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This is an image of a mercury bulb thermometer. The temperature is measured by reading the number next to the thin black line that goes partly up the yellow tube. Click on image for full size Image courtesy of Wikipedia Creative Commons Thermometers measure temperature. "Thermo" means heat and "meter" means to measure. You can use a thermometer to measure the temperature of many things, including the temperature of the air, the temperature of our bodies, and the temperature of the food when we cook. Temperature is a measure of the hotness and coldness of an object. Thermometers usually have a bulb at the base and a long glass tube that extends to the top. The glass tube of a thermometer is filled with alcohol or mercury. Both mercury and alcohol grow bigger when heated and smaller when cooled. Inside the glass tube of a thermometer, the liquid has no place to go but up when the temperature is hot and down when the temperature is cold. Numbers are placed alongside the glass tube that mark the temperature when the line is at that point. Other types of thermometers include dial thermometers and electronic thermometers. Electronic thermometers measure temperature much more quickly than mercury and dial thermometers. The thermometer measures temperatures in Fahrenheit, Celsius and another scale called Kelvin. Fahrenheit is used mostly in the United States, and most of the rest of the world uses Celsius. Kelvin is used by some scientists. Shop Windows to the Universe Science Store! The Fall 2009 issue of The Earth Scientist , which includes articles on student research into building design for earthquakes and a classroom lab on the composition of the Earth’s ancient atmosphere, is available in our online store You might also be interested in: The Kelvin scale is a temperature scale that is often used in astronomy and space science. You are probably more familiar with the Celsius (or Centigrade) scale, which is part of the metric system of measures,...more Rainbows appear in the sky when there is bright sunlight and rain. Sunlight is known as visible or white light and is actually a mixture of colors. Rainbows result from the refraction and reflection of...more The Earth travels around the sun one full time per year. During this year, the seasons change depending on the amount of sunlight reaching the surface and the Earth's tilt as it revolves around the sun....more Scientists sometimes travel in specially outfitted airplanes in order to gather data about atmospheric conditions. These research aircraft have special inlet ports that bring air from the outside into...more An anemometer is a weather instrument used to measure the wind (it can also be called a wind gauge). Anemometers can measure wind speed, wind direction, and other information like the largest gust of wind...more Thermometers measure temperature. "Thermo" means heat and "meter" means to measure. You can use a thermometer to measure the temperature of many things, including the temperature of...more Weather balloons are used to carry weather instruments that measure temperature, pressure, humidity, and winds in the atmosphere. The balloons are made of rubber and weigh up to one kilogram (2.2 pounds)....more	<urn:uuid:fbf0ed96-5b36-4dd8-be59-c8481d7037fd>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Atmosphere/thermometer.html&edu=mid	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697974692/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095254-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.926143	650	4.0625	4
Gonzalo López de Haro (bef. 1788 – 1823) was a Spanish explorer, notable for his expeditions in the Pacific Northwest in the late 18th century. In 1788 two ships were sent north to investigate Russian activity in Alaska. First Pilot Esteban José Martínez was the expedition commander and captained the frigate Princesa. Haro, also a Pilot, was given command of the packet ship San Carlos. Second Pilot José María Narváez sailed with Haro. The ships arrived at Prince William Sound in May. Haro sailed the San Carlos west to Kodiak Island and on June 30 found the Russian post at Three Saints Bay. The Russian commander, Evstrat Delarov, provided a map of the Alaskan coast and indicated the locations of seven Russian posts containing nearly 500 men. Delarov also told Narváez that the Russians intended to occupy the port of Nootka Sound, on the west coast of Vancouver Island. Narváez returned to the San Carlos and Haro returned east, rejoining Martínez at Sitkinak Island. Haro and Martínez then sailed southwest to investigate Unalaska Island, where there was a large Russian post under the command of Potap Kuzmich Zaikov. Martínez arrived on July 29, Haro on August 4. In 1790 and 1791 he was a primer piloto (first pilot) in the expedition commanded by Francisco de Eliza. Haro is reputably the first European to discover the San Juan Islands. In 1821, after the Mexican War of Independence, Haro was jailed in Puebla, Mexico. He died in Puebla in 1823. Haro Strait and Lopez Island are both named after him. See also	<urn:uuid:5e532029-9344-46d5-8fee-cb674d8db9e2>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzalo_L%c3%b3pez_de_Haro	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701852492/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105732-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.94968	379	3.234375	3
WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT FROM MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS Location: Agroecosystems Management Research Unit Project Number: 3625-13000-009-00 Start Date: Apr 23, 2007 End Date: Apr 17, 2012 This project describes Watershed Assessment Studies (WAS) to be conducted in two Iowa watersheds that are benchmark watersheds of ARS’s Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP). This project consists of three objectives that are to: 1) Develop and implement a data system to organize, document, manipulate, and compile water, soil, management, and socio-economic data for assessment of conservation practices at field, farm, and watershed scales for the South Fork of the Iowa River and Walnut Creek, Story County watersheds. 2) Measure and quantify water quality, water quantity, and soil quality effects of conservation practices at the field, farm, and watershed scale for the South Fork of the Iowa River and Walnut Creek (Story County) watersheds. Two sub-objectives are: a) Quantify extent and placement of conservation practices in the South Fork watershed and impacts of those practices on water and soil quality. b) Relate contaminant sources to transport paths and processes for pathogens, antibiotics and nutrients using hydrologic and land use data with isotope- and DNA-based methods. 3)Assess and evaluate watershed and river basin responses to current and improved management practices for water quality by comparing observed to model-predicted results for the South Fork of the Iowa River and Walnut Creek (Story County) watersheds. The work will take place in the Iowa River’s South Fork watershed (78,000 ha), and in Walnut Creek watershed, Story County (5,200 ha). Both watersheds are within the area of most recent glaciation in Iowa (about 10,000 years B.P.), known as the Des Moines lobe. Walnut Creek has a water quality database dating to 1991, and a history of watershed modeling and nutrient-management research. The South Fork watershed also has challenges associated with intensive livestock production. Its water quality database dates back to 2001, and information on conservation practices have been gathered and targeting methods explored. This research will leverage these assets towards attaining CEAP goals through database development, watershed assessments and modeling studies. Watershed assessment studies for the South Fork will include combined geographic analyses of soil survey, topographic, crop cover, and conservation-practices inventory data to improve our ability to assess the targeting of conservation practices towards sensitive lands. Combined hydrologic and water quality data will be used to evaluate effects of practices on runoff water quality and better understand how different pathways of water movement impact water quality as measured at the watershed scale. Source tracking methods for fecal-contaminant indicator bacteria will be developed and tested. Finally watershed models will be evaluated to improve our ability to predict the impact of changes in conservation systems that are reasonable future scenarios. Thereby, the project will develop information that can increase the effectiveness of USDA’s conservation programs in tile-drained watersheds.	<urn:uuid:ba4390b9-1347-417d-8f3d-9e02f82b0ea2>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://seprl.ars.usda.gov/research/projects/projects.htm?ACCN_NO=411795	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701852492/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105732-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.890806	649	2.828125	3
Two sets of images have already come to dominate outsiders’ understanding of this month’s events in Tibet, where a pro-independence movement has seen some 40 protests of greater intensity and extent than in some four decades. One image is the video footage of Tibetan rioters savagely beating Chinese migrants in Lhasa on March 14, when 16 people are said to have been killed or burned to death by the mobs. These scenes, shown repeatedly on CNN and other networks (not always with clear indications that the Chinese government supplied them), are immensely troubling, and challenge any remaining Western image of the pacific, spiritual Tibetan. The other image is conveyed by a series of photographs showing Tibetans shot dead in pro-independence protests in Ngaba, far to the east of Lhasa, reportedly by riot police. The blood-streaked and bullet-ridden bodies, too gruesome to show in public media, have been posted on the Web. The video footage of the Lhasa riots – hardly representative, since no attacks on Chinese civilians have been reported in any of the 40 other protests – are in one view taken as a sign that economic marginalization has seeded envy of the commercial success of Chinese migrants in Tibet and hardened into ethnic hatred. A similar school, strongly held by Chinese leaders, accuses the exile Tibetan leadership of inciting the unrest, seeking to undermine China’s Olympic Games to be held there this summer. For others, the Ngaba photographs are emblematic of the resistance of oppressed Tibetans to Chinese domination. Terms like uprising or intifada are used, and the deaths are seen as the inevitable price of the fight for freedom. Neither view is wrong, though they are barely compatible. If the polarizing images are to bring outsiders closer to understanding what is happening in Tibet and why, we need to recognize the historical basis for both interpretations. China takes a statist position: that, to modernize, all cultures need to give up something of their distinct identities, and all states limit citizens’ rights when they threaten national interests. The British had a similar view when they invaded Tibet in 1903-4, arguing that Tibet was outdated theocracy with a corrupt religion that would be brought to its senses by a taste of modern military efficiency. When Mao Zedong sent his army to integrate Tibet into the new People’s Republic in 1950, it was said that a weak Tibet needed liberating from Western imperialists. Nine years later, when a failed uprising against Chinese rule led the Dalai Lama to flee with 80,000 other Tibetans to India, the Chinese said Tibetans needed to be liberated from feudal oppression. In the 1980s, the explanation changed to one in which China offered social and economic development to free Tibetans from material backwardness. In all such views, Tibet and Tibetans are seen as something incomplete and in need of fulfillment from an outside source, whether a civilization, a state or the forces of modernization. Claims this week that Tibetan protesters were stirred up by the exiled Dalai Lama, reflect a historical view of people not as thinking individuals with concerns, but as captives of a powerful ideology, be it religion, feudal bondage, traditional customs or inefficient economic practices like nomadic herding. Thus the fact that Tibetan monks arranged a protest to coincide with a similar event in India is seen as evidence that they were controlled by exile groups in India. The protesters’ calculation that the security forces would be reluctant to shoot them in the run-up to the summer Olympics is seen as a political conspiracy rather than an intelligent wish to remain alive. On the Tibetan side, the events are seen in terms of national identity — a distinct population and culture, with features shared by all its members, a sense of common purpose and a broad agreement about the story of its past. The historical high points are the eighth century, when Tibet was a major empire; the year 1642 when the fifth Dalai Lama began to form Tibet into a single nation; the declaration of independence in 1913 by the 13th Dalai Lama, and the 1959 uprising against Chinese rule. In this record, outsiders have taken something away from what was otherwise whole. China has deprived the nation of its culture, the Tibetan people have been denied freedom, their language has been whittled away, and their economic resources have been appropriated by others. Will new views result from what has happened in Tibet this month? Few people will continue to see Tibetans as figments of spiritual fantasies, or simply as victims of oppression or as subjects for our sympathy. We are more likely to see them now as complex, passionate figures making very political and sometimes brutal decisions in the difficult effort to become again the authors of their own destinies. No one of good will is likely not to feel for those Chinese who are pained deeply by the images of horrific ethnic violence, even if they and their leaders had been warned of explosive tensions many times, sympathy that will be squandered if executions and summary justice ensues. In either case, the deaths on both sides show that Tibet is after all a deeply serious issue, resolvable only through political means, one in which we all will need to develop more complex views needed to understand the new realities created by Tibetan protesters inside Tibet. Robert Barnett is director of the Modern Tibetan Studies Program at Columbia University and the author, most recently, of “Lhasa: Streets With Memories” (Columbia University Press, 2006).	<urn:uuid:6cdf0072-7c7f-4dd7-900f-0c4c0f905743>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://topics.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/03/21/tibets-two-realities/?apage=3	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705195219/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115315-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.965864	1,107	2.875	3
- 1530s, interjection expressing various emotions, a common Indo-European word (e.g. Old French ô;, oh; Latin o, oh; Greek o; Old Church Slavonic and Lithuanian o; Gothic, Dutch, German o; Old Irish a; Sanskrit a), but not found in Old English, which translated Latin oh with la or eala. The present tendency is to restrict oh to places where it has a certain independence, & prefer o where it is proclitic or leans forward upon what follows .... [Fowler] Often extended for emphasis, e.g. Oh, baby, stock saying from c.1918; oh, boy (1910); oh, yeah (1924). Reduplicated form oh-oh as an expression of alarm or dismay is attested from 1944. Oh-so "so very" (often sarcastic or ironic) is from 1922. Oh yeah? "really? Is that so?" attested from 1930.	<urn:uuid:782e12bc-f233-44c6-8743-2e4f046d1208>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=oh&allowed_in_frame=0%C3%83%C6%92%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%C5%A1%C3%83%E2%80%9A%C3%82%C2%A0	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705195219/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115315-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.902745	204	3.328125	3
The use of animals in medical research became firmly established in 1865, with the publication of An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine by Claude Bernard.1 This scientific discourse laid the groundwork for the study of comparative physiology between animals and humans. Half a century later, the animal model was introduced into the behavioral sciences by early theorists Pavlov (classical conditioning), Watson (behaviorism), and Skinner (operant conditioning). Later, the animal model was used to investigate conditions ranging from maternal deprivation to depression and learned helplessness. Most early psychiatric drugs were discovered through serendipity rather than through the use of animal models. Isoniazid(Drug information on isoniazid), originally used to treat tuberculosis, was found to possess mood-altering properties and was marketed as the first antidepressant in 1957.2,3 MAO inhibitors originated from an effort to develop antituberculosis medications; they were superseded by tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), which were discovered by clinical observation. The potential psychotropic effect of chlorpromazine(Drug information on chlorpromazine), originally used as an anesthetic adjunct in a Paris hospital in 1952, was discovered by a military surgeon later in the same year.4,5 Thus, the phenothiazines came from a search for better pre-anesthetic agents. The Australian physician John Cade6 reported the calming effect of lithium(Drug information on lithium) in humans in 1949. The first benzodiazepine, chlordiazepoxide(Drug information on chlordiazepoxide) (Librium), was discovered accidentally in 1955.7 The first studies of benzodiazepines were unsuccessful attempts to treat patients with schizophrenia.8 In contrast to discoveries made through chance observation, newer psychotropic drugs, such as SSRIs, were discovered through the process of rational drug design. Five SSRIs (citalopram, fluvoxamine(Drug information on fluvoxamine), fluoxetine(Drug information on fluoxetine), paroxetine(Drug information on paroxetine), sertraline(Drug information on sertraline)) were produced independently by 5 different companies.9 Rational drug design remains the main driving force behind the development of modern psychiatric drugs. Animals as model systems in psychiatry Since the mid-20th century, researchers have designed animal models of stress, anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive conditions in the laboratory to develop, test, and validate drugs to treat human disorders.10-13 Rats and mice are most commonly used in specific behavioral tests, such as the despair test, tail suspension test, and open field test. Current animal models of human psychiatric conditions face the same methodological limitations as they did 30 years ago. According to Beach14: The validity of interspecific generalization can never exceed the reliability of intraspecific analysis; and the latter is an indispensable antecedent of the former. . . . Significant comparison of a particular type of behavior in two different species is impossible unless and until the behavior has been adequately analyzed in each species by itself. This hypothesis is conditional on the existence (or availability) of animal models to accurately mimic human psychiatric conditions. In reality, the overwhelming majority of mental disorders recognized by DSM, the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (published by the World Health Organization), and the American Psychiatric Association do not have a counterpart in laboratory animals. For those human conditions that are considered to have animal homologues, there often exist critical causal mechanisms that differ between humans and animals, which raise methodological questions about the soundness and relevance of these animal models.15 Because of the multifactorial nature of conditions such as depression and anxiety and the ambiguities inherent in psychiatric diagnosis and treatment, the use of animal models in psychiatry presents unique challenges—unlike those found in other medical disciplines. In most cases, animal models represent a compromise because the cause and mechanism of the human condition under investigation may not be fully understood. In addition, researchers are using a relatively simple system (receptor activation or inactivation) to represent a more complex and less readily studied system (human mental disorders). While examples can be found to demonstrate common and conserved modes of action of neurotransmitter chemicals throughout phylogenetically remote organisms, this approach has its limits when studying complex systems, such as the human CNS.16 According to molecular biologist Marc van Regenmortel17: The reductionist method of dissecting biological systems into their constituent parts has been effective in explaining the chemical basis of numerous living processes. However, many biologists now realize that this approach has reached its limit. Biological systems are extremely complex and have emergent properties that cannot be explained, or even predicted, by studying their individual parts. The reductionist approach—although successful in the early days of molecular biology—underestimates this complexity and therefore has an increasingly detrimental influence on many areas of biomedical research, including drug discovery and vaccine development. Animal models, in general, have not been subjected to the rigors of evidence-based medicine. Few systematic reviews or meta-analyses have been conducted to compare treatment outcomes in laboratory animals with outcomes in clinical trials. Overall, the animal model has performed poorly as a predictive modality of human outcome in these reviews.18-22	<urn:uuid:839a1551-5c57-4923-9c6c-705d647d2a9b>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/dementia/content/article/10168/2039315?_EXT_4_comsort=nf	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705195219/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115315-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.943676	1,074	3.640625	4
Volume 15, Number 2—February 2009 Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, Zambia Clinical relevance of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) isolated from 180 chronically ill patients and 385 healthy controls in Zambia was evaluated to examine the contribution of these isolates to tuberculosis (TB)–like disease. The proportion of NTM-positive sputum samples was significantly higher in the patient group than in controls; 11% and 6%, respectively (p<0.05). NTM-associated lung disease was diagnosed for 1 patient, and a probable diagnosis was made for 3 patients. NTM-positive patients and controls were more likely to report vomiting and diarrhea and were more frequently underweight than the NTM-negative patients and controls. Chest radiographs of NTM-positive patients showed deviations consistent with TB more frequently than those of controls. The most frequently isolated NTM was Mycobacterium avium complex. Multiple, not previously identified mycobacteria (55 of 171 NTM) were isolated from both groups. NTM probably play an important role in the etiology of TB-like diseases in Zambia. Tuberculosis (TB) is a problem of enormous dimensions in Africa, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the most important causative agent. However, in industrialized countries, nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) also play a key role in etiology of TB-like syndromes. In Africa, the contribution of NTM to such disease has been examined on a small scale only (1–6). Zambia is a country with historically high prevalence rates of TB. Patients with acid-fast bacilli (AFB)–positive sputum, or those with chest radiographic findings suggestive of active TB, who do not respond to general antimicrobial drugs, are generally presumed to have pulmonary TB. In general, these patients are treated empirically for 6 months with a combination of drugs recommended by the World Health Organization. However, several TB-like syndromes in Africa could be caused by NTM. Thus, inconclusive diagnosis of pulmonary TB would lead to overdiagnosis of TB and in some cases, to inappropriate treatment for NTM infections. When NTM are isolated from a usually sterile site (e.g., blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes, synovial fluid), diagnosis of true disease is generally straightforward. However, when NTM are isolated from nonsterile sources, such as sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage samples, the diagnosis is less definitive, especially when the colony numbers are low or NTM are isolated from only 1 cultured specimen. Therefore, it is a challenge to differentiate true NTM lung disease from contamination and colonization. Thus, finding AFB by microscopy of respiratory specimens or by culture may pose a diagnostic problem for the clinician. In 1997, the American Thoracic Society (ATS), published useful criteria for determining the clinical relevance of NTM isolates (7). In 2007, the ATS guidelines were revised to include more lenient diagnostic criteria (8). Clinical criteria include a symptomatic patient with pulmonary symptoms, nodular or cavitary opacities on chest radiographs, or a high-resolution computed tomography scan that shows multifocal bronchiectasis with multiple small nodules. In addition, the microbiologic criteria comprise positive culture results from >2 separate sputum samples, or positive culture results from >1 bronchial wash or lavage, or a lung biopsy specimen with mycobacterial histopathologic features (granulomatous inflammation or AFB) and positive culture for NTM, or lung biopsy specimen showing mycobacterial histopathologic features and >1 sputum or bronchial washing culture positive for NTM. In a pilot study performed in 3 hospitals in Zambia in 2001, high rates of NTM culture–positive sputum samples were obtained (P.C.A.M. Buijtels et al., unpub. data). Therefore, we studied the clinical relevance of and risk factors for isolation of NTM from HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients with chronic productive cough and from randomly selected community controls in Zambia. Materials and Methods The study was conducted in St. Francis Hospital in the district of Katete in Zambia from August 2002 through March 2003. Informed consent was obtained from all patients and controls before enrollment. The study was reviewed and approved by the research ethics committee of the University of Zambia, the Central Board of Health, and the Ministry of Health in Zambia. The study population was composed of adults (>15 years of age) with chronic (defined as >2 weeks) signs and symptoms and a productive cough who were admitted to the department of internal medicine at the hospital. Most (96%) of the included patients had respiratory tract symptoms. The other 4% of the patients had skin infections/abscesses or lymphadenopathy. For each eligible patient who consented to participate in the study, 2 healthy community controls were recruited randomly from the neighboring community. These controls were not matched for age or other characteristics of the patients. Nested within this case–control study, the characteristics of NTM-positive and NTM-negative persons were analyzed separately. At the time of enrollment, patients and controls were interviewed in their own language, and their medical records were reviewed by using a standard form. A detailed physical examination was conducted. Chest radiographs were evaluated in a blinded manner in the Netherlands without any additional clinical information. Radiographs were scored for mediastinal adenopathy, cavitation, pleural and pericardial fluid, miliary pathologic changes, alveolar infiltration, interstitial pathologic changes, other lung pathologic changes, or no pathologic changes. Results of the scoring system were chest radiographs with no pathologic changes, pathologic changes not suggestive of TB, and pathologic changes consistent with TB. Over 3 consecutive days, sputum was collected from patients with a productive cough. Controls were asked to gargle with normal saline if they could not produce sputum. The first 2 sputum samples or gargle specimens were cultured for mycobacteria, and a third sample was stored at –20°C until used. Sputum or gargle specimens were divided into 2 equal parts: half was decontaminated with N-acetyl- Data were entered into SPSS version 6 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and analyzed by using STATA version 8.0 (StataCorp., College Station, TX, USA). Student t-tests were used to assess different means between groups; proportions were compared by using χ2 tests. Univariate odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated to assess associations of potential risk factors for NTM positivity. A stepwise backward regression approach was used for multivariate analysis. