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Planning for Street Connectivity
discusses a concept that has met with varied receptions in communities. Some quietly accept it; others fight it vigorously. Proponents point out numerous benefits. These include: a decrease of traffic on arterial streets; more continuous and direct routes that encourage travel by walking and bicycling; greater access and quicker response times for emergency vehicles; more evacuation alternatives in the event of a disaster; and improvements in the quality of utility connections, facilitating maintenance and enabling more efficient trash and recycling collection and other transport-based community services. Opponents, usually residents facing change in their familiar surroundings (or in an adjacent neighborhood) and developers, argue that street connectivity can: raise levels of through traffic on residential streets; increase infrastructure costs and impervious cover; require more land to develop the same number of housing units; decrease the affordability of housing; and threaten the profitability of developments. This report takes a close look at that debate and the evidence, offering research results and studies of the experience of 14 communities' efforts to incorporate greater connectivity, with Raleigh, North Carolina, and Austin, Texas, receiving in-depth studies. Excerpts from the codes of nine communities are included in an appendix. This report will make it possible for planners and others to present a wealth of information to residents and local officials about street connectivity to answer their questions and concerns (e.g., traffic calming to address cut-through traffic, increases in density through design so that return on investment and affordability are likely, and reductions in road widths to limit the amounts of impervious surface). In fact, as the report concludes, the concept has received a much warmer reception where planning staff have educated the public affected by changes in their travel network.
Table of Contents
See full table of contents
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UNC scientists find missing link between players in the epigenetic code
Over the last two decades, scientists have come to understand that the genetic code held within DNA represents only part of the blueprint of life. The rest comes from specific patterns of chemical tags that overlay the DNA structure, determining how tightly the DNA is packaged and how accessible certain genes are to be switched on or off. Now, research from the University of North Carolina School of Medicine has established the first link between the two most fundamental epigenetic tags -- histone modification and DNA methylation -- in humans. The study, which was published Sept. 30, 2012 by the journal Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, implicates a protein called UHRF1 in the maintenance of these epigenetic tags. Because the protein has been found to be defective in cancer, the finding could help scientists understand not only how microscopic chemical changes can ultimately affect the epigenetic landscape but also give clues to the underlying causes of disease and cancer. UNC is home to the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center.
Among the research institutions NCI funds across the United States, it currently designates 67 as Cancer Centers. Largely based in research universities, these facilities are home to many of the NCI-supported scientists who conduct a wide range of intense, laboratory research into cancer’s origins and development. The Cancer Centers Program also focuses on trans-disciplinary research, including population science and clinical research. The centers’ research results are often at the forefront of studies in the cancer field.
This text may be reproduced or reused freely. Please credit the National Cancer Institute as the source. Any graphics may be owned by the artist or publisher who created them, and permission may be needed for their reuse.
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At 22:31 (CEST) on 3 June 2010 Australian amateur astronomer Anthony Wesley saw a two-second-long flash of light on the disc of Jupiter. He was watching a live video feed from his telescope. In the Philippines, amateur astronomer Chris Go confirmed that he had simultaneously recorded the transitory event on video. Wesley was the discoverer of the now world-famous July 2009 impact.
Astronomers around the world suspected that something significant must have hit the giant planet to unleash a flash of energy bright enough to be seen here on Earth, about 770 million kilometres away. But they didn't know how just how big it was or how deeply it had penetrated into the atmosphere. Over the past two weeks there have been ongoing searches for the "black-eye" pattern of a deep direct hit like those left by former impactors.
The sharp vision and ultraviolet sensitivity of the Wide Field Camera 3 aboard the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope were used to seek out any trace evidence of the aftermath of the cosmic collision. Images taken on 7 June — just over three days after the flash was sighted — show no sign of debris above Jupiter's cloud tops. This means that the object didn't descend beneath the clouds and explode as a fireball. If it had done, then dark sooty blast debris would have been ejected and would have rained down onto the clouds.
Instead the flash is thought to have come from a giant meteor burning up high above Jupiter's cloud tops, which did not plunge deep enough into the atmosphere to explode and leave behind any telltale cloud of debris, as seen in previous Jupiter collisions.
"The cloud tops and the impact site would have appeared dark in the ultraviolet and visible images due to debris from an explosion," says team member Heidi Hammel of the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colorado, USA. "We can see no feature that has those distinguishing characteristics in the known vicinity of the impact, suggesting there was no major explosion and no 'fireball'."
Dark smudges marred Jupiter's atmosphere when a series of fragments of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 hit Jupiter in July 1994. A similar phenomenon occurred in July 2009 when a suspected asteroid slammed into Jupiter. The latest intruder is estimated to be only a fraction of the size of these previous impactors and is thought to have been a meteor.
"Observations of these impacts provide a window on the past — onto the processes that shaped our Solar System in its early history," says team member Leigh Fletcher of the University of Oxford, UK. "Comparing the two collisions — from 2009 and 2010 — will hopefully yield insights into the types of impact processes in the outer Solar System, and the physical and chemical response of Jupiter's atmosphere to these amazing events."
As a bonus, Hubble's observations also allowed scientists to get a close-up look at changes in Jupiter's atmosphere following the disappearance of the dark cloud feature known as the Southern Equatorial Belt several months ago.
In the Hubble view, a slightly higher altitude layer of white ammonia ice crystal clouds appears to obscure the deeper, darker belt clouds. "Weather forecast for Jupiter's Southern Equatorial Belt: cloudy with a chance of ammonia," Hammel says.
The team predicts that these ammonia clouds should clear out in a few months, as they have done in the past. The clearing of the ammonia cloud layer should begin with a number of dark spots like those seen by Hubble along the boundary of the south tropical zone.
"The Hubble images tell us these spots are holes resulting from localised downdrafts. We often see these types of holes when a change is about to occur," Simon-Miller says.
"The Southern Equatorial Belt last faded in the early 1970s. We haven't been able to study this phenomenon at this level of detail before," Simon-Miller adds. "The changes of the last few years are adding to an extraordinary database on dramatic cloud changes on Jupiter."
Explore further: Galaxy's Ring of Fire
More information: Jupiter Impact: Mystery of the Missing Debris
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Learning Releases Results of Major Distance Learning
Up the Distance' study completed in conjunction with the League
for Innovation in the Community College
MINN. (June 26, 2000) - It is no secret that many students
who enroll in college are unprepared for the academic rigors
of college work. The overwhelming numbers indicate that nearly
one-half, or 44 percent, of students entering 2-year colleges
each year require some form of remediation. The number of
students underprepared for college level work is amplified
by the variety of developmental learners' needs. The needs
and academic plans are clearly not the same for a 40-year-old
woman returning to college for job development skills after
being out of school for 22 years and an 18-year old high school
student who goofed off in math class. Nor are they the same
for a student who graduated from an inner-city high school
that did not offer advanced algebra classes and a highly skilled
math student whose native language is not English. Internet-based
learning is increasingly utilized to help these students quickly
get up to speed in their courses.
the spring of 1999, the League for Innovation in the Community
College and PLATO Learning initiated a joint research project
exploring the questions and challenges of implementing successful
distance learning developmental math programs for community
colleges across the country. Eight colleges participated in
the study and the findings will be released at the Conference
on Information Technology, Nov. 15-18 in Anaheim, Calif.,
"Adding up the Distance: Critical Success Factors for
Internet-based Learning in Developmental Mathematics."
year, more than $1 billion is spent to provide remedial services
to incoming community college students," said Dr. Rob
Foshay, Vice President of Instructional Design and Cognitive
Learning at PLATO Learning. "This research project focused
on identifying how the Internet, distance learning techniques,
and PLATO Learning can work together to more effectively serve
the developmental needs of students. This is a significant
step in PLATO's ongoing commitment to expand our Internet
offerings. Our project partners are national leaders in postsecondary
education and we are excited to have had the opportunity to
work with them in this effort."
to Edward Leach, Vice President-Technology Programs at the
League for Innovation: "The Internet has opened powerful
new doors to education. The League is pleased to have participated
in this project to further define the best practices for using
online technologies to enhance student success in developmental
project explored "critical success factors" for
computer-based distance learning in developmental math programs
during a summer trial implementation session and a full fall
semester term. Mathematics was chosen because it is the subject
area of perhaps widest need in developmental studies, and
because its content and measures are relatively well defined.
College participants, League research team members, and PLATO
service teams worked together in four principal areas of investigation:
Development of effective, individualized, open entry/open
exit programs for developmental students via distance
Cultivation of learners' motivation through the use of
technology in developmental studies programs using distance
Exploration of successful developmental student profiles
using distance learning technology.
Effective combinations of campus-based support service
and distance learning delivery systems as models of success
for developmental learners.
project began by exploring college administration, instructors,
and students as independent variables of distance learning
developmental math programs and continued with an investigation
of best distance learning practices. Extensive data analysis
allowed PLATO and League researchers to draw some conclusions
about the interdependent relationship of college resources,
instructors, and learners in successful distance learning
colleges that were most successful with students created a
systemic and connected balance in their distance learning
developmental math programs. According to the preliminary
project results, the 10 factors that appeared to be most critical
to success of these programs are summarized below and will
be explained in greater detail within the final "Adding
Up the Distance" report.
of individualized, open entry/open exit, effective programs
for developmental students via distance education.
traditional functions of student services and development
of course objectives, distance learning services and curriculum
should be enhanced to include a more comprehensive plan with
the following variables.
Easy Access to Internet and Easy Navigational Courseware
- Although the majority of students who enrolled in distance
learning courses expressed high levels of comfort and expertise
with computer-based applications, courseware that makes logon/logout
functions and transition from lesson to lesson as smooth as
possible was cited as a recognized benefit to successful students.
Technical Support - Over and over again technical
support (via college helpdesk or program contact) reigned
as the most important factor cited by both students and faculty
to program success.
Alignment of Online Courseware and Course Objectives
- Those programs that correlated course objectives with Internet
courseware lessons in a meaningful way (whether as supplemental
or primary content) and connected assignments and class activities
had more successful outcomes than those programs who used
the Internet courseware as a drill-and-practice exercise.
Individualized Instructional Format
- Faculty who used the computer-adaptive components of the
Internet courseware management system and offered individualized
and targeted assignments for students were recognized more
favorably by students. Students and faculty noted the self-paced,
individualized, any-time/any-place functions of distance learning
as the best features of the project.
of successful student profiles using distance learning
Student Recruitment and Counseling
- Proactive selection, preparation, and counseling with students
entering distance learning programs were noted as key variables
for success and course completion. Students who demonstrated
a sense of motivation, time management, and program/academic
goal were more successful in the project.
Orientation - Students who attended mandatory group
orientations had few technical problems, experienced greater
ease of navigation, and had successful program outcomes.
of learners' motivation through the use of technology in developmental
studies programs using distance education.
Student Connections - Interactive and frequent
contact was an important condition for success. Although many
students appreciated the self-paced and individualized format
of the Internet courseware, they were quick to note that when
questions or issues were resolved via a Web page contact,
email, or phone call, there were higher levels of satisfaction
with the course and comfort level with technology. The successful
programs in the study had structured assignment schedules
with student contact requirements as part of course activities.
of campus-based support service and distance learning delivery
systems as models of success for developmental learners.
Faculty Development - Faculty participants
had varying levels of experience with technology and computer-based
applications. Those colleges who offered more than five professional
development opportunities correlated with faculty who were
active in attending workshops and conferences. The faculty
from these colleges created successful programs in this project.
High Standards of Quality and Content
Development - As might be expected, faculty who had experience
with distance learning had successful program outcomes, however
in a few instances, faculty who were using distance learning
as a developmental math option for the first time were also
very successful. From the research data gathered, it is concluded
that the "first-time successful faculty" showed
great interest in computer-based applications and self-initiated
the learning curve of teaching with technology. Rather than
tag on a few lessons with existing course assignments, they
closely reviewed Internet courseware content and were actively
involved in new curriculum development and content upgrade
for their courses. They were also very active in seeking technical
support and assistance from the PLATO helpdesk and their assigned
PLATO educational consultant.
College Leadership & Program Support - Participating
colleges that designated priority, support, and commitment
of resources for technical investments to this project clearly
saw successful responses from faculty and students. Although
transparent in some instances, administrative support was
recognized as clearing the way for successful implementation,
program development, and student access leading to high quality
services and learning opportunities for students.
these critical success factors is the hard work, dedication
to innovation, and commitment to learning shared by administrators,
faculty, and student participants," said Dr. Foshay.
"Although the project traced the ideas, progress, and
outcomes of students over two short semesters, the need to
expand and lead further research efforts in distance learning
for developmental education should be part of the investment
in our college, community, and country's future. If community
colleges are to journey from the place-bound world of classrooms
and computer-labs within campus walls to the anytime/anyplace
expanse of distance learning, it is imperative that studies
like these chart our course and guide our actions towards
a destination of knowing," Dr. Foshay concluded.
The participating colleges included a considerable diversity
of program structure and size. While all participating colleges
had well-established campus-based developmental math programs,
they had varying degrees of history and experience with technology
in their developmental studies programs. The participants
Central Florida Community College, Ocala, Florida
Delta College, University Center, Michigan
Kapiolani Community College, Honolulu, Hawaii
Kirkwood Community College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa
Moraine Valley Community College, Palos Hills, Illinois
Miami-Dade Community College, Miami, Florida
Santa Fe College, Gainesville, Florida
Sinclair Community College, Dayton, Ohio
for Innovation in the Community College
The League for Innovation in the Community College, as a nonprofit
educational consortium of resourceful community colleges,
stimulates experimentation and innovation in all areas of
community college development and serves as a catalyst, project
incubator, and experimental laboratory for all community colleges.
The League for Innovation in the Community College headquarters
are located at 1333 South Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 210, Phoenix,
Arizona 85048-7690. The telephone is (480) 705-8200. For more
information, visit www.league.org.
With revenues of over $44 million, PLATO Learning, Inc. is
a publicly held company traded as TUTR on the NASDAQ-NMS.
Offering more than 2,000 hours and 10,000 learning objectives
of comprehensive academic and applied skills courseware designed
for adolescents and adults, PLATO Learning Systems are marketed
to middle and high schools, colleges, job training programs,
correctional institutions, military education programs, corporations,
and consumers. PLATO is delivered via networks, CD-ROM, private
intranets, and the Internet.
international training and education company, PLATO Learning's
headquarters are located at 10801 Nesbitt Avenue South, Bloomington,
Minnesota, 55437. Phone (952) 832-1000 or (800) 869-2000.
PLATO Learning has domestic offices located throughout the
United States, and international offices in the United Kingdom
and throughout Canada. PLATO Learning has international distributors
located in Puerto Rico, Singapore, South Africa, and the United
Arab Emirates. The company's Web site address on the Internet's
World Wide Web is www.plato.com.
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The Canadian photographer Yousuf Karsh (1908–2002) reached the height of his fame in the 1960s and 1970s when several large exhibitions of his work toured internationally. The Australian photographer Athol Shmith (1914–1992) made his name in Australia in the 1940s through his society and celebrity portraits.
Karsh’s detailed and dramatically lit portraits make his subjects quite monumental, while Shmith presented his subjects in softer light as more alluring characters. Both used techniques of stage and cinema lighting in developing the distinctive look of their portraiture.
Yousuf Karsh never visited Australia and most likely had never heard of Athol Shmith, who in turn thought Karsh made his subjects look like ‘empty buildings’.
Portraits are often said to be able to capture the soul of the sitter. This exhibition opens debate on how the style of individual portraitists affects our response to the subject.
To complement the tour of this exhibition, the National Gallery asked Australian professional photographer and writer Peter Adams to contribute an article for the web site on the work of Yousuf Karsh and Athol Shmith. Adams interviewed Karsh in 1992 and Shmith in 1986. He raises a number of issues about portrait photography in general and compares the work of Karsh and Shmith. Discussion notes for students will also be on the web site.
|Introduction | Gallery | Learning | Literature | Visiting | Essay|
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Loose Fat not Energy
In order to lose weight, your body must burn more calories than it takes in, but keep in mind that your body needs calories for energy and when we exercise; our body needs even more calories. The first thing we must understand is that losing weight and losing fat is not the same thing. Just because we lose weight, does not mean that we lose fat also, and just because we lose fat, does not mean we will lose weight. When we eat, the body uses most of the calories for energy. If we eat more calories than the body consumes, it will get stored as fat. If we do not consume enough calories per day we will lose weight, but along with it we will also lose energy. When we do not consume enough energy (calories) for your body, it will start using up our energy stored to make up for the energy deficiency. Unfortunately, the energy stored is not our stored fat, but instead it’s other nutrients like protein and carbohydrates that supply most of the energy. Our body will take the protein and carbohydrates from our muscle cells; causing our muscle mass to reduce which forces our metabolism to decrease (a low metabolism = slow or no fat burning). When this happens our body requires less energy to maintain its new lower body weight, which is why our body conserves energy by slowing down the metabolism. In other words, the body has adapted to the new lower energy (calorie) intake which means that we will no longer continue to lose weight.
Keep in mind that the weight we loose in the first place was mostly water weight and will eventually gain back in the form of fat. When carbohydrates and protein that are already in our body are used as the energy source, our body will lose water weight because both carbohydrates and protein hold water in the cells. In essence, we dehyderate ourself to lose weight. And just as we know, exercising while consuming a small calorie intake makes the situation worse. This is because when we exercise, we start burning off more energy and the more we workout, the more energy our body needs. I had already told above where the energy comes from, and if we do not give our body the energy it needs, it will just feed on our muscles even quicker now that we are exercising. So eat more food! In addition to this, when we cut down too much on your calorie intake, our body will start storing calories because it doesn’t know when you will eat again. The calories that are stored will be stored as fat. So in other words, when our body is storing energy, it’s basically storing more fat.
Conclusion : Not eating enough calories results in muscle loss, dehydration, slower fat burning, and your body will always adapt to a lower calorie intake.
To lose weight properly we must increase your metabolism and our need for oxygen while eating enough calories each day (nutritious diet) to give you energy and maintain the protein in your muscles because protein helps build muscles, which indirectly burns fat. This brings up another good point: When we build muscle our weight will increase because our muscles are made up of mostly water, but our body fat percentage will decrease because building muscles increase our metabolism. So keep in mind that losing body fat can’t be measured by a scale; use a measuring tape and also look at yourself in the mirror, and then you will see the true results. One of the best ways to know if you are losing more body fat than water is by using a body fat analyzer.
Make sure that you focus on fat loss not weight loss. Your goal should be to lose weight by burning fat, not losing water from your muscles.
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Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. A sloping roof projecting from an outer wall, or constructed over a door to shelter it; an awning over a door or window; a penthouse. See appentice and penthouse.
- n. An extension of a building's roof and the protected area beneath.
- n. A covered walkway.
- n. mining An unexcavated portion of a shaftway, intended to afford protection from falling debris to workers at the bottom of the shaft during certain stages of mining.
GNU Webster's 1913
- n. obsolete A penthouse.
- From Middle English pentis, pendize, and other spellings; from Anglo-Norman pentiz, aphetic of Old French apentis ("appendage, attached building"), from Medieval Latin appendicium, from Latin appendo ("to hang") (Wiktionary)
“There, on its wooded height, the pentice roofs glistening in the sunlight, stood Chinon, with its triple castle, so full of the memories of history; and all around spread the wide Tourangeais.”
“_ (Casqued halberdiers in armour thrust forward a pentice of gutted spearpoints.”
These user-created lists contain the word ‘pentice’.
Shamelessly ripped off from this site and others (to be named hereinafter). (Fair warning: for my own edification, I may add definitions/comments from the site, but you might want to just go there ...
... as in "by James Joyce"
Looking for tweets for pentice.
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What is an Actor?
The previous section about Actor Systems explained how actors form hierarchies and are the smallest unit when building an application. This section looks at one such actor in isolation, explaining the concepts you encounter while implementing it. For more an in depth reference with all the details please refer to Actors (Scala) and Actors (Java).
As detailed below, an actor object needs to be shielded from the outside in order to benefit from the actor model. Therefore, actors are represented to the outside using actor references, which are objects that can be passed around freely and without restriction. This split into inner and outer object enables transparency for all the desired operations: restarting an actor without needing to update references elsewhere, placing the actual actor object on remote hosts, sending messages to actors in completely different applications. But the most important aspect is that it is not possible to look inside an actor and get hold of its state from the outside, unless the actor unwisely publishes this information itself.
Actor objects will typically contain some variables which reflect possible states the actor may be in. This can be an explicit state machine (e.g. using the FSM module), or it could be a counter, set of listeners, pending requests, etc. These data are what make an actor valuable, and they must be protected from corruption by other actors. The good news is that Akka actors conceptually each have their own light-weight thread, which is completely shielded from the rest of the system. This means that instead of having to synchronize access using locks you can just write your actor code without worrying about concurrency at all.
Behind the scenes Akka will run sets of actors on sets of real threads, where typically many actors share one thread, and subsequent invocations of one actor may end up being processed on different threads. Akka ensures that this implementation detail does not affect the single-threadedness of handling the actor’s state.
Because the internal state is vital to an actor’s operations, having inconsistent state is fatal. Thus, when the actor fails and is restarted by its supervisor, the state will be created from scratch, like upon first creating the actor. This is to enable the ability of self-healing of the system.
Every time a message is processed, it is matched against the current behavior of the actor. Behavior means a function which defines the actions to be taken in reaction to the message at that point in time, say forward a request if the client is authorized, deny it otherwise. This behavior may change over time, e.g. because different clients obtain authorization over time, or because the actor may go into an “out-of-service” mode and later come back. These changes are achieved by either encoding them in state variables which are read from the behavior logic, or the function itself may be swapped out at runtime, see the become and unbecome operations. However, the initial behavior defined during construction of the actor object is special in the sense that a restart of the actor will reset its behavior to this initial one.
The initial behavior of an Actor is extracted prior to constructor is run, so if you want to base your initial behavior on member state, you should use become in the constructor.
An actor’s purpose is the processing of messages, and these messages were sent to the actor from other actors (or from outside the actor system). The piece which connects sender and receiver is the actor’s mailbox: each actor has exactly one mailbox to which all senders enqueue their messages. Enqueuing happens in the time-order of send operations, which means that messages sent from different actors may not have a defined order at runtime due to the apparent randomness of distributing actors across threads. Sending multiple messages to the same target from the same actor, on the other hand, will enqueue them in the same order.
There are different mailbox implementations to choose from, the default being a FIFO: the order of the messages processed by the actor matches the order in which they were enqueued. This is usually a good default, but applications may need to prioritize some messages over others. In this case, a priority mailbox will enqueue not always at the end but at a position as given by the message priority, which might even be at the front. While using such a queue, the order of messages processed will naturally be defined by the queue’s algorithm and in general not be FIFO.
An important feature in which Akka differs from some other actor model implementations is that the current behavior must always handle the next dequeued message, there is no scanning the mailbox for the next matching one. Failure to handle a message will typically be treated as a failure, unless this behavior is overridden.
Each actor is potentially a supervisor: if it creates children for delegating sub-tasks, it will automatically supervise them. The list of children is maintained within the actor’s context and the actor has access to it. Modifications to the list are done by creating (context.actorOf(...)) or stopping (context.stop(child)) children and these actions are reflected immediately. The actual creation and termination actions happen behind the scenes in an asynchronous way, so they do not “block” their supervisor.
The final piece of an actor is its strategy for handling faults of its children. Fault handling is then done transparently by Akka, applying one of the strategies described in Supervision and Monitoring for each incoming failure. As this strategy is fundamental to how an actor system is structured, it cannot be changed once an actor has been created.
Considering that there is only one such strategy for each actor, this means that if different strategies apply to the various children of an actor, the children should be grouped beneath intermediate supervisors with matching strategies, preferring once more the structuring of actor systems according to the splitting of tasks into sub-tasks.
When an Actor Terminates
Once an actor terminates, i.e. fails in a way which is not handled by a restart, stops itself or is stopped by its supervisor, it will free up its resources, draining all remaining messages from its mailbox into the system’s “dead letter mailbox”. The mailbox is then replaced within the actor reference with a system mailbox, redirecting all new messages “into the drain”. This is done on a best effort basis, though, so do not rely on it in order to construct “guaranteed delivery”.
The reason for not just silently dumping the messages was inspired by our tests: we register the TestEventListener on the event bus to which the dead letters are forwarded, and that will log a warning for every dead letter received—this has been very helpful for deciphering test failures more quickly. It is conceivable that this feature may also be of use for other purposes.
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Negev Nuclear Research Center
Kirya le-Mechkar Garinii (KAMAG)
The Dimona heavy water reactor and an installation for processing irradiated fuel are used to produce weapons-grade nuclear material. Approximately 2,700 scientists, technicians, administrative staff, and other workers are employed at Dimona. Since the facility was constructed in the late 1950's the surrounding land has been altered to sustain groves of palms and gardens positioned to obscure the facility from the road and air.
Begining around 1958 with French assistance, Israel constructed a natural uranium, heavy-water, research reactor at Dimona in the Negev Desert, about 8.5 miles from the town of the same name and some 25 miles from the Jordanian border. The Dimona facility was constructed in secret and is not under international inspection safeguards. The facility was first noticed by American intelligence when U-2 spyplanes overflew Dimona in 1958. It was not conclusively identified as a nuclear site until two years later. This reactor, nominally rated at 26 megawatts thermal, was put on line in early 1964. However according to Pierre Pean, French officials were surprised to discover that the cooling circuits designed to support three times the nominal power level, which permitted a scale-up to 70MWt without the addition of extra cooling circuits. If true, the power level of the reactor was reportedly 70MWt from the outset. Perhaps the power level has been increased to 150MWt some time after 1976, according to Barnaby.
An installation for processing irradiated fuel was completed with French assistance in the mid-1960s. Between 15 and 40-60 kilograms of fissionable plutonium can be processed annually. This facility probably has the capacity to produce plutonium for five to ten nuclear warheads a year.
In 1986, descriptions and photographs provided by the Israeli nuclear technician Mordechai Vanunu were published in the London Sunday Times of the Dimona facility. This information supported the conclusion that Israel had a stockpile of 100 to 200 nuclear devices, a significantly larger nuclear capability than previously estimated.
Dimona consists of nine of these blocks called machons (in Hebrew facility or institute).
- Machon 1 - The large silver-domed reactor containment vessel, nearly 20 meters [about 60 feet] in diameter, is visible from a nearby highway. Uranium fuel rods remain in the reactor for a few months before being discharged for reprocessing. The heavy water used as a moderator is cooled by ordinary water through a heat exchanger, which reportedly results in steam sometimes visible from the outside. Reports of annual production of as much as 60-kg of plutonium suggest that the reactor power level has been upgraded to 120-150 megawatts, much higher than the original power of 26 megawatts. Tritium can be produced by irradiating lithium-6 targets in the reactor. The reactor is four decades old, and may be reaching the end of its practical lifetime.
- Machon 2 - Of the 2,700 employees at Dimona, it is said that only 150 are permitted access to Machon 2, which reportedly extends six floors underground. The chemical reprocessing plant removes plutonium produced in the reactor from the spent uranium rods. Before reprocessing begins, the rods are stored in water filled tanks for several weeks while the short-halflife radio-isotopes decay. The residual uranium is reprocessed to be used in new fuel rods. The facility also separates lithium-6 from natural lithium for use in thermonuclear weapons. According to Vanunu, the average weekly production is 1.2 kilograms of pure plutonium, enough for 4-12 nuclear weapons per year.
- Machon 3 - The facility includes processing of natural uranium for the reactor, and conversion of lithium 6 into a solid for use in thermo-nuclear warheads.
- Machon 4 - This facility is dedicated to the treatment of radioactive waste products. It includes a waste treatment plant and high-level waste storage. Low-level waste is mixed with tar, taken out in cans and buried nearby.
- Machon 5 - Uranium from Machon 3 is made into rods coated in aluminum to be sent to the reactor.
- Machon 6 - Supply of services to other Machons, including electricity, steam and specialized chemicals (nitrogen etc). It also hosts emergency electrical generators.
- Machon 7 - Unknown - may no longer exist.
- Machon 8 - Large laboratory for testing purity of samples from Machon 2, experiments on new processes. A secret unit (Unit 840) has been making enriched uranium since 1979-80 on a production scale. This may consist of a gas centifuge faclity for the production of enriched uranium.
- Machon 9 - A laser isotope separation facility can be used to enrich uranium and to increase the proportion of isotope plutonium-239 in plutonium.
- Machon 10 - Depleted uranium made into tips of shells for Israeli use and for export to Switzerland.
Israel may have developed a nuclear weapons capability incorporating enriched uranium. Up to 100 kilograms of enriched uranium missing from a facility at Apollo, Pennsylvania, are believed to have been taken to Israel, although other reports suggest that much of the material was recovered from the floors and ventilation ducts of the plant when it was decommissioned. In 1968, 200 tons of uranium ore disappeared from a ship in the Mediterranean Sea and probably diverted to Israel.
Plutonium production reactors which are both cooled and moderated by heavy water [like the Israeli reactor at Dimona] require about 0.75 tons of heavy water per thermal megawatt, and lose about 0.5 % of this heavy water each year.
"Dimona needed about 18t of heavy water to start operation.... France very likely agreed to supply Dimona's heavy water along with the reactor.... From 1959 to 1963 Israel imported 20t from Norway and 3.9t from the United States. This would supply Dimona indefinitely if the reactor stayed at its rated power of 24 megawatts.... For the reactor to produce the 40 kilograms of plutonium per year described by Vanunu, it would have had to be scaled up to more than 100 megawatts.... If the amount of coolant were quadrupled, which could allow quadrupled power, Dimona would need about 36t of heavy water - 12t of moderator and 24t of coolant. The 36t is slightly less than the total that Israel could have received from Norway, the United States, and France." HEAVY WATER CHEATERS by Gary Milhollin Foreign Policy Winter 1987-1988, p. 100-119.
|Join the GlobalSecurity.org mailing list|
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Mono lives up to its name as the "kissing disease," a new study says.
The research, which followed 546 college students from freshman to senior year, found the only factor that increased the risk for catching mono was deep kissing.
Students who reported deep kissing, regardless of whether or not the kissing was tied to sex, were more likely to develop mono than those who did not kiss or have sex, the researchers said.
Other factors, including the student's diet and amount of exercise and stress, failed to increase the risk, the researchers said.
Caused by the Epstein–Barr virus, mononucleosis (mono for short) is spread through contact with an infected person's saliva. It can also be spread through coughing, sneezing or sharing food, but the disease is not as infectious as a cold virus, according to the Mayo Clinic.
Many people are exposed to the virus before they reach adulthood and develop immunity to it. Symptoms include sore throat, fatigue, headache, fever decreased appetite, and swollen tonsils. However, some people develop mono without showing symptoms.
Before the study began, the researchers tested all the students' blood for antibodies against the Epstein–Barr virus. About 63 percent of the students tested positive for the antibodies, meaning they'd had mono in the past. The remainder, 143 students, visited the university clinic every 8 weeks for an average of three years, to test if they had developed the illness.
During this time, doctors diagnosed 66 of the students with mono. Of these, 59 showed symptoms. Previously, it had not been clear how often people in this age group developed symptoms when they got mono.
Students with mono were sick for an average of 17 days, but were capable of spreading the virus for much longer — about 5 months.
The rate of infection was higher during freshman year (26 cases per 100 people) compared to the other three years (10 cases per 100 people per year).
The study, conducted by researchers at the University of Minnesota Medical School in Minneapolis, was published online Oct. 24 in the Journal of Infectious Diseases.
Pass it on: In a study of college students, kissing was the only risk factor for catching mono.
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Teaching Visual Arts: We're All Visual Learners
Whether with crayons or computers, kids like doing art. Well-conceived projects and activities that introduce graphic and multimedia arts are not only fun, they help kids expand their creative skills.
The visual arts provide a platform for continuing to practice core curriculum topics like language, science and math, so always structure your multimedia projects in the context of broader learning goals. For example, you might introduce drawing concepts within a unit about animals, having kids draw pictures of the creatures they are learning about. Similarly, don't introduce a presentation program like HyperStudio for its own sake: Work it into a project in which students will report on the results of a research activity. In addition to building a program in which all elements reinforce each other, this approach helps demystify both art and technology, two topics that produce anxiety in many people.
|Look for ways to combine words and pictures in your activities, especially when teaching language arts. For example, use visualization techniques and graphic organizers in your planning and idea-generation activities, and encourage kids to draw as well as write in their journals. Try activities like bringing in a particularly evocative photo and asking students to write down all the words it makes them think about or that they see in the picture. Introduce mapping and storyboarding, not just linear forms like outlining, when developing stories and ideas for presentations and videos.|
Another important reason to work these kinds of projects into your curriculum is that in our media-saturated culture, kids must learn to identify how images are sometimes used to manipulate people. A picture may be worth a thousand words, but not all of them are true. Just as kids need the skills to differentiate between information and misinformation from books or the Web, they also need media literacy skills to understand how the angle a photographer chooses for a front page news story can generate a different emotional appeal. They also should understand that in the digital age, it's easy to alter an image, audio or video clip to create a fabrication.
See our Activities section for easy lesson ideas for introducing graphics and multimedia into your program. You'll find pointers for teaching drawing; simple, noncomputer animation techniques; ideas for introducing photography; lessons on working with computer graphics and image editing; and activities involving multimedia presentations and video.
During the course of a term, you may choose to introduce any or all of these techniques. In working with graphics and multimedia, keep in mind these important points:
You must first teach human cognitive, visual and mechanical skills before introducing any mechanical device like a camera or computer. If kids don't understand the basics of seeing and translating what they see into shapes, they won't be able to draw on a computer any better than with a pencil; if they don't understand photographic concepts like angle and focus, their snapshots will be routine and their videos uninspired.
Carefully think through which skills you'll be introducing during a term, and make sure that you leave plenty of time up front to introduce them slowly. You can combine several skills in an ongoing project, each building on the previous, or use just one or two in a single project. We've presented them in order of increasing sophistication, so give consideration to the sequence you'll use. For example, even though you may ultimately be working toward a video project, you'll find that spending a one- or two-day interlude on animation will help kids gain a fundamental understanding of important concepts, such as movement and visualization, that will improve the quality of their videos. Whatever you choose to do, always leave plenty of time for kids to practice the basics in modules so that they achieve real mastery. Introducing too much at one time will only frustrate them.
Note that the activities are organized around particular skills and techniques, rather than age. Your activities must always be age appropriate, of course, a requirement that presents certain challenges when working with kids whose skill levels lag behind their age group. The lesson ideas we suggest here will work with any age, but you'll need to be sensitive to the kids' interests and prior knowledge in using them.
If you're new to any of these topics, take a look at some pointers on teaching about and with technology.
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The phenomenon you're talking about was a fad in the 60's, called 'interanimal memory transfer'. It started out when James McConnell performed a later-discredited experiment in which he found that if you chopped up flatworms which had been exposed to some stresses, and fed them to other unexposed flatworms, the unexposed worms became wary of the source of stress quicker after eating their dead companions. He jumped to the conclusion that a 'memory molecule' was being transferred, and that the cannibal worms gained the food worms' memories of the stress.
People then started looking to see if they could:
- repeat the experiments
- find the same phenomenon in other animals
In the first case, nobody could replicate the experiments in worms, but because McConnell was such a PR genius he managed to convince the public that his results were valid (see Rilling, 1996 for more on this).
In the second case, Frank et al. (1970) and others tried working with rats - I think this is the experiment you're talking about in the question. They found various interesting results including that if you trained rats to run through a maze by using particularly stressful negative reinforcement (like electrocution), then those rats' children would be able to learn the new maze much faster. However, Frank et al. didn't make the same mistake as McConnell - first of all they wondered if the parent rats might be leaving a scent trail. So they used duplicate mazes with the exact same design, putting the children into clean mazes. The children of adults who had already learned the maze continued to outperform the control rats - the explanation was not scent trails.
Next they wondered whether it might be that the second generation rats had been born with a higher wariness as a result of the stress their parents suffered; i.e. it could be a hormonal transfer from mother to child (e.g. cortisol, the stress hormone).
Frank et al. tested their hypothesis by torturing some rats for a while (rules about animal welfare were not strict in the 70's). They would lock some rats in a small jar and bash them about for a long time, then kill them, chop them up, and take out their livers. They fed the livers to other rats, and found that after eating the livers the other rats learned the maze much faster. They interpreted the results in what now seems a sensible light: the stressed rats were producing high concentrations of a stress-signalling molecule. When those rats either had children or were fed to other rats, they passed on high doses of the stress molecule. This raised the alterness and wariness of the receipient rats so that they were much quicker to learn which parts of the maze were dangerous.
There is no evidence that the child rats actually 'remembered' the maze - they still had to find their way around, but they were extremely wary of the electrocution plates and so avoided them, finding the safest way to the end. This is not a case of genetic memory.
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|Regions with significant populations|
|United States Mississippi- Natchez Bluffs,(historical)
|Related ethnic groups|
The Natchez (English pronunciation: /nætʃəz/) are a Native American people who originally lived in the Natchez Bluffs area, near the present-day city of Natchez, Mississippi. They spoke a language isolate that has no known close relatives, although it may be very distantly related to the Muskogean languages of the Creek Confederacy.
The Natchez are noted for being the only Mississippian culture with complex chiefdom characteristics to have survived long into the period after the European colonization of America began. Others had generally declined a century or two before European encounter. The Natchez are also noted for having had an unusual social system of nobility classes and exogamous marriage practices. It was a strongly matrilineal society with descent reckoned along female lines, and the leadership passed from the chief, named "Great Sun", to his sister's son which ensured the chiefdom stayed within one clan. Ethnologists have not reached consensus on how the Natchez social system originally functioned, and the topic is somewhat controversial.
Around 1730, after several wars with the French, the Natchez were defeated and dispersed. Most survivors were sold by the French into slavery in the West Indies; others took refuge with other tribes, such as the Muskogean Chickasaw and Creek, and the Iroquoian-speaking Cherokee. Today, most Natchez families and communities are found in Oklahoma, where the Natchez Nation is a treaty tribe. Members are also enrolled in the federally recognized Cherokee and Muscogee (Creek) nations. Two Natchez communities are recognized by the state of South Carolina.
The historic Natchez were preceded in this area by what archaeologists call the indigenous Plaquemine culture, part of the larger, prehistoric Mississippian culture, which extended throughout the lower Mississippi Valley and its tributaries. Its peoples were noted for their hierarchical communities, building complex earthworks, platform mound architecture; and intensive cultivation of maize. Archaeological evidence indicates that people of the Plaquemine culture, an elaboration of the Coles Creek culture, had lived in the Natchez Bluffs region since at least as long ago as 700 CE. The Natchez Bluffs are located along the east side of the Mississippi River in present-day Mississippi. During the late prehistoric era, around 1500, Plaquemine-culture people occupied territory from the Big Black River in the north to about the Homochitto River in the south. The Plaquemine people built many platform mounds, including Emerald Mound, the second largest pre-Columbian structure in North America north of Mexico. Emerald Mound was an important ceremonial center.
