age
“Why do men then now not reck his rod?
Generations have trod, have trod, have trod;
And all is seared with trade; bleared, smeared with toil;
And wears man’s smudge and shares man’s smell: the soil
Is bare now, nor can foot feel, being shod.”
Nihilism “is perhaps the most profound crisis of the present time. Since Greek thought and Christian theology, the word spirit has passed through a multiplicity of meanings so much so that we have already arrived at a spiritless condition in which humanity has lost its soul. (Kasper, 198-99)
For many today, art replaces the spirit. But when the word beauty and even its existence are called into question, the contemporary artist cannot possibly carry out the task of art except in the form of criticism, protest, and negation. What happens when the Spirit has been abandoned and separated from the true and the good, as in nihilism? Then the beautiful can only be understood as taking the form of a self-serving ecstasy, an affirmation of the sensuous. If art, equated with the spirit, cannot answer how the transformation of reality is to take place without the Spirit, then no answer is in sight. The Christian message of the Holy Spirit is the answer to the distress of our times, the answer to the crisis of our age. (Kasper, 200)
“And for all this, nature is never spent;
There lives the dearest freshness deep down things;
And though the last lights off the black West went
Oh, morning, at the brown brink eastward, springs –
Because the Holy Ghost over the bent
World broods with warm breast and with ah! bright wings.”
(Gerard Manley Hopkins, “God’s Grandeur”)
Sr. Joan L. Roccasalvo, a member of the Congregation of St. Joseph, Brentwood, NY, holds degrees in philosophy (Ph.L), musicology (Ph.D.), theology (M.A.), and liturgical studies (Ph.D). She has taught at all levels of Catholic education and writes with a particular focus on a theology of beauty and the sacred arts. Her e-mail address is [email protected].
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Want More Education?
Delve deeper into the science behind skin care with —Skin Inc. Video Education!
Most Popular in:
The Ingredients of Skin Care Research
By Kimberly J. Heathman
Posted: July 19, 2007
As new technologies in protein and cell science emerge in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, more new active ingredients are being made available to cosmetic chemists for the formulation of new and improved skin care topicals. It is imperative that skin care professionals keep abreast of the most current ingredient information, as well as future trends in biochemistry; genomics; molecular biology; photobiology, the study of the interactions of light and living organisms; and proteomics, the study of the
To help in your ingredient fact-finding, the following are several sources of information beneficial to the thorough investigation and monitoring of ongoing research.
The Cosmetic Toiletries and Fragrance Association (CTFA)—www.ctfa.org
Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR)—www.cir-safety.org
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greater roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus) is certainly one of
Oklahoma’s most fascinating birds to watch. Powerful legs, a
long tail, oversized bill and shaggy crest give the birds a
prehistoric flair that makes them unmistakable among the state’s
Roadrunners came by their name naturally. They can sprint up to 20 miles an hour, and will only fly as a last resort. They are actually members of the Cuckoo family, which may explain the comical antics they often perform. They are, however, intelligent creatures and are quite curious about human activity, often shaking their tail from side to side as they try to figure out what we humans are doing.
These crow-sized predators are skillful hunters and are not picky about what they eat. A roadrunner’s diet consists of about 90 percent animal matter; the remainder is fruit and seeds. Roadrunners are perhaps best known for their appetite for snakes, but they will eat anything they can kill with their sharp beak including lizards, rodents, insects and even other birds. They often control animals that are considered pests.
Roadrunners may look tough, but they are attentive and meticulous parents. During the spring, a male roadrunner can often be seen carrying a lizard or small snake as an offering to attract a mate. Although they spend most of their lives on the ground, the parents will build a nest up in a tree where the female lays four to five nearly spherical white eggs. The parents share the incubating duties and once the eggs hatch, they are both busy feeding their voracious youngsters. The chicks are ready to leave the nest when they are around three weeks old, but their parents will continue to teach them how to hunt for several more weeks.
Roadrunners often live in extreme climates and are uniquely adapted to conserve energy. On cool nights, they lower their body temperature and become lethargic. In the morning, they use a built-in heat exchanger, a patch of dark skin on the back between the wings, to help absorb the warmth of the rising sun. They manipulate their feathers to expose the patch, then find a suitable sunning place and wait for their body to reach normal temperature.
These entertaining birds are not particularly vocal, but they have a wide repertoire, from soft dove-like coos to low, guttural notes to sharp, high-pitched barks.
Greater roadrunners prefer open country with little brush to slow them down. That is why they can often be seen along roadsides. At one time, roadrunners were considered birds of the desert southwest, but their range has expanded east through Oklahoma into Louisiana and Arkansas.
The next time you are in Oklahoma’s outdoors and you see the bright yellow eyes of the roadrunner checking you out, take a minute to look back. You might be pleasantly surprised at what you see.
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"Triangle Fire Memorial to the Unknowns" in Evergreens Cemetery, Brooklyn
International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union Archives, Kheel Center, Cornell University.
JWA use only on jwa.org
Kheel Center, Cornell University
A memorial for the unidentified victims of the Triangle factory fire was erected in 1912 in Evergreens Cemetery in Brookline. Designed by Evelyn Beatrice Longman, the monument features a relief sculpture of a kneeling woman. The inscription reads: "In sympathy and sorrow citizens of New York raise this monument over the graves of unidentified women and children who with one hundred and thirty nine others perished by fire in the Triangle Shirtwaist factory Washington Place March 25 1911."
How to cite this page
Jewish Women's Archive. ""Triangle Fire Memorial to the Unknowns" in Evergreens Cemetery, Brooklyn." (Viewed on June 18, 2013) <http://jwa.org/media/triangle-fire-memorial-to-unknowns-in-evergreens-cemetery-brooklyn>.
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American Cockroaches are reddish brown and have a yellowish margin on the body region behind the head. American cockroaches generally live in moist areas, but can survive in dry areas if they have access to water. They prefer warm temperatures around 84 degrees Fahrenheit and do not tolerate cold temperatures. In residential areas, these cockroaches live in basements and sewers, and may move outdoors into yards during warm weather. These cockroaches are common in basements, crawl spaces, cracks and crevices of porches, foundations, and walkways adjacent to buildings. They feed on a wide variety of plant and animal material. American cockroaches are the largest of the common roaches
Brownbanded Cockroaches are light brown to glossy dark brown. The adult cockroaches have wings and the males are capable of flight. These insects feed on starchy materials and even non-food materials such as nylon stockings. These pests do not require as much moisture as German cockroaches and tend to avoid light. They prefer to hide in warm, elevated areas near the ceiling, behind wall decorations and loose wallpaper, in closets, beneath or inside upholstered furniture, and in electrical appliances such as TV sets, stereos, radios, and toasters. The roaches are commonly transported in furniture, luggage, and other items in houses and soon develop into annoying infestations under warm, humid conditions. Feed on starchy materials and even non-food items like nylon stockings.
German Cockroaches are light brown except for the shield behind the head marked with two dark stripes, which run lengthwise on the body. Young roaches are wingless and nearly black with a single light stripe running down the middle of the back. Egg capsules are light tan. They are the most common roaches found in houses and restaurants. They eat food of all kinds and may hitchhike into the house on egg cartons, soft drink cartons, sacks of potatoes or onions, used furniture, beer cases, etc. They can develop into large populations and live throughout the house, especially in the kitchen and bathroom. During the day, these roaches may be found hiding clustered behind baseboard molding, in cracks around cabinets, closets or pantries, and in and under stoves, refrigerators and dishwashers. When seen during the day in clusters, the population is large.
Oriental Cockroaches are dark reddish brown to black When disturbed, may run rapidly and adults may fly. Unlike other pest cockroaches, oriental cockroaches cannot climb up smooth surfaces (they lack sticky pads on their feet). Oriental cockroaches generally live in moist areas, but can survive in dry areas if they have access to water. They prefer cooler temperatures around 75 degrees Fahrenheit. These cockroaches are common in basements, crawl spaces, cracks and crevices of porches, foundations, and walkways adjacent to buildings. They feed on a wide variety of plant and animal material.
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A. AIM, Accessible Instructional Materials
- AIM is specialized formats of textbooks and curricular content for use by students who have print disabilities due to visual, physical or learning differences. Formats are Braille, Large Print, Audio and Digital text.
- For students currently using Large Print, teams should consider introducing Digital Text. Fonts can be greatly enlarged; text and background colors can be manipulated to make it easier to read. Text-to-speech can be turned off for students who don't need the book read to them.
2. Who needs AIM?
- Print disability- student has trouble reading/understanding standard printed text can be blindness, low or no vision; motor/physical disability making it difficult to hold book, turn pages or maintain eye focus; or specific learning disability, keeping student from comprehending text- don't see it right or can't stay focused.
- Eligibility for books from the NIMAC (National Instructional Materials Access Center) a “competent authority” must certify. For visual or physical disability, this means MD, D. of Osteopathy, Ophthalmologists, optometrists, registered nurses, therapists, professional staff of hospitals, institutions, and public or welfare agencies.
- Print disability due to learning disability must be certified by MD who may consult with colleagues in associated disciplines. IEP or Transition Team should write up recommendation of print disability certification to give to doctor.
3. What format is needed?
- Blind- braille, braille ready format (brf), digital text or audio
- Low vision- large print, digital text or audio (braille or brf if they can read it.)
- Physical disability- digital text or audio
- Learning disability- digital text or audio
- Best source for Digital Format is Bookshare. We are an authorized user of NIMAC and an Accessible Media Producer (AMP) so we can also get books and convert, but Bookshare is doing it on a more regular, large scale basis and can do it more quickly.
- For Braille and Large Print, we recommend Liberty Braille.
- For Audio Format, we recommend Learning Ally. LA's has individual and organizational memberships, schools can get textbooks, or students can get their own. ABLE Tech is in the process of getting an organizational membership and can get materials on behalf of students if necessary.
B. Assistive Technology Devices and Services
ABLE Tech loans AT for up to 6 weeks, up to 3 devices at a time. Trial program allows individuals to try a variety of technology ideas to compare features and benefits so they can make an informed choice. ABLE Tech has devices for many disability categories, low tech to high tech.
1. Specialized devices
- Refreshable braille displays (read braille ready format), scanner/text-to-speech devices, Audio players, such as Victor reader stream, DAISY players such as Classmate Reader, magnification devices.
- Specialized devices will play books and not do much else. They are generally well constructed and rugged.
- Students can use either a pc/mac or laptop in combination with a DAISY reader software application. Can be viable option, especially if student already has access to hardware.
- iPads and other tablet computers are more portable and versatile. iPad can be loaded with multiple textbooks, multiple apps. Games can be used as built-in rewards system. Device can grow with student.
4. DAISY Reader Applications
- There are a number of free and low cost DAISY readers on the market. Natural Reader is one that has been getting good reviews. Read:OutLoud Bookshare Edition can be downloaded free on the Bookshare website. Read2Go is the iPad version of Read:OutLoud and it is $19.99 in the app store.
- These generally just read the books and have bookmarking and customizable voices, colors and fonts.
5. Literacy Suites, Literacy Suites combine book reading features with note taking, research and writing features. They cost about $750 and up.
- Beneficial for students with learning disabilities such as dyslexia, dysgraphia and aphasia. (Also for ELL)
- Common Products: Solo 6, Read & Write Gold and Kurzweil are some of the most popular literacy suites on the market.
- Reading Features
- Read DAISY/NIMAS Books Read text aloud Highlight words, sentences Add bookmarks Customizable fonts, colors, backgrounds Work with multiple document file types Read text in web pages
- Reads digital textbooks and books aloud. Can also save the digital textbook as mp3 to save to a phone, mp3 player, iPod, iPhone.
- Writing Features
- Speak as you type Dictionary Thesaurus Spell Checker Homonym/homophone checker Word Prediction Outlining and Report Organization
- Funding for AT should be considered on case by case basis. Under IDEA, schools are responsible to purchase AT if the need is documented in the student’s IEP. As student nears end of high school, the transition team should consider whether AT is needed for employment goals. If so, DRS can consider purchasing.
The Oklahoma Secondary Transition Planning Folder contains services and contact information for Elementary, Middle School/Jr. High School, and High School. The Oklahoma Rehabilitation Council and DRS have copies of the folder or view online at http://www.ok.gov/orc/Transition_Folder_2012.html or http://www.ok.gov/abletech/AIM/
Oklahoma ABLE Tech, Assistive Technology, Accessible Instructional Materials. http://www.ok.gov/abletech/AIM/
Bookshare, free books in digital, synthetic audio and braille ready format www.bookshare.org
National Instructional Materials Access Center, repository for textbooks files available to students with certified print disability. www.nimac.us
National AIM Center, resource for information regarding accessible instructional materials. www.aim.cast.org
Learning Ally, books recorded with human voice available to individuals with print disability. www.learningally.org
Oklahoma Library for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, AIM Center, repository of instructional materials in braille and large print. www.library.okstate.us
Liberty Braille, instructional materials in braille and large print. www.libertybraille.com
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Global situation and trends: Since the beginning of the epidemic, almost 70 million people have been infected with the HIV virus and about 35 million people have died of AIDS. Globally, 34.0 million [31.4–35.9 million] people were living with HIV at the end of 2011. An estimated 0.8% of adults aged 15-49 years worldwide are living with HIV, although the burden of the epidemic continues to vary considerably between countries and regions. Sub-Saharan Africa remains most severely affected, with nearly 1 in every 20 adults (4.9%) living with HIV and accounting for 69% of the people living with HIV worldwide.
People living with HIV/AIDS
34 millionpeople living with HIV/AIDS worldwide in 2011Number of people (all ages) living with HIV
1.7 millionpeople died of AIDS-related illnesses worldwide in 2011Number of deaths due to HIV
119countries reported a total of 95 million people tested in 2010Facilities with HIV testing and counselling
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Although March 8th marks the 101st anniversary of International Women's Day (first celebrated in the US in 1911), women and men are far from equals in 2012.
Only 16 percent of Fortune 500 board chairs are women, and the U.S. ranks 17th in the World Economic Forum's Gender Gap Report.
Still, in other parts of the globe, women are much worse off: Did you know that every minute one woman dies from often-preventable complications due to pregnancy and childbirth? Or that an estimated 50 million+ girls worldwide aren't in school? In many countries, rape is used against women and girls as a weapon of war, and sex trafficking and human slavery remain a very real problem. Poverty and hunger disproportionately affect females, and 70 percent of the world's poorest people are women.
Statistics may stun us, but there's so much we can do to impact change. Below are ten simple actions you can take right now to learn more about the inequality debate and improve the lives of women and girls everywhere.
- Join or host a potluck dinner. Dining for Women is a giving circle that supports women's programs year-round, and during the month of March, the organization is focusing on the Women's Earth Alliance. The Alliance implements water-related strategies to improve health, self-reliance and resilience to climate change. Find a dinner here.
- Sign a pledge. Help Every Mother Counts reduce needless maternal deaths by signing the MAMA pledge. Part of the Motherhood Around the Globe exhibit at the International Museum of Women, the Pledge will be given to policy makers and presented at the 2012 UN General Assembly. Sign the pledge here.
- Watch a movie on your laptop. On Wednesday, March 7 at 7:30 PM (EST) the humanitarian organization CARE presents a special live stream of the award-winning film, "Pray the Devil Back to Hell." The film tells the story of the brave Liberian women who took on a harsh regime and won peace for their country. Watch the movie here.