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by squared height in meters. Underweight was defined as a BMI <18. Clinical Diagnosis of NTM Lung Disease NTM lung disease was diagnosed if patients had respiratory symptoms, abnormal chest radiographic results suggestive of Mycobacterium infection, and 2 positive sputum cultures with the same NTM. Patients or controls with positive NTM cultures who did not meet these criteria were considered colonized. From August 2002 through February 2003, 180 patients and 385 controls were enrolled in the study. Two sputum samples were cultured from 154 patients and 383 controls, and from 1 sample of the remaining participants. The median age of the patients and controls was 35 years (range 16–80 years) and 30 years (range 15–78 years), respectively. Female participants represented 55% (99/180) of the patient group and 69% (265/385) of the control group. A total of 128 (71%) of the patients were HIV positive, and 87 (23%) of the controls were HIV positive. Statistically significant differences in age, sex, and HIV status were observed between patients and controls. Culture Results for Patients Of 180 patients, 60 (33%) had only M. tuberculosis isolates in their sputum samples, 12 (7%) had M. tuberculosis and NTM, and 19 (11%) had only NTM (Table 1). Microscopic results of Ziehl-Neelsen–stained smears of sputum samples were positive in 46 (67%) of 69 patients with M. tuberculosis isolates and in 1 patient with an NTM-positive culture. Of the 31 NTM-positive patients, 29 had 2 consecutive sputum samples subjected to culture. In 22 of the 29 patients, only 1 of 2 cultures was positive. Four NTM-positive patients had 2 positive NTM cultures; 1 of these patients had pulmonary disease. M. intracellulare was isolated twice from 2 of these 4 patients, M. avium was isolated from both samples from 1 patient, and NTM of 2 species and M. tuberculosis was isolated from 1 patient. One of 2 sputum cultures from 3 other NTM-positive patients contained mycobacteria that could not be identified. Two of these 3 patients had M. intracellulare in 1 sputum sample; M. porcinum was isolated from 1 patient. Case Reports for Patients with Suspected NTM Disease Characteristics of the 4 patients with NTM isolates in both sputum samples and of the 3 NTM-positive patients from whom 1 of the 2 sputum samples contained mycobacteria that could not be identified are shown in Table 2. For 3 patients (1, 2, and 4), NTM-associated disease was suspected because of the combination of symptoms, positive cultures, and pathologic changes consistent with TB seen on chest radiographs. However, only 1 patient (patient 4) fulfilled the ATS criteria for NTM lung disease. M. intracellulare was isolated from all 3 of these patients. The first patient (patient 4) was a 32-year-old HIV-positive man who reported having had a productive cough with hemoptysis for 17 weeks. He also was vomiting and had diarrhea. His BMI was 15. He had been treated for TB. Results of a chest radiograph were consistent with TB and showed alveolar infiltration and interstitial pathologic changes. His condition did improve after treatment with antimicrobial drugs (chloramphenicol and tetracycline), and he was again given treatment for TB. Mycobacteria were cultured from 2 sputum samples and identified as M. intracellulare. The patient died 5 weeks later. The second patient (patient 1), who had M. intracellulare pulmonary disease, was a 55-year-old HIV-positive man. He was admitted because of a productive cough with hemoptysis for 17 weeks. Diarrhea was also reported; his BMI was 17. He had been receiving treatment for TB for 4 months. Sputum obtained before treatment was AFB negative. Radiographic investigation of the chest showed cavities and alveolar consolidation. No improvement was seen after he was treated with antimicrobial drugs (chloramphenicol, amoxicillin, gentamicin, and metronidazole). Sputum was examined again and was smear positive for AFB. The first sputum culture showed M. intracellulare. In the second sputum culture, the isolated mycobacteria could not be identified because of logistic reasons. The patient died 3 weeks later. The third patient (patient 2), who had M. intracellulare pulmonary disease, was a 45-year-old HIV-positive woman who had had respiratory signs and symptoms for >1 year. She was known to have asthma. Physical examination found enlarged submandibular, supraclavicular, and axillary lymph nodes. Her BMI was 20. Alveolar infiltration was seen on a chest radiograph. Treatment with chloramphenicol was started. Culture of the first sputum sample showed mycobacteria that could not be identified; the second sputum showed M. intracellulare. Three days after admission, the patient was taken home by her family and was lost to follow-up. Culture Results for Controls M. tuberculosis was cultured from sputum or gargle specimens from 3 (0.8%) of the 385 controls; in 1 of these 3 controls, NTM and M. tuberculosis were isolated (Table 1). In 61 (16%) controls, only NTM were isolated; this number was comparable with the proportion of patients among whom only NTM were isolated (11%; p = 0.2). In 61 of 62 NTM-positive controls, only 1 sputum or gargle specimen was culture positive for NTM. In 1 control, who was HIV negative, 2 mycobacteria, M. porcinum and an unknown Mycobacterium sp., were isolated. No chest radiographs suggestive of TB were observed for any of the controls. From 383 controls, 2 sputum or gargle samples were cultured for Mycobacterium spp. Significantly fewer controls (1/383) than patients (4/154) had 2 sputum or gargle cultures positive for NTM (p<0.05). Mycobacterium spp. Isolated To compare the influence of the decontamination method on the yield of mycobacteria, we divided sputum or gargle samples from all patients and controls into 2 equal parts before decontamination (9). A total of 635 sputum samples were cultured from 180 patients, and 1,532 sputum or gargle samples were cultured from 385 controls. The results of the cultures are shown in Table 3. The number of NTM (72) isolated from 635 sputum samples of patients was significantly higher than the number of NTM (99) isolated from 1,532 sputum or gargle samples from controls (11% and 6%, respectively, (p<0.001). Mycobacteria were isolated from 273 (43%) of 635 sputum samples from patients; M. tuberculosis isolates were found in 201 (74%) of the 273 positive sputum specimens, and NTM were found in 72 (26%). The most frequently isolated NTM was M. intracellulare, which was found in 12 specimens. Mycobacteria were isolated from 104 (6.8%) of 1,532 sputum or gargle samples cultured from the controls. M. tuberculosis was found in 5 (4.8%) of the 104 positive cultures, and NTM were found in 99 (95%). The predominant NTM isolated from the controls were M. avium (5 specimens), M. goodii (4 specimens), and M. peregrinum (4 specimens). A total of 55 (32%) of 171 NTM isolated from patients and controls were not identified because their 16S rDNA sequences were absent in the BLAST (National Center for Biotechnology Information, Bethesda, MD, USA, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) database. These 55 NTM species were closely related to various Mycobacterium spp. such as M. intracellulare, M. malmoense, M. fortuitum, M. smegmatis, and M. terrae. Comparison of Persons with and without NTM in Sputum or Gargle Samples The 93 patients and controls with NTM-positive cultures had different clinical and radiographic features than the 472 patients and controls without NTM in sputum samples (Table 4). These persons were more likely to report vomiting and diarrhea, were more often underweight (BMI<18), more often had general malaise, and their chest radiographs more frequently showed changes consistent with TB, such as consolidation and interstitial changes. HIV status and presence of M. tuberculosis in the sputum culture did not differ between the NTM-positive and NTM-negative groups. There were no significant differences between these groups in terms of age (mean 36.7 years vs. 34.8 years; p = 0.2), sex, smoking habits, alcohol use, and previous treatment for TB (Table 5). The percentages of farmers and of persons in both groups who used unboiled milk were comparable. Moreover, NTM-positive persons used tap water more often than NTM-negative persons (p = 0.004). A subgroup analysis, restricted to patients with NTM and patients without NTM in sputum, yielded similar results (data not shown). Independent risk factors for NTM culture–positive sputum were determined by using multivariate analysis. Two factors, underweight (BMI<18) and use of tap water, were independently associated with having an NTM-positive sputum culture (Table 6). The purposes of this study were to compare the prevalence of NTM in sputum between hospitalized chronically ill patients and community controls and to determine the clinical importance of isolation of NTM. The proportions of patients and controls with positive sputum or gargle cultures for NTM were comparable (11% and 15%, respectively). However, the proportion of NTM-positive sputum samples was higher for patients than for controls (11% and 6%, respectively). This finding suggests that persistent NTM are associated with chronic illness in these patients. It is not known whether culture results were influenced by the method of obtaining specimens. A gargle specimen contains flora of the oropharyngeal mucosa, whereas a sputum sample contains flora of the lower airways. In the patient group, more persons were capable of producing sputum, which may have influenced the yield of positive NTM-positive cultures. NTM lung disease was definitively diagnosed for 1 patient and probable diagnosis was made for 3 patients (nos. 1, 2, and 4; Table 2). M. intracellulare was isolated from the sputum samples of these HIV-positive patients. These patients had respiratory symptoms, and chest radiographs showed pathologic changes compatible with TB. Unfortunately, in 2 of these patients, 1 of 2 sputum samples with mycobacteria could not be identified because of contamination and reculture problems. The combination of symptoms, positive cultures, and pathologic changes seen on chest radiographs are characteristics of NTM infection and suggestive of NTM pulmonary disease. However, the ATS criteria valid at the time of the study were not completely fulfilled because only 2 sputum samples were cultured for mycobacteria on consecutive days, instead of the 3 samples recommended. Furthermore, 2 of these patients suspected of having NTM lung disease had been treated for TB. Because these sputum samples were not tested with molecular amplification techniques for multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis, the possibility that they had multidrug-resistant TB could not be excluded (12,13). Conversely, performance of these nucleic acid amplification tests is generally good for clinical respiratory specimens that are AFB smear positive but less so for specimens that contain fewer organisms or are AFB negative. Moreover, because sputum specimens were not cultured on solid medium, it was not possible to count the number of colony-forming units to distinguish colonization and infection from disease. Many risk factors for NTM have been identified (14–16). In this study in a setting in Africa, HIV, sex, and age were not risk factors for NTM. The 2 risk factors for a positive NTM culture were being underweight and having consumed tap water. NTM are natural inhabitants of municipal water systems and soil. A biofilm may form in the water distribution system and be a source of replicating NTM (17). Consequently, availability of clean tap water may introduce a serious danger, in particular, to immunosuppressed human populations. Therefore, tap water in Zambia should be tested for NTM. In this study, patients and controls with NTM in sputum or gargle samples more often had symptoms and signs of general malaise, including diarrhea, vomiting, and being underweight, and chest radiographs for these NTM-positive persons more often showed pathologic changes than did those for NTM culture-negative persons. These symptoms and signs may not be specific for NTM infection, but they may reflect the patients’ poor health in general. Differences in geographic distribution of NTM species have been reported (16,18,19). The most commonly encountered NTM from clinical specimens in industrialized countries are M. avium complex (MAC) and M. kansasii (20–24). Despite limited studies conducted in Africa, the distribution of NTM is not known. In our study, the most commonly isolated NTM in patients and controls was M. avium complex. However, 32% of NTM found in both groups in Zambia have not been identified on a species level. This study indicates that the distribution of NTM in Africa may differ from that in Europe and the United States. NTM in Africa may have diverged from NTM in industrialized countries. This hypothesis could be tested by extensive DNA sequencing of semiconserved genes such as those for RNA polymerase B and 65-kD heat-shock protein. Unidentified NTM colonize persons in Africa and can cause disease in some instances. The magnitude of this problem, in addition to the problem of TB, is unknown but deserves more attention. Rates of NTM colonization and disease that have been reported vary in different areas. In North America and Europe, rates of colonization and disease in the general population range from ≈1–15/100,000 persons to 0.1–2/100,000 persons, respectively (20–23,25–28). These rates are largely unknown for most countries in Africa. In South Africa, prevalence rates of NTM colonization of 1,400–6,700/100,000 persons have been reported (29,30). In gold miners in South Africa, rates of infection were 101/100,000 persons for NTM, 66/100,000 persons for M. kansasii, and 12/100,000 persons for M. scrofulaceum (31,32). Although numbers of cases were small, the estimated rate of colonization in our study in the patient population was 9% (14/154) and the rate of disease was ≈2% (3/154). Two sputum or gargle specimens were collected and cultured from 383 controls in our study. NTM were isolated from both specimens for 1 of 61 controls with >1 sample being culture positive for NTM. This control was not suspected of having NTM pulmonary disease. The estimated rate of colonization in the general population on the basis of this result is 16% (61/383). NTM probably play a role in the etiology of TB-like disease in Zambia. More extended studies, in terms of duration and size, will be needed to determine the true prevalence of NTM infection in Africa. Dr Buijtels is a medical microbiologist at the University Medical Centre in Utrecht. Her research interests include the clinical relevance of NTM in Africa. We thank Shirley Visser-Triep and Astrid Bos-Grit for excellent laboratory assistance, Wouter Tietge and Ilse van den Berg for sampling a subgroup of the controls, the staff of St. Francis Hospital in Katete for their teamwork and cooperation, and Margôth Petit-Vijgen for managing the extended patient database. This study was supported by the partnership of microbiologists at the Medical Centre Rijnmond-South in Rotterdam and The Netherlands Society of Tropical Medicine and International Health. - Elliott AM, Halwiindi B, Hayes RJ, Luo N, Mwinga AG, Tembo G, The impact of human immunodeficiency virus on response to treatment and recurrence rate in patients treated for tuberculosis: two-year follow-up of a cohort in Lusaka, Zambia. J Trop Med Hyg. 1995;98:9–21. - Githui W, Nunn P, Juma E, Karimi F, Brindle R, Kamunyi R, Cohort study of HIV-positive and HIV-negative tuberculosis, Nairobi, Kenya: comparison of bacteriological results. Tuber Lung Dis. 1992;73:203–9. - Scott JA, Hall AJ, Muyodi C, Lowe B, Ross M, Chohan B, Aetiology, outcome, and risk factors for mortality among adults with acute pneumonia in Kenya. Lancet. 2000;355:1225–30. - Fordham von Reyn C, Arbeit RD, Tosteson AN, Ristola MA, Barber TW, Waddell R, The international epidemiology of disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in AIDS. International MAC Study Group. AIDS. 1996;10:1025–32. - Gilks CF, Brindle RJ, Mwachari C, Batchelor B, Bwayo J, Kimari J, Disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection among HIV-infected patients in Kenya. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1995;8:195–8. - Morrissey AB, Aisu TO, Falkinham JO III, Eriki PP, Ellner JJ, Daniel TM. Absence of Mycobacterium avium complex disease in patients with AIDS in Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1992;5:477–8. - American Thoracic Society. Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;156:S1–25. - Griffith DE, Aksamit T, Brown-Elliott BA, Catanzaro A, Daley C, Gordin F, An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175:367–416. - Buijtels PC, Petit PL. Comparison of N-acetyl-L-cysteine-NaOH and sulphuric acid decontamination method for recovery of mycobacteria from clinical specimens. J Microbiol Methods. 2005;62:83–8. - Master RN. Mycobacteriology. In: Isenberg HD, editor. Clinical microbiology procedures handbook. Washington: American Society for Microbiology; 1994. - Kirschner P, Bottger EC. Species identification of mycobacteria using rDNA sequencing. Methods Mol Biol. 1998;101:349–61. - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: nucleic acid amplification tests for tuberculosis. JAMA. 2000;284:826. - Traore H, van Deun A, Shamputa IC, Rigouts L, Portaels F. Direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA and rifampin resistance in clinical specimens from tuberculosis patients by line probe assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44:4384–8. - Bloch KC, Zwerling L, Pletcher MJ, Hahn JA, Gerberding JL, Ostroff SM, Incidence and clinical implications of isolation of Mycobacterium kansasii: results of a 5-year, population-based study. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129:698–704. - O’Brien DP, Currie BJ, Krause VL. Nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in northern Australia: a case series and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31:958–67. - O’Brien RJ, Geiter LJ, Snider DE Jr. The epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases in the United States. Results from a national survey. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987;135:1007–14. - Falkinham JO III. Nontuberculous mycobacteria in the environment. Clin Chest Med. 2002;23:529–51. - Subcommittee of the Joint Tuberculosis Committee of the British Thoracic Society. Management of opportunist mycobacterial infections: Joint Tuberculosis Committee guidelines 1999. Thorax. 2000;55:210–8. - Tsukamura M, Kita N, Shimoide H, Arakawa H, Kuze A. Studies on the epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacteriosis in Japan. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988;137:1280–4. - Debrunner M, Salfinger M, Brandli O, von Graevenitz A. Epidemiology and clinical significance of nontuberculous mycobacteria in patients negative for human immunodeficiency virus in Switzerland. Clin Infect Dis. 1992;15:330–45. - Good RC. Isolation of nontuberculous mycobacteria in the United States, 1979. J Infect Dis. 1980;142:779–83. - Good RC, Snider DE Jr. Isolation of nontuberculous mycobacteria in the United States, 1980. J Infect Dis. 1982;146:829–33. - Isaac-Renton JL, Allen EA, Chao CW, Grzybowski S, Whittaker EI, Black WA. Isolation and geographic distribution of Mycobacterium other than M. tuberculosis in British Columbia, 1972–81. CMAJ. 1985;133:573–6. - Wayne LG, Kubica GP. The mycobacteria. In: Sneath PH, Holt JG, editors. Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1986. p.1435–57. - Bollert FG, Watt B, Greening AP, Crompton GK. Non-tuberculous pulmonary infections in Scotland: a cluster in Lothian? Thorax. 1995;50:188–90. - Lortholary O, Deniel F, Boudon P, Le Pennec MP, Mathieu M, Soilleux M, Mycobacterium kansasii infection in a Paris suburb: comparison of disease presentation and outcome according to human immunodeficiency virus status. Groupe d’Etude Des Mycobacteries de la Seine-Saint-Denis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1999;3:68–73. - Marks J. “Opportunist” mycobacteria in England and Wales. Tubercle. 1969;50(Suppl):78–80. - Robakiewicz M, Grzybowski S. Epidemiologic aspects of nontuberculous mycobacterial disease and of tuberculosis in British Columbia. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1974;109:613–20. - Arabin G, Gartig D, Kleeberg HH. First tuberculosis prevalence survey in KwaZulu. S Afr Med J. 1979;56:434–8. - Fourie PB, Gatner EM, Glatthaar E, Kleeberg HH. Follow-up tuberculosis prevalence survey of Transkei. Tubercle. 1980;61:71–9. - Corbett EL, Hay M, Churchyard GJ, Herselman P, Clayton T, Williams BG, Mycobacterium kansasii and M. scrofulaceum isolates from HIV-negative South African gold miners: incidence, clinical significance and radiology. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1999;3:501–7. - Corbett EL, Blumberg L, Churchyard GJ, Moloi N, Mallory K, Clayton T, Nontuberculous mycobacteria: defining disease in a prospective cohort of South African miners. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;160:15–21. Suggested citation for this article: Buijtels PCAM, van der Sande MAB, de Graaff CS, Parkinson S, Verbrugh HA, Petit PLC, et al. Nontuberculous mycobacteria, Zambia. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2009 Feb [date cited]. Available from http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/15/2/08-0006.htm	<urn:uuid:d0410f25-5c71-49c3-a2eb-5bf5554c9518>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/15/2/08-0006_article.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705195219/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115315-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.933281	6,831	2.90625	3
Children and the Media A cluster of people within the School study issues to do with children, media, culture and policy. A common theme derives from contemporary theories of the social construction of childhood and debates about children as citizens. We are interested in how these approaches relate to more traditional models of children and media, including reception studies about effects of media on children. Further aspects involve analysis of the ways in which children are represented in the media, as well as a strong concern with children’s rights and issues to do with the abuse of children. - Dr Cindy Carter has written about children’s reactions to traumatic news as well as researching children, citizenship and on-line reporting. She is on the editorial board of the new international journal 'Children and the Media' and has been asked to advise industry and children’s organisations on a wide range of issues to do with children and the media (e.g. the BAFTA/Oxford University Think Tank on children and commersialisation and the Munich Prix Jeunesse recommendations on news reporting of war and terrorism for child audiences). - Professor Bob Franklin has written extensively about representations of social policy, social work and children’s rights. - Professor Jenny Kitzinger has examined the emergence of child sexual abuse as a public issue, the representation of social work intervention scandals and the development of anti-violence initiatives in schools. - Mr Stephen Cushion has written about young people, politics and apathy: media representations of young citizens and their attitudes towards this. - Mr Nick Mosdell co-authored 'Consenting Children? The Use of Children in Non-Fiction Television Programmes', with Maire Messenger-Davies. Funded research projects include: - Consenting Children?: The use of children in non-fiction television programmes. - Documenting C4’s ‘First Edition‘ (British Academy) - Representing Traumatic Events in Children’s News (AHRC) - Previously research grants formerly held by JOMEC staff include studies of ‘Media representations of sexual violence against children’ (ESRC); 'Analysis of the dissemination of Rowntree's research on family breakdown', (Joseph Rowntree Foundation) and ‘Children and Television Drama’ (BBC-funded). - What Do Children Want From the BBC? - Children's Content and Participatory Media Environments in an Age of Citizen Media. Since its inception, the BBC has maintained a commitment to offering a diverse range of educational-led programming for children. This provision, widely acknowledged for its quality, has served young audiences well. Today, however, the Corporation is coming under increasing economic pressures as it strives to fulfil its public service remit in a fast-changing multi-platform, multi-channel media environment. PhD projects focussing on children or young people have included: ‘Children and new media’ (Claudia Vieira); ‘A cross-cultural study of animated television programmes for children' (Ema Sofia Amarall Leitao); 'Mobile Phone culture: an ethnographic semiotics approach of the meaning in advertising representation towards Thai teenagers' (Chaensumon Ukritwiriya) and ‘Children, mental illness and the news’ (Ann Luce).	<urn:uuid:13d7ad1d-ca04-48ed-9ac6-155882d27adb>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://cardiff.ac.uk/jomec/research/researchgroups/studyareas/childrenandthemedia/index.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708766848/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125246-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.940796	684	2.90625	3
Thursday, March 31, 2011 1:37:21 PM by Aishwarya Bhatt New York, Mar 31 (THAINDIAN NEWS) Cesar Chavez is being honored throughout the United States for his contribution to the cause of the minority in the United States and his work in helping create the United Farm Workers. Chaves who was born in Arizona grew up with his migrant family working in the farms. He dropped out of school after the eighth grade but he eventually overcame his lack of higher education to become an iconic figure in civil advocacy. He famously spearheaded the grape boycott in the later part of the 1960s which eventually led to the recognition of the work of farm workers and caused their wages to be increased. On the civil advocacy front, he joined the Community Service Organization in 1952 and used the medium to urge his fellow Latinos to register to vote in the United States. He formed the National Farm Workers Association with Dolores Huerta in 1962 and it later became known as United Farm Workers. Chavez died at the age of 66 in 1993. His birthday, 31st of March, was made a state holiday in California in 2000 by then Governor Gray Davis. President Obama on Wednesday proclaimed the day “Cesar Chavez Day” urging Americans to observe the day with hard work and “appropriate services.”	<urn:uuid:c70fba7c-73c0-4b22-ac2f-5e4c4dfdb7d2>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://newsessentials.wordpress.com/2011/03/31/today-is-cesar-chavez-day/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708766848/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125246-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.98449	272	2.828125	3
Many people falsely assume that only New Testament believers are saved by grace whereas Old Testament believers were saved by their obedience to the law of Moses and not by grace. The truth is that both the Old and New Testaments clearly teach that everyone who is saved, throughout all history, is saved the same way: by grace, through faith, on account of Christ alone. In fact, the New Testament writers argue their case largely by appealing to the Old Testament Scriptures themselves. First, after spending the bulk of three chapters to prove that both Jews and Gentiles are unrighteous, quoting extensively from the Old Testament (Rom. 1-3), the apostle Paul concludes that no one will be declared righteous by observing the law (Rom. 3:20). Furthermore, Paul points to Abraham, the father of the Jews who lived long before Moses, as his prime test case to prove that salvation comes through faith apart from works that we perform. Paul writes, "If, in fact, Abraham was justified by works, he had something to boast about--but not before God. What does the Scripture say? 'Abraham believed God, and it was credited to him as righteousness' " (Rom. 4:2-3; cf. Gen. 15:6; Gal. 3:6-9). Finally, Jesus Christ is the fulfillment of all the symbols and predictions of the Old Testament (Luke 24:44; Rom. 3:21-22; Heb. 1:1-3). For example, the Jews celebrated the Passover every year to keep them focused on the One who was to come to die for their sins. As the book of Hebrews says, "The law is only a shadow of the good things that are coming — not the realities themselves. Day after day every priest stands and performs his religious duties; again and again he offers the same sacrifices, which can never take away sins. But when this priest [Christ] had offered for all time one sacrifice for sins, he sat down at the right hand of God because by one sacrifice he has made perfect forever those who are being made holy" (Heb. 10:1, 11-12, 14). Jesus Christ stands at the apex of history. Just as we look back in history to Christ's sacrifice for our sins on the cross, Old Testament believers looked forward to His sacrifice for them. Request your copy "The Bible Under Siege" below. It’s our “thank-you” for your donation.	<urn:uuid:31073f08-6d65-4c02-b810-6798b7735f25>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.oneplace.com/(A(sX8zYXAGPg2S5G4ODJEnqJV5IhrqxeeddvJZk51t6Uwv7BeDBnQLbZVsn4e7u05_STD81GH7e90yolAl-fFqtpz3VqV3PicGGbmRYsQEPOmfhS2mu_vv2FA3b6Wgq4pQo1KigXqx31SZZBaLj_JQYptQn4KEBduEH6cUP53MoegJoB460))/ministries/bible-answer-man/read/articles/how-were-old-testament-saints-saved-8405.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708766848/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125246-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.967226	509	2.515625	3
Turning the Tables Global trends in public agricultural investments Published: Dec 07, 2009 The 20th century witnessed unprecedented growth in agricultural productivity spurred by technological change and predicated on the commitments of governments to invest in agricultural research and development (R&D) and supporting sectors. In developing agricultural areas, spectacular growth occurred most visibly in the locus of the rice- and wheat-based "Green Revolutions" of Asia. Such growth contributed in recent years to a public complacency about the world food supply; in development circles, it was common to hear experts emphasize entitlements to food over constraints to food production. The public was lulled by the fact that "at the end of the 20th century, crop prices were at their lowest point in all recorded history." Even the extraordinarily sharp price hike of 1973 was followed by a downward trend in real prices of bulk commodities. This trend flattened from the late 1980s, and some observers suggested that the long-term decline had ended. It was not until the food price crisis of 2008, however, that public complacency also came to end.	<urn:uuid:52d47b50-380a-4ce8-bca2-b2d825e184a3>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.oxfamamerica.org/publications/turning-the-tables	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708766848/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125246-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.96944	223	2.96875	3
The Mayo Clinic has developed a list of symptons of serious conditions that should not be ignored. A list of 10 Health Signs that Should Not Be Ignored 1/ Shortness of breath – If your having trouble catching your breath, gasping or wheezing, and you haven’t been doing any strenuous exercise it’s time to see a doctor. Breathing difficulties could be caused by asthma, heart problems, anxiety & panic attacks, blood clots, pneumonia and other serious conditions. 2/ Flashes of light- can be a signal of retinal detachment and could cause you to lose your vision sometimes within hours. Those little flashes may not be floaters. This sudden onset of sensation may signal your retina is detaching. You may need immediate care to save your eye. 3/ Unexpected Weight Loss – The body doesn’t lose weight unless it is provoked, either by a reduction of calories, exercise or a medical ailment. If you have lost 5% of your body weight or more in a month or more than 10% over six – 12 months then it is time to check if something else is going on. Stomach cancer or hypothyroidism (overactive thyroid)are possilibilites. Also liver disease or disorders that interfere with the body’s ability to absorb nutrients from food can be responsible. 4/ Persistent fever – Often a sign the body is fighting a bug. Could be urinary tract infection for example. Persistent low grade fever can be cause by certain types of cancer even tuberculosis. Drug reactions can cause fevers. If you have a low grade fever lasting for more than 2 weeks, see a doctor. 5/ Unexplained Bowel Habit Changes. Bowel habits alter with diet, age and travel. There are certain changes that can signal other issues. The Mayo Clinic suggests that if you have severe diarrhea lasting more than 2 days, mild diarrhea lasting more than a week, or constipation lasting over 2 weeks or consistent unexplained bowel urges to get checked out. Bloody diarrhea, black or tar-coloured stool should also be brought to a doctor’s attention. Causes can be infection, bacteria viruses or colon cancer. 6/ Changes in mental status. If your mental acuity or behavior shifts such as you become confused in your thinking, disorientated, hallucinate or your behavior changes to unusually aggressive then it is time to check with your doctor. These can be cause by stroke head injury, infection , low blood sugar or reactions to medication 7/ Severe Headaches or New headaches especially in anyone over the age of 50. Most migraine sufferers or people with tension headaches develop them earlier in life. So new types of headache particularly after age 50 should be taken seriously Dr. Hanson of the Mayo says. Sudden sever headaches or those accompanied by fever, stiff neck rash, mental confusion, seizure, weakness, numbness or speech problems could be signs of a stroke, meningitis an aneurysm, bleeding on the brain after head trauma or blood vessel inflammation. Don’t use a wait and see approach on these. With a head and brain issue appropriate drugs may need to be issued within hours in order to avoid sever damage. 8/ Short term loss of Vision, Movement or Speech Control These can be signs of a stroke or transient ischemic attacks or mini-strokes. If you are having TIA’s you can be at risk of having a stroke and you need medical care. If you develop sudden weakness or numbness of the legs, arms or face on one side, sudden dimness, blurring, loss of vision , trouble talking or understanding speech, a sudden big headache, sudden dizziness, unsteadiness or fall or any combination of these the Mayo says you should see a doctor immediately. 9/ Feeling Full After Eating a Small Amount. Feeling full sooner than normal or having persistent nausea or vomiting are signs that you should see your doctor. These can be signs of several types of cancers- stomach, ovarian, pancreatic or of a gastrointestinal disorder. 10/An inflamed joint Hot red or swollen joints can signal serious infection. You may need emergency care to save the join & to keep bacteria from spreading around your body. It could also be gout or arthritis. For any of the above the Mayo Clinic recommends you seek medical attention. Of any investment that you can make in your life your health is by far the most important one.	<urn:uuid:8ae49705-e1cc-4111-9fc6-408b8275d618>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.riseandshine.com/tag/medical-attention/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708766848/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125246-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.899956	930	2.8125	3