The Natchez used Emerald Mound in their time, but they abandoned the site before 1700. Their center of power shifted to the Grand Village of the Natchez. The Grand Village has three platform mounds.
By 1700, the Natchez occupied a territory that covered only an area roughly between Fairchilds Creek and South Fork Coles Creek in the north to St. Catherine's Creek in the south. This area is approximately that of the northern half of present-day Adams County, Mississippi.
The earliest European account of the Natchez comes from the Spanish expedition of Hernando de Soto. In 1542 de Soto's expedition encountered a powerful nation which they called the "province of Quigualtam". Scholars have classified this as an Emerald Phase (1500 - 1680) precursor of the historic Natchez chiefdom. The encounter was brief and violent, and the Spanish barely escaped with their lives. No further European contact with the indigenous people in this area occurred for more than 140 years, by which time the Natchez culture had arisen.
French contact era
The French explored the lower Mississippi River in the late 17th century. Initial French-Natchez encounters were mixed. In 1682 René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle led an expedition down the Mississippi River. The Natchez received the party well, but when the French returned upriver, they were met by a hostile force of about 1,500 Natchez warriors and hurried away. At the time of the next French visit in the 1690s, the Natchez were welcoming and friendly. When Iberville visited the Natchez in 1700, he was given a three-day-long calumet peace ceremony and feast.
French Catholic missionaries from Canada began to settle among the Natchez in 1698. On the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, French colonists established Biloxi in 1699 and Mobile in 1702. Early French Louisiana was governed by Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville and his brother Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville, among others. Both brothers played a major role in French-Natchez relations.
During the early 18th century, according to French sources, the Natchez lived in six to nine village districts with a population estimated at 4,000-6,000 people, and with the ability to muster 1,500 warriors. There were three village districts in the lower St. Catherine's Creek area, called Tioux, Flour, and the Grand Village of the Natchez. Three other village districts were located to the northeast, along upper St. Catherine's Creek and Fairchild's Creek, called White Apple (or White Earth), Grigra, and Jenzenaque (or Hickories).
The Natchez chiefs were called Suns, and the paramount chief was called the Great Sun (Natchez: uwahšiL li∙kip). When the French arrived, the Natchez were ruled by the Great Sun and his brother, the Tattooed Serpent. The Great Sun had supreme authority over civil affairs, and the Tattooed Serpent oversaw political issues of war and peace, and diplomacy with other nations. Both lived at the Grand Village of the Natchez. Lesser chiefs, mostly from the Sun royal family, presided at other Natchez villages.
The Natchez performed ritual human sacrifice upon the death of a Sun. When a male Sun died, his wives were expected to accompany him by performing ritual suicide. Great honor was associated with such sacrifice, and sometimes many Natchez chose to follow a Sun into death. For example, at the death of the Tattooed Serpent in 1725, two of his wives, one of his sisters (nicknamed La Glorieuse by the French), his first warrior, his doctor, his head servant and the servant's wife, his nurse, and a craftsman of war clubs, all chose to die with him.
Mothers sometimes sacrificed infants in such ceremonies, an act which conferred honor and special status to the mother. Relatives of adults who chose ritual suicide were likewise honored and rose in status. The practice of ritual suicide and infanticide upon the death of a chief existed among other Native Americans living along the lower Mississippi River, such as the Taensa.
During the 18th century, the English and French colonies in the American southeast had a power struggle. The English colony of South Carolina had established a large trading network among the southeastern Native Americans. By 1700 it stretched west as far as the Mississippi River. The Chickasaw Indians, who lived north of the Natchez, were regularly visited by English traders and were well supplied with English trade goods. The most lucrative trade with the English involved Indian slaves. For decades the Chickasaw conducted slave raids over a wide region. Chickasaw raiders were often joined by Natchez and Yazoo warriors. The warriors raided over great distances to capture slaves from enemy tribes. For example, in 1713 a party of Chickasaw, Natchez, and Yazoo raiders attacked the Chaoüachas living near the mouth of the Mississippi River. The grand chief of the Chaoüachas was killed; his wife and ten others were carried off as slaves to be sold to the English.
English traders in the southeast had been operating for decades before the French arrived, but the French rapidly developed a rival trading network. Most Indian groups sought trade with as many Europeans as possible, encouraging competition and price reductions. Many tribes developed internal pro-English and pro-French factions. The Natchez appear to have developed such factions. By the 1710s the Natchez had a steady trade with the French and at least some contact with English traders.
The pro-French faction was led by the Grand Village of the Natchez and included the villages of Flour and Tioux. These villages were in the southwestern part of Natchez territory near the Mississippi River and French contact. The pro-English faction's villages lay to the northeast, closer to the Chickasaw and English contact, and further from the Mississippi River. The pro-English villages included White Apple, Jenzenaque, and Grigra. The Great Sun and Tattooed Serpent leaders lived in the Grand Village of the Natchez and were generally friendly toward the French. When violence broke out between the Natchez and the French, the village of White Apple was usually the main source of hostility.
The French regularly described the Natchez as ruled with absolute, despotic authority by the Great Sun and Tattooed Serpent. The existence of two opposing factions was well known and documented. The Great Sun and Tattooed Serpent repeatedly pointed out their difficulty in controlling the hostile Natchez. It is likely that the White Apple faction functioned at least semi-independently. Whatever power the family of the Great Sun and Tattooed Serpent did have over outlying villages was reduced in the late 1720s when both died. They were succeeded by relatively young, inexperienced leaders. While the new Great Sun was technically the paramount chief of the Natchez, the chief of White Apple became the eldest Sun chief and had more political clout than the Great Sun. The French continued to hold the Great Sun responsible for the conduct of all Natchez villages. They insisted on dealing with the Natchez as a unified nation ruled from its capital, the Grand Village of the Natchez.
During the 1710s and 1720s, French presence and settlement in Natchez territory increased from a handful of traders and missionaries to nearly 1,000 settlers (mostly French colonists and African slaves), who cultivated several large tobacco plantations, and maintained the military post of Fort Rosalie. At first the Natchez welcomed the French settlers and assigned them land grants.
Conflicts with the French
In the 1710s and 1720s, war broke out four times between the French and the Natchez. The French called these the First Natchez War (1716), the Second Natchez War (1722), the Third Natchez War (1723), and the Natchez Rebellion of 1729.
The last of these wars was the largest, in which the Natchez destroyed the French settlements in their territory. In retaliation, the French eventually killed or deported most of the Natchez people. Overshadowing the first three in scale and importance, the 1729 rebellion is sometimes simply called the Natchez War. All four conflicts involved the two opposing factions within the Natchez nation. The Great Sun's faction was generally friendly toward the French. Violence usually began in or was triggered by events among the Natchez of White Apple. In all but the last war, peace was regained largely due to the efforts of Tattooed Serpent of the Grand Village of the Natchez.
The First Natchez War of 1716 was precipitated by Natchez raiders from White Apple murdering four French traders. Bienville, seeking to resolve the conflict, called a meeting of chiefs at the Grand Village of the Natchez. The assembled chiefs proclaimed their innocence and implicated the war chiefs of White Apple. The Choctaw assisted the French in fighting the 1716 Natchez War. After the 1716 Natchez War, the French built Fort Rosalie near the Grand Village of the Natchez. The present-day city of Natchez, Mississippi had its origin in the 1716 establishment of Fort Rosalie.
War broke out again in 1722 and 1723. Called the Second and Third Natchez wars by the French, they were essentially two phases of a single conflict. It began in White Apple, where an argument over a debt resulted in a French trader's killing one of the Natchez villagers. The French commander of Fort Rosalie reprimanded the murderer. Unsatisfied with that response, Natchez warriors of White Apple retaliated by attacking nearby French settlements. Tattooed Serpent's diplomatic efforts helped restore peace. But within a year, Bienville led a French army into Natchez territory, intent on punishing the warriors of White Apple. Bienville demanded the surrender of a White Apple chief as recompense for the earlier Natchez attacks. Under pressure from the French and other Natchez villages, White Apple turned the chief over to the French.
Natchez Massacre and aftermath
In November 1729, the French commander Sieur de Chépart ordered the Natchez to vacate the village of White Apple so that he could use its land for a new tobacco plantation. This turned out to be the final affront to the Natchez, and they were unwilling to yield to the French demand. The chiefs of White Apple sent emissaries to potential allies, including the Yazoo, Koroa, Illinois, Chickasaw, and Choctaw. They also sent messages to the African slaves of nearby French plantations, inviting them to join the Natchez in rising up to drive out the French.
On November 29, 1729, the Natchez attacked. Before the day was over, they had destroyed the entire French colony at Natchez, including Fort Rosalie. Warriors killed more than 200 colonists, mostly French men, and they took captive more than 300 women, children, and slaves. In January 1730, the French attempted to besiege the main fort of the Natchez, but they were driven off. Two days later a force of about 500 Choctaw attacked and captured the fort, killed at least 100 Natchez, and recovered about 50 French captives and 50-100 African slaves. French leaders were delighted, but surprised when the Choctaw demanded ransoms for the captives.
War continued until January of 1731, when the French captured a Natchez fort on the west side of the Mississippi. Between 75 and 250 Natchez warriors escaped and found refuge among the Chickasaw. The young Great Sun and about 100 of his followers were captured, subsequently enslaved, and shipped to work French plantations in the Caribbean.
The Natchez Massacre expanded into a larger regional conflict with many repercussions. The Yazoo and Koroa Indians allied with the Natchez and suffered the same fate in defeat. The Tunica were initially reluctant to fight on either side. In the summer of 1730, a large group of Natchez asked for refuge with the Tunica, which was given. During the night, the Natchez turned on their hosts, killing 20 and plundering the town. In return, the Tunica attacked Natchez refugees throughout the 1730s and into the 1740s.
The Chickasaw tried to remain neutral, but when groups of Natchez began seeking refuge in 1730, the Chickasaw allied with the refugees against the French. By 1731 the Chickasaw had accepted many refugees. When in 1731 the French demanded the surrender of Natchez living among them, the Chickasaw refused. French-Chickasaw relations rapidly deteriorated, resulting in the Chickasaw Wars. Some of the Natchez warriors who had found refuge among the Chickasaw joined them in fighting the French. The Natchez Wars and the Chickasaw Wars were also related to French attempts to gain free passage along the Mississippi River. During the 1736 campaign against the Chickasaw, the French demanded again that the Natchez among them be turned over. The Chickasaw, compromising, turned over several Natchez, along with some French prisoners of war.
During the 1730s and 1740s, as the French-Natchez conflict developed into a French-Chickasaw war, the Choctaw fell into internal discord. The rift between pro-French and pro-English factions within the Choctaw nation reached the point of violence and civil war.
Louisiana's Africans, both slave and free blacks, were also affected by the Indian wars. The Natchez had encouraged African slaves to join them in rebellion. Most did not, but some did. In January 1730 a group of African slaves fought off a Choctaw attack, giving the Natchez time to regroup in their forts. More slaves fought for the French, however, as did some free blacks or people of color (gens de couleur libres). Because of the free blacks' contributions during the Natchez War, the French allowed them to join Louisiana's militias, which gave them more connections into the colonial society, where they achieved an independent social status between the French colonists and slaves. Many worked as highly skilled artisans; others became educated; they established businesses and acquired property.
Natchez after 1730
After the war of 1729–1731, Natchez society was in flux and the people scattered. Most survivors eventually settled among the Creek (Muscogee), Chickasaw, or with English colonists. Most of the latter two Natchez groups ended up with the Cherokee, due to patterns of subsequent conflicts. Natchez who lived among the Upper Creeks fled with them after the Red Stick War ended in 1814. They also took refuge with the Cherokee in North Carolina.
The Cherokee Natchez settled mostly along the Hiwassee River in North Carolina. The main Natchez town, dating to about 1755, was located near present-day Murphy, North Carolina. Around 1740 a group of Natchez refugees settled along a creek near the confluence of the Tellico River and the Little Tennessee River. The creek became known as Notchy Creek after the Natchez. The settlement was called Natchey Town or Natsi-yi (Cherokee for "Natchez Place"). It was the birthplace of the Cherokee leader Dragging Canoe, whose mother was Natchez. In later years Dragging Canoe's Cherokee father, Attacullaculla, lived in Natchey Town. Most of the Natchez living with the Cherokee accompanied them in 1830 on the forced removal of the Trail of Tears to Oklahoma.
Contemporary nation
Today the primary settlements of the Natchez Nation (Nvce or Nahchee), a treaty tribe, are within the southern halves of the Muscogee and Cherokee Nations in Oklahoma. The nation developed a constitution in 2003, which confirms its long-held traditions of self-government. Approximately 6,000 Natchez are members of the nation. Membership is based on matrilineal descent from people listed on the Dawes Rolls or the updated records of 1973. The nation allows citizens to have more than one tribal affiliation, asking only for work or donations to support the nation.
Small Natchez communities and settlements may be found in and throughout the Southeast and as far north as North Carolina. There are two state-recognized Natchez communities in South Carolina, each of which have independent governments: the Eastern Band Natchez, formerly Natchez-PeeDee; and the Edisto (Four Holes Indian Organization – Natchez-Kusso.)
The current leadership of the Natchez Nation consists of a Peace Chief (called the "Great Sun"), a War Chief and four primary Clan Mothers. Other Natchez Sun leaders have included K.T. "Hutke" Fields (Principal Peace Chief / Great Sun, 1996), Eliza Sumpka (Primary Clan Mother), William Harjo LoneFight, Robert M. Riviera (Principal War Chief, 1997), Watt Sam, Archie Sam, White Tobacco Sam and others.
The Natchez language is generally believed by scholars to be a language isolate. Its two last fluent speakers were Watt Sam and Nancy Raven. The Natchez nation is now working to revive it as a spoken language among its people.
Descent system
The Natchez are noted for having an unusual social system of noble classes and exogamous marriage. Members of the highest ranking class, called Suns, are thought to have been required to marry only members of the lowest commoner class, called Stinkards or commoners. The Natchez descent system has received a great deal of attention. Scholars debate how the system functioned before the 1730 diaspora. The topic has attracted controversy.
Primary source documentation on the pre-1730 Natchez kinship and descent system come from a relatively small number of French colonists who recorded information about Natchez social life between about 1700 and 1730. Although fragmentary and ambiguous, the French accounts are the only historic documents of Natchez society before 1730. Natchez oral traditions have also been studied. The first modern ethnographic study was done by John R. Swanton in 1911. Swanton's interpretations and conclusions are still generally accepted and widely cited. Later researchers have addressed various problems with Swanton's interpretation. Some researchers have proposed modifications of Swanton's model, while others have rejected most of it.
In Swanton's interpretation, social status among the Natchez was divided into two major categories, commoners and nobility. The nobility was further divided into three classes (or castes) called Suns, Nobles, and Honored People. Noble exogamy was practiced, meaning that members of the noble classes could marry only commoners. A person's social status and class were determined matrilineally. That is, the children of female Suns, Nobles, or Honoreds kept the status of their mothers. However, the children of male Suns and Nobles did not become commoners, as noble exogamy and matrilineal descent would appear to dictate, but rather inherited one class below their fathers. In other words, children of male Suns became Nobles, while children of male Nobles became Honored, according to Swanton.
Many later researchers have focused on the so-called "Natchez Paradox" that Swanton's model is said to engender. The paradox is that if the rules described were followed strictly, over time the commoner class would become depleted, while the lower nobility classes would grow ever larger.
Three general changes to Swanton's interpretation have been proposed to address the Natchez Paradox. First, a type of asymmetrical descent may have been practiced in which only male children of male nobility inherited the social class one step below their fathers, while female children of male nobles inherited their mothers' commoner status in matrilineal fashion. Related to this is the idea that the Honored category was not a social class but rather an honorific title given to commoner men and was not hereditary.
Second, the assimilation of foreign people, such as groups of Timucua, could have at least delayed the Natchez Paradox's effects. Researchers who argue for this idea often couple it with the proposal that the Natchez system of noble exogamy in the early 18th century was a relatively recent development in their society. According to this argument, during the relatively chaotic 16th and 17th centuries, the Natchez were able to maintain their old social system by adapting it to new conditions. They assimilated foreigners as commoners and made a new requirement of noble exogamy.
Third, the social classes described by Swanton were not classes or castes, as the terms are generally used in English, but exogamous ranked clans or moieties, with patterns of descent common to most Native peoples of the American southeast. Tribes such as the Chickasaw, Creek, Timucua, Caddo, and Apalachee were organized into ranked clans, with the requirement that one cannot marry within one's clan. Related to this theory is the idea that Honored status was not a class or a clan, but a title. Sun status, likewise, may not have been a class but rather a term for the royal family. If true, Natchez society would have been a moiety of just two groups, commoners and nobles. The requirement of exogamy may have applied to Suns only, rather than the entire nobility.
Some researchers argue that the prohibition against Suns' marrying Suns was largely a matter of incest taboo. In the early 18th century, all the Suns of a given generation appear to have been related within three degrees of consanguinity (siblings, first cousins, and second cousins). The custom of Suns' marrying commoners rather than Nobles may have been a preference rather than a requirement. Finally, while Swanton's interpretation claims that Nobles were also required to marry commoners, later researchers have questioned this idea. They have noted in particular a mistranslation of the primary sources and a misreading by Swanton. In other words, it could be that only Suns were required to marry exogamously, and this requirement may have been mainly a result of the taboo against incest.
Lorenz further reinterprets Swanton's model by proposing that the entire system was not based on classes, castes, or clans, but rather degrees of genealogical separation from the ruling Sun matriline. Lorenz's interpretation does not include asymmetrical descent or noble exogamy. Rather, a person was a Sun if he or she was within three degrees of matrilateral separation from the ruling matriline's eldest female Sun (called the "White Woman"). Nobles were those people who were four, five, or six degrees removed from the White Woman, while people seven degrees or more removed were commoners. In this system, the male children of male ruling Suns would naturally descend one "class" per generation, and would be required to marry outside the "class" to avoid incest. The only exception was the case of a male child of a male Noble, who acquired the Honored title by birth.
Many researchers agree that the Honored group was not a noble class but rather a title of prestige given to commoner men for acts of valor in war, or to commoner women who sacrificed their babies upon the death of a Sun. In addition, people of Honored status could be promoted to Nobles for meritorious deeds.
See also
- Bras Piqué
- Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
- Mound builder (people)
- History of the Tunica people
- List of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition
- Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 11th ed. (2004), p. 825.
- American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 5th ed. (2011), p. 1173.
- Geoffrey Kimball, "Natchez", in Native Languages of the Southeastern United States, ed. Janine Scancarelli and Heather Kay Hardy, University of Nebraska Press, 2005, pp. 385–453, accessed 9 Dec 2010
- White, Natchez Class and Rank Reconsidered, p. 369.
- See the National Park Service web pages Emerald Mound Site and Grand Village of the Natchez Indians.
- Lorenz, The Natchez of Southwest Mississippi, p. 143.
- Lorenz. The Natchez of Southwest Mississippi. pp. 143–144, 149.
- Kathleen DuVal, "Interconnectedness and Diversity in 'French Louisiana'", in Powhatan’s Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast, ed. Peter H. Wood, Gregory A. Waselkov, and M. Thomas Hatley, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2nd edition, 2006
- For an overview of colonial Louisiana and French-Indian relations, see DuVal, "Interconnectedness and Diversity in 'French Louisiana' ", in Powhatan’s Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast, ed. Peter H. Wood, Gregory A. Waselkov, and M. Thomas Hatley, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2nd edition, 2006
- Map of historic Natchez village areas in Lorenz, The Natchez of Southwest Mississippi, p. 149
- Lorenz, The Natchez of Southwest Mississippi, pp. 151, 160-161
- La Vere, David (2007-04-01). Looting Spiro Mounds: An American King Tut's Tomb. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 119–122. ISBN 978-0806138138.
- White, Natchez Class and Rank Reconsidered.
- Gallay, The Indian Slave Trade
- Galley, The Indian Slave Trade, pp. 296–297.
- An overview of the pro-French and pro-English factions, their role in the wars, and the French misunderstandings of Natchez politics can be found in Lorenz, The Natchez of Southwest Mississippi, pp. 158–163.
- Lawson, p. 7.
- Lorenz, The Natchez of Southwest Mississippi, pp. 162–163
- Mooney, Myths of the Cherokee, pp. 520–521.
- Brown, Old Frontiers, p. 539.
- Mooney, Myths of the Cherokee, pp. 387–388.
- "Introduction", in Native Languages of the Southeastern United States, ed. Janine Scancarelli and Heather Kay Hardy, University of Nebraska Press, 2005, p, 6, accessed 9 Dec 2010
- "Natchez Indian Language", Native Languages of the Americas, (retrieved 9 December 2010)
- See the section titled "Natchez Descent System" in Lorenz, The Natchez of Southwest Mississippi.
- White, Natchez Class and Rank Reconsidered, p. 370.
- Lorenz, The Natchez of Southwest Mississippi, p. 152.
- An overview of these three general modifications of Swanton's system can be found in Lorenz, The Natchez of Southwest Mississippi, pp. 152–155.
- Lorenz, The Natchez of Southwest Mississippi, pp. 157–158.
- Lorenz, The Natchez of Southwest Mississippi, p. 156.
- Balvay, Arnaud (2008). La Révolte des Natchez. Editions du Félin. ISBN 978-2-86645-684-9.
- Brown, John P. (1986) . Old Frontiers, The Story of the Cherokee Indians from Earliest Times to the Date of Their Removal to the West, 1838 (Reprint edition, AYER Company ed.). Southern Publishers. ISBN 0-405-02830-X.
- DuVal, Kathleen (2006). "Interconnectedness and Diversity in French Louisiana". In Gregory A. Waselkov (ed.). Powhatan's Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast, Revised and Expanded Edition. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-9861-7.
- Gallay, Alan (2002). The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South 1670–1717. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10193-7.
- Kimball, Geoffrey (2005). "Natchez". In Heather K. Hardy and Janine Scancarelli (editors). Native languages of the Southeastern United States. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-4235-2.
- Lawson, Charles F. (2004). Archaeological Examination of Electromagnetic Features: An Example from the French Dwelling Site, a Late Eighteenth Century Plantation Site in Natchez, Adams County, Mississippi, Master's Thesis, 2004, Florida State University. Retrieved on 21 Aug 2007
- Lorenz, Karl G. (2000). "The Natchez of Southwest Mississippi". In Bonnie G. McEwan (ed.). Indians of the Greater Southeast: Historical Archaeology and Ethnohistory. University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1778-5.
- Mooney, James (1995) . Myths of the Cherokee (Dover ed.). Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-28907-9.
- White, Douglas R.; George P. Murdock, Richard Scaglion (October 1971). "Natchez Class and Rank Reconsidered" (PDF). Ethnology X (4): 369–388. doi:10.2307/3773172. ISSN 0014-1828. JSTOR 3773172. Retrieved 2007-08-15.
Further reading
- Swanton, John R. (1911). Indian Tribes of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Adjacent Coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 43. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Natchez|
- Natchez Nation, website of the Natchez Nation in Oklahoma.
- George Sabo III, "The Natchez Indians", Indians of Arkansas Internet Project, University of Arkansas
- The Natchez Indians, Mississippi History Now
- Charles Gayarré, History of Louisiana, 1867; available at University of Chicago.
- Natchez Wars at the Concordia Sentinel
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A Snapshot of Interwar Orthodoxy: Introduction
In the June 1935 issue of the journal Church History, Matthew Spinka of the Chicago Theological Seminary published a 20-page article entitled, “Post-War Eastern Orthodox Churches.” The “War” he was referring to was, of course, World War I, and his article offers a succinct and quite balanced snapshot of the state of the world’s various Orthodox Churches in the years immediately following the war. I’m going to publish a series of excerpts of the article, beginning with the Spinka’s introductory comments.
Of course, this period — 1918 to the mid-1930s — was the era in which the various ethnic jurisdictions were firmly established in America. It’s a critical period in American Orthodox history, and it helps to understand the global context of that time.
From the downfall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453, the center of Eastern Orthodoxy slowly shifted from the Byzantine church, which suffered a tragic deterioration under the rule of the Turk, to the Empire of the Russian Orthodox tsars. Before the World War, the predominant role in numbers and resources as well as in spiritual and theological leadership was played by the church of Russia. Out of a total of some 144 millions of Orthodox adherents, the Russian membership comprised about 110 millions. By reason of its wealth and of the generous financial aid which it freely dispensed to the rest of the needy Orthodox communions, Russia exercised a far reaching, in some instances controlling, influence among them. Moreover, Russian Slavophil[e] thought has affected all Orthodox communions and has exercised a dominant theological influence over them.
The World War has produced another radical regrouping of the separate units of the Orthodox churches, and has once more shifted the center of gravity, this time from Russia to the Balkan peninsula. In accordance with an unwritten law in which the Erastian principle, so characteristic of Eastern churches, finds its expression, each independent political unit is accorded an autonomous or autocephalous ecclesiastical status. Accordingly, the creation of new states or expansion of the already existing ones has resulted in the organization of nine new Orthodox communions, while some formerly independent organizations have lost their separate existence and have been incorporated into larger national bodies. The net result of the various changes has been that the total number of Orthodox communions has considerably increased: there are at present twenty-one autocephalous or autonomous Orthodox bodies, instead of the fifteen which existed before the War.
In order to divide the subject in some logical fashion, one might conveniently group the Greek churches together, for they in reality form a self-conscious whole; the so-called Melkite group may be treated separately [ed. note: here he refers to the Churches of Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem, rather than the Melkite Catholics who are in communion with Rome], the Russian church, and its successional ecclesiastical groups, form a separate group by reason of their historical sequence and territorial propinquity. The Balkan churches likewise form a convenient grouping.
Next time, I’ll publish Spinka’s discussion of what he calls the “Greek churches” — that is, the Ecumenical Patriarchate, the Church of Greece, and the Church of Cyprus.
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Stasis dermatitis and ulcers
Stasis dermatitis is a change in the skin that occur when blood collects (pools) in the veins of the lower leg.
Venous stasis ulcers; Ulcers - venous; Venous ulcer
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
is a long-term (chronic) condition in which the veins have problems sending blood from the legs back to the heart.
Some people with venous insufficiency develop stasis dermatitis. Blood pools in the veins of the lower leg. Fluid and blood cells leak out of the veins into the skin and other tissues. This may lead to itching, which causes more skin changes.
You may have symptoms of venous insufficiency including:
- Dull aching or heaviness in the leg
- Pain that gets worse when you stand
- Swelling in the leg
At first, the skin of the ankles and lower legs may look thin or tissue-like. You may slowly get brown stains on the skin.
The skin may become irritated or crack if you scratch it. It may also become red or swollen, crusted, or weepy.
Over time, some skin changes become permanent:
Skin sores (ulcers) may develop (called a venous ulcer or stasis ulcer). These most often form on the inside of the ankle.
Signs and tests
The diagnosis is primarily based on the appearance of the skin. Your doctor may order tests to examine the blood flow in your legs.
Stasis dermatitis can be related to heart problems so you may need test to check your heart function.
You may take the following steps to manage venous insufficiency, which is causing stasis dermatitis:
Some skin care treatments can make the problem worse. Talk with your health care provider before using any lotions, creams, or antibiotic ointments.
Things to avoid:
Topical antibiotics, such as neomycin
Drying lotions, such as calamine
Benzocaine and other products meant to numb the skin
Treatments your health care provider may suggest include:
Stasis dermatitis is often a long-term (chronic
- Bacterial skin infections
- Chronic leg ulcers
- Infection of bone
- Permanent scar
Calling your health care provider
Call your health care provider if you develop leg swelling or symptoms of stasis dermatitis.
Watch for signs of infection such as:
Reider N, Fritsch PO. Other Eczematous Eruptions. In:Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Schaffer JV, et al, eds.Dermatology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier; 2012:chap 13.
Kevin Berman, MD, PhD, Atlanta Center for Dermatologic Disease, Atlanta, GA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc., Editorial Team: David Zieve, MD, MHA, David R. Eltz, Stephanie Slon, and Nissi Wang.
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blue butterflyArticle Free Pass
blue butterfly (subfamily Polyommatinae), any member of a group of insects in the widely distributed Lycaenidae family of common butterflies (order Lepidoptera). Adults are small and delicate, with a wingspan of 18 to 38 mm (0.75 inch to 1.5 inches). They are rapid fliers and are usually distinguished by iridescent blue wings. The male’s forelegs are reduced, but the female’s forelegs are fully developed.
Larvae are short, broad, and sluglike. Some species secrete honeydew, a sweet by-product of digestion that attracts ants. The ants stroke, or “milk,” the larva with their legs to stimulate honeydew secretion. The large blue (Maculinea arion, or Phengaris arion) spends its larval and pupal stages in an ant nest, emerging in the spring as an adult.
The fragile adults of most blue species have brilliant blue wing surfaces, generally much darker in the females than in the males. A few species have white or brown coloration (e.g., the brown argus, Aricia agestis). The pigmy blue (Brephidium exilis), the smallest blue, has a wingspan of less than 12 mm. The tailed blues (Cupido, sometimes Everes) have a tail-like extension on the hindwings.
The Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis), once found throughout the savanna and barrens habitats of North America, is listed as endangered in the United States. Its numbers have declined as a result of habitat fragmentation and a lack of natural disturbances such as wildfire, which limits forest intrusion into the butterfly’s habitat and encourages the growth of wild lupine, the leaves of which are the primary food source for Karner blue caterpillars.
What made you want to look up "blue butterfly"? Please share what surprised you most...
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We feel this is one of the best classroom activities because kids and adults alike, no matter what their skill level or inclinations, will have great results. There will be a sense of pride and satisfaction with this project from Jacquard Products.
- Silk Hoop
- Jar of water
- Jacquard Gutta or Water-Based Resist
- Jacquard Dye-Na-Flow or Silk Colors
- Applicator bottle with metal tip
- Cups or ice cube trays for mixing colors
- There are many approaches to painting the hoops. They can be painted in the traditional silk painting method of applying a resist to outline a design and then filling in the shapes with color. They can be painted in a more freeform watercolor style that doesn't include the use of the resist. A salt technique for adding texture to a painted area can be applied to any wet area of color. Drawing with the resist can be done on top of the dry painted hoop.Or stamping can be done with other textile paints. The main thing to remember is to experiment and have fun!
- Apply the resist. In the resist technique, the gutta/waterbased resist lines are drawn on and the dyes are applied within these lines. When painted on, the dyes will flow and spread on the silk until it reaches the resist lines. The resist acts as a boundary between colors much like lead in a stained glass window. These islands of color can be blended, highlighted or accented with other colors.
- Pour the resist into the dispenser bottle, replace the plastic insert and screw on the metal tip.
- If you are using a pattern, center the hoop over the pattern. The silk is light enough that the pattern lines will be visible through the fabric. Trace the pattern with the resist, or trace lightly with a pencil and then go over the pencil lines with the resist.
- Hold the resist bottle like a pencil. Gently squeeze the bottle until the resist begins to flow. It is a good idea to practice on a separate piece of silk or paper until you get the feeling of drawing smooth, flowing, continuous lines.
- Begin drawing your pattern. Move steadily, but not so quickly that you leave gaps in your lines. All lines must be connected or the dye will bleed through the gaps in the resist line.
- Once you've completed the design, carefully examine the lines. Make sure the resist has penetrated through to the back. Go back and fill in any gaps. Let the resist dry completely, usually 30 minutes. Use a hair dryer to speed drying time.
- Mix and apply the dye. Use Dye-na-Flow or Silk Colors.
- Use straight from bottle or use an ice cube tray to mix colors.
- Dip your brush gently into a color. Touch the brush to the fabric about 1/2" from the resist line. The dye will migrate the rest of the way. Paint all areas inside the gutta lines. For large areas, work quickly painting the color from corner to corner. Always work wet to wet. Never go over a dry area.
- For the silk hoop paintings, setting the dyes is not necessary.
- Special Techniques:
- Salt Technique: A beautiful starburst affect can be achieved by sprinkling salt over the fabric while still wet. Different size salt granules can be used, from table salt to rock salt, to create different size starbursts. The larger the granule, the larger the effect. The salt should be applied immediately while the fabric is still very wet. The salt crystals will begin to soak up the dye as it dries.
- Watercolor Method: One of the most exciting methods of painting on silk incorporates the wonderful qualities of the colors spreading and mixing on the silk. Simply paint one color next to another. The dyes will flow and blend automatically. You may pre-wet the fabric to enhance this effect.
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Troubleshooting: Gear Defects
Planetary gear systems are somewhat more complex than standard gear pairs due to the planet gear centers rotate around the sun gear at a rate called the train frequency. The sun gear RPM, a planet gear RPM or the train frequency can modulate the tooth mesh frequency. This can produce complex sets of sidebands in the spectrum, and can be difficult to interpret.
A Cracked or Broken Tooth generates a high amplitude 1x RPM of this gear, plus it excites the gear natural frequency side-banded at its running speed. It is best detected in Time Waveform which shows a pronounced spike every time the problem tooth tries to mesh with teeth on the mating gear. Time between impacts corresponds to 1/speed of gear with the problem. Amplitudes of impact spike in Time Waveform will often be higher than that of 1x Gear RPM in FFT.
Planetary Gear Defect
The ring gear in a planetary gearbox often has a region where the planetary teeth do not mesh smoothly, generating “impacting” each time a planetary gear passes over that region. In the spectra, this produces a periodic activity at the rate of the number of planetary gears times carrier turning speed.
An example signature presented is from a planetary gearbox where the ring gear has 89 teeth and the planetary gear has 36 teeth. A defect in the planetary teeth produces an impact at 89/36 or 2.47 orders of the carrier. When the defect in the planetary teeth aligns with the defect in the ring gear, the amplitude in the time waveform increases. This happens about every two turns of the carrier that corresponds to five turns of the planetary gear.
The spectrum of a cracked gear or cracked gear tooth has high amplitude peaks at the turning speed of the shaft with the bad gear and much harmonic activity. Usually gear mesh frequency and harmonics are also seen.
The waveform has a very high-impacting at turning speed due to the crack trying to open and close as the tooth is loaded and unloaded. If the waveform is displayed in the circular format with running speed correctly set, the plot shows this energy as the crack tries to open and close.
Information courtesy of Emerson Controls.
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In many ways, this book reads like “The Guinness Book of World Records,” delivering factual tidbits so weird and so delightfully jarring that they’re almost unseemly. On November 2, 2007, we learn, a hailstorm walloped Bogota, Colombia, with 59 inches of ice and freezing water. In Yakutsk, Siberia, women in reindeer coats often wait outside for the bus when the temperature is -49 Fahrenheit.
There’s a deeper story, though, in the lavishly illustrated encyclopedia: the earth is a lovely place, offering up more beauty and natural surprises than a layperson could possibly fathom. Who knew about “ball lightning,” which manifests as a ball of light that rolls on the ground and climbs trees? Or “sastrugi,” which are irregular wind-carved furrows and ridges in snow?
Fry and her coauthors maintain a tone of pleasantly restrained wonder, and they have organized their book quite logically, into six sections that start with the basics (“What is weather?”), then look at nature’s furies (thunderstorms, tornadoes, hurricanes) and the origins of climate science, before assailing us with the inevitable dark punch line: all the splendors you’ve seen heretofore—such as the sastrugi-rippled snows of Kilimanjaro—are in peril. To quote: “The marked increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide has no precedent in approximately the last 1 million years,” and the change “may rival or even exceed the meteor impact K-T extinction event, which brought the age of the dinosaurs to the end... In the aftermath of the 2006 East African drought, one Kenyan farmer’s herd plummeted from 85 cows to five.” The pictures sound the same disquieting note. Here, for instance, is an emaciated Ethiopian infant, his ribs bulging thanks to a drought and a famine.
In conclusion, the encyclopedia provides a glimpse into humankind’s brave and varied fight against climate change. In 15 hopeful pages, we learn about recycling and reforestation and the virtues of Portland’s MAX train. Encouraging stuff, certainly, but it’s a detour from all the science before it. And, it is not really necessary. The science in this book, so clearly enunciated and so lyrically terse, sounds its own haunting call to action.
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Dr. Robert J. Morgan
Today, it is generally accepted that work is necessary to earn an income. But through time, work for many has also meant a way of life. Take the Mi’kmaq for instance. They did not work just to generate an income. For them, work meant fishing, hunting, foraging, and making clothing and shelter. In crafting their tools and clothing they expressed their cultural values in the colours, patterns and symbols that represented their spirituality and relationship to nature.
In this series of studies, we wish to show that work is in fact much more than simply making a living: it expresses values, and involves people in relationships with their environment and communities. When European settlers arrived in Cape Breton they worked in the fisheries, the woods, the mines, built ships, began trade, and eventually produced steel and other manufactured goods. While this was work, in the sense that it sustains individuals and families, each group was also influenced by the geography and climate of the island; without the fish, without the coal, without a plentiful supply of wood and lush vegetation, most of the work would have been impossible. At the same time, the way people worked – mining, fishing, and farming for example, left a lingering imprint on the evolution of Cape Breton culture. Boats had to be produced and newspapers had to be published. Years in mines deep under the sea, fishing in the stormy Atlantic and raising farm animals for uncertain markets, have all left their mark on our values, many of which centre around tenacity, community and perseverance.
Despite the intensity of their labourers, basket weavers, coal miners, rug hookers and wool spinners were not without their moments of reprise – singing Gaelic or Acadian songs, vying with others for basket or rughooking designs, assigning nicknames to co-workers on the railway, planning plays for local rugby teams and composing humorous verses to entertain each other through long shifts and long nights.
Over the years, work has provided people with new opportunities. The opening of lobster canneries in the later years of the nineteenth century gave many women the chance to leave home for the first time, make a living on their own and meet new people. The opening of the quarries at Dingwall and Cheticamp meant new economic opportunities for people from as far away as Arichat and Whycocomagh; opportunities that allowed them not only to diversify their income, but to discover new talents and build new communities.
Work has left a deep imprint on the evolving character of life and culture on Cape Breton Island. On this website, we examine four broad spheres of work that highlight the deeply woven connections between work, life, culture and values: women’s work, industrial work, professional work and rural work.
Too often when we think of work, we think of men toiling in tough occupations. Yet what of women? Did they not keep the sheep, make clothing, produce food, educate children, and pass on religious and other cultural values? In the first section of this site, local authors, researchers and historians look at women’s contributions to Cape Breton economies and work values. In the nineteenth century, many worked with their husbands (or, if widowed, with their children and neighbours) on farms. Others, either as a sole occupation or in addition to their work on farms and in fisheries, produced practical and decorative goods to earn or supplement an income - several of the stories on this site will examine rughooking and quilting and how much of themselves women put into these expressions of beauty and usefulness.