- Organize a bridge walk. On March 8, help Women for Women International assist women survivors of war in rebuilding their lives. From the Brooklyn Bridge to your neighborhood cul-de-sac, Join Women on the Bridge events are marches that unite women and men around the world in taking a stand for peace and women's equality. Find a local event here.
- Play an online trivia game. Help a mother feed her family. For each correct answer on Freerice.com, the World Food Programme will donate 10 grains of rice to help end hunger. Over 91 billion grains have been donated so far. Choose from dozens of categories including humanities, geography, math and more. Play the game here.
- Read a book. Learn about the courageous journey of anti-slavery activist Somaly Mam. In the vein of Ayaan Hirsi Ali's "Infidel" and Ishmael Beah's "A Long Way Gone," Mam's "The Road of Lost Innocence" is a story of triumph over years of sexual slavery and puts a face and a voice to a human rights disaster of global proportions. Click here to read an excerpt.
- Volunteer at a local women's shelter. The National Network to End Domestic Violence supports the International Violence Against Women Act (IVAWA) and connects local domestic violence service providers and provides valuable resources for information about services, programs, legislation and policies that support survivors of domestic violence. Learn more here.
- Write a letter. Amnesty International's campaign "Demand Dignity" wants to end the injustice that perpetuates the cycle of poverty and disproportionately affects the livelihood of women and girls. Add your voice to those in poverty and help their rights count. Find out how here.
- Give yourself a history lesson. March is National Women's History Month. Read about women who broke rules and barriers and paved the way for future generations -- from suffragettes to artists to factory workers to the women in the military. And lend your signature to the campaign for a permanent home for the National Women's History Museum. Learn more here.
- Exercise your right. Many women have died for the right to vote. In this U.S. election year, it's important for every voice to be heard and every vote to count. Register here.
This March 8, I'm standing in solidarity with Annie Lennox and EQUALS to step up the call for an equal world. For more information and ways you can get involved, click here.
Follow Kristi York Wooten on Twitter:
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"DER SUBBOTNIK" The infinite cleaning celebration
If you belong to those, who do not know what "the Subbotnik" is, then you were probably too young to travel to the former GDR before 1989. The dictionary helps to a certain point in giving a first indication to this cleaning custom.
Subbotnik; - a special task, which was volunteered and free of charge in the former GDR.
According to the dictionary, the Subbotnik was the volunteered, free of charge and collective work of soviet workers on work-free days or in unpaid overtime. The Subbotniks found far spreading during the civil war and the foreign military interventions in Soviet Russia.
The GDR term Subbotnik was taken from the Russian Soviet and signified an activity, which was accomplished outside of normal work times, in particular on weekends (from Russian words "subbota" for Saturday and "voskresenye" for Sunday). This was always free of charge.
Less in the socialist production, these work assignments took place ever more in the populated residential area. Initially "organized" by national social positions, during the course of the existence of the GDR the Subbotnik grew into an independent institution.
The GDR citizens gathered together in larger and smaller communities, to clean and renew their living area during the Subbotnik. This usually ended with a huge celebration due to the fact that the Subbotnik gave the individuals of the communities a feeling of togetherness. These celebrations usually lasted into the morning hours and ever so often left traces that needed to be removed, which already initiated the next Subbotnik.
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La Casa Rosada (English: The Pink House) is the executive mansion and office of the President of Argentina. The palatial mansion is known officially as Casa de Gobierno, which means "House of Government" or "Government House" in English language. Normally, the President lives at the Quinta de Olivos, the official residence of the President of Argentina, which is located in Olivos, Buenos Aires Province. The characteristic color of the Casa Rosada is baby pink, and is considered one of the most emblematic buildings in Buenos Aires. The Casa Rosada also has a museum, which contains objects relating to former presidents of Argentina. The Casa Rosada has been declared a National Historic Monument of Argentina.
The Casa Rosada sits at the eastern end of the Plaza de Mayo, a large square which since the 1580 foundation of Buenos Aires has been surrounded by many of the most important political institutions of the city and of Argentina. The site, originally at the shoreline of the Río de la Plata, was first occupied by the "Fort of Juan Baltazar of Austria," a structure built on the orders of the founder of Buenos Aires, Captain Juan de Garay, in 1594. Its 1713 replacement by a masonry structure (the "Castle of San Miguel") complete with turrets made the spot the effective nerve center of colonial government. Following independence, President Bernardino Rivadavia had a Neoclassical portico built at the entrance in 1825, and the building remained unchanged until, in 1857, the fort was demolished in favor of a new customs building. Under the direction of British Argentine architect Edward Taylor, the Italianate structure functioned as Buenos Aires' largest building from 1859 until the 1890s.
The old fort's administrative annex, which survived the construction of Taylor's Customs House, was enlisted as the Presidential offices by Bartolomé Mitre in the 1860s and his successor, Domingo Sarmiento, who beautified the drab building with patios, gardens and wrought-iron grillwork, had the exterior painted pink reportedly in order to defuse political tensions by mixing the red and white colours of the country's opposing political parties: red was the color of the Federales, while white was the color of the Unitarians. An alternative explanation suggests that the original paint contained cow's blood to prevent damage from the effects of humidity. Sarmiento also authorized the construction of the Central Post Office next door in 1873, commissioning Swedish Argentine architect Carl Kihlberg, who designed this, one of the first of Buenos Aires' many examples of Second Empire architecture.
Presiding over an unprecedented socio-economic boom, President Julio Roca commissioned architect Enrique Aberg to replace the cramped State House with one resembling the neighboring Central Post Office in 1882. Following works to integrate the two structures, Roca had architect Francesco Tamburini build the iconic Italianate archway between the two in 1884. The resulting State House, still known as the "Pink House," was completed in 1898 following its eastward enlargement, works which resulted in the destruction of the customs house.
A Historical Museum was created in 1957 to display presidential memorabilia and selected belongings, such as sashes, batons, books, furniture, and three carriages. The remains of the former fort were partially excavated in 1991, and the uncovered structures were incorporated into the Museum of the Casa Rosada. Located behind the building, these works led to the rerouting of Paseo Colón Avenue, unifying the Casa Rosada with Parque Colón (Columbus Park) behind it. Plans were announced in 2009 for the restoration of surviving portions of Taylor's Customs House, as well.
The Casa Rosada itself is currently undergoing extensive renovation delayed by the 2001 economic crisis. The work is scheduled for completion on the 2010 bicentennial of the May Revolution that led to independence.
Evolution of the Casa Rosada
The Fort
In 1536, Don Pedro de Mendoza established a settlement near the mouth of the Riachuelo de los Navíos, called Nuestra Señora del Buen Ayre. In 1580, Juan de Garay founded the city at the place which was to be the Plaza Mayor (nowadays Plaza de Mayo), naming it Santísima Trinidad while the port retained the name of the original settlement; the "Royal Fort of Don Juan Baltasar de Austria" was built in 1594. It was replaced in 1713 by a more solid construction with turrets, sentry boxes, a moat and a drawbridge that upon being completed in 1720 was given the name of "Castillo San Miguel" (St. Michael's Castle). President Bernardino Rivadavia modified the fort in 1820, and the drawbridge was replaced by a neoclassical portico. The site which was for defence purposes at that time and also seat of the Spanish and Home governments, is where Government House currently stands.
In the Pink House Museum one of its cannon holes can be found and part of a storage room of the Royal Treasury's warehouse.
New Customs House
Under the direction of the English architect, Edward Taylor, the New Customs House was built in 1855 back to back with the rear walls of the Fort, facing the river. It is the first public building of great size built by the young mercantile State of Buenos Aires; its semicircular shape had five floors for depots and fifty one storage rooms with arched ceilings, surrounded by loggias. From the central tower at the top of which there was a clock and a beacon, stretched out a 300 m pier providing wharfaging for ships of greater draught to cast their anchors. Via two side ramps carts, loaded with goods, accessed the manoeuvring dock. It was used for almost forty years and it was demolished down to the first floor by the Madero Port project and its foundations are buried under what is today Colón Park.
The Post Office Palace
President Domingo Sarmiento ordered the construction of the Postal headquarters in 1873 on open ground that had remained after the south wing of the Buenos Aires Fort had been demolished. This project was carried out by the Swedish architect Carlos Kihlberg, with a design inspired by Italian Renaissance Revival architecture and French Second Empire details.
As Government House looked totally insignificant compared to this new post office building, President Julio Roca called upon the department of civil engineers to produce a project for extending and repairing the former, and the project submitted by the Swedish architect, Enrique Aberg was adopted. It proposed the demolition of the Fort and the construction of another building, identical to the post office, differentiating it by incorporating a long balcony on the first floor for the use of authorities during public festivities and parades. This was the end of the Fort of which only some walls and one of the cannon holes can be seen in the current Government House museum. For aesthetic reasons and to solve the problem of lack of space it was later decided that the Post Office building be incorporated into Government House. Architect Francesco Tamburini was commended this task. He designed a great central archway to join the two buildings into one, bringing together the surroundings where the New Customs House and Old Arcade were, interpreted by the architect as enveloping a central main axis on which the entrances were located, emphasized by a higher archway.
The Palace
The outlay of the buildings is three stories on Balcarce Street and four storeys plus a basement/galleries of Government House Museum, on Avenida Paseo Colón, practically covering the footage of a whole bloc. All the original rooms that are on the three main façades have direct ventilation and lighting, while the original internal rooms were designed in such a way that ventilation and light should come from the loggia that surround internal patios designed for this purpose. All, except one, were crowned by skylights, of which only two remain. The original structure consists of packwalls of varying thickness and slabs supported by brick counter ceilings with steel or wood roof lines, according to the sector. Following a long process of construction the current building was officially inaugurated in 1898, during the second presidency of General Julio Roca.
The President sits at his or her office on a seat known as the "Seat of Rivadavia." The seat itself did not actually belong to Bernardino Rivadavia, the first President of Argentina; but is instead an homage to the early statesman.
The Hall of Busts houses marble busts of the many Presidents of Argentina, made by diverse artists both national and international. The list is not complete, as it does not feature some heads of state that took power by coups, nor national authorities in the times when there wasn't yet a designated presidential office (notably Governor Juan Manuel de Rosas). Currently, the busts are only made for presidents who have been out of office for at least two presidential mandates; the most current one is that of Raúl Alfonsín.
Monument to Christopher Columbus, behind the Casa Rosada
See also
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Casa Rosada, Buenos Aires|
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Green-News: Wednesday 8.27.08
- Startling! EPA scientists have determined that pharmaceuticals—like hormones, painkillers, and antibiotics—are contaminating the drinking water of 41 million Americans. More from ENN:
While the concentration of drugs in drinking water tends to be low, some medications, such as hormones, are able to operate potently even at concentrations of one part per billion. To make matters worse, there is evidence that the chlorine commonly used to treat drinking water may make some pharmaceutical chemicals more toxic. Thus, the typical claim that "pharmaceuticals are only present in very low concentrations, and therefore could not be dangerous" holds no water (pardon the pun). Not only are some chemicals potentiated (made more toxic) by other chemicals in the water, but to date, there have been absolutely no studies looking at the increased danger posed by combinations of pharmaceuticals now being found.
In other words, nobody knows the level of risk that may be associated with the chemical cocktail of pharmaceuticals now being found in the water supply. No one can say with any degree of honesty that the drug contamination is safe, meaning that the real risks to human remain entirely unknown.
- Could municipal waster—i.e. garbage—be the next super fuel? A California-based company claims it convert biomass into a substitute gasoline that’ll cost $1.70-2.00 per gallon. Via TreeHugger:
Biomass Turned Into Gasoline Cheaply
Developed in conjunction with the Texas Engineering Experiment Station, Byogy’s claims its process can convert a wide range of biomass feedstocks directly into “Byolene”, a 95-octane gasoline substitute at a cost of $1.70-2.00 per gallon.
Wide Variety of Feedstocks
Byogy states that the process is designed to run on non-food feedstocks such as garbage, biosolids from wastewater treatment plants, lawn clippings, food waste, and livestock manure, in addition to non-food/feed crops grown for fuel purposes.
Initially, Byogy says it intends to use municipal waste in its first plant, which it hopes to have online with two years. By 2022 Byogy says it hopes Byolene can meet 2% of the nation’s transportation fuel demand, and hopes to build an additional 200 biorefineries to do so.
- At next week’s Scientific Advisory Board meeting the EPA will be hearing public comments on pollution prevention activities. Melissa Schober of GreenDaily reports:
The SAB meeting will focus on "consultative advice" from the EPA's Environmental Engineering Committee to the Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT) "on possible new approaches to measuring results of pollution prevention activities." The OPPT is responsible for oversight of programs falling under the Toxic Substances Control Act and the Pollution Prevention Act. These acts evaluate chemical safety and while "promoting the use of non-toxic or less-toxic substances, implementing conservation techniques, and re-using materials rather than putting them into the waste stream." Programs specifics can be found on the EPA website.
Given the EPA's already legendary foot-dragging on pollution standards, the need for public comment now is greater than ever.If you're in or near Washington, DC and would like to register to speak at the event please note the following: "In general individuals or groups requesting an oral presentation at a public meeting will be limited to five minutes per speaker, with no more than one hour for all speakers. Interested parties should contact Ms. Kathleen White,
Designated Federal Officer, EPA Science Advisory Board at 202.343.9878 or via email at firstname.lastname@example.org." The Federal Register notes that email contact is preferable.
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Mar. 20, 2008 New research led by UC Davis anthropologist Tim Weaver adds to the evidence that chance, rather than natural selection, best explains why the skulls of modern humans and ancient Neanderthals evolved differently. The findings may alter how anthropologists think about human evolution.
Weaver's study appears in the March 17 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. It builds on findings from a study he and his colleagues published last year in the Journal of Human Evolution, in which the team compared cranial measurements of 2,524 modern human skulls and 20 Neanderthal specimens. The researchers concluded that random genetic change, or genetic drift, most likely account for the cranial differences.
In their new study, Weaver and his colleagues crunched their fossil data using sophisticated mathematical models -- and calculated that Neanderthals and modern humans split about 370,000 years ago. The estimate is very close to estimates derived by other researchers who have dated the split based on clues from ancient Neanderthal and modern-day human DNA sequences.
The close correlation of the two estimates -- one based on studying bones, one based on studying genes -- demonstrates that the fossil record and analyses of DNA sequences give a consistent picture of human evolution during this time period.
"A take-home message may be that we should reconsider the idea that all morphological (physical) changes are due to natural selection, and instead consider that some of them may be due to genetic drift," Weaver said. "This may have interesting implications for our understanding of human evolution."
Weaver conducted the research with Charles Roseman, an anthropologist at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and Chris Stringer, a paleontologist at the Natural History Museum in London.
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
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Learning is a part of life. There's always something we've never before encountered. Do you remember the first time you had to set the clock in your car? Do you remember what it was like to get your first computer or iPad? We've all laughed about the trouble associated with programming a DVD (or VHS) recorder.
So, since learning is such an integral part of life, how can we become more efficient learners? It all begins with an understanding of how adults learn.
Learning is motivated by cognitive dissonance. That's just our way of identifying gap between what we know and what we need to know. If there isn't a gap, learning won't take place. So, the first step to learning something new is to identify the gap.
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Hemochromatosis research scientists are currently studying the specific genetic mutations that are responsible for the disease. They hope to better understand the condition and discover an effective treatment. To that end, hemochromatosis research studies are focused on discovering how iron contributes to organ damage, as well as why the amounts of iron normally stored in the body differs among people.