Many people watched IBM’s Watson computing system defeat former champions on a special series of “Jeopardy!” matches broadcast last month. Last week, five Members of Congress from both parties got a chance to match their “Jeopardy!” skills against a simulated version of Watson. It was a terrific display of bipartisanship. The Members pooled their scores and put up a very good fight. Though the machine won handily — with a score of $40,300 to the Members’ collective score of $30,000 — maybe someday we can play a full “Jeopardy!” match and win. But this wasn’t just an enjoyable battle of networks versus neurons. It was an important opportunity to raise awareness of serious issues concerning U.S. global competitiveness, the positive effect of technology on society and the need for greater investments in math and science education. Watson represents a major leap forward for computer science. With its combination of sheer data processing power, natural language recognition and machine learning, the system demonstrates that technology has the potential to help humans improve the performance of many endeavors — everything from medicine to education, law and environmental protection. Watson also shows the U.S. has the capacity to remain one of the world’s most innovative and economically competitive countries. But technology breakthroughs such as Watson don’t happen without a tremendous amount of effort. Led by 25 New York-based scientists, IBM Research spent four years creating and fine-tuning the system. And their advances stand on the shoulders of many scientists who preceded them and billions of dollars invested in education and research over the decades by corporations, government and universities. The Obama administration and Congress agree our nation must address our national budget shortfalls in a responsible manner, and there is a debate over how to responsibly eliminate government waste and reduce the deficit. What we should not do is recklessly cut successful and vitally needed programs that would diminish our ability to out-innovate, out-educate and out-build the rest of the world. Innovation is vital to the nation’s economic vitality now and in the years ahead. To compete in the future, we should be investing in — not cutting — education, science and technology in order to create the high-tech jobs of the future and better compete globally. The U.S. needs a scientifically literate and technically skilled workforce to compete globally. Citizens must be well-informed in order to grapple wisely with complex issues such as health care costs, environmental pollution, energy policy, traffic congestion and consumer product safety. The United States remains one of the leading countries in key metrics of innovation and research and development investment, but our system of educating young people in science, technology, engineering and mathematics cries out for reform and investment. According to the National Science Board, students in other countries are outperforming even our highest achievers. In the 2006 Program for International Student Assessment test, U.S. 15-year-olds in the 90th percentile (our top students) scored below their peers in 29 countries on mathematics literacy and below 12 countries on science literacy. Roll Call has launched a new feature, Hill Navigator, to advise congressional staffers and would-be staffers on how to manage workplace issues on Capitol Hill. Please send us your questions anything from office etiquette, to handling awkward moments, to what happens when the work life gets too personal. Submissions will be treated anonymously.	<urn:uuid:ca4426de-bea2-4184-8c32-49bf0e3e67b4>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.rollcall.com/issues/56_92/-203907-1.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708766848/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125246-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.945836	713	3	3
Early and Recent History and Genealogical Records of Many of the Representative Citizens In writing this chapter I shall endeavor to confine myself strictly to the story of the first permanent white settlers of Greene county, leaving to others the interesting account of the few white men who were in this region from to time, but who made no permanent homes here. In order, however, to write intelligibly the story of the first men who here opened their permanent homes, it will be necessary to go back of them a little, and state how the way was first blazed, and how from one of these pathfinders the first permanent settler obtained land rights, that, after great trouble and several years of waiting, resulted finally in establishing the first home in this then wilderness. In the year 1818, as we have seen stated in other chapters of this work, Congress passed a joint resolution organizing the Territory of Missouri. At that time there was an old veteran of the Revolution, named John P. Pettijohn, living in the State of Ohio. He was a Virginian by birth, and had resided in that state until 1797, when he removed with his family to Ohio. When this old soldier heard that Congress had opened a new territory West the Mississippi for settlement, he gathered together his sons and their families, his friends Joseph Price and Augustus (or Augustine) Friend and others to make up a total of twenty-four people, and set forth to find homes in the new territory of the West. The expedition was loaded upon a keel boat, which carried not only the people, but such of their simple belongings as they felt to be indispensable in the wild land to which their faces were turned. Some day perhaps, an American poet will arise with the genius and the will to write an epic telling of that pioneer voyage. Certain is it that the voyage of the Pilgrim Fathers upon the historic old Mayflower, two centuries before this voyage, did not compare with this, either in the danger attending it, the time it required to make it, or the bravery and resolution necessary to bring it to a successful conclusion. Suffice it to say here that after floating down the Muskingum river to the Ohio, down the Ohio to the Mississippi, and down that great river to the White river, this intrepid expedition proceeded to force their clumsy craft against the strong current of this last named stream. Marooned by floods, going for eight days at a time without food, escaping by the closest possible margin from death by starvation, leaving two of their number sleeping in unknown graves in the wilderness, at length they reached a little group of frontier farms and log cabins around the junction of the Big North Fork and White river. Here they remained some two years or more. Meanwhile the restless frontier blood of their old leader, Pettijohn, drove him on long hunting and exploring expeditions to the Northwest. Returning from one of these trips, he informed the little settlement on White river that he had discovered the land mentioned in Scripture, which "floweth with milk and honey." He had reached the plateaus of the Ozarks; his fabled land was none other than what we now call Greene county. The "milk and honey" of which the stalwart old man told, he explained, to be none other than "buffalo marrow" and "bear's grease," two pioneer delicacies par excellence! Either on this trip or one soon after, Pettijohn erected a log cabin close to a fine spring on the north bank of the James river, the spot which was afterward to become the permanent home of the first white settler in Greene county. This spot, which is certainly entitled to be marked with a permanent monument, is located some eight miles, southwest of Springfield, in section 27 of township 28, of range 22. Here stout old John Pettijohn came with his family, with some other of his Arkansas friends, in the spring and summer of 1822. Among those who followed at practically the same time from the Arkansas settlements was Thomas Patterson. He was by birth a native of North Carolina, but had, by a series of those successive migrations so characteristic of the American pioneer, crossed the Cumberland mountains, traversed the entire length of Tennessee, and finally forced his way up the White river into the Ozark country. When he reached the Pettijohn cabin upon the James river he was pleased with the location, and soon succeeded in buying the "claim" from Pettijohn. The actual opening of Patterson's farm was in 1822. About the same time a brother of Thomas Patterson, named Alexander settled upon what was afterward for many years known as the David Wallace place. Another Thomas Patterson, a cousin of those just mentioned, settled farther up the James probably at a point south of the present town of Northview. A man named Ingke also moved into the country at this time and settled at a point about where the Ozark road crosses the James river. Here he built a mill. Some claim that this was actually the first mill in southwest Missouri, and it is probable that such is the case, although two or three others were erected at about the same period. [129-130] But all these settlements proved premature, and great disappointment and loss was to come to the pioneers. It was in the autumn of that year, 1822, when everything seemed prosperous for the little colony in the wilderness, that the settlement was thrown into terror and dismay by the arrival of an army of no less than five hundred Delaware Indians! Fortunate, indeed, was it for those isolated white men that these were Delawares, the tribe that from the day when they entered into treaty with William Penn have always remained the white man's friend. If these unexpected visitors had been members of almost any other tribe in all the continent, the history of Greene county would have been ended then and there so far as these pioneers were concerned. The log cabins would have been given to the flames, the men and boys massacred and scalped, and the women and girls led away into captivity. However, these were the gentle Delawares, and no violence or threats were used by them. But, with all their gentleness, they were firm, and told the white men that these were their hunting grounds, their reservation, given to them by the word of the Great Father in Washington, and that the white men must move off at once! One can imagine the terror and dismay of those pioneer families on receipt of this message. All their plans for the future, all the fruits of their hard work, the little homes gained after coming so far through the perils of the wilderness to win them, all swept away in a moment, as it were, far more effectively destroyed, indeed, than if the flames had consumed them. However, these were not men to yield without taking every possible means short of violence to save their homes, so some sort of an agreement was made with the Indians, and then Thomas Patterson, the elder, was sent to St. Louis to submit the case of the settlers to the government authorities there, and learn definitely the rights of the Indians and themselves. That was no holiday trip that the old pioneer was sent upon by his neighbors. It was two hundred and fifty miles to St. Louis. The roads were mere bridle paths; the country for almost the entire distance was of the roughest n Missouri. Instead of the palace car, gliding over steel rails at fifty miles hour, the old man made his way on foot, or, at best, on horseback. He camped where night found him, in the woods, or, if unusually fortunate, in the cabin of some hospitable pioneer like himself. The journey was far and away more of an undertaking than it would be now to start for San Francisco or New York. All these things were so much matters of course that we find no mention made of them in the scanty records of the time. All that we do know is that Patterson made that journey, and that when he returned to the pleasant valley of the James, he did so with a heavy heart. For the decision of the land office authorities had been against the settlers. The Indian rights were affirmed and the white men were ordered to move out of the reservation. Then there was a flitting of those families. Some of them made their way to Illinois and never returned. Some found a stopping place upon the Meramec river in Crawford county, and much nearer St. Louis than the homes which they were abandoning. Some of them, including old Patterson himself stopped upon the Osage Fork of the Gasconade, probably in the eastern part of what is now Laclede county. Some few of the settlers rented land from the Delawares, but most of those who did this had come into the country with the Indian invasion, and were probably traders or members of their families. Among these was a man named James Wilson. He was what later on came to be called a "squaw man." In fact, if tradition is to be trusted, he had acquired a three-fold right to that title. Three times, we are told, had he chosen a copper-colored "affinity," and as many times did he discard his choice for another. Finally he journeyed to St. Louis, from whence he returned to the wilderness with a French bride. With her he lived several years prior to his death. This couple had a farm near the mouth of the creek that bears his name to this day. The banks of this stream were the scene of one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil war. This is the stream, by the way, the headwaters of which flow through the city of Springfield and bear the local nickname of "Jordan." There is a story that during the Indian regime, this man Wilson had been intrusted by some of them with a considerable sum of money. The temptation was too great for his honesty, and he buried the money, probably intending to quietly slip away with it after the loss had been forgotten by the owners. But the unsophisticated red men did not propose to quietly submit to being robbed. They took the shrewd Mr. Wilson and, putting a rope around his neck, hung him in midair, a treatment that in short order unloosened his tongue so that he revealed the hiding place of the cash. But in 1830 Congress, in response to frequent and urgent petitions, finally ordered the Indians to give up this part of Missouri and move to other regions farther west, and the submissive Delawares at once proceeded to obey and moved on, as they ever have, all the way across the continent. This Indian occupancy had greatly retarded the settlement of southwest Missouri. Although it was fully ten years since the state had been admitted to the Union, and the other parts had been rapidly settled, there were very few white people in this region, and the territory covering thirty or forty of our modern counties was still included in Wayne county as before the admission of the state. [131-132] MANY SETTLERS CAME. But now the doors were swung wide open, and at once immigration began to flow in. Most of those who had been driven out eight years before now led the procession of the inflowing tide of settlers, and hastened to resume possession of the places which they had been forced to abandon. Pettijohn who has been mentioned, returned from Ohio, but did not locate within the present bounds of Greene county, but settled near the mouth of the James on White river. Here the old frontiersman lived out his days, and his family retained possession of the land for many years. This tract is in the present limits of Stone county, although when Pettijohn settled upon it, it was, of course, still included in Greene county. Joseph Porter was another of those who came in immediately after the Indians were removed. He made his home at or near Delaware Town, upon the James, and in the present limits of Christian county, a short distance south of the Greene county line. Thomas Patterson, Sr., had retreated with his family no further than to the Osage Fork of the Gasconade, probably in the eastern limits of what is now Laclede county. There he waited with what patience he might, during the eight years, and he was among the first to return to the abandoned claims in Greene county. He took possession in that year, 1830, of the claim which had been located nearly ten years before by Pettijohn, and purchased by Patterson from him in 1821 or the year following. Here this first citizen of Greene county lived to the end of life, and here, in the old family burial ground, he sleeps beside the faithful wife who had followed him into the wilderness. The "Patterson spring" still flows into the James, and over and around it is a grove of fine black walnut trees. Beneath their shade is an acre or so of as beautiful blue grass sod as any city lawn can boast. Here have gathered, in the past, hundreds of happy picnic parties, very few of the members of which, probably, knew that they were upon the first land occupied by a white man's home in Greene county. Another early arrival in Greene county was Samuel Martin, who settled in Taylor, or what is now Taylor township, in the eastern part of the county, near the James river. When the county was organized in 1833 Mr. Martin was elected one of the County Court, and when, on the 11th of March of that year, the court met for its first term, he was chosen by his two colleagues to be the presiding justice. John B. Mooney and his brother Edward rented land from the Indians somewhere about 1827. This was located upon Davis creek, a small stream that falls into the James in Taylor township. The Mooneys remained in that neighborhood permanently. John B. Mooney was an active and prominent man in the early history of the region. He was a pioneer preacher, one of those strong and sturdy men whose influence for good so largely helped to mold the better forces of the new countries of the West. Mooney township, one of the first organized by the County Court at its first session, was named for this man. Mooney township in Polk county is a part of that original division of Greene county. But the man who probably did more toward building up and advancing Greene county than any other was John P. Campbell, a native of Maury, county, Tennessee. Later on I propose to give in detail the story of Campbell's journey to Greene county, as written by one who shared its trials and perils with him. But just at this point I will only quote the words left one record by one of those who knew and honored him in life: "John P. Campbell was an organizer of men, a stranger to reverses. The touch of his hand was success to any enterprise. Kind, prompt, generous and benevolent, his word was as sovereign as a state statute. He amassed a large, property, and extended his field of operations over an empire. He built up schools, raised churches and gave freely to the poor. He died leaving a name honored and respected by everybody." Surely no man could ask for a noble panegyric! Andrew Bass came from Tennessee late in 1829 and located close to the present site of Strafford, in the southern part of Jackson township. Later he moved some miles farther north in the same township, near the little trading point now called, after his family, Bassville. His descendants compose one of the prominent families of Greene county, and they are largely settled around the original location of their ancestor. Alpheus Huff came from, Franklin county, Missouri, with the tide of immigration that flowed into the southwest after the Indians were expelled in 1830. He settled near Andrew Bass. Alexander Chadwick also came from Tennessee about 1831 and settled near Mr. Bass. Major Joseph Weaver arrived in March, 1830, and bought out a settler near Delaware Town, where he lived three or four years. He then came Springfield and purchased the farm of Joseph Miller, the brother-in-law of J. P. Campbell, just southwest of the town. Mr. Miller had come in with his brother-in-law some four years before selling to Weaver. Mr. Weaver lived on this place some years, when he moved to a farm two and a half miles west where he died in 1852, His numerous descendants have always held a prominent place in the history of both the city of Springfield and of Greene county. In 1831 Daniel B. Miller, a brother of Joseph Miller, settled in the northwest part of what is now Springfield, at a great spring, still called for him, "The Miller Spring." After serving as a water supply for the first Springfield woolen mill, which enterprise, soon died and remained with the brick building standing vacant for twenty years, this spring and a fine tract of land of twenty acres is now being turned into a city park, with a beautiful lake of several acres. Mr. Daniel B. Miller only survived some nine years, dying in 1839. Samuel Lasley came to Greene county with Daniel B. Miller and settled on Little Sac at the crossing of the Bolivar road. Spencer O'Neil, who had been one of the first men to take up claims in the Indian country, and had been forced to move away with the others in 1822, now returned and settled in the southwestern part of the county. Many of his descendants are citizens of Pond Creek, Republic and Brookline townships to the present day. Joseph Rountree, born in North Carolina in 1782, first emigrated to Tennessee in 1819, and afterward to this county, in 1831. He brought with him to his new home a family of seven, sons and three daughters. From that day to this the name Rountree appears with great frequency and honor in the records of Greene county. Probably no one name shows to any better advantage than this. This large family, it is recorded, made the latter part of their arduous journey to Greene county through a deposit of snow of the remarkable depth, for this latitude, of eighteen inches. A PIONEER'S JOURNAL. Among the treasures of the Rountree family there existed for many years, and probably exists today, a journal kept by Joseph Rountree of his journey from the east into Greene county. It is given here, as printed some thirty years ago, and is a priceless record of the strenuous life of pioneer days. Beginning with the arrival upon the eastern shore of the Mississippi at Green's ferry in Illinois, this journal reads as follows: "Thursday December 23, 1830—A cloudy day. The ice was very thick in the river; we went to Kaskaskia; the ice nearly quit in the river in the evening; at night it rained and froze over. Our expense was 37½c. "Friday, 24th—A wet morning. We prepared for crossing the river after breakfast; we removed our family to Peter Robert Derousse's, at the lower ferry on Sunday last—a very respectable gentleman with a peaceable family; we found the ice so thick and wide on the other side that we could not land, and had to go down the river more than a mile, where we got a landing, and it took till about an hour in the night before I got my wagon and family over; we had to make five trips; we went about three miles and camped, and had a merry night. Expense $5 That touch, "had a merry night," is exceedingly suggestive. One would think that a long and dangerous day's work, ferrying the turbulent Mississippi five times, would have been but a poor prelude for a night of merriment. But these pioneer folk were not of the stuff that deplores and whines over the difficulties in their way. They had at last crossed the Mississippi; they were in Missouri, if only at its farthest bounds, and they proceeded to make merry over dangers past and to rejoice over their arrival in the hither edge of the promised land. "Saturday, 25th—We started early; proceeded to Ste. Genevieve Town; Mr. Beard had to get a skein mended; my family stayed with a very friendly French family, Bovie by name; in the evening we went on eight miles and camped at Mr. Bell's. Expense $1.62½ "Sunday, 26th—A cloudy, cold day. We traveled on and about two o'clock Mr. Beard's hind axletree broke at Mr. Moreare's. We traveled 14 miles, and camped at Mr. Barrington's. Expense, 62½c. "Monday, 27th—I went to Mr. Donaldson's; found them well, and our wagon waited for Mr. Beard's and then went on; camped at Mr. Baker's; traveled nine miles today. Expense $2.56¼. "Tuesday, 28th—The day was clear and cold. We traveled on very well; found that the fore bolster of Mr. Beard's wagon was broken. We came through Mine a' Burton and got a new bolster; encamped at Mr. Tucker's; it began to snow before day. Expense 62½c. "Wednesday, 29th—This day was snowy, rainy and freezing; we started and broke the tongue out of Mr. Beard's wagon; made a new tongue an traveled 7 miles and encamped at Mr. Compton's. Expense $1. "Thursday, 30th—Started on and it was snowy and freezing; last night it snowed; we had only got one mile this day when Mr. Beard's wagon turned over in a branch and got the most of my goods wet; we had to take up camp and dry our things; it continued snowing. Expense 62½c. "Friday, 31st—This day we packed up our wagon and started about twelve; traveled 7 miles. Expense $1.96¼. "Saturday, January 1st, 1831—A clear, cold morning; it moderated a little; we proceeded and crossed the Cotway (doubtless this is meant for the "Fourche a' Courtois"), Huzza and Dry creeks; traveled about 13 miles and encamped on the ridge between Dry creek and the Merrimack. Expense $2.75. "Sunday, 2d—Cloudy; we started early; it rained very hard this day and thundered; we crossed the Merrimac; traveled 16 miles; encamped at Massey's iron works. Expense 56¼c. "Monday, 3d—Last night it rained, sleeted and froze all night; this morning it began to snow; we continued in a cabin we had took up in; snowed all night. Expense 62½c. "Tuesday, 4th—A cold day; snow very deep; continued at the cabin all day. Expense $1.19. "Wednesday, 5th—A clear, cold day; Mr. Beard took his load about 4 miles to Mr. St. Clair's, and we deposited it there and returned to the cabin. Expense 662/3c. "Thursday, 6th—Clear and cold; Mr. Beard took his departure for home; we continued in the cabin; in the evening Sidney (Ingram) and me went for to look us out a place for to make a camp near St. Clair's; we concluded on a place, returned in the evening and brought home Junius and Lucius, who had went to another cabin on the Dry Fork of the Merrimac the day before. Expense $5. "Friday, 7th—We began to prepare for making our camps; but in the evening Joseph Phillabare (Philabert) came on and we concluded to go on with him; so we left the cabin and came on to St. Clair's and stayed all night. Expense 62½c. "Saturday, 8th—We started about 10 o'clock and proceeded up the bad hill with some difficulty; the day was cloudy and cold, the snow was deep and it snowed some more, but we traveled 18 miles. Expense 18¾c. "Sunday, 9th—Quite cold; traveled 17 miles. Expense $1.43. "Monday, 10th—Cloudy and cold; we proceeded and crossed Rubidoo (Robidoux); traveled 15 miles. Expense 37½c. "Tuesday, 11th—This morning it was very snowy, we discovered that Mr. Philabare had one of the skeins of his wagon to get mended; so we stayed in camp until nearly 12, and then traveled about 12 miles and encamped at Stark's. Expense 81¼c. "Wednesday, 12th—Cloudy and cold; we traveled on slowly on account of the snow; crossed the Osage fork of the Gasconade and traveled 14 miles. Expense 18¾c. "Thursday 13th—A cold day, but we traveled on pretty well; passed Eastwood and traveled 18 miles. Expense 37½c. "Friday, 14th—Last night it snowed very hard; we encamped at the Indian Grave branch; the snow increased in depth four or five inches; we traveled with a good deal of difficulty; we passed Tygart's. Traveled 20 miles. Expense 50c. "Saturday, 15th—It continues to snow; the day is most intolerably cold; we proceeded on our way and after traveling six or eight miles we met Joseph H. Miller and Lemuel Blanton coming to meet us. Great joy! We went on Robert Patterson's, twelve miles, and got lodging for the night in his house, the first night's lodging in a house since we left the cabin at Massey's Iron Works. Expense $1.25. "Sunday, 16th—Today was extremely cold; snowed a little; we proceeded and got to Joseph A. Miller's between sunset and dark; found the people about the prairie all well, and glad to see us all arrive safe. Traveled 23 miles." Compare that journey with one over practically the same route, from St. Louis to Springfield. Instead of more than three weeks, over rough, hilly, roads, in cold, and flood, and snow, the traveler now lies down in his comfortable berth in a palace sleeping car, goes to sleep at 10 o'clock at night in St. Louis and awakes next morning in Springfield! Next Part \| Table of Contents \| Keyword Search Greene County History Home \| Local History Home	<urn:uuid:2fc81892-172b-4585-9e18-3a2806906946>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://thelibrary.org/lochist/history/paspres/ch5pt1.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698207393/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095647-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.982112	5,547	2.953125	3
Paula Lillard, director of a Montessori school ranging in age from 18 months to fifteen years, provides a clear and cogent introduction to the Montessori program for the elementary and later years. In detailed accounts, Lillard shows how children acquire the skills to answer their own questions, learn to manage freedom with responsibility, and maintain a high level of intellectual stimulation by using the Montessori method. This is an essential handbook for parents and teachers who have chosen the Montessori alternative for the older child. Paula Polk Lillard About Paula Polk Lillard PAULA POLK LILLARD is the head emerita and cofounder of the Forest Bluff School in Lake Bluff, Illinois. She is also the author of Montessori Today; Montessori, A Modern Approach, and Montessori from the Start (with Lynn Lillard Jessen). "Paul Lillard is an excellent guide to Maria Montessori's key ideas and to the place of Montessori education in contemporary society."--Howard Gardner, author of Frames of Mind "Children's schools shape their lives, intellects, and worldviews. This clear guide to Montessori education today will help parents to consider the Montessori alternative for their child." --Jane M. Healy, author of Your Child's Growing Mind	<urn:uuid:76d69b73-9773-4eae-9532-0c322f4553da>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.randomhouse.com/book/101548/montessori-today-by-paula-polk-lillard/9780805210613	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698207393/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095647-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.913361	274	2.921875	3