As industry on Cape Breton evolved and especially as two World Wars changed the gender dynamics of the workplace, more and more women left farms and fishing communities to work in factories, in burgeoning steel and mining towns on the island, and through this adapted to new pastimes and work opportunities. We will look at a few of these new opportunities and their attendant challenges through the eyes of women living in Whitney Pier in the shadow of the steel mill, working in early clerical occupations as switchboard and telegraph operators, and even as prominent and cherished media figures.
In the next section, we consider what many think of as quintessentially “Cape Breton” – its industrial life over the last 120 years: its canneries, woolen mills, railway work, and of course mining and steel plants. It is in these areas of work that modern Cape Bretoners were forged – with their dedication to hard work, their resiliency in the face of hardship and their desire to “turn their hands to anything.”
Much like the work performed by women, professional labour is an important and trying area of work and cultural expression. Like mining and fishing, teaching and administering medicine in early rural Cape Breton meant dealing with harsh climates, undeveloped landscapes and frequent travel and isolation. In the third section of this site, we hear doctors, teachers and newspaper publishers speak, and read about entrepreneurial merchant families. The roles assumed by these individuals in employing thousands of others (in printing, commerce, and education) formed a pivotal part of Cape Breton’s development.
In many of the stories on this site, rural work reflects work that was done before industrialization. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, people fished, shod horses, farmed, and built ships for trade or the fishery. Given its position in the Atlantic, many Cape Bretoners held jobs related to the sea - lighthouse keeping, boatbuilding, shipping and fishing. This work molded early residents of the island; they lived modest lives in the country with still vivid memories of Scotland, Ireland, or indeed Louisbourg during its colonial era. These memories blended with their often difficult, but rewarding, Cape Breton work experiences.
© C@P Society of Cape Breton County, 2009
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This month, policymakers in Sacramento are beginning to get serious about the state budget, which is due at the end of June. That’s why for the past two years, parent members of the SFUSD Community Advisory Committee for Special Education have taken a field trip to Sacramento to participate in the annual “Legislative Information Sharing Day.” This lobbying day was created a decade ago by special education administrators, as a way of educating parents on special education policy and funding issues, and to enlist us in their efforts to educate legislators on these issues as well.
Special education is governed by a Federal law—the Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act (IDEA). When IDEA was passed in 1975, the Federal government pledged to cover 40 percent of the cost of special education programs, but this pledge has never been fulfilled. In 2004, Congress set out a schedule that would bring full funding by 2011, but this schedule has been ignored in every budget passed since then. Currently, the Federal government is funding 17 percent of the cost of providing special education in California – about $1.1 billion. If the Federal government paid its full share, California special education programs would receive an additional $1.4 billion.
If that weren’t bad enough, the State government has also played politics with special education, most recently with a law that minimizes the impact of any Federal increases in IDEA funding. This highly technical provision--known rather nauseatingly as the “bifurcated COLA”--quietly passed in the last days of the 2004-05 fiscal year, and has caused school districts in California to miss out on $54 million in additional funding.
All these missing dollars and cents add up to this fact: any shortfall in funds available for special education must come from somewhere, since school districts are legally required to provide each special education student with an individualized program (IEP) appropriate to his or her specific needs. Any costs above the State and Federal special education grants must be covered out of the school district’s general fund.
This is known as an “encroachment,” and it basically means that there isn’t enough money to meet everyone’s educational needs. It also means that local special education administrators are under intense pressure to keep costs down. Though money isn’t supposed to be discussed at IEP meetings, it is foremost in the minds of every decision-maker at the table. Parents must understand that budget constraints force districts to offer the best IEP they think they can afford – not necessarily the best IEP for the child.
Clearly, legislators in Washington and Sacramento need to know how their decisions are affecting our children. To prepare for our visit, the CAC for SpEd invited Vernon Billy, President of Governmental Solutions Group and SFUSD’s go-to man in Sacramento, to give us some pointers at our last meeting. Mr. Billy had many helpful suggestions about getting legislators’ attention. Some of them, like raising money, are currently beyond our group’s reach. Others, like forming coalitions with other groups who present similar viewpoints, are interesting but will take some long-term effort. Ultimately, he commended us for being on the right track (legislators do sit up and take notice when constituents take the time to visit them in Sacramento) but cautioned us that changes in special education funding formulas in Sacramento are unlikely to happen any time soon.
Armed with that realistic (if somewhat depressing) assessment, our group of six SFUSD parents and two administrators set off to Sacramento on May 2nd. Upon arriving, we spent a few hours learning about promising legislation before the Legislature, including:
• AB 850 (Torrico) would repeal the “bifurcated COLA” provision and restore funding that was lost when the state suddenly ceased funding cost of living adjustments on Federal special education grants;
• AB 964 (Houston) would provide incentive pay for special education teachers, as a way of alleviating the chronic shortage of teachers in this area;
• AB 1281 (Soto) would require petitioners for charter schools to demonstrate how they will serve children with disabilities, and describe in more detail how they will provide appropriate professional development for their teachers who work with children with special needs;
• AB 1659 (Lieber) would greatly improve parents’ ability to receive fair and impartial settlements in special education disputes;
• SB 527 (Steinberg) would require physicians to routinely evaluate children under age five for signs of autism. It appears that autism will be a major focus in the next legislative session, as three major efforts (fact-finding by the Legislative Blue Ribbon Commission on Autism and the Secretary of Public Instruction’s Autism Advisory Committee and the creation of the Department of Developmental Services ASD Guidelines for Effective Intervention) will be wrapping up this spring and summer.
We were also heartened by the knowledge that the prospect of the Federal government finally funding its full pledge under IDEA looks more hopeful than it has in years, thanks to the new Democratic majority in Congress. We are keeping our fingers crossed, and seeking a meeting with House Speaker Nancy Pelosi to press our case.
After a quick lunch, we headed down the street to meet with our local representatives – Assemblyman Mark Leno, Assemblywoman Fiona Ma, Senator Carole Migden and Senator Leland Yee. In each case, we were able to spend at least a few minutes with each legislator and his or her staff (special mention to Senator Yee, who met with us face-to-face for almost a half-hour), to talk about our children and the challenges we parents experience in navigating the currently under-funded and highly complex system of special education.
While we were received politely and felt very grateful for the legislators’ time, we also concluded that we still have a long way to go towards our goal of gathering enough support for a special education system with the resources to provide high-quality service and high academic expectations for all children with disabilities. A big obstacle is, as always, money—but the bigger obstacle is will. Our field trips to Sacramento have taught us that we need to build that will by working the system – getting organized, cultivating support and relationships, and continuing over time to push our agenda.
Rachel Norton is the parent of two children in San Francisco public schools and a member of the SFUSD Community Advisory Committee for Special Education, which generally meets on the fourth Thursday of each month, except July and December. For more information, please call (415)920-5040 or e-mail firstname.lastname@example.org.
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Simply begin typing or use the editing tools above to add to this article.
Once you are finished and click submit, your modifications will be sent to our editors for review.
The Romans were the preeminent military engineers of the ancient Western world, and examples of their works can still be seen throughout Europe and the Middle East. The Romans’ castra, or military garrison towns, were protected by ramparts and ditches and interconnected by straight military roads along which their legions could speedily march. Like the Chinese, the Romans also built...
What made you want to look up "castrum"? Please share what surprised you most...
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Convert the angle in degrees (or grads) to radians, and vice versa.
Angular measurements are commonly expressed in units of degrees, minutes, and seconds (DMS). This converter can be useful on all types of angle designation conversions: radians - grads - degrees (both, decimal form and degree, minutes, seconds form). Enter a numeric value appropriate for the designation you want to calculate and convert. The values returned will be for all of the other designations.
To convert degrees to radians, multiply the degrees by pi/180.
To convert grads to radians, multiply the grads by pi/200.
Pi is equal to a circle's circumference divided by its diameter, where pi equals 3.141592653589793...
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Utah State University Faculty Honor Lectures
The Faculty Association, Utah State Agricultural College
It has been estimated that about 728 million acres or about 76 percent of the entire land area in the West is used for grazing (Stoddard and Smith 1956). In Utah about 93 percent of the land area or 48,900,000 acres is considered range land (Reuss and Blanch 1951). Although some of this range land is forested, a large area of it can be used only for grazing. Therefore, range livestock production is an important segment of western agriculture.
Before 19'00 most of the animals in the West grazed on the range all year. However, irrigation crop production has expanded and there have been a greater number of animals fed in farmlots for at least part of the winter period.
Cook, C. Wayne, "Range Liverstock Nutrition and its Importance in the Intermountain Region" (1956). USU Faculty Honor Lectures. Paper 39.
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Send your queries and feedback on this paper by contacting the author.
There is a growing interest in cogeneration of water and power in arid and semi-arid regions around the world. Cogeneration may be achieved by coupling a power plant to a desalination plant in order to extract available waste heat and power to drive thermal as well as membrane-based desalination systems. The attractiveness of hybridizing membrane and thermal desalination plants for the production of freshwater from seawater is seen advantageous. Costs water produced by co-located desalination/power plant complexes has been shown to be as low as 0.50 USD per cubic meter. The option of the unique coupling of green house gas-friendly nuclear power plants to desalination systems is also noted.
:: IDS Emergency Management :: IDS Packaging ::IDS Publishing / Media::IDS Healthcare Management::IDS Environment::IDS Plastics::IDS Power/Energy::
IDS, Inc. – Online Tradeshow, Exhibition, & Buyers Guide Solutions
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Modern Mapping in the USGS
Mapping and the U.S. Geological Survey
The U.S. Geological Survey ensures access to basic geospatial data and earth science information for users worldwide. Through its National Mapping Program, the U.S. Geological Survey "provides geographic, cartographic, and remotely sensed information, maps, and technical assistance, and it conducts related research in response to national needs." Through the U.S. Geological Survey, public funds are used to provide inexpensive maps to benefit the public. Among these benefits are the maps visitors receive when they tour national parks and forests. Maps and mapping data are used by emergency response systems, law enforcement, resource managers, and environmental monitoring projects. Private businesses and individual citizens also use U.S. Geological Survey products in a variety of ways to support the growth of commerce and augment the quality of life (U.S. Geological Survey, 1997).
The USGS National Elevation Dataset (NED) has been developed by merging the highest-resolution, best-quality elevation data available across the United States into a seamless raster format. NED is the result of the maturation of the USGS effort to provide 1:24,000-scale Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data for the conterminous US and 1:63,360-scale DEM data for Alaska. NED is well-suited for graphic visualization and has been processed to minimize discontinuities and to fill in void areas that would otherwise be blemishes in graphic representations.
This is an example of graphical elevation data for the St. Louis, Missouri area. Elevation data are an essential part of many Earth science applications. They are used for such diverse purposes as providing shaded-relief backgrounds, stratification in land cover classification, geometric and radiometric correction of remotely-sensed data, landform characteristics such as slope and aspect, and for geographic information system analysis of synthetic drainage networks and watershed delineations.
U.S. Geological Survey Maps
Internet users may search for U.S. Geological Survey maps by going to our search page at http://search.usgs.gov, or to find out more about programs and products and their availability, visit http://mapping.usgs.gov.
U.S. Geological Survey, 1997, rev. 1999, Strategic Plan
for the National Mapping Division of the U.S. Geological Survey: accessed
August 10, 2001, at URL http://mapping.usgs.gov/misc/strategic.html.
Department of the Interior||U.S.
Last modification: 10-Feb-2004@14:54
Privacy Statement || Disclaimer || FOIA || Accessibility
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Titanic Sinks Four Hours After Hitting Iceberg
Survival Facts: If you were a third class passenger, your chance of survival was 25 percent
First class passengers had a 62 percent survival rate. Second class passengers had a 41 percent survival rate. The crew had a 24 percent survival rate.
Fun Fact: What happened to the iceberg?
Bonus: Images of the Titanic wreck made by stitching together hundreds of optical and sonar images collected by robots via Scientific American Woods Whole Oceanographic Institute, and National Geographic.
Image: April 16, 1912 edition of the New York Times.
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Puffy fish are more fun than regular fish. Toilet tissue or newspaper help these fish puff up in 3-D! You can use them to make a fishy mobile.
What You'll Need:
- Colored tissue paper
- Craft glue
- Toilet tissue or newspaper
This Puffy Fish Craft is leaps and bounds more fun
than an ordinary flat fish craft would be.
How to Make Puffy Fish:
Step 1: Lay two pieces of tissue paper together. Draw the outline of a fish, then carefully cut the shape out of both pieces of tissue. This will be the front and back of your fish.
Step 2: Decorate it any way you like. You can make it look like a real fish or a funny cartoon one.
Step 3: Apply a thin line of glue along the inside edge of the front half of your fish, leaving the tail unglued. Put the two pieces of tissue together and let the glue dry.
Step 4: When it's dry, stuff your fish with toilet tissue or newspaper to make it puff out! Glue the tail shut. You can make a fishy mobile by tying several fish to a stick with thread.
For more crafty fun and animal-related activities:
ABOUT THE CRAFT DESIGNERS
Carp Kite by Lisa Lerner and Kersten Hamilton
Brightly Colored Fish Romper by Janelle Hayes, Christina Romo Carlisle and Janis Bullis
Neon Fish Shirt & Visor by Janelle Hayes, Christina Romo Carlisle and Janis Bullis
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Wednesday, October 17, 2012
365 S. Mudd, Salvatori Room
Environmental Science and Engineering Seminar
The plumbing of ice sheets
Ian Hewitt, Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute of Applied Mathematics, University of British Columbia
One of the largest uncertainties in forecasts of the melting ice caps is the role played by water at the base of the ice in lubricating ice flow. Recent observations of the Greenland Ice Sheet have shown that summer meltwater penetrating from the ice surface substantially affects the rate at which the ice slides. Faster sliding would quicken the rate at which ice is lost from the ice sheet, but the observations to date are inconclusive about the overall effect of the meltwater: some indicate that speed-up does indeed occur, whilst others suggest more melting actually leads to a slow-down of the ice.
I will present efforts to understand this behaviour using mathematical models. I will discuss the current hypotheses for what is happening to the drainage system beneath the ice. In the simplest description, water flows through a sequence of connected cavities formed as the ice slides over small-scale bumps in the bed. The water flow generates heat, melting the ice and causing the formation of river-like channels. This evolution of the drainage system significantly alters its capacity to drain the water from the crevasses, and ultimately controls the rate at which the ice slides. I will show calculations of ice flow for different amounts of melting to investigate the impact of recent climatic changes on the Greenland Ice Sheet.
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24 December 2012
Have you ever thought about the fact that the people of the Middle Ages didn’t think of themselves as living in the Middle Ages? No; as far as they were concerned, they were modern. All the world’s prior history was leading to their time.
And so it is with us, too. We children of the 60s and 70s had a saying, “Never trust anyone over 30.” We were the center of history; our parents and grandparents were old folks. Then time played its cruelest joke on us. We got older than 30. We had kids, and now we have grandkids. We have become our grandparents. And we have discovered, just as every previous generation, that the world doesn’t revolve around us. Like the old hymn says, “Time, like an ever-rolling stream, bears all its sons away/ They fly, forgotten, as a dream dies at the opening day.”
Each generation thinks that it is the point of history. Time proves us wrong, so some move to the other extreme—the view that history has no point, no center. History is just “one thing after another”—in the words of Macbeth, it’s a “tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing.”
Today’s gospel sets things straight. History does have a center, a focus, a point. But it’s not us, here…it’s two thousand years ago and an ocean away. St. Matthew goes through the genealogy of our Lord and God and Savior Jesus Christ. And what a tale it tells!
We hear of Abraham, the friend of God and father of the faithful; Isaac, the child of promise, the one who showed Abraham’s obedience; Jacob, the sneak, who got the blessing by deceit. It’s a story of sinners. Unlike most genealogies, it lists some women, too. But all of them have a question mark by their name: Rahab the harlot…Ruth the foreigner…Bathsheba the adulteress.
We hear, too, of the high and low points of Jewish history. From God’s promise to Abraham till David the king, 14 generations go by. From that pinnacle to the exile into Babylon, another 14 generations. And from the Babylonian captivity till God’s promise to Abraham was fulfilled, took another 14 generations. Promise… Kingship…Exile—all lead to the center, the point of it all—the birth of enfleshed God. For history is, you see, his story.
And because it is his story, it is our story too. When God the Son became man in the womb of the Virgin, he took on our humanity, in all its fullness, apart from sin. Isn’t that what today’s gospel is all about?
God the Son’s becoming man is, for us, a comfort. We do not have a God untouched by our weakness. He knows what we’re going through. He knows hunger and thirst, he knows poverty and temptation. He even knows sin—not because he sinned, but because he took our sin on himself and conquered it for us.
God the Son’s becoming man is also a challenge. There are many human beings, but only one humanity. When I say, “I am human,” “You are human,” “Christ is human,” the word “human” refers to one and the same thing.
We have a habit of excluding some from the human community. When the head of the NRA spoke about the school shooting in Connecticut, he referred to “monsters among us.” Some of our leaders refer to the Iranians seeking nuclear power as “insane.” When we were broken into, some of us thought, “What kind of person would do that?”
But the reality is, there are not two or more humanities. All these people: the school shooter, our enemies on the world stage, and those who hurt us personally—all alike share the same humanity with us, and with incarnate God. So do the poor, the prideful, the weak and the wealthy.
The challenge for us, then, is to love them all alike—not making distinctions, not allowing for classes, not treating anyone different from another. For God the Son became man, and in his incarnation he embraces each and every one of us. Let us, therefore, embrace each other in love! History is his story, and his story is the story of abiding love, of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit.
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One of the simplest concepts of sports psychology is developing positive self talk. It’s also one of the hardest sports psychology skills to master.
What Is Self Talk?All day long, most people have a running dialogue with themselves. If you actually stop and listen to these messages, you may wonder how you accomplish anything at all. How many times in a given day do you find yourself mentally rehearsing the worst possible outcome, or telling yourself you can’t do something, or it's too hard? If you are in the middle of a 5K run and someone darts past you, does that little voice in your head encourage you or shoot you down?
Getting a handle on our self talk is one of the hardest things many of us will attempt, whether we play sports or not. In fact, developing positive self talk is at the heart of many mindfulness-based programs. For an athlete, negative internal messages and thoughts are among the biggest contributors to pre-race jitters and performance anxiety.
So just how can we reduce these negative messages? In sports psychology, the goal is to replace the negative self talk with more positive messages.
A basketball player shooting free-throws who tells himself, "I’m not going to make this basket," will need to practice replacing that negative statement with a positive "I’m going to make this shot." While this may not seem like it can work, over time and with repetition an athlete can develop a new habit of thinking positive statements and thoughts and expect a more positive outcome. It’s this connection between the words and the belief that is the ultimate goal of this technique.
Another important factor of positive self talk is that it must be possible and believable. Making a free-throw is just as much a possibility as missing one, so this message can be believed by the athlete on a very deep level. Telling yourself that you’ll be the next NBA all-star won’t have the same impact because (1) there isn’t any immediate feedback to reinforce the self talk, and (2) the message may not be believable, and therefore, it’s unlikely to improve self esteem or efficacy in the athlete.
Research supports the theory that an athlete who continually practices positive self talk will improve his or her sports performance. Succumbing to negative mental self talk is a sure way to reduce performance and sports success.
Simple Steps for Developing a Positive Self Talk Habit
- Choose a mantra
To get started with creating a more positive self talk, choose one of two mantras you can use during your training. This could be a simple affirmation, such as "I feel strong," or the mantra "Go, Go, Go," or another simple, positive phrase you can repeat over and over.
- Practice multiple scenarios
Once you have developed the habit of repeating this phrase during practice to the point where it is automatic, start expanding the dialogue so that you have familiar and comfortable statements for a variety of situations during your sport. For example, if you are cycling and reach a hill, you might say, "I’m a great hill climber," or "I’ve done this before and it’s doable." If you get dropped from the pack you can say, "Anything can happen, and I’m definitely not out of this. Don’t let up."
- Create a positive mental image or visualization
The phrases and words you choose should be those that you can immediately call up and create a visual picture of yourself doing exactly what you say. The image along with the words are a powerful combination that creates a positive message tied to a belief.
Hatzigeorgiadis, A., et al. Self-Talk and Sports Performance A Meta-Analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science July 2011 vol. 6 no. 4 348-356
Evans S, Ferrando S, Findler M, Stowell C, Smart C, Haglin D. Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, July 2007.
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Posted by Amtul Q Farhat
Ancient manuscripts indicate Jewish community once thrived in Afghanistan
CBS News: A trove of ancient manuscripts in Hebrew characters rescued from caves in a Taliban stronghold in northern Afghanistan is providing the first physical evidence of a Jewish community that thrived there a thousand years ago.
On Thursday Israel’s National Library unveiled the cache of recently purchased documents that run the gamut of life experiences, including biblical commentaries, personal letters and financial records.
Researchers say the “Afghan Genizah” marks the greatest such archive found since the “Cairo Genizah” was discovered in an Egyptian synagogue more than 100 years ago, a vast depository of medieval manuscripts considered to be among the most valuable collections of historical documents ever found.
Genizah, a Hebrew term that loosely translates as “storage,” refers to a storeroom adjacent to a synagogue or Jewish cemetery where Hebrew-language books and papers are kept. Under Jewish law, it is forbidden to throw away writings containing the formal names of God, so they are either buried or stashed away.
This is the route these Jews followed:
Find the timeline, facts, historical and scientific evidence on this link:
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Want to stay on top of all the space news? Follow @universetoday on Twitter
Here’s a little something to please fans of space, art and fantasy alike (and those who enjoy all three): on August 6 the International Astronomical Union approved names for 9 craters on Mercury, one of which is named for J.R.R. Tolkien, revered author of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings (among other seminal fantasy works.)
The crater Tolkien is approximately 30 miles (48 km) in diameter. All 9 newly-named craters are located in Mercury’s north polar region and exhibit radar evidence of water ice hidden in their shadowy pocketses.
IAU procedure for craters on Mercury has them named after “deceased artists, musicians, painters, and authors who have made outstanding or fundamental contributions to their field and have been recognized as art historically significant figures for more than 50 years.” Find out who all 9 new craters are named for after the jump:
Egonu, for Uzo Egonu (1931-1996), a Nigerian-born painter who at 13 was sent to England to study art, first at a private school in Norfolk and later at the Camberwell School of Arts and Crafts. Exile, alienation, and the pain of displaced peoples were recurrent themes in his work.
Gaudí, after Antoni Gaudí (1852-1926), a Spanish architect whose work concentrated largely on the Catalan capital of Barcelona. He was very skilled with ceramics, stained glass, wrought-iron forging, and carpentry and integrated these crafts into his architecture.
Kandinsky, for Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944), a Russian painter and art theorist credited with painting the first purely abstract works.
Petronius, for Titus Petronius (c. AD 27-66), a Roman courtier during the reign of Nero. He is generally believed to be the author of the Satyricon, a satirical novel believed to have been written during the Neronian era.
Prokofiev, for Sergei Prokofiev (1891-1953), a Russian composer, pianist, and conductor who is considered one of the major composers of the 20th century. His best-known works include the ballet Romeo and Juliet — from which “Dance of the Knights” is taken — and Peter and the Wolf.
Tolkien, for John Ronald Reuel (J. R. R.) Tolkien (1892-1973), an English writer, poet, philologist, and university professor, best known as the author of the classic fantasy novels The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings.
Tryggvadóttir, for Nina Tryggvadóttir (1913-1968), one of Iceland’s most important abstract expressionist artists and one of very few Icelandic female artists of her generation. She primarily worked in painting, but she also created collages, stained glass work, and mosaics.
Qiu Ying, for Shifu Qiu Ying (1494-1552), a Chinese painter who specialized in the gongbi brush technique, a careful realist method in Chinese painting. He is regarded as one of the Four Great Masters of the Ming Dynasty.
Yoshikawa, for Eiji Yoshikawa (1892-1962), a Japanese historical novelist best known for his revisions of older classics including The Tale of the Heike, Tale of Genji, Outlaws of the Marsh, and Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
“These designations expand the opportunities to recognize the contributions to the arts by the most creative individuals from many cultures and eras. The names of those individuals are now linked in perpetuity to the innermost planet.”
– Sean Solomon, MESSENGER Principal Investigator
The craters were imaged by NASA’s MESSENGER spacecraft, currently in extended mission around Mercury. Learn more about the preciousss MESSENGER mission here. (Gollum! Gollum!)
Image credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington
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Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is one of the many things that makes Community Hospital special. It is a treatment in which a patient breathes 100-percent oxygen while inside a pressurized chamber.
Community Hospital's state-of-the-art hyperbaric oxygen chambers are used for the following:
- selected, non-healing wounds
- deep-tissue infections
- chronic bone infections
- injury from radiation treatment
- compromised tissue grafts
In Monterey County, we are at sea level. That means we experience 1 atmosphere of pressure during our daily lives. The hyperbaric chamber, on the other hand, can be adjusted to deliver up to 2 additional atmospheres of pressure. Coupled with the inhalation of 100-percent oxygen, this results in a dramatic increase in oxygen to the body's tissues.
The compressed oxygen is dissolved into the blood, which can carry a high concentration of oxygen to damaged tissue. And oxygen is critical for healing. Perhaps the most important feature of hyperbaric oxygen is that it stimulates the growth of new blood vessels, which can then support new tissue growth.
The high concentration of oxygen also improves the efficiency of white blood cells, which helps clear up infection, enhance the performance of oxygen-dependent antibiotics, and reduce edema (swelling) that sometimes gets in the way of healing. "Hyperbaric oxygen therapy can be used for certain non-healing wounds," says Dr. Ed Johnson, panel physician, Wound Healing and Hyperbaric Medicine at Community Hospital. "But we also treat patients who have compromised skin grafts or flaps.
"A bad crush injury to the leg, for instance, can become swollen quickly. But we can reduce the swelling right away, which allows blood flow to become unrestricted. Because this high concentration of oxygen can pass through the bloodstream in the liquid phase, it can get into small spaces, even where tissue might be crushed.
"Hyperbaric oxygen therapy can also stop the progression of gangrene infection because the anaerobic bacteria do not like oxygen. By halting the production of the bacteria, white blood cells are able to get in there and clean things up." In many instances, hyperbaric oxygen therapy supplements traditional treatments such as surgery and antibiotics.
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Our country has been experiencing a number of different energy developments over the past couple decades. Natural gas, wind & solar energy, and hydraulic fracturing are just a few of the innovations that are becoming a part of our everyday lives. But one other novelty is slowly stealing the spotlight.
Microgrids are a modern technology that represent a small-scale integrated energy system. A microgrid is responsible for electricity generation and energy storage, and can be used either in conjunction with the utility’s existing power grid or as an entirely separate entity. A few major benefits resulting from the use of a microgrid include lower demand on transmission infrastructure, fewer line losses, and the ability to rely on local power sources.
Microgrids may still face a few barriers in certain areas, such as cost and integration, but they are slowly becoming more widespread. In a recent report from Pike Research, five major markets taking advantage of this innovation consist of campus, military, remote, community, and commercial & industrial sectors.
The United States Department of Defense (DOD) has become one of the most recent administrations to express interest in the use of microgrids. Looking to improve energy security, the DOD is attempting to produce over 600 megawatts of energy by 2018.
In addition to limiting the amount of fossil fuels used to generate electricity, senior research analyst Peter Asmus describes additional benefits, “They can also be used to help integrate renewable energy resources (such as wind and solar) at the local distribution and grid level. Simultaneously, microgrids enable military bases – both stationary and forward operating bases – to sustain operations, no matter what is happening on the larger utility grid or in the theater of war.”
The California Energy Commission is also taking part in microgrid development. It recently approved $1.6 million in funding for the University of California in San Diego to advance their microgrid improvements. Generating more than 90% of its own energy, the university has already reported over $800,000 per month in energy savings!
The Windham Hospital and The William W. Backus Hospital, both located in Eastern Connecticut, are requesting $1.5 million from the Microgrid Grant and Loan program to begin production on their campuses. Representatives from both hospitals explain the main benefit of a microgrid to be the guaranteed power that will be available to keep all medical equipment running effectively and continuously.
Whether it be a military base, a university campus, or a local hospital, microgrids are becoming a popular development that can provide immense benefits for any site that chooses to take advantage. Increased reliability, significant savings on monthly energy bills, local electricity generation, and a reduction in carbon footprint are all important aspects to consider. Are you interested in the development of microgrids? Leave your thoughts in the comments section below.
Energy Curtailment Specialists, Inc.
Sarah can be found on LinkedIn and Google+.
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We've written a lot about LEDs as the future of bright green lighting. But the LED's prospects are looking brighter and brighter, it would appear:
If a time traveler from a hundred years ago were to visit a home today, much of the technology would be completely alien. The television, cordless phone and computer would probably leave him flabbergasted. But on seeing a light bulb, he might say, "Ah! Here's something I recognize. A few of those grace my home, too."
If the visitor comes back in 15 years, the fruit of Thomas Edison's bright idea may be gone. The likely replacement: light-emitting diodes, or LEDs.
Indeed, the buzz on LEDs is spreading through the facility management industry, while innovations (like LED floodlights) are spreading. I suspect that the future may indeed bask in diode-emitted light...
I recently ran a research project at the University of Montreal's design school looking at LED-based lighting. The general prognosis in the industry is that mass-market lighting will be coming onstream in roughly five years, especially since there will be a snowball effect.
Unfortunately, most manufacturers are not pushing the technology, since there is no standard for any 'bulb' equivalent, and the bulb industry is a surprisingly large lobby group.
Perhaps the most interesting thing we discovered is how little is known about the effects of intense, narrow-spectrum light. We do, after all, absorb some wavelengths of light; some near-IR frequencies have been used for accelerating wound healing in certain clinical trials (see, e.g. Quantum Devices ).
This will have both positive and negative implications, which will in large part depend on the nature of the deployment of yet another technological solution in which we get to be the subjects of a large-scale laboratory experiment! Not unlike the chemical stew we are generating with industrial and pharmaceutical runoff in the water and food streams... Light sources are linked to well-being, via a number of different biological mechanisms, and LEDs offer more spectrum control than any previous light source.
I believe there have been other links to it, but the solid state lighting section of the Lighting Research Institute has comparatively sound information.
All the best,
Check out TIRs launch of lexel at lightfair. full market LEDs are on their way: http://tirsys.com/
I've converted most of my house to compact fluorescent bulbs, but my major concern about them is the mercury they contain. I'm going to guess that the vast majority of people who buy compact's don't even know that mercury is in them, and when they burn out they just throw them in the trash, and when they break, they probably don't take precautions against getting it on/in themselves. This is another reason I welcome the approach of consumer-affordable/usable LEDs.
I'm active in adventure racing, and I'm seeing LED head- and bike-lamps making huge strides in brightness, power consumption and price: every few months a new product comes out which blows away the previous best-of-breed. I've hardly used my incandescent lights in the last twelve months. I think, though, that the real challenge for broad acceptability, as with flourescent, is in developing lights which offer the same visual warmth as incandescent. This may be just a matter of putting a yellow pearl shell around a bunch of LEDs, but it makes a real difference to me: I find my "white" LED lamps are just too blue for comfort.
diyaudio, back when the diy video projector craze hit, was seriously investigating LED's for illumination. but high pressure metal halide systems were way more efficient. this was three years ago now, but led's were 1/4 as energy:light efficient as almost any old high prressure arc light. a lot of new projectors run 200 watt bulbs which put out 2000 lumen even though some obscene contrast ratios: you just cant top efficiency like that.
are led's better than incandescent? oh god yes. but they've only recently managed to get significantly better than fluorescent. the main advantage of LED's is packaging, durability and manufacturing costs.
Actually, LEDs aren't 'better' than fluorescent at all; the lumens per watt (for white light) is about equal to incandescent or halogen, at best, and not nearly equal to fluorescent. Their advantages are in the efficient generation of colored light, small form factor, imperviousness to environmental conditions, long lifespan, and (maybe most importantly) the potential for future efficiencies. Halogen and incandescent, like fluorescent and HID, are near the top of even theoretical efficiencies in terms of lumens/watt; LEDs will almost certainly outstrip them all in the long run.
Key disadvantages include the lack of standards, the lack of knowledgeable installers (you have to be a bit of an engineer to make the things work, unless you buy expensive off-the-shelf products), the lack of a waste management stream (possibly a worse problem than other lights, since often the LEDs are built right into the fixures), and the difficulty of getting a white light with a decent color rendering index; they tend to be a little cold, with odd blue and green overtones.
LEDs are certainly the ones to watch--but I still think it will be around 5 years before they hit the mainstream. They'll have lots of momentum by the time they hit, though.
"Just this week, researchers at the Lighting Research Center at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, N.Y., said they had boosted the light output per watt of a white LED to almost six times that of an incandescent light bulb, beating even a compact fluorescent bulb in efficiency."
oops my link is the same story in a different place :blush:
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Re: You ask the value of these pesky smelly Flying Foxes?
Re: The members of the committee of the Wildlife Protection Society Gold Coast Branch wish to bring to your attention inconsistencies in your PROPOSED CHANGES TO LAW & POLICY REGARDING FLYING FOXES.
What is the value of Flying Foxes?
1) They are part of creation which has been a gift to humans (a different but equally smelly and very polluting species), who as the most successful species so far in the evolutionary process, have a duty of care to protect this most useful species – as do our governments.
2) Within the forest ecosystem of Australia – they are the little flying foresters. They pollinate many of our iconic eucalypts, banksias, titre species, shrubs and macadamia nuts – whose flowers are most receptive at night. Flying-foxes are economically important for the timber industry and some commercially grown food crops rely on bats for pollination including bananas, Cashews, Paw paws, Durian and others. They also eat soft native figs such as Moreton Bay Figs, Port Jackson Figs, Sandpaper Figs etc and since the digestion takes about 20 minutes from mouth to anus – they spread the seeds kilometres from the parent tree. Other forest fruits with large seeds can be carried in their cheek pouches – then squeezed against the hard pallet on the roof of the mouth, they swallow the juice and spit out the fibre and seeds some distance from the source tree – some bats fly up to 80km each night.
Flying Foxes are estimated to distribute 100,000 seeds every night. Why are they punished not rewarded?
3) This dispersal of seeds repairs gaps in forests within forests when trees fall or after bush fires and in particular land damages by poor human land use. Trees have deep root systems which stabilise the degraded land from erosion and carry nutrients from below the ground, they shed leaves which form rich litter and feeds smaller grasses and shrubs. They can reclaim salted soils or eroded areas damaged by poor agricultural practices.
CHANGES TO THE LAWS PROTECTING FLYING FOXES
The Queensland Government proposes to change section 185(e) of the Nature Conservation (Wildlife Management) Regulation 2006 to remove the requirement for methods of take of flying foxes under damage mitigation permits (DMPs) to be humane, and to require instead that methods of take comply with designated code of practice. Other legislative requirements will remain.
The new code will be based on NSW Standard operating procedure for the shooting of Flying Foxes.
QUOTA FOR TAKE OF FLYING FOXES
NSW system quotas from 2002 to 2008 monthly kills were:
- 15 Spectacled flying-foxes (Listed Endangered)
- 20 Grey headed flying-foxes (Listed Endangered)
- 30 Black flying-foxes
- 30 Little red flying-foxes
Less than 1.5% lowest estimated population of each species – ranging from 3000-5000 annually
Most flying foxes shot in orchards die slowly, up to 40% have dependent young which die slowly – either back in the roost or from injuries or die with mother.
Queensland Growers believe Taking out a handful of FF scouts will give effective control – a maximum of 10 – will work – this has not been shown correct. In NSW two-thirds shot were female – 40% of those were lactating mothers. Since at night identification of species is impossible then it is important to treat the permitted kill as a combined total – not individually.
There is also no such animal as a scout bat. Bats operate totally independent of each other and protect their food against other bats.
“REASONABLE ATTEMPT”TO PREVENT OR MINIMISE DAMAGE TO CROPS
The following methods of damage mitigation for orchardists are discussed.
1) Full Exclusion Netting and Tunnel Netting – These are the most effective methods of protection of crops from damage from flying foxes, birds, possums and any other fruit loving animals.
The weave of the net should be a small finger diameter to prevent cruel entanglement and damage to animals – as well as small nectar feeding birds and reptiles which might become entangled in larger mesh cover. It will also prevent damage to the net by such entanglement.
Benefits of exclusion net –
Apart from preventing damage to fruit from predators it also prevents damage from winds and moderate sized hail in cases normal storms. In the case of cyclones & huge hail stones the trees would have been decimated without netting anyway. Perhaps the netting can afford some protection.
The NSW study found that as well apple trees under the nets had a 59% greater yield per tree than adjacent un-netted trees and peach trees a 19% greater yield.
Drape Nets – These are cheaper and less prone to cyclone damage.
They must also have the small finger diameter weave or they will cause entanglement of all of the above birds, animals & reptiles.
Deterrent noise – This has been found ineffective if there is moderate to heavy flying fox pressure.
Deterrent Lights – Partially ineffective to ineffective – especially with moderate to heavy flying fox pressure.
Reference – Summary of business and outcomes from Flying Fox Consultative Committee 8; Dang H, Jarvis M, Fleming P, Malcolm P, Brook J, McClelland K. “Grey-headed lying-foxes (Pteropus poliocephalus) in orchards: damage estimates, contributing factors and mitigation”.
Affordability – The NSW Government gives fruit growers a subsidy to install netting – Queensland should do the same.
There is evidence that growers who have netted typically recover the costs of netting within a few years by the extra fruit harvested due to the netting.
Electric Grids – These cause a lingering death and surviving animals have deep internal burns and die slowly. Attached young also sustain burns or die slowly when the mother dies, a major welfare issue and suffering should it be permitted.
Shooting – DMPs allowing shooting should only be issued in the case of intermittent visits by flying foxes in areas where they are not common. Changes in code of practice to remove humaneness is a sad reflection on the direction of today’s society.
Drape netting might be suitable here as it can be stored easily when not in use.
Shooting flying foxes is very difficult – in flight they are largely wing span and the head or heart form very small targets. This results in suffering of a large percentage of wounded animals which die slowly as do their dependent young. Shooting animals in trees will probably result in the loss of as much fruit as they would have eaten. Less than 10% injured animals were found and euthanased. Animals should only be handled by those who have had appropriate vaccinations against Lyssa virus. Bodies should be disposed of carefully since your scare campaign claims “risk to humans”.
In particular shotguns inflict cruel injuries – the spread of the pellets increase not immediate lethal lingering injuries.
Reference: Divljan A, Parry-Jones K, Eby P (2009) “Report on deaths and injuries to Grey-headed Flying-foxes, Pteropus poliocephalus shot in an orchard near Sydney, NSW”.