Hemochromatosis research studies are being conducted to answer important questions about the disease, how it is inherited, and ways to screen for it. This research already has led to many advances, and researchers continue to search for more effective methods for dealing with hemochromatosis.
Scientists hope that further study of the hemochromatosis gene (called HFE) will reveal how the body normally metabolizes iron. They also want to learn how iron injures cells and whether it contributes to organ damage in other diseases, such as:
- Alcoholic liver disease
- Hepatitis C
- Porphyria cutanea tarda
- Heart disease
- Reproductive disorders
- Autoimmune hepatitis
- Joint disease.
Hemochromatosis research scientists are also working to find out why only some patients with mutations in the gene get the disease. Research is also under way to explain why the amounts of iron people normally store in their bodies differ.
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Many programs are designed to enhance physicians' communication skills, but less attention has been devoted to helping patients improve their communication during medical visits. Nevertheless, this small body of work has grown substantially since the earliest patient activation interventions were begun some 30 years ago (1,2).
In those studies, an intervention conducted in the waiting room to increase patient participation in the medical dialogue was successful in changing patients' communication behavior. A systematic review of patient activation interventions through 2004 identified some 20 studies of this kind, the majority of which reported modest but significant effects, most often in question asking (3).
None of the activation interventions in the 2004 review took place within the context of mental health care, although it is well documented that psychiatric patients often have expectations and preferences for care but do not readily communicate them to their psychiatrists, who in turn fail to identify what their patients want (4,5). In a recent study, Alegráa and colleagues (6) developed and evaluated an activation and empowerment intervention designed to enhance question-asking skills and self-management strategies for patients receiving care in community mental health clinics. The three-session intervention was successful in increasing patients' self-reported activation during subsequent mental health visits, including greater engagement in information exchange and retention in treatment.
The promising results of that study suggest that psychiatric patients, like others, can benefit from an activation intervention by changing communication during visits to therapists and enhancing their commitment to continued care. However, it appears that no other studies have focused on educating mental health patients about evidence-based treatment, providing feedback, and encouraging discussion with their clinician.
This study furthered this line of work by developing an Internet-based interactive computer tool to educate patients with schizophrenia about evidence-based treatment guidelines and to compare their care to guidelines and receive feedback (7). The design of the intervention was also motivated by a study that found disparities between the evidence-based treatment recommendations of the Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team, known as PORT, and the services received by persons with schizophrenia (8,9). The study found substantial underuse of psychosocial treatments, including employment and family education interventions, undertreatment of adjunctive depression, and underuse of prophylactic antiparkinson medication. Improving patients' abilities to participate actively in their own treatment and management may lead to increased use of such services.
The goal of the Web-based intervention was to empower patients with schizophrenia to discuss their mental health treatment with their therapist. Patients were randomly assigned to the intervention or to a control group. Subsequently visits to clinicians by each group of patients were audiorecorded and compared by using the Roter Interaction Analysis System (RIAS), which characterizes medical dialogue. The hypotheses were that patients assigned to the intervention would be more verbally active in their visits, particularly in regard to asking questions about drug therapy and side effects and discussing psychosocial and lifestyle issues, and that clinicians' communications with patients who completed the intervention would be more patient-centered than their communications with the other patients.
All patients and clinicians gave signed informed consent to participate. The study was reviewed and approved by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Institutional Review Board.
Study sites and clinician participants
The three study sites were an assertive community treatment (ACT) program and two hospital psychiatric outpatient clinics. A total of 68 clinicians, including psychiatrists, social workers, psychologists, nurses, and counselors, were identified as eligible for the study. Because psychiatrists at the ACT site primarily saw patients for brief medication management visits, only the six nonpsychiatrists at the site were considered eligible. All clinicians at the two psychiatric outpatient clinics, 20 psychiatrists and 42 clinicians from other disciplines, were eligible for recruitment.
Twenty clinicians participated in the study by referring one or more patients with schizophrenia. Participants included five of the 20 (25%) psychiatrists and nine of the 42 (21%) other clinicians at the outpatient clinics and all six nonpsychiatrist clinicians at the ACT site.
Patient eligibility included referral by a study clinician and a scheduled visit during the 18-month study period. Additional criteria were age of 13 or older, a diagnosis of schizophrenia, literacy in English, and ability to give informed consent. A total of 163 eligible patients were identified by research staff through patient lists or records. The refusal rate, either because a clinician declined to refer the patient or the patient directly refused to participate, averaged 55% at the two outpatient clinics and was 30% at the ACT program, resulting in enrollment of 56 patients. Patients were assigned at random to the intervention or a control group.
YourSchizophreniaCare is an interactive Web site designed by the research team and programmed first by the Foundation for Accountability and later by HealthGrades, Inc., with CompareYourCare software. YourSchizophreniaCare is a patient-oriented, Web-based learning approach to help patients navigate six areas of quality of care—medications, side effects, referrals, family support, employment, and quality of life. Its goal was to increase the likelihood that patients will initiate discussion of these topics with their therapist. The average time to complete the intervention was 20 minutes.
For each area, patients answer questions about their current status and treatment. On the basis of the pattern of patient responses, individualized feedback recommendations appear on the screen. For instance, patients are asked how often medicine makes them feel restless or jittery inside. If they report medication side effects, they are encouraged to discuss them with their therapist at an upcoming visit.
The feedback is supplemented with video clips of an actor simulating a patient as he or she implements a recommendation for discussing a specific topic with the doctor. The Web site includes 14 unique 30-second video clips designed to model the performance of communication strategies and skills. The clips provide examples of how someone with schizophrenia can broach potentially sensitive issues with a therapist, such as confusion about prescribed drugs, side effects and poor adherence, use of alcohol with medication, barriers to more consistent treatment adherence, and family tensions. Communication strategies to assist the patient to be proactive were also modeled in video clips. They included setting the visit agenda by expressing expectations and goals, using paraphrase and interpretation to check for understanding, asking for plain words instead of scientific terms, and summarizing important information at the close of the visit.
The control group viewed a 22-minute video about schizophrenia treatment prepared by the Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center at the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Baltimore (10). They also received a brochure written in lay language that presents five schizophrenia treatment recommendations addressed by the Web-based tool, including maintenance dose of antipsychotic medication, prophylactic antiparkinson medication, antidepressant treatment, family intervention, and supported employment (7). The combination of brochure and video mirrored the information content of the Web-based intervention but without the personalized feedback or video clips role-modeling discussion of treatment issues provided online.
The generalized estimating equation method for correlated data was used in all regression analyses in order to account for nonindependence across observations (11). An exchangeable correlation structure was assumed by using robust estimation, which is likely to yield more accurate or valid coefficient estimates, even if the correlation structure is misspecified (12). Because some clinicians practiced at more than one site, analyses were not designed to account for intraclass correlation within sites. Covariates included clinician training status (psychiatrist or nonpsychiatrist), clinician gender, patient education level, and patient gender. Other covariates, including race-ethnicity, were not statistically significant in bivariate analyses and were not included in the multivariate model.
Audiorecordings of patient visits were coded with RIAS, a widely used system for characterizing medical dialogue with well-established reliability and predictive validity (13). Each statement by patient and clinician, defined as a complete thought, is assigned to mutually exclusive and exhaustive codes. Statements are coded directly from recordings without transcription. Several RIAS categories address biomedically focused behaviors, including information giving, question asking, and counseling about general medical and psychiatric symptoms and history and current treatment and regimens, including medication and appointments. Lifestyle and psychosocial categories capture exchange related to the patient's living situation, familial relations, and functions related to daily living or emotional states such as depression or anxiety. Psychosocial exchange also includes any discussion of alcoholism or drug abuse. Socioemotional communication categories for positive or negative exchange and responses to emotion such as empathy, concern, and legitimation are also coded.
Structural indicators of communication include visit duration in minutes, the sum of all patient and clinician statements, and a measure of clinician verbal dominance constructed as the ratio of all clinician statements—excluding such “back channels” as “Go on,” “Yes,” Uh huh, and “Right”—to patient statements. A value greater than 1.0 indicates that the clinician contributed more than the patient to medical dialogue.
In this study, as in other studies that used the RIAS system, patient-centered communication was operationalized as proportionately greater engagement by the patient in information seeking and disclosure in the psychosocial and socioemotional dimensions of illness management than in biomedically focused dialogue about disease management (14,15). The patient-centeredness ratio was calculated as the number of patient-centered statements divided by the number of medically focused and directive statements. Specifically, patient-centered statements included patients' psychosocial and medical questions, emotional statements, and information plus the clinicians' psychosocial-related questions, statements providing psychosocial and medical information, statements related to emotional topics, and partnership building statements. Medically focused and directive statements included clinicians' medical questions and statements about procedures and directions and patients' statements providing biomedical information.
Coders also globally rated the emotional tone of the patient and the clinician across several dimensions, such as warmth and sympathy, engagement, friendliness, dominance, hurry, and anxiety, on a scale of 1, low or none, to 5, high. The two coders were not aware of study hypotheses or patients' intervention status. A random sample of five audiotapes was drawn throughout the coding period for double coding to establish intercoder reliability. Pearson correlation coefficients between random pairs of coders were calculated for all categories with an average frequency greater than one. Reliability averaged .88 for provider categories (range .61–.99) and .89 for patient categories (range .81–.99) and was similar to reliability reported by other RIAS studies (13). For global affect ratings, coders were in 100% agreement within one scale point for provider ratings and averaged 98% agreement within one scale point for patient ratings.
Technical failures in audiorecordings reduced the sample sizes from 56 to 50 patients and from 20 to 19 clinicians. Clinicians included five psychiatrists, five licensed clinical professional counselors, one licensed graduate professional counselor, four licensed graduate social workers, two licensed clinical social workers, a clinical psychologist, a registered nurse with a master's degree in nursing, and another clinician with unspecified training. All the counselors and social workers had master's degrees at minimum; differences in titles reflect Maryland state licensure requirements.
The average number of patients enrolled in the study for each clinician was 2.8 (range one to 12). There were no statistically significant differences in the number of patients in the intervention and control groups seen by psychiatrists or other clinicians. Eleven of the visits by patients in the intervention group were with psychiatrists, five were with clinical counselors, five were with clinical social workers, one was with a clinical psychologist, one was with a registered nurse with a master's degree in nursing, and one was with a clinician with unspecified training. Fifteen of the visits by patients in the control group were with psychiatrists, one was with a clinical counselor, seven were with clinical social workers, two were with clinical psychologists, and one was with a clinician with unspecified training.
Overall, patients were predominantly African American (N=34, 68%), had less than a high school education (N=29, 58%), had an average age of 50, and had never married (N=37, 74%). A total of 16 (32%) were living with family members, 16 (32%) were not living with family but saw them regularly, and 18 (36%) did not see family regularly or had no family in the area. Most patients (N=44, 88%) obtained health insurance coverage through Medicare, Medicaid, or the Department of Veterans Affairs. Fifteen (30%) patients reported receiving Social Security Disability Insurance, and 28 (56%) received Supplemental Security Income. Eight (16%) patients reported some earned income, and six (12%) reported receiving regular contributions from family and other sources. There were no statistically significant differences between intervention and control groups on any of these measures (Table 1).
As shown in Table 2, visits by patients in the intervention and control groups differed in a number of ways. Visits by patients in the intervention group were several minutes longer compared with visits by patients in the control group (23.7 versus 19.3 minutes, respectively; p<.05). Patients in the intervention group contributed more actively to the dialogue compared with patients in the control group (288 versus 229 statements per visit; p<.05). The number of statements by clinicians per visit and the total number of statements per visit were higher among visits by the intervention group compared with visits by the control group, but the differences were not statistically significant. Consistent with these dialogue characteristics, the verbal dominance of the clinician was lower in the intervention visits compared with control group visits.
The patient-centeredness ratio was significantly higher during visits by patients in the intervention group compared with visits by patients in the control group (8.5 versus 3.2, p<.05), as shown in Table 2. A higher patient-centeredness ratio indicates that the visit featured a relatively greater emphasis on psychosocial and lifestyle categories in contrast to biomedical exchange.
More specifically, patients in the intervention group asked more questions about their treatment regimen and tended to discuss psychosocial issues more often than control group patients. They also gave more information about their lifestyles to the therapist and were more likely to check their understanding of information communicated to them (Table 3). There were no differences between the groups in the number of socioemotional statements, such as expressions of concern, optimism, agreement, or disagreements (data not shown).
During visits with patients in the intervention group, clinicians were significantly less likely to ask questions about the treatment regimen or medical symptoms but were more likely to express empathy and to use more facilitators and cues of interest to encourage the patient to continue to speak (Table 3). There were no differences between visits by the two groups of patients in other categories of clinician socioemotional or biomedical exchange (data not shown).
Emotional tone of the dialogue differed for both patients and clinicians depending on the study group (Table 4). Patients in the intervention group were rated as more dominant and respectful than those in the control group. They were also rated as sounding more distressed, but the trend did not reach statistical significance. During visits with patients in the intervention group, clinicians were rated as sounding more sympathetic and warm than during visits with the control group; they were also rated as sounding more engaged in dialogue with intervention group patients, but the trend was not statistically significant.
The patient activation intervention was successful in achieving its primary goals. As hypothesized, patients exposed to the intervention were more verbally active during mental health visits than control group patients. Visits with intervention group patients were longer by several minutes, and patients in that group contributed proportionately more to the medical dialogue than control patients. As a result, clinicians were less verbally dominant during visits with patients exposed to the Web site.
In addition, differences between groups in several specific elements of communication were evident. Patients enrolled in the intervention asked more questions about their therapeutic regimen and psychosocial and lifestyle issues and gave more information to the clinician about lifestyle issues. They also were more likely to check that they understood what the clinician said by restating or paraphrasing information to confirm a shared understanding of the facts or of the issues being discussed. In addition, patients in the intervention group were rated as sounding more dominant and respectful in their communication but also as more distressed.
In a somewhat parallel manner, clinician communication also showed intervention effects. During visits with patients in the intervention group, clinicians encouraged patient disclosure by higher use of facilitators and cues of interest and responded more empathically. They also asked fewer questions about the treatment regimen and mental disorder symptoms than during visits with control group patients. This pattern suggested that clinicians allowed patients to steer the dialogue to topics and issues initiated by the patient and gave patients enough time to hear them out. This interpretation is in keeping with the affective ratings, which indicated that during visits with patients in the intervention, clinicians sounded more engaged and sympathetic and no more hurried than during visits with control group patients, even though the visits were longer.
Beyond differences in specific categories of talk, the medical dialogue of visits involving a patient from the intervention group was characterized as significantly more patient centered than visits involving control group patients. Although patient-centered communication may be defined in multiple ways, there is broad consensus affirming its value as a conceptual marker of high-quality care and professionalism (16,17).
The relevance of patient centeredness to mental health care may be especially critical in fostering a therapeutic alliance. As noted by several investigators, patient centeredness and therapeutic alliance share conceptual ground (18,19). As reported by Wissow and colleagues (19), there is a significant and positive relationship between the RIAS-based patient-centeredness measure and therapeutic alliance as measured by the Vanderbilt Therapeutic Alliance Scale. This suggests that the activation intervention not only enhanced communication generally but may have created a milieu that fostered a strong affective bond and agreement on goals and processes of treatment.
The study's significant limitations included its small sample and limited generalizability. Fewer than one-third of clinicians at the study sites participated by referring at least one patient, a finding that suggests there was a sizable self-selection bias. Consequently the results were likely to represent clinicians and patients who were most interested in communication and patient activation. As in all observational studies, the presence of a device to record conversation may have influenced communication by inspiring best or most conscientious practice. It is unlikely, however, that best practice was systematically interpreted by therapists in a way that would jeopardize the validity of findings. The issue of performance bias in response to tape recording has been addressed by several studies (20–22). All have found that the effect is minimal.