The Convent of Our Lady of Seidnaya (also spelled Saidnaya or Sayidnaya) is a major pilgrimage destination 20 miles north of Damascus in Syria. Founded in the 6th century, the convent is famed for its miraculous icon of the Virgin Mary. The monastery of Seidnaya was founded in 547 AD. According to legend, the Virgin Mary appeared to Emperor Justinian first as a beautiful gazelle and then as an icon; she then asked him to found the monastery in her honor, even providing the plan of the building. The convent's revered icon of the Theotokos was procured under equally miraculous circumstances in the 8th century. The story begins with a monk named Theodore, who stayed over at the Sedinaya convent on his way to the Holy Land. The abbess, Marina, asked him to buy an icon of the Holy Virgin for the convent while he was there. Theodore did so (after being reminded by a mysterious voice) and his return journey was marked by many miraculous escapes from danger. Theodore was so taken by the icon and its miraculous powers that he became tempted to keep it for himself. He tried to bypass Seidnaya and sail for Egypt, but a great storm arose and the ship nearly sank. Back on shore, he went to the convent but told Marina he had been unable to buy an icon and planned again to keep it for himself. But as he tried to leave the monastery, an invisible wall blocked him and he could not pass. He finally handed over the icon to Marina and confessed his intentions. Due to the miraculous vision of Justinian and the miraculous icon of the Virgin, the Chapel of the Virgin at Seidnaya became an important place of pilgrimage in Byzantine times, surpassed only by Jerusalem. The Crusaders knew the church as "Notre Dame de Sardeneye." What to See A steep climb on foot is the only way up to the monastery. There are about 50 nuns in the convent, presided over by an abbess. You are highly unlikely to be the only visitor to Seidnaya, as the convent is perhaps the most popular Christian pilgrimage destination in Syria. It not only draws Christians from all over Syria, Lebanon and Jordan, but it also draws crowds of Muslims who come, mostly on Fridays, to venerate Mary. After making your way through a maze of passages to the back of the convent, you finally reach the Chapel of the Virgin, where you must remove your shoes. The walls are covered with beautiful icons, but the focus is the miraculous icon of the Virgin brought by the monk Theodore. Said to have been painted from life by St. Luke the Evangelist and to possess healing powers, it is known in Syriac as the Chaghoura ("The Illustrious, Celebrated, or Renowned"). The entrance to the shrine is littered with crutches, bandages, and other ex-votos thanking Mary for answered prayers, as well as written accounts of healings received by pilgrims to Seidnaya. There is a bowl of anointing oil at the base of the icon. Pilgrims cross themselves upon entry to the chapel, kiss the painting, cross themselves again and then have one of the nuns anoint them with some of the oil. The nun also provides oil-dipped pieces of cotton for pilgrims to take home to those who could not make the journey themselves. Once respects are paid, visitors cross themselves and leave. If you are not a pilgrim, you need not participate in these rituals; you must only remove your shoes and remain silent. Another chapel at the convent is dedicated to St. Peter (Mar Boutros) and is converted from an ancient tomb. Festivals and Events The main festival of Seidnaya is the Nativity of the Theotokos on September 8, which draws many pilgrims. The town is flooded with Christians and Muslims alike who gather on the hills and celebrate into the night, dotting the countryside with campfires. Getting to Sayidnaya is an easy minibus ride from Damascus that takes a little over an hour. The bus stops in the center of town, from which you can climb the hillside to the Convent. The entrance is through a steep set of stairs (an elevator is available) that lead into the courtyard of the convent. Quick Facts on Seidnaya \|Visitor and Contact Information\| \|Address:\|\|Seidnaya, Syria, Syria\| \|Coordinates:\|\|33.870416° N, 36.452637° E (view on Google Maps)\| \|Opening Hours:\|\|Open daily\| \|Phone:\|\|011- 963-11-595-0547 or 011- 963-11-595-2399\| \|Lodging:\|\|View hotels near this location\| Map of Seidnaya Below is a location map and aerial view of Seidnaya. Using the buttons on the left (or the wheel on your mouse), you can zoom in for a closer look, or zoom out to get your bearings. To move around, click and drag the map with your mouse. - "Yabroud, Maaloula, & Seidnaya" - Syria Gate (2006) - "Holy Patriarchal Convent of Our Lady of Saidnaya, Syria" - Saidnaya.com - "Sayidnaya: Christians, Muslims and Mary" - travel journal by HobWahid at iExplore (dated 11/4/05) \|Link code:\|\|<a href="http://www.sacred-destinations.com/syria/seidnaya">Seidnaya</a>\|	<urn:uuid:de32f0b1-0432-4cf4-9eb1-a85ebb26389f>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.sacred-destinations.com/syria/seidnaya	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698207393/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095647-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.943829	1,195	2.671875	3
The procedure for the division of decimals is very similar to the division of whole numbers. Make the divisor into a whole number by multiplying both it and the dividend by the same number (such as 10, 100, 1000 etc.). An easy way to do this is to move the decimal point to the right end of the divisor and move the decimal point of the dividend the same number of places. How to divide a four digit decimal number by a two digit decimal number (e.g. 0.424 ÷ 0.8). - Place the divisor before the division bracket and place the dividend (0.424) under it. - Multiply both the divisor and dividend by 10 so that the divisor is not a decimal but a whole number. In other words move the decimal point one place to the right in both the divisor and dividend - Proceed with the division as you normally would except put the decimal point in the answer or quotient exactly above where it occurs in the dividend. For example:	<urn:uuid:cf8c7954-c6a4-4c2f-95c9-d91e627a8826>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://aaamath.com/B/g66r_dx1.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702448584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516110728-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.81138	226	3.765625	4
How do you decide what to call a variable? Many conflicting constraints come to bear on this question. I want to communicate my intent fully through my names, which often suggests long names. I’d like the names to be short to simplify code formatting. Names will be read many times for each time they are typed, so the names should be optimized for readability, not ease of typing. Both the way the data in the variable is used and the role that data plays in the computation need to be expressed. There are several pieces of information I need when I am trying to understand a variable. What is its purpose in the computation? How is the object referred to by the variable used? What is the scope and lifetime of the variable? How widely is the variable referenced? Many variable naming schemes include type information in the names. Mine doesn’t. What is the point of telling the compiler the types of variables over and over if I have to turn around and embed that same information again in the variable names? I can see including type information in variable names in languages that don’t do much to prevent type errors, like C. Java provides ample support for avoiding type errors. If I want to know the type of one of my variables, my IDE gives me quick feedback about it. Using short, composed methods also provides a quick reference to the most commonly used variables, locals and parameters. Another facet of variables that readers need to understand is the scope of variables. Some variable naming practices encode the scope as a prefix to the name so fCount is a field and lCount is a local. Again, by composing relatively short methods I find that I am seldom confused by the scope of a variable. If I can’t see a declaration of the variable here in this method, it is most likely a field (I use other techniques to avoid most static fields). This leaves the role of the variable as the primary piece of information I try to communicate with my variable names, generally leading to short, clear names. If I have to struggle to find a name, it is generally because I don’t understand the computation very well. There are a few variable names that recur in my code: - result — stores the object that will be returned from a function - each — stores the individual elements of a collection while iterating (although I am becoming fond of using the singular form of the collection’s name, for example for ( Node child: getChildren())). - count — stores counts If I have multiple variables that I would like to give the same name, I qualify the name: I am sometimes tempted to abbreviate words in variable names. This optimizes typing at the expense of reading. Since variables are read many times for each time they are written, this is a false economy. Sometimes I am tempted to use several words for a variable, which makes the variable too long for comfortable typing. When this happens I look at the surrounding context. Why do I need so many words to distinguish this variable’s role from the role of other variables? Often this leads me to simplify the design, allowing me to again write short variable names in good conscience. To summarize, I communicate the role a variable plays through its name. Everything else important about the variable—its lifetime, scope, and type—can generally be communicated through context. \|This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License\|	<urn:uuid:6a7be0a1-2998-4609-8c7b-52b6e62609ce>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://sourcemaking.com/implementation-patterns/role-suggesting-name	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702448584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516110728-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.920932	723	2.78125	3
In 1998, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) added folic acid to the list of vitamins and minerals added to the nation's food supply. The intent was to prevent devastating neural tube birth defects, which previously afflicted as many as 1 in 1,000 newborns. The Role of Folic Acid in Fetal Development Studies from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention established that 50% to 70% of neural tube abnormalities, which produce profound and sometimes fatal neurologic defects, can be prevented by ensuring that pregnant women get enough folic acid daily. Women who are planning to become pregnant should start taking a supplement containing 400 to 800 micrograms of folic acid every day. Women should start taking it at least 1 month before conception and continue it for the first 3 months of pregnancy. Without supplementation, most women would fall short of the mark. Public health officials reasoned that if the vitamin were added to grain products, such as flour, pasta, bread and breakfast cereals, women would get more of the folic acid they need, when they need it. But there was much debate about how much folic acid could be safely added to food. In a compromise, the FDA decided to limit the amount of folic acid added to food. A bowl of breakfast cereal, for instance, provides only about 0.1 milligram. Most women of childbearing age do not consume enough folic acid to prevent neural tube defects. All women of childbearing age should take a vitamin containing at least 0.4 milligrams of folic acid. Folic Acid in Food Supplements aren't the only way to make sure you get plenty of this important B vitamin. Here are some of the top folic-acid-rich foods. \|Food \|\|Folic acid (milligrams) \| \|Chicken giblets, 3.5 ounces \|\| 0.38 \| \|Beans, most types, cooked, 1 cup \|\| 0.26 \| \|Turnip greens, cooked, 1/2 cup \|\| 0.17 \| \|Avocado, 1 medium \|\| 0.16 \| \|Okra, cooked, 1/2 cup \|\| 0.13 \| \|Asparagus, cooked, 1/2 cup \|\| 0.13 \| \|Breakfast cereal, fortified, 1 cup \|\| 0.11 \| \|Orange juice, 1 cup \|\| 0.11 \| \|Spinach, cooked, 1/2 cup \|\| 0.10 \| \|Source: USDA Nutrition Database \| Last updated July 01, 2009 folic acid,neural tube,vitamin	<urn:uuid:aa9acfb3-f03a-49a5-a555-a47dccc9855a>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH/EMIHC267/8059/23515/250746.html?d=dmtContent	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702448584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516110728-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.933952	536	3.40625	3
by wpengine on January 20, 2011 Discuss this palindrome in the comments below. Previous post: Mad as Adam. Next post: Marge lets Norah see Sharon’s telegram. palindrome: A word, phrase, verse, or sentence that reads the same backward or forward. For example: A man, a plan, a canal, Panama!	<urn:uuid:ca975311-1dc3-468a-89b1-b4a0c3980113>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.palindromelist.net/Maps-DNA-and-spam/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702448584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516110728-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.817849	81	2.71875	3
May 30, 2007 A novel analysis of water flow in the Southern Ocean surrounding the Antarctic is revealing previously hidden structures that are crucial in controlling the transport of drifting plants and animals as well as the distribution of nutrients and pollutants that affect ocean life. Researchers at the University of New South Wales in Australia and the Universitat Paderborn in Germany discovered that barriers to currents, which can lead to swirling gyres and eddies that trap material for long periods, may escape detection with traditional analyses that concentrate on monitoring average water flow or sea surface height. Rather than tracking flow in the ocean point by point, as is typical of most ocean studies, the researchers applied a more holistic approach based on a mathematical technique known as Lagrangian analysis. In effect, the method allows them to simultaneously consider all the possible ways that currents can move in the ocean, and then pick out the most likely solution. When the team tested their approach on a simulated model of ocean current flow, they found that regions where drifting material might be trapped in seas near the Antarctic were clearly identified with the Lagrangian approach. Traditional analyses, however, can only hint at the regions' locales. The researchers plan to extend their study to encompass current flow on a global scale. The work should help to provide a clearer picture of the currents that are vital to the health of our planet's oceans. Other social bookmarking and sharing tools: Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above. Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.	<urn:uuid:a617d7d9-03ae-4460-b1b6-476b11e81815>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/05/070529154256.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702448584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516110728-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.939436	323	4	4
Not surprisingly, wheelchair basketball is one of the most popular spectator sports at the Paralympics. It is a fast-paced team game that attracts competitive athletes with physical disabilities that prevent them from running, jumping, and pivoting. Not all athletes who play wheelchair basketball require the use of a wheelchair for daily life. Open to male and females, Wheelchair basketball is a game played by two teams of 5 players on the court (and 7 substitutes) where the goal is to shoot the ball through the opposing teams basket. At the same time, teams actively try to prevent the opposing team from making points or baskets. The match consists of four periods of ten minutes with a 15-minute interval between the second and third period and one-minute intervals between the first and second, and third and fourth periods. If the score is tied at the end of playing time in the fourth period, the match will be continued with an extra period of five minutes or with as many such periods of five minutes as are necessary to break the tie. Scoring points varies between 1 to 3 points depending where you are on the court at the time. Baskets are credited to the team attacking the basket into which the ball has entered as follows: - A basket from a free throw counts as one (1) point. - A basket from the two-point field goal area (anywhere inside the 3 point line) counts two (2) points. - A basket from the three-point field goal area (outside the 3 point line) counts three (3) points. Every team has 24 seconds to complete its attempt to score a basket. If the team with the ball exceeds this time limit, then the ball and the right of play is granted to the opposing team. Basketball wheelchairs are quick, agile and allow for speed, quick turning ability and maneuvering. Therefore, there are specific chairs used for basketball. For more information on wheelchair basketball chairs: http://www.wheelchairbasketball.ca/en/content.aspx?id=3178 Like able-bodied basketball, players must dribble the ball when having gained control of the ball on the court. It is a traveling violation to take more than two pushes on the wheels without a dribble of the ball. To see more rules and regulations: http://www.wheelchairbasketball.ca/en/content.aspx?id=73 When classifying an athlete, the classifier takes into consideration the athlete’s functional ability to perform skills specific to the sport of wheelchair basketball; wheeling, dribbling, passing, reaction to contact, shooting, rebounding. Classifications are based on the international classification system and range from 0.5 to 4.5. Lower class athletes are more limited in their functional skills. Athletes assigned higher classes have few if any limitations. The total number of points on the court assigned for each of the five players may not exceed 14 points at any one time in most divisions. Class one (1): athletes are generally unable to move their trunk in any of the planes of movement. For example, most are unable to rotate their upper body to receive an over the shoulders pass in a fast break. Class two (2): athletes are generally able to rotate their upper body without using their arms for support. This greatly improves their ability to scan the court, as well as receive or shoot the ball from different directions. Class three (3): athletes are generally able to turn their shoulders as well as lean forward without difficulty. They can dribble the ball far off the front of the wheelchair for example. They however cannot lean to the sides and return to upright without using their arms as an assist; most class 3.0 athletes lack the leg power necessary to perform such an action. Class four (4): athletes are able to move their trunk in all planes of movement. They can rotate, learn forward and to at least one side without difficulty. Athletes in this category can lean to the side to contest a shot or protect the ball from an opponent or catch a rebound. Class 4.0 athletes differ from class 4.5 athletes in that they often are not able to lean equally to both sides due to limited power in one leg. Occasionally, an athlete displays characteristics of two classes. In these instances a .5 class may be assigned. Clubs & Contacts Club ’99 - Saskatoon Hot Wheels - Saskatoon NRG Mini – Saskatoon	<urn:uuid:b727ee99-495a-4cef-94fe-67bb7c45f293>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.swsa.ca/index.php/sports/basketball	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702448584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516110728-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.955956	919	2.921875	3
A millennium (plural millennia or millenniums) is a period of time equal to one thousand years. It derives from the Latin mille, thousand, and annus, year. It is often, but not necessarily, related to a particular dating system. Sometimes, it is used specifically for periods of thousand years that begin at the starting point (initial reference point) of the calendar in consideration (typically the year "1"), or in later years that are whole number multiples of a thousand years after it. The term can also refer to an interval of time beginning on any date. Frequently in the latter case (and sometimes also in the former) it may have religious or theological implications (see millenarianism). Sometimes in use, such an interval called a "millennium" might be interpreted less precisely, i.e., not always being exactly 1000 years long. It could be, for example, 1050, 1500, etc. Counting years The original method of counting years was ordinal, whether 1st year A.D. or regnal 10th year of King Henry VIII. This ordinal numbering is still present in the names of the millennia and centuries, for example 1st Millennium or the 20th century, and sometimes in the names of decades, e.g., 1st decade of the 21st century. The main issues arise from the content of the various year ranges. Similar issues affect the contents of centuries. Decades are usually referred to by their leading numbers and are therefore immune to this controversy: the decade called 1990s would by its naming not include 2000. Similarly the 100 years comprising the 1900s share 99 years in common with the twentieth century, but do not include 2000. Those following ordinal year names naturally choose - 2001–2100 as the current century - 2001–3000 as the current millennium Those following cardinal year names equally naturally choose - 2000–2099 as the current century - 2000–2999 as the current millennium Debate over millennium celebrations The common Western calendar (the Gregorian calendar) has been defined with counting origin 1. Thus each period of 1,000 years concludes with a year number with three zeroes, e.g., the first thousand years in the Western calendar included the year 1000. However, there are two viewpoints about how millennia should be thought of in practice. One viewpoint relies on the formal operation of the calendar, while the other appeals to other notions that attract popular sentiment. A number of countries have legally adopted ISO 8601, also used in other contexts, which uses the astronomical calendar, in which year counting starts at 0. Thus, when using this calendar, the millennium starts at x000 and ends at x999. There was a popular debate leading up to the celebrations of the year 2000 as to whether the beginning of that year should be understood (and celebrated) as the beginning of a new millennium. Historically, there has been debate around the turn of previous decades, centuries, and millennia. The issue is tied to the convention of using ordinal numbers to count millennia (as in "the third millennium"), as opposed to using cardinal numbers (as in "the two thousands"), which is unambiguous as it does not depend on which year counting starts. The first convention is common in English speaking countries, but the latter is favored in for example Sweden (tvåtusentalet, which translates literally as the two thousands period). Viewpoint 1: x001–y000 Those holding that the arrival of new millennium should be celebrated in the transition from 2000 to 2001 (i.e. December 31, 2000 to January 1, 2001), argued that because the Gregorian Calendar has no year zero, the millennia should be counted from 1 AD. Thus the first period of one thousand complete years runs from the beginning of 1 AD to the end of 1000 AD, and the beginning of the second millennium took place at the beginning of 1001. The second millennium thus ends at the end of the year 2000. Then again, those who defend the opposite idea state that the new millennium started with the year 2000 (because of the changes made to the Gregorian calendar in 1582, or because the first millennium started in 1 AD. and ended in 999 AD, being the only millennium (along with the last millennium BC) not with 1000 years, but with 999 years. \|2 BC\|\|1 BC\|\|1 AD\|\|2\|\|3\|\|4\|\|5\|\|...\|\|998\|\|999\|\|1000\|\|1001\|\|1002\|\|1003\|\|...\|\|1998\|\|1999\|\|2000\|\|2001\|\|2002\|\|2003\|\|...\|\|2998\|\|2999\|\|3000\|\|3001\|\|3002\|\|3003\| \|First one thousand years (millennium)\|\|Second millennium\|\|Third millennium\|\|Fourth millennium\| Arthur C. Clarke gave this analogy (from a statement received by Reuters): "If the scale on your grocer's weighing machine began at 1 instead of 0, would you be happy when he claimed he'd sold you 10 kg of tea?" This statement illustrates the common confusion about the calendar. If one counts from the beginning of AD 1 to the ending of AD 1000, one would have counted 1000 years. The next 1000 years (millennium) would begin on the first day of 1001. So the calendar has not 'cheated' anyone out of a year. Clarke made reference to this viewpoint in his book 3001: The Final Odyssey referring to the Millennium Celebrations on January 31, 2000. In other words, the argument is based on the fact that the last year of the first two thousand years in the Gregorian Calendar was 2000, not 1999. Viewpoint 2: x000–x999 The "year 2000" has also been a popular phrase referring to an often utopian future, or a year when stories in such a future were set, adding to its cultural significance. There was also media and public interest in the Y2K bug. Thus, the populist argument was that the new millennium should begin when the zeroes "rolled over" to 2000, i.e. the day after December 31, 1999. People[who?] felt that the change of hundred digit in the year number, and the zeros rolling over, created a sense that a new century had begun. This is similar to the common demarcation of decades by their most significant digits, e.g. naming the period 1980 to 1989 as the 1980s or "the eighties". Similarly, it would be valid to celebrate the year 2000 as a cultural event in its own right, and name the period 2000 to 2999 as "the 2000s". Most historians agree that Dionysius nominated Christ's birth as December 25 of the year before AD 1. This corresponded with the belief that the birth year itself was considered too holy to mention. It also corresponds to the notion that AD 1 was "the first year of his life", as distinguished from being the year after his first birthday. Similarly in 1000 AD the church[which?] actively discouraged any mention of that year and in modern times it[which?] labelled 2000 AD as the "Jubilee Year 2000" marking the 2000th anniversary of the birth of Christ. The AD system counts years with origin 1. Some[who?] assume a preceding Year 0 for the start of the first Christian millennium in order to start the millennia in year numbers multiple of 1000. \|First millennium (1000 years)\|\|Second millennium\|\|Third millennium\| \|1 BC\|\|1 AD\|\|2\|\|3\|\|4\|\|5\|\|...\|\|998\|\|999\|\|1000\|\|1001\|\|1002\|\|...\|\|1998\|\|1999\|\|2000\|\|2001\|\|2002\|\|...\|\|2998\|\|2999\|\|3000\|\|3001\|\|3002\| \|First millennium (999 years only)\|\|Second millennium\|\|Third millennium\| Popular approach The majority popular approach was to treat the end of 1999 as the end of a millennium and to hold millennium celebrations at midnight between December 31, 1999 and January 1, 2000, as per viewpoint 2. The cultural and psychological significance of the events listed above combined to cause celebrations to be observed one year earlier than the formal Gregorian date. This does not, of course, establish that insistence on the formal Gregorian date is "incorrect", though some view it as pedantic (as in the comment of Douglas Adams mentioned below). Some event organisers hedged their bets by calling their 1999 celebrations things like "Click" referring to the odometer-like rolling over of the nines to zeros. A second approach was to adopt two different views on the millennium problem and celebrate the new millennium twice. Popular culture - Stephen Jay Gould noted in his essay Dousing Diminutive Dennis' Debate (or DDDD = 2000) (Dinosaur in a Haystack) that celebrations and media announcements marked the turn into the twentieth century along the boundary of 1900 and 1901, citing, among other examples, the New York Times' headline "Twentieth Century's Triumphant Entry" on January 1, 1901. Gould also included comments on adjustments to the calendar, such as those by Dionysius Exiguus (the eponymous "Diminutive Dennis"), the timing of celebrations over different transitional periods, and the "high" versus "pop" culture interpretation of the transition. Further of his essays on this topic are collected in Questioning the Millennium: A Rationalist's Guide to a Precisely Arbitrary Countdown. - Douglas Adams highlighted the sentiment that those in favour of a 2001 celebration were pedantic spoilsports in his short web-article Significant Events of the Millennium. This sentiment was also demonstrated when, in 1997, Australian Prime Minister John Howard made a point in favour of the 2001 celebration and was named "the party pooper of the century" by local newspapers. - In an episode of the American television series, Seinfeld, titled "The Millennium", Jerry Seinfeld states, "Since there was no year zero, the millennium doesn't begin until the year two-thousand and one." - The action of the book The Headless Bust: A Melancholy Meditation on the False Millennium, by Edward Gorey, takes place on December 31, 1999, and it refers to the next coming year as the start of the new Millennium, despite the fact that the title of the book calls it the "False Millennium." - During 1999, the term millennium (referring to the year 2000) became an heavily used buzzword in German media, so that it was chosen as German Word of the Year by the Gesellschaft für deutsche Sprache. See also - List of calendars - Millennium bug - Millennium Dome - Third millennium - White House Millennium Council \|Look up millennium or millennia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.\|	<urn:uuid:80818ce7-0649-4081-8f7a-3e3cf4eaaca1>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705559639/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115919-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.93779	2,226	3.6875	4
Inheritance from builtin list and override of methods. fredrik at pythonware.com Mon Nov 27 15:58:25 CET 2006 Michalis Giannakidis wrote: >> "obj[index] = value" maps to "obj.__setitem__(index, value)". reading >> the documentation might help; start here: > In this documentation page it also says: > then x[i] is equivalent3.2 to x.__getitem__(i). > This, and other statements, are only roughly true for instances of new-style > So which statements are actually true for new style classes? > Is l=1 completely different from l.append(1) or maybe insert? l.append(1) is a method call. L=1 is syntactic sugar for a different method call. why is this so hard to understand? More information about the Python-list	<urn:uuid:5c0b93f6-ff90-4432-9112-d9017b0b279c>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-list/2006-November/400045.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705559639/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115919-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.730336	202	2.578125	3
Broccoli Compound May Supress Growth of Breast Cancer Cells Sulforaphane is a chemical compound abundant in green vegetables such as broccoli and brussel sprouts. Previous research has shown that sulforaphane can inhibit the growth of cancerous tumors in animals, and can induce apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in colon cancer cells. A new study published in the Journal of Nutrition suggests that sulforaphane may also slow the spread of breast cancer cells. In the study, researchers treated samples of a malignant tumor in a laboratory setting with various concentrations of a sulforaphane solution (SUL). The cells were observed every few hours to determine rates of mitosis, or cellular division. The scientists found that within 48 hours, sulforaphane "inhibited cell proliferation" and "induced significant inhibiation of DNA synthesis" in the tumor cells. It appeared to do so by disrupting the action of certain protein microtubules in the cells, which are vital for successful cell division. The scientists concluded that their study "is the first to report the effectiveness of SUL as an inhibitor of human mammary carcinoma proliferation and to provide confirmatory evidence of a recently identified novel mechanism of SUL action." They recommended that future studies be conducted "to ascertain the implications of SUL intake as a result of either the consumption of cruciferous vegetables in the diet or potential chemoprevention strategies directed toward persons deemed to be at high risk for developing malignancy." Jackson ST, Singletary KW. Sulforaphane inhibits human MCF-7 mammary cancer cell mitotic progression and tubulin polymerization. Journal of Nutrition September 2004;134:2229-2236. To read more about general health, go to http://www.chiroweb.com/find/archives/general.	<urn:uuid:92313d79-3523-4a15-9031-5308f2b2a2ea>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.chiroweb.com/mpacms/tyh/article.php?id=827	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705559639/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115919-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.925713	382	3.203125	3