Poison baits – These accumulate in the body and as well as target species can kill other species such as rare and endangered raptors, antechinus and quolls.
1) Fruit Growers should undergo competency tests & comply with a code of practice for use of firearms.
2) The NSW Standard Operating Practice (SOP) requires review and referral to the Animal Ethics Committee.
3) Prescribe shooting specifications to result in lowest rates of wounding and likely location of wounded animals.
4) Specify type of ammunition, prevention of lead shot ingestion of non target species (like your dog or cat).
5) Specify weapons.
6) Only shoot stationary flying foxes.
7) Limit shooting distance to no more than 15m.
8) One FF targeted at once – one holds spotlight & one shoots. FFs outside orchard are not to be Locate all FFs shot before further shooting, collecting them in the early morning after shooting.
9) Euthanase only by shooting, call spotter catchers to retrieve wounded from trees.
10) Ensure regular unannounced visits to orchards to search for wounded animals.
11) Rehabilitate dependent young rather than euthanase unless unavailable in less than 12 hours.
12) Require Growers with DMPs to employ accredited spotter catchers.
13) Allow inspection of disposal sites within 24 hours.
14) DMP applicants require competency tests.
15) Applicants keep a daily log of observations, actions and outcomes relevant to DMP & Code to be submitted to the department within a month of each permit period finishing.
Reference – Carol Booth 19 July 2012 – “Damage Mitigation Permits for shooting flying-foxes in Queensland Orchards: A submission to limit their harm.”
The committee of the Wildlife Preservation Society of Queensland Gold Coast Branch urges you to take strong and careful responsibility when you issue permits to kill flying foxes across Queensland. These valuable and useful animals form a crucial link in maintaining the ecosystems of Australian rainforests, inland woodlands, wallum and coastal bushland and titre swamp.
Correct netting affords the best solution and your government would be best advised to put their support to this scheme which directly supports your fruit growers – as have the State Government of New South Wales .
Wildlife Preservation Society of Queensland Gold Coast Branch
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Air Date: January 23, 2008
You cannot fly a lead balloon.
Adam and Jamie constructed a cube-shaped balloon with approximately 2 meter edges using lead foil. Even without pure helium inside it (a mixture containing air was used), the balloon had enough buoyancy to lift a basket weighing several pounds.
You can surf on a wave generated by explosives.
The Build Team tried several depths and found that you get the best waves from an explosion at a depth of 12 feet. They then used a couple hundred pounds of TNT and a mechanical surfer (built by Grant) to see if you could generate a wave large enough to be surfed. Even with two hundred pounds of high explosives, the wave wasn’t large enough for surfing. A consultant they asked about the survivability of the explosion stated that an explosion of that magnitude would likely kill you (from internal bleeding) within 24 hours if you were submerged in the water at the time.
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When President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated on April 14, 1865, a war-weary nation was plunged into shock. The last great battles of the Civil War were still a recent memory, and the murder of the president seemed to be a bloody, pointless coda to four years of conflict and instability. There was a great outpouring of grief across the country, and poems and songs were written mourning the nation’s loss.
One American who grieved for the fallen president was the poet Walt Whitman. Whitman had lived in Washington for most of the war and was a great admirer of Lincoln, whom he felt embodied the American virtues of plain-spokenness, courage, and "horse-sense." He often saw the president riding around town on horseback, and the two men sometimes exchanged cordial bows.
Lincoln’s death inspired Whitman to write one of his most memorable works—a simple, three-stanza poem of sorrow that bore little resemblance to his other, more experimental writings. "O Captain! My Captain!" was published in New York’s Saturday Press in November of 1865, and was met with immediate acclaim. The poem’s evocation of triumph overshadowed by despair spoke to readers throughout the shattered nation, and it was widely reprinted and published in anthologies. "O Captain! My Captain!" became the most popular poem Whitman would ever write, and helped secure for him a position as one of the greatest American poets of the 19th century.
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Most Active Stories
College students help fight invasive species
All summer long, the Department of Environmental Conservation is stationing college students at boat launches around New York with the mission to stop the spread of invasive species.
The college students are called launch stewards. The $75,000 program is a top priority for the DEC, says Mary Penney of New York Sea Grant, a government coastal cooperative.
Penney supervises the half-dozen stewards in central New York and says the program is intended to make sure invasive species in one lake don't spread into others by hitchhiking on boats.
The steward's job is to educate boaters about invasive species, as well as assist in boat inspections. They'll be on the lookout for plants like hydrilla, or water thyme, that can wreak havoc on native ecosystems.
Plants are known to catch in propellers, but steward Nick Spira says they sometimes hide where you wouldn't expect.
"Most of it, actually, you see on the trailer, not necessarily the boat. The boat doesn't really carry too much. It's the trailer from the site to site. The wheels and the axle -- and you'll pull them out and you won't even notice them because they are underneath," said Spira.
Of particular concern is hydrilla. The Asian plant's aggressive growth is known for choking out native wildlife -- but also for making boating and fishing almost impossible. It was discovered in the Cayuga Lake inlet last fall.
Steward Shelby Persons says she's especially alert to the threat.
"It's definitely scary to meet someone who’s been to Cayuga Inlet. You pay more attention to their boat and make sure there's no hydrilla," said Persons.
So far, it seems to be working. There are no reports of hydrilla taking root in any other lakes. Stewards say they spend most of their time on other plants, like water chestnut and Eurasian water milfoil. The stewards are also gathering data on the species they find.
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Music created from movements of tiny particles
Brownian motion is perhaps not something to set musicians’ hearts a-flutter, but a new piece has been created at the University of Sheffield from the random movement of molecules (which, as you’ll remember from your school days, is what Brownian motion is all about).
Scale Structure Synthesis is a collaboration between scientist Jonathan Howse and artist Mark Fell, and is produced from the ‘sounds’ of eight polystyrene particles, each one tracked separately and linked to its own loudspeaker. The distance of the particle’s movement defines the pitch of the note, with the angle of its movement changing the timbre of the sound.
‘The piece we’re doing could be thought of as quite confrontaitional,’ said Fell. ‘It’s not nice, drifty, atmospheric kind of soundscapes; it’s quite pure, resonant, frequencies. Aesthetically it could be quite challenging.’
Howse sees Scale Structure Synthesis as a chance to demystify a world rarely glimpsed by the public. ‘These things we’re looking at are really, really small and you don’t interact with them, you only ever see them down the end of a microscope,’ he said. ‘Making something bigger with it will be quite interesting.’
Scale Structure Synthesis has its premiere at the University of Sheffield’s Festival of the Mind which begins today.
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Search for lost amphibians
11 August 2010 | News story
Teams of scientists around the world have launched an unprecedented search in the hope of rediscovering 100 species of "lost" amphibians – animals considered potentially extinct but that may be holding on in a few remote places – Conservation International and the IUCN Amphibian Specialist Group announced today.
This search, which is taking place in 14 countries on five continents, is the first ever coordinated effort to find such a large number of "lost" creatures and comes as global amphibian populations are suffering a shocking decline – with more than 30 per cent of all species threatened with extinction.
Many of the amphibians that the teams of scientists are looking for have not been seen in several decades, and establishing whether populations have survived or not is vital for scientists looking to understand the recent amphibian extinction crisis. Amphibians also provide many important services to humans such as controlling insects that spread disease and damage crops and helping to maintain healthy freshwater systems – the chemicals in amphibian skins have also been important in helping to create new drugs with the potential to save lives, including a painkiller 200 times more potent than morphine.
"Amphibians are particularly sensitive to changes in the environment, so they are often an indicator of damage that is being done to ecosystems," explains Conservation International's Dr Robin Moore, who has organized the search for IUCN's Amphibian Specialist Group.
"But this role as the global 'canary in a coal-mine' means that the rapid and profound change to the global environment that has taken place over the last fifty years or so – in particular climate change and habitat loss – has had a devastating impact on these incredible creatures. We've arranged this search for 'lost' species that we believe may have managed to hang on so that we can get some definite answers - and hopefully learn about what has allowed some tiny populations of certain species to survive when the rest of their species has been lost."
The problems amphibians face from habitat loss have been massively exacerbated by a pathogenic fungus, which causes chytridiomycosis, a disease that has wiped-out entire populations of amphibians and in some cases whole species.
Dr Moore and his team have drawn up a list of the "top 10" species of the 100 being searched for that he believes would be particularly exciting to find. He said: "While it's very challenging to rate the importance of one species against another we have created this top 10 list because we feel that these particular animals have a particular scientific or aesthetic value."
The top 10:
Golden toad, Incilius periglenes, Costa Rica. Last seen 1989. Perhaps the most famous of the lost Amphibians. Went from abundant to extinct in a little over a year in the late 1980s.
Gastric brooding frog, Australia. 2 species – Rheobatrachus vitellinus and R. silus, last seen 1985. (Had unique mode of reproduction: females swallowed eggs and raised tadpoles in the stomach. Gave birth to froglets through the mouth.)
Mesopotamia Beaked Toad, Rhinella rostrata. Colombia. Last seen 1914. Fascinating frog with a distinctive pyramid-shaped head.
Jackson's climbing salamander, Bolitoglossa jacksoni, Guatemala. Last seen in 1975. Stunning black and yellow salamander – One of only two known specimens is believed to have been stolen from a Californian laboratory in the mid 1970s.
African Painted Frog, Callixalus pictus. Democratic Republic of Congo/Rwanda. Last seen 1950. Very little is known about this animal which is never thought to have been photographed.
Rio Pescado Stubfoot Toad, Atelopus balios, Ecuador. Last seen in April 1995. May well have been wiped-out by chytridiomycosis.
Turkestanian salamander, Hynobius turkestanicus. Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan or Uzbekistan. Last seen 1909. Known from only two specimens collected in 1909 somewhere "between Pamir and Samarkand"
Scarlet frog, Atelopus sorianoi, Venezuela. Last seen 1990. Known from a single stream in an isolated cloud forest.
Hula painted frog, Discoglossus nigriventer, Israel. Last seen 1955. A single adult collected in 1955 represents the last confirmed record of the species. Efforts to drain marshlands in Syria to eradicate malaria may have been responsible for the disappearance of this species.
Sambas Stream Toad, Ansonia latidisca. Borneo (Indonesia and Malaysia): Last seen 1950s. Increased sedimentation in streams after logging may have contributed to the decline.
Dr Claude Gascon, co-chair of the IUCN Amphibian Specialist Group and Executive Vice President of Conservation International said: "This is something that has never been done before, and is hugely significant, not only because of the threats that amphibians face and our need to understand what has been happening to them better, but also because it represents an incredible opportunity for the world's amphibian scientists to rediscover long-lost species.
"The search for these lost animals may well yield vital information in our attempts to stop the amphibian extinction crisis, and information that helps humanity to better understand the impact that we are having on the planet."
To follow the search for the lost amphibians visit: www.conservation.org/lostfrogs
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Soil contamination and food safety fears after Japan’s Fukushima disaster have caused many Japanese farmers to take a hit, and now there’s another crop at risk. According to the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare, green tea exports from part of Japan’s tea making region have been banned due to high radiation levels detected.
The ban includes parts of the regions of Chiba, Kanagawa, and Tochigi, as well as Ibaraki in its entirety. Green tea plantations were apparently among the first to have noticeable radiation, and sample tests discovered nearly 570 becquerels of cesium per KG in various leaves. The legal limit is 500.
A variety of products have been affected by radiation in Japan, ranging from milk to spinach, but Japanese authorities are still assuring the public as well as export nations that it is putting strict regulations on products.
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Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists
Core Tasks Include:
- Conduct chemical analysis of body fluids, including blood, urine, or spinal fluid, to determine presence of normal or abnormal components.
- Analyze laboratory findings to check the accuracy of the results.
- Enter data from analysis of medical tests or clinical results into computer for storage.
- Operate, calibrate, or maintain equipment used in quantitative or qualitative analysis, such as spectrophotometers, calorimeters, flame photometers, or computer-controlled analyzers.
- Establish or monitor quality assurance programs or activities to ensure the accuracy of laboratory results.
- Set up, clean, and maintain laboratory equipment.
- Provide technical information about test results to physicians, family members, or researchers.
- Supervise, train, or direct lab assistants, medical and clinical laboratory technicians or technologists, or other medical laboratory workers engaged in laboratory testing.
Supplemental Tasks Include:
- Collect and study blood samples to determine the number of cells, their morphology, or their blood group, blood type, or compatibility for transfusion purposes, using microscopic techniques.
- Analyze samples of biological material for chemical content or reaction.
- Cultivate, isolate, or assist in identifying microbial organisms or perform various tests on these microorganisms.
- Obtain, cut, stain, and mount biological material on slides for microscopic study and diagnosis, following standard laboratory procedures.
- Select and prepare specimens and media for cell cultures, using aseptic technique and knowledge of medium components and cell requirements.
- Develop, standardize, evaluate, or modify procedures, techniques, or tests used in the analysis of specimens or in medical laboratory experiments.
- Harvest cell cultures at optimum time, based on knowledge of cell cycle differences and culture conditions.
- Conduct medical research under direction of microbiologist or biochemist.
The data sources for the information displayed here include: O*NET™ 16.0.
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Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- In botany, having many styles; belonging to the order Polygynia.
- Polygamous, as a male; having more than one female as wife or mate.
- adj. botany Having many styles; belonging to the order Polygynia; polygynian.
- adj. Having more than one female as wife or mate; practicing polygyny.
- adj. having more than one wife at a time
“Aquinas goes on to describe how monogamy benefits women by reducing the female competition inherent in polygynous households, thereby insuring the concentration of emotional and material resources on a single female mate.”
“They are polygynous, meaning each male has up to ten mates in his territory.”
“Gorillas are polygynous in order to capitalize on the approach-avoidance conflict of needing a giant protector who looks scarier than hell but then wondering what to do with him when there is no danger.”
“My research over the past decade, encompassing more than 170 countries, has shown the detrimental effects of polygynous practices on human rights, for both men and women.”
“According to the information I have helped to collect in the Womanstats database, women in polygynous communities get married younger, have more children, have higher rates of HIV infection than men, sustain more domestic violence, succumb to more female genital mutilation and sex trafficking, and are more likely to die in childbirth.”
“Human males are "moderately polygynous," on the other hand, and initiate most of the changes in sexual partnership.”
“What could possibly compel one to watch TLC's The Sister Wives, knowing that it is not an HBO creation, but a real-life depiction of a polygynous family?”
“That is, * mitala was adopted into Swahili with the meaning "polygynous marriage" during the second millennium CE.”
“This incorporation suggests Swahili speakers may have picked up from Ruvu the identification of a polygynous marriage that stood in contrast to Swahili mtaa and/or that Ruvu themselves who became Swahili speakers maintained the word because it was sociopolitically significant.”
“In the case of polygynous households, each wife likely had her own * migunda.”
These user-created lists contain the word ‘polygynous’.
A list of words that are odd or words that I have looked up.
A hodgepodge, jumble, jambalaya, *gallimaufry, circus and tent revival of plant anatomy and morphology terms and phrases - its a big tent, and no tickets are required.
of or relating to women
Note: also gyn-, gyne-, gyno, gyneo-
Looking for tweets for polygynous.
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PHILADELPHIA, June 30, 2010 — This summer, the Free Library of Philadelphia is launching a new film program for the city’s teens. Behind the Screens will instill media literacy skills in teens ages 12 to 15 and aims to teach participants to be conscious consumers of film and television content. Teens will be taught to recognize cinematic techniques such as camera angles, sound, and lighting, which filmmakers use to construct a variety of messages. In addition, teens will plan a short film by creating their own storyboard.
Behind the Screens, which runs from July 12 through August 6,is being piloted in four Free Library neighborhood branches: Cobbs Creek, West Oak Lane, Wyoming, and the Thomas F. Donatucci Sr. Branch.
“In an age where we are all inundated with media messages, it is critical that Philly’s teens understand what messages they are consuming and how those messages affect them and the way they view the world,” said Siobhan A. Reardon, President and Director of the Free Library of Philadelphia. “Behind the Screens will increase the cultural literacy of our city’s youth, and as such the Free Library is delighted to undertake this new effort.”
Behind the Screens was built around feedback from teen focus groups and was developed with the help of Larissa Pahomov, a teacher at Science Leadership Academy and a curriculum designer for the Free Library’s popular One Book, One Philadelphia and One Film programs. Behind the Screens is supported by the Thomas Skelton Harrison Foundation.
For more information on Behind the Screens, visit freelibrary.org/behindthescreens.
# # #
The Free Library of Philadelphia system consists of 49 branches, three regional libraries, the Parkway Central Library, and the Library for the Blind and Physically Handicapped. With more than 6 million visits annually, the Free Library is one of the most widely used educational and cultural institutions in Philadelphia.
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Red-handed tamarins are monkeys that live in old-growth and second-growth forest canopies in French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname and northern Brazil. They are omnivores.
Did you know?
- They are named for the bright, red-gold hands and feet. They are also called golden-handed tamarin, Midas tamarin or yellow-handed tamarin. Midas refers to the mythological king whose touch turned objects (and people) to solid gold.
- Marmosets and tamarins are distinguished from other South American monkeys by their small size, modified claws rather than nails on all digits except the big toe, two as opposed to three molar teeth in either side of each jaw, and the occurrence of twin births.
Tamarin behavior and facts
- They live in extended family groups between 4 and 15.
- Tamarins eat buds, flowers, fruit, leaves, nectar, insects, snails, frogs, spiders and lizards,
- From birth to death
- Gestation: 140 to 170 days
- Birth: twice per year
- Non-identical twins, but they can have single births and triplets
- Lifespan: 7 to 16 years in captivity; unknown in wild
- Height: 7.5 to 8.25 ounces
- Weight: 9 to 13 ounces
Least concern according to the IUCN
Red-handed tamarins, the Oregon Zoo and you
Tamarins live in the Chimpanzees exhibit where they eat a marmoset diet, with bananas, eggs, grapes and oranges.
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| 0.936825
| 336
| 3.53125
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is Twa-burne, the “two rivulets;” so called because two
small rivers met in this locality.
Tyburn's triple tree.
A gallows, which consists of two uprights and a beam resting on
them. Previous to 1783 Tyburn was the chief place of execution in
London, and a gallows was permanently erected there. In the reign of
Henry VIII. the average number of persons executed annually in England
was 2,000. The present number is under twelve.
Kings of Tyburn.
Public executioners. (See Hangmen.)
Source: Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, E. Cobham Brewer, 1894
More on Tyburn from Infoplease:
- Tyburn: meaning and definitions - Tyburn: Definition and Pronunciation
- Tyburn - Tyburn is Twa-burne, the “two rivulets;” so called because two small rivers met in this ...
- Jack Sheppard - Sheppard, Jack Sheppard, Jack, 1702–24, English criminal. Raised in a workhouse, he ran away ...
- Dictionary Index - Dictionary Index twp. TWU TWX TX -ty Tyburn Tyche Tycho Tychonic system tycoon Tydeus tying tyke ...
- Irish Saints - In the Company of St. Patrick Ten major Irish saints by Ann-Marie Imbornoni St. Patrick Related ...
24 X 7
||24 x 7 Tutor Availability
||Unlimited Online Tutoring
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| 0.842169
| 325
| 3.203125
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Pod 1: Up to the Mark
In this Nuffield Foundation activity students carry out an investigation into some sporting techniques to establish whether practice improves performance. They conduct research into the rationale for training schedules for different sports. Students then investigate target games to explore whether scoring systems reward skill fairly and trial different point systems to see how they affect the outcome of league competitions. Finally groups of students conduct a short, independent inquiry where they design a new scoring system for a familiar game.
HEALTH and SAFETY
Any use of a resource that includes a practical activity must include a risk assessment. Please note that collections may contain ARCHIVE resources, which were developed at a much earlier date. Since that time there have been significant changes in the rules and guidance affecting laboratory practical work. Further information is provided in our Health and Safety guidance.
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http://www.nationalstemcentre.org.uk/elibrary/resource/2329/pod-1-up-to-the-mark
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| 0.95045
| 168
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The World Wide Web offers information and data from all over the world. Because so much information is available, and because that information can appear to be fairly “anonymous”, it is necessary to develop skills to evaluate what you find. When you use a research or academic library, the books, journals and other resources have already been evaluated by scholars, publishers and librarians. Every resource you find has been evaluated in one way or another before you ever see it. When you are using the World Wide Web, none of this applies. There are no filters. Because anyone can write a Web page, documents of the widest range of quality, written by authors of the widest range of authority, are available on an even playing field. Excellent resources reside along side the most dubious. The Internet epitomizes the concept of Caveat lector: Let the reader beware.
This guide discusses the criteria by which scholars in most fields evaluate print information, and shows how the same criteria can be used to assess information found on the Internet. Use the tabs on this guide to further explore and consider how to effectively evaluate online information.
(With gratitude to Elizabeth E. Kirk for compiling the information about evaluating information sources from the Internet.)
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http://guides.library.jhu.edu/evaluatinginformation
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| 0.888855
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The fifth-generation era (more commonly known as the 32 bit era and occasionally, after the release of the Nintendo 64, the 64 bit era and more rarely the 3D era) refers to the computer and video games, video game consoles, and video game handhelds available at the close of the 20th century. The fifth generation lasted approximately from 1993 to 2002 and was dominated by three consoles, the Sega Saturn (1994), the Sony PlayStation (1994), and the Nintendo 64 (1996). Demographics in console sales varied widely, but these three consoles, especially the PlayStation, defined the system wars of this era. The 3DO, the Amiga CD-32, and Atari Jaguar were also part of this era, but their sales were poor and they failed to make a significant impact on the market. This era also saw three updated versions of Nintendo's Game Boy: Game Boy Color, Game Boy Light (Japan only), and Game Boy Pocket.
Bit ratings for consoles largely fell by the wayside during this era, with the notable exceptions of the Nintendo 64 and the heavy usage of references to the 64-bit processing power of the Atari Jaguar in advertisements. The number of "bits" cited in console names referred to the CPU word size and had been used by hardware marketers as a "show of power" for many years. However, there was little to be gained from increasing the word size much beyond 32 or 64 bits because once this level was reached, performance depended on more varied factors, such as processor clock speed, bandwidth, and memory size.
The fifth generation also saw the rise of emulation. During this period, commonly available personal computers became powerful enough to emulate the 8 and 16-bit systems of the previous generation. Also, the development of the Internet made it possible to store and download tape and ROM images of older games, eventually leading 7th generation consoles (such as the Xbox 360, the Wii, PlayStation 3, and PlayStation Portable) to make many older games available for purchase or download.
To determine this one can look to gaming magazines of the nineties. These magazines usually described the fifth generation in terms of 32-bitness of the CPU, ability to output 24-bit texture mapped 3D graphics, high quality full motion video and the use of optical media for storage.
A fifth generation system does not need to share all these traits. The Atari Jaguar does not feature a 32-Bit CPU, the Nintendo 64 does not have a CD-Rom, the FM Towns Marty has no explicit support for 3D Graphics and to make matters confusing a fourth generation system may have a CD-Rom, 3D graphics and Full Motion video.
There is no definite rule that says if a console is in the fifth generation or not, but the general trait is the presence of one or more 32-bit or 64-bit chips. Expansion chips such as the 32-Bit SuperFX chip does not count, as it is not part of the base console.
Nintendo's decision to use a cartridge based system sparked a small scale war amongst gamers as to which was better. The "media war" was spurred on no less by statements from top company executives themselves; one Nintendo magazine ad placed a Space Shuttle (cartridge) next to a snail (a CD) and dared consumers to decide "which one was better". At the time, CD-ROMs did suffer from long load times. However, in subsequent generations of consoles, load times became less of an issue as optical drives became faster.
Despite these and other moves by Nintendo, almost every other contemporary system began to move to the new CD-ROM technology (the Nintendo 64 was the last major home video game console to use cartridges). Also appealing to publishers was the fact that CDs could be produced at significantly less expense and with more flexibility (it was easy to change production to meet demand), and they were able to pass the lower costs onto consumers. In particular, the fifth generation marked a turning point for optical-based storage media. As games grew more complex in content, sound, and graphics, the CD proved more than capable of providing enough space for the extra data. The cartridge format, however, was pushed beyond the limits of its storage capacity. Consequently, many game developers shifted their support away from the Nintendo 64 to the PlayStation.
Despite massive third party support and an unprecedented amount of hype for a first-time entrant into the industry, the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer's US$700 price tag prevented it from reaching the demographic of more casual gamers who chose instead to purchase one of the 3DO's more affordable contemporaries.
The Sega 32X, an upgrade for the Mega Drive/Genesis and Sega Mega-CD, was released a year prior to the release of the Sega Saturn, and the Sega Neptune was also started as a more efficient version of the 32X. However, after the release of the Saturn, the Neptune was cancelled and Sega failed to deliver a steady flow of games for the 32X platform. This angered owners of the 32X as they felt Sega failed to live up to the promises given early in the console's life. This fiasco damaged Sega's public image, and has been considered to be a major contributor in Sega eventually dropping out of the console hardware market.
The Atari Jaguar was released in 1993 with a surprisingly successful start, but quality software for the platform arrived few and far between, with only Tempest 2000, Wolfenstein 3D, Doom, and Alien vs. Predator being standout games. Atari's claims of the system itself being 64-bit were also controversial.
The Nintendo 64 was announced as "Ultra 64" and two arcade games (Killer Instinct and Cruis'n USA) were released claiming to use the hardware. A famous TV ad for the Super NES port of the game Killer Instinct showed a gamer using a chainsaw to open the arcade cabinet so he could take out the console inside. This caused many gamers to refrain from buying the 3DO, Saturn, or PlayStation because they thought the commercial showed what was in the Nintendo 64's hardware, and it appeared to be clearly superior to any of the competing systems. In the end, the arcade system turned out to be completely different from that used for those games (albeit of comparable capability), disappointing those who had expected the images from the ads.
Nippon Electric Company (NEC), the creator of the TurboGrafx-16 and TurboDuo in North America, and the PC-Engine, Coregrafx, PC Engine Duo, and SuperGrafx in Japan; also entered the market with their first completely new console in seven years. Their 8-bit systems had competed quite well with the other companies' 16-bit systems because of their custom graphics chipsets that allowed the 8-bit system to run 16-bit graphics. The PC-Engine actually outsold the Famicom in Japan in 1988; however, the TurboGrafx-16 did not achieve the same success in North America.
NEC then decided to make a new console and released the PC-FX in 1994. The system's specs were impressive; it had a 32-bit processor, 16-bit stereo sound, a 16,777,000 color palette, and it featured the highest quality full motion video (FMV) of any console on the market at the time. The PC-FX also broke away from traditional console design and included a tower system which allowed for numerous expansion points, including a connection for NEC's PC-9800 series of computers. However, despite the system's impressive specs, it was marked as the ultimate side scrolling console and could not match the sales of the 3D systems currently on the market.
The Sega Saturn, although the most technically advanced console of the generation, suffered from poor marketing and comparatively limited third-party support. Sega's decision to use dual processors was roundly criticized, and some wrongly believe the second CPU was added as a "panic" response to the PlayStation's specifications. Regardless of their reasons for including it, only Sega's first-party developers were ever able to use the second CPU effectively. The Saturn was far more difficult than the PlayStation to program for, and the 3D graphics on its 3rd party games often lacked the luster of the PlayStation or Nintendo 64 (N64), a severe disadvantage at the dawn of 3D games.
Sega was also hurt by the plan to have a surprise four-month-early US launch of their console. This head start failed for several reasons. One of the major reasons being there were few software titles ready. Also, the fact that the Sega Saturn was US$100 more costly than the PlayStation pushed many potential buyers into purchasing the cheaper PlayStation.
Sony took an early advantage by tapping the mass market and positioning the PlayStation as a "lifestyle accessory" for males in their late teens to late twenties. Sega and particularly Nintendo's offerings were characterized as appealing more to children (both companies, for instance, featured mascots that appeared in Saturday morning cartoons). The securing of this new market is widely credited as the key to the system's success. Sony carried this momentum over into the release of the PlayStation 2.
Due to numerous delays, the Nintendo 64 was released one year later than its competitors. By the time it was finally launched in 1996, Sony had already established its dominance and the Saturn was starting to struggle. Its use of cartridge media rather than compact discs alienated some developers and publishers due to the space limits and the relatively high cost involved, US$3.50 for an N64 cartridge versus US$0.35 for a PS disc, despite the fact that the Nintendo 64 had virtually no load times because of its cartridge media. In addition, the initially high suggested retail price of the console may have driven potential customers away, and many early adopters of the system who had paid the initial cost were angered by Nintendo's decision to reduce the cost of the system within a few months of its release. However, the Nintendo 64 was successful and home to highly successful games including The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time, Super Mario 64, Goldeneye 007, Banjo-Kazooie, and Super Smash Bros.. In the end, while the Nintendo 64 sold more units than the Sega Saturn, it failed to surpass the PlayStation, which dominated the market.
|Name||3DO Interactive Multiplayer||Amiga CD32||Atari Jaguar||Sega Saturn||Sony PlayStation||Nintendo 64|
|Launch prices (USD)||US$700||US$399.99||US$250||US$399||US$299.99||US$199.99|
|Best-selling game||Unknown||Unknown||Unknown||Virtua Fighter 2, 1.7 million in Japan||Gran Turismo, 10.85 million shipped (as of April 30 2008)||Super Mario 64, 11.62 million (as of May 21 2003)|
|Media||CD-ROM||CD-ROM (cassette, floppy disc, hard drive (software), data card via add-ons)||Cartridge, (CD via add-on)||CD-ROM, cartridge (limited, Japan only)||CD-ROM||Cartridge, (magneto-optical via Japan Only add-on)|
|PlayStation||102.49 million shipped (as of March 31 2007)|
|Nintendo 64||32.93 million (as of March 31 2005)|
|Sega Saturn||17 million (as of May 4 2007)|
|3DO||2 million (as of May 4 2007)|
|Virtual Boy||770,000 (as of May 4 2007)|
|Atari Jaguar||500,000 (as of May 15 2007)|
|Apple Pippin||42,000 (as of May 4 2007)|
In 1996-97, when all three consoles were fully available, Sony managed a 51% market share of the worldwide market, following by Nintendo with 40%, while Sega lagged with 9%. Production of the Sega Saturn was prematurely discontinued in 1998, with its demise being accelerated by rumours that work on its successor was underway, which hurt sales in late 1997. The N64 was produced until 2001 when it was succeeded by the GameCube; however, PlayStation production had not ceased as it was redesigned as the PSOne, further extending the life of the console around the release of the follow-up PlayStation 2.
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About HDR Photography by Robert 'Ferd' Frank
In image processing, computer graphics, and photography, high-dynamic-range imaging (HDRI or just HDR) is a set of techniques that allow a greater dynamic range of luminance between the lightest and darkest areas of an image than current standard digital imaging techniques or photographic methods. This wide dynamic range allows HDR images to more accurately represent the range of intensity levels found in real scenes, ranging from direct sunlight to faint starlight.
The two main sources of HDR imagery are computer renderings and merging of multiple photographs, the latter of which in turn are individually referred to as low dynamic range (LDR) or standard dynamic range (SDR) photographs.
Tone-mapping techniques, which reduce overall contrast to facilitate display of HDR images on devices with lower dynamic range, can be applied to produce images with preserved or exaggerated local contrast for artistic effect.
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Chronic fatigue syndrome
|Also listed as: CFS||Integrative Therapy Quick Links:|
- Autoimmune disorder, chronic fatigue, chronic fatigue and immune dysfunction syndrome, dysfunctional immune system, enlarged lymph nodes, exhaustion, fatigue, hypoglycemia, hypotension, immune system, memory loss, muscle soreness, sleep disturbance.
- Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a disorder that causes extreme fatigue. The condition does not improve with bed rest. The flu-like symptoms associated with the disorder may last for years.
- The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) discovered the disease in 1988. However, the cause still remains unknown, and there is currently no method to measure the severity of the condition. Also, since little is known about the disease, there are few treatment options available.
- CFS may occur after an infection. It may develop during or shortly after a period of high stress. It may also develop gradually with no clear starting point.
- The illness may develop at any point in life. However, the CDC has found that it is most prevalent among individuals who are 40 to 59 years old. Occasionally, CFS is seen in members of the same family. However, there is no scientific evidence to suggest that CFS is contagious. Instead, researchers suspect that there may be a familial predisposition or genetic link to the disease. More research is needed to confirm these claims.
- Women are diagnosed with CFS two to four times more often than men, according to researchers. However, it is unclear whether CFS affects more women or if women report the condition to their doctors more than men.
- According to the CDC, about one million Americans have CFS. This disease affects more Americans than multiple sclerosis, lupus, lung cancer or ovarian cancer.
- This information has been edited and peer-reviewed by contributors to the Natural Standard Research Collaboration (www.naturalstandard.com).
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. . Accessed March 10, 2009.
- Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome (CFIDS) Association of America. . Accessed March 10, 2009.
- National Institutes of Health (NIH). . Accessed March 10, 2009.
- Natural Standard: The Authority on Integrative Medicine. . Copyright © 2009. Accessed March 10, 2009.
- The cause of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) remains unknown. However, researchers have suggested some possible causes, which include iron deficiency anemia, hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), history of allergies, viral infections (like Epstein-Barr virus), immune system dysfunction, hypotension, as well as changes in the levels of hormones produced in the hypothalamus, pituitary glands and adrenal glands.
- The disease may be caused by inflammation in the nervous system pathways, which occurs in reaction to the autoimmune process. However, unlike other autoimmune diseases (like rheumatoid arthritis or lupus), CFS cannot be detected in the blood. Other researchers suggest that CFS occurs when a viral illness is complicated by a dysfunctional immune system.
- Symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) are similar to common viral infections. However, CFS symptoms may last anywhere from months to years. Some individuals recover completely from the disorder while other patients' symptoms become progressively worse. Symptoms may also subside and then reappear later.
- An individual meets the diagnostic criteria for CFS when they experience unexplained persistent fatigue for six months or longer with at least four of the eight primary symptoms, according to the International Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study Group, which was brought together by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
- The eight primary symptoms of CFS include: loss of memory or concentration, sore throat, painful and enlarged lymph nodes, muscle soreness, joint pain (without swelling or redness), headache, sleep disturbance and extreme exhaustion.
- Individuals with CFS may also experience a wide range of symptoms that are not part of the official diagnostic criteria. Additional symptoms may include: abdominal pain, alcohol intolerance, bloating, chest pain, chronic cough, diarrhea, dizziness, dry eyes/mouth, earache, irregular heartbeat, jaw pain, morning stiffness, nausea, night sweats, psychological problems (like depression and anxiety disorders), shortness of breath, tingling sensation and weight loss.
- Some people with CFS may develop a low blood pressure (hypotensive) disorder that causes fainting.
- In general, it is often difficult to diagnose chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) because it shares the symptoms of many other diseases, and there is currently no diagnostic or laboratory procedure that can confirm a diagnosis. In fact the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that less than 20% of individuals who have CFS have been diagnosed.
- The healthcare provider will first try to rule out other possible causes of fatigue, such as infections, immune disorders, tumors, muscle or nerve diseases (like multiple sclerosis), endocrine diseases (like hypothyroidism), drug dependence, heart disease, liver disease, kidney disease or psychiatric/psychological illnesses (like depression).
- A diagnosis is confirmed if the patient has experienced unexplained persistent fatigue for six months or longer with at least four of the eight primary symptoms described by the International Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study Group.
- Currently, there is no specific treatment available for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). However, some medical treatments may help alleviate symptoms of the disease.
- Anti-anxiety medications: Lorazepam (Ativan®) or alprazolam (Xanax®) may be prescribed to relieve anxiety symptoms associated with CFS.
- Antidepressants: Antidepressants may help improve sleep and relieve pain associated with CFS. Tricyclic antidepressants like amitriptyline (Limbitrol® or Triavil®) have been used. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like fluoxetine (Prozac® or Sarafem®), paroxetine (Paxil®), sertraline (Zoloft®) and bupropion (Wellbutrin®) have also been used.
- Antihistamines: Antihistamines like fexofenadine (Allegra®) and cetirizine (Zyrtec®), as well as decongestants that contain pseudoephedrine (Sudafed® or Dimetapp®) may relieve allergy-like symptoms.
- Clonazepam: Clonazepam (Klonopin®) may be used to treat dizziness and skin tenderness associated with CFS.
- Exercise: CFS patients may be encouraged to begin an exercise program with the help of a physical therapist. The program should gradually increase in length and difficulty. Consistent exercise may help prevent or decrease muscle weakness, as well as increase the individual's energy level.
- Hypotension medications: Fludrocortisone (Florinef®) and midodrine (ProAmatine®) have been used to treat CFS patients who experience hypotension (low blood pressure).
- Lifestyle changes: Patients may be encouraged to avoid excessive physical and psychological stress. A change in lifestyle may help the individual save more energy for important activities.
- NSAIDs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil® or Motrin®) may be helpful to reduce pain and fever. Acetaminophen (Tylenol®) has also been used to reduce CFS symptoms.
- Unclear or conflicting scientific evidence:
- Aspartic acid: Evidence from clinical study suggests that potassium and magnesium salts of aspartate may have fatigue-reducing effects. However, the effects of aspartic acid alone are unclear. Secondary sources suggest that aspartates may be low in individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome. Additional clinical study is needed in this area.
- Use cautiously in patients with high protein intakes, gastrointestinal concerns, liver damage, gout, kidney damage, or osteoporosis.
- Coenzyme Q10: Early study indicates that CoQ10 may improve symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome. High quality research is needed in this area before a decision can be made.
- Allergy associated with Coenzyme Q10 supplements has not been reported in the available literature, although rash and itching have been reported rarely. Stop use two weeks before surgery/dental/diagnostic procedures with bleeding risk and do not use immediately after these procedures. Use caution with a history of blood clots, diabetes, high blood pressure, heart attack, or stroke, or with anticoagulants (blood thinners), antiplatelet drugs (like aspirin, warfarin, clopidogrel (like Plavix®), or blood pressure, blood sugar, cholesterol, or thyroid drugs. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
- DHEA: The scientific evidence remains unclear regarding the effects of DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) supplementation in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Better research is necessary before a clear conclusion can be drawn.
- Avoid if allergic to DHEA products. Few side effects are reported when DHEA supplements are taken by mouth in recommended doses. Avoid with a history of seizures. Use with caution in adrenal or thyroid disorders, or in patients taking anticoagulants, or drugs, herbs or supplements for diabetes, heart disease, seizure or stroke. Stop use two weeks before surgery/dental/diagnostic procedures with bleeding risk, and do not use immediately after these procedures. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
- Evening primrose oil: Not enough information is currently available to advise the use of evening primrose oil for chronic fatigue syndrome or post-viral infection symptoms.