Patients were the unit of randomization, and so providers conducted visits with patients in both the intervention and the control groups, and no attempt was made to blind clinicians to the patient's group. Despite the advantages and strengths of this design, it is possible that some providers may have diminished group differences through a form of compensatory communication with control group patients. For instance, providers may have attempted to elicit greater engagement in the dialogue by asking these patients more questions than they asked intervention patients.
Our findings affirm the potential utility and acceptability of a patient activation intervention designed to improve communication about treatment during visits with clinicians in community mental health settings. Web-based interactive tools can be made widely available and used in clinics and other settings. Patient feedback grounded in evidence-based treatment recommendations for schizophrenia encourages patients to discuss treatment concerns, questions, and options with their therapist. The feedback provides patients with information tailored to their current needs and symptoms. It allows them to discuss potential evidence-based treatment options to resolve current symptoms or seek future outcomes they value, for example, employment.
This research was supported by grant MH067189 from the National Institute of Mental Health.
Dr. Roter is the author of RIAS and holds the copyright for the system. Johns Hopkins University (JHU) also has rights to enhancements of the system. Neither Dr. Roter nor JHU collects royalties for use of the system in research conducted at the university or its medical institutions. Dr. Roter is a coowner of RIASWorks LLC, a company that provides coding services. The other authors report no competing interests.
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The Traditions of the Hopi, by H.R. Voth, , at sacred-texts.com
In Shongópavi they were living, and over there at Kíshiwu 2 the Katcinas were living, and the Kokóshori was going about at the Hopi village. Bui he was stealing the Hopi children, and (one time) a Shongópavi woman went to get water and her child followed her, crying. The mother threw a stone back because she was angry. The child now was afraid and sat down there and cried there. Thus the Kokóshori arrived and pitied it. Now he said (to the child): "Oh! now why do you cry?" The child said, "My mother has been hurting me." "Let us go to my house," he said. The child was a little girl.
Now the child sat upon the back of the Katcina and the latter took it along. They now arrived at the village of those who lived at Kíshiwu. 2 There were a great many Katcinas. They saw somebody coming carrying a little girl. Now, those Katcinas were glad. "You, whom do you bring there?" they said. Now the Hahái Wuhti was very happy. "Ishuní!" she said. Now he put it down. "Where did you get that?" said the Hahái Wuhti. "I went about at Shongópavi and the mother of this one went to get water, and this one followed her, and alas! she threw at it with a stone, and I pitied it and have brought it." And now they pitied the child. "Very well," they said. "Alas! Why is it thus." Now they fed it. The Hahái Wuhti spread out pövö'lpiki, handed the child a vessel with peaches, she also cut up melons, split a watermelon, and laid before it some steamed corn. Having done this she said. "Now eat." And the child ate. When it had eaten a little it was satisfied.
After that it lived there. Now they always provided food for it. And because it ate this food it became big very soon. But now it became homesick. In the night the Katcinas danced. After the dance they would distribute steamed corn, watermelons and melons, but the child would only eat one occasionally, because it was homesick. It did not talk, it was sad. Now they said, "Come, let us
take it to the village." Now the Kokóshori went to look after the father and the mother, and, alas! they too were homesick. They only lived a little yet, they were very homesick. They were no longer sitting up because they were so homesick. When he returned to Kíshiwu he said, "Why, your parents are very homesick." And now they who lived there busied themselves. "Now then, dress yourself," said the chief, ''when you are dressed we shall fetch you."
Now they all put on something and now the Katcinas came and fetched the child. But the little girl had on an atö'ö and a beautiful belt and a pretty dress and some fine moccasins. But a Qö'oqöqlöm carried something in a burden basket on his back, a melon, peaches, and watermelons, etc. All the Katcinas brought something to eat. When they came to the village it rained very hard. So they arrived at Shongópavi. They did not arrive dancing, but singing and walking. They sang as follows:
Kokooshori, Kokooshori, Kokooshori,
Whose raised (we),
Okwatowakae. Yuyata, Nayata
Because (we) pitied (her). Mothers, fathers,
Amutpipoo kachiyata nawoto.
In front of them or their home heard (the girl)
Katchíyata nawoto hap itamu,
The home (of) having heard now we
Ohokio! mana wungwupui
Alas! maiden bringing up (her)
Not will forget.
They now arrived (at the parents' house). "Now go up, here you live," they said (to the girl), so she went into the house, but her mother was sleeping. "My mother, get up, my father, get up, I have come," said the little maiden. Now they looked up a little, and recognized the child. Now they sat up quickly and embraced the child at once. Now the father also did so. The maiden now cried, but she was now comforted and was happy. They now revived and they were good. Now they (the Katcinas) came to offer some food. Now they ascended to the house and entered it. The Qö'oqöqlöm had wrapped up some meat and laid it down. He also laid
down some peaches and watermelons, so that everything there became filled up; and they also now distributed some among the people. Having done that they went home. "You must at once send your father," the Katcinas instructed the mána, "then your father will make the following announcement:
"You people that are living here, thus I am informing you; from your houses there you must come down. Now you know our friends have brought something for us, and now you must all put that away somewhere, and to-morrow, when the sun shall rise, then we shall examine it."
The Katcinas now went home, and the rain clouds went home, and hence it did not rain, and the people were now thinking: "Why did he announce that we should clean our houses?" but the people now slept. Now, in the morning the sun was rising and they looked through their houses, and they were filled with everything; corn ears, watermelons, melons, meat, beans, and with everything. And from then the people were rich on account of that maiden. So they were very happy.
But when after a while they had eaten all that, they had no longer meat to eat. The maiden now became homesick after Kíshiwu, and she thought of going there. She became sick and died, and on that account she went to Kishíwu, and there she is now living.
71:1 Told by Lomávântiwa (Shupaúlavi).
71:2 This name is spoken differently in different villages: Kí'shiwuu, Kíshiwu, and Kishíwu.
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Dryococelus australis, commonly known as the Lord Howe Island stick insect or tree lobster, is a species of stick insect which lives on the Lord Howe Island Group. It was thought to be extinct by 1930, only to be rediscovered in 2001 (this phenomenon is known as the Lazarus effect). It is extinct in its largest habitat, Lord Howe Island, and has been called "the rarest insect in the world", as the rediscovered population consisted of 24 individuals living on the small islet of Ball's Pyramid.
During man’s exploits through out history, a great number of species were driven to extinction, either by excessive hunting, habitat destruction, disease or pest introductions and so on. There are currently around 11,000 animal species listed as endangered, and the list is getting ever thicker each day. During the past few decades, as awareness to [...]
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Increase the Pain of Accessing Irrelevant Tasks
A lot of blogs give tips on how to increase productivity. However, most of them are ill-written and inaccurate. But, more importantly, no one has given a theory behind procrastination.
Let us start with the theory of how humans appraise decisions. Suppose that you want to eat a pizza. However, you discovered that it takes twenty minutes to drive to the pizza store. What would you feel? You will probably refuse to buy the pizza. However, if the time was shorter, then you might choose to drive to the store. The shorter the time, the more likely you will choose to purchase a pizza.
Let us say that the pizza increases your pleasure. Let us say that driving to the store increases your pain. So, to put it more abstractly, the greater the ratio of pleasure to pain, the more likely you will make a decision.
This has some practical applications in overcoming procrastination. You could simply increase the pain to prevent making those decisions. For example, if you want to quit watching television. However, it is likely that you will watch it in the future, unless you throw out the television. Throwing out the television will increase the pain of driving to the store to buy another television. Therefore, this increased pain will reduce your likelihood of purchasing a new television. This is similar to the pizza example.
If the television is right in front of you, it would be very easy for to resume your procrastination. But throwing it out would make it harder to access. You wouldn't want to drive to the electronic store in order to watch television. Compared to the difficulty of driving to the store, you might be more likely to be motivated by completing your main task instead of procrastinating.
Suppose you want to reduce your Internet browsing to increase productivity. However, at times, you will procrastinate and resume your browsing. As shown above, a solution to reduce your Internet browsing is to unplug the Internet cable. This will increases your pain of re-plugging it that you will less likely procrastinate.
Decrease the Pain of Accessing Your Main Task
Another aspect of this is that you can reduce procrastination by decreasing the pain to access your productive tasks. For example, if you want to be more productive, such as eating healthy foods more often, you might want to make these foods easy to access. The more you can easily access these foods, the more likely you will decide those foods compared to the harder-to-access foods.
Another aspect, as shown above, is to make the unhealthy foods harder to access.
Assume that you are a writer, and you have to finish some writing project stored in some text files in a folder. Suppose you already have unplugged your Internet cables, thrown out your television. But even though you increased the pain of accessing the irrelevant tasks, you still are not motivated to increase your productivity. You still procrastinate. An additional technique to decrease procrastination is to create shortcuts to your writing folder and shortcuts to your text files on the desktop. In this way, you it would be easier to access. As said above, the easier to access, the more likely you will choose this.
The main point in decreasing procrastination is to increase your difficulty of accessing irrelevant tasks and to decrease the difficulty of accessing your tasks you want to accomplish.
This has indeed increased my productivity by several times.
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Pronunciation: (blak), [key]
—adj., -er, -est,
—n., v., adv.
1. lacking hue and brightness; absorbing light without reflecting any of the rays composing it.
2. characterized by absence of light; enveloped in darkness: a black night.
3. (sometimes cap.)
a. pertaining or belonging to any of the various populations characterized by dark skin pigmentation, specifically the dark-skinned peoples of Africa, Oceania, and Australia.
4. soiled or stained with dirt: That shirt was black within an hour.
5. gloomy; pessimistic; dismal: a black outlook.
6. deliberately; harmful; inexcusable: a black lie.
7. boding ill; sullen or hostile; threatening: black words; black looks.
8. (of coffee or tea) without milk or cream.
9. without any moral quality or goodness; evil; wicked: His black heart has concocted yet another black deed.
10. indicating censure, disgrace, or liability to punishment: a black mark on one's record.
11. marked by disaster or misfortune: black areas of drought; Black Friday.
12. wearing black or dark clothing or armor: the black prince.
13. based on the grotesque, morbid, or unpleasant aspects of life: black comedy; black humor.
14. (of a check mark, flag, etc.) done or written in black to indicate, as on a list, that which is undesirable, sub-standard, potentially dangerous, etc.: Pilots put a black flag next to the ten most dangerous airports.
15. illegal or underground: The black economy pays no taxes.
16. showing a profit; not showing any losses: the first black quarter in two years.
17. deliberately false or intentionally misleading: black propaganda.
18. Brit.boycotted, as certain goods or products by a trade union.
19. (of steel) in the form in which it comes from the rolling mill or forge; unfinished.
20. black or white, completely either one way or another, without any intermediate state.
1. the color at one extreme end of the scale of grays, opposite to white, absorbing all light incident upon it. Cf. white (def. 20).
2. (sometimes cap.)
a. a member of any of various dark-skinned peoples, esp. those of Africa, Oceania, and Australia.
3. black clothing, esp. as a sign of mourning: He wore black at the funeral.
4. Chess, Checkers.the dark-colored men or pieces or squares.
5. black pigment: lamp black.
6. Slang.See black beauty.
7. a horse or other animal that is entirely black.
8. black and white,
a. print or writing: I want that agreement in black and white.
b. a monochromatic picture done with black and white only.
c. a chocolate soda containing vanilla ice cream.
9. in the black, operating at a profit or being out of debt (opposed to in the red): New production methods put the company in the black.
1. to make black; put black on; blacken.
2. Brit.to boycott or ban.
3. to polish (shoes, boots, etc.) with blacking.
1. to become black; take on a black color; blacken.
2. black out,
a. to lose consciousness: He blacked out at the sight of blood.
b. to erase, obliterate, or suppress: News reports were blacked out.
c. to forget everything relating to a particular event, person, etc.: When it came to his war experiences he blacked out completely.
d. Theat.to extinguish all of the stage lights.
e. to make or become inoperable: to black out the radio broadcasts from the U.S.
f. Mil.to obscure by concealing all light in defense against air raids.
g. Radio and Television.to impose a broadcast blackout on (an area).
h. to withdraw or cancel (a special fare, sale, discount, etc.) for a designated period: The special air fare discount will be blacked out by the airlines over the holiday weekend.
(of coffee or tea) served without milk or cream.
Pronunciation: (blak), [key]
1. Hugo Lafayette, 1886–1971, U.S. political official: associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court 1937–71.
2. Joseph, 1728–99, Scottish physician and chemist.
3. Shirley Temple. See Temple, Shirley.
Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Copyright © 1997, by Random House, Inc., on Infoplease.
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New 'water world' planet GJ1214b discovered that could support new life
The new discovery is a super-Earth 2.7 times bigger than our planet, orbiting a red-dwarf star at a distance of two million kilometres.
It was initially observed in 2009, with astronomers believing that the gas around the planet may be a haze similar to the one seen on titan, one of Saturn's moons.
However, after further examination with the Hubble telescope, scientists established the make-up of GJ1214b is water-based, leaving them scratching their heads.
'GJ1214b is like no planet we know of. A huge fraction of its mass is made up of water,' said Zachory Berta, lead author of the study from the Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.
Its proximity to the star it orbits suggests temperatures there could reach 200 degrees C, which combined with the presence of water could result in life developing.
'The high temperatures and pressures would form exotic materials like "hot ice" or "superfluid water", substances that are completely alien to our everyday experience,' Mr Berta added.
Astronomers have never previously discovered a water-based planet, only ones made from rock, gas or in the case of Uranus and Neptune, ice.
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Device::Arduino::LCD - Perl Interface to the PerLCD Arduino Sketch.
use strict; use Device::Arduino::LCD; my $lcd = Device::Arduino::LCD->new; $lcd->clear; $lcd->first_line("Hello World");
See examples/demo.pl for a more comprehensive example.
The Arduino is an open-source physical computing platform. Among the many things one might want to do with such a device is connect an LCD to it and print stuff (at least that's what I wanted to do with it).
There are a couple of excellent low-level libraries that can be linked into an Arduino sketch to provide this functionality. I've chosen the LCD4Bit library to link against. The PerLCD sketch provides a few higher level functions as well as a serial listener.
This Perl library provides a very high level interface for formatting and sending messages to the sketch's listener. Once the device is wired up to an LCD (a fairly trivial task), the USB serial drivers installed, and the sketch compiled and uploaded, getting text on the screen should be no more difficult than the example above: Zero knowledge of LCDs required.
The sketch provided can obviously be used with a client library written in any language, the choice of Perl was (almost) arbitrary.
Package variables representing (supposedly) sensible default. May be changed as necessary before new() is called.
Returns a Device::Arduino::LCD object or dies if unable to open the serial device.
Print text on the first line of the LCD. Characters exceeding the length of the display are truncated.
As above, on the second line.
Clears the LCD. Waits pre-delay seconds before sending the command and post-delay seconds before returning.
Scrolls both lines of the LCD to the left, at a rate of delay ms.
Scrolls the text up (i.e., line 2 becomes line 1; line 2 contains text). Waits pre-delay before sending the command; scrolls at a rate of internal-delay seconds; waits post_delay seconds before returning. Text is an array ref.
Places character one of text at the row and column specified. Rows (on a two line display) range from 1 to 2; columns, however, are zero indexed. (Sorry about that.)