Don't let dit names get your French-Canadian research off-track. Don't worry if you run across French ancestors who seem to have two last names with the word dit (pronounced “dee”) in the middle, as in Jacques Demet dit Beaulieu. The second surname is called a dit name (dit is French for “called” or “said”). Dit names differentiated branches of a family, making the names handy for keeping track of a large clan. Your ancestor's dit name could be based on locale, a nickname, physical quality or any other characteristic. French genealogy expert Jessica Hacken <arborgenealogy.com says the practice of taking a second surname was more common in French Canada than in France itself. You'll find advice for dealing with dit names at <www.francogene.com/quebec/ditnames.php >; get surname variations and known dit names in the American-French Genealogical Society's database <www.afgs.org/ditnames/index1.html From the July 2008 Family Tree Magazine.	<urn:uuid:1a6c7af6-2f7a-437c-bb6e-2b5dc40627c8>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.familytreemagazine.com/article/take-a-dit-tour	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705559639/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115919-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.889563	257	2.734375	3
The economic debacle of 2008 brought the modern economic system to the brink of total collapse. In fact, there was a brief period of weeks in September and October of 2008 when the most powerful people in the world were unsure what was going to happen. The incredible shock and general mayhen that swept through the market when Lehman Brothers and Fannie and Freddie faced collapse resulted in frenzied selling and fear on a catastrophic level. In response to these dire circumstances, Central Bank leaders around the world joined in a historically unprecedented move of unity as they all slashed short-term interest rates to historically low levels in order to ease credit markets and stimulate interbank lending. Magically, it somehow worked. Ailing financial firms were artificially propped up in the United States through an emergency act of Congress, and record low interest rates proved to keep the economy from utter collapse. In fact, just a few months later in March 2009, the global economy bottomed out and global equity markets began quite a substantial bull run, which has lasted for about two years. Of course, the market is still below pre-2008 levels, but the rebound has been remarkable. The question now is what can the Federal Reserve and regulators do to prevent another economic collapse? Too Big To Fail Most experts agree that the repeal of the Glass Steagall Act in the 90’s was a major contributor to the debacle of 2008. This basically made it possible for banks to operate in both commercial and investment banking industries, which means that commercial banks could suddenly take huge risks with cash on deposit. Regulations have now been passed, however, that give regulators the power to break up firms that are too big to fail. If regulators see that a particular firm is structured in such a way that a collapse of the firm could bring down the entire U.S. economy, then the regulators have power to see that the firm is broken up into separate companies. Congress worked with regulators and the Federal Reserve to pass the largest financial regulatory overhaul in July 2010. In response to the 2008 Crisis, Congress sought to bring greater accountability to the entire financial industry. The 2300 page bill signed into law by President Obama outlines numerous significant changes including how large firms can be liquidated. These regulatory moves to bring stricter financial accountability to banks and other financial firms has not had a dramatic impact on the U.S. dollar yet. By far, the largest influencer of U.S. dollar price movement over the last year has been the Federal Reserve’s decision to move forward with a second round of Quantitative Easing. When the Fed began hinting toward a second round of Treasury security purchases, the U.S. dollar came under strong selling pressure in the EUR USD currency pair, as investors shifted capital out of the low yielding dollar and into the higher yielding euro. From July to November 2010, the U.S. dollar underperformed significantly as the forex market worked to price in QE2. The Federal Reserve and regulators continue to work together to help foster an economic environment that possesses certain safeguards in order to prevent another economic debacle akin to that of 2008.	<urn:uuid:aa5e694f-737b-40bf-9f36-1b840d4ba692>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://moneybol.com/federal-reserve-and-regulators-work-together-for-financial-reform/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368709037764/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125717-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.963516	635	2.75	3
PSE Success Story: Scientists Develop Green Method to Produce Propylene Oxide Propylene oxide is commonly used in the manufacturing of plastics and propylene glycols for paints, household detergents and automotive brake fluids. The current production of propylene oxide creates a significant amount of by-products that are harmful to the environment, including chlorinated or peroxycarboxylic waste, or use expensive reagents, such as hydrogen peroxide. Manufacturers have tried using large silver particles to produce propylene oxide from propylene, but this method suffers from a low selectivity or low conversion to propylene oxide—creating a large amount of carbon dioxide. Argonne researchers discovered that nanoscale clusters of silver, consisting of both three-atom clusters as well as larger nanostructures of 3.5 nanometers in size made of three-atom clusters, are highly active and selective catalysts for the production of propylene oxide. They then modeled the underlying mechanism behind why these ultrasmall nanoparticles of silver were so effective in creating propylene oxide. The researchers discovered that the open shell electronic structure of the silver catalysts was the impetus behind the nanoclusters’ selectivity. Calculated relaxed structure and spin densities of a Ag33 cluster. The optimized “nanohill” geometries are very disordered and suggest that the 2x4nm agglomerated nanoparticles might have core-shell structures. The high-spin states show significant spin density on some surface atoms, which are expected to be more active for propylene epoxidation as on the silver trimers. Argonne scientists identified a new means of producing propylene oxide that is both more environmentally friendly and less expensive than current production methods. The new class of silver-based catalysts can produce the chemical with few by-products at low temperatures. The findings resulted from a highly collaborative team that involved five Argonne divisions and collaborators from the Fritz-Haber-Institut in Berlin and the University of Illinois at Chicago. “Propylene oxide is a building block in the creation of several other industrially relevant chemicals, but the current methods of creating it are not efficient,” said Larry Curtiss, Argonne materials chemist. “The work opens a new chapter in the field of silver as a catalyst for propene epoxidation.” - Scientists Develop Green Method to Produce Propylene Oxide (742 kB pdf)	<urn:uuid:e8d5ce54-1747-47bd-ad4c-03d2053781c9>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://web.anl.gov/pse/Publications/success_stories/archives/2010/propylene_oxide.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368709037764/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125717-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.903675	566	3.546875	4
Six years ago the dominant mantra sounded, “End welfare as we have known it.” Progressive and religious voices, however, challenged this slogan, seeking to replace it with “end poverty as we have known it.” What has the welfare reform legislation of 1996 done to poverty? How could we end poverty as we have known it? Urban Injustice tackles these thorny questions. David Hilfiker, a medical doctor, is no stranger to poverty. He has served for over 18 years in inner-city clinics in Washington, D.C., working at Christ House, a medical recovery center for homeless men, and he cofounded there St. Joseph’s House, a hospice for formerly homeless men dying of AIDS. This book grew out of courses Hilfiker organized over a number of years for the Servant Leadership Program at Washington’s well-known Church of the Savior. The 2000 U.S. Census shows that almost half (46.8 percent) of America’s poor are white; almost a quarter are Hispanic; 6.2 percent are Native American or Asian; just over a quarter (26.2 percent) are African American. Yet, despite these statistics, poverty in the United States has become almost a code word for the inner-city black ghetto, with its crime and drugs. For Hilfiker, the essential causes of American poverty are primarily structural: the paucity of jobs on which one can support a family; inadequate access to health care and child care; meager educational resources in inner cities; the workings of the criminal justice system; and, for African Americans, a painful history of slavery, segregation and discrimination. The U.S. poverty index greatly understates the amount of genuine poverty. Government statistics have reckoned it, for half a century, by taking the cost of a minimally adequate diet and multiplying by three. In official government calculations, the term poverty level usually refers to the amount of money a family of four would need to stay out of poverty. In 2000, that figure was $17,650. Many economists estimate that in reality, a family of four needs to be at 150 percent of the poverty level to survive. For in the past half century, the costs of items in the family budget other than food—utilities, housing, transportation, child care, health insurance—have skyrocketed. Direct cash outlays for welfare never equaled the poverty level. The level of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) is so low that no one can survive on it. Benefits vary from state to state, but the average maximum payment for a family of three in 1999 was $394 per month, $4,728 per year—about a third of the official poverty level. In a state like Alabama, TANF payments to a family of three with no other income are $164 a month, less than a sixth of the official poverty level. Yet TANF represents an improvement, in certain respects, over Aid to Families and Dependent Children, the pre-1996 welfare scheme. A.F.D.C. contained perverse anti-work and anti-marriage provisions. Mothers going to work lost their Medicaid and child care benefits under A.F.D.C. Under TANF, states have greater discretion to fund work supports like transportation and job-training programs. Some states now allow welfare recipients to keep more of their earnings, which makes work more attractive. Under severe five-year maximum time limits, large numbers of recipients of TANF make the transition to work. Yet two-thirds of those who left the touted Wisconsin welfare-to-work program now earn incomes that remain below the official poverty level. Nevertheless, “the combination of earnings and work supports has made low-income children and single mothers (taken as a single group) economically better off than they were under A.F.D.C.” While less poor, they still remain in poverty. Singles, without dependents, are worse off. So are the hard cases who will probably never be able—for mental or substance abuse reasons—to hold steady jobs. Hilfiker is especially sensitive to the causes of poverty in African American inner-city ghettoes. Good-paying blue-collar manufacturing jobs have evaporated. Inner-city black incarceration rates are staggeringly high. Roughly one out of every three black males between 18 and 34 years of age was under the active supervision of the criminal justice system: under arrest, awaiting trial, awaiting sentencing, on probation, in jail or prison, in half-way houses or other mandated programs or on parole. Even black entrepreneurs seem loath to hire ghetto youth or the formerly imprisoned. As a nation, we lack—alas!—not the means but the will to end poverty as we have known it. Our welfare system seems stunningly stingy when compared to all other advanced industrial nations. So it remains true, as the Children’s Defense Fund puts it, that “on any given night 562,000 children go to bed hungry.” Hilfiker’s prescription for ending poverty as we have known it involves one new program: universal health coverage, which, he argues persuasively, would save us as a nation on present health costs and still incorporate the 43 million presently uninsured. The special-interest lobbying of insurance companies, however, makes this unlikely. He would expand three other existing programs: (1) the earned income tax credit, which economists have shown to be the most successful current program for raising families out of poverty; (2) unemployment insurance, which he would expand so that it would dispense enough income to keep the unemployed at least at poverty level; (3) Supplemental Security Insurance for the disabled. Hilfiker notes, “As a physician, I sometimes struggled for years to get examiners at S.S.I. to understand that one or another of my patients was, indeed, disabled.” While he disclaims any great originality for his thesis or data, Hilfiker culls the best of studies on urban poverty and carefully weighs data. The succinct, annotated bibliography at the end of the book is, alone, worth the price. Written in a lively prose, juxtaposing personal experience with social science studies of poverty, Hilfiker gently reminds us of Jesus’ admonition: Let those with eyes to see look and see!	<urn:uuid:6c13e411-4591-4442-8ddf-3daebdf11747>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.americamagazine.org/issue/culture/look-and-see	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368709037764/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125717-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.954766	1,325	2.8125	3
Pedal cars for children first appeared in the late 1880s, when Karl Benz introduced his three-wheel Patent Motorwagen for adults. By the early 1900s, pedal cars were widespread, especially in the United States, England, France, and Australia. One of the first companies to make three-wheel velocipedes for children was Whitney Reed, whose wooden horse pulling a sulky is a classic of the early form—the horse’s jointed legs moved when the operator pushed the pedals. Because automobiles are the main type of pedal toy sought by collectors, pedal toys like the early Whitney Reeds can be surprisingly easy to acquire. Around the same time, Butler Brothers was making “Juvenile Steel Automobiles,” which is how the company described the pedal cars in its catalog. These cars had sheet-steel bodies... Before the war, the Bon Marché in Paris had been selling pedal cars designed after Grand Prix Peugeots. After the war, French toy maker Eureka continued this trend, making pedal cars fashioned after Peugeots, as well as Renaults and the Citroen Rosalie. The U.K.’s Lines Bros offered its customers 30 pedal cars in its 1937/38 catalog, from the basic Prince, which was designed for 2-to-4-year olds, to the Electric Rolls, which had a wooden body and a 12-volt electric motor driving the rear axle. Naturally the car had working brakes and headlights, real Dunlop tires (including a spare), and chrome-plated rims. As for its performance, it could travel 12 to 15 miles on a single charge and had a top speed of 5 mph. The heyday for pedal cars in the United States occurred between the World Wars. For example, pedal cars were fixtures in Sears catalogs. Unfortunately, they could only be sent to customers who lived near railroad tracks because mailing a steel car, even a small one, was simply not possible. Other companies that made pedal cars in the ’20s and ’30s included American National Automobiles of Toledo and Steelcraft of Murray, both based in Ohio. Among other products, Steelcraft made GMC pedal trucks, as well as Mack dumptrucks, Model T Roadsters, Dodge Runabouts, and a Chrysler Roadster, which had bullet-shaped headlights and rubber tires. Steelcraft’s Chrysler was 50-inches long, and could be yours for only $31.50. Today these prices sound cheap, but the toys were not cheaply made. In fact, they were often as lavishly detailed as the real things. The steel was typically enameled to ensure rich colors, while pedals were adjustable to give young drivers a comfortable ride. Like the cars that adults drove, models ranged from economy (Whippet) to luxury (Studebaker). On the better models, steering wheels and other solid parts were custom cast. After World War II, the J-40 (or Junior Forty) made by Lines Bros. in Wales by retired miners and modeled after the 1949 Austin A-40 was probably the most popular pedal car in England. In the 1950s, the company offered 33 pressed-steel-body pedal cars, its heavily chromed Tri-ang Centurian being the top of the line. By the early 1960s, the company experimented with novelty cars such as the Noddy, which was like a small go-kart, but as the decade progressed it reverted back to pedal cars based on real automobiles such as the MG Midget. Pedal cars were also popular in Australia. In fact, they have such a rich history there that the government recently issued a series of toy-theme stamps, including one with a red Cyclops pedal car from 1953. Though based in Australia, many of Cyclops’s pedal car designs were based on U.S. models and manufacturers, from Buick and Chevrolet, to Pontiac and Packard. Interviews & Articles It looks like a Vespa, but... Mork is a recent visitor to Show & Tell, and this visitor's first contribution reads as follow… [more] Everyone is always looking for the next big thing. In the 1960s, it was going into space. In the '40s and '50s, the frontier was t… [more] I got interested in show rods as a boy in the late 1960s. We all built models back then. There was no Nintendo and only three or f… [more] I used to have a huge collection of diecast 1/43rd-scale Dinky Toys, Corgi Toys, and things like that. I had so many that it got t… [more] Ron Sturgeon: I had an automotive repair shop in about 1976 and spent a lot of time repairing Mercedes. About 1979 I decided to st… [more] Best of the Web (“Hall of Fame”) DFW Elite Toy Museum Museum of Childhood Race Car Toys And Automobilia The Show Room VW Toys and Models Other Great Reference Sites Top eBay Auctions Recent News: Pedal Cars Source: Google News Ala man making upscale toy tractors for collectorsGadsden Times, June 18th For example, Turner said he never saw a pedal car when he was a kid in the 1950s, and there wasn't even anywhere to buy one in Gadsden. "We were poor, but I didn't know we were poor," Turner said. "Everyone around me was in the same shape we were ...Read more Small-town Ohio police chief's blunt Facebook style produces 57000 'likes'Syracuse.com (blog), June 18th A photo showed an officer spraying police pedal car that a youngster had brought to the department's fund-raising car wash. Noted Oliver: Matthew, who is at the younger person speech age, wanted his car washed . . . so Officers Pettit, Diehl and...Read more Go-Kart Porsche Pedal CarPursuitist, June 17th Even kids have a need for speed and style. Welcome to the Go-Kart Porsche Pedal Car, designed by the Porsche Design Studio specifically for children ages 5-8 (maximum riding weight is 110 lb). The Porsche Go-Kart features a sturdy metal frame and the ...Read more Junk car inspires pedal car grand prix dreamBournemouth Echo, June 17th CULLED from old tables and various bicycle parts, this is Hamworthy Bike Club's entry in the New Milton Pedal Car Grand Prix. Built over the last few months by the enthusiastic Poole youngsters, helped by adult volunteers, the pedal car will be...Read more Porsche Pedal CarEuropean Car Magazine, June 14th This is either for the father who wants his kids to have the best or who has given up on ever owning the real thing! The latest product from the Porsche Driver's Selection is this pedal car that puts kids from five or older behind the wheel of a...Read more Porsche Brings the Kid Out of Us with $900 Pedal Go-Kart, BMW Targets Race ...Carscoops (blog), June 14th Lacking a driving license shouldn't be a reason not to drive a Porsche, right? This is what the German carmaker thought when it launched the newest item from the Porsche Driver's Selection, a pedal go-kart that can be driven by children from the age of...Read more Pedal car fun in NetheravonSalisbury Journal, May 29th Pedal car fun in Netheravon. 8:13am Wednesday 29th May 2013 in News By Morwenna Blake. Pedal car fun in Netheravon. PEDAL cars raced around Netheravon on Monday in the village's second pedal car grand prix. The event was first held last year as ...Read more Chinese-Canadian family 'Rick Cycles' through Kincardine enroute to VancouverShoreline Beacon, May 21st A Chinese-Canadian trio from London made their way through Kincardine en route to Vancouver on a pedal car, in a journey they expect will take months to cross Canada. Sean Ma, his daughter Sherry and wife Emily Jiang were suited up in rain jackets as ...Read more	<urn:uuid:5a85224c-04aa-4fd4-916b-9c6e9f1a51f0>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.collectorsweekly.com/model-cars/pedal-cars	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368709037764/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125717-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.974481	1,732	3	3
The Timeline Of The Middle Ages By Nelly Created by nellys on Sep 17, 2008 Last updated: 11/16/09 at 04:02 PM Middle Ages Timeline has no followers yet. Be the first one to follow. In Wittenberg Martin Luther posted his 95 theses on the door of the Catholic Church. Martin Luther was concerned about certain practices in the Catholic Church such as the selling of indulgences to free the soul from torture. Martin Luther wrote them because he wanted to correct what he saw in the churchs mistakes. The Sistine Chapel was located in the Vatican City, in Rome. It took a bit over 4 years to paint. It is and was one of Romes most popular chapels maily because of its interior design. John Calvin was born in the 16th century. He was born in Nyon, Switzerland, he studied at the University of Paris where he studied theology. He started Calvinsm which was an approach to the Christian life which drawed attention to the rule of God over all things. Columbus departed on his first voyage from the port of Palos in southern Spain, on August 3, in command of three ships: the Niña, the Pinta and the Santa Maria. Copernicus studying the night sky was how astronomy was invented. If he hadnt started those studies then right now people wouldnt know how to read the night sky. Raphael was born on April 6th in Urbino, Italy. The workshop was located in Florence, Italy. It was the centre of the intellectual currents in Florence. It was where he tought himslef and learnt the things that made him a very smart man. Like he learnt humanities, engineering and how to paint there. The inventor of the Printing Press was Johannes Gutenberg. The Printing Press was a machine that transfers lettering or images by contact with various forms of inked surface onto paper or similar material fed into it in various ways The device is used for printing many copies of a text on paper. Gutenberg was born in the 15 century in Mainz, Germany. The Plague began because these fleas which had a disease clinged onto rats in the Roman Empire and then the ras carried the disease. Since back then rats were common to see on the streets people were in close contact with them so the fleas went onto them and people got the disease. This time during the Empire was called the "Black Death". The Crusades ended because the Pope lost the support of the Lords, who had the power of the wars. Their wars were not successfull in the long run and so it ended with a Peace Declaration. The Crusades were battles that were fought to defend religion. That rule that the Pope can be judged by no one was apart of the Canon Law and since the Pope was the Bishop of the First See there was no one that had the authority to judge him. Therefore no one had the legal right to determine whether or not the Pope had been excluded himself from the Church. William The Conqueror was crowned and during his reign he faught in the Battle of Hastings, he saw change in the English Laws and also he made changes to English vocabulary. William The Conqueror led the Norman side and King Harold II ruled the English side. It took place on the 14th of October. The Battle began when King Edward III died and left no heir in charge, so the council eventually decided that and adult in the council was going to be crowned. Two adults werent happy, Harald Hardrada of Scandinavia and William The Conqueror of Normady so they joined forces,planned and attacked a battle against England to change the King. England was out numbered and weakened by Willliam. The Church split into two when Pope Leo IX and Patriach Michael I they were excluded from the church. There were 5 leaders of the church and one of them was the Pope and he tried to control all the other Metropolitans and they didnt accept so the churchs split up. Charlemagne did amazing things for his empire. He helped them survive through many wars. That is why when he died his empire was very sad. Everyone loved him but the relationship between him and his daughters was awful. He did not want them to marry so they had many affaires with different men. And then one of the daughters had a child even though she wasnt married so when their father died they were banished from the court by their brother. Charlemagne led his empire through countless amount of wars during his reign. He launched a 30-year campaign that conquered and Christianized the unreligious Saxons in the north. The Fall Of Rome happened because the Romans had trade decline, there was less loyalty to their leaders and also the wealthy and emperors were not following the rules of the taxes. The nature also brought the plague and drought to the Roman Empire.	<urn:uuid:39492b6c-cb59-431f-9c97-2a7cb714c61e>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.dipity.com/nellys/Fall_Of_Rome_Timeline/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368709037764/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125717-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.992326	1,008	3.140625	3
Although Turkey late last year indicated its concern about the threat of ballistic missiles by agreeing to host part of NATO's new missile defense shield, Ankara now appears to be moving past this defensive posture towards something more robust. As Today's Zaman recently reported, officials in Ankara have said that Turkey will soon start developing its own ballistic missiles. From TZ's article: According to information acquired by Today’s Zaman from sources within the Defense Ministry, Ankara will produce its own ballistic missile system to avert any threat directed against Turkish national security. The decision was taken in a recent meeting of the Defense Industry Executive Committee led by Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan on July 17.... ....Officials underlined that it is an imperative and necessity for Turkey to produce and develop such missiles to maintain its deterrent capability and to feel safe in an insecure environment. The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) is now developing a missile called an SOM with a range of 300 kilometers. This will be a first step towards developing a ballistic missile with a range of 2,500 kilometers. Unlike other types of missiles, ballistic missiles can fly beyond the Earth’s atmosphere as they don’t burn oxygen, meeting no air resistance. A ballistic missile spends most of its flight in space. After the lunch, the missile arches up from one point and lands at another point. It is difficult to detect a ballistic missile on radar and harder to intercept a ballistic missile than a conventional one. The title of being the birthplace of wine is a contested one, with Georgia, Armenia, Turkey and even Azerbaijan all vying for it. But now Georgia can at least claim that it is officially the "cradle of wine." As the all-things-Georgian-wine blog Hvino News reports, the European Union has just awarded Georgia the exclusive right to sell wine within its territory with the tagline "Georgia - the Cradle of Wine." From Hvino's dispatch: According to "Sakstat" (Georgia's statistical institution), until 2011 this brand has belonged to a British company. The new registration allows Georgia to ban any other company using the name without permission. Use of the brand "Cradle of Wine" is supposed to help promote Georgia as the oldest wine-producing country. But even before Georgians had a chance to raise a celebratory glass, the Financial Times weighed in on the question of Tbilisi's plan to label every bottle of wine with the now exclusive slogan, calling the victory in Brussels a "mixed blessing": Emphasising its rich heritage is the obvious way for Georgian wine to make its mark in a highly competitive global market. But some consumers may more readily associate cradles with babies or bottle racks than the history of the Alazani Valley. The continuing violence and bloodshed in Syria may be troubling, but for Ankara, the real worry right now is actually about what's happening in the place where things are quiet, across the border in Syria's Kurdish region, where the Assad regime has now ceded control to local militias as it tries to consolidate its forces in order to protect Aleppo and Damascus from rebel forces. With a Kurdish autonomous region already well established in northern Iraq, a nascent Kurdish autonomous region now in Syria and with its own Kurds increasingly making autonomy part of their demands, Turkey is now confronting what has long been one of the country's biggest fears: the rise of, as columnist Mehmet Ali Birand recently put it, the "mega Kurdish state." While ramen instant noodle might be an ubiquitous presence on supermarket shelves around the world, there's one country that has yet to discover the budget dish's delights: Turkey. But that is about to change. As the Wall Street Journal's Japan edition reports, Nissin Foods, the Japanese maker of the instant noodles that have been a lifesaver for students around the world, is preparing to invade the Turkish market. From the WSJ: On Tuesday, Nissin said it will spend $23.5 million to buy a 50% stake in pasta maker Bellini Gida Sanayi A.S. from Turkey’s biggest consumer product maker Yildiz Holdings A.S. In Turkey, homemade dishes are popular and there’s no market for instant noodles. But Nissin is banking that Turkey’s rapid economic growth will start pushing busy workers to simplify their meals. One of the attractive points of the Turkish market is that its population is expected to grow 1 million per year by the year 2030 from the current 75 million. The nation’s per capita gross domestic product also exceeds $10,000, suggesting it has high growth potential. Another promising factor is that the market’s average age is 28 compared with Nissin’s home market of Japan where the largest segment of the population is in their 60s. Nissin expects annual demand in Turkey will quickly grow to more than 1 billion instant noodle bowls within five to ten years, compared with 5.5 billion bowls in Japan. In Turkey and other predominantly-Muslim countries, iftar -- the nightly meal that breaks the Ramadan fast -- has gone from being a humble affair based around dates, soup and some freshly baked bread to something much more elaborate (at least for those who can afford it). These days, hosting lavish iftar dinners has become a way for people to make a statement, either social, economic or -- as in the case when Israel's ambassador was pointedly not invited to a 2010 iftar hosted by Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan -- political. (Update - This year its appears both the Israeli and Syrian envoys were not invited to Erdogan's iftar.) Here's how I described