- Avoid if allergic to plants in the Onagraceae family, gamma-linolenic acid, or other ingredients in evening primrose oil. Several reports describe seizures in individuals taking evening primrose oil. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
- Folate (folic acid): Some patients with chronic fatigue syndrome have decreased folic acid levels. Daily injections of a combination of folic acid, bovine liver extract and vitamin B12 for three weeks were not beneficial for CFS in limited available study.
- Avoid if allergic to folate. Folate appears to be well tolerated in recommended doses. The U.S. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for adults is 400 micrograms per day for males or females ages 14 years and older; 500 micrograms per day for breastfeeding adult women and 600 micrograms per day for pregnant adult women. The RDA for infants 0-6 months-old is 65 micrograms per day; for infants 7-12 months-old the RDA is 80 micrograms per day; for children 1-3 years-old the RDA is 150 micrograms per day; for children 4-8 years-old the RDA is 200 micrograms per day; for children 9-13 years-old the RDA is 300 micrograms per day. Stomatitis (mouth sores), alopecia (hair loss), myelosupression (blood marrow condition) and zinc depletion have been reported with folate use. It is recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume folate in order to reduce the risk of the fetus developing a neural tube defect. Folic acid supplementation in recommended doses is FDA Pregnancy Category A. When taken in higher doses, it is categorized as FDA Pregnancy Category C. Folic acid is present in the breast milk and is likely safe to use during breastfeeding under the supervision of a qualified healthcare provider.
- Ginseng: A few studies using ginseng extract G115® (with or without multivitamins) report improvements in patients with fatigue of various causes. However, these results are early, and studies have not been high-quality.
- Avoid ginseng with a known allergy to plants in the Araliaceae family. There has been a report of a serious life-threatening skin reaction, possibly caused by contaminants in ginseng formulations.
- Iron: Ferrous sulfate may improve fatigue in women with low ferritin levels. Further research is needed to confirm these results.
- Iron is a trace mineral, and hypersensitivity is unlikely. Avoid with a known allergy/hypersensitivity to products containing iron. Avoid excessive intake. Avoid with blood disorders that require frequent blood transfusions. Use cautiously with a history of kidney disease, intestinal disease, peptic ulcer disease, enteritis, colitis, pancreatitis, hepatitis, alcoholism, or in those who plan to become pregnant, or are over age 55 and have a family history of heart disease. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should consult a healthcare professional before beginning iron supplementation.
- Jasmine: Jasmine is commonly used in aromatherapy as a relaxing, yet stimulating herb. However, preliminary study did not find a significant difference between the alertness levels of essential oil users and controls. More research is needed in this area.
- Use cautiously during pregnancy or lactation. Use cautiously in patients allergic to jasmine, jasmine oil, or other fragrances. Avoid oral consumption of essential oils, including jasmine essential oil, as they are extremely potent and can be poisonous.
- Kiwi: One study suggests that a kiwi-containing drink has beneficial effects on athletic performance. However, methodological weaknesses in this study preclude making any firm conclusions regarding kiwi's effectiveness for energy enhancement.
- Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to kiwi, latex, birch pollen, banana, chestnut, fig, flour, melon, poppy seeds, rye grain, sesame seeds and related substances. Kiwi is generally considered safe when taken in amounts naturally found in foods. Use cautiously with anti-platelet drugs like aspirin, cilostazol or clopidogrel. Use cautiously with hormone therapies or serotonergic drugs. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. The amount found in foods appears to be safe in most people.
- L-carnitine: There are several promising reports on the use of L-carnitine for fatigue. However, additional study is warranted in this area.
- Avoid with known allergy or hypersensitivity to carnitine. Use cautiously with peripheral vascular disease, hypertension (high blood pressure), alcohol-induced liver cirrhosis, and diabetes. Use cautiously in low birth weight infants and individuals on hemodialysis. Use cautiously if taking anticoagulants (blood thinners), beta-blockers, or calcium channel blockers. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
- Liver extract: An injectable solution of bovine liver extract containing folic acid and cyanocobalamin has been studied as a potential treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome. Preliminary study indicates that patients with chronic fatigue syndrome reacted positively to intramuscular bovine liver extract. Additional study is needed to make a conclusion.
- Use cautiously as raw liver may contain liver flukes or the bacterium, Vibrio fetus. Use cautiously if taking antacids or with acid reflux. Use cautiously with clotting disorders, compromised immune function, or abnormal iron levels. Use cautiously if taking antihypercholesterolemic drugs (drugs that affect blood cholesterol), antiviral agents, especially interferon, or any agents for cancer. Use cautiously in hepatopathic patients with reduced human growth hormone metabolic clearance rate. Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to liver extract or its constituents. Avoid with iron metabolism disorders or iron shortage disorders, such as hemochromatosis. Avoid liver extract from countries where bovine spongiform encephalitis (BSE or "mad cow disease") has been reported. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
- Meditation: Mindfulness meditation with Qi gong may contribute to improved overall health. However, not enough studies have examined the specific effects of meditation on chronic fatigue syndrome. More studies are needed in this area.
- Use cautiously with underlying mental illnesses. People with psychiatric disorders should consult with their primary mental healthcare professional(s) before starting a program of meditation, and should explore how meditation may or may not fit in with their current treatment plan. Avoid with risk of seizures. The practice of meditation should not delay the time to diagnosis or treatment with more proven techniques or therapies, and should not be used as the sole approach to illnesses.
- Physical therapy: There is inconclusive evidence on whether physical therapy may help reduce cancer-related fatigue. Additional study is needed in this area.
- Not all physical therapy programs are suited for everyone, and patients should discuss their medical history with a qualified healthcare professional before beginning any treatments. Physical therapy may aggravate pre-existing conditions. Persistent pain and fractures of unknown origin have been reported. Physical therapy may increase the duration of pain or cause limitation of motion. Pain and anxiety may occur during the rehabilitation of patients with burns. Both morning stiffness and bone erosion have been reported in the literature although causality is unclear. Erectile dysfunction has also been reported. Physical therapy has been used in pregnancy and although reports of major adverse effects are lacking in the available literature, caution is advised nonetheless. All therapies during pregnancy and breastfeeding should be discussed with a licensed obstetrician/gynecologist before initiation.
- Reflexology: Reflexology may help relieve fatigue and stress. High quality clinical research is needed to make a conclusion.
- Avoid with recent or healing foot fractures, unhealed wounds, or active gout flares affecting the foot. Use cautiously and seek prior medical consultation with osteoarthritis affecting the foot or ankle, or severe vascular disease of the legs or feet. Use cautiously with diabetes, heart disease, or the presence of a pacemaker, unstable blood pressure, cancer, active infections, past episodes of fainting (syncope), mental illness, gallstones, or kidney stones. Use cautiously if pregnant or breastfeeding. Reflexology should not delay diagnosis or treatment with more proven techniques or therapies.
- Rolfing® Structural Integration: Rolfing® Structural Integration may benefit cardiovascular endurance in people with chronic fatigue syndrome. In preliminary study, patients showed improvement in overall well being. However, larger well-designed studies are needed to confirm these results.
- Rolfing® Structural Integration should not be used as the sole therapeutic approach to disease, and it should not delay the time it takes to speak with a healthcare provider about a potentially severe condition. Rolfing® Structural Integration is generally believed to be safe in most people. Avoid in patients taking blood thinners and in patients with broken bones, severe osteoporosis, disease of the spine or vertebral disks, skin damage or wounds, bleeding disorders, blood clots, tooth abscesses, acute disc problems, aneurysm, fever, recent scar tissue, connective tissue disease, cancer, and in patients who have just received cortisone shots or who are on chronic cortisone therapy. Use cautiously in patients with varicose veins or phlebitis, joint diseases, psychosis or bipolar disorder, severe kidney, liver, or intestinal disease, diabetes, menstruation, infectious conditions, colostomies, high blood pressure, and stenoses or strictures.
- Sandalwood: Preliminary study indicates that sandalwood oil may increase alertness; however, more research is needed in this area.
- Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to sandalwood (Santalum album), its constituents, or related members of the Santalaceae family. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
- Selenium: Evidence of selenium's effectiveness for fatigue is currently inconclusive. Additional research is needed in this area.
- Avoid if allergic or sensitive to products containing selenium. Avoid with a history of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Selenium is generally regarded as safe for pregnant or breastfeeding women. However, animal research reports that large doses of selenium may lead to birth defects.
- Taurine: Energy drinks containing taurine, along with other ingredients such as caffeine and glucuronolactone, are widely available. Overall these drinks have been suggested to decrease sleepiness associated with driving, increase energy, concentration, and memory, and positively affect mood, well-being, and vitality. Further study is required to examine the effect of taurine alone.
- Taurine is an amino acid and it is unlikely that there are allergies related to this constituent. However, allergies may occur from multi-ingredient products that contain taurine. Use cautiously in patients with high cholesterol, low blood pressure, coagulation disorders, potential for mania, or epilepsy. Avoid alcohol or exercise after consumption of energy drinks containing taurine, caffeine, glucuronolactone, B vitamins, and other ingredients. Use cautiously if pregnant or breastfeeding; taurine is a natural component of breast milk.
- Vitamin B12: There is some evidence that intramuscular injections of vitamin B12 given twice per week may improve the general well-being and happiness of patients with symptoms of tiredness or fatigue. However, fatigue has many potential causes and well-designed clinical trials are needed before a recommendation can be made.
- Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to cobalamin, cobalt, or any other vitamin B12 product ingredients. Avoid with coronary stents (mesh tube that holds clogged arteries open) and Leber's disease. Use cautiously if undergoing angioplasty and with anemia. Vitamin B12 is generally considered safe when taken in amounts that are not higher than the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). There is not enough scientific data available about the safety of larger amounts of vitamin B12 during pregnancy and/or breastfeeding.
- Yoga: Preliminary studies in humans report that yoga may improve fatigue in adults. However, better-designed studies are needed before any conclusion can be made.
- Yoga is generally considered to be safe in healthy individuals when practiced appropriately. Avoid some inverted poses with disc disease of the spine, fragile or atherosclerotic neck arteries, risk for blood clots, extremely high or low blood pressure, glaucoma, detachment of the retina, ear problems, severe osteoporosis, or cervical spondylitis. Certain yoga breathing techniques should be avoided in people with heart or lung disease. Use cautiously with a history of psychotic disorders. Yoga techniques are believed to be safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding when practiced under the guidance of expert instruction (the popular Lamaze techniques are based on yogic breathing). However, poses that put pressure on the uterus, such as abdominal twists, should be avoided in pregnancy.
- Fair negative scientific evidence:
- Spirulina: There is currently inadequate evidence to recommend the use of spirulina in chronic fatigue syndrome.
- Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to spirulina or blue-green algae. Use cautiously with phenylketonuria (a genetic disorder of a liver enzyme that disrupts normal body functions), autoimmune diseases, bleeding disorders, diabetes, and osteoporosis. Use cautiously with products containing the blue-green algae species Anabaena spp., Aphanizomenon spp., and Microcystis spp.; in underweight patients or in those taking antiobesity agents or appetite suppressants; or if consuming a high-protein diet. Avoid in children and if pregnant or breastfeeding.
- Since the cause of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) remains unclear, there is no known method to prevent the disease. Individuals who experience CFS symptoms should consult their healthcare providers.
Support for cfs patients
- The CFIDS (Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome) Association of America is the largest charitable organization dedicated to conquering CFS. Since the organization was founded in 1987, the association has invested more than $18.4 million in initiatives to find a cure for CFS. The organization works to promote awareness of CFS and promotes high-quality scientific research.
- For more information about the CFIDS Association of America, please visit www.cfids.org.
Copyright © 2011 Natural Standard (www.naturalstandard.com)
The information in this monograph is intended for informational purposes only, and is meant to help users better understand health concerns. Information is based on review of scientific research data, historical practice patterns, and clinical experience. This information should not be interpreted as specific medical advice. Users should consult with a qualified healthcare provider for specific questions regarding therapies, diagnosis and/or health conditions, prior to making therapeutic decisions.
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Q. Our son is a Boy Scout and we were recently shocked to hear of Brennan Hawkins, who resisted being rescued for four days because his parents had told him never to talk to strangers.
I think it's important for kids to know that strangers can be dangerous, but also to know that there will be times when you need to trust strangers to help you or bring you to safety. How can I make that distinction to my 10-year-old?
A. It's time for all parents to rethink using the line, "Don't talk to strangers." First of all, who is a stranger? A firefighter is a stranger, a neighbor might be a stranger, a clerk in a store is a stranger, and you are a stranger to many children. Yet a firefighter, neighbor, clerk, or you would help a child if lost, hurt, or frightened.
It's really not strangers that parents don't want their children to talk to; it's people who prey on children -- predators -- who parents want their children safe from. And children, particularly children under the age of 10, can't keep themselves safe from the wily ways of a child predator. That's why parents need to keep their young children as close to them as they do their purse, backpack, or briefcase.
Telling children never to talk to strangers gives parents false confidence that their children will be safe from people who might hurt them. Plus it puts the burden on children to keep themselves safe. Truly, it's the job of parents to protect children from people who might hurt them. Here are some ways you can do this, as written by Gavin de Becker in his book Protecting the Gift: Keeping Children and Teenagers Safe (and Parents Sane) (Dell, 2000).
Once a child approaches age 8, it's time to begin to coach children on how to manage themselves when on their own. Consider using these two ways of getting your child to think through potentially dangerous situations.Thinking Out Loud
Thinking out loud involves explaining your thought processes when talking to people you don't know. After talking to a stranger in the grocery store you might say to your over-8-year-old child, "It was okay to talk to that man as we waited in line at the grocery store, but we would never leave the store with him or get into his car."
Hearing the rationale behind how you react to strangers in various situations -- when you, yourself, need help in a store or while driving -- and talking through how the other important people in your child's life -- relatives, caregivers, etc. -- have solved everyday problems helps your child internalize the aid-seeking process and become comfortable making his own decisions about his safety. Plus, this approach helps a child to manage himself with confidence when the time comes when he is old enough to be on his own in public.What Would You Do If...?
The game What Would You Do If...? goes like this: "What would you do if we were at the mall and got separated?" Acceptable answers to explore include: Talking to a clerk, staying where you are and waiting for Mom or Dad to return, or asking a mom or dad with a stroller for help. This method explores various options that children can use when on their own in the community. You can make up various scenarios that might suit situations particular to your children and family.Staying Safe
When children are old enough to be on their own without adult supervision, the rule to drum into their heads is: Always travel in a group of three. There is safety in numbers.
Lastly, if you see a child lost, hurt, or frightened, don't ignore the child. Instead, approach the child, kneel down to the child's level and tell the child that you will stay with him until his mom or dad returns. Stay calm and signal for help to another adult, if necessary.
Jan Faull, MEd, is a veteran parent educator and the author of two parenting books, Mommy, I Have to Go Potty and Unplugging Power Struggles. She writes a biweekly parenting advice column for HealthyKids.com and a weekly parenting advice column in the Seattle Times newspaper. Jan Faull is the mother of three grown children and lives in the Seattle area.
Originally published on HealthyKids.com, July 2005.
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In Focus: Carbon Capture Technology
Coal is bountiful, cheap, and accounts for about 50% of our current electricity generation. Worldwide, coal is the dominant source of power and is projected to increase even further as petroleum prices skyrocket.
However, coal is dirty. Along with ash, it is also carbon rich and has an incredibly high ratio of CO2 output per kWh of electricity generated. This is because the hydrocarbon ratio in coal is very low (about 1C to 1H), meaning more C per bond broken, and consequentially more CO2.
In an age where concern over greenhouse gasses seems to run counter to free market ideology, what can be done to make coal energy, more appealing?
The answer lies with carbon capture technology.
Carbon capture, and carbon scrubbing, is the technology that goes into cleaning, filtering, and storing the excess CO2 generated by coal fired power plants.
Already, there are examples of carbon capture that we did not even build. Every plant and algae species are effectively a terrestrial carbon capture machine. They take CO2 from the air and turn it into stored, organic carbon.
However, with an increase in airborne CO2 ,clearly more than simply trees and algae are necessary to rectify out CO2 imbalance.
One method of carbon capture is to inject effluent CO2 into underground caverns. According to a USGS study, closer to 40% of the coal fired power plants within the U.S. lie directly above of potential geological CO2 storage caverns. This could provide successful areas where we can inject CO2 underground rather than allow it to enter the atmosphere. This makes ‘dirty coal’ into ‘economical coal’ and a far more attractive option than it is today.
Other Carbon Capture technology seeks to pump CO2 into existing geological cavities formed from dried oil wells. Yet other tech seeks to crystallize the CO2 and use the resulting mineral as building material.
As it stands now, CO2 sequestration technology is not yet commercially viable. Due to the large amount of energy required to pump the gas underground, there is constant research going into how to better perform CO2 sequestration technology.
This research falls into precombustion and postcombustion categories.
Precombustion alters the fuel source before it is ignited. Often times, this is a gasification process (see gasification article).
Postcombustion is dealing with the CO2 after the fuel source has been ignited. These methods include passing carbon through membrane filters, allowing the CO2 to be biologically metabolized, using the CO2 in fertilizer aspects, using CO2 as an enzyme for catalysis processes or adding CO2 to landfills for accelerate the carbon cycle.
Existing CO2 sequestration projects include:
Archer Daniels Midland (IL)
Leucadia Energy, LLC (NY)
The cutting edge of carbon sequestration technology includes using the CO2 for anything from biofuel to concrete production. These include large industrial projects such as Phycal, LLC.
For more on carbon sequestration:
EnergyGridIQ (EIQ) is a powerful and comprehensive location-based database of energy projects and thousands of energy incentives offered by federal, state and private sources. EIQ also provides an alert service for new RFPs and opportunities, and targeted local advertising. In addition to geocoded incentive data, EIQ offers extensive additional geocoded datasets including weather, market prices, and client data such as energy consumption. The overlaid datasets on EIQ’s unique map interface provide a powerful tool to manage energy decisions. EIQ founders and current team include energy industry and deregulated market veterans, data scientists, technology and mobile experts and literally NASA rocket engineers.
Search 26k+ Solar Articles
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Security Education at Microsoft
To build secure products, any group of developers needs to be aware of the current threats that these products face. Developers need to know the attack vectors that hackers typically use. They need to know how to analyze their products with certain threats in mind and how to mitigate those threats. They need to know the tools and techniques for increasing the security of the code base. In 2002, Microsoft introduced the Security Development Lifecycle (SDL), which infuses security and privacy into the software development lifecycle of Microsoft products.
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By Rabbi Daniel Travis
"The servant [Eliezer] took ten camels from his master’s camels…"
The Torah mentions specifically that these camels belonged to Eliezer’s
master. Rashi explains that they were clearly recognizable as belonging to
Avraham. Since Avraham was always meticulously careful to avoid stealing
in any form, he took special care to muzzle each of his camels to prevent
them eating from fields belonging to others. Anyone who saw these camels
recognized this “trademark” of Avraham, who would have nothing to do with
theft, even through his animals (1).
Was there really a need for Avraham to muzzle his camels? Rav Pinchas
ben Yair’s donkey refused to eat stolen food, for God makes sure that no
transgressions occur because of a righteous person – not even through his
animals (2). Avraham, the progenitor of the entire Jewish nation,
certainly was not wanting in righteousness. Why would he have worried that
some act of theft might come about through his camels (3)?
Although Avraham’s extreme dedication to honesty kept him away from
forbidden acts, he did not want to rely on his own righteousness. Avraham
took nothing for granted; on the contrary, he employed every possible
precaution to safeguard himself from sin. He would not place himself in a
situation that held even the slightest possibility that sin might result.
All the more so he did not depend on the nature of his camels; therefore
he was not willing to assume that they would not steal (4).
Rav Yisrael Salanter once visited an acquaintance of his who was a wealthy
banker. The banker was sitting at his table counting money when he looked
out of the window and saw Rav Yisrael in the distance. Realizing that Rav
Yisrael would soon be in his home, the banker went to change his clothes
so that he would be able to greet the Rav with the honor that was due him.
When Rav Yisrael arrived, the banker’s servant invited him into the house
but, seeing a large sum of money on the table, Rav Yisrael remained
Several minutes later the banker entered the room and, seeing Rav Yisrael
standing outside, asked him why he had not come in. Rav Yisrael explained:
The Gemara states that only a minority of people commit immoral acts;
nevertheless the Torah forbids a man to be secluded with a woman because
it might lead him to transgress. The same Gemara states that most people
transgress in monetary matters (5). It should be obvious to us then, said
Rav Yisrael, that no one should allow himself to be secluded with someone
1. Rashi on Bereshith 24:10.
2. Chulin 5b.
3. Sifthei Chachamim on Bereshith 24:10.
4. Rabbeinu Yerucham, Da’ath Torah, p. 154.
5. Bava Bathra 165a.
Text Copyright © 2007 by Rabbi Daniel Travis and Torah.org
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Late Breaking News
Whole Blood May Have Much Longer Shelf Life Than Now Assumed in Official Standards
A new study suggests that “fresh” whole blood may have a shelf life considerably longer than the 48 hours or so now considered standard. That could have significant implications in situations such as the treatment of combat casualties where whole blood may be preferred for transfusion, according to the researchers.
In the study, published in the January issue of Transfusion, authors noted that “the hemostatic property of ‘fresh’ whole blood has been observed in military application and cardiac surgery and is associated with reduced blood loss, transfusion requirements, and donor exposures. The time from donation to transfusion defining ‘fresh’ has not been systematically studied.”
Their research found that that normal integrated coagulation function was preserved for a minimum of 11 days under standard conditions of refrigerated storage. The authors said their observations “strongly suggest that the hemostatic quality of WB may extend beyond current transfusion practice” and called for more studies.
“We have found that whole blood retains its clotting properties at least 11 days under standard refrigeration,” the study leader, David Jobes, M.D., a cardiothoracic anesthesiologist in the Cardiac Center at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, said. “If this lab discovery can be confirmed in human subjects, it may lead to a change in clinical practice, and possibly to improved survival for massively transfused patients.”
At Children’s Hospital, for example, fresh whole blood is assumed to have a shelf life of 48 hours when refrigerated. After that, although red blood cells can still be recovered from the blood, other components are discarded. “In any case, postponed surgeries currently waste resources,” Jobes said.
Further study could lead to a change in current practice in terms of whole blood shelf life, which could especially benefit military or disaster relief situations, according to Jobes.
“Trauma patients could potentially benefit, as well as others needing a large volume of blood replacement, such as patients undergoing liver transplant or children who need craniofacial reconstruction,” he said. By using donated whole blood more efficiently, he noted, fewer donors would be needed and the risks of transmission of blood borne viruses could be decreased.
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|Family IX. CERTHIANIE. CREEPERS.
GENUS II. TROGLODYTES, Cuv. WREN.
[House Wren (see also House Wren and Parkman's Wren).]
|Genus||TROGLODYTES AMERICANUS, Aud.
I feel much pleasure in introducing this new species to you, a family of
which were shot by my sons in a deep wood, eight or ten miles from Eastport in
Maine, in the summer of 1832. The young were following their parents through
the dark and tangled recesses of their favourite places of abode busily engaged
in search of their insect prey; but their nest was not seen. Some weeks
afterwards three adult birds of the same kind were shot near Dennisville in the
same district; and, on shewing them to my young and intelligent friend THOMAS
LINCOLN, Esq. he told me that they bred in hollow logs in the woods, and seldom
if ever approached the farms. He had seen the eggs, but, considering it a
common species there, had made no notes of their number or colour; nor had he
attended to the form or materials of their nest. My drawing was made at that
In winter, while at Charleston, South Carolina, I saw many of them: they had much the same habits as in Maine, remaining in thick hedges along ditches, in the woods, and also not far distant from plantations. I procured several through the assistance of my friend JOHN BACHMAN, which now form part of my large collection of skins of our birds. The notes of this species differ considerably from those of the House Wren, to which it is nearly allied. I hope to be more familiar with the Wood Wren before any labours are completed, in which case I shall not fail to make you acquainted with the result of my observations.
An egg of this bird, procured in the State of Vermont, and presented to me by Dr. T. M. BREWER of Boston, differs from those of all our other Wrens: it measures six-eighths of an inch in length, four and a half eighths in breadth; its ground-colour is dull yellowish-white, blotched all over with rather large markings of pale purplish-red, and zigzag streaks of deep blackish-brown, more numerous around the middle than at either end.
WOOD WREN, Troglodytes Americana, Aud. Orn. Biog., vol. ii. p. 452;vol. v. p. 469.
Bill of moderate length, nearly straight, slender, acute, subtrigonal at the base, compressed towards the tip; upper mandible with the ridge rather sharp, the sides convex towards the end, the edges acute and overlapping, the tip slightly declinate and acute; lower mandible narrow, the side's convex, the sharp edges inflected. Nostrils elliptical, straight, basal, with a cartilaginous lid above, open and bare. Head ovate, neck short, body rather full. Legs of ordinary length, rather large; tarsus rather long, compressed, covered anteriorly with seven scutella, sharp behind; lateral toes equal and smallest, hind toe strongest; claws rather long, slender, acute, arched, much compressed.
Plumage soft, blended, slightly glossed. No bristly feathers about the base of the beak. Wings short, broad; the first quill half the length of the second, which is much shorter than the third; the fourth and fifth longest. Tail rather long, broad, graduated, of twelve rounded feathers.
Bill dusky brown above, lower mandible brownish-yellow, the tip dusky. Iris hazel. Feet flesh-colour tinged with brown. The general colour of the upper parts is dark reddish-brown, duller, and tined with grey on the head, indistinctly barred with dark brown; wings and tail undulatingly banded with dark brown, the edges of the outer primaries lighter. The under parts are pale brownish-grey, faintly barred on the fore-neck, breast, and sides, the under tail-coverts distinctly barred.
Length 4 7/8, extent of wings 6 3/12; bill along the ridge (5 1/2)/12, along the edge 8/12; tarsus 8/12.
This species is most intimately allied to the House Wren, from which it can hardly be distinguished in description, the colours being nearly the same in both. The present species, however, is considerably larger, wants the light coloured line over the eye which is conspicuous in the House Wren, and has the tail much more graduated.
ARBUTUS UVA-URSI, Willd. Sp. Pl. vol. ii. p. 618.--DECANDRIA MONOGYNIA, Linn.
This small creeping plant grows in pine barrens, and in rocky and mountainous places in the Northern and Eastern States. The berries are scarlet, dry and unpalatable.
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Kliper is a proposed replacement for the Soyuz Spacecraft. Kliper
is designed being developed in Russia by Moscow’s space rocket
corporation Energia. It may be used for flights to the International
Space Station and the Moon.
The 14,000 kg Kliper is able to carry a six member crew and a 700
Two modifications of Kliper are proposed for use:
1. Load carrying hull will enable the spaceship to land on any
flat ground with a parachute.
2. Aircraft-Style Hull. The aircraft style modification is being
developed in collaboration with the Sukhoi Design Bureau. A winged
Kliper would be able to land only on an airfield.
Both modifications many be used. Kliper's configuration will be
changeable depending on the mission.
The Russian Federal Space Agency (FSA) is working on the project
to launch a new space shuttle called Kliper.
Rocket Booster Options
Three options are being considered for booster rockets for launching
the new Kliper space shuttle to orbit and they are:
1. Onega, a modified Soyuz rocket from a Plesetsk launch pad. It
is a proposed new generation rocket from Energia.
2. The new generation Angara booster rocket
3. Ukrainian Zenit from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan.
The Kliper could be launched in the future from other launch pads,
including Kourou in French Guiana.
- On 16th September 2004, FSA deputy director Nikolai Moiseyev
announced that the Kliper project had been included in the federal
space program for 2005-15. He also mentioned if the program was
implemented successfully the first launch may take place in five
- The presidents of the Common Economic Space countries (Russia,
Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Belarus) in September passed a decision on
setting up a space rocket corporation for joint use of the space
complex Kliper-Zenit and ordered the governments of their countries
to come up with concrete proposals by December 15, 2004.
- Russia's Kliper Space Shuttle was shown for the first time on
November 30, 2004.
- The new Russian space shuttle Kliper will be exhibited
as a full scale model at the
Le Bourget on June 13-19, 2005.
Did you know?
* The Soyuz Spacecraft provides human transport to the
International Space Station.
* Russian spacecraft traditionally use landing capsules which
descend on parachutes. The only Russian space shuttle project Buran
landed on an airfield. Buran shuttle made an unmanned spaceflight in
November 1988. Buran shuttle performed only 1 flight. It orbited the
Earth twice and landed automatically. Since the first flight it has
been located in storage at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan.
Several other copies of the Russian shuttle were built as part of a
test program and through the years have all become known by the name
Buran. One of them is now used as an attraction in Moscow’s Gorky
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At the right you see two mating treefrogs. They are Squirrel Treefrogs, Hyla squirella. The smaller male is on top. As you can see in the photograph, when frogs mate, the male grasps the female's trunk with his forelimbs. The technical name for this special kind of embrace is amplexus. A more general term for fertilization accomplished outside the female's body, and therefore including amplexus, is external fertilization. Frogs and toads don't have penises. During amplexus the female discharges eggs -- usually into water -- while the male sheds sperms over the eggs.
The picture below shows some Wood Frogs, Lithobates sylvatica, during amplexus. It was sent to us by Greg Scott in Wisconsin, who took the picture. Greg writes about it:
I photographed one unfortunate female ... who had been "attacked" by several males. Each had tried grasping her and in the process of each holding on to a different part of her body they had held her under water long enough that she had drowned.... but they were still holding on to various parts of her body.
In other words, at the left you see a dead female frog with several males trying to mate with various part of her body. How could such a crazy thing happen in nature?
Maybe the answer lies with a study on toads, not frogs, conducted by Dr. Susumu Ishii in Japan. He found that when adult male toads find any pliable object as large as an adult toad during the breeding season, they mount it and try to clasp it. If the object they have mounted doesn't respond they keep holding on for hours. If the object is a female ready to mate, then amplexus proceeds normally. However, if the object mounted is a female not ready to produce eggs, she will vibrate her body. When the clasping male feels the vibration, he suddenly stops clasping, jumps from the back, and leaves quickly. The situation may be similar with Wood Frogs, but only further studies will make that clear.
One thing is made clear by the following photo, however: That shows a male toad clasping a completely different species of frog -- a Green Frog. Since the Green Frog probably won't vibrate its body the way a female toad would to get the male toad to go away, the poor Green Frog may be stuck with the toad for some time!
At the right you see a female Squirrel Treefrog with her belly filled with eggs prior to mating. Here you see eggs through her tight belly skin. She had been in a parked car and apparently couldn't get to water where she could mate. One day the car was taken to the carwash and the frog hopped out, surely eager to encounter a male of her species, for she was obviously ready.
Some frogs don't need much water when they mate. Sometimes a little rain pooled in a curled leaf is all that's needed for a female to deposit her eggs there. When a frog's eggs first make contact with water their protective layers of jelly soak up the water and swell, forming a jelly-like blob.
At the right you see some frog eggs discovered in a drainage ditch near my home. The black specks are frog embryos suspended in the eggs' gelatinous mass, which is attached to grassblades. If you discover an egg mass, let it stay where it is but return to it regularly and watch what happens. The black specks will grow larger and larger and finally the eggs will "hatch" into tiny, legless tadpoles, sometimes called pollywogs, consisting of little more than heads and tails. Then they will wriggle out of the gelatinous mass and begin eating algae and other things in the water around them. As these tadpoles grow they will sprout legs and absorb their tail, and their diet will change gradually from a vegetarian one to a carnivorous one. Finally, if their puddle of water doesn't dry out so that all the tadpoles die, the newly formed frogs who have managed to escape hungry birds, raccoons and the like will hop away to begin their land lives.
Instead of laying masses of eggs as in the above picture, toads usually lay their eggs in strings such as is shown at the left. Typically such strings are attached to vegetation, but I found this one lying on moist sand. Toad eggs hatch into tiny black tadpoles, which weeks later metamorphose.
The picture below shows a tadpole about an inch long I captured and put into a jar, brought home, placed on my scanner, and scanned! The neat thing about this picture is that you can see not only the spaghetti-like intestines coiling around in the body part, but you can also see tiny back legs beginning to sprout at the base of the tail. Because the tadpole was out of water during the scanning, gravity twisted its body so that you see a side view of the tadpole's back half, but a view from directly below of the front half. Since this tadpole was already becoming a frog I knew that getting extra air as it lay for about 30 seconds on the scanner wouldn't hurt it, and indeed after the scanning I plopped him back into the jar and he was very lively as I carried him to a nearby pool where, if a raccoon doesn't get him, he may well have become a frog -- a Southern Leopard Frog, Lithobates pipiens, I think.
You can review books about frogs and toads available at Amazon.com by clicking here.
this page as:
Conrad, Jim. Last updated . Page title: . Retrieved from The Backyard Nature Website at .
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A judicious lens and camera selection will overcome the challenges that small objects pose.
Machine vision systems are commonly used in inspection applications where small objects need to be identified, measured or checked. These systems can resolve orders of magnitude in finer detail than the human eye and can provide quantitative analysis, eliminating human interpretation and error. A well-designed machine vision system also can improve speed and accuracy, compared to tedious manual inspection. However, a number of issues arise when designing machine vision systems for small objects, due to hardware limitations, optical tradeoffs and space constraints. These issues need to be understood and addressed to maximize system throughput and accuracy.
interpretation and error. A well-designed machine vision system also can improve speed and accuracy, compared to tedious manual inspection. However, a number of issues arise when designing machine vision systems for small objects, due to hardware limitations, optical tradeoffs and space constraints. These issues need to be understood and addressed to maximize system throughput and accuracy.
One problem with imaging small objects is fitting all the system components within the production or inspection area. The camera lens and lighting equipment are the largest parts to be accommodated.
br> Many lenses that view small objects have large apertures to collect the maximum amount of light from the small area being viewed. Also, shining a lot of light on that area usually requires a large light source. This problem can be solved by using a lens with a long working distance because the lens and camera can be mounted farther from the object, rather than being crowded in a cramped workspace. Working distance, however, is usually inversely proportional to lens magnification, which brings up the second problem-field of view.
Field of View
Field of view usually decreases as the distance between the lens and the object decreases. Therefore, a long working distance usually means a larger field of view, increasing the possibility that small details may be missed. Long working distance, high-magnification lenses, however, produce small fields of view from long distances. This type of lens also improves resolution because the smaller field of view results in higher resolution on the object. This happens because each pixel views a smaller area-there are more pixels per area.
Increasing pixel count per area helps in a number of ways. The main benefit is that the machine vision software has more data points to work with, increasing accuracy. While the same effect can be produced using a sensor with more pixels, this approach overtaxes system optics because each pixel must pass information through a smaller portion of the lens. High-resolution sensors need better optics, and incorporating high-quality optics into a large lens to image a small area gets very expensive.
One way to avoid using a camera with a large, expensive sensor is by making many images of the area of interest with a smaller-sensor camera. The smaller fields of view can then be combined in software to form a composite image of the larger area. The result is an image with similar data, but with lower overhead cost. While this cost needs to account for calibration errors, software and processing time, this approach is a better option in many inspection systems.
Depth of Field
Another challenge in imaging small objects is a small depth of field. Depth of field is the range from the central focus under the lens, where the object is still in sharp focus. Three factors determine depth of field: focal length of the lens, lens to object distance and f-number (ƒ/#). Most lenses that image small objects will have a long focal length, short working distance and large ƒ/#-a combination that significantly decreases depth of field compared to that of a standard lens.
Stopping down the aperture can increase depth of field. However, there is a limit to how much depth of field can be increased before the aperture is so small that light diffracting off the aperture blades causes more problems. This is called the diffraction limit and is an inescapable limitation that cannot be avoided with very small objects.
Small objects pose a number of challenges to imaging devices, including short working distances, resolution limits and depth of field. All these issues relate to the lens and camera choice because the hardware will dictate the seriousness of each problem. These problems can be solved easily with a judicious lens and camera selection that offers the most options in the easiest configuration to produce the best images possible within budget.
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<urn:uuid:327e17a0-1778-41dc-9df7-e72a0b207829>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://www.qualitymag.com/articles/print/90347-machine-vision-101-imaging-small-objects
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700958435/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516104238-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.930619
| 884
| 3.109375
| 3
|
Background: Identifying those seniors most likely to adopt a healthy diet, the relative importance they place on certain perceived benefits associated with a healthy diet, and whether these perceived benefits are associated with selected demographic, lifestyle, and health history variables is important for directing effective dietary health promotion programs. Methods: Analyses are based on a cross-sectional convenience sample of 670 seniors aged 50 years and older at the 2002 World Senior Games in St. George, Utah. Data are assessed using frequencies, bivariate analysis, analysis of variance, and multiple logistic regression analysis. Results Fruit and vegetable consumption was significantly higher in individuals aged 70–79, in women, in those not overweight or obese, and in those with excellent overall health. Dietary fiber consumption was significantly higher in former or never smokers, current and previous alcohol drinkers, in those not overweight or obese, and in those with excellent health. The strongest motivating factors identified for adopting a healthy diet were to improve the quality of life, to increase longevity, and to prevent disease. Of intermediate importance were the need to feel a sense of control and to satisfy likes or dislikes. Least important were the desire to experience a higher level of spirituality, social reasons, and peer acceptance. Conclusion: Seniors who have adopted a healthy diet are more likely to have chosen that behavior because of perceived health benefits than for personal and social benefits. Overweight or obese individuals and those in poor health were less likely to be engaged in healthy eating behavior and require special attention by dieticians and public health professionals.
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<urn:uuid:4d5cbe37-8f56-430d-a3be-6ab19d140016>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/IR/id/57/rec/17
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704392896/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113952-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.968973
| 309
| 2.84375
| 3
|
To Conserve, Preserve, and Sustain Using Photography, Science, Technology, and Teamwork.
Finding Species’ mission is to:
• Conserve the planet's biodiversity,
• Preserve cultural heritages, and
• Sustain human well-being by promoting a healthy environment for all.
Finding Species takes a unique approach to achieving these goals. We build from four cornerstones: photography, science, technology, and teamwork.
Photography: We photograph species that need to be accurately identified because they are endangered, new to science, native to unique regions, or invasive and therefore harmful to other species. We photograph habitats that need to be seen because they are threatened by humans. We photograph indigenous arts and skills related to nature that need to be documented because they are being lost to new generations. Finding Species ensures that each photographic portrait is of the highest aesthetic quality.
Science: We write profiles of species to accompany our photographs. We write articles about biodiversity science. We use non-technical language, to make field identifications easier for all and to make the science accessible to all.
Technology: We pioneer standardized methods and use professional equipment, to make our photographs a permanent archive for humanity. We employ digital technologies and printed media in innovative ways, to reach as wide an audience as possible.