Sends x% of 5V to the port specified by gauge-number. Gauges are numbered 1, 2, and 3 corresponding to PWM pins 3, 5, and 6 on the arduino. This has bugger all to do with LCDs, but since the pins are available it seems to make sense to provide a way of addressing them.
Send (numeric) LCD-command directly to the LCD. Useful for sending the sorts of commands listed here: http://tinyurl.com/234d8z
Send the character directly to the LCD. The method will handle converting the character to an integer. With command(0 and print_char() one can achieve pretty much anything but initialization of the display.
Installs data (an eight element array or array ref) as ascii character 0 - 7. (NB: the LCD allows eight characters, ASCII 0-7 to be defined by the user; that's what make_char and write_ascii as well as the bargraph functions are all about.)
Prints the ascii character (0-7) at row, col. This is particularly useful for printing the custom characters created with make_char().
Defines eight custom characters (overwriting whatever's been defined before) as a series of bars for use in graphing.
With values ranging from 0 - 8 prints that many solid horizontal bars (starting at the bottom) in the position indicated. So
$lcd->graph(2, 1, 0); $lcd->graph(5, 1, 1);
prints this in the first and second blocks of the top row:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x x x x x . . . . . x x x x x . . . . . x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Like graph() above but using a 16 x 5 font; the value can range from 0 to 16.
Convert an array of arrayrefs of text to custom character ascii-num. A call to convert_to_char might look like.
my $ret = $lcd->convert_to_char(0, [ qw[ . x . x . ] ], [ qw[ x . x . x ] ], [ qw[ . x . x . ] ], [ qw[ x . x . x ] ], [ qw[ . x . x . ] ], [ qw[ x . x . x ] ], [ qw[ . x . x . ] ], [ qw[ x . x . x ] ]);
Any position indicated by an x (or X) will be lit, everything else will be off. The choice of period here is arbitrary. To print this character one could say $lcd->write_ascii(0, 1, 0).
The Arduino homepage: http://www.arduion.cc, particularly Heather Dewey-Hagborg's LCD tutorial (http://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/LCDLibrary) and neillzero's LCD4BitLibrary page (http://www.arduino.cc/playground/Code/LCD4BitLibrary).
The Hitachi HD44780 Datasheet: http://www.electronic-engineering.ch/microchip/datasheets/lcd/hd44780.pdf
Dincer Aydin's LCD page on geocities was also a good resource, particularly the Custom-Character Calculator. http://www.geocities.com/dinceraydin/lcd/intro.htm
Erik Nordin's HD44780-Based LCD FAQ: http://www.repairfaq.org/filipg/LINK/F_LCD_HD44780.html
Rows are are indexed from 0; columns from 1: The LCD4Bit library is shining through, it was kept this way for consistency but it's probably not very abstract or intuitive.
Kevin Montuori, <firstname.lastname@example.org>
Copyright (C) 2007 by Kevin Montuori & mconsultancy
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself, either Perl version 5.8.1 or, at your option, any later version of Perl 5 you may have available.
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Play games to learn fascinating facts about the Tyrannosaurus Rex, Stegosaurus and many other dinosaurs!
• Learn how dinosaurs lived when they roamed the planet.
• Dig up dinosaur bones to see how each dinosaur was unique.
• Build skeletons for a Velociraptor, Triceratops and other dinosaurs to open a new exhibit in the museum.
• Teaches science concepts, dinosaur facts and logic and reasoning skills. Appropriate for children ages 5 to 8 years.
• Works with LeapPad1™ & LeapPad2 learning tablets and Leapster Explorer™ & LeapsterGS game systems (sold separately).
TM & © Scholastic Inc.
Explorer™ Game Cartridge: Digging for Dinosaurs
Children learn to consider scientific concepts within the domains of life science, physical science, and earth science.
Basic facts about common dinosaurs, such as what they eat, where they lived and their physical characteristics.
Even very young children can begin to categorize animals by species, imitate their sounds and learn interesting facts about them.
Logic and reasoning
Logic and reasoning skills begin to develop at an early age and are used to solve problems and draw conclusions.
Children use logical reasoning skills and investigate multiple possibilities to develop creative problem-solving strategies.
Children learn to use text, illustrations, and prior knowledge to draw conclusions and comprehend what they read.
Toy Industry Association: TOTY Award - Educational Toy of the Year
5.37 x 6.37 x .7 inches
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If you think that exercise doesn't affect your body because you're stuck with sub-optimal (in your opinion) DNA, time to think again. As reported by Science Daily, new research suggests that exercise can change DNA within muscle cells rather quickly — within minutes.
The study, published online Tuesday in Cell Metabolism, found that genetic molecules in muscle cells of 20 healthy men and women changed in ways after exercise that might help "turn on" genes that help make stronger muscles. The changes help muscles adapt to exercise.
Exercise caused what's known as epigenetic modifications. Methyl groups in DNA were lost as a result of exercise and this helped increase gene expression, or turned them on.
Researchers saw these changes after only 20 minutes of exercise on an exercise bike.
One of the researchers, Juleen Zierath of Karolinska Institute in Sweden, said "muscle adapts to what you do. If you don't use it, you lose it, and this is one of the mechanisms that allows that to happen."
Researchers also found that caffeine caused similar changes in the genes of muscle cells. But don't go out and drink coffee instead of exercising. Zierath told Nature that to see the effects on muscles, "one would need to consume a caffeine equivalent of about 50 cups per day, almost close to a lethal dose. Exercise is far easier if you ask me."
If you're ready to start experiencing exercise's many benefits, be sure to check out ACE's Fit Facts about getting started.
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- Guillain-Barré-Strohl syndrome
- Kussmaul's aphasia
- Kussmaul's coma
- Kussmaul's pulse or sign
- Kussmaul's respiration
- Kussmaul-Maier disease
Biography of Adolf Kussmaul
Adolf Kussmaul was the son of Philipp Jacob Kussmaul (1790-1850) and Luise Katharina Böhringer (1798-1846). His father was sourgeon and physician, his grandfather surgeon. He commenced his study of medicine in 1840 at Heidelberg, where he was assistant physician under Franz Karl Nägele (1778-1851). In 1845, following graduation, he went to Vienna to continue his studies. He passed the state examination in 1846 and became assistant to Karl von Pfeufer (1806-1869) in Heidelberg, and 1847/1848 went to Vienna and Prague for further studies.
From 1848 Kussmaul served for two years as a Baden military surgeon during the campaign against Denmark in Schleswig-Holstein, obtaining the rank of chief physician. He left the army in 1849 and settled in Kandern in Schwarzwald, where he had been stationed for several months during his military service. Here he had a private practice from 1850 to 1853. In 1850 he married Luise Amanda Wolf (1828-1898)
For reasons of health he was unable to continue his practice, and went to Würzburg to work on his doctorate. He chose Würzburg because Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902) lectured there, and became doctor of medicine in that city in 1855. The same year he was also habilitated in Heidelberg.
Two years later, in 1857, Kussmaul was appointed professor extraordinary in Heidelberg, and in 1859 accepted an invitation to Erlangen, where he assumed the chair of internal medicine in 1859. In 1863 He moved on to the same tenure at Freiburg im Breisgau, and in 1876 came to the same clinical position in Strassburg, where he lived until his death in 1902. Upon retirement in 1886 Kussmaul became emeritus at the Strassburg faculty, living in his dear city of Heidelberg. He became Badian Privy Counsellor and honorary citizen of Heidelberg.
Kussmaul wrote with authority on many subjects including psychology, psychological chemistry, pathology, and neurology, and developed a number of valuable diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. He was the first to describe periarteritis nodosa and progressive bulbar paralysis and to diagnose mesenteric embolism, and first attempted oesophagoscopy and gastroscopy. His book on aphasia was a landmark in its time, and perhaps his most important contribution. He introduced pleural tapping and gastric levage.
Kussmaul, himself always precise and astute, often complained that none of his colleagues could write decent German.
Between 1855 to 1857 Adolf Kussmaul and his friend from study times, Ludwig Eichrodt (1827-1892) published some poems using the pseudonym Gottlieb Biedermaier. They were a persiflage of the poem style of the time before the 1848 revolutions. So they coined the term "Biedermeier" for the literature
of the period 1815 to 1848 and in extension also for music, the visual arts and interior design of this period in Central Europe.
Kussmaul had five children: Helene (1851-1933) who married Heinrich Oster, Luise (1853-1929) who maried Vinzenz Czerny, Eduard (1856-1881), Hedwig (1867-1877) and Ida (1869-1946) who married Emil Ilse. Unfortunately two of them died early: Eduard drowned in the Rhine and Ida died from tetanus.
- «It seems that happenings of yore
Might have occurred the day before
But what transpired yesterday
Already wants to fade away.»
Poem. Translated by Hans Waine.
We thank Patrick Jucker-Kupper, Switzerland, for information submitted.
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Teacher Nadezhda Petrovna says a word in Russian and lobs a softball into the hands of one of the four children in the class. The girl thinks for a moment, then says the same word in Vepsian and passes the ball back to the teacher. Petrovna comes up with a new word in Russian and tosses the ball over to another pupil.
The Veps is together with the Sami and the Nenets the official indigenous peoples in the Barents Region.
Fun to learn Vepsian
“I think it is fun to learn Vepsian, especially when we play like this”, says 12- year- old Katya, who has been learning the language for almost six years.
“At home only my aunt speaks Vepsian. She comes over from time to time to help me with my homework,” Katya adds.
She doesn`t think it is so hard to learn Vepsian words, but the grammar is hard to remember, she admits.
“Mum and dad didn`t understand Vespian before I started to learn it. Now my mum tries to learn it together with me,” she says.
Parents say no
The Vepsian people have only been considered indigenous peoples within the Russian Federation since 2000.
The Veps language is a Finno-Ugric language and is therefore quite similar to Finnish.
Today there are 6000 Veps people living in Russia, including 4000 who live in the Republic of Karelia, close to the Finnish border. The veps people mainly live in small villages in remote parts of the region. Petrovna says there is a big group of Vepsian people living in the city of Petrozavodsk, but they don`t want their children to learn the native indigenous language.
“The parents don`t understand how Vepsian language can help their children getting a good job in the future. They just don`t see the value in learning a small language like vepsian,” says Petrovna to BarentsObserver.
Because of this there are only two or three pupils in each Vepsian class.
“If she interest will continue to fall we are afraid that we won`t be able to teach the language at all. My biggest fear is that the language will die,” she says.
According to Petrovna , one of the main barriers to children learning native Russian languages including Vepsian is that these aren`t highly valued by the Unified State Exam that every student in Russia must pass after graduation from school to enter a university or a professional college.
Russian language and mathematics are obligatory courses for students writing the exam. That means that every student needs to get the necessary results in these subjects to enter any Russian university. Other languages they can choose are English, German, French or Spanish. But Finish is not an option, even though that`s the main language in Karelia after Russian.
“To be able to study Vepsian at the University you need to pass an English exam, but if your first language is Russian, second language is Vepsian and third language is Finnish, it is extremely hard for the kids to get a good mark in English as well,” says Petrovna.
Vepsian faculty closed down
Because of the lack of students interested in studying the indigenous language, in 2012 the Faculty of Vepsian and Karelian language was closed down in the Republic of Karelia.
But in late April 2013 it was decided to establish a joint Faculty of Finnish, Vepsian and Karelian language.
Because of that Petrovna remains optimistic about the future.
“I still think that the Vepsian language has a chance to survive. The youth are interested in learning the language. Some of them have started a theater group in Vepsian language and this is extremely important to make the kids interested in learning Vepsian in the future. The fact that they meet weekly and talk Vepsian in so called “language clubs” is also very positive,” she says.
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Through interviews with local fishermen, and others in
fishing-related industries, students explore the connection
between fisheries, the marine envrionment, their communities,
and their own lives. In the process, students document
rich knowledge and experiences of these individuals for
Two high schools in Maine initially piloted the project
during the 2003–2005 school years (see Pilot
Jonesport/Beals HS is continueing it during the 2005/2006 academic
educators integrated the project into their classes and
curriculum, which provides academic benefits to students
and ensures the project is relevant to the local community.
Students choose the specific focus of their interviews
with guidance from teachers (Topics).
Students share their work by publishing the transcripts,
with the consent of interviewees, in NOAA’s online
Local Fisheries Knowledge Database,
which is free and accessible to the public.
Schools may also develop local uses for the interviews.
| Chesapeake Bay fisherman
with a basket of blue-crabs. Photo by Gene Cope, NOAA
Photo collage: 1) A fishing supplies
store, Maine. Photo by Jennifer Sepez, NOAA Fisheries. 2) Fishing
fog, Maine. Photo by Jennifer Isé, NOAA Fisheries.
3) Hauling in 400 tons of jack mackerel. Chile. Photo by C. Ortiz Rojas.
trap, SW Harbor, Maine. 1945. Photo by O.E. Sette, Courtesy of NEFSC. 5)
Ringed seal. Photo by Lew Consiglieri, NOAA Corps.
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| 0.871231
| 329
| 2.875
| 3
|
5.1 To make sustainable development a reality, it must be built into policies and decisions. This Strategy sets a broad framework to help that happen. But we also need specific measures to drive change, both at home and abroad.
5.2 The Government is putting sustainable development at the heart of every Government Department's work:
5.3 Following a commitment in the 1997 Labour Party Manifesto, the House of Commons established an Environmental Audit Committee to consider how policies and programmes of Government Departments and non-departmental public bodies contribute to environmental protection and sustainable development. The Government particularly welcomes the Committee's emerging practice of returning to topics to assess progress, and to identify where weaknesses still exist.
5.4 In future, whenever the Government creates a public body, it will consider whether to include sustainable development in its remit. It is reviewing the scope for including sustainable development as an objective of existing Departments and public bodies.
5.5 There are already appraisal systems which look separately at the economic, environmental, health, transport, regulatory and equal opportunities aspects of policies. The Government has strengthened mechanisms for environmental appraisal, including new policy guidance for Government Departments.1 It is committed to a better understanding of the impacts of policies on different groups in society, particularly women, ethnic minorities, and the disabled and ensuring that findings are taken into account in policy making.2
Road Proposals - new approach to appraisal
The Government has developed a new approach to the appraisal of road scheme proposals. Schemes, and other projects, are assessed against criteria of environmental impact; safety; economy; accessibility (to public transport services, for example); and integration with land use and other transport proposals and polices. This approach allows options for solving transport problems to be compared and decisions taken in the light of environmental, social and economic impacts. The new approach has been developed in consultation with English Nature, English Heritage, the Environment Agency and the former Countryside Commission (now Countryside Agency). Development is continuing so that it can be applied to other modes of transport.
5.6 For sustainable development to be achieved, economic, social and environmental impacts need to be considered together when policies are being devised or reviewed. The Modernising GovernmentWhite Paper commits the Government to produce and deliver an integrated system of impact assessment and appraisal tools in support of sustainable development, covering impacts on business, the environment, health and the needs of particular groups in society.3
The Women's Unit
In the past, women's views were often under-represented in policy making. The Minister for Women and the Women's Unit in the Cabinet Office now help to promote women's interests, and to communicate their concerns and insights. Many sustainable development issues are of particular concern to women - such as availability and safety of public transport, accessibility of facilities to parents with young children, and environmental health.