this trend in an article I wrote for the Christian Science Monitor in 2008, when I visited a large iftar dinner that was being hosted at a ballroom in Istanbul's swank Bosphorus-side Ciragan Palace hotel: On a recent night, some 700 guests of a discount supermarket chain were seated at candlelit tables as a five-piece band played traditional Turkish music and a swarm of waiters in crimson-colored tuxedo jackets brought them plates of roast lamb. "For a company to have iftar here is a kind of statement," says Ulku Karadaglilar, an executive at the Ciragan. "It's like 'Where did you have your wedding or your gala event?' They only have one chance to do it all year, so they want the best." It's been a given for quite some time now in Turkey that charismatic Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan's next political act will be that of serving as the country's president, albeit only after influencing the legislative process so that the office becomes a more powerful one, akin to that of the American or French executive. Short of retirement, moving over to the presidential palace is the only move Erdogan could make, since the bylaws of his Justice and Development Party (AKP) prevent members from being elected to parliament for more than three terms and the PM is currently serving his third. With what will be Turkey's first direct presidential elections (up until now the choice has been made by parliamentary vote) set for 2014, there are indications that Erdogan's plans are becoming clearer. From a recent report in The National: Mr Erdogan has not said publicly whether he wants to become president, but Huseyin Besli, one of his closest advisers, told a television interviewer last month that "Erdogan will be president in 2014". The fact that Mr Erdogan has called on a parliamentary committee working on a new constitution to give the president new executive powers is also seen by political observers as an indication that he will seek the position. Although Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan brought his energy minister along on a one-day visit July 18 to Moscow, it’s safe to assume that rather than oil and gas prices, the question of how to resolve the crisis in Syria dominated the discussion between Erdogan and his Russian counterpart, Vladimir Putin. In a previous post, Kebabistan reported on how in order to protest rising food prices in Iran (the result of the western-led sanctions against the country), shoppers recently participated in a "spontaneous" three-day boycott of grocery stores and bakeries. The issue of the cost of food has clearly caught the attention of the Iranian authorities, particularly, it appears, regarding chicken, a staple of Persian cuisine whose price has skyrocketed in recent months, making it unaffordable for many average Iranians. The solution being offered by one official? Not to make more chickens available, but to make them invisible. Reports RFE/RL's Golnaz Esfandiari: Chickens and their rising cost could soon join the list of censored topics in Iran. Over the weekend, police chief Esmail Ahmadi Moghadam criticized state-controlled television for broadcasting images of people eating chicken. He suggested such footage could spur the underprivileged to revolt against affluent Iranians. “Films are now the vitrine of the society, and some individuals witnessing this class gap might say, ‘We will take knives and take our rights from the rich,'” Ahmadi Moghadam warned during a July 14 press conference by law-enforcement officials. In Iran, the government fixes the price of chicken at a point lower than the market rate, which has risen by some 60 percent since last year, presumably as a result of inflation and unprecedented tough Western sanctions imposed on Tehran for its controversial nuclear program. Nowadays Iranians pay as much as $5 for a kilogram of chicken. Pre-sanctions prices hovered around $2. Ankara's already strained relations with Baghdad have taken yet another turn for the worse thanks to a recent deal signed between the Turkish government and the Kurdistan Regional Government in northern Iraq to export oil and gas from that region to Turkey. Reports the Associated Press: The agreement envisions the Kurdish region exporting not only oil but natural gas through a web of pipelines through Turkish territory to the international market. "Exporting oil from the Kurdistan region to Turkey is illegal and illegitimate," Iraqi government spokesman Ali al-Dabbagh said in a statement. "The oil and gas are the property of all Iraqis and those exports and revenues must be managed by the federal government which represents all Iraqis," al-Dabbagh added. He accused Ankara of "participating in the smuggling of Iraqi oil ... and this issue will affect the relations between the two countries, especially the economic ones." Metropolitan Timotheos Samuel Aktas of the Tur Abdin region A court ruling that allows the state treasury to seize a large chunk of the land belonging to an ancient Assyrian monastery in southeastern Turkey is being described by critics of the decision as a major setback for Ankara's efforts to reform the way non-Muslims and their property are treated in the country. The ruling, by the Supreme Court of Appeals in Ankara, allows for close to sixty percent of the land belong to the centuries-old Mor Gabriel monastery to be expropriated by the state, on the grounds that the property belongs to the treasury rather than to the monastery, which has been in existence since the year 397 and has been a major center for Assyrian Christians since that time. The Bianet website has a quick rundown of the case:	<urn:uuid:c39745b9-ceb8-4179-84b0-6277213ae6f8>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.eurasianet.org/taxonomy/term/2322?page=11	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368709037764/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125717-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.962968	2,333	2.5625	3
Clinical Trials for Halitosis Clinical trials are research studies conducted in an effort to improve overall patient health and care. Each trial involves running supervised tests to determine the effectiveness and safety of new drugs, procedures and/or devices with the aim of answering scientific questions about a disease or condition. Risks and side-effects are also evaluated during these trials with results ranging from being unpleasant, with side effects such as headaches, to more serious or even life-threatening risks. A clinical trial may be separated into phases, or steps, with each step designed to answer a separate research question. This maybe reflected in the trial name. A brief description of each phase: - Phase I: Usually designed to evaluate safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects on a small group of patients. - Phase II: If Phase I is successful, the trial is then repeated with a larger group to further evaluate its effect and safety. - Phase III: Trials are conducted on an ever larger group and are compared with the best current treatment while gathering more information on effect and safety. - Phase IV: These studies monitor long-term side effects after the treatment has been marketed. Clinical Trials data for Halitosis is grouped into the following categories:- The format for each of the following is: - The name of the trial, - followed by whether the trial is recruiting patients, - The trial may not have started and not yet recruiting, or the trial may have started and do not need any more recruitements, or the trial may be completed. - Note**: Please follow the link to determine the current trial status. - followed by a list of drug/s, if any, used in the trial ClinicalTrials.gov has listed the following trials for Halitosis: The trial data on this page has been sourced from	<urn:uuid:2cf55c9c-497b-4a8f-a58c-bac541eaa428>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/h/halitosis/trials.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368709037764/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125717-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.944818	386	2.734375	3
\|Category\|\|Postal administration unit\| \|Found in\|\|Postcode areas\| \|Number\|\|~1,500 (as of 2013)\| A post town is a required part of all postal addresses in the United Kingdom, and a basic unit of the postal delivery system.1 Including the correct post town in the address increases the chances of a letter or parcel being delivered on time. Post towns are usually based upon the location of delivery offices. Currently their main function is to distinguish between locality or street names in addresses not including a postcode.2 There are approximately 1,500 post towns which are organised at the convenience of the Royal Mail. Each post town usually corresponds to one or more postal districts and each post town can cover an area including many individual towns and villages. Post towns rarely correspond to political boundaries and often group places that for all other purposes are quite separate. In some places several post towns correspond to a single postal district with each post town covering one or more postcode sectors. There are anomalous examples where post towns and postcodes do not coincide. For example, the postcode sector EH14 5 is within three post towns: Juniper Green, Currie and Balerno, while Balerno is also within other sectors, such as EH14 7. The Royal Mail states that the post town must be included on all items and should be printed in capitals.3 - 1 Vallance Road - E2 1AA The system means that some addresses will have post towns that correspond to a place nearby, or cover a very large area. The use of postcodes means that it is no longer necessary to include the former postal county in a postal address. Some post towns, known as special post towns, never required the inclusion of a postal county, either because the town was large or because it gave its name to the county. In some places, additional locality information such as a village or suburb name is added above the post town giving a more specific location. Where this is a required part of the official postal address, Royal Mail terms this the "dependent locality". In a limited number of places a "double dependent locality" line is also required, preceding the dependent locality line. Locality information other than the post town is not always part of the official postal address. In particular, within the London post town, each postcode district name corresponds to a numbered postcode district and is therefore not required in the postal address if the postcode is present. For example, "Bethnal Green" is the name of the "E2" postcode district and is optional in the following address: - 1 Vallance Road - Bethnal Green - E2 1AA If no valid postcode is provided, or if the sorting machine rejects the letter, the use of optional locality or county information may assist manual sorting. Whether optional or part of the official postal address, locality details help to relate postal addresses to local placenames. In the absence of a full valid postcode, they may prevent ambiguity where there is more than one street with the same name covered by a post town or postcode district, or where post towns in different counties have the same name. Traditionally, where a place such as a village was served by a post town entirely distinct from its location, the word "Via" or "Near" ("Nr.") was added before the post town. For example: - 1 High Street - Via London - E4 1AA However, the Royal Mail discourages this usage1 because their optical character recognition technology and Mailsort lookup tables check for the post town at the beginning of a line if the postcode is missing, unreadable or incorrect. Additionally, "Near" and "Nr." can be confused with "North". Post town names are unique within each former postal county and each postcode area. But across the UK, some post towns have identical or similar names. For Mailsort purposes, post towns in unpostcoded addresses can be pre-sorted only if the first 10 characters of the post town name correspond unambiguously to only one post town. In addition, the following post towns cover such large locations or have shared sorting routes that the town name is insufficient for determining the relevant delivery area without reference to the postcode or further locality information: - BARNSLEY (S) - BELFAST (BT) - BIRMINGHAM (B) - CARDIFF (CF) - CHESTERFIELD (S) - GLASGOW (G) - LEEDS (LS) - LONDON (E, EC, N, NW, SE, SW, W, WC) - MANCHESTER (M) - MANSFIELD (NG) - NOTTINGHAM (NG) - REDDITCH (B) - SALFORD (M) - SHEFFIELD (S) - Royal Mail, Address Management Guide, (2004) - "REVIEW OF ROYAL MAIL’S LICENCE CONDITION 20 – POSTCODE ADDRESS FILE CODE OF PRACTICE: A DECISION DOCUMENT". Postcomm. March 2004. Retrieved 13 December 2009. - "Addressing your mail". Royal Mail. Retrieved October 25, 2012.	<urn:uuid:b15806a8-6334-4a34-9f1d-ebb4a42aae4c>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.territorioscuola.com/wikipedia/en.wikipedia.php?title=Post_town	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368709037764/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125717-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.933387	1,101	2.734375	3
MAILADDR(7) Linux User's Manual MAILADDR(7) NAME mailaddr - mail addressing description DESCRIPTION This manual page gives a brief introduction to SMTP mail addresses, as used on the Internet. These addresses are in the general format user@domain where a domain is a hierarchical dot-separated list of subdomains. These examples are valid forms of the same address: email@example.com Eric Allman <firstname.lastname@example.org> email@example.com (Eric Allman) The domain part ("monet.berkeley.edu") is a mail-accepting domain. It can be a host and in the past it usually was, but it doesn't have to be. The domain part is not case sensitive. The local part ("eric") is often a username, but its meaning is defined by the local software. Sometimes it is case sensitive, although that is unusual. If you see a local-part that looks like garbage, it is usually because of a gateway between an internal e-mail system and the net, here are some examples: "surname/admd=telemail/c=us/o=hp/prmd=hp"@some.where USER%SOMETHING@some.where firstname.lastname@example.org I2461572@some.where (These are, respectively, an X.400 gateway, a gateway to an arbitrary internal mail system that lacks proper internet support, an UUCP gateway, and the last one is just boring username policy.) The real-name part ("Eric Allman") can either be placed before <>, or in () at the end. (Strictly speaking the two aren't the same, but the difference is beyond the scope of this page.) The name may have to be quoted using "", for example, if it contains ".": "Eric P. Allman" <email@example.com> Abbreviation. Many mail systems let users abbreviate the domain name. For instance, users at berkeley.edu may get away with "eric@monet" to send mail to Eric Allman. This behavior is deprecated. Sometimes it works, but you should not depend on it. Route-addrs. In the past, sometimes one had to route a message through several hosts to get it to its final destination. Addresses which show these relays are termed "route-addrs". These use the syntax: <@hosta,@hostb:user@hostc> This specifies that the message should be sent to hosta, from there to hostb, and finally to hostc. Many hosts disregard route-addrs and send directly to hostc. Route-addrs are very unusual now. They occur sometimes in old mail archives. It is generally possible to ignore all but the "user@hostc" part of the address to determine the actual address. Postmaster. Every site is required to have a user or user alias designated "postmaster" to which problems with the mail system may be addressed. The "postmaster" address is not case sensitive. FILES /etc/aliases ~/.forward SEE ALSO binmail(1), mail(1), mconnect(1), aliases(5), forward(5), sendmail(8), vrfy(8) RFC 2822 (Internet Message Format) COLOPHON This page is part of release 3.27 of the Linux man-pages project. A description of the project, and information about reporting bugs, can be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/. 4.2 Berkeley Distribution 2004-09-15 MAILADDR(7) Generated by dwww version 1.11.3 on Mon May 20 14:21:08 CEST 2013.	<urn:uuid:6dfc3ae0-3235-4941-a106-2fb273a70bee>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://hep.itp.tuwien.ac.at/cgi-bin/dwww?type=runman&location=mailaddr/7	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698924319/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516100844-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.875226	804	3.484375	3
This follow up to our previous series continues debunking even more supposed contradictions in the Bible. The book of Leviticus discusses many of the sacrifices performed by the Levitical priests. In some places, it seems to claim that a particular offering could remove sins. And he shall do with the bull as he did with the bull as a sin offering; thus he shall do with it. So the priest shall make atonement for them, and it shall be forgiven them. (Leviticus 4:20) Yet the book of Hebrews explicitly states that animal blood could not take away sins. For it is not possible that the blood of bulls and goats could take away sins. (Hebrews 10:4) This is fairly simple to resolve. Nowhere in the Old Testament is it ever claimed that sins were “taken away” (i.e., completely removed) by animal sacrifices. The root of the Hebrew word translated “atonement” in the Old Testament is kaphar, which has the idea of “covering,” not total removal. This word is also used to refer to how Noah’s ark was to be covered with pitch. Make yourself an ark of gopherwood; make rooms in the ark, and cover it inside and outside with pitch. (Genesis 6:14, emphasis added) Tens of thousands of animals were ceremonially slaughtered by Jewish priests for centuries, the spilling of their blood vividly illustrated the deadly seriousness of sin. However, these sacrifices were essentially like a bandage, only acting as a covering for sin. They did not, and could not, remove sin, as Hebrews 10:4 clearly states. They also pointed forward in time to the only One that could remove sin—Jesus Christ who shed His precious blood to accomplish that purpose. By that will we have been sanctified through the offering of the body of Jesus Christ once for all. And every priest stands ministering daily and offering repeatedly the same sacrifices, which can never take away sins. But this Man, after He had offered one sacrifice for sins forever, sat down at the right hand of God. (Hebrews 10:10–12) The phrase “take away” in verse 11 is translated from the Greek root periaireo, which does convey the idea of removal. This is consistent with the use of “atonement” in the Old Testament, as the Levitical sacrifices foreshadowed the final sacrifice of Christ. Animal sacrifices could only cover sins; they could not remove them. The passage from Hebrews 10 draws a contrast between the animal sacrifices and Christ’s sacrifice. The former could never take away sins, but when Christ shed his own blood, it was a once and for all sacrifice that removes sins. In this alleged contradiction, the solution is found by simply understanding the context and the proper meanings of the words employed within the text. Help keep these daily articles coming. Support AiG. “Now that I have updated, revised, and expanded The Lie, I believe it’s an even more powerful, eyeopening book for the church—an essential resource to help all of us to understand the great delusion that permeates our world! The message of The Lie IS the message of AiG and why we even exist! It IS the message God has laid on our hearts to bring before the church! It IS a vital message for our time.” – Ken Ham, president and founder of AiG–U.S. Answers magazine is the Bible-affirming, creation-based magazine from Answers in Genesis. In it you will find fascinating content and stunning photographs that present creation and worldview articles along with relevant cultural topics. Each quarterly issue includes a detachable chart, a pullout children’s magazine, a unique animal highlight, excellent layman and semi-technical articles, plus bonus content. Why wait? Subscribe today and get a FREE DVD download!	<urn:uuid:0b18b2f5-4001-48c6-9a8c-9c3d92b46aa6>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/2012/06/05/contradictions-animal-sacrifices-remove-sins	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698924319/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516100844-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.957368	827	2.59375	3
Lesson Plans and Worksheets Browse by Subject Alaska Teacher Resources Find teacher approved Alaska educational resource ideas and activities Make connections with past history and current events with this critical thinking exercise. Kids read background information relating to Alaska's statehood as well as information on oil drilling and Alaska's economy. They put it all together to answer several critical thinking and opinion-based questions. Ask your young researchers to create a state brochure by working together to research Alaska and then use facts they have learned from the novel Woodsong to create a travel brochure about Alaska. Pupils must include a bibliography and use exciting and interesting language. Tip: This is a great intro for state reports. In this books activity, students complete seven multiple choice questions about the book, "Alaska." These questions contain concepts such as choosing the correct author, who published the book, when it was on the New York Times best seller list, popularity of other books at the same time, and more. Students examine the benefits and the challenges Alaska has presented to the United States. They research what the government and the people of the United States considered at the time of the purchase of Alaska in order to debate the issue. For the debate, they assume roles of actual public figures from the period. Students explore the unique population of Alaska. In this Native people of Alaska lesson plan, students discover the three groups of people who live in Alaska. Students describe the similiarities and differences between the three groups. Students also design their own Native art. High schoolers discover the contributions of 3 Alaskan leaders. In this Alaska history lesson, students research the leaders Nathaniel Bowditch, Ki'ianaa'ahu'ula, and Elizabeth Peratrovich. High schoolers present their findings through drama and discuss how they can apply the leadership skills each of the leaders possessed to their own lives. Students read about the creation of a football program at a small-town school in Alaska. In this current events lesson, the teacher introduces the article with a map and vocabulary activity, then students read the news report and participate in a think-pair-share discussion. Lesson includes interdisciplinary follow-up activities.	<urn:uuid:c2f7572c-dcc2-4a2c-8c7c-eeb2f0c5fea2>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.lessonplanet.com/lesson-plans/alaska	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698924319/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516100844-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.933425	450	4.1875	4
Native American Heritage Month: Recommended Reading How to celebrate Native American Heritage Month? One of the best ways is simply by reading. There are so many books out there about American Indians, but figuring out which ones can best inform us about Native American history and heritage is no small task. Many books about Indians are academic, written by college professors looking to get their doctorates, and appropriately dry as a result. Moreover they tend to focus on how Indians have fared under U.S. stewardship over the centuries rather than explore the rich heritage that existed on Turtle Island before the first settlers, and smallpox, arrived. Still more books have been published about various aspects of life since this country was created. But most Native history lies outside that narrow band of existence. The books listed here serve as a broad overview for Natives and non-Natives alike, giving a bit of ancient history, post-colonial history and a snapshot of modern-day life. For a good overview of how all the nations, both in North America and South America, used to live, contrasted with how they fared after contact, one can start with Charles C. Mann’s twin volumes, 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus (Knopf, 2005) and 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created (Knopf, 2011). American Indians, of course, do not need to be reminded of the rich heritage that greeted Christopher Columbus and his ilk when they first touched these shores. Likewise, the cultural devastation that followed isn’t news. But the two books serve to give the many nations that inhabit Turtle Island an overview of all the cultures that coexisted here, and their history, while providing new perspective for a wider audience as well, enabling understanding beyond Indian country. “You wouldn’t think there was another revelatory, perspective-shifting book to be gotten out of the arrival of Columbus in the New World, but 1493 is just that,” Time magazine said in naming it the best nonfiction book of 2011. “With immense energy and curiosity, Mann chronicles what amounts to the birth of a truly global ecosphere struggling to find a new equilibrium. It was a bloody birth. These forces were hugely powerful historical actors, and every trade turned out to be a trade-off too.” For a more detailed look at events shaping pre-contact Turtle Island, This Day in North American Indian History: Important Dates in the History of North America’s Native Peoples for Every Calendar Day (Da Capo Press, 2002) by Phil Konstantin also provides an overview, detailing more than 5,000 events important to North America’s Native peoples from 715 a.d. to the present. Then there is the retooling, the books that remind us not of what was lost but of what survived, often in surprising ways. Rethinking Columbus: The Next 500 Years (Rethinking Schools Ltd., 1998) by Bill Bigelow turns notions of life at Columbus’s arrival on their head. Bonus: It is also among the books banned in Arizona schools earlier this year after the Tucson Unified School District School Board voted to eliminate so-called ethnic education. As overlooked and forgotten as the sophisticated history of American Indians often is, so too are the contributions that Indigenous Peoples made to the formation of what is today the United States, and beyond. Indian Givers: How the Indians of the Americas Transformed the World (Crown Publishers, 1988) by Jack Weatherford, is a key volume reminding us of all the things we take for granted that are actually Native inventions. Along political lines, Forgotten Founders: How the American Indian Helped Shape Democracy by Bruce Johansen (Harvard Common Press, 1982) details the Great Law of Peace and the role it played in forming the U.S. Constitution. Putting the finishing touches on Heritage 101 are books dispelling the stereotypes that surprisingly persist to this day. One such title is Everything You Wanted to Know About Indians But Were Afraid to Ask, by Anton Treuer (Borealis Books, 2012), a Q&A-style book that sets the record straight. Another myth buster is Do All Indians Live in Tipis? Questions and Answers from the National Museum of the American Indian (Harper Perennials, 2007), another straightforward Q&A. The perfect juxtaposition of old and new can be found in modern-day accounts of how Indians are living in two worlds. A prime example is the standout memoir by David Treuer, Rez Life: An Indian’s Journey Through Reservation Life (Atlantic Monthly Press, 2012) which speaks to what many modern-day Indians, Ojibwe like him or not, go through. (Read an excerpt here and a profile of the author here.) Taken together, these books form the perfect primer, putting readers on the road to understanding what Native American heritage is all about.	<urn:uuid:bbb11f30-f020-487c-a51e-f9d5418d5e30>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/article/native-american-heritage-month:-recommended-reading-145495	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702810651/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516111330-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.931419	1,016	3.171875	3
Donskoy Monastery (Moscow) Donskoy Monastery, (Russian: Донско́й монасты́рь), is monastery of the Church of Russia in the city of Moscow. Located on the southern approaches to the Moscow Kremlin, the monastery is one of a series of fortified monasteries that protected Moscow from raiding nomads during the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. In 1591, Boris Godunov caused the building of a cathedral and a small monastery honoring Theophan the Greek’s icon Our Lady of the Don that had inspired his army in defending Moscow from attacks by the Khan Kazy-Girey led Crimean Tatars. By tradition the icon had received its name from its use to inspire the forces of Grand Prince of Vladimir, who was also the Prince of Moscow, Dmitri Ivanovich, in his defeat of the Tatars in the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380, a victory for which he received the surname of Donskoy. The cathedral, now referred to as the Old Cathedral, was completed in 1593. At first the monastery numbered only a few monks and was an appendage of the Andronikov Monastery. The monastery was overrun by Polish forces during the Time of Troubles and abandoned temporarily in the early seventeenth century . By mid-seventeenth century restoration of the monastery was underway. It was later in the century that it was enlarged and strengthen by the Regent Sophia when the monastery was needed to fend off marauding Tatars. In 1683, the abbot of the monastery was elevated to the rank of archimandrite. Construction of the New (Great) Cathedral, in a style reminiscent of that used in the Ukraine, was begun 1684 by masons and artisans from Ukraine. A sixteenth century, a copy of the Lady of the Don icon became the center piece of the eight tiered carved iconostasis. Between 1782 and 1785, the frescos in the cathedral were painted by the Italian, Antonio Claudio, the first frescos in Moscow painted by a foreigner. Between 1686 and 1711, during the time of construction of the new cathedral, the walls around the monastery were also rebuilt, in the Moscow Baroque style. The high crenellated red walls that were erected around the Donskoy Monastery resemble the walls of Novodevichy Monastery that also incorporated twelve towers and a gate-church dedicated to the Tikhvin Virgin. The year 1771 bought riots to Moscow as the plague ravaged the city and its environs. Ambrosius, the Metropolitan of Moscow, was caught up in the riots and fled to Donskoy Monastery where the enraged crowd cornered him and bludgeoned him to death. Another fallout of the plague and the death of Metr. Ambrosius was Catherine II’s edict banning cemeteries within the limits of the city. This led to the establishment of seven cemeteries around the city, with one at Donskoy Monastery. The Donskoy cemetery became one of the most prestigious in Moscow as the great families of the city came to use the cemetery. Among these families the princely Golitsyn and Zubov families built on the monastery grounds their private chapels, the Alexander Svirsky Church and the Archangel Church respectively. During the capture of Moscow by Napoleon in 1812, the French army ransacked the monasteries, including the Donskoy, although the most of its valuable property had been moved earlier to Vologda. After the October Revolution in 1917, the monastery closed by the Bolsheviks. Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow resided in the monastery during his detention in 1923 and 1924. Afterward Patr. Tikhon chose to stay in the monastery during his last years before his death on April 7, 1925. He was buried within the monastery in an unmarked grave. During the following years of the 1920s and 1930s the monastery was used as part of a museum of architecture for storage of sculptures and ornaments from destroyed churches. In 1946, religious services were again allowed in the Old Cathedral, but it wasn’t until 1992 that the monastery was returned to the Church of Russia. During the post-Soviet era the monastery cemetery has been the site of a number notable burials associated with anti-Soviet partisans. Alexander Solzhenitsyn was interred in the cemetery on August 6, 2008. General Vladimir Kappel, a leader in the White Army during the Russian Civil War was reburied in the cemetery on January 13, 2007, from a grave in Harbin, China. Others reburied from the Civil War era were General Anton Denikin and anti-communist philosopher Ivan Alexandrovich Il’in.	<urn:uuid:eefe0a4d-74e4-4bde-98da-c1c729771fa5>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Donskoy_Monastery_(Moscow)&oldid=86179	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702810651/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516111330-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.979161	1,006	3.265625	3