Teamwork: The combined creativity and knowledge of interdisciplinary teams is essential to our success. Finding Species’ board, staff, partners and volunteers come from different disciplines in biology, photography, policy, and finance. We actively build partnerships with government agencies, conservation organizations, museums, research scientists and universities, and schools.
From these four cornerstones, Finding Species undertakes conservation campaigns, scientific research, and public and community educational outreach. Through all our projects, Finding Species makes the natural world and its species undeniable and uniquely compelling, so that each person is inspired to learn about them and to help protect them.
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<urn:uuid:32548d96-0d9a-4fbc-8044-767171398309>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://findingspecies.org/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704392896/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113952-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.923433
| 391
| 2.828125
| 3
|
Note: This message is displayed if (1) your browser is not standards-compliant or (2) you have you disabled CSS. Read our Policies for more information.
Indianapolis- A new research study released today by the Indiana Civil Rights Commission (ICRC) shows that discrimination in Indiana remains a problem. The ICRC's study is based on the findings of their Statewide Perception Survey, which found that approximately 58% of Hoosiers have been discriminated against in their lifetime and more than 88% look at discrimination as a problem within their community.
“This study confirms what we have suspected for a number of years,” said Jamal L. Smith, Executive Director of the Indiana Civil Rights Commission. “Despite state and federal legislation, education and the mounting research on the benefits to diversity in neighborhoods, schools and businesses, discrimination still exists.”
Created by state statue in 1961, the Indiana Civil Rights Commission enforces the Indiana civil rights laws and provides education and services to the public in an effort to ensure equal opportunity for all Hoosiers. The agency cites a lack of understanding and knowledge of civil rights and other anti-discrimination laws as the reason a majority of Hoosiers will face discrimination in their lifetime.
“It is our job to ensure that every Hoosier is aware of their rights and responsibilities under Indiana civil rights laws,” added Smith. “We are more than just a watch dog agency who charges businesses with civil rights violations. Our agency has taken a proactive approach to educating the public to ensure equal opportunities for all Hoosiers.”
Over the past year, the Indiana Civil Rights Commission has gone through a massive re-branding and re-organization effort. In addition to a new logo, training materials, the implementation of social media, a monthly newsletter and video segment, the agency has launched the Power of Diversity™ statewide series.
The series targets employers, educators and housing providers in an effort to prevent illegal discrimination from occurring. The series traveled to more than a dozen locations in 2011, with more stops are planned in 2012.
The Indiana Civil Rights Commission enforces the Indiana civil rights laws and provides education and services to the public in an effort to ensure equal opportunity for all Hoosiers and visitors to the State of Indiana. For more information on the Indiana Civil Rights Commission visit: www.in.gov/icrc.
Click here to view a copy of the survey report.
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<urn:uuid:ec2e412f-6cdb-4318-916c-dc6b9c369497>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://in.gov/icrc/2577.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704392896/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113952-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.94235
| 501
| 2.578125
| 3
|
Frequently Asked Questions
The Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Research Inventory is an interactive, Internet-based, searchable database created as a tool to collect and disseminate information about research projects in the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Region. The International Joint Commission's Council of Great Lakes Research Managers (CGLRM) was created in 1984 to provide guidance and advice on research relevant to the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. Since then it has periodically inventoried Great Lakes research projects. Today's version of the Research Inventory allows projects to be continuously entered, updated, searched and sorted, directly from the Internet, providing a powerful tool for researchers, managers and policy-makers.
- Provide an effective tool for both professionals and the public to learn about contemporary research projects related to the Great Lakes ecosystem
- Help locate researchers working on projects related to the Great Lakes region.
- Provide managers with key data concerning resources dedicated to research in the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence region.
- Provide a central source through which people can access both traditional and nontraditional sources of information about the Great Lakes ecosystem.
- Reduce the delay between the production of information and its dissemination to a wide audience.
- Facilitate communication between professionals working in related fields, enhance coordination and reduce duplication of effort.
The Great Lakes basin is home to a diverse, expanding scientific community in both the United States and Canada. This region includes eight states and two provinces, and is home to hundreds of institutions of higher education, government agencies and private research foundations. These public and private organizations conduct research on a huge number of subjects related to the Great Lakes ecosystem. Printed reports and the dissemination of information among the scientific and broader community has at times been unable to keep pace with change. Consequently, researchers and policy makers have sometimes failed to benefit from current research or experience gained outside of their own networks. During these times of intense competition for research funding, the research community also needs to reduce the number of uncoordinated studies and unnecessary duplication of effort. The Research Inventory addresses these problems by providing up-to-date information on research projects relevant to the Great Lakes region. The Research Inventory allows Great Lakes researchers to identify similar studies, network, share experiences and increase efficiency. It enables managers to examine the impact of research, the interrelationships between research disciplines, the adequacy of research related to government agreements and to link research to policy questions.
To enter any type of data into the Research Inventory, you must have an account and be logged in. If you have never created an account, you may register an account. If you already have an account (even from the older version of the Research Inventory), you may login with your account.
With an account, you have the abilitity to add projects, add agencies and add researchers. When you add a project, you may attach existing agencies and researchers to the project.
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<urn:uuid:f4ab81b1-1c37-4fbc-a761-2896bab1e6c8>
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://ri.ijc.org/faq
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704392896/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113952-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.916727
| 584
| 2.546875
| 3
|
SYDNEY – In a speech at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, DC, on February 22, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe informed the audience of officials, experts, and journalists that Japan is “back” and will not stand down in its ongoing sovereignty dispute with China over the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands. With Chinese provocations on the rise, US President Barack Obama, Abe’s host, appealed for calm and restraint on both sides.
Japan is likely to accede – grudgingly – to America’s request, as it remains dependent on its alliance with the US for its security. But it will be much more difficult to persuade China that it should stand down.
China’s assertiveness over its sovereignty claim reflects more than a desire to exploit seabed resources, or to gain a widened strategic gateway into the western Pacific. It is also about national renewal and rejuvenation – the core of the Chinese Communist Party’s raison d’être. Turning away from a fight with its former occupier and historical rival would be a step backward in this six-decade-long quest.
The idea of Chinese renewal or rejuvenation was popularized by then-Premier Zhao Ziyang in the late 1980’s, and frequently promoted by Presidents Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao. Most recently, incoming President Xi Jinping, visiting the National Museum of China’s “Road Toward Renewal” exhibition, pledged to continue the “great renewal of the Chinese nation.”
What does “renewal” or “rejuvenation” mean to the Chinese? All nations – great and small – embody a combination of historical fact and myth. In this case, the CCP’s view of rejuvenation is built on the belief that the zenith of Chinese power under the Ming and Qing dynasties represents the natural, just, and permanent state of affairs for a 5,000-year-old civilization.
When Mao Zedong took power in 1949, his immediate goal was to re-establish the “greater China” of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912), insisting that the Manchu-led empire was the permanent and enduring China. But, while the assault on the Qing Dynasty by foreign powers is a historical fact, the notion that there has been one enduring China struggling against avaricious outsiders across several millennia is false and self-serving.
Mao achieved his goal following the so-called peaceful liberation of the East Turkestan Republic (now Xinjiang) in 1949 and the invasion of Tibet in 1950, which promptly increased China’s size by more than one-third. And every CCP leader since has carried forward his vision of a greater China, adjusting and expanding it as the country’s power grows. For example, China showed little interest in the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands prior to 1968 – the year a geographical study pointed to vast oil reserves beneath the seabed.
The same can be said for China’s growing stridency with respect to its claims in the South China Sea. In 2009, relying heavily on a dubious historical claim, China formally tabled its “nine-dotted line” map to the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, and has since referred to almost all of the South China Sea as being under its “indisputable sovereignty.”
Having dominated East and Southeast Asia for all but the last two centuries of the past two millennia, China is chafing at the current US-led regional order of sovereign states, in which even the smallest enjoys the same rights, privileges, and protection as the largest. Modern China has benefited enormously from this arrangement; nonetheless, there is keen resentment that the Chinese civilization-state’s vast achievements over several thousand years offer China no special status.
To a people imbued with a deep sense of superior moral worth, historical achievement, and victimization by foreign powers, this state of affairs is unjust and unnatural. It follows that pulling back from any territorial dispute with smaller and inferior states would be seen as a humiliating defeat, rather than a step toward ensuring long-term regional stability.
Moreover, an expanding view of greater China implies that a resolution of the dispute over the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands in China’s favor would be likely to embolden rather than satisfy its ambitions. Making good on its claim to the South China Sea could be next.
As Obama and Abe forge a common strategy aimed at helping to manage China’s rise peacefully, they must understand that China’s conception of renewal seeks to resurrect a glorious past, and that this implies revision, not affirmation, of the existing regional order. This means that they will have to limit China’s strategic and military options, even if they cannot constrain its ambitions.
|
<urn:uuid:953eea70-4821-462b-9013-d10396f56603>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/greater-china-and-asia-s-sovereignty-disputes-by-john-lee
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704392896/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113952-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.945077
| 1,018
| 2.65625
| 3
|
Math and Science Academy
Imagine your future. Do you see yourself . . .
• working with a team of researchers in a lab or in the field?
• programming and testing the latest video game?
• writing code for the world’s leading software companies?
• proving and disproving cutting-edge theorems in mathematics?
• identifying and cataloguing new species of plants or animals?
• helping architects design structurally sound buildings and bridges?
• researching and designing new drugs to help cure cancer and other maladies?
• using statistics to predict the future of financial markets?
• working with animals as a veterinarian or veterinary assistant?
• teaching math or science to a group of eager students?
• becoming an environmental engineer to study the effects of global warming?
• working in the renewable energy sector as a Wind Farm Project Developer?
• studying ocean currents as a marine biologist?
• being part of a research and development team on the newest hybrid vehicle?
We live in a world defined by math and science. Your phone, your television, your computer and even the cars in which you ride around, all are the products of years of scientific and mathematical research. Without dedicated mathematicians and scientists we would live in a world far different than the one in which we live. We would not have doctors to care for the sick (human or otherwise). We would not have chemists to discover cures for illness. We would not have the internet bringing information to our fingertips. We would be stuck in the Iron Age – if we were lucky.
Have you ever heard a scientific discovery announced and been excited? Whether it is the discovery of a new species of animal, the first picture of a pulsar, or the testing of a new medicine you could be a part of that in the future. Have you ever looked forward to a new video game or the release of a new search engine? You could be on the development side some day. Has the discovery of a new prime number or a new way of encoding data ever intrigued you? Your name could be on the next major breakthrough.
Science and math drive humanity forward as we progress to the future. You could be a part of that future!
The WHS Math and Science Academy will prepare students for 21st Century careers through the development of problem solving techniques using both inductive and deductive logic, as well as, developing abstract and critical thinking and communication skills.
Career exploration available in this academy:
• Computer Programming
• Physical Science
• Biological Science
• Actuarial Science
Math and Science Academy Requirements:
• Math and Science: 3.0 credits
• Psychology as a Science I 0.5 credits
• Computer Programming 0.5 credits
• Math and Science Capstone 1 credits
Total Credits upon completion of Academy 5 credits
To view the WHS Program of Studies - Click Here
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<urn:uuid:283ac307-c45c-4457-b408-a822ed01e118>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://www.weymouthschools.org/whs21_mathscience.aspx?ekfxmen_noscript=1&ekfxmensel=e9edebdfa_38_147
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704392896/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113952-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.922021
| 591
| 2.703125
| 3
|
|Dispelling the Martin Luther King Mythology
|TRUTH: The civil rights struggle continues into the present.|
| Schools, students, and teachers are, just as they were in the 1960's, at center stage. Integration, multicultural curriculums, tracking, school funding, the rights of gay teachers and students, graduation rates for poor and minority students, and so on, are all vital issues of the ongoing civil rights struggle.
In 1961 it was college students, black and white, that participated in lunch counter sit-ins and freedom rides and created a national movement.
In 1963 in Birmingham, the movement succeeded because school children joined the protests and went to jail in great numbers.
In 1965 in Selma it was teachers who led the protests for voting rights.
The 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision (that is said to have started the civil rights movement) set the goal of an equal and quality education for everyone. Yet this goal is farther than ever from being met.
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<urn:uuid:5d970b25-4f38-464f-95e7-f14a6ca23516>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://www.wmich.edu/teachmlk/myth4.php
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704392896/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113952-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.97139
| 204
| 3.453125
| 3
|
Menstruation (a period) is a major stage of puberty in girls; it's one of the many physical signs that a girl is turning into a woman.
And like a lot of the other changes associated with puberty, menstruation can be confusing. Some girls can't wait to start their periods, whereas others may feel afraid or anxious. Many girls (and guys!) don't have a complete understanding of a woman's reproductive system or what actually happens during the menstrual cycle, making the process seem even more mysterious.
When girls begin to go through puberty (usually starting between the ages of 8 and 13), their bodies and minds change in many ways. The hormones in their bodies stimulate new physical development, such as growth and breast development. About 2 to 2½ years after a girl's breasts begin to develop, she usually gets her first menstrual period.
About 6 months or so before getting her first period, a girl might notice an increased amount of clear vaginal discharge. This discharge is common. There's no need for a girl to worry about discharge unless it has a strong odor or causes itchiness.
The start of periods is known as . Menarche doesn't happen until all the parts of a girl's reproductive system have matured and are working together.
Baby girls are born with ovaries, fallopian tubes, and a uterus. The two ovaries are oval-shaped and sit on either side of the uterus (womb) in the lowest part of the abdomen called the pelvis. They contain thousands of eggs, or ova. The two fallopian tubes are long and thin. Each fallopian tube stretches from an ovary to the uterus, a pear-shaped organ that sits in the middle of the pelvis. The muscles in a female's uterus are powerful and are able to expand to allow the uterus to accommodate a growing fetus and then help push the baby out during labor.
As a girl matures and enters puberty, the pituitary gland releases hormones that stimulate the ovaries to produce other hormones called estrogen and progesterone. These hormones have many effects on a girl's body, including physical maturation, growth, and emotions.
About once a month, a tiny egg leaves one of the ovaries — a process called ovulation — and travels down one of the fallopian tubes toward the uterus. In the days before ovulation, the hormone estrogen stimulates the uterus to build up its lining with extra blood and tissue, making the walls of the uterus thick and cushioned. This happens to prepare the uterus for pregnancy: If the egg is fertilized by a sperm cell, it travels to the uterus and attaches to the cushiony wall of the uterus, where it slowly develops into a baby.
If the egg isn't fertilized, though — which is the case during most of a woman's monthly cycles — it doesn't attach to the wall of the uterus. When this happens, the uterus sheds the extra tissue lining. The blood, tissue, and unfertilized egg leave the uterus, going through the vagina on the way out of the body. This is a menstrual period.
This cycle happens almost every month for several more decades (except, of course, when a female is pregnant) until a woman reaches menopause and no longer releases eggs from her ovaries.
Just as some girls begin puberty earlier or later than others, the same applies to periods. Some girls may start menstruating as early as age 10, but others may not get their first period until they are 15 years old.
The amount of time between a girl's periods is called her menstrual cycle (the cycle is counted from the start of one period to the start of the next). Some girls will find that their menstrual cycle lasts 28 days, whereas others might have a 24-day cycle, a 30-day cycle, or even longer. Following menarche, menstrual cycles last 21-45 days. After a couple of years, cycles shorten to an adult length of 21-34 days.
Irregular periods are common in girls who are just beginning to menstruate. It may take the body a while to sort out all the changes going on, so a girl may have a 28-day cycle for 2 months, then miss a month, for example. Usually, after a year or two, the menstrual cycle will become more regular. Some women continue to have irregular periods into adulthood, though.
As a girl gets older and her periods settle down — or she gets more used to her own unique cycle — she will probably find that she can predict when her period will come. In the meantime, it's a good idea to keep track of your menstrual cycle with a calendar.
The amount of time that a girl has her period also can vary. Some girls have periods that last just 2 or 3 days. Other girls may have periods that last 7 days. The menstrual flow — meaning how much blood comes out of the vagina — can vary widely from girl to girl, too.
Some girls may be concerned that they're losing too much blood. It can be a shock to see all that blood, but it's unlikely that a girl will lose too much, unless she has a medical condition like von Willebrand disease. Though it may look like a lot, the average amount of blood is only about 2 tablespoons (30 milliliters) for an entire period. Most teens will change pads 3 to 6 times a day, with more frequent changes when their period is heaviest, usually at the start of the period.
Especially when menstrual periods are new, you may be worried about your blood flow or whether your period is normal in other ways. Talk to a doctor or nurse if:
your period lasts longer than a week
you have to change your pad very often (soaking more than one pad every 1-2 hours)
you go longer than 3 months between periods
you have bleeding in between periods
you have an unusual amount of pain before or during your period
your periods were regular then became irregular
Some girls may notice physical or emotional changes around the time of their periods. Menstrual cramps are pretty common — in fact, more than half of all women who menstruate say they have cramps during the first few days of their periods. Doctors think that cramps are caused by prostaglandin, a chemical that causes the muscles of the uterus to contract.
Depending on the girl, menstrual cramps can be dull and achy or sharp and intense, and they can sometimes be felt in the back as well as the abdomen. These cramps often become less uncomfortable and sometimes even disappear completely as a girl gets older.
Many girls and women find that over-the-counter pain medications (like acetaminophen or ibuprofen) can relieve cramps, as can taking a warm bath or applying a warm heating pad to the lower abdomen. Exercising regularly throughout the monthly cycle may help lessen cramps, too. If these things don't help, ask your doctor for advice.
Some girls and women find that they feel sad or easily irritated during the few days or week before their periods. Others may get angry more quickly than normal or cry more than usual. Some girls crave certain foods. These types of emotional changes may be the result of premenstrual syndrome (PMS).
PMS is related to changes in the body's hormones. As hormone levels rise and fall during a woman's menstrual cycle, they can affect the way she feels, both emotionally and physically. Some girls, in addition to feeling more intense emotions than they usually do, notice physical changes along with their periods — some feel bloated or puffy because of water retention, others notice swollen and sore breasts, and some get headaches.
PMS usually goes away soon after a period begins, but it can come back month after month. Eating right, getting enough sleep, and exercising may help relieve some of the symptoms of PMS. Talk to your doctor if you are concerned about your premenstrual symptoms.
It's also not uncommon for girls to have an acne flare-up during certain times of their cycle; again, this is due to hormones. Fortunately, the pimples associated with periods tend to become less of a problem as girls get older.
Pads, Tampons, and Liners
Once you begin menstruating, you'll need to use something to absorb the blood. Most girls use a pad or a tampon. But some use menstrual cups, which a girl inserts into her vagina to catch and hold the blood (instead of absorbing it, like a tampon).
There are so many products out there that it may take some experimenting before you find the one that works best for you. Some girls use only pads (particularly when they first start menstruating), some use only tampons, and some switch around — tampons during the day and pads at night, for example.
Girls who worry about leakage from a tampon often use a pantiliner, too, and some girls use liners alone on very light days of their periods.
Periods shouldn't get in the way of exercising, having fun, and enjoying life. Girls who are very active, particularly those who enjoy swimming, often find that tampons are the best option during sports.
If you have questions about pads, tampons, or coping with periods, ask a parent, health teacher, school nurse, or older sister.
|
<urn:uuid:8844d411-72f3-4434-8e65-e9706f37ec89>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://kidshealth.org/PageManager.jsp?dn=NationwideChildrens_Hospital&lic=238&cat_id=20015&article_set=20373&ps=204
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368707435344/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516123035-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956679
| 1,925
| 3.953125
| 4
|
What protects cookies from being stolen? After all, they are just text files. A misbehaving browser can give up a lot more information that web masters would like. How do I know that a browser won't serve up cookies from another domain to my website if it asks for them?
In short, guarantee that cookies from site A won't be read by site B is provided by so called Same Origin Policy (SOP). This is browser security implementation. Sure, if there is a place for code injection (like XSS), attacker can steal your cookies, but that's another scope - in that case client "allows" (but user is unaware) to retrieve cookies by third-party.
Additionally, I highly recommend to read Michal Zalewski's browser security book, or, at least chapter of it: http://code.google.com/p/browsersec/wiki/Part2#Same-origin_policy_for_cookies. Also, nice post about cookies is again from himself: http://lcamtuf.blogspot.com/2010/10/http-cookies-or-how-not-to-design.html.
Some good, related to this question links from here: How can I check that my cookies are only send over encrypted https and not http? and Are browser still vulnerable to Cross-Site Cooking ?.
Of course all this relies on the browser getting it right, and in some cases supporting it. Safari for example didn't support HTTP Only cookies in its first couple of versions.
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<urn:uuid:32b74e11-7718-468e-8531-4895ace2624f>
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This page is for people who use a walker, cane, or crutches. To bathe, you will need a special chair, which sits in your tub. This sheet will tell you how to safely get in and out of the tub chair.
Before you bathe
Be sure you have everything you will need — soap, a towel, a reacher, and a sponge — within easy reach.
Getting into the tub chair
- The tub chair should sit in the tub facing the faucet. Using your walker, cane, or crutches for support, walk to the side of the tub.
- Stop next to the tub chair, then turn so your back is facing the tub.
- Back up until you feel the tub behind your knees.
- Place one hand on the side of the tub chair, and keep one hand on your walker, cane, or crutches (see picture at right).
- Slowly lower yourself onto the seat. Scoot back so you’re firmly on the chair.
- Once you are seated, lift your legs over the side of the tub one at a time. Let go of your walker, cane, or crutches. Turn to face the faucet.
- You should wash yourself while seated. A special hand-held shower hose attachment for your faucet can make this easier (see picture below).
- Be sure to keep a towel within easy reach. Dry off while seated on the tub chair.
Getting out of the tub chair
- Turn on the chair, and lift your legs over the side of the tub one at a time.
- Push off from the tub chair, then stand up outside of the tub. Always have your balance before reaching for your walker, cane, or crutches.
- You may need to sponge-bathe until your doctor says you may shower or bathe sitting in the tub.
- Avoid standing or lowering yourself into the tub to bathe. This can be dangerous. You may slip and fall.
- Use a long-handled sponge, a leg-lifter, a hand-held shower hose with an on-off switch, and any other items you were told about in therapy.
- Consider adding grab bars or a tub rail to provide extra support.
- If you have had a total hip replacement, remember your precautions when bathing.
Note: Your therapist may show you different ways to get in and out of a tub chair depending on your situation. Follow the instructions you are given.
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Pollution prevention as a term has become less used recently, supplanted by sustainability, but the fundamental idea of preventing pollution rather than fixing problems is essential for efficient, economically viable manufacturing, providing services, and addressing many environmental problems.
It makes sense, both economically and environmentally, to reduce the input of materials and energy, minimize the amount of waste for treatment and disposal, and make sure the wastes that are produced can be reused or disposed of easily and without harm to the environment.
In fact, in that way pollution prevention is an essential component of sustainability. Costs for extra raw materials, waste disposal, and waste treatment systems can be eliminated or substantially reduced. For example, Washington State businesses have said that pollution prevention planning has saved more than $45 million since 2005 (PDF).
Many new tools in the arsenal of programs and processes to prevent pollution at its source are becoming readily available, such as the push toward lean manufacturing that is focused on eliminating waste (anything that does not add value for the customer), and lifecycle approaches that can help prioritize challenges. In addition, there are many new P2 opportunities created by new energy conservation tools, new materials, and the move towards green chemistry. What is important is that pollution prevention thinking be integrated into everything we do.
Experience has taught us that pollution prevention should not be an add-on, but should be integrated into the business processes and ownership for solutions integrated into the responsibilities of the people who create the waste. As such, it is important to understand the business model to know where the opportunities have the greatest impact and can leverage limited resources.
For example, in a fairly stable operation there may be opportunities in training for better procedures -- training for better spray painting procedures at Woodfold Manufacturing, Inc., in Forest Grove, Ore., reduced paint use by 1,082 gallons, reduced VOC emissions by over 1,000 pounds, and saved $38,330 in the first year alone.
Where decisions are being made that impact environmental performance in the supply chain, such as by manufacturing equipment suppliers or chemical suppliers, it may be most effective to drive efficiencies there. We should always be opportunistic to implement good ideas, but since we all have limited resources it is important to focus our main programs on the areas where highest impact decisions are being made.
Next Page: How Intel tries to prevent pollution.
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DNA of extinct frog revived
Washington, March 18, 2013
First Published: 20:06 IST(18/3/2013)
Last Updated: 20:10 IST(18/3/2013)
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A team of scientists has revived and reactivated the genome of an extinct Australian frog.
They used sophisticated cloning technology to implant a dead cell nucleus into a fresh egg from another frog species.
The bizarre gastric-brooding frog, Rheobatrachus silus – which
uniquely swallowed its eggs, brooded its young in its stomach and gave birth through its mouth - became extinct in 1983.
But the Lazarus Project team has been able to recover cell nuclei from tissues collected in the 1970s and kept for 40 years in a conventional deep freezer. The de-extinction project aims to bring the frog back to life.
In repeated experiments over five years, the researchers used a laboratory technique known as somatic cell nuclear transfer.
They took fresh donor eggs from the distantly related Great Barred Frog, Mixophyes fasciolatus, inactivated the egg nuclei and replaced them with dead nuclei from the extinct frog.
Some of the eggs spontaneously began to divide and grow to early embryo stage – a tiny ball of many living cells.
Although none of the embryos survived beyond a few days, genetic tests confirmed that the dividing cells contain the genetic material from the extinct frog.
“We are watching Lazarus arise from the dead, step by exciting step,” the leader of the Lazarus Project team, Professor Mike Archer, of the University of New South Wales, in Sydney said.
“We’ve reactivated dead cells into living ones and revived the extinct frog’s genome in the process. Now we have fresh cryo-preserved cells of the extinct frog to use in future cloning experiments,” he said.
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Children's snoring linked to behavioural problems
Researchers say parents and doctors need to pay closer attention to breathing during sleep
5th March 2012 - The more young children snore, breathe through their mouths or stop breathing while asleep for a few seconds at a time, the more likely they are to develop behavioural problems, a new study shows.
Previous research had suggested a link between these ' sleep-disordered breathing' symptoms and such problems as hyperactivity, but the authors of the new study say theirs is by far the largest and most comprehensive of its kind.
One expert said the findings suggest that some children with sleep disorders are sometimes wrongly diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( ADHD).
The researchers followed more than 11,000 children in an ongoing study in southwest England. The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children enrolled pregnant women who were due to deliver between April 1991 and December 1992.
For the latest findings, researchers asked parents to fill out questionnaires about their children’s snoring, mouth breathing, and apnoea, which refers to abnormal pauses in breathing while asleep.
The questionnaires were completed when the children were six, 18, 30, 42, 57, and 69 months of age. When their children were four and seven years old, the parents were asked to complete questionnaires about their children’s behaviour.
Around 45% of the children breathed normally while asleep, according to their parents. Of the rest, the 'worst case' children had elevated levels of all three breathing symptoms at 30 months of age, says researcher Karen Bonuck, a professor of family and social medicine at Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York.
Aggressiveness, anxiety and depression
After accounting for 15 other factors linked to behavioural problems, such as low birth weight and mother's education, the researchers found that children with sleep-disordered breathing were 40% to 100% more likely to experience behavioural problems at the age of seven than children without breathing problems.
The worse their breathing symptoms, the greater their risk of such problems as hyperactivity, behavioural problems including aggressiveness and rule-breaking, anxiety and depression, and difficulty getting along with their peers.
Despite the research linking snoring to behavioural problems, more than half the parents surveyed at one hospital’s primary care clinic said they thought it was a sign of healthy sleep in children, according to a report last year in the Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics.
Parents 'should pay closer attention' to sleep
“The take away is that parents need to pay closer attention to their child’s breathing while their sleeping,” Karen Bonuck tells us. Scientists have many theories about why sleep-disordered breathing increases children’s risk of behavioural problems, she says. Infancy and young childhood are key periods of brain development, and breathing problems might decrease oxygen in the brain. Plus, the authors note, breathing problems could interrupt the restorative processes of sleep and disrupt the balance of various cellular and chemical systems.
The latest research appears in the online edition of the journal Pediatrics.
"It's a very good study," says Marianne Davey, co-founder of the British Snoring and Sleep Apnoea Association, "and it's alerting us to the fact that children with sleep disorders do tend to get this label of having ADHD wrongly".
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How A Mosquito Works : Automated Mosquito Misting Systems : Homeland Defense Corp. : Valdosta GA
Facts: The Mechanics of a Mosquito
You're out in your backyard during the summer enjoying your family and grilling your dinner. Oh!! You never heard or felt it coming. You look down see a painful, swelling mosquito bite. Later, you feel another one bite you. Do these insects carry disease? What can you do to protect yourself?
Mosquitoes are insects that have been around millions of years. And it seems that, during this time, mosquitoes have been polishing their skills so that they are now experts at finding people to bite. A mosquito has a group of sensors designed to track their prey, including:
Chemical sensors - mosquitoes can sense carbon dioxide and lactic acid up to 100 feet (36 meters) away. Birds and mammals gives off these gases as part of breathing. Certain chemicals in sweat also can attract mosquitoes (people who don't sweat much don't get nearly as many mosquito bites).
Visual sensors - if you are wearing clothing that contrasts with the background, and especially if you move while wearing that clothing, mosquitoes can see you and zero in on you. It's a good bet that anything moving is "alive", and therefore full of blood, so this is a good strategy.
Heat sensors - Mosquitoes can detect heat, so they can find warm-blooded mammals and birds very easily once they get close enough.
The word "mosquito" is Spanish for "little fly," and its use dates back to about 1583 in North America (Europeans referred to mosquitoes as "gnats"). Mosquitoes belong to the order Diptera, true flies. Although mosquitoes are like flies in that they have two wings, they are quite unlike flies because their wings have scales, their legs are long and the females have a long mouth part for piercing skin (proboscis).
One of the only ways to stop mosquitoes from finding you is to confuse their chemical receptors with something like pyrethrum.
Adult mosquitoes have three basic body parts:
Head - This is where all the sensors are, along with the biting apparatus the proboscis (only females have the proboscis, for biting). The head has two compound eyes, antennae to sense chemicals and a mouth part called the palpus.
Thorax - This segment is where the two wings and six legs attach. It contains the flight muscles, compound heart, some nerve cell ganglia and trachioles.
Abdomen - This segment contains the excretory and digestive organs.
So you have a sensor package, a motor package and a fuel processing package -- a perfect design!
There are over 2,700 species of mosquitoes in the world, and there are 13 mosquito genera (plural for "genus") that live in the United States. Of these genera, most mosquitoes belong to three:
Aedes - These are sometimes called "floodwater" mosquitoes because flooding is important for their eggs to hatch. Aedes mosquitoes have abdomens with pointed tips. They include such species as the yellow-fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti) and the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus). They are strong fliers, capable of travelling great distances (up to 75 miles/121 km) from their breeding sites. They persistently bite mammals (especially humans), mainly at dawn and in the early evening. Their bites are painful.
Anopheles - These tend to breed in bodies of permanent fresh water. Anopheles mosquitoes also have abdomens with pointed tips. They include several species, such as the common malaria mosquito (Anopheles quadrimaculatus), that can spread malaria to humans.
Culex - These tend to breed in quiet, standing water. Culex mosquitoes have abdomens with blunt tips. They include several species such as the northern house mosquito (Culex pipiens). They are weak fliers and tend to live for only a few weeks during the summer months. They persistently bite (preferring birds over humans) and attack at dawn or after dusk. Their bite is painful.
Some mosquitoes, such as the cattail mosquito (Coquilettidia perturbans), are becoming more prevalent pests as humans invade their habitats.
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Vietnam quickly became one of my and my wife’s new favorite destination. As much of Southeast Asia it has plenty of archaeological remains (although not as extensive as Angkor, Bagan, Sukothai, etc.). Less well known to non-Southeast Asianists are the remains of the Champa kingdom in south and central Vietnam. In 2007 we visited the remains of My Son (A.D. 300-1100). It consists of roughly 70 structures in red bricks (mainly Hindu temples). The site was sacked by Suryavarman II’s (the founder of Angkor Vat) army in 1145 but the site continued to be used until the 14th century.
During the Vietnam war (or the American war as it is called in Vietnam) it was a hide out for FNL and 18 temples were partially destroyed by American bombs in 1969.
The Champa kingdom emerged through a rebellion against China in A.D. 192. The kingdom ceased to exist around 1720 after becoming a Vietnamese vassal two decades before. An important event in the history of the kingdom was its defeat and destruction of Yasodhapura (the earlier capital of the Khmer empire, located in Angkor) in 1177 but the Cham were driven away by the new Khmer king (Jayavarman VII) only four years later. This buddhist king created the last capital of Angkor, Angkor Thom with its massive moat and wall with the famous gates and my favourite among Khmer temples, the Bayon temple.
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Science Saturday: Meteor Shower Tonight + Solar Flare + Asteroid Mining + Popocatépetl Erupting April 21, 2012by Kayla Iacovino , Filed under: Science/Technology , trackback
This week in Science Saturday, watch the peak of tonight’s Lyrid meteor shower, watch an explosion on the sun, look forward to asteroid mining becoming a reality in the near future, and feel the volcanic tremors of Popocatépetl volcano. All this and more, plus our gadget of the week: the high-speed evacuated tube transport system.
Lyrid Meteor Shower Peaks TONIGHT plus First-ever 3D Meteorite Imagery Attempt
About this time ever year, Earth passes through the tail of comet Thatcher, sending pieces of the comet’s debris stream into the Earth’s atmosphere at about 110,000 mph. Lucky for us here on Earth, our thick atmosphere burns them up and creates a gorgeous shooting star show, with typically 15-20 “Lyrids” streaking across the sky every hour. Well, the annual Lyrid meteor shower peaks TONIGHT, and this year is going to be an extra good time to view it, since the moon will be new, meaning skies will be darker.
Given the dark skies and particularly good viewing geometry of this meteor shower, the first-ever attempt will be made to image the shower in three glorious dimensions through a photographic collaboration between amateur photographers on the ground, cameras aboard a NASA research balloon in the stratosphere, and astronauts aboard the International Space Station.
Typical Lyrids are very bright, and the best time to look up is during the hours after midnight when the meteors should be high in the sky. If you don’t have clear skies near you, you can still join the fun and stay up all night to chat with Bill Cooke, the head of NASA’s Meteoroid Environment Office, and colleagues on a live NASA chat session.
Huge Solar Flare Erupts on Sun’s Surface
With solar activity coming out of a very long minimum, solar scientists are excited to be able to watch the sun acting out thanks to some amazing instruments, like NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory, whose cameras and sensors are aimed at our star. A recent ginormous eruption on the sun’s surface was captured by SDO and turned into a movie by media specialist for the Goddard Space Flight Center Steele Hill. Note the curvature of the sun in the video and remember that the sun’s radius is more than 100x that of Earth, and you’ll quickly realize just how big this flare is. Earth would appear as a tiny dot in this image.
Read more about the event at Bad Astronomy.
Planetary Resources Inc., a Capitol Venture to Mine Asteroids?
A new company backed by two Google billionaires, sci-fi director James Cameron, a former Microsoft exec, Ross Perot Jr., and a host of space exploration enthusiasts has just released a tantalizingly mysterious press release stating that it will “overlay two critical sectors—space exploration and natural resources—to add trillions of dollars to the global GDP”. The official announcement will be made on Tuesday, but experts speculate that it will be in the form of asteroid mining. If true, this could mean sending humans to near-earth asteroids or performing robotic missions to gather material and send it back to Earth or who knows! The world of space exploration isn’t just for the government anymore!
We’ll find out Tues if asteroid mining is on the docket for Planetary Resources, Inc.
Popocatépetl Volcano, Mexico City Prepares for an Eruption, Goes on Yellow Alert
Popocatépetl, an active volcano that towers over Mexico City, has had a recent spurt of activity that has locals concerned. So far, ash emissions with a steam and ash plume as high as 10,000 feet, 12 explosions within a 2-hour period, and ongoing seismic tremors have been reported. There are even some (unconfirmed) reports of fresh lava at the summit. Explosions have been powerful enough to rattle the windows of local homes. Officials have placed the volcano on yellow alert (alert level Yellow II) and have told residents to prepare in case evacuation becomes necessary.
You can see live webcam images of Popocatépetl from the Mexican volcano observatory’s website CENAPRED here, here, and here. Images refresh each minute. If the image appears blank, it might be nighttime in Mexico, or it may be too cloudy!
Webcam image of Popocatépetl’s ashy plume on April 20th
Pic(s) of the Week: Space Shuttle Discovery on it’s way to Washington DC
Space shuttle Discovery was strapped to the back of an airplane this week and transported for its museum debut in Washington, D.C. Here are just a couple of the amazing photos of the shuttle on its route to its new home.
Gadget of the Week: Evacuated Tube Transport Gets You From NY to LA in 45 Minutes
Lunch in New York? Dinner in Paris? It may be possible, thanks to the evacuated tube transport, a high speed human transportation system, which employs a maglev-like airless, frictionless system of six-person capsules that travel in tubes. The sytem would be much cheaper and much faster than trains and plains and could get you around the world in just six hours.
Not enough science for you? Here’s a warp-speed look at some more science tid-bits that are worth a peek.
- A lake on Titan is like a salt pan here on Earth
- Weird science: Rubber chicken flies into solar storm
- Batch of dinosaur eggs found in Russia
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By Andreas Moritz
How Infection Can Prevent and Cure Cancer
The Amazing Role of Germs and Infections
Life on earth would not be possible without infectious bacteria, fungi and viruses. Their existence and endless, continuous interactions with humans and animals over millions of years have trained and evolved into what today we refer to as the immune system. Our ability to live in harmony with our external environment is, in fact, rooted in our life-long relationship with these germs.
Even though we have many times the number of germs inside our body than we have cells, we have been taught to be afraid of them and fight especially those that are considered pathogenic (disease-causing). Nobody has told us, though, that acute infection can be a desirable event, even a necessary one if we want to make it through life without incurring a major life-threatening illness. A viral infection that causes mumps in a child at the age of 7 to 10, for example, is part of nature’s vaccination program to boost natural immunity, especially if it is too weak.
Each new encounter with a germ and a possible, resulting infection further strengthen the immune system until it is fully developed and capable of living in complete harmony with the natural environment. This doesn’t mean, though, that a child must become sick in order to develop a healthy immune system. Most infections actually occur ‘silently’, without the person ever developing the symptoms of illness. Since mass vaccination was introduced around the world, nearly every child is now being infected with different viruses by injection from the day of birth until at least age 15. Sometimes, the child gets injected with three different viruses at the same time (through the Mumps/Measles/Rubella vaccine).