Taxes, regulation and other policy instruments
5.7 The Government will explore the scope for using economic instruments, such as taxes and charges, to deliver more sustainable development. Such measures can promote change, innovation and efficiency, and higher environmental standards. They are a way to put the 'polluter pays' principle into practice, although care is needed to consider the impact on competitiveness and the social consequences: for example, ensuring that the price of essential goods like fuel or water does not lead to hardship for the least well-off.
5.8 Over time, the Government will aim to reform the tax system in ways which deliver a more dynamic economy and a cleaner environment: shifting taxes from 'goods' like employment, towards 'bads' such as pollution. It will consider carefully how revenues from taxes are used, although there are no firm rules.4 The 1999 Budget included the biggest ever package of tax reforms to protect the environment.
Economic instruments for sustainable development
The Government has taken several measures to secure more sustainable development through economic instruments, including:
5.9 Subsidies, including tax relief, also have a role in some circumstances: for example, the 1999 Budget increased funding for the Government's rural transport fund to £120 million for the next two years, to extend the range of public transport services in rural communities. But care is needed not to subsidise changes which would have happened anyway. The Government will aim to avoid 'perverse subsidies' which, in promoting one objective, work against sustainable development overall. Future reporting on the strategy will include measures taken on environmental taxes and subsidies.
5.10 Where new regulation is used, it will conform to the Government's principles of better regulation, so that it is targeted at the problem in hand; clear and simple to understand; applied consistently, proportionate to the problem and the circumstances of individual businesses, voluntary groups and others; and enforced effectively and constructively by a body accountable for its conduct.5 Those regulated need flexibility to find reliable, cost-effective ways to comply.
5.11 The Government will continue to consider the scope for voluntary agreements with industry. It has, for example, asked the aggregates industry to deliver an improved package of voluntary measures which address the significant environmental costs of aggregate extraction. If the industry is unable to deliver, then an aggregates tax will be imposed.
5.12 Which instrument is appropriate has to be determined on a case by case basis, taking account of economic, social and environmental consequences. The Government, for example, has decided not to proceed with a national tax or charges on water pollution since research has shown that this may not be the most effective way of securing targeted improvements in water quality. Often the best solution will be to mix instruments.
5.13 Where the aim of policy instruments is to limit pollution, it may sometimes be necessary for those producing the pollution to incur higher expenditure on abatement equipment. In the long term, however, the aim should be to move to cleaner processes, rather than adding on clean-up equipment. The new set of sustainable development indicators includes an indicator of expenditure on pollution abatement. Increases in such expenditure are not, in themselves, a sign of sustainable development. But such an indicator, if taken in context with other indicators, can help to show up unsustainable trends: for example, if abatement expenditure and pollution both continued to rise.
Mixing instruments for better outcomes
Information and involvement
5.14 Improved awareness of sustainable development can be a powerful tool for change. In March 1998, the Government launched Are you doing your bit?, a campaign in England which focuses on specific issues related to sustainable development and shows people how they can influence their local and global environment. Early themes covered climate change and energy efficiency, transport and air quality. In 1999, it will extend to packaging, waste and water conservation, and links between transport and health. The Government will work with public bodies, voluntary organisations, business and trade unions to reinforce the campaign's messages.
5.15 In 1998, the Government set up the Sustainable Development Education Panel, whose remit covers schools, further and higher education bodies, and education in work, recreation and the home. The Panel's first Annual Report sets goals for the next ten years, and makes recommendations to a wide range of stakeholders.6 The Government will respond to the Report later in 1999. The Panel has made recommendations on sustainable development education to the National Curriculum review, setting out what children should know about sustainable development by the ages of 7, 11, 14 and 16. Consultation on the revised National Curriculum will take place later in 1999, before its formal introduction in 2000.
The Children's Parliament on the Environment
The Government launched this competition for 10-11 year old schoolchildren in 1998 as an opportunity for schools to develop children's understanding of sustainable development and the democratic process. Children from 3,500 schools registered to take part in the competition which involved essay writing and debating competitions. Six winners from each region will take part in the Children's Parliament in May. The children will be able to question Government Ministers and present their action plan to the Prime Minister.
5.16 Many responses to Opportunities for changewanted the media, in particular television, to give sustainable development a higher profile. The Government will aim to help: for example, through information on the headline indicators and awareness raising through Are you doing your bit?.
5.17 The Government will continue to consult widely on policies related to sustainable development. It will consider the potential of methods highlighted in the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution's 1998 report on Setting Environmental Standards:7 for example, consensus conferences and citizens juries. It has set up the People's Panel, which consists of 5,000 people selected at random from across the country, to seek views on how to improve public services.
5.18 The Government's proposed Freedom of Information Act will mean new rights to information, including improved rights to environmental information.8 To provide better information on industrial processes and the substances they release to the environment, the Government is developing, through the Environment Agency, a new pollution inventory to replace the current Chemical Release Inventory.
Research and advice
5.19 Research, analysis and innovation are fundamental for long term change. Much takes place in the private sector; and the Government will continue to encourage this through schemes to support research and development and the spread of best practice and networking. More generally, the Comprehensive Spending Review9 delivered an additional £1.4 billion over three years in funding for science.
5.20 The Government has made sustainable development an underpinning theme of its Foresight programme.10 Foresight aims to promote wealth creation and better quality of life by looking at future needs, opportunities and threats, and how developments in science could help the UK to meet these challenges.
5.21 The next stage of Foresight will consider the ageing population, manufacturing changes in the next twenty years, and crime prevention, as well as important sectors: the built environment and transport; chemicals; defence and aerospace; energy and the natural environment; financial services; the food chain and industrial crops; healthcare; information, communications and media; materials; and retail and consumer services.
Preparing for an ageing population
The increasing age of the population will affect many aspects of sustainable development. The Foresight programme will be looking at issues such as healthcare provision, transport, and retail, consumer and financial services specifically from the perspective of the needs of an ageing population.
5.22 An increasing amount of Government support through the Research Councils has sustainable development as a theme. Physical and biological sciences, engineering, economics and social sciences are all relevant. For example:
5.23 The Government aims to improve the public's understanding of science and to secure public confidence in how the Government uses the best available scientific advice in decision making. Implementation of the Chief Scientific Adviser's guidelines on the use of scientific advice in policy making is an important part of this work.11 These guidelines expand on the key considerations for using scientific knowledge outlined in chapter 4.
5.24 The 1994 strategy created the British Government Panel on Sustainable Development and the UK Round Table on Sustainable Development. The Panel advises on major strategic issues for sustainable development. The Round Table consists of people drawn from a variety of organisations and interests and seeks to build consensus about ways of achieving sustainable development.
5.25 To help take forward this Strategy and to provide a focal point for considering sustainable development in this country, the Government proposes to establish, from the beginning of 2000, a new Sustainable Development Commission. This will subsume the Panel and the Round Table. The Commission's main responsibility will be to monitor progress on sustainable development, and to build consensus on action to be taken by all sectors to accelerate its achievement. The Government will be discussing further with the Panel, the Round Table and other interested groups the precise remit and working methods for the Commission.
5.26 The Government will continue to look to the Advisory Committee on Business and the Environment and the Trades Union and Sustainable Development Advisory Committee to provide strategic advice on issues which are of major concern to business and to employees. It will support those bodies in generating leadership on sustainable development issues and their application in all aspects of business practice and in the workplace.
5.27 The Government will continue to work with the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution to identify priority areas for its advice.
Key actions and commitments
Green housekeeping in Government
Women in public appointments and in senior positions
Prices of key resources (e.g. fuel, water)
Real changes in the cost of transport
Enforcement of regulations (to be developed)
Public understanding and awareness
Individual action for sustainable development
Awareness in schools (to be developed)
Expenditure on pollution abatement
The Government is not responsible for the contents or reliability of the linked web sites and does not necessarily endorse the views expressed within them. Listing should not be taken as endorsement of any kind. We cannot guarantee that these links will work all of the time and we have no control over the availability of the linked pages.
Updated: 07 March 2005
|© Crown copyright 2005 | Terms & Conditions | Privacy | Directgov|
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A team led by Yale University researchers has created the first rudimentary solid-state quantum processor, taking another step toward the ultimate dream of building a quantum computer.
They also used the two-qubit superconducting chip to successfully run elementary algorithms, such as a simple search, demonstrating quantum information processing with a solid-state device for the first time. Their findings will appear in Nature’s advanced online publication June 28.
“Our processor can perform only a few very simple quantum tasks, which have been demonstrated before with single nuclei, atoms and photons,” said Robert Schoelkopf, the William A. Norton Professor of Applied Physics & Physics at Yale. “But this is the first time they’ve been possible in an all-electronic device that looks and feels much more like a regular microprocessor.”
Working with a group of theoretical physicists led by Steven Girvin, the Eugene Higgins Professor of Physics & Applied Physics, the team manufactured two artificial atoms, or qubits (“quantum bits”). While each qubit is actually made up of a billion aluminum atoms, it acts like a single atom that can occupy two different energy states. These states are akin to the “1” and “0” or “on” and “off” states of regular bits employed by conventional computers. Because of the counterintuitive laws of quantum mechanics, however, scientists can effectively place qubits in a “superposition” of multiple states at the same time, allowing for greater information storage and processing power.
For example, imagine having four phone numbers, including one for a friend, but not knowing which number belonged to that friend. You would typically have to try two to three numbers before you dialed the right one. A quantum processor, on the other hand, can find the right number in only one try.
“Instead of having to place a phone call to one number, then another number, you use quantum mechanics to speed up the process,” Schoelkopf said. “It’s like being able to place one phone call that simultaneously tests all four numbers, but only goes through to the right one.”
These sorts of computations, though simple, have not been possible using solid-state qubits until now in part because scientists could not get the qubits to last long enough. While the first qubits of a decade ago were able to maintain specific quantum states for about a nanosecond, Schoelkopf and his team are now able to maintain theirs for a microsecond—a thousand times longer, which is enough to run the simple algorithms. To perform their operations, the qubits communicate with one another using a “quantum bus”—photons that transmit information through wires connecting the qubits—previously developed by the Yale group.
The key that made the two-qubit processor possible was getting the qubits to switch “on” and “off” abruptly, so that they exchanged information quickly and only when the researchers wanted them to, said Leonardo DiCarlo, a postdoctoral associate in applied physics at Yale’s School of Engineering & Applied Science and lead author of the paper.
Next, the team will work to increase the amount of time the qubits maintain their quantum states so they can run more complex algorithms. They will also work to connect more qubits to the quantum bus. The processing power increases exponentially with each qubit added, Schoelkopf said, so the potential for more advanced quantum computing is enormous. But he cautions it will still be some time before quantum computers are being used to solve complex problems.
“We’re still far away from building a practical quantum computer, but this is a major step forward.”
Authors of the paper include Leonardo DiCarlo, Jerry M. Chow, Lev S. Bishop, Blake Johnson, David Schuster, Luigi Frunzio, Steven Girvin and Robert Schoelkopf (all of Yale University), Jay M. Gambetta (University of Waterloo), Johannes Majer (Atominstitut der Österreichischen Universitäten) and Alexandre Blais (Université de Sherbrooke).
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Disease-Carrying Ticks in for TroubleBy
It's unclear how this El Niño winter will affect 1998 tick
populations. But chemist Patricia Allen of USDA's
Agricultural Research Service is ready
and waiting nonetheless.
Since early 1997, she's been exposing black-legged deer ticks to spores of
naturally occurring fungi at ARS'
Parasite Biology and
Epidemiology Laboratory in Beltsville, Maryland. Of the half- dozen fungi
she has tested under controlled lab conditions, Metarhizium anisopliae
proved the most lethal to the ticks, especially against juvenile forms.
Now she's hoping to show that the fungus will also kill ticks under natural
conditions. Of special interest is the impact on tick eggs and emerging larvae.
To that end, she'll begin a first round of outdoor tests in late April on
small-scale plots at Beltsville. She'll spray a commercial preparation of M.
anisopliae developed by Ecoscience Corp. of East Brunswick, New Jersey.
Allen's research is part of a project to explore the potential and safety of
using beneficial fungi and nematodes as non-chemical tick controls. Her approach
targets black-legged deer ticks because the pests spread the bacterium
responsible for Lyme disease in humans. In 1996, the federal
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in
Atlanta, Ga., received more than 16,000 reports of Lyme disease.
With this winter's wet, mild weather, Allen and ARS colleague John Carroll
report little trouble collecting enough ticks for their studies at the
Beltsville lab. Carroll, an entomologist, coordinates Maryland's participation
in the ARS-led Northeast Regional Tick Control Project. This multi-state project
uses special feeding bins to lure deer into being coated with a chemical called
amitraz. The chemical kills adult ticks feeding on the deer without harming the
A more detailed story on the scientists' work appears in the March issue of
Agricultural Research, on the World Wide Web at:
Scientific contact: Pat Allen,
Parasite Biology and
Epidemiology Laboratory, Beltsville, Md., Phone (301) 504-8772, fax (301)
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|
- Publication date:October 2005
- 31 b/w illus. 1 map 34 tables
- Dimensions: 228 x 152 mm
- Weight: 0.54kg
Why was Massachusetts one of the few Northern states in which African-American males enjoyed the right to vote? Why did it pass personal liberty laws, which helped protect fugitive slaves from federal authorities in the two decades immediately preceding the Civil War? Why did the Bay State at the time integrate its public facilities and public schools as well? Beyond Garrison, first published in 2005, finds answers to these important questions in unfamiliar and surprising places. Its protagonists are not the leading lights of American abolitionism grouped around William Lloyd Garrison, but lesser men and women in country towns and villages, encouraged by African-American activists throughout the state. Laurie's fresh approach trains the spotlight on the politics of such antislavery advocates. He demonstrates their penchant for third-party politics with a view toward explaining the relationship between social movements based on race, class, and nationality, on the one hand, and political insurgency, on the other.
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| 0.953008
| 217
| 2.84375
| 3
|
People Who Care for Infants and Children
Español: Personas que cuidan bebés y niños
Over half of adults have already been infected with CMV by the age of 40 years. Adults who have not had CMV and who work with young children, especially children 1 to 2 ½ years of age, may be exposed to CMV and can become infected.
Healthy adults face little risk of getting seriously sick from CMV infection. However, if a woman who has never had CMV infection becomes infected with CMV while pregnant, there is a risk that her fetus will also become infected. Infants born with CMV infection are at risk for CMV-related complications.
Persons who work closely with children in settings, such as child care facilities, may be at greater risk of CMV infection than persons who do not work in such settings. There are certain steps everyone can take to reduce their risk of exposure to CMV and other infection. See Prevention.
Women who are pregnant or plan to become pregnant and who have close contact with young children should discuss their risk for CMV infection with their medical provider. Also see Pregnant Women.
Although CMV is spread through contact with infected body fluids, including urine and saliva, the risk of CMV infection among healthcare workers appears to be no greater than that among the general public. This may be due in part to adherence to standard precautions by healthcare providers when handling body fluids and the lower amount of personal contact in the healthcare setting.
To learn more about how CMV is spread, see Transmission.
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What is Envirothon?
Envirothon is a natural resources competition for high school students. Students who participate learn stewardship and management concepts and work to solve real and hypothetical environmental problems. The program is field-oriented, community based, and gives students an opportunity to work with natural resource professionals.
Who makes up a team and what do they do?
Envirothon is a tiered series of competitions. Students work in teams of five students. Throughout the school year students prepare to compete at the local (county) level. Winners of the local competition advance to compete at the Area level. The top three teams from the six Areas in the state compete to be the State Winner. The team wining the state competition then advances to the national Canon Envirothon.