BARCELONA — He recently circumnavigated the globe in his solar-powered boat, but Raphaël Domjan’s mission is far from over. “The goal was not to go around the world, but to spread the message that we can change, that it is not too late,” he said in an interview in Barcelona, where he participated in the Global Clean Energy Forum. During the 585-day, 60,000-kilometer journey, described by my colleague Bettina Wassener in May, Mr. Domjan and his crew were subjected to all the rigors of an around-the-world sailing trip, except that lack of sun was the most daunting problem — not lack of wind. Mr. Domjan conceived of the €15 million, or $19 million, project not to conquer the oceans, but to make a global audience aware of a global problem. On dry land, Mr. Domjan is continuing his advocacy work for his SolarPlanet Foundation. “Now we have to spread the message, it is much easier to communicate with the people when you have this kind of project,” he said about his support for renewable and clean energy sources. “Before we arrived in Monaco, it was all just talk,” he said, referring to his port of departure. Because the boat is light and close to the water, minimizing the effects of wind, the 31-meter, or 102-foot, vessel could be powered with little more horsepower than a common scooter has, Mr. Domjan said. A specialized navigation system taking tides, currents, wind and waves into account helped him and his crew chart a path that would tax the engines as little as possible. Mr. Domjan said the craft’s solar panels, storage batteries and computer systems gave him no trouble, but more conventional technologies — like onboard showers, toilets and the ship’s propellers — repeatedly broke down during the 19-month journey. “The clean tech today is working better than the grandfather technology,” he said. At one point, he said, he made a 500-kilometer, or 310-mile, detour to help a fishing vessel in distress. “With our solar boat we rescued a regular boat,” he said. His vessel, named Turanor PlanetSolar after a Tolkien-invented word for “power of the sun,” is now sitting in the French Mediterranean port city of La Ciotat waiting for its next mission. The ship’s owner is hoping that it will have a second, more commercial life, Mr. Domjan said. A book and a documentary film chronicling the journey are set to be released by the end of the year. Currently, Mr. Domjan and his foundation are working on bringing a solar-powered boat to Lake Titicaca, on the border of Peru and Bolivia. He says that boat — a much smaller version of the one he sailed the oceans with — will be the first solar-powered vessel to ply the waters of the famed high-altitude lake. “You can achieve amazing things with solar and renewable energies,” he said.	<urn:uuid:e5b6db46-7b31-4a52-b119-109a1714cba4>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://rendezvous.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/03/championing-solar-power-on-land-and-sea/?emc=rss	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702810651/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516111330-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.96881	667	2.578125	3
Alcohol and cancer: the evidence This page explains how we know that alcohol causes cancer. There is an overview of the scientific evidence and further links so you can find out more if you wish. A note about measurements There are a variety of measurements in use when it comes to alcohol. Government advice officially relates to units. Researchers tend to classify people by how many grams of alcohol they drink. And the amount of alcohol in 'a drink' depends on both how high the alcohol content of the beverage is and the volume you pour. On the other pages about alcohol, we have tried to only refer to drinks (e.g. 175ml wine or a pint of beer). Because this page also includes information on how the risk of cancer changes with the amount people drink, we have also given information on the grams or units of alcohol. Or you can use the information below to help you convert between the different measurements. - 1 unit of alcohol contains 8g of alcohol, which is equivalent to 10ml of pure alcohol - 10g of alcohol is equivalent to 1.25 units - 12.5g of alcohol is equivalent to 1.56 units and is often defined as the amount in 1 drink by researchers. Of course, drinks of different sizes and strengths have different amounts of alcohol in them, and you can find more examples here. On this page - Alcohol is one of the most well-established causes of cancer - Alcohol increases the risk of mouth, throat, voice box and foodpipe cancers - Alcohol increases the risk of breast cancer - Alcohol increases the risk of liver cancer - Alcohol increases the risk of bowel cancer - Alcohol could cause cancer in many ways The International Agency for Research into Cancer (IARC; part of the World Health Organisation) has classified alcohol as a Group 1 carcinogen since 1988. 1 IARC's rulings are the gold standard in terms of determining if something causes cancer, and Group 1 is their highest risk category. It means that there is convincing evidence that alcohol causes cancer in humans. More recent reviews by IARC and other agencies have also concluded that drinking alcohol causes cancer. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 A study published in 2011 found that alcohol is responsible for around 4% of UK cancers, about 12,500 cases per year. 7 One review found that people having 4 or more drinks (where one drink has around 1.5 units of alcohol) a day had about 5 times the risk of mouth and pharynx cancers compared to people who never drank or drank only occasionally. And the same review also found that even lighter drinkers of no more than 1 drink a day had a 20% higher risk.9 Even small amounts of alcohol can increase the risk of breast cancer. A review of the evidence in 2012 concluded that having 1 drink a day (around 1.5 units) could increase the risk of breast cancer by 5%. 10 And the risk increases the more a woman drinks, several studies have found that each additional 10g of alcohol drunk a day increases the risk by about 7 - 10%. 11, 12, 13 Alcohol is one of the main risk factors for liver cancer. 14 Heavy drinking can lead to cirrhosis, a condition where the liver is repeatedly damaged and scar tissue builds up. Cirrhosis increases the risk of liver cancer. And alcohol aggravates the risk of liver cancer in people with hepatitis B or C infections who are already at higher risk. People with these infections should avoid alcohol, as even small amounts could damage their livers. 15 Studies have shown that alcohol can increase the risk of bowel cancer. 8, 16 Even fairly small amounts can have an effect, the EPIC study found that for every 2 units a person drinks each day (less than a pint of premium lager or large glass of wine) their risk of bowel cancer goes up by 9%. 17 At the moment, we are not entirely sure how alcohol acts to cause different types of cancer but there are several theories with good evidence. It is likely that alcohol causes different types of cancer in different ways. 18 The theory with the strongest evidence is related to how our bodies process alcohol. It is converted into another chemical called acetaldehyde, which is the substance behind hangovers. And acetaldehyde can also cause cancer by damaging our DNA and preventing it from being repaired. 19 The International Agency for Research into Cancer (IARC) classes acetaldehyde associated with drinking alcohol as a Group 1 substance, which means it can cause cancer in humans. 6 Drinking alcohol greatly increases the level of acetaldehyde found in saliva. 20 And a small initial study in 2012 found higher levels of DNA damage in the mouth cells of people after drinking alcohol. 21 Alcohol can cause cirrhosis of the liver, by repeatedly damaging the liver's cells. This is turn can cause liver cancer. 14 Alcohol makes it easier for cancer-causing chemicals, such as those found in tobacco, to be absorbed in the mouth or throat. 26 Alcohol reduces the amount of folate in our blood. Folate is a B vitamin that our cells need to create new DNA correctly. 27 Alcohol can cause highly reactive molecules known as Reactive Oxygen Species or ROS, to be produced in our bodies and particularly in the liver. 14, 19 These molecules are damaging and they are usually kept at a low level, but when ROS levels are raised, they are known to damage DNA. A meta-analysis published in 2012, which combined the results of 49 previous studies, found that non-smokers who drank alcohol were around a third more likely to develop mouth and upper throat cancer than those who didn't drink alcohol. But smokers who also drank were nearly 3 times as likely to develop the disease. 29 Another study found that the risk of liver cancer was almost 10 times greater in people who smoked and drank heavily. 30 The more alcohol someone drinks, the more their cancer risk increases. 8 But even quite small amounts of alcohol, around 1 drink a day, can increase cancer risk. 9, 10, 32, 33 Expert reports have concluded that there is no lower limit of alcohol drinking where cancer risk isn't increased. 3, 4 Drinking small amounts of alcohol can offer some protection for people who are at risk of heart disease, which normally applies to people over the age of 40. 34 A review published in 2011 of 84 studies found that although drinking up to 15g of alcohol a day (about 2 units) reduced the risk of dying from heart disease and stroke, the benefits quickly start to disappear as drinking levels increase. 35 A study has calculated that the best balance between benefits and harms is for people who drink less than 1 unit a day. 36 Because of this many sources, including the European Code Against Cancer and the World Cancer Research Fund, have suggested that women should drink no more than one drink a day, and men should drink no more than 2 drinks. 3, 37 Similarly, the UK government recommends that men don't regularly drink more than 3 - 4 units in a day, and women no more than 2 - 3 units. 38 While these levels can increase the risk of cancer, the effects are likely to be small. Most research into the links between alcohol and cancer has looked at the total amount people drink. This research has found that the more a person drinks, the more their cancer risk increases. Much less research has been done into the effect of pattern of drinking, for example whether drinking is spread evenly across the week or concentrated in binges. At the moment, this research does not point in any clear direction. As the number of studies grows, we should be able to better decide whether the pattern of drinking has any effect on cancer risk or health generally. 5, 39, 40 The risk of alcohol-related cancers increases the more you drink. So by cutting down on what you drink, you could reduce the risk of these cancers. If you are a heavy drinker, it is not too late to start cutting down. Scientists have found that the risk of mouth, throat and oesophageal (foodpipe) cancers reduces over time in people who have given up drinking. 41, 42 Some studies have found that the children of women who drank alcohol during pregnancy had an increased risk of one type of leukaemia. 43 It is not yet possible to say for sure whether there is a real link, more studies involving larger numbers of people are needed to investigate. Drinking alcohol during pregnancy has been linked to many other conditions and NICE currently recommend that women stop drinking alcohol altogether while trying to conceive and for at least the first 3 months of their pregnancy. After that time, pregnant women should have no more than a small drink once or twice a week and should avoid binge drinking or becoming drunk. 44 Question about cancer? Contact our information nurse team Visit our A-Z topic pages - IARC, IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Volume 44 Alcohol drinking. 1988. Link - WHO/FAO Expert Consultation on Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, in WHO Technical Report Series. 2003, WHO: Geneva. P. 95-104. Link - Boyle, P., et al., European Code Against Cancer and scientific justification: third version (2003). Ann Oncol, 2003. 14(7): p. 973-1005. PubMed - WCRF and AICR, Food, nutrition and the prevention of cancer; a global perspective. 1997, American Institute for Cancer Research: Washington. p. 37-145. - IARC, World Cancer Report, ed. B. Stewart and P. Kleihues. 2003, Lyon IARC Press. Link - IARC Monographs, Volume 100E: Personal habits and indoor combustions. 2012, Lyon IARC Press p377 – 503. Link - Parkin, M., et al., Cancers attributable to the consumption of alcohol in the UK in 2010. Br J Cancer, 2011. 106 (S2) p. S14- S18. PubMed - Corrao, G., et al., A meta-analysis of alcohol consumption and the risk of 15 diseases. Prev Med, 2004. 38 (5): p. 613-9. PubMed - Tramacere, I., et al., A meta-analysis of alcohol drinking and oral and pharyngeal cancers. Part 1: overall results and dose risk relation. Oral Oncol, 2010. 46(7): p. 497-503. PubMed - Seitz, H., et al., Epidemiology and pathophysiology of alcohol and breast cancer: Update 2012. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 2012. PubMed - Smith-Warner, S., et al., Alcohol and breast cancer in women: a pooled analysis of cohort studies. JAMA, 1998. 279: p. 535-40. PubMed - Key, J., et al., Meta-analysis of studies of alcohol and breast cancer with consideration of the methodological issues. Cancer Causes Control, 2006. 17(6): p. 759-770. PubMed - Hamajima, N., et al., Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer – collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58, 515 women with breast cancer and 95, 067 women without the disease. Br J Cancer, 2002. 87(11): p. 1234-45. PubMed - Stickel, F., et al., Cocarcinogenic effects of alcohol in hepatocarcinogenesis. Gut, 2002. 51: p. 132-139. PubMed - Donato F., et al.,, Alcohol and hepatocellular carcinoma: the effect of lifetime intake and hepatitis virus infections in men and women. Am J Epidemiol, 2002. 155(4): p.323-31. PubMed - Fedirko, V., et al., Alcohol drinking and colorectal cancer risk: an overall and dose-response meta-analysis of published studies. Annal Oncol, 2011. 22(9): p. 1958-72. PubMed - Ferrari, P., et al., Lifetime and baseline alcohol intake and risk of colon and rectal cancers in the European Prospective Investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC). Int J Cancer, 2007. 121(9): p. 2065-72. PubMed - Purohit, V., et al., Mechanisms of alcohol-associated cancers: introduction and summary of the symposium. Alcohol, 2005. 35(3): p. 155-60. PubMed - Bofetta, P., and M. Hashibe, Alcohol and Cancer. Lancet Oncol, 2006. 7(2): p. 149-56. PubMed - Homann N., et al., High acetaldehyde levels in saliva after ethanol consumption: methodological aspects and pathogenetic implications. Carcinogenesis, 1997. 18(9): p.1739-43. PubMed - Balbo, S., et al., Kinetics of DNA adduct formation in the oral cavity after drinking alcohol. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, Epub Feb 1 2012. PubMed - Onland-Moret, N., et al., Alcohol and endogenous sex steroid levels in postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2005. 90(3): p. 1414-9. PubMed - Key, T., et al., Circulating sex hormones and breast cancer risk factors in postmenopausal women: reanalysis of 13 studies. Brit J Cancer, 2011. 105(5): p. 709-22. PubMed - Rinaldi, S., et al., Relationship of alcohol intake and sex steroid concentrations in blood in pre- and post-menopausal women: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Cancer Causes Control, 2006. 17(8): p.1033-43. PubMed - Key, T., et al., Endogenous sex hormones and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: reanalysis of nine prospective studies. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2002. 94(8): p. 606-16. PubMed - Howie, N., et al., Short-term exposure to alcohol increases the permeability of human oral mucosa. Oral Dis, 2001. 7(6): p. 349-54. PubMed - Giovannucci, E., Epidemiologic studies of folate and colorectal neoplasia: A review. J Nutr, 2002. 132(S8): p. 2350S-2355S. PubMed - Hashibe, M., et al., Interaction between tobacco and alcohol use and the risk of head and neck cancer: pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2009. 18(2): p. 541-50. PubMed - Turati, R., et al., A meta-analysis of alcohol drinking and oral and pharyngeal cancers: Results from subgroup analyses. Alcohol Alcohol., 2012. PubMed - Kuper, H., et al., Tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and their interaction in the causation of hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer, 2000. 85(4): p. 498-502. PubMed - Blot, W.J., Alcohol and cancer. Cancer Research, 1992. 52(S): p. 2119-2123. PubMed - Bagnardi, V., et al., Alcohol consumption and the risk of cancer: a meta-analysis. Alcohol Res Health, 2001. 25(4): p. 263-70. PubMed - Bagnardi, V., et al., Light alcohol drinking and cancer: a meta-analysis. Annal Oncol., 2012. PubMed - Thun, M., et al., Alcohol consumption and mortality among middle aged and elderly US adults. N Engl J Med, 1997. 337(24): p. 1705-14. PubMed - Ronksley, P., et al., Association of alcohol consumption with selected cardiovascular disease outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 2011. 342:d671. PubMed - Nichol M., et al., What is the optimal level of population alcohol consumption for chronic disease prevention in England? Modelling the impact of changes in average consumption levels. BMJ Open, 2012. PubMed - WCRF/AICR, Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer: Second Expert Report. WCRF, 2007. Ch 12: p. 368-393. Link - Department of Health, Change4Life website - Breslow, R., et al., Prospective study of alcohol consumption quantity and frequency and cancer-specific mortality in the US population. Am J Epidemiol, 2011. 174(9): p., 1044-53. PubMed - Sun, Q., et al., Alcohol consumption at mid-life and successful ageing in women: A prospective cohort analysis in the Nurses’ Health Study. PLoS Med, 2011. 8(9): e1001090. PubMed - Castellsague, X., et al., Independent and joint effects of tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking on the risk of esophageal cancer in men and women. Int J Cancer, 1999. 82(5): p. 657-64. PubMed - Rehm, R., et al., Alcohol drinking cessation and its effect on esophageal and head and neck cancers: A pooled analysis. Int J Cancer, 2007. 121(5): p. 1132-7. PubMed - Latino-Martel, P., et al., Maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy and risk of childhood leukaemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2010. 19(5): p. 1238-60. PubMed - National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, NICE Clinical Guideline 62: Antenatal Care. 2010. Link	<urn:uuid:e435b859-6e17-4b3f-a6d5-5629dd4dd33c>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/healthyliving/alcohol/howdoweknow/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702810651/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516111330-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.900866	3,707	3.09375	3
Definition of Sequester Sequester: 1. In medicine, to set apart, detach or separate a small portion of tissue from the rest. May be naturally occurring or iatrogenic. 2. In bone, for a piece of dead bone to separate from the sound bone. 3. In biochemistry, to isolate a constituent of a system by chelation or other means. From the French sequester, from the late Latin sequestrare, meaning to place in safe keeping. Last Editorial Review: 9/20/2012 Back to MedTerms online medical dictionary A-Z List Need help identifying pills and medications? Get the latest health and medical information delivered direct to your inbox FREE!	<urn:uuid:d1fd0c46-8fbc-4a05-95ca-a09dd68fdb80>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=31422	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702810651/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516111330-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.872496	145	2.953125	3
Young adult (psychology) A young/prime adult, according to Erik Erikson's stages of human development, is generally a person in the age range of 20 to 40, whereas an adolescent is a person aging from 13 to 19, although definitions and opinions vary. The young adult stage in human development precedes middle adulthood. A person in the middle adulthood stage ages from 40 to 64. In maturity, a person is 65 years old or older. Time co-ordinates For a variety of reasons, timeliness on young adulthood cannot be exactly defined—producing different results according to the different mix of overlapping indices (legal, maturational, occupational, sexual, emotional and the like) employed, or on whether 'a developmental perspective...[or] the socialization perspective is taken. 'Sub-phases in this timetable of psychosocial growth patterns...are not rigid, and both social change and individual variations must be taken into account'—not to mention regional and cultural differences. Arguably indeed, with people living longer, and also reaching puberty earlier, 'age norms for major life events have become highly elastic' by the twenty-first century. Some have suggested that, after ' Pre-adulthood...in the first 20 years or so...the second era, Early Adulthood, lasts from about age 17 to 45...the adult era of greatest energy and abundance and of greatest contradiction and stress.' Within that framework, 'the Early Adult Transition (17–22) is a developmental bridge between pre-adulthood and early adulthood', recognizing that 'the transition into adulthood is not a clear-cut dividing line'. One might alternatively speak of 'a Provisional Adulthood (18–30)...[&] the initiation to First Adulthood' as following that. Despite all such fluidity, there is broad agreement that it is essentially the twenties and thirties which constitute ' Early adulthood...the basis for what Levinson calls the Dream—a vision of his [or her] goal's in life which provide motivation and enthusiasm for the future'. Young/prime adulthood can be considered the healthiest time of life and young adults are generally in good health, subject neither to disease nor the problems of senescence. Biological function and physical performance reach their peak from 20–35 years of age, waning after 35. Strength peaks around 25 years of age, plateaus through 35–40 years of age, and then declines. Flexibility also decreases with age throughout adulthood. However, there are large individual differences and a fit 40-year-old may out-compete a sedentary 20-year-old. Women reach their peak fertility in their early 20's. Assuming unprotected intercourse with a man of the same age, women aged 19–26 have about a 50% chance of becoming pregnant during a given menstrual cycle, compared with 40% in the 27–34 age group and below 30% for women 35–39. In developed countries, mortality rates for the 18–40 age group are typically very low. Men are more likely to die at this age than women, particularly in the 18–25 group: reasons include car accidents, and suicide. Mortality statistics among men and women level off during the late twenties and thirties, due in part to good health and less risk-taking behavior. Regarding disease, cancer is much less common in young than in older adults. Exceptions are testicular cancer, cervical cancer, and Hodgkin's lymphoma. In sub-Saharan Africa, HIV/AIDS has hit the early adult population particularly hard. According to a United Nations report, AIDS has significantly increased mortality of between ages 20 to 55 for African males and 20 to 45 for African females, reducing the life expectancy in South Africa by 18 years and in Botswana by 34 years. Early adulthood According to Erikson, in the wake of the adolescent emphasis upon identity formation, 'the young adult, emerging from the search for and insistence on identity, is eager and willing to fuse his identity with that of others. He [or she] is ready for intimacy, that is, the capacity to commit...to concrete affiliations and partnerships.' To do so means the ability 'to face the fear of ego loss in situations which call for self-abandon: in the solidarity of close affiliations, in orgasms and sexual unions, in close friendships and in physical combat'. Avoidance of such experiences 'because of a fear of ego-loss may lead to a deep sense of isolation and consequent self-absorption'. Where isolation is avoided, the young adult may find instead that 'satisfactory sex relations...in some way take the edge off the hostilities and potential rages caused by the oppositeness of male and female, of fact and fancy, of love and hate'; and may grow into the ability to exchange intimacy, love and compassion. In modern societies, young adults in their late teens and early 20's encounter a number of issues as they finish school and begin to hold full-time jobs and take on other responsibilities of adulthood; and 'the young adult is usually preoccupied with self-growth in the context of society and relationships with others.' The danger is that in 'the second era, Early Adulthood...we must make crucially important choices regarding marriage, family, work, and lifestyle before we have the maturity or life experience to choose wisely.' While 'young adulthood is filled with avid quests for intimate relationships and other major commitments involving career and life goals', there is also "a parallel pursuit for the formulation of a set of moral values". Erikson has argued that it is only now that what he calls the 'ideological mind' of adolescence gives way to 'that ethical sense which is the mark of the adult.' Age 30 transition Daniel Levinson suggested that the first phase of early adulthood comes to a close around twenty-eight to thirty, when 'at about 28 the provisional character of the twenties is ending and life is becoming more serious...the age-thirty crisis.' Others have spoken of 'the Catch-30 Passage...between age 28 and 32', stressing that 'it is not uncommon, at the approach to the thirties, to tear up the life structure one put together to support the original dream of the twenties,' and to start anew—'to create the basis for the next life structure.' When 'the Age Thirty Transition' is a difficult one, 'in a severe crisis [s/]he experiences a threat to life itself, the danger of chaos and dissolution, the loss of hope for the future.' Settling down After the relative upheaval of the early 30's, the middle to late 30's are often characterized by settling down: 'the establishment phase', involving 'what we would call major life investments—work, family, friends, community activities, and values.' What has been termed 'the Culminating Life Structure for Early Adulthood (33–40) is the vehicle for completing this era and realizing our youthful aspirations.' People in their thirties may increase the financial and emotional investments they make in their lives, and may have been employed long enough to gain promotions and raises. They often become more focused on advancing their careers and gaining stability in their personal lives—'with marriage and child-rearing,' starting a family, coming to the fore as priorities. Gail Sheehy, however, signposts the same twenties/thirties division rather differently, arguing that nowadays 'the twenties have stretched out into a long Provisional Adulthood', and that in fact 'the transition to the Turbulent Thirties marks the initiation to First Adulthood.' Midlife transition Young Adulthood then draws to its close with 'the Midlife Transition, from roughly age 40 to 45'—producing 'a brand-new passage in the forties, when the transition from the end of First Adulthood to the beginning of Second Adulthood begins.' Literary examples Thomas Hardy, in Far from the Madding Crowd describes his hero as being at 'the time of life at which "young" is ceasing to be the prefix of "man"...In short, he was twenty-eight.' Joseph Conrad wrote of 'a shadow-line warning one that the region of early youth, too, must be left behind', with all that remains only 'a fading memory of light-hearted youth, something on the other side of a shadow.' See also - Emerging adulthood - Quarter-life crisis - Twenty something - Thirty something - Young professional - "The Theoretical Basis for the Life Model-Research And Resources On Human Development". Retrieved 2009-08-11. - "PSY 345 Lecture Notes – Ego Psychologists, Erik Erikson". Retrieved 2009-08-11. - Martin Briner, Erik Erikson page, 1999, on Briner's site about learning theories, USMA Department of Mathematical Sciences, Center for Assessment and Program Evaluation (CAPE), United States Military Academy at West Point. Accessed 24 November 2006. - Daniel J. Levinson, "A Conception of Adult Development," in Richard D. Gross ed., Key Studies in Psychology (1994) p. 304–5 - R. and R. Rapoport, Growing through Life (1980) p. 46 - Gail Sheehy, New Passages (London 1996) p. 15 - Levinson, "Conception" p. 291–3 - Levinson, "Conception" p. 297 - Charles Zastrow/Karen K. Kirst-Ashman, Understanding Human Behavior and the Social Environment (2009) p. 411 - Sheehy, p. 10 and p. 59 - Ann Birch, Developmental Psychology (London 1997) p. 220 - Zastrow/Kirst-Ashman, p. 411; - Shephard, Roy J. (7 March 1998). "Aging and Exercise". Encyclopedia of Sports Medicine and Science (T.D.Fahey). Retrieved 2007-06-26. - Infertility Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia Update Date: 5/15/2006 Updated by: Melanie N. Smith, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA. Review provided by VeriMedHealthcare Network. - Study speeds up biological clocks: Fertility rates dip after women hit 27 Carl T. Hall, San Francisco Chronicle April 30, 2002 - "Life Expectancy Profiles". BBC. 6 June 2005. Retrieved 2007-06-26. - "UK cancer mortality statistics by age". Cancer Research UK. May 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-26. - "Cancers at a glance". Cancer Research UK. May 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-26. - Ngom, Pierre and Clark, Samuel (18 August 2003). Adult Mortality In The Era Of HIV/AIDS: Sub-Saharan Africa (pdf). Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Secretariat. Retrieved 2007-06-26. - Erik H. Erikson, Childhood and Society (Penguin 1975) p. 255 - Erikson, p. 155 - Erikson, p. 257 - Ann Birch, Developmental Psychology (London 1997) p. 227 - Levinson, "Conception", p. 293 - Zastrow/Kirst-Ashman, p. 298 - Erikson, p. 254–6 - Daniel Levinson, The Seasons of a Man's Life (New York 1978) p. 58 - Gail Sheehy, New Passages (London 1996) p. 47 - Levinson, Seasons p. 58 - R. and R. Rapoport, Growing through Life (London 1980) p. 46 and p. 72 - Rapoport, p. 46 - Sheehy, p. 55 and p. 59 - Levinson, "Conception" p. 293 - Sheehy, p. 14 - Thomas Hardy, Far from the Madding Crowd (London 1974) p. 42–43 - Joseph Conrad, Typhoon and Other Stories (1991) p. 211 and p. 285 \|Stages of human development - Early adulthood - Erik Erikson's 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development - Publications on Young Adults at the Berman Jewish Policy Archive @ NYU Wagner - Sommers, Christina Hoff. 2000. The War against Boys: How Misguided Feminism Is Harming Our Young Men. New York: Simon & Schuster. 251 p. ISBN 0-684-84956-9	<urn:uuid:eef81de2-7bc3-4be5-8f10-437157367079>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_adult_(psychology)	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705953421/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120553-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.904819	2,642	3.359375	3