Vaccinations crudely interrupt or even inhibit the natural immunization program devised by nature itself. This unwise intervention can have unexpected and potentially devastating consequences throughout a person’s life. Ever since it was discovered that the presence of infectious agents, like e. Coli bacteria in our gut are a prerequisite for having a healthy gut immune system, some of us have begun to respect these germs as friends, not enemies. But isolating such germs from their natural environment, breeding them and manipulating them in a test tube, and then injecting them into the blood of humans, can turn these otherwise highly beneficial infectious agents into deadly weapons against which the body is defenseless.
A newborn animal or child can become blind by depriving it of light for an extended period of time. Likewise, a child’s cellular immune system is rendered useless unless it becomes exposed to the germs that inhabit our environment.
Vaccines Contribute to the Emergence of Superbugs
Modern vaccination programs are increasingly turning these useful, intelligent germs into mutated monsters that lack the natural interaction with the human body; a relationship that took millions of years to develop. I have already discussed the spreading of antibiotic-resistant organisms in my recent newsletter, “Superbugs – Mankind’s Greatest Health Threat?” Repeatedly injecting almost the entire child population with antibiotics which are added to all vaccines to kill off bacteria is taking its toll.
The spreading of superbugs due to mass vaccination makes the human body increasingly defenseless to even the most harmless bugs. Those who take additional antibiotics for other infections are the most susceptible to become infected with a superbug, such as the new anti-biotic resistant strains of E. Coli bacteria that are currently sickening people and taking lives in Europe. In addition, if someone eats meat from animals that were also treated with antibiotics (a normal practice), or vegetables that were fertilized with the excrements from these animals, one may be infected by such superbugs. According to a newly released study, 48 percent of all meat products are contaminated with antibiotic resistant superbugs.
It would normally take hundreds or thousands of years for the human immune system to develop a purposeful relationship with these new organisms that never existed before in the Earth’s history. We now have a population that depends on immunization, not the immune system. But immunization is not only saving us from anything, but it is turning harmless gut bacteria into powerful killers. Even though vaccine-producers keep coming up with new vaccines against newly evolving or mutating germs all the time, this war cannot be won. By allowing our bodies to become vaccinated, we declare war on our immune systems.
With each vaccine received, our immune system becomes suppressed further. There are two parts to the human immune system. The book, Vaccine-nation, provides the scientific evidence that shows vaccination suppresses the primary immune system located in the gut, also called cellular immune system. Vaccines bypass this essential part of the immune system and merely provoke the secondary immune response, also called the anti-body response. However, while activating the anti-body response, vaccines automatically shut down the primary immune system, which poses a long-term health risk. A normal exposure to pathogens always begins in the nasal, ear, throat, and respiratory passages, never through injection. Once primary immunity has been established by going though an infection, the antibody response follows. This allows the immune system to grow stronger and learn to bestow natural and permanent immunity to an ever-increasing number of pathogens.
Just evoking an antibody response without first establishing primary immunity has serious consequences, one of which is that the primary immune system is actually being prevented from having a healthy, normal immune response. That’s why the vaccinated population has a much higher rate of infections than the non-vaccinated population. For example, research shows that vaccinated versus unvaccinated children suffer: – five times more asthma – nearly three times more allergies – over three times more ear infections – over four times more apnea and near miss cot death – nearly four times more bouts of recurring tonsillitis – ten times more hyperactivity Vaccinated children also have 317% more ADHD, 185% more neurologic disorders and 146% more autism than non-vaccinated children.
Just last week, a report out of Pakistan showed that 78 percent of children afflicted with polio are fully vaccinated against it. Many parents are now worried that the polio vaccine causes paralysis of their children, for good reason. The polio vaccine has been the main reason behind polio outbreaks in recent history.
Bottom line, a sabotaged immune system lies at the basis of nearly every illness that plagues humankind, polio and cancer included. Vaccines injure the liver, kidneys, digestive system, brain, and foremost, the immune system. Those with the weakest immune systems suffer the most from artificial immunization.
Why Infections Can Save Lives
Infection is one of the greatest cures there can be. In fact, infection can prevent cancer and other illnesses, and yes, cure them. In a 2005 epidemiological study covering over 151 previous studies, researchers from the Department of Health Care and Epidemiology, University of British Columbia found an inverse association between acute infections and cancer development. According to the abstract of this study, entitled, “Acute infections as a means of cancer prevention: Opposing effects to chronic infections?”, exposures to febrile infectious childhood diseases were associated with subsequently reduced risks for melanoma, ovary, and multiple cancers combined, significant in the latter two groups.
Furthermore, epidemiological studies on common acute infections in adults and subsequent cancer development found these infections to be associated with reduced risks for meningioma, glioma, melanoma and multiple cancers combined, significantly for the latter three groups. Overall, risk reduction increased with the frequency of infections, with febrile infections affording the greatest protection. In other words, children who experienced all the typical childhood infections were most protected from developing cancers in adult life.
At a time when cancer is going to affect one in every two people, this finding should have made national news, and it should be taught at medical schools. National health policies should have been alternated radically, but nothing ever happened. We are still being told that having mumps in children must be avoided at all costs. Never mind that the temporary inconvenience of a largely harmless infection could protect a person from developing a devastating form of cancer 20 or 30 years later, which, in turn, is typically attacked with potentially deadly methods of treatment (chemotherapy, radiation and surgery).
The discovery that acute infections are clearly antagonistic to cancer helps us understand why artificially induced fever has been successfully used for the treatment of cancer in European countries, especially in Germany. Of course, many doctors now treat fever as it were a disease and often prescribe toxic pharmaceuticals to put out the ‘dangerous fire.’ Yet, since fever is the body’s natural way of healing and eliminating pathogens such as infectious viruses and bacteria, squashing it with medication practically prevents any effective healing in the body. Fortunately, some good researchers now stand up for the body’s innate healing tactics, which our mothers and grandmothers had known about all along.
French microbiologist Dr. Andre Lwoff has discovered that fever cures even incurable diseases. One of the world’s leading cancer specialists, Dr. Josef Issels, wrote along these lines: “Artificially induced fever has the greatest potential in the treatment of many diseases, including cancer.” And Oxford professor Dr. David Mychles and his research team have independently proven the effectiveness of induced fever for treating disease, including cancer. There is further historical evidence that infection prevents cancer in the population. For example, Rome (Italy) used be surrounded by swamps that bred malaria mosquitoes, infecting many in the city. The fever that Romans developed from time to time, though, kept their cancer rates well below the average found in the rest of Italy. Then the government decided to drain the swamps, but soon Rome’s cancer rate increased dramatically to the normal rate in Italy. If you piled up kitchen garbage in one area of your house, it would attract a lot of flies and bacteria, and this would generate a foul-smelling odor. You would certainly not blame the flies and bacteria for the stench. They are just trying to digest some of the garbage. Likewise, those microbes that are attracted to or are produced inside unhealthy cells are not part of the problem; they are part of the solution to the problem. An infection, if properly supported by natural approaches of cleansing and nourishment, can practically prevent the genetic mutation of aerobic cells into cancer cells.
Cancer and infection share some of the same original causes. For this reason, a significant number of cancer patients who suffer a major infection such as the chickenpox go into total remission and are subsequently found cancer-free once the infection has passed. According to these 151 studies conducted in the past 100 or more years, spontaneous tumor regression has followed bacterial, fungal,viral, and protozoal infections. During episodes of fever, tumors literally break up, and the cancer cells are promptly removed via the lymphatic system and other organs of elimination. During such a major infection—which is nothing but an appropriate healing response initiated by bacteria and the immune system—a considerable amount of toxic waste is broken down and removed from the body. This, once again, permits oxygen to reach the oxygen-deprived cells. Upon contact with the oxygen, the cancer cells die or otherwise mutate back into normal cells. The tumors have no more reason to be there, hence, the occurrence of spontaneous remission of cancer in these patients. In some cases, brain tumors as large as the size of an egg have literally disappeared in this way within 24 hours.
The standard approach of suppressing infection and its resultant fever among hospital patients is medical malpractice and stands responsible for the loss of millions of lives that could easily have been saved by letting nature do its job. Fever is one of the prime reasons that parents call their children’s doctors, and it is true that any fever in an infant younger than 3 months is cause for major concern, as there is a risk of serious bacterial infections. Also, a child who has a seizure with fever should be checked by a physician, at least the first time. In most cases, though, these infections follow exposure to the cocktail of poisons and foreign DNA material contained in vaccines. However, fever is actually a signal that an immune system is working well and in older children who do not appear to be particularly distressed, fever is a very positive sign. It is evidence that the child has an active immune system. Fever does not harm the brain or the body, although it does increase one’s need for fluids. You can find more information about how to nurture a child through an illness in my book, Timeless Secrets of Health and Rejuvenation.
The main message here is to learn to trust in the wisdom of the body. Instead of believing those who claim the body makes mistakes and germs are out to harm us, you may just as well adopt the belief that both actually collaborate to keep us alive and healthy for a long time. In good health, Andreas Moritz
You may recall reading about the importance of acute infections in cancer prevention & cure in my book, Cancer is Not a Disease. I have just received the translation of an excellent paper on this subject, recently published in a Dutch journal. Science: Increase in cancer cases as a consequence of eliminating febrile infectious diseases If you know anyone with cancer, please pass it on to them. It contains all the references to the scientific studies that support the claims I’ve made in my article and book.
Please click here to download the document.
P.S. You may wish to check out my new EnerchiTV page for new educational videos I will be posting there, at least one each week: http://www.youtube.com/user/enerchiTV
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posted on October 02, 2006 |
Edith Marie Flanigen, born in Buffalo, New York (1929), and recently retired (1994), is one of the most inventive chemists of all time. She has earned 102 U.S. patents for her innovations in the rather esoteric fields of petroleum research and product development.
After graduating as class president and valedictorian from D'Youville College in Buffalo, and after gaining an M.S. in Inorganic-Physical Chemistry from Syracuse University (1952), Flanigen began a forty-two year career in research at Union Carbide Corporation and UOP, a joint venture of Union Carbide and AlliedSignal. Her first area of expertise was the identification, extraction and purification of various silicone polymers (chemical compounds), which could then be used in chemical processes.
In 1956, Flanigen began working on "molecular sieves": crystal compounds with molecule-sized pores, that can be used to filter and separate the constituent parts of complex mixtures, and as "catalysts," substances that accelerate chemical reactions. In her career, Flanigen invented or developed over 200 different synthetic substances, the most important of which is "zeolite Y," a silicate sieve used to refine petroleum. Petroleum, or "crude oil," found in the earth, must be broken down into its parts (called "fractions") by a process called "catalytic cracking" before it can be used. Gasoline is only one of the lighter fractions of crude oil. Flanigen's zeolites are used as catalysts to optimize the conversion of crude oil to gasoline.
Flanigen's work is admittedly complex, but it has many practical benefits. First of all, her innovations have made the production of gasoline in the U.S. and around the world greater, cleaner, and safer. Secondly, her "sieves" are used in other processes, such as water purification and environmental clean-up. Finally, Flanigen's work has other commercial applications: for, she is the co-inventor of a synthetic emerald, produced and marketed by Union Carbide for a number of year. However unknown she may be to the general public, Edith Flanigen is deservedly a living legend to research chemists world-wide.
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The preparation required for micro components at the design stage carries through all the way to automated assembly. Because the tolerances are critical and diminishing to microns and sub-microns, the stack-up tolerances of the micro components and their design criteria are scrutinized and their method of manufacturing are also considered for long-term production. The mechanics of micro assembly and the testing, inspection, application knowledge are required for fully functioning specks of dust working collaboratively and repeatedly. Handling these components is a challenge requiring high speed automation capable of handling dust speck sized parts, in-line metrology and vision systems to insure form, fit, and function, and positional accuracy to sub-micron tolerances. These joining/assembly methods include:
- AVOIDANCE OF HANDLING- Combining geometry into the least number of parts in a micro assembly
- TWO-SHOT MICRO MOLDING/OVER-MOLDING- Two-shot molding (2 injection barrels of two different materials) injecting into a mold at two different locations or in the same location with a rotating mold
- LASER WELDING- Careful control of laser energy and power densities can be used to selectively clean and strip materials such as wires quickly and non-destructively.
- ULTRASONIC WELDING-Very tiny (70-100 um) weld beads are possible with custom low energy boosters and ultrasonic horns.
- SOLVENT BONDING-Appropriate solvents must be used that are compatible with the materials being solvent bonded, especially if the assembly is to be used as an implantable.
- STAKING- Crimping or staking is a very common practice to generate good seals for preventing costly fluids from escaping the micro vessel.
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The Supreme Court of the United States has again visited the use of race-based preferential treatment in the application and selection process of prospective students for several State-sponsored institutions of higher learning and will render a decision later this year that will probably impact the whole concept of the government policy known as "affirmative-action." Proponents for the continuation of affirmative-action demand that it is the duty of government to provide remedies for those races that have been "historically discriminated" against. Since they brought up the subject, let us take a closer look at History.
On the continent of Africa, one tribe of black Africans would wage war against another. They fought for land. They fought for water. They sometimes fought to get even with their enemies for the time their enemies got even with them. As usual in war, there were prisoners captured from the ranks of the enemy's military forces and there were those innocents - women and children - who would be captured by the opposing side and carried off as the spoils of war. All of these people would be made into slaves.
The slave's owners would trade their slaves just as they would any other commodity with other peoples they would come into contact with. The tribes from the inner portion of the continent would trade with those tribes on the outer portions. The tribes along the coasts would trade with seafaring people from all around the world. Black slaves ended up in Rome, India, China, and eventually in the Americas.
This process of enslavement was not unique to black Africans. The several tribes, clans, and nations of Europe, Asia, the Pacific, the Atlantic and the Americas would also make war with each other and the vanquished would often become the slaves of the conquerors. Since there was a market for slaves, there was a trade in slaves amongst all the peoples of the world, regardless of the race or ethnicity of the seller or buyer. Native Americans traded their fellow Native American slaves with the white settlers in exchange for blankets, tools, and "fire-water." The Chinese who came to America brought with them their Korean, Japanese, and fellow Chinese slaves to sell to whomever had the funds to pay the price they demanded.
The main point of my little History lesson is to show that no race or ethnicity has a monopoly on being the victims of the crime of slavery, or even racial discrimination, and, at the same time, none has a monopoly on being the perpetrator either. To suggest that some have to be compensated for what was done to them in the past is to be particularly selective, subjective, and childishly unrealistic. "For all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God."
"Affirmative-action," broken down into in basic components, is preferential treatment through discrimination by the government for one race or ethnic groups at the expense of others. It is not a remedy for past transgressions but merely the continuation of that which it is supposed to resolve with the roles merely reversed between who is the winner and who is the loser. When the government is allowed to dictate how we all will associate, accommodate, and interact with each other, then we all are losers. It is like trying to make a "Right" by adding two "Wrongs" and it cannot be good for the "Gander" if what was originally done to the "Goose" is considered an act of evil.
"I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. "
I hate to say it, Martin, but there are people, invoking your name, that are turning your dream into a nightmare and causing greater animosity between the races which is leading to the disunion of our nation and the break-up of our modern American society. This could have been their plan all along...
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More Black Men in Prison Than Slaves In 1850
I noted last month that there are more slaves in the world today than ever before in history.
I just ran across another surprising statistic. There are more African-American men in prison (including those on parole or probation) than there were slaves in 1850 … 10 years before the civil war.
As Colorlines reports:
The U.S. Bureau of Justice estimated that as of 2008, there were over 846,000 black men in prison, making up 40.2 percent of all inmates in the system. But in a recent talk, noted author Michelle Alexander put those numbers in grave historical perspective.
“More African American men are in prison or jail, on probation or parole than were enslaved in 1850, before the Civil War began,” Alexander, an Ohio State law professor, recently told listeners at the Pasadena Branch of the American Civil Liberties Union.
Alexander’s seminal book, “The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness” argues that prisons have become the latest form of economic and social disenfranchisement for young folks of color, particularly black men. In it, she grapples with a central question: If crime rates have fluctuated over the years and are now at historical lows, then why have rates of incarcerated men of color skyrocketed over the past 30 years?
In an interview with Washington Journal, Alexander said:
Once labeled a felon, you can be subjected to all forms of discrimination that once applied to African-Americans during the Jim Crow era. You may be denied the right to vote, you’re automatically excluded from juries, and you’re legally discriminated against in employment, housing, access to education, and public benefits, relegated to a second-class status much like… your parents or grandparents may have been…
What results from this form of mass incarceration? As we saw during last fall’s elections, millions of America’s black voters have been disenfranchised. An estimated 5.3 million Americans have currently or permanently lost their right to vote because of felony convictions. But for black men, the rate is seven times the national average. These numbers are sure to take on even more significance as the 2012 campaign season kicks into high gear.
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Solar Energy Today and Tomorrow – Shaped by History, Powered by Innovation
Solar energy has been around for a long, long time – since approximately 3,500,000,000 BC, in fact, when cyanobacteria harnessed solar energy for life. Little did those simple organisms know that they were onto something that one day would become a viable power source that could increase the quality of human life by sustaining our environment and decreasing our energy costs.
Without a doubt, solar energy has come a long way – and though it’s been around for millenniums, the most notable technological, political and economic breakthroughs in shaping solar as we know it started in the late 1970s. Let’s take a look at some of the highlights in the evolution of solar – and you can read the full history of solar by checking out our interactive solar energy timeline.
1978 – Power from the President
President Jimmy Carter signed the National Energy Act which established “feed-in tariffs” that mandated utility companies to buy back power generated by renewable sources. That gave private citizens using solar power generation systems the option to generate profit by selling excess power back to power companies.
1979 – The White House goes Solar
President Jimmy Carter gets solar panels installed on the roof of the White House during the Arab oil embargo. And thus, arguably the most important piece of real estate in America was partially powered by solar energy. In 1986, President Reagan had the 32 panels removed, and they were relocated for further use.
1980 – Powering up in California and Massachusetts
ARCO constructed what was the largest PV manufacturing plant in California – and went on to produce more than one megawatt of PV products in 1980.
Solar Designs Associates designed and built the “Carlisle House” in Carlisle, MA. Commissioned by MIT, the roof’s solar array was capable of producing 7.5 kilowatts and made it zero percent reliant on fossil fuels. The 3,200 square foot house produced a surplus of energy, which was sold to utility companies.
1980 — 1985 – Solar goes solo
Engineers began to look beyond centralized PV power stations for solar energy to the idea that individual buildings could become their own power production facility. Swiss engineer Marcus Real advanced that idea and sold over 300 residential solar systems in Zurich. That development changed the business of solar with a new focus on consumers who wished to be more self-sufficient and less reliant on centralized power.
1990 — 1999 – Efficiency on the upswing
Tremendous advances occurred in this decade. Efficiency of solar cells increased dramatically. In 1992, the University of South Florida produced a thin-film photovoltaic cell system that operated at 15.9% efficiency. And in 1999, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory further improved the efficiency to 18.8%. Also in that year, Spectrolab, Inc. developed a multi-junction photovoltaic cell with 32.2% efficiency – a vast improvement over where things started at the start of the decade.
May 2002 – A powerful and profitable solar-focused collaboration
The collaboration of Energy Northwest, Bonneville Environmental Foundation, Bonneville Power Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, and Newport Northwest LLC developed the 38.7 kilowatt White Bluffs Solar Station in Richland, WA. The 6,000 square foot facility uses multi-junction photovoltaic cells and began selling its power to Bonneville Power Administration for $0.04 per kilowatt-hour. In addition, the facility started selling “green tags (similar to carbon credits which can be used to compensate for other, less eco-friendly projects).
July 31, 2008 – Storage issue meets promising solution
MIT researchers deliver powerful news to help alleviate the issue of solar power storage. They announced that storage concerns could soon be dealt with by utilizing fuel cell technology to split hydrogen and oxygen atoms in water, and then recombine them for later use. That capability brought an element of further versatility to solar energy and addressed the primary issue faced by solar technology – its availability at night. Inspired by plant photosynthesis, the researchers developed a process to enable storing energy in a clean, affordable way.
2010 – Solar soars
2010 brought the installation of more than 50,000 systems. That was nearly twice as many systems as in 2009. The impact: a cumulative capacity of 2.15 gigawatts! Approximately 262 MW of the production units installed were connected to residential systems.
In July of 2010, the Solar Impulse project, headquartered in Switzerland’s École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, achieved a sustained 24 hour flight with is fully solar airplane.
2012 – Around the world and in the toilet (in a good way)
On May 4, 2012, the Tûranor PlanetSolar, a fully solar-powered catamaran, completed a 584 day circumnavigation of the planet. The boat used 38,000 solar cells to charge a bank of lithium-ion batteries that could hold enough power to propel the boat for three days with no sunlight.
Alta Devices researchers developed a “LED type” solar cell in April that emits light as it produces – reaching 28.3% efficiency (the highest for any single-junction cell). And on May 31, Sharp achieved an impressive efficiency of 43.5% with their compound cell and concentrator system. August 20, IBM and associates reached an efficiency of 11.1% with their affordable to produce copper, zinc, and tin-based cells. Two days later, South China University of Technology hit 9.31% efficiency with polymer-based organic photovoltaic cells (OPV).
And rounding out the 2012 advancements, on August 14, The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announced the winners of their “Reinvent the Toilet Challenge.” A team from the California Institute of Technology took first place for developing a toilet that uses solar power to render all waste into hydrogen gas, water, and organic fertilizer. The new, inexpensive variety of toilets is intended for locations without access to modern sanitation facilities or clean water.
The Future of Solar…
As history always does, we can expect that it will repeat itself by continued interest and innovation in solar power. The increased momentum that the advances in solar energy have gained over time is a promising sign that it will become a more broadly installed technology in homes. As scientific diligence and practical applications yield better returns on homeowners’ investments, we’ll surely see the solar energy movement expand. Cost savings, more control over our energy, and the promise of a cleaner, quieter way to power our lives…the benefits of solar energy will steadily be realized by more and more households. It’s just a matter of time.
Article by Jim Noden, founder of Bright Eye Solar LLC, a solar installation company located in Lancaster, PA. He is passionate about what the future of solar has in store.
|Tags: efficiency energy costs Feed In Tariff power stations solar energy||[ Permalink ]|
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The New York Times, in an article on August 20, 2008, questioned drug companies’ push of the HPV vaccine. The article looks at the extensive marketing campaign and lobbying efforts taken on by the makers of the HPV vaccine. The article states that indeed, “in many states where cervical cancer legislation has been considered, there have been ties between drug makers and members of government.”
The cost of the vaccines and their accessibility to developing countries was also explored:
And why the sudden alarm in developed countries about cervical cancer, some experts ask. A major killer in the developing world, particularly Africa, where the vaccines are too expensive for use, cervical cancer is classified as very rare in the West because it is almost always preventable through regular Pap smears, which detect precancerous cells early enough for effective treatment. Indeed, because the vaccines prevent only 70 percent of cervical cancers, Pap smear screening must continue anyway.
One of the issues raised in the article is the unanswered question about how long the immunity will last.
Dr. Harper said that in the data from Merck’s clinical trials, which she helped conduct, the vaccine was no longer protective after just three years in some girls. “The immunity of Gardasil will not last — that is dangerous to assume,” she said.
The article brings to light many issues surrounding the vaccine. We at the Latina Institute think it is important for Latinas and their communities to have as much information as possible to make an informed decision about the HPV vaccine. Despite the U.S. being a developed country, the fact still remains that Latinas have the highest incident rate of cervical cancer amongst all groups of women and have the second highest mortality rate from cervical cancer. Knowing this fact, we as Latinas, owe it to ourselves and to our hermanas to take care of ourselves and each other, by getting yearly pap smears and fighting for those hermanas who may not have access to reproductive health care, and by getting as much information as possible about the HPV vaccine to make informed decisions. Cuídate. Ármate. Edúcate.
Contributed by Maria Elena Perez, Director of Community Mobilization
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Academic integrity for staff
A culture that supports academic integrity requires that the development of appropriate skills and attitudes is embedded in course assessment and learning activities. There are a number of resources to assist staff in developing a strong culture of academic integrity. These include:
The Centre for Teaching and Learning offers advice to students on academic literacy in the form of printable resources and workshops during Semester. Staff can contact the Learning Development Team to discuss the program of workshops and activities available to assist in the development of academic integrity.
Infoskills is a self-paced online learning module that students or staff can access at any time. Infoskills is designed to introduce students to the basics of academic literacy, including planning for research, finding information, evaluating information, writing and plagiarism, and using information ethically.
Turnitin is an electronic text-matching tool that gives students individualised feedback on referencing in their written work. Staff must provide students with the option to "presubmit" work to Turnitin so they have the opportunity to modify their work on the basis of the "originality report". This helps students refine their academic literacy and referencing skills. Directions for overriding the default settings and allowing students to presubmit are on the Turnitin page.
University Academic Integrity Module
Students commencing from Trimester 1 2013 are required to complete an Academic Integrity Module (AIM) before the end of their first enrolment period (Trimester, Semester or Block). The University AIM takes the form of an online test in Blackboard and students must achieve 100% on the test to pass.
Faculty Academic Integrity Modules
Some Faculties have developed disciplinary specific modules to help students understand academic literacy as it applies to their course, program, or profession. The Associate Director, Centre for Teaching and Learning is working with Faculties to develop specific modules.
Student Academic Integrity Policy and Procedures
The Student Academic Integrity Policy and Student Academic Integrity Procedure support the University’s commitment to the highest standards of academic and personal integrity. It has been developed in accordance with advice from the Independent Commission against Corruption (ICAC). The Policy and Procedure explains student and staff responsibilities in terms of academic integrity. Under the terms of the Student Academic Policy and Procedure a staff member must make an assessment as to whether a possible case of academic misconduct exists. If, in your assessment, a substantive case of academic misconduct appears to exist then the matter should be referred to the Student Academic Conduct Officer in your School.
Student Academic Conduct Officers
Each School has a SACO who provides advice and training about academic integrity to staff and students. A lecturer or tutor should always be the first point of contact for students for advice on academic integrity issues such as plagiarism or collusion. If a staff member finds a suspected case of academic integrity they should consult with the course co-ordinator, supervisor and/or SACO to assess whether a case may exist. If it is believed that a case should be investigated then the staff member must refer it to the SACO.
Advisors in Research Integrity
Each Faculty has an Advisor in Research Integrity to provide advice and training about academic integrity and research misconduct to staff and students. If an allegation of research misconduct is made about a student's work the Advisor will refer the matter to the Dean of Graduate Studies.
Each faculty has a dedicated Faculty Librarian who is a subject information specialist. Your Faculty Librarian can advise students on the best strategies for accessing information efficiently and effectively. They can provide advice on literature searches, research techniques, and training in the use of online resources. They can also assist with strategies for the development of information literacy skills for students.
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Background: This pamphlet was originally published early in 1931 and was intended for members of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). It presents ordinary communists as well-meaning and honest workers who have been deceived by corrupt Jewish leaders and betrayed by Stalin, who the pamphlet says has deserted communist principles and returned to a capitalism even worse than that found in Germany. It is one of a series of pamphlets from the period I am translating as examples of the ways the Nazis adopted their propaganda to various audiences.
The source: Heinz Franke, Der Schwindel des Bolschewismus (Munich: Franz Eher, 1932). I’m using the second printing, which got the print total to 100,000.
The Bolshevist Swindle
Broschürenreihe der Reichspropaganda-Leitung der NSDAP, Heft 2
“The proletariat of the Soviet Union controls all important economic positions.”
That is what the program of the Communist Internationale says, adopted at the 6th World Congress in Moscow on 1 September 1928.
And that is what the program on national and social liberation of the German people says, as published by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Germany on 24 August 1930.
With these lying phrases, Communist leaders attempt to lure German workers who are disgusted by the miserable betrayal of the workers by the part of the Socialist bigwigs of the SPD.
Jewish scribblers from the Rote Fahne point to the Soviet Union and paint a glowing picture of the Soviet paradise. Milk and honey flow in Soviet Russia, the “workers’ paradise on earth,” according to Communist leaders. Everyone who has a human face enjoys absolute freedom.
Jewish puppeteers in the KPD attempt to win over the masses by lying promises of total equality, social improvement, and the betterment of the individual’s condition. By putting promises of economic and social advantage of every sort in the foreground, they simultaneously attempt to divert the German worker from Bolshevism’s true goal, a
that will destroy the peoples.
The ultimate goal of communist Jews is not realizing genuine socialism, but rather world revolution. In the program of the Communist Internationale mentioned above, it says that the program is
Well, how are things in Russia, the much-praised Soviet paradise? What is the social condition of workers in this land ruled absolutely by communism?
The Communist dictator Stalin gave clear information in his speech of 23 June 1931.
Here are the most important points of his speech literally translated from the 5 July issue of Pravda, the official newspaper of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Russia.
That is a betrayal of the fundamental principle of communism, which even today asserts
absolute equality for everyone.
It is significant that Stalin bases this departure from the communist ideal not on the general inequality of human beings, but rather from a purely capitalist perspective.
Russian workers are in a catastrophic economic situation. The working masses flee factories in droves to find new jobs in the hopes of bettering their miserable situation. To an unprecedented degree, constant job shifting is part of life in the “Soviet paradise.” Stalin himself estimates that 40% change jobs each quarter.
Why this enormous job turnover?
Because in Soviet Russia pay is worse than in any “capitalist” country in the world. Stalin himself says it is because of:
the wrong pay schedule.
The skilled worker is paid too badly, which also means that the unskilled worker has no prospect of earning more pay.
The communist dictatorship has not deserted the principles of communism because of the misery, hunger, and poverty of the Russian worker — no, the only reason is the economic viability of factories, the concern for carrying out of the Five Year Plan.
That is Stalin’s betrayal of socialism!
The Red Tsar thinks no more about the good of Russian workers than did the White Tsar. For the one as well as the other, the Russian worker is only a way to build power. The White Tsar Nicholas’s desire was Pan-Slavism, uniting all the Slav peoples. For the Red Tsar Stalin, the goal is world revolution. World revolution and the resulting world dictatorship, however, have nothing at all to do with socialism or the good of the working class. The idea of world domination is the sick idea of Jewish world domination.
The Five Year Plan for the communist puppeteers is only a step along the way to world domination. The fact that this world domination is not the “dictatorship of the proletariat,” but rather the domination of entirely different powers, is clear from Stalin’s words against
with regards to pay.”
The wretched dishonesty of Stalin’s perspective is clearly seen in the following words:
Stalin thereby contradicts himself. If he says that “the difference will vanish under communism,” but simultaneously calls for restoring this difference that had been abolished, he turns against the idea of communism.
The surrendering of communist principle is further clearly evident in Stalin’s call for an
aristocracy of labor.
In calling for this, Stalin advocates a concept that communism until now has bitterly opposed.
Stalin’s speech continues:
This makes it absolutely clear that the oft-praised model factories in Soviet Russia are
hopelessly in ruins.
According to Stalin’s own words, labor organization is “wretched,” “disorder and complete chaos” prevail, and there is “total carelessness and irresponsibility.”
Stalin has to know best!
The supreme principle here is the success of the Five Year Plan as a step toward world revolution. Stalin, therefore, does not advocate the good of the workers, but rather makes the purely capitalist demand for “modern factory management.”
The “irresponsibility” that Stalin complains about is an inevitable result of Marxism, which as one knows demands the same rights and responsibilities, which means the same irresponsibility, from every one.
In Germany, Thälmann and his comrades loudly call for the five day week. Stalin demands “the end of the five-day week and a return to the six-day week.” That clearly proves the mendacity of the communist Jewish press in Germany that advocates the five-day week.
This is further proof that the communist dictatorship is not interested in socialism, but only the realization of its capitalist plans desire for power.
The economic viability of the factory comes ahead of the interests of the workers. And Stalin makes the interesting admission that the tractor factory in Stalingrad has already secretly returned to the six-day workweek.
Stalin’s words display a complete about face from communism. That is not because he has realized the impracticality of communist slogans, but rather from purely capitalist thinking. Stalin calls for
colleagues “with ambition.”
He demands that they should
“receive leadership posts,”
meaning that they should lead the communists. Stalin further demands that the “old school technical intelligentsia” (the “bourgeois” intelligentsia who have previously been alienated and persecuted) should be put at the top again
That is an admission of the total bankruptcy of communist ideals, in particular the false idea of class struggle and the union of all productive people’s comrades, a principle National Socialism has always maintained. Stalin bases his demand, however, for purely capitalist reasons, for reasons of economic viability. In Germany the Jewish scribblers from the Rote Fahne call every industrialist an “exploiter,” in Russia Stalin wants to put these people “in leadership positions.”
At the same time Stalin openly mocks all those who speak about intervention in Russia. That applies most of all to German communists, who spread fantasies in every meeting, every newspaper, and every leaflet about a war of intervention against Russia.
This proves those communist slogans to be blatant bare-faced lies.
This makes clear Stalin’s purely capitalist way of thinking. There is no sign here of a communism that shouts “Down with capitalism!” and “Down with the exploiters!”
“Capital accumulation!” “Economic viability!” “Reducing unproductive costs!” “Nationalization of operations!”
These are old and familiar capitalist slogans of western managers to whom profit is everything, the well-being of workers nothing.
That is the true face of Bolshevism. Now that it has taken power in Russia it no longer needs to play the role of “worker-friendly” communists. It has thrown off the mask of friendship with workers and now appears as a racially greedy profit-seeking exploiter that thinks of nothing but profit.
Stalin bases his purely capitalist demands on the fact that “manufacturing costs have begun to rise recently in a whole range of factories.” The only reason for Stalin’s reforms is the capitalist drive for the greatest possible economic viability. Stalin says not a word about the workers and their miserable conditions. The course of the Soviet republic is determined not by the welfare of Russian workers, but rather by capitalist lust for profit. “Capital accumulation” is the newest communist slogan. That is why Stalin demands “the mobilization of ways to build capital,” “adoption of sound accounting,” and “systematic cost reduction.”
This last slogan is familiar enough.
What does “reduction in costs” mean?
Under current conditions in Russian industry, reducing costs means
At an earlier speech to the Party Congress of the Communist Party of Russia, Stalin said that the Soviet state took a third of the entire income of the working population for its purposes in 1931. Any worker can figure out for himself what a further reduction in pay for the purpose of increasing economic viability means.
In conclusion Stalin said:
Stalin’s conclusion openly reveals the
of communism’s leadership of Russian industry. The unbelievable conditions in Soviet factories are not the result of inadequate abilities of Russian workers, but rather —as Stalin openly says — because
of the incompetent system of communist leadership.
The communist system of economic management has existed Soviet Russia for 14 years. Stalin has finally come to the realization that this communist system is entirely inadequate.
The Red tsar comes to this realization not because he is concerned with the welfare of workers, but rather from purely capitalist ways of thinking. The decisive factor in Soviet Russia is the economic viability of the factory, or as the communists prefer to say, the exploiter’s lust for profits.
Stalin does not even hold back from discarding the most holy communist ideal, collectivism, in his capitalist reforms. He demands the end of “collective administration.” The Red dictator denies everything that the communists have previously held out to the betrayed masses as Bolshevism’s successes.
Soviet Russia has discarded the mask of friendship with the workers and now reveals with brutal nakedness the crassest, most ruthless Soviet capitalism.
The latest slogan of mendacious Bolshevism is now:
“Down with collectivism!”
That means economic dictatorship, or in the Bolshevist-capitalist sense the dictatorship of the economy over the workers. That is Bolshevist forced labor.
The idea that a single person must have leadership responsibility also comes from National Socialism, although Stalin reaches this realization not by recognizing the leadership principle that is anchored in National Socialism. He also does not apply it to communist state leadership in every area, but rather only to leaders in industry who are to have dictatorial power over the workers. Here, too, Stalin is interested only in a purely economic perspective Costs should be reduced and economic viability increased. That means: reducing pay to that the lust for profit of Russian exploiters can be satisfied.
Soviet capitalism triumphs over the Russian worker!
Stalin clearly shows his capitalistic approach when he contemptuously tosses aside the workers who are part of collective administration in factories, saying that they only “sit around writing documents and talking”! He cynically demands that these workers “be sent back to the concerns and factories” and mockingly adds that “that would be far better for them.”
That is the most insolent possible contempt for Russian workers. Stalin thereby proves that he was never a real leader of workers. The capitalist lust for profit is more important to him that the good of workers. No American capitalist would dare to say what the Red tsar cold-bloodedly announces: “Down with the worker!”
It is very interesting to compare Stalin’s “reforms” with the demands Lenin made in April 1918, and which were adopted on 29 April 1918 by resolution of the All Russian Central Committee of Worker, Soldier, Peasant, and Cossack Deputies.
Lenin demanded in his report “On the Next Tasks of Soviet Power” everything that the big capitalist Stalin is eliminating today.
Lenin and the Bourgeoisie
Lenin first of all noted that the bourgeoisie in Russia had been defeated, but not yet pulled up by the roots, not destroyed, or even finally defeated. As the next task Lenin demanded:
The task Lenin sets here has failed utterly. The Soviets have not succeeded in creating “conditions under which the bourgeoisie cannot exist.” This fiasco in meeting Lenin’s communist task is absolutely clear in Stalin’s demand to bring the bourgeoisie back into “leadership positions.” Lenin, however, said that socialism was impossible without solving this problem. This is yet further proof that socialism does not rule in Russia, that the goal has not been achieved.
Stalin’s advocacy of the bourgeoisie, which Lenin so firmly fought, results from a purely capitalist way of thinking. Concern about "economic viability” had led the Soviets to drop their hypocritical slogans about the socialism they never achieved.
Lenin and Equal Pay
Lenin did say in the above report that Soviet power must use one bourgeois method and pay bourgeois experts well.
Lenin, however, said that this could only be a transitional measure and added:
Stalin has now set aside Lenin’s call for absolute equality in pay. And — something we always have to repeat — for purely capitalist reasons of “economic viability.” Lenin saw higher pay for experts only as a compromise that should be eliminated as soon as possible. He said:
Lenin said that in April 1918. Today, 13 years afterwards the “advance guard,” i.e., the shock troops of Soviet exploiters, have still not finished with organization, labor discipline, etc. Stalin orders that the bourgeois intelligentsia “be given more attention,” that they be “treated well,” that “their work must be made attractive for them.”
If one compares these new directives from Stalin with Lenin’s promises from 1918 one clearly sees the Bolshevist fiasco all across the field.
In 1918 Lenin demanded: “Organization, ‘strong’ labor discipline, unity.”
In 1931 Stalin admits: “The organization of labor is wretched. Disorder and complete chaos prevail.”
That is a declaration of bankruptcy for communist ideology.
Lenin and the Control of Factories
Lenin viewed direction and control in factories by communists as the most important part of Soviet power. He said:
Lenin demanded that in April 1918.
In June 1931, 13 years later, Stalin said that it was necessary to reduce the size of major industrial organizations and eliminate collective administration in these factories. Administrative control should be transferred to a single person. Stalin is curtly abolishing control of factories — because it is not economically viable. The humanitarian Stalin is sending the previous communist managers back down to the factories.