These teams of high school students are tested on their knowledge of natural resources – soils, forestry, wildlife, aquatics, and a current environmental issue. Students visit five “in-the-field” test stations where written and hands-on problem solving is required along with an oral presentation formulating a strategy for addressing an environmental issues problem.
How does this work?
The local, countywide Henrico competition and program is sponsored and administered by Henricopolis Soil and Water Conservation District. Henricopolis will provide a schedule of training opportunities to prepare Henrico teams for their local competition. (link to schedule). Henricopolis staff will also assist with registration and administrative duties associated with having the winning Henrico team participate in the Area competition (link to Area competition). Staff will provide coaches with pertinent and relevant information related to the program.
How do I start a team?
Each team must have a team coach. Interested students must identify a coach,
whether it be a teacher, club leader, parent, or other adult. It is
recommended that the coach attend the
Henrico Coach’s Information Meeting (new, for 2012).
If you are unable to attend the
Henrico Coach’s Information Meeting,
please contact Henricopolis SWCD.
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Find ancestors who served their country in these databases and archives.
Alabama Department of Archives and History
Military riches here include Thomas McAdory Owen's Revolutionary War Soldiers in Alabama, Confederate service cards and WWI deaths.
Archives of Maryland Online
Also home to land and probate records, this site will attract military researchers for its muster rolls and other service records from the Revolution, and Civil War records from both sides.
Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System
An essential starting point for finding Civil War military kin, the system searches 6.3 million names, Union and Confederate alike, from 44 states and territories. Each name is linked to a regimental history and, in turn, capsule histories of battles.
Among the hundreds of thousands of pages of information here, you'll find the published Official Record of the war (the "OR"), battle maps and the largest online collection of Civil War photos.
Library of Virginia
Though encompassing all of Virginia history, these digital holdings are particularly rich in military history, including the 34,402-name Virginia Military Dead Database and 250,000 Virginia World War II Separation Notices. The index to names in Confederate Veteran magazine goes beyond Virginians.
Louisiana State Archives
Search a 49,000-name online index to 152 rolls of microfilmed Confederate pension applications.
National Park Service Civil War Homepage
Get a head start on the Civil War sesquicentennial beginning in 2011 with this official site.
New York State Civil War Soldier Database
The archives is loaded with helpful info for researching military records, but the star of this site is its searchable database of more than 360,000 New York soldiers.
Pennsylvania State Archives
Files of Pennsylvania veterans from the American Revolution to the Spanish-American War are online here, along with WWI medal applications.
Texas State Library and Archives Commission
Though not limited to military history, this Lone Star State site is packed with data on Texas fighting men. Search more than 54,000 Confederate pension applications, the Confederate Indigent Families Lists, and the Index to Texas Adjutant General Service Records, 1836 to 1935.
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- One of the tallest soft wood trees is the General Sherman, a giant redwood sequoia of California. General Sherman is about 275 ft or 84 m high with a girth of 25 ft or 8 m.
- The 236 ft or 72 m high Ada Tree of Australia has a 50 ft or 15.4 m girth and a root system that takes up more than an acre.
- The world's tallest tree is a coast redwood in California, measuring more than 360 ft or 110 m.
- The world's oldest trees are 4,600 year old Bristlecone pines in the USA.
Trees and the Environment
- Trees renew our air supply by absorbing carbon dioxide and producing oxygen.
- The amount of oxygen produced by an acre of trees per year equals the amount consumed by 18 people annually. One tree produces nearly 260 pounds of oxygen each year.
- One acre of trees removes up to 2.6 tons of carbon dioxide each year.
- Shade trees can make buildings up to 20 degrees cooler in the summer.
- Trees lower air temperature by evaporating water in their leaves.
- Tree roots stabilize soil and prevent erosion.
- Trees improve water quality by slowing and filtering rain water, as well as protecting aquifers and watersheds.
- The cottonwood tree seed is the seed that stays in flight the longest. The tiny seed is surrounded by ultra-light, white fluff hairs that can carry it on the air for several days.
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Center Writing Across the Curriculum (WAC) Handouts
Citation, quotation, and paraphrase: Examples and questions
Read through the extract below from a student paper and compare it to the Krugman source text on the right. How would you describe this use of source text?
The Social Security Trust Fund isn’t a big problem. Every dollar that Social Security puts in government bonds, instead of in corporate bonds, is a dollar that the federal government doesn’t have to borrow from others. If the Social Security trust fund didn’t use its surpluses to buy 1.2 trillion dollars in government bonds, that money would have had to be borrowed elsewhere. Instead of crediting the trust fund with 65 billions dollars in interest, the government would have had to pay that much or more to private companies. As Paul Krugman says, the trust fund makes a real contribution to the federal budget. The crisis that Bush claims is just not real.
Now consider the revised version below. How does it fare?
The Social Security Trust Fund isn’t a big problem. Paul Krugman notes that “every dollar that Social Security puts in government bonds,” instead of in corporate bonds, is money it doesn’t have to borrow from others. The Social Security trust fund generates surpluses that are used to buy 1.2 trillion dollars in government bonds. If Social Security didn’t generate those surpluses, that money would have to be borrowed elsewhere, probably from private companies. As Paul Krugman says, “the trust fund makes a real contribution to the federal budget.” The crisis that Bush claims is just not real.
Paul Krugman 2003 (p. 205)
…But the commission says that the government bonds in that trust fund aren’t real assets.
That’s like saying that when you paid off your nephew’s mortgage, you did nothing to improve his cash flow.
Every dollar that the Social Security system puts in government bonds—as opposed to investing in other assets, such as corporate bonds—is a dollar that the federal government doesn’t have to borrow from other sources. If the Social Security trust fund hadn’t used its accumulated surpluses to buy $1.2 trillion in government bonds, the government would have had to borrow those funds elsewhere. And instead of crediting the trust fund with the $65 billion in interest this year, the government would have had to cough up at least that much extra in actual cash interest payments to private bondholders. So the trust fund makes a real contribution to the federal budget. Doesn’t that make it a real asset?
How would you paraphrase these two sentences?
1) “The near zone energy-momentum tensor of a supersonic heavy quark jet moving through a strongly coupled N=4 super Yang-Mills (SYM) plasma is analyzed in terms of first-order Navier-Stokes hydrodynamics.”
From “Near-zone Navier-Stokes analysis of heavy quark jet quenching in an N=4 super-Yang-Mills plasma.” Jorge Noronha, Giorgio Torrieri, and Miklos Gyulassy. Physics Review C78, 2008.
2) “Encounters with registers are encounters with characterological figures stereotypically linked to speech repertoires (and associated signs) by a population of users.
From “Voice, footing, enregisterment.” Asif Agha. Journal of Lingusistic Anthropology 15(1), 2005.
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Electronic ballasts used in fluorescent lighting systems can experience high failure rates, resulting from end-of-life (EOL) issues. The IEC 61347-2-3 standard specifies three tests to simulate the effect of the lamp’s end of life: the asymmetric pulse test (Clause 17.2); asymmetric power dissipation test (Clause 17.3); and the open filament test (Clause 17.4). Any one of these three tests can be used to prove the eligibility of the electronic ballast. At the end of the lamp’s life, the standard requires that the ballast shall not make the lamp holder overheat at any voltage between 90 percent and 110 percent of the rated supply voltage.
One of the protective measures recommended for electronic ballasts is to connect a resettable PPTC device in the resonant circuit, in series with a resonant capacitor to achieve abnormal-state protection. With this solution, when the fluorescent tube is in a normal state and the electronic ballast is powered on, the inductor, capacitor, and PPTC thermistor form a series-resonant circuit to make the fluorescent lamp function normally. At this point, the low resistance of the PPTC device will not affect the resonant circuit. If an abnormal state occurs due to deactivation of the filament caused by an aging filament or tube leakage, the PPTC device will activate within seconds.
A typical circuit utilizing a PPTC device for protection of IC integrated ballasts.
The figure shows a protection scheme utilizing a PPTC device in a T5 14W electronic ballast with integrated ICs. The PPTC device is connected in the LC series resonant circuit, shown as R1. During normal operation, the resistance of the PPTC is very low and does not affect the normal operating resonant state. If an EOL abnormal state should occur, the current flowing through the resonant circuit will increase to approximately five to six times the normal operating current, causing the PPTC device to trip and device resistance to increase.
The resonant circuit formed by the PPTC device’s increased resistance will cause the inductor and capacitor to change resonance, and the IC will change the resonant frequency of the ballast. The increase of the resonant frequency of the ballast will reduce the power of the ballast, thereby reducing the current flowing through the filament and providing the required ballast protection. After the fault has been removed and the power is cycled, the resistance of the PPTC device will return to its original state and the ballast can return to normal operation.
When specifying the resistance of a PPTC device in these applications, the maximum operating temperature and maximum operating current must first be obtained. Next, the appropriate PPTC device can be identified by using the temperature derating curve, and, finally, it must be determined that the PPTC device complies with the standard for the shortest time required for protection.
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Achieving World Heritage Status
World Heritage Criteria
World Heritage Sites are cultural and/or natural sites considered to be of outstanding universal value which have been inscribed on the World Heritage List by the World Heritage Committee. It is a high accolade that brings with it responsibilities and international scrutiny.
UK Tentative List
In order to be nominated for inclusion on the World Heritage List a site must first be on the UK’s Tentative List. In 2009, following a review, the UK Government’s Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) announced that a new, revised List would be developed that would reflect UNESCO’s objectives for a credible and well balanced World Heritage List. The new List was announced in March 2011.
Three Scottish Sites were successful in gaining inclusion on the new UK Tentative List for potential nomination to the UNESCO World Heritage List - The Forth Bridge, The Flow Country and Mousa, Old Scatness and Jarlshof: The Zenith of Iron Age Shetland. Eight other Sites from across the UK and its overseas territories, including England’s Lake District, Jodrell Bank Observatory and Gorhams Cave Complex in Gibraltar made up the List.
The full UK Tentative List can be found at the DCMS website
All of the Sites on the Tentative List will be given the opportunity to develop their nominations further over the coming years, and to potentially have them put forward in the future as the UK’s nomination for World Heritage Status. Inclusion on the Tentative List does not, however, guarantee that the site will be inscribed on the World Heritage List, or even that it will be put forward by the UK for World Heritage status.
Nomination of the Forth Bridge for World Heritage Site Status
It was announced on Monday 28th May 2012 by the DCMS that the Forth Bridge is to prepare a nomination for submission to UNESCO in 2014. The World Heritage Committee is expected to make a decision on the nomination at its 39th meeting in 2015. Successful nomination of the Bridge would make it Scotland’s sixth World Heritage Site.
Cabinet Secretary for Culture and External Affairs Fiona Hyslop said:
“The Forth Bridge is a Scottish icon that is recognised the world over. We are extremely excited that we have the opportunity to make the case for the Bridge being inscribed as Scotland’s sixth World Heritage Site.
“To have the Bridge inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site would be a tremendous accolade for the Bridge itself, for the local communities and for Scotland. This nomination has the potential to be a celebration of our country’s incredible engineering pedigree and ingenuity and I wish the team working on it all the best.”
It was also announced that Gorham’s Cave Complex in Gibraltar would follow the Forth Bridge in being put forward nominated for nomination in 2015.
Sites actively seeking nomination slots in the coming years were invited to submit Technical Evaluations to the DCMS and four were received (The Forth Bridge, England’s Lake District, Chatham Dockyard and its Defences and Gorham’s Cave Complex). These were assessed by an Expert Panel consisting of representatives from the various UK heritage agencies, who then made recommendations to UK Ministers on which Sites should be given nomination slots, and when these should be.
The remaining Sites on the Tentative List will have another opportunity to submit Technical Evaluations in order to be considered for future nomination slots.
The Technical Evaluations submitted to DCMS have all been published on the DCMS website
, along with the comments made by the Expert Panel and the letter sent from the Panel’s Chair (Sue Davies) to the UK Minister for Tourism and Heritage, detailing the Panel’s recommendations.
Achieving World Heritage Site status
Individual Governments are responsible for nominating Sites in their country. Nominations are then subject to a rigorous assessment by UNESCO’s advisers (ICOMOS for cultural Sites and IUCN for natural Sites) over an 18 month period. Decisions on whether to inscribe Sites on the World Heritage List are taken by the World Heritage Committee at its annual meeting each July. The Committee oversees the implementation of the World Heritage Convention. It is made up of 21 of the member states of the Convention, each elected for a six year term. Historic Scotland attends the annual meeting of the Committee, when appropriate, as part of the UK delegation.
Scottish Ministers put forward Sites for nomination and are responsible for ensuring compliance with the Convention in relation to Sites in Scotland. Historic Scotland carries out these roles for cultural Sites on their behalf. The DCMS is responsible for the UK's general compliance with the Convention, and for nominating Sites in England. It acts as the State Party on behalf of all the devolved administrations.
The Antonine Wall was the last Scottish Site put forward for inscription as the UK nomination for 2008. It was taken forward as part of the trans-national serial World Heritage Site: the Frontiers of the Roman Empire which also includes Hadrian’s Wall and the German Limes. It was successfully inscribed as a World Heritage Site in July 2008.
The Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention
provide guidance on the rules relating to the Convention. This document also sets out the 10 criteria under which outstanding universal value is assessed. In addition to meeting at least 1 of these criteria a site must also demonstrate ‘authenticity’ and ‘integrity’ as defined in the Guidelines.
Protection and management
In order to stay on the List, States Parties are required to ensure that the Outstanding Universal Values of the Sites are maintained. UNESCO requires that Management Plans be produced for each World Heritage Site, to bring together all responsible parties in order to ensure a coordinated approach to its management.
Statements of Outstanding Universal Value
Statements of Outstanding Universal Value define the elements within a Site which make it important and which must be protected in order to maintain its significance. This includes a brief description, statement of significance, statement of authenticity, statement of integrity and a section describing how the World Heritage Site is protected and managed. Strict guidelines govern the development of these Statements, which relate to the explanation of Outstanding Universal Value for which the site was originally inscribed.
These documents are key references for the effective protection and management of World Heritage Sites and the main objective should be the protection of each World Heritage Site through conservation and preservation of its Outstanding Universal Value.
What do management plans tell us?
Such plans help to set out clearly the special qualities and values of the Site, to establish a framework for decision making, and to provide information on threats and opportunities for each Site, in order that it can be managed in a sustainable manner.
Each Site is different and each management plan has to fit the specific character and needs. Each Site has a number of Partners working together to deliver the plan. Historic Scotland is a Partner to each World Heritage Site and provides advice and support to the Site managers.
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Improving Attic Thermal Performance
With metal roofing systems becoming more popular for new construction and retrofits, the Florida Solar Energy Center wanted to learn more about these roofing systems and their effect on thermal performance.
For homes in hot climates, roofing systems and attic thermal performance have a heavy impact on cooling energy use. Using insulation to control the heat flux from the attic into conditioned spaces through the ceiling is a known way to increase an attic’s thermal performance, but there are other problems that need to be dealt with.There is heat gain to the thermal distribution system when ducts are located in the attic.Also, leaky supply ducts can cause negative pressures within the house when the air handler is on.The negative pressures can cause hot air from the attic to be drawn into the conditioned space through gaps around recessed light fixtures or other bypasses, adding further to the home’s cooling load (see Figure 1).