New traffic sensor gives extra time to cyclists Intersector system uses microwaves to distinguish between cars and bikes Ever stopped at the lights and sat there for ages because your carbon bike didn't trigger the detection loop? The systems that are used to detect traffic at intersections are generally designed to see cars, which can leave other users short changed. But one city in the US has been trialling a new system that not only sees cyclists, but can distinguish them and adjust the light sequence to give them time to cross busy intersections. The Intersector uses microwave-band radiation instead of induction loops or cameras, and the system has a number of advantages. Vehicle detection isn't affected by weather or road glare which can blind standard cameras, or road wear which can damage surface mounted loops. The Intersector is capable of detecting vehicles in up to 8 zones and importantly for two-wheeled users can detect and classify bikes separately, and adjust traffic controls accordingly. The city of Pleasanton in California has been trialling the technology since January last year and now has sensors at seven key intersections, with plans to add four more, at a cost of about $4,000-$5,000 each. The system extends green lights to allow cyclists to cross big intersections safely. Cyclists stopped at red are allocated 14 seconds of green light time to pass through, whereas vehicles held at the same red signal get four seconds. If the traffic light is green when a bike comes through, the cyclist gets five extra sections to clear the junction. The technology has been welcomed by the local cycling community. "It's nice to feel acknowledged and recognized," Jim Ott, a Pleasanton resident and cyclist, told the Mercury News. "Before [the light] didn't give as much time, so you had to cycle harder to make it. You also didn't want to get caught in the middle. And, if the light didn't trigger, you were a sitting duck for folks to bump into." The system is being used in part because of a law passed in California in 2008, which requires authorities to use systems that can distinguish cycles and motorbikes when they're replacing traffic-actuated signals. But the Pleasanton trial has gone beyond that, with the Intersector systems being used in conjunction with traditional cameras and loops to get the clearest possible picture of road conditions.	<urn:uuid:d9c6622d-8587-43a2-b8ad-7faee3a516f6>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://road.cc/content/news/40258-new-traffic-sensor-gives-extra-time-cyclists?quicktabs_2=0&quicktabs_4=0	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705953421/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120553-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.971059	474	2.65625	3
If we assumed that he created other animals in similar fashion what would geneticists expect to be different in their code than if they evolved? A few people have mentioned Junk DNA and redundant features and vestigial traits and the like. That is one good answer to your question and it has been covered well so I will not cover it further other than to say that if you assume a designer made all the animals together then these are things that require a lot of explaining. Another difference I have not seen mentioned however is that genetics show all the hall marks of the historicity of evolution which one would not expect if they had been all created at the same time. What I mean by this is easy to explain but probably harder to understand. Imagine for a moment ignoring genetics entirely. Instead you use all the other methods at your disposal.... for example dating techniques and fossils etc.... to "line up" all the animals in the world today on a family tree and draw up where their common ancestors were on that tree as far back as you can. If you THEN and only then look at the genetic make up of the animals on that tree you find it lines up perfectly. There are methods for dating Genes too and we find that the points where genes arose and diverged in the gene pool match where we thought common ancestors diverged on the ancestor tree. This is either massive evidence for the truth of evolution of course, or the scientists engaged in such practices are suffering from an abundence of sheer luck comparable with winning their local state lottery many times over. In a row. The predictive power used to test Evolution has consistently been so strong in fact that I am still constantly agog that there is any doubt of its veracity. I would certainly recommend the Ancestors Tale as a good, if long, book about just how this genetic historical tracing works and how it has been applied in Evolutionary Theory. So bacteria was the first organism? Not quite, and it is a very difficult question to answer. Like much of evolution it is quite like asking about a rainbow where red ends and orange begins. One can not point to a single point on a rainbow and say "This is the first bit of orange". Similarly the first rise of life was not bacteria. It would have simply been a protein that was capable of replicating itself, or if you want to get technical about it a protein that was able to act as a catalyst on itself in reactions that produced more of itself. This would have been the first rise of "life" on the planet and as soon as a self replicating series started then "Evolution" could kick in. The proteins would have replicated in different ways, then had different results, these results would each have reacted on each other producing new results and combinations and so on. Out of this would have eventually risen things like the Cell and more which would lead to what you know as Bacteria.	<urn:uuid:1ec99376-6049-4a4f-b6f0-63506456b44a>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://whywontgodhealamputees.com/forums/index.php/topic,22406.msg500565.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705953421/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120553-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.981573	593	2.921875	3
Lesson Plans and Worksheets Browse by Subject - 17th Century Exploration - Kristina C., Special Education Teacher - Covina, CA 17th Century Exploration Teacher Resources Find teacher approved 17th Century Exploration educational resource ideas and activities Students investigate U.S. history by examining North American timelines. In this American exploration lesson, students research the events that led to Columbus finding America and participate in a jeopardy game regarding his adventure. Students complete Internet activities about U.S. history and take a test. Students examine the American Holocaust. In this Native American history lesson, students conduct research on infectious diseases that wiped out population of indigenous peoples brought to the New World by Europeans in the 16th and 17th centuries. Students prepare classroom presentations to share their findings. Students explore story settings by completing a chart. For this storytelling lesson, students read a story about 17th Century France and the lack of women in the area. Students predict the story points before they read and complete a historical worksheet based on the history of France. Students explore artistic techniques by analyzing numerous images. In this visual arts instructional activity, students discuss storytelling through visuals and identify the beginning, middle and end of a story. Students create their own visual stories by drawing three cohesive images in a specific order.	<urn:uuid:a4a94b26-5b46-4abd-8f2c-7e808de079e2>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.lessonplanet.com/lesson-plans/17th-century-exploration	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705953421/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120553-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.893168	264	3.34375	3
The most characteristic and comprehensive theme in all American history is that of the westward movement. From the time of the first feeble landings at Quebec, at Plymouth, and at Jamestown, the history of our country has been characterized by a steady westward surge of the population, reaching out eagerly for new lands to conquer, and in the process carrying the banner of civilization ever westward and establishing successive new communities and states. The present generation of students of American history has not been unmindful of the importance and interest which attaches to this westward movement, and has not failed to accord it, in the main, all due recognition. With the doings and deserts of our pioneer farm, canal, railroad, and city builders, our hewers of wood and drawers of water, in a word, historians have long made us familiar. Unfortunately, however, too little attention has been given and too little recognition accorded, the equally important service of those among our western pioneers who laid the foundations of our spiritual and intellectual civilization. That man may not live by bread alone was stated long ago on excellent authority. The hewing down of the forests and breaking of the prairies, the building of houses, highways, and cities were all essential steps in the process of transforming the wilderness into an abode of enlightened civilization. Equally essential was the establishment of institutions of learning and religion, and the development of a taste for literature and art. The blossoming of these finer fruits of civilization inevitably tended to sweeten and refine the society of the pioneers, which otherwise, engrossed in a stern physical struggle with the wilderness, must have become hard and gross in character. Fortunate indeed is the pioneer community which numbers among its settlers intellectual and spiritual leaders fired with enthusiasm and endowed with ability. Fortunate it was for Wisconsin when in the very year of her birth as a territory, Increase Allen Lapham cast his lot for the remainder of his life with her. The service rendered by the intellectual aristocracy of pioneer Massachusetts and the other New England colonies has long been accorded ample recognition. The valiant labors of Increase Lapham in the service of the state of his adoption have largely gone unheeded and unrewarded to the present moment. Yet it is safe to predict that when the future historian shall come to scan the record of the first half century of Wisconsin's history as a territory and state, he will affirm that no man brought greater honor to her or performed more valuable services in her behalf than did the modest scholar, Increase Allen Lapham. The frontier has ever been proud of its self-made men, esteeming chiefly, not who a man might be but rather what he was able to do. Lapham was a true frontiersman in this respect at least, that he was a wholly self-made scholar. He was born in March, 1811, at Palmyra, New York, "two miles west of the Macedon locks on the Erie Canal." His father, Seneca Lapham, was an engineering contractor, the pursuit of whose profession necessitated frequent family removals. Thus, in 1818 the family was located at Pottsville, Pennsylvania, where the father was employed on the Schuylkill Canal; two years later he was back on the Erie Canal and the family was residing for a second time at Galen, New York; the next few years witnessed further removals to Rochester and Lockport in New York, and to several points in Ohio. The boy, Increase Lapham, was evidently a precocious youth. At thirteen years of age he "found frequent sale" for his drawings of the plan of the locks his father had assisted in constructing at Lockport. About this time he gained employment, first at cutting stone for the locks and then as rodman on the canal. While engaged in stonecutting, he wrote in later years, "I found my first fossils and began my collection. The beautiful specimens I found in the deep rock cut at this place gave me my first ideas of mineralogy and initiated a habit of observation which has continued through all my life. I found amusement and pastime in the study of nature, leading to long walks in the country, and as I found no others of similar tastes these rambles were usually without companions." When fifteen years of age the youth followed his father to Ohio where he worked for a short time on the Miami Canal, removing at the close of the year, 1826, to undertake similar employment at Louisville. At this time, apparently, he first attracted the attention of members of the world of scholarship, for we find the renowned scientist, Professor Silliman of Yale, writing to thank him "for the liberal spirit which you manifest in encouraging a work designed to promote the public good"--the work in question being the American Journal of Science, of which Silliman was the founder and editor. Within a few months the boy made his first contribution to scholarship by sending to Silliman, for publication in the American Journal of Science, a comprehensive description of the canal around the Ohio Rapids. At this time he was only sixteen, and his opportunities for schooling had been exceedingly scant. Yet his habits of observation and his powers of reasoning and of expressing himself in clear and convincing English might well be coveted by the average college undergraduate of today. A convenient illustration of these powers is afforded by Lapham's journal entry for October 29, 1827: The years of Lapham's youth and early manhood from 1827-36 must be passed in rapid review. Two years in all were spent on canal work at Louisville; over three more followed at Portsmouth, Ohio; in April, 1833, the Ohio State Board of Canal Commissioners installed the young engineer (now twenty-two years of age) as its secretary at an annual salary of $400. Thereafter for three years his headquarters were in the state capitol at Columbus, his work being that of secretary of the canal commission. Meanwhile the elder Lapham, advised and financially assisted by his sons, Darius and Increase, had abandoned the calling of canal contractor and settled upon a farm near Mount Tabor. This became the permanent family home, and here Seneca Lapham acquired a well-deserved repute among his fellows both for his sobriety of character and for his progressive ideas and practices with respect to farming operations. In the years under review Increase Lapham continued to pursue with enthusiasm his scientific studies and investigations, the range of his interests and observations widening with every passing year. Relations of acquaintance and friendship were established with a large number of scientific investigators, all of them, doubtless, much older than was Lapham himself. The study of botany and zoology, and investigations with respect to more scientific methods of farming were begun. In a communication on "Agriculture in Ohio," contributed to the Genesee Farmer in 1833, the modern doctrine with respect to rotation of crops and scientific renovation of the soil through the use of fertilizers was laid down. A third of a century later, but still over a third of a century in advance of the recent movement for the conservation of the natural resources of the country, Lapham followed up this general line of thought by writing and publishing as a Wisconsin legislative document a comprehensive argument in favor of the conservation of the state's forest resources. Happy had it been for both state and nation if heed had been given in time to the vital problem to which he thus early called attention. To a practical application of the Jacksonian theory of spoils politics was due the migration of Lapham from the capital of Ohio to the new-born town of Milwaukee in the spring of 1836. In later years he humorously explained that he was "reformed" out of office and employment in Ohio; at the time, there is reason to believe, the blow was not considered in a humorous light. Early in his canal career Lapham had worked under Byron Kilbourn, who now had thrown in his fortunes with the rising young village of Milwaukee. As a leading promoter of the coming metropolis Kilbourn had extensive business projects in view, among them that of procuring the construction of the Milwaukee and Rock River Canal, which would, it was fondly believed, go far toward realizing for the nascent city her dreams of metropolitan greatness. There was much demand for men possessed of engineering ability, and Kilbourn, who had conceived a friendship for Lapham which was to prove lifelong, now brought him to Wisconsin on a salary of $1,000 a year. Thus Wisconsin became his permanent home, for he left Milwaukee only to remove in old age to a farm near Oconomowoc. At the mouth of the Milwaukee River Lapham found, on his arrival on July 3, 1836, fifty homes where a few months before had been but two or three. In coming from the older settled portion of Ohio to Milwaukee he had entered a new world. Chicago was still in the height of its first mad speculative boom and conditions at Milwaukee differed only in detail from those which prevailed at Chicago. Indeed, on reaching Detroit on his westward journey, Lapham wrote to his brother: "I am now, and have been since I arrived at Sandusky, in what might very properly be called the world of speculators: everybody you meet is engaged in some speculation; everything you hear has some speculation at the bottom. The hotel where I am now writing has suspended on the walls of the barroom plats of new towns; I have added the ninth." No wonder the impecunious young man, engulfed in such an atmosphere, proceeded, immediately upon his arrival at Milwaukee, to purchase three town lots for $5,000, payable "one-half in one one-half in two years." How did he expect to provide the money to meet this obligation? He did not expect to provide it; he "bought them for the purpose of selling them again at a higher price." Lapham, however, was never designed for a business man, and he never acquired more than a very modest competence in life. I have spoken of the speculative mania which then pervaded all the newer West merely to illustrate the sincerity of the young immigrant's devotion to scholarship, from the pursuit of which even the thrill and intoxication of perhaps the greatest boom the country has ever witnessed could detain him only momentarily. Within two weeks of his arrival at Milwaukee he records that he has made a map of the county (possibly a professional matter) and "done a little botanizing." Even earlier, while at Detroit en route to the West, he had taken time to write Professor Asa Gray an offer to collect for him specimens from the new region to which the writer was going. "Let me entreat you to pay particular attention to my pets, the grasses," wrote the noted botanist in reply; "I will see that you have due credit for every interesting discovery. Six weeks after his arrival at Milwaukee Lapham wrote to another botanical friend that he found many new plants at Milwaukee; and that "in order to inform my friends of what plants are found here and to enable them to indicate such as they want I think of publishing a catalogue of such as I find." Thus was conceived the idea responsible for the first publication of a scientific character within the bounds of the present state of Wisconsin, for before the close of the year there issued from the office of Milwaukee's newly founded newspaper a Catalogue of Plants and Shells, Found in the vicinity of Milwaukee, on the West Side of Lake Michigan, by I. A. Lapham. It would probably be safe to affirm that this was the first scientific work to be published west of the Great Lakes, at least to the north of St. Louis. For in literary matters Chicago, whose commercial progress Milwaukee never succeeded in equalling, must yield the palm of leadership to her early North Shore rival. Leaving out of consideration one or two lyceum lectures which were printed after delivery, the earliest Chicago imprint of a scholarly character of which I have any knowledge is Mrs. Kinzie's well-known story of the Chicago massacre, published as a pamphlet in 1849; and this, a reminiscent family narrative, does not deserve to be regarded as scholarly in the true sense of the term. In 1838, two years after his arrival, Lapham began the collection of material for a gazeteer of Wisconsin. Published at Milwaukee in 1844, it constitutes both Wisconsin's first book of history and the state's first home-made book of any character to be published in more durable binding than paper. So attractive were its merits that an unscrupulous rival author, Donald McLeod, more adept at wielding the scissors than the pen, promptly and brazenly plagiarized a large portion of its contents for his History of Wiskonsan, published, appropriately enough, by "Steele's Press" at Buffalo, in 1886; and a copy of this fraudulent publication was recently offered for sale by a dealer, with due encomiums upon its rarity and worth, for the modest sum of thirty dollars. Thus far we have followed Lapham's career in due chronological order. Some thirty years were yet to elapse before his death in 1875, years crowded with earnest, self-effacing labors in the cause of scholarship. In what follows I shall treat of his various scholarly interests and achievements in topical order, without regard to chronology. Although himself self-taught Lapham's active interest in educational institutions persisted throughout his life. In 1843 he secured the adoption by the territorial legislature of a resolution to Congress petitioning a grant of land for the purpose of establishing in Wisconsin an institution for the instruction of the deaf and dumb, and blind, and an asylum for the insane. He is the real father of the Milwaukee public high school system. In 1846 he donated thirteen acres of land lying within the city limits for the purpose of establishing the first high school. In the spring of 1848 he was commissioned by the city as its agent to secure a loan of $16,000 in the East for the building of schoolhouses, and he made the long trip to New York and Boston on this public mission. In the same year he proffered the newly authorized University of Wisconsin the gift of "a pretty extensive herbarium" of 1,000 or 1,500 species of plants. In March, 1848, by a meeting of citizens held at the council house "it was deemed expedient to establish a college in this city" and an executive committee of five townsmen was appointed with full power to consummate the desired object. Lapham was one of the five men charged with this weighty responsibility, and out of this movement proceeded the "Milwaukee Female Seminary" which today is represented by the Milwaukee-Downer College, one of the state's noble institutions of higher learning. In August, 1850, as president of the executive board of the college, Lapham had the satisfaction of delivering to its first two graduates their diplomas. When, in later years, he was offered a professorship in the school he declined the position, modestly explaining that his lack of education and of teaching experience rendered him unfit to discharge the trust. With our own State Historical Society his connection was long and honorable. Before coming to Wisconsin he had actively engaged in the work of the Ohio Historical and Philosophical Society. He hailed with joy the formation of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin in 1849 and was one of the committee of three which drafted its first constitution. The society being formally organized, he at once began to labor to promote its collections. He served as its vice-president for twelve years, and as president for ten additional years. With the Smithsonian Institution he established relations of mutual helpfulness almost immediately upon its organization. Of his relations with this and other learned institutions more will be said in connection with certain lines of investigation which he carried on. In 1849 Dr. Lapham proposed to the American Antiquarian Society of Worcester, Massachusetts, to make an extensive survey of the mounds and other ancient remains in Wisconsin provided the society would defray the actual outlay of money involved. The enterprise thus proposed was adopted by the Antiquarian Society, as a result of which the survey was made, the fruits of it being given to the scientific world a few years later in Lapham's Antiquities of Wisconsin. This work, published under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution, is filled with the author's drawings, beautifully executed, of the numerous earthworks and mounds he had located. Students of American archeology will always owe the patient author a heavy debt of gratitude for having carefully plotted and described these evidences of aboriginal habitation in Wisconsin before the work of destruction which inevitably attended the advance of white settlement had gained much headway. Thus in many departments of learning--in geology, botany, conchology, in meteorology, history, and archeology--Lapham busied himself, acquiring repute among the scholars of Europe as in America, all the while earning his simple living by such professional work as he permitted himself the time to do. Perhaps no single achievement of his possesses more of interest to the world in general or has directly added more to the well-being and comfort of every one of us than his work in securing the establishment of a weather-service bureau by the national government. It cannot be claimed that he fathered the idea of such a service and its attendant possibility of foretelling weather conditions far enough in advance to make the information of real commercial value. Neither can Robert Fulton be credited with having fathered the idea of the steamboat. Yet we rightly regard Fulton as its real inventor, since he was the first to demonstrate the practicability of the idea. So with Lapham and the weather bureau. For twenty years he urged upon the Smithsonian Institution, the Wisconsin legislature, and other agencies of society the practicability and the immense advantage of such a government service. For twenty years, as a private individual he made records and observations, seeking to demonstrate his claims. But in the nature of the case (as Lapham repeatedly pointed out) only some powerful agency like the national government could take the many observations at different points necessary to the success of the work, assemble their results, and make them known throughout the nation in time to be of practical use to the public. Finally, the persistent seeker after the public good succeeded in attracting the notice of men powerful enough to compel the attention of Congress. As a result the law for the incorporation of the signal service was passed. How the result was achieved by Lapham may best be told in the words of a man to whom he had appealed for assistance. At the meeting of the National Board of Fire Underwriters, held in New York in April, 1875, a resolution to appoint a special committee to correspond with the United States Signal Service Department in relation to wind as an element in fire risks was under consideration when Hon. E. D. Holton rose and said: And how, it may be asked, did Lapham's fellow-men requite his lifelong labors devoted to the public good? The answer which must be made affords much support to the proverbial belief in the ungratefulness of republics. When in 1870 Congress passed the bill providing for the weather-signal service, its execution was entrusted to the chief signal officer of the army. By him Lapham was employed for a short time as special assistant in the War Department at a yearly salary of $2,000. When he sent home (he was stationed at Chicago) to his daughter the proceeds of his first month's wages, she wrote to her brother as follows: I forbear to quote the daughter's delighted remarks which follow; more profitable will it be for us to consider for a moment the bitter irony of this situation. After more than forty years of zealous public service to receive so pitiful a salary, his first tangible reward, and to have this discontinued within a few months time! To be fitted both by inherent tastes and lifelong training to enjoy and profit by membership in such an association, and yet unable, because our countrymen estimate the services of scholars so low, to pay the paltry membership fee! Here, indeed, is the cross on which in the United States today we crucify scholarship. One other matter and I shall conclude. Before he left Ohio Dr. Lapham had labored to induce the legislature to make provision for a geological survey of that state. From the time of his arrival in Wisconsin he strove as an individual to carry out such a survey here. Necessarily in order to do it thoroughly and to publish its results the power of the state must be brought into play. At length in 1873 provision was made by statute for a geological survey of Wisconsin and Governor Washburn appointed Dr. Lapham chief geologist to have the direction of the enterprise. The work was pushed vigorously and efficiently throughout the seasons of 1873 and 1874. Suddenly, in January, 1875, Governor Taylor removed Dr. Lapham in order to make a place for one of his spoils-seeking supporters. According to the American Journal of Science the new geologist's "sole recommendation for the position was political services, no one having ever heard of him before as acquainted with geology or any other science." Thus finally did our state requite its first scholar--first certainly from the viewpoint of chronology, and probably first from every other viewpoint. "Knowing that time, which cures all things," wrote the three assistant geologists he had chosen two years before, "will do you ample justice, and feeling most strongly the irreparable loss that the state has sustained in the disseverment of your connection with the survey, we remain with the most sincere respect, Your obedient servants." As an indication of the quality of the assistants selected by Dr. Lapham it may be noted that one of the men who thus testified this appreciation of their deposed chief was Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin, who has been for many years chief geologist of the University of Chicago. Time indeed cures all things, notwithstanding that the mills of the gods grind slowly. Of Dr. Lapham's spoilsman successor as chief geologist of Wisconsin, it may still be said, as at the time of his appointment, that his reputation as a scientist yet remains to be made. Governor Taylor, who made the removal, sleeps in silent Forest Hill within sight of the capitol where formerly he ruled a state; while in the holy of holies of the beautiful new state capitol, the governor's reception chamber, in the midst of famous soldiers, explorers, and legislators, an eminent artist has chosen to depict the application of scientific knowledge to the benefit of mankind in the person of Doctor Lapham seated at his desk, before him an open manuscript, and on the wall nearby, supported by two children typifying the winds, his map of the United States, showing the first storm traced across the country. More recently still, prompted by the urging of citizens of the locality, the federal government has given to the highest eminence in Waukesha County, overlooking the beautiful lake region which Dr. Lapham so loved in life, the name of Lapham Peak. Time is slowly proving his worth. More fitting memorials than these he could not have asked.	<urn:uuid:af9889e1-6178-47c0-b740-2f5304a4c2c5>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.library.wisc.edu/etext/wireader/WER0443.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705953421/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120553-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.979831	4,755	3.0625	3
Using computers is as much a part of our daily activities as driving a car or using a microwave oven. But, unlike cars or ovens, computers become out of date' at an astounding rate, usually with only three years of use. The problem