Away with such troublesome supervision that could stand in the way of the exploitive ideas of the Red tsars. Thus administrative control will be transferred to individuals who will naturally be Stalin’s willing puppets.
Meanwhile, the dumb Russian worker works day and night, believing that the Five Year Plan will be accomplished and will bring him the promised mountain of gold.
Lenin and Exploitation
The harshest form of the capitalist system exists in Soviet Russia — the American Taylor System. Communists everywhere vehemently attack the Taylor System as the worst form of exploitation. Lenin himself called Taylor’s system “the most terrible form of bourgeois exploitation.”
Lenin described this terrible form of exploitation in this way:
According to a resolution of the All-Russian Central Committee of Worker, Soldiers, Peasant and Cossack Deputies of 29 April 1918:
The Taylor System uses a stopwatch. The KPD has raged against stopwatch measures on the part of the German railway system. The Rote Fahne wrote on 20 October 1931:
Soviet capitalism in Russia, however, uses this system that Lenin called “the most terrible form of bourgeois exploitation,” the Taylor System.
The Taylor System is based on the idea of maximum productivity. The maximum is the norm. Maximum productivity is that of the best workers in the best time (the shortest time). Encouragement for high productivity is provided by piecework pay and bonuses. The communist press in other countries calls piecework “murderous pay.” That, however, does not prevent the Bolshevists from using in the Soviet paradise what they call a method of exploitation.
Perhaps a worker will believe that a method of capitalist exploitation ceases to be exploitation only because it is used by the Soviet state.
Exploitation is exploitation! Nowhere is exploitation more shamelessly practiced than in the Soviet Union.
Advance guards, shock troops, drive workers to feverish labor.
Stalin needs money, money, and still more money. He needs money to implement the Bolshevist idea of transforming agricultural Russia into an industrial state; there is, after all, still too little industry in the world.
There is nothing left over for social purposes. The public kitchens in which workers eat are in an unbelievable condition, as the following report proves:
“Moscow ( via Kowno), 21 August
That is the real state of things in the much-praised Soviet paradise.
Hunger, poverty, and misery prevail instead of the promised socialism.
Woe to him, however, who dares to say anything against Soviet capitalism and Stalin, who betrays workers.
Banishment and death threaten him, Siberia and the Cheka!
A report from the head steward (head waiter) of an English steamer tells us what happens to the unfortunates who dare to rebel against the capitalist methods of exploitation used in “socialist” Russia:
In Germany, however, Thälmann promises: “Our class struggle means a better future. The victory of Soviet Germany will guarantee work, land, food, and freedom for all workers!”
“Where?” asks the German worker. “In Bolshevist forced labor camps,” answer hundreds of thousands of those condemned to die.
Despite terror, despite forced labor, despite the lash and Siberia, terrible conditions prevail in Soviet factories, which recently even the Soviet press had to admit.
One recently heard of scandalous conditions at the new tractor factory in the Volga city of Stalingrad (formerly Zarizyn), one of the most important regions for the Soviet economy. The huge factory was built by Americans last year and equipped exclusively with American machinery. It was the pride and joy of the Five Year Plan and was to produce at least 25,000 tractors in the first half of 1931, with production increasing each month.
In reality, in March, for example, it produced only 419 tractors instead of the 3500 planned, and they at “the unbelievable production cost of 4000 rubles.” Only 22 tractors were produced during the first part of April!
Over 70% of the several thousand workers have worked for less than a year in their specialty, not to mention the fact that they constantly change jobs. The result is countless accidents, because of which hundreds of machines are out of production for days or weeks. According to Pravda on 18 April, within four months there were 2788 machine breakdowns that were the result of technical ignorance. “American machines fail, too, if they are not used properly,” writes the official Soviet newspaper. “900 accidents a month, that is response of the machines to wrong usage...”
Production costs are rising every month in the metallurgy and cutting departments in the factory. In the ironworks, waste production has reached 90%. There is, by the way, also a shortage of metal. Chaotic conditions in the “biggest factory in the world,” as the Bolshevists call it, are so bad that in March management had no idea how many workers were employed by the concern.
The Pravda regretfully reported that the American workers who were there to train workers once they had put the machinery together were not used. In fact, since their contracts are finished they are returning to the United States without having given their Russian colleagues the minimum level of necessary training.
“Because of our carelessness and attitude toward labor, we cannot dream of an American pace” — that was the ironic comment from Pravda about the miserable failure of the “most promising part” of the Five Year Plan.
Communism in Soviet Russia has absolutely failed!
Your leaders who have told you about the wonderful conditions in the Soviet paradise hare revealed by Stalin’s speech to be miserable liars.
Stalin himself must admit that
“the organization of labor is wretched”
“disorder and total chaos”
Stalin himself, not the enemies of Bolshevism, say that that workers in the Soviet paradise suffer
poverty and misery
to an enormous degree.
Stalin himself is turning away from communism, he is abolishing the five day week that your communist functionaries have praised for years as the
greatest communist achievement.
Even more, Stalin is now turning back to the
that he wants to bring back to
For years your functionaries have been sending you into the streets with the slogan “Down with the bourgeoisie!” and “Fight capitalism!”, yet today the supreme communist leader is for the bourgeoisie and for capitalism.
The only thing that is important to him is
That is Soviet capitalism!
“Capital accumulation” — “Economic management” — “Reduction of nonproductive costs” — “Nationalization of operations” — “Systematic reduction in production costs” — These are the newest Soviet slogans!
To implement these capitalist principles Stalin wants to “eliminate collective management” and introduce “individual leadership.”
It is almost a slap in the face of every honest communist when Stalin demands:
“Down with the worker!”
This is the most brutal lust for profit, the most miserable money-grubbing, that recognizes only “economic viability” as the supreme law.
The hypocritical mask of friendship with the workers conceals the devilish hat of profit-hungry capitalism.
The fundamental principle in Soviet Russia is not the good of the workers, but rather the unrestrained rule of Soviet capitalism. It is a capitalism that puts all previous forms of capitalist exploitation in the shadows. It dictates forced labor, and uses the death penalty and banishment against any attempt at a strike by exploited workers. For the worker, Soviet capitalism is hell on earth.
Send to the Devil those swindlers who want to tell you about the Soviet paradise. Jewish scribblers for communist agitation newspapers only want to misuse the poverty of exploited workers for their own greedy purposes. If they gain power, just like Stalin they will throw off the mask of friendship with workers and introduce the most brutal form of capitalism, Soviet capitalism, to Germany.
Soviet capitalism is forced labor. Shut up and keep working is the slogan of these Red exploiters. Every attempt to strike by the betrayed masses will drown in blood.
Is that what you want? Do you want the most brutal Soviet capitalism, the system of forced labor, to victory in Germany?
Or do you want jobs and prosperity in a free Germany?
You belong in the
National Socialist German Workers’ Party!
The National Socialist slogan is:
“The common good before the individual good!”
The right to live of each individual German worker is a thousand times as important to us as the lust for profit of any sort of capitalist. Down with the lust for profit and Stalin, the swindler of workers!
We do not want “economic viability,” but rather
jobs and prosperity
for each German people’s comrade. That is the supreme National Socialist law. Over against Stalin’s capitalist tendencies, we demand
from a united front of blue and white collar workers in a National Socialist corporate state.
We do not want the capitalist exploiter Stalin’s slogan
“Down with the worker!”
but rather a system in which each worker can rise to the highest position his abilities allow.
The life interests of the German people can be realized only in a
that is today represented by the National Socialist German Workers’ Party under its Führer Adolf Hitler.
Therefore, join the front of the German workers’ movement. Fight with us for a true German socialism!
[Page copyright © 2011 by Randall Bytwerk. No unauthorized reproduction. My e-mail address is available on the FAQ page.]
Go to the pre-1933 Page.
Go to the German Propaganda Home Page.
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Offset is the term used for two different measurements related to the running gear of a vehicle.
In a steering system, offset is the distance between the centre of the tyre contact patch and the point where the steering axis hits the ground. This is also known as steering offset or scrub radius.
In wheel design, offset is the distance between the centre plane of the wheel and the mounting face which sits flush against the wheel hub. If the mounting face is inboard of the wheel's centre plane, the wheel has positive offset (also known as outset). If the mounting face is outboard of the centre of the wheel, there is negative offset (also known as inset).
Choose a letter from the Jargonbuster
Choose from above to see the list of jargon for that letter,
or see the full Jargonbuster list here
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treble, highest part in choral music, thus corresponding in pitch to soprano, but associated with the voice of a boy or a girl. The term appeared in 15th-century English polyphony, probably as an anglicization of the Latin triplum, the name given in medieval polyphony to the part that was often the highest (see motet). The treble clef, however, is the G clef, one of the two clefs commonly used today for vocal music and for most instrumental music. The soprano clef is a C clef placing middle C on the bottom line of the staff; it was used in vocal music as late as Bach's time but is now nearly obsolete for voice. See musical notation.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
More on treble from Fact Monster:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Music: Theory, Forms, and Instruments
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General Definitions of Types of Dog Collars
collar with traditional buckle. A collar is a piece of material put around the neck
of a dog for control, identification, or other purposes. Identification tags and
medical information is often placed on collars. Collars are also useful for controlling
the dog, as they provide a handle for grabbing.
Buckle collars, also called flat collars, are usually
nylon or leather with a buckle similar to a belt buckle or a quick-release buckle,
either of which holds the collar loosely around the dog's neck. Usually identification
is attached to such a collar; it also comes with a loop to which a leash can be
Nylon quick-release buckle collar with identification
and medical tags. Flea collars are impregnated with chemicals that repel fleas.
They are usually a supplementary collar, worn in addition to the conventional buckle
collar. An Elizabethan collar, shaped like a truncated cone, is worn by a pet, usually
a cat or dog, to prevent it scratching a wound on its head or neck or licking a
wound or infection on its body.
Several types of collars are used for dog training:
Flat collars: Many dogs are trained on leash using a
buckle or quick-release collar.
showing how the chain pulls through the loop at one end. Slip chain (also called
choke chain, slip collar, or choke collar) is a length of chain or nylon rope with
rings at either end such that the collar can be formed into a loop around the animal's
neck that slips (adjusts) tighter when pulled and slips looser when tension is released.
Used for training if the dog is not responsive on a buckle collar; provides some
additional control and prevents a wild dog from being able to thrash its way out
of a looser collar. It can also, when pulled hard enough, tighten around the neck
in a way that prevents airflow. When not used properly, the slip collar will actually
cause a dog to pull, rather than inhibit it from doing so. Properly used, the slip
collar is quickly popped and released as a firm reminder to the dog to pay attention;
it is not pulled tight and held.
the looped chain limits how tightly the collar can pull in the same way that a Martingale
functions. Prong collar (also called pinch collar) is a series of chain links with
open ends turned towards the dog's neck so that, when the collar is tightened, it
pinches the naturally loose skin around the dog's neck. When properly adjusted and
used, it startles the dog and gives a sharp correction, but it is very difficult
if not impossible to actually puncture the skin. And while it looks painful, it's
actually less harmful to the dog than a slip or choke collar. Opponents argue that
pain is never a good default way in which to train animals. Some dogs are nearly
oblivious to leash corrections of any kind, including the prong collar, but the
prong collar might make such dogs pay more attention than other collar types. The
advantage of the prong collar over the choke collar is that the circumference is
limited so that it is impossible to compress the animal's throat. Another advantage
is that, like with the Martingale collar (below), any pressure on the dog's neck
is spread out over a larger area than with most buckle collars, and with all choke
Martingale collars have a longer section usually made
of leather, chain, or nylon, joined through loops by a circle of chain or leather
to which the leash is fastened; pulling on the leash tightens the collar, but the
wide section both prevents the chain from tangling in a dog's coat and prevents
the collar from being pulled tightly enough to cut off the dog's airway. It also
spreads pressure on the dog's neck over a larger area.
Stud collar is fitted with sharp points and metal studs
that prevent another animal from biting the neck. While such a collar may appear
brutal, it is actually the best collar for a milder mannered or older animal interacting
with its more aggressive fellows.
collar controls the dog's head but does not restrict its ability to pant, drink,
or grasp objects.Halter collar, such as those sold under the brand names Haltie
or Gentle Leader; like a halter on a horse, this collar fastens around the back
of the neck and over the top of the muzzle, giving more control over a dog's direction
and the intensity of pulling on a leash than collars that fit strictly around the
neck. Pressure on this type of collar pulls the dog's head towards the handler.
Proponents of the head halter describe it as "scientific", in that it supposedly
mimics the way higher-ranking wolf shows dominance by grabbing a lower-ranking pack
member around the snout with his jaws. Opponents cite new research on wild wolves,
which indicates that there is no hierarchical structure in a wild wolf pack, meaning
that there are no "ranks" among pack members. This research also shows that dominance
displays are uncommon, and that no wild wolf has ever been observed displaying snout-grabbing
behavior as a means of discipline, let alone teaching the other wolf to walk on
a leash. Opponents of the head halter also cite the fact that most dogs find it
unnatural and uncomfortable. And though it's uncommon, some dogs have even had their
snouts injured by a halter that dug too deeply into their skin.
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| 0.934421
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| 3.234375
| 3
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© NASA, CXC, M. Weiss.
When cosmic microwave photons pass through a galaxy cluster, about 1 percent of them scatter off of hot electrons in the gas filling the space between galaxies in the cluster. This is called the "Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect." When the photons scatter, they gain energy from the electrons. Thus, galaxy clusters appear in a map of the CMB as cold spots at the original photon frequency, and hot spots at a higher frequency. Microwave telescopes such as the South Pole Telescope can detect galaxy clusters using the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect, while x-ray telescopes such as Chandra can map the hot gas that scattered the CMB photons. These measurements together allow astronomers to measure the growth of structure in the universe. (Unit: 11)
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Definition of Depression
by Amanda Bennett
Depression---also referred to as major depression, clinical depression, or major depressive disorder---is one of the most common medical illnesses in the world. Depression is a serious health problem that affects the total person. In addition to feelings, it can change behavior, physical health and appearance, academic performance and the ability to handle everyday decisions and pressures.
Depression is a sadness or melancholy that lasts more than two weeks and significantly impacts the regular activity of a person. In mild cases this can be loss of interest, while in more severe cases it can be an inability to engage in regular activity.
Some depressive episodes begin with no identifiable trigger, while others can be associated with a major life event (positive or negative). It is possible to experience one single depression in a lifetime, but not uncommon to experience multiple episodes.
Indications of a depressive episode can include loss of interest in regular activities, too much or too little sleep, difficulty concentrating, change in weight, irritability, reduced libido, suicidal behavior or unexplained physical pain.
Depression is considered a chronic illness that requires long-term management, much like diabetes or high blood pressure. Debilitating symptoms can be relieved quickly with psychological therapies, medications or a combination of both. Adjusting lifestyle can then reduce the quantity and severity of future episodes.
The cause of depression is unknown, but recent research points toward a genetic component. Though the environmental factors cannot be underestimated, from negative life experiences to learned behaviors like low self-esteem or poor decision-making.
Depression impacts more than 120 million people worldwide, yet less than ¼ of those affected have access to treatment. Obstacles to treatment include limited resources and a lingering negative social stigma surrounding the condition. This stigma keeps people from seeking help and keeps resources from being dedicated to making treatment readily available.
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Language in the Classroom
ecently, I wrote and implemented a classroom project. My class consists of fifth and sixth graders at a high-risk, inner-city school. The project deals with the English and Spanish languages, focusing on the use of modifiers (adjectives) in both languages. For example, most modifiers in English hold a prenomitive position. In Spanish, modifiers hold a postnomitive position.
Example: 1. the blue house (English) 2. la casa azul (Spanish) - the house that is blueThe adjective takes precedence over the house in the English language. In Spanish, the house, structurally, is more important than the color: it is a house first and blue second. Clearly, there is much room for debate. There is much to be learned about what a culture values by its use of language. Structurally, the role of modifiers in the English language partially explains an ability to directly or indirectly dehumanize social constructs. For example, in Spanish-speaking regions, slavery existed; however, in most cases, it was a result of the physically weaker population being dominated by the physically stronger population. In English-speaking regions, most notably America and South Africa, slavery might be explainable as reflected by English's use of modifiers, resulting in the ability to dehumanize entire populations - a label with a person attached to it. This project is in no way meant as a justification for social injustices; however, a clearer understanding of language structure may lead to positive social change. Through awareness of such concerns, students may be more mindful of the ramifications of language.
As I introduced this project to my class, I noticed that the children
responded well to the idea of a language study. The class had spent the
first semester gaining a firm understanding of the English language. The
majority of time was spent on diagrams and essay structure. Many students
had been told what a sentence was through various existing language programs.
This project allowed them to see, through the aid of diagrams, what a
sentence can be, including many of the relationships between parts of
speech. The solid foundation in English grammar enabled the class to fully
understand the role of modifiers in the Spanish language. Students began
to notice that English is mainly prenomitive and Spanish is postnomitive.
Granted, this is an involved and abstract concept; however, this project
clearly aided in solidifying the need to question language structures.
This project served my class well because it was integrated, including
history and social studies. Student language-study essays may be viewed
at the following site:
Oftentimes, I have seen language programs at the elementary level fail because those programs are disjointed in practice and finite in purpose. Consequently, this project was my effort to provide an opportunity for students to see that language is powerful and relate it to the world around them. My students see clearly that language is not only how we define ourselves in the world, but also the world within ourselves.
Copyright © Academic Exchange - EXTRA
, Web Editor
Created: March 2000 / Updated: Saturday, 24 March 2001
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Wild Cherry Bark
From Natural WellBeing
Wild Cherry Bark
Cherry trees are popular because of their beauty especially when at their fullest bloom. But only a few people know of the cherry tree's significant contributions to both ancient and contemporary medicine.
Origin and History
The cherry tree is a huge, deciduous plant with a rough bark and dark green pointy leaves. It is characterized by tiny but still showy white flowers during spring. Its fruits are, of course, the staple of many homes - the small and round fruits with colors ranging from the reddest red to the darkest purple.
Most people think that the cherry tree originated from North America since it is present in large groves in many areas of the United States and Canada. The truth, however, is that the cherry tree is a native of Asian countries like Japan but was only imported to North America and Europe.
In ancient times, the cherry tree served many functions including symbolic, aesthetic and medicinal values. Buddhists believe that the cherry tree symbolized virginity and purity although it was also associated with fertility, which explains its strong association with the health of pregnant women. Other symbolic meanings included education and disguises.
Its medicinal values were mainly for lung disorders. Ancient peoples used the bark of the cherry tree to treat a wide variety of ailments. Cherokees used it to ease the pains of childbirth, the Mohegans treated dysentery with it and the Meskwakis used it as a sedative.
Other effective uses for the bark of the cherry tree are as an anti-tussive and anti-asthma. The tea from its bark was used to treat Coughs and to expel mucus from the lungs. Such is its efficacy in these respects that the cherry tree was included in the Pharmacopoeia list of the United States from 1820 to 1975, thus, proving the anecdotal evidence suggested by the Native Americans.
Of course, the cherry tree was also valued for its beautiful appearance and its delicious fruits. With such a wide variety of uses, it's no wonder that man is attracted to the tree.
In modern times, the cherry tree still has a good reputation as the source of effective herbal medicine. Herbal supplements that come in the form of teas and capsules have been developed with the cherry tree as the main component for the treatment of similar ailments as in ancient times. Many herbal supplements also boast of cherry tree as a secondary ingredient because of its antiseptic properties.
In Germany and Mexico, the cherry tree is also being studied for its anti-cancer properties. Although the study itself is highly controversial, the initial results appear to be promising. For now, we suggest taking fresh cherries and taking in cherry supplements to take advantage of its rich antioxidant content.
Of course, cherry trees are also popular choices for furniture pieces because of their durability, beauty and easy availability. Cherries can also be eaten raw or enjoyed as jams, candies, syrups and even wine the whole year-round.
Like most supplements, certain precautions must be made when using cherry tree supplements. First, children less than two years of age must not take any cherry-related medications like herbal preparations. Second, pregnant women and lactating mothers must avoid taking cherry supplements, too. Third, even in relatively healthy individuals, care must be taken so that big doses can be avoided. Take note that the entire tree is composed of hydrocyanic acid, which can be poisonous in large amounts.
The wild cherry tree bark is, indeed, very useful in the field of medicine. Its contributions to herbal medicine and in other fields of human interest are worth noting.
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If there are myths behind recyclable containers and the markets available for them, they were cleared up for an audience of solid waste and recycling professionals last week. Speaking at the annual Iowa Recycling & Solid Waste Management Conference in Dubuque Oct. 5 were presenters Jim Birmingham, recycling coordinator for the Carton Council based in Milwaukee, Wis., and Susan V. Collins, executive director of the Container Recycling Institute in Culver City, Calif.
Birmingham's objective was to hail a recyclable product new in the industry: cartons. These include gabled cartons like milk cartons, which must be refrigerated, and aseptic cartons like those that contain chicken broth, meant to be stacked and stored in a cabinet and refrigerated after opening. He said both types of packaging once contained wax, making them poor candidates for recycling. Today, wax has been replaced by polyethylene, which does not interfere with recycling. The aseptic carton additionally includes many layers of aluminum to block out light - the principle cause of spoilage.
Carton recycling is widely practiced in Europe, Birmingham said, but in North America there are only nine paper mills that accept the product. The Carton Council, formed by four carton manufacturers - Elopak, Evergreen Packaging, SIG Combibloc and Tetra Pak - is committed to increasing carton recycling in the U.S. By promoting both recycling technology and local collection programs, the Carton Council intends to limit the amount of cartons that end up in a landfill. Since 2009, the Carton Council has pushed to expand carton recycling access and end markets through "innovative collaborations with facilities, communities, service providers and paper mills." As a result, cartons are being recycled by more than 35 million households in 40 states.
The Carton Council works closely with communities, recycling facilities and service providers to add cartons to their programs by providing financial resources and technical assistance. Their first step was to work with paper mills, negotiating with them a financial strategy to encourage acceptance of cartons without incurring financial harm if the market should change. Once that piece was in place, the Council began encouraging Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) to consider what they would need to add carton recycling to their facility, be it optical scanners for sorting, a reconfigured or extended sorting line, or other technical assistance. According to Birmingham, cartons can be processed as part of a dual- or single-stream facility. The other players in the recycling process can be involved, too, Birmingham said. Haulers can let MRFs know that they will accept cartons for recycling, and brokers can be willing to assist in the creation of this new supply chain.
Birmingham said it is important for all consumers to have access to carton recycling. Right now cartons represent only 1 to 1.5 percent of trash going into landfills, but that number is expected to grow. Products such as bottled water, bottled sports drinks, and even bottled wine are beginning to move into carton packaging. He'd like to avert waste by educating consumers that the end product for recycled cartons includes bath tissue, plastic lumber, and even flower pots. To date, more than 30 million households in 28 states have access to recycling programs that accept cartons such as milk cartons, juice boxes, and other liquid packaging including soups, broths and soy milks.
Handling cartons as a distinct commodity represents a potential revenue stream for municipalities, Birmingham said. But carton recycling is not available in many areas, even though in some places consumers already put cartons into their curbside recycling. Birmingham said consumers are not told that the mills are allowed a five percent throw-out allowance. That means those cartons will ultimately wind up in a landfill, after yet another trip in a truck.
As a way to encourage carton recycling, the Council works with school districts. Kids go through a lot of cartons at meal times, and starting an education program in the schools paired with actual recycling practice is a way to involve children in sustainable practices, he said.
Susan V. Collins of the Container Recycling Institute also dispelled myths about the specific environmental benefit of recycling. She said the amount of greenhouse gas emissions released when a product is manufactured and used should be the measure that counts when calculating landfill diversion, not the tonnage of the waste. Collins said 37 percent of greenhouse gases are generated during production of goods and seven percent during the use of those products. She also said that tonnage is a dated way of assessing landfill use. Ultimately, things don't contaminate soil or cause environmental harm because they weigh a lot. "Landfills don't fill up by weight, but by volume," she said.
Take polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic beverage containers as an illustration. In the three years between 2002 and 2005, sales of bottled water in the U.S. nearly doubled, from 15 billion units sold to 29.8 billion. Those beverage containers are six percent of waste in landfills by weight, but 17 to 20 percent when measured by greenhouse gases, she said.
Collins said producing a PET beverage container requires raw materials extraction, the manufacture of chemicals, the manufacture of the bottle itself, the creation of the contents, its transportation to store, refrigeration in the store and in the consumers home, and so forth. This chain of events, she said, has a "huge environmental impact in the front end." But if consumers used a 100 percent recycled bottle, they would put 60 to 70 percent less greenhouse gas into the atmosphere for the creation of that bottle than if it were made from virgin resources.
The Container Recycling Institute (CRI) is a non-profit organization with a mission to make North America a global model for the collection and quality recycling of packaging materials. They envision a world where no material is wasted, and the environment is protected. They work to create collaboration between companies and people to create a strong, sustainable domestic economy.
That economic focus means considering the complexity of different sorts of source materials and understanding that they aren't all recycled at the same rate or for the same cost. Collins said there are 22 different material types upon which scrap value is set, ranging from sorted office paper to more obscure items like plastic laminate. "Packing is highly complex," she continued, citing items such as dog food bags that have a strip of paper across the top and a pull string for opening, or the small dental floss packets that include at least two types of plastic resin along with a tiny aluminum device for cutting the floss.
"Recycling rates differ depending on the type of item, and the cost of what it takes per ton to recycle and reuse materials varies widely." Collins also said the financial waste of PET water bottles going into landfills adds up to $2.5 billion essentially going into landfills every year. If recycled, that material could be used in items like strapping, or plumbing. And during a recent world-wide cotton crop failure, Collins said, many clothing manufacturers were using recycled PET as a substitute product.
A world-wide focus means noticing that in Europe, recycling rates are much higher than in the U.S., and consumers have the opportunity to drink from refillable bottle that are returned to the manufacturer, sterilized, filled, fitted with a new cap and label, and distributed to consumers. But in the U.S. annually, Collins said, 215 billion drink containers are sold, of which 141 billion are wasted. Americans consume 721 bottles and cans of drinks per person every year, for an average of two per day, per person. While beverage sales increased, recycling rates decreased from 41 to 34 percent, Collins said. She explained the gap pointing out most of these beverages are being consumed at work or on the road, not at home where people are near their convenient recycling containers.
"If we were to recycle those 141 billion wasted containers, we'd save enough energy to power 3.5 million homes for a year. We would also reduce the same amount of greenhouse gas emissions as if 3.3 million cars were removed from the road," she said.
CRI is a strong supporter of deposit laws affecting bottles and cans. Processors also advocate for this method because it results in higher quality materials with fewer contaminants. Processors say that for every 100 tons of material they buy, they may use only about 73 tons, throwing the rest out, transporting it in another truck to another landfill. Economically this is difficult and unsustainable. Collins and the CRI champion bottle deposits also because they encourage consumers to recycle. "If a 10-cent deposit were placed on all beverages (excluding dairy) throughout the United States, an 80 to 90 percent recycling rate could be achieved across the board."
The Iowa Recycling & Solid Waste Management Conference is hosted annually by the Iowa Recycling Association and the Iowa Society of Solid Waste Operations.
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World Social Forum, Caracas, 2006
Building on the work of meetings of previous years, social movements involved in the struggles for the rights to water and against its commoditisation from across the world met at the World Social Forum in Caracas. They succeeded in pooling the work of various workshops and built a common platform which examined regional issues within a global understanding of water.
WE CONSIDER THAT
- Water is a common good and access is a fundamental, inalienable human right. Water is a patrimony belonging to communities, peoples and humanity; it is the essential basis for life on earth. Water is not a commodity! Therefore we reject all forms of privatisation, including Public –Private Partnerships
- Management and control of water needs to be in a sphere that is public, social, community-based, participative and not based on profit. All local, national and international public institutions have a responsibility to ensure these conditions
- Solidarity must be assured for present and future generations. Therefore we reject a model of water development that is industrial and consumerist and which encourages over-exploitation of Mother Earth
- Sustainable management of the ecosystem and the preservation of the hydrological cycle is based on the protection of land, conservation of the natural environment and establishing hydrographic basins as basic units; which would enable more effective public participation in all aspects of planning, management and control;
WE CALL ON
- The organizations, social movements, governments and parliaments to include these principles in all local, national and international legal frameworks;
- The exclusion of water from the market-based rules imposed by the World Trade Organization, Free Trade Agreements and other international investment and trade accords.
- The abolition of the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), considering the experience of Cochabamba and other people struggling to recover sovereignty and public control over their communal resources.
- The recovery and promotion of public, social, community-based, participatory and holistic management of water;
- The demands of multinationals and corporations for lost profits and compensation for investments as illegitimate;
WE CALL ON
- The Governments that participate in the World Water Forum in Mexico City, and in meetings of Mercusor, the European Union and the World Bank to reject any proposal that does not take these demands into account;
- To share experiences of establishing solidarity funds for financing models of public, participative, community and social management as well as experiences of forming networks like the initiative of the “Water Carriers.”
- The creation of a social watchdog or observatory comprised of social organizations, movements and international cooperation networks to monitor the activities of transnationals related to water and other public goods and resources, that would also involve the European Parliament, local governments, and the ndemocratic institutions of Latin América;
- To building committees and groups that through public education, organization and mobilization at local, national, regional and global levels can deliver these objectives to strengthening the campaigns against privatization, such as the campaign ¨Water Out of the WTO.”
- To articulate the fight in defense of water alongside other social movements.
We plan to continue strengthening the links between social movements related to water at the following key dates in 2006:
- The “Citizens’ Days” in Mexico City in March
- The meeting of “Alternative Links” –European Union and Latin América in Vienna in May
- The meeting of the “South American Community of Nations” in Bolivia in September
- The “Citizens’ Water Assembly” in Brussels in December
January 27, 2006
Hemispheric Social Alliance
International Committee for a Global Water Treaty
The GUE/NGL Group of the European Parliment (European Union)
HIC Latin America
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Detoxifying the body has become an apparent key preventative measure for all kinds of health problems. Since most of us are busy and unable or unwilling to maintain a strict diet in order to completely eliminate all the toxins from our body, we have chemicals building up in our bodies day after day. Since these chemicals are not harmful in small amounts, only in larger accumulated amounts, we don't notice side effects until we are much older. A proper, even if occasional, detox diet is necessary to relieve our bodies of harmful toxins and chemicals and maintain a healthy, normal, and long-lived life.
The main idea of a detox diet is to eliminate nearly all foods and restrict the body to only water and vegetables for a few days; usually around 5 or 6 days is adequate. Most detox diets then allow for a gradual re-introduction of other foods. The diets generally restrict foods from your diet that are said to have harmful toxins. Along with this, a detox diet should then flush the existing toxins out of the body. A detox diet essentially gives the liver and other organs a chance to catch up and remove all the toxins. This is done through our sweat, faeces and urine.
Our bodies simply cannot cope with the normal day to day ingestion of chemicals. Most these chemicals come from foods, as mentioned before, but also have a wide variety of other sources. Although we do not know which foods are the cause of it all, we do know that pesticides, heavy metals, such as mercury and lead, and the chemicals in cigarettes and the air we breath, all enter our bodies via our lungs or stomach and can cause an excessive build up. These chemicals in small amounts are harmless; it’s the day after day ingestion and build up of them which can lead to degenerative diseases.
One common detox diet is the combination of nothing but fruits and water for a given period. The promotion of chemicals being metabolized by our bodies can be helped with certain vitamins, herbs and supplements. Some supplements will help the mobilization of toxins in our fat and other toxin deposits located throughout the body. Since our bodies rid themselves of chemicals through sweat, sauna therapies can also provide a great benefit. There are many other diets and detox therapies, these are just a few common methods. Regular body detoxification is a good preventative action and promotes a healthier present and future!
About The Author...
Ryan S. Bombard is the owner and operator of Addiction-Spot which features drug detox, rehab and addiction resources and articles.
12 Steps to a Complete Body Detox: A Natural Path to Superior Health
Do you just want to lift your health to another level but find there is something holding you back and you just want to feel vibrant and energetic no matter what age you are.
Does your mind and attitude hold you back from taking the necessary action towards better health
Most illnesses don't just develop overnight, they form from many years of your body being overburdened with toxins that effect the immune system. This Optimum natural health program, gives you 12 simple steps that will boost your energy and health to levels you have not felt before and prevent illnesses from developing.
Want to find out more? Click here to view the 12 Steps to a Complete Body Detox: A Natural Path to Superior Health
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When shopping for a car, most people know that the price stated on the vehicle's sticker is likely not what you will have to pay to purchase it. But when it comes to the cost of college, the government has determined that schools need to be more transparent regarding what it really will cost to attend there. The Higher Education Act of 2008 created a provision that effective October 29th of last year, colleges must have a Net Price Calculator (NPC) on their website that enables prospective students and their parents to estimate the net price of attendance based on their individual circumstances. Many schools implemented early so there's been sufficient time to review the experience to this point.
The results as with most changes of this nature have been clearly mixed. On the positive side, many students who in the past would not have even considered a higher priced private college are seeing through the NPC that given the likelihood of merit scholarships and/or need based financial aid, those schools are now within their reach. On the down side, some schools have not made it easy to find their NPC or the results are of poor quality. If you are on a school’s website and can not find the NPC, place “net price calculator” in the website’s search engine and it should take you to it. Unfortunately, some of the estimates provided are much too rough, not easy to understand, and in a few cases even misleading. Usually the more detailed the financial and academic information that is requested through a school’s NPC, the more accurate the estimate is likely to be.
Even with the start up issues mentioned, the NPC is definitely still a step in the right direction in providing a tool that more clearly projects the real cost of attendance early in the college admissions process. I'm sure as we go forward, the NPC will be refined to improve its effectiveness. So for now, consider the estimate you receive from it as just another piece of information to help make college application decisions. The more accurate financial numbers will still come within the actual financial aid package students receive from schools some time after they have been accepted for admission.
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Click here for a print friendly PDF version of the entire Glossary.
Cancer arising in gland-forming tissue; the medical term meaning "related to a gland" is "adeno;" breast lobules and ducts are types of glands.
Treatment given after primary breast surgery to prevent or delay recurrence, or treatment given as "preventive" when there is no obvious evidence of cancer. Usually refers to addition of chemotherapy, radiation, or hormonal therapy.
The area of dark-colored skin on the breast that surrounds the nipple.
Removal of fluid from a lump, often a cyst, with a needle and a syringe.
A benign (noncancerous) condition in which cells have abnormal features and are increased in number. This condition places women at a higher risk of developing invasive breast cancer.
Axillary node dissection
Removal of some of the lymph nodes in the armpit to aid in staging of breast cancer.
A growth that is NOT cancerous.
Removal of a sample of tissue that is then examined under a microscope by a pathologist to see if cancer is present. When the entire tumor or lesion is removed, the procedure is called an excisional biopsy. When only a sample of tissue is removed, the procedure is called an incisional biopsy or core biopsy. When a sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a small needle, the procedure is called a fine-needle aspiration biopsy.
The soft material inside bones. Blood cells are produced in the bone marrow.
Breast cancer in situ
Very early, noninvasive cancer cells that are confined to the ducts or lobules in the breast and cannot spread beyond the breast. Commonly abbreviated as DCIS (ductal carcinoma in situ) or LCIS (lobular carcinoma in situ).
Breast conserving surgery
An operation to remove the breast cancer but not the entire breast itself. Types of breast conserving surgery include lumpectomy (removal of the lump) and quadrantectomy (removal of one quarter of the breast).
Surgery to rebuild the shape of a breast.
A term for diseases in which cells divide abnormally without control or order. Cancerous cells can invade nearby tissues and can spread through the bloodstream and lymphatic systems to other parts of the body.
Cancer that begins in the lining or covering of an organ.
Treatment with drugs to kill or slow the growth of cancer cells; also used to shrink tumors prior to surgery.
An area of normal tissue that surrounds cancer tissue.
A controlled research study to determine the best possible treatment for a specific condition. Clinical trials take place in many hospitals and cancer centers across the country, with sponsorship and review by the National Cancer Institute. In these clinical trials, doctors use the newest treatments to care for cancer patients. By agreeing to participate in a clinical trial, the patient agrees to follow the protocol of the specified treatment and to cooperate with the scientists to find new, improved treatments for cancer. Participation is voluntary in all clinical trials, and patients may drop out of a clinical trial if they wish.
Non-traditional therapies used to complement traditional medical procedures. Examples are therapeutic touch, art therapy, music therapy, aromatherapy, biofeedback, yoga, meditation, nutritional supplements, acupuncture, and numerous others.
A biopsy that uses a small cutting needle to remove a sample of tissue from a breast.
A sac or mass filled with fluid.
This glossary is largely an excerpt from An Informational Guide to Breast Cancer, August 2005, HCA, Inc., Nashville, Tennessee. Printed here with permission. Reviewed by Joanne Hindle, RN, MS, NP-C, OCN. We thank HCA and these individual contributors: Connie Carson, Ph.D., Healthcare Consultant, Littleton, Colorado; Rebecca Knight, MD, FACS, General Surgeon, Foothills Surgical Associates, Wheat Ridge, Colorado; Francene Mason, M.D., Medical Oncologist, Boulder, Colorado; Susan Lasker-Hertz, RN, MSN, CHPN, Director of Clinical Services, Denver Hospice, Denver, Colorado; Barbara Schwartzberg, M.D., F.A.C.S., Breast Cancer Surgeon, HealthONE, Denver, Colorado; and Dev Paul, D.O., Ph.D., Medical Oncologist, Rocky Mountain Cancer Centers, Denver, Colorado.
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The Green Energy Act was created to expand Ontario's production of renewable energy, encourage energy conservation and promote the creation of clean-energy green jobs.
The act aims to expand Ontario's renewable energy production and create clean-energy jobs by:
- creating a feed-in-tariff program that guarantees rates for energy generated from renewable sources - such as solar photovoltaic, biogas, biomass, landfill gas, on-shore and off-shore wind and water power; minimum levels of Ontario labour and materials are required to qualify for the program
- establishing the right to connect to the electricity grid for all renewable energy projects - including small-scale energy generators, such as homes and schools - that meet technical, economic and regulatory requirements
- establishing a "one-stop" streamlined approvals process for small-scale renewable energy projects that meet regulatory requirements
- implementing a "smart" power grid to support the development of new renewable energy projects, and to prepare Ontario for new technologies such as electric cars.
The act promotes conservation in Ontario through:
- creating new energy-efficient standards for Ontario's building code and for household appliances
- providing financial assistance for small-scale renewable energy projects
- working with local utilities to help them reach conservation targets
- ensuring conservation measures protect low-income Ontarians.
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