With metal roofing systems becoming more popular for new construction and re-roofing, the Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC) wanted to learn more about these roofing systems, and about their effect on attic temperature.And we were curious to find out how well metal roofing systems performed compared to traditional black-shingle roofing systems. During the summer of 2002,we performed testing on four finished and unfinished metal roofing systems and two roofing systems using traditional dark asphalt shingles. Our research shows that controlling attic air temperatures can be just as important as reducing ceiling heat flux during times of peak cooling loads (see “Not So Extreme Attic Example,” p. 14).We found that the metal roofing systems we tested generally perform well, although the performance of some of them degrades over time.
Side-by-Side Roof Testing
The experiments took place at our Flexible Roof Facility (FRF) in Cocoa, Florida.The FRF is a 24 ft x 48 ft frame building constructed with its long axis oriented east-west (see photo above).The roof and attic are partitioned to allow simultaneous testing of multiple roof configurations. The attic is sectioned into six 6-ft-wide test cells that are thermally separated by partitions.The partitions between the individual cells are well sealed to prevent air flow between cells and are insulated to R-20 using 3 inches of isocyanurate insulation.The gable roof has a 5/12 pitch and 3/4-inch plywood decking.With the exception of cell 2,R- 19 unsurfaced batt insulation is installed in a consistent fashion between the attic trusses in the test bays.The attic is separated from the conditioned interior by 1/2-inch gypsum board.The interior of the FRF is a single air-conditioned space.
The facility allows reconfiguration with different roofing products, and we’ve used it to examine different levels of ventilation and installation configurations for tile roofing.We’ve also compared reflective roofing, radiant barriers, and sealed attic construction. Our recent testing addressed several questions. (Note that 1:300 ventilation is 1 ft2 of attic ventilation, or net free vent area, per 300 ft2 of attic floor area.)
• What is the performance (ceiling flux and attic air temperatures) of a standard black asphalt shingle roof with 1:300 ventilation (the control cell)?
• How does the Galvalume metal roof compare in thermal performance with a galvanized metal roof?
• How does an ivory metal shingle roof perform compared with the roof with a lower solar reflectance that was installed the previous summer?
• How does an innovative double roof construction with an insulated roof deck, radiant barrier, and no attic ventilation perform compared with other types?
• How does a white standing-seam metal roof perform compared with an unfinished metal roof?
We used six different test configurations. (All the vented cells have soffit and ridge venting.)
Cell 1. A Galvalume 5-vee unfinished metal roof with a 1:300 vented attic (1st year tested).
Cell 2. Black asphalt shingles with a vented double roof deck, a radiant barrier, 6-inch foam insulation on the underside of the bottom roof deck, and an unvented attic (2nd year tested).
Cell 3. Solar-reflective ivory metal shingles with a 1:300 soffit and ridge ventilation (1st year tested).
Cell 4. A galvanized 5-vee unfinished metal roof with 1:300 ventilation (1st year tested).
Cell 5. Black asphalt shingles with a 1:300 soffit and ridge ventilation.This configuration has been installed for 15 years and is the control cell.
Cell 6. A white standing-seam metal roof with a 1:300 vented attic (7th year tested).
All the roofing materials were installed in a conventional manner according to the manufacturers’ specifications.
We tested samples of the new unexposed roofing materials to establish their solar reflectance and long-wave emittance (see Table).There is a large difference in the long-wave emittance of the two unfinished metal roofs.The emittance of Galvalume (0.28) is much lower than that of the painted metal roof (0.83), but the emittance of the unfinished galvanized roof is much lower still (0.04). Generally, low emissive surfaces reach higher temperatures than high emissive surfaces since low emissive surfaces absorb more solar radiation and do not readily give up collected heat back to the sky or to their surroundings.
Using precision thermocouples,we made a number of temperature measurements at the exterior surface of the roof and the underlayment; at the underside of the deck; in attic air at several heights within the attic; in the soffit inlet air and ridge vent exit air; at the top surface of the insulation; and at the interior ceiling of the conditioned space.The outside air temperature, insolation, humidity, and rainfall were also measured.All of the test cells were monitored from June 5 to September 30, 2002.
To find differences in space cooling, we evaluated the different roof systems to examine attic temperatures, heat flux through the ceiling into the conditioned space below, and the overall impacts of the thermal differences of the roofing system on required air conditioning.
Attic Air Temperatures
Controlling attic air temperatures is important, since the time when the attic becomes hottest—late afternoon—is almost always the time when the A/C runs the most and gains to the duct system are increased.The average summer day midattic air temperature profiles show the impact of the roofing options in reducing attic air temperatures and cooling energy use associated with attic duct heat gains and loads from unintended air leakage coming from the attic zone (see Figure 2).The statistics for the average, minimum, and maximum midattic air temperatures over the entire summer show that the sealed attic with the double roof provides the lowest overall mean attic temperatures (77.7ºF) and hence the lowest attic duct system heat gains and impact from return air leakage from the attic.
The next most productive roof combination in this regard is cell 6 with the vented white metal roof (81ºF). Cell 3, with the IR reflective metal shingle roof, had a very similar performance (82.2ºF). Next best in performance is cell 1, with the Galvalume metal roof and the vented attic at 83.6ºF.The low-emissivity galvanized metal roof (cell 4) was the least effective of the metal roof systems. Cell 4 attic temperature averaged 85.1ºF compared with the standard attic, which averaged 89.1ºF.
Maximum Attic Air Temperatures
We compared the average daily maximum midattic air temperature for each cell against the average daily maximum ambient air temperature along with the corresponding temperature difference for the full summer period.These results show the success of the various roofing options in controlling duct heat gains and loads from unintended air leakage under peak conditions for the period.
Note that cell 2, with the sealed attic and insulation on the underside of the roof decking cannot be directly compared with the other cells, because the other cells do not have roof deck insulation; instead, they have insulation on top of the ceiling.However, when we compared the 2002 summer results with the 1999 and 2000 cell 2 results (sealed attic without double roof deck and radiant barrier),we found that the average maximum midattic temperature difference from ambient was 4.7ºF lower for the double roof/radiant barrier combination than it was for the same sealed attic without the double roof.The maximum midattic temperature for the double roof deck and radiant barrier was 81.1ºF, or 7.1ºF lower than the averaged 1999 and 2000 results.The outdoor temperatures were quite similar during the two years in Florida’s predictably hot summers.
The high-reflectance ivory metal shingle (cell 3) provided the coolest attic of the test cells without roof deck insulation. The average maximum midattic temperature in this case was 93.3ºF, or 7.4ºF higher than ambient. In 2001, the brown, IR reflective shingle on the test cell had a maximum attic air temperature that was 10.6ºF higher than ambient. In 2000, the brown (not-high reflectance) metal shingle that was on the same cell had an average maximum
attic temperature 13.5ºF higher than ambient, while in 1999, a white highreflectance metal shingle on the same cell had an average maximum attic temperature 3.8ºF higher than ambient. Thus, the new ivory colored IR reflective shingle is better than all the tested metal tile products except the white standing-seam metal roof.
The white standing-seam metal roof (cell 6) was cleaned prior to the test for comparison with the pristine Galvalume and galvanized metal roofs.Comparison with the previous year shows the benefits of the cleaning and venting. In 2001, the average daily maximum attic air temperature above ambient was +14.4ºF, as compared to +7.8ºF in the summer of 2002.
Ceiling Heat Flux
The uninsulated ceiling of the double roof with sealed attic (cell 2) has a peak heat flux similar to that of the control (cell 5), although with a significant time lag of over 3 hours (see Figure 3).The mean heat flux for the double roof is 0.98 Btu/ft2 per hour, or 40% higher than the control.The double roof showed both the lowest mean and peak attic air temperatures of the group, and the highest ceiling heat flux.This seemingly contradictory result stems from the fact that the floor of the sealed attic (which forms the ceiling of the conditioned zone) is not insulated, so that the attic is unintentionally conditioned—reducing the attic temperatures by increasing heat transfer to the interior space.The absence of insulation on the attic floor produces the high heat fluxes to the interior.
The high reflectance ivory metal shingle roof (cell 3) has the lowest peak ceiling heat flux at 1.19 Btu/ft2 per hour. It also has a relatively low mean flux of 0.39 Btu/ft2 per hour, which is slightly higher than the mean flux for the white metal roof at 0.30 Btu/ft2 per hour.The vented white metal roof shows the lowest overall average heat flux and thus the lowest indicated ceiling influence on cooling for the overall period.The Galvalume roof (mean heat flux of 0.43 Btu/ft2 per hour) performs similarly to the IR reflective roof.The galvanized metal roof has poorer performance (mean = 0.53 Btu/ft2 per hour).
Overall Impact of Roofing System
The impact of roofing on cooling energy typically depends on three factors.These are the ceiling heat flux to the interior from the attic, the heat gain to the duct system located in the attic space, and the air unintentionally drawn from the attic into conditioned space. The heat flux through the ceiling impacts the interior temperature and hence the thermostat, which then calls for mechanical cooling.Thus, the heat flux affects cooling energy use at all hours, as well as the demand for air conditioning.
The other two influences—air leakage drawn from the attic into the conditioned space and heat gain to the duct system—usually occur only when the cooling system operates.Thus, the impact depends on the air conditioner run time in a particular time interval, and also on the leakiness of the duct, and on the amount of duct insulation. To obtain the average cooling system run time,we used a large set of residential cooling energy use data. These data come from 171 homes in the central Florida area, where the 15- minute air conditioner power was measured for over a year.
For each site, the maximum demand during summer was also recorded to determine the maximum cooling system power.Thus, it was possible to determine the diversified run time fraction by dividing the average air conditioner system power by its maximum demand.This calculation was made by averaging the air conditioner and air handler power for all sites and dividing by the average maximum summer demand, which was 3.96 kW.
The average cooling system run time is at its maximum (approximately 55%) at 4 pm (same as system diversity) and is at its minimum of (15%) at 6 am. It is important to note that these figures are based on an average summer day, as determined by evaluating all data from June 5 to September 30 inclusive.They do not represent extreme summer day conditions.
To estimate the impact of each roofing system on attic temperature, we assume a typical single-story home with 2,000 ft2 of conditioned floor area (see Figures 4 and 5).All of the alternative test cells do better than the control cell.The white metal roof with ventilation (cell 6) does best, followed by the high-reflectance metal shingle roof (cell 3).The Galvalume metal roof with a ventilated attic provides about a 30% reduction in heat gain.The galvanized roof with its significantly lower emissivity, provides only about a 20% heat reduction.The sealed attic with the double roof—cell 5—provides the lowest reduction in daily heat gain. This is primarily a result of the much greater measured heat flux across the uninsulated ceiling in this configuration.
As described earlier,we expect the unfinished galvanized steel roofing products to maintain their reflectance and emissivity properties less well over the long term than the Galvalume product.This is because the Galvalume’s aluminum-zinc alloy resists corrosion better.The preliminary data verify this expectation.We compared the maximum average daily attic air temperature for the summers of 2003 and 2002, looking at three types of metal roofing—white standing seam, galvanized, and Galvalume—and standard black asphalt shingle (see Figure 6).While the average maximum outdoor air temperature was 0.7ºF cooler,we found that each product showed some signs of weathering and increased solar absorptance, resulting in attic heating.
The average maximum attic air temperature under the standard black shingle roof showed no change; it was 116.7ºF in both years.However, the average maximum attic air temperature under the galvanized metal roof was 4.2ºF hotter in 2003 than in 2002.The average maximum attic air temperature under the Galvalume roof was 2.1ºF hotter in 2003, while the white metal roof showed an average increase of only 0.9ºF.Note that white metal remained the best choice with Galvalume next. This is consistent with anecdotal observation (Tennessee Williams’s Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ).After additional years of exposure,we expect that the Galvalume and galvanized will differ more widely in thermal performance.We expect that Galvalume will better maintain its performance, with most weathering occurring within the first year.This is because its surface properties are tailored to maintain its reflectance and weather resistance.The white metal roof was weathered in the sense that it accumulated dust and dirt, but there were no changes to the surface characteristics caused by oxidation.The white metal roof also showed the lowest degradation of the three metal roofs. Within the project, performance is being monitored for a third year in the same configuration to examine any further changes due to weathering.
Ranking the Roofs
Our test results from the summer of 2002 allowed us to compare the relative thermal performance of finished and unfinished metal roofing systems under typical Florida summer conditions (see Figure 7).The vented standing-seam white metal roof had the lowest total system heat gain of all the tested roofs, since its ceiling heat flux was much lower than that for roofs with the sealed attic construction. Its attic temperatures were also much lower than those for the standard black shingle control cell.The average daily maximum attic temperature was only about 94ºF. Cooling- related savings were on the order of 47% of roof-related heat gain.
The sealed attic double roof system (cell 2) provided the coolest attic space of all systems tested (average maximum daily midattic temperature was 81.1ºF), and therefore also the lowest estimated duct leakage and duct conduction heat gains.However, it also had the highest ceiling heat flux of all systems tested, due to the fact that the ceiling was uninsulated.This reduced its improvement over the standard black shingle roof in the control cell to a modest 7% savings in roof-related cooling energy. Note also that since this double roof configuration provided significantly cooler attic temperatures than the standard sealed attic tested during the previous two summers, higher total heat gains should be anticipated from standard sealed attics. Of course, it would be possible to combine both technologies—a cool roof and sealed attic construction—to produce even better results than any shown here.This suggests an area for future research.
A major objective of the testing was to evaluate popular unfinished metal roofing systems.We tested an unfinished Galvalume 5-vee metal roof with attic ventilation as well as a galvanized 5-vee metal roof in an identical configuration.The galvanized roof has a high solar reflectance, but a much lower long-wave emittance than the Galvalume roof (0.04 versus 0.28 for the Galvalume), which we expected to hurt its performance.The monitoring bore out this expectation.The Galvalume metal roof ran cooler than the galvanized system and produced less roof-related heat gain.The Galvalume roof provided a 32% reduction in roof and attic-related heat gain over the summer as compared with a 22% reduction for the galvanized roof. Moreover, as galvanized roofs are known to lose their solar reflectance rapidly over time as the zinc surface oxidizes,we expect to see a further decrease in performance in future seasons of testing.Although white metal performs best, the Galvalume metal roofing surface is a good second choice for cooling related climates, and does nearly as well as the IR selective ivory metal shingles.
At an average maximum midattic temperature of 93.3ºF (23.4ºF lower than the black shingle control cell), the high reflectance ivory metal shingle roof (cell 3) provided the coolest peak attic temperature of all the cells without a double roof deck.While its reflectance was somewhat lower than that of the white metal roof, the air space under the metal shingles provides additional effective insulation. Both of these characteristics probably come into play to help the high-reflectance roof achieve lower peak attic temperatures, while the additional insulating effect explains its slightly higher nighttime attic temperatures.
We also estimated the combined impact of ceiling heat flux, duct heat gain, and air being unintentionally drawn from the attic into conditioned space for the various roof systems. These estimates indicate that all of the tested roof systems yield lower heat gains during the summer cooling season than the control roof with black shingles.The rank order is shown in Figure 7, with the percentage reduction of roof/attic related heat gain and the approximate overall building cooling energy savings. It appears that nighttime attic temperature and reverse ceiling heat flux have a significant impact on total daily heat gain, and with greater benefit to constructions that produce lower evening attic temperatures. Since the roof/attic ceiling heat flux, duct heat transfer, and duct leakage probably comprise about one-third of the total home cooling load, the above values can be modified to approximate the overall impact.
The rank order of the reductions is consistent with the whole-house roof testing that we completed for FPL in Fort Myers, which showed that white metal roofing brings about reductions on the order of 20% of space cooling. However, these results represent the first time that popular unfinished metal roofs have been comparatively evaluated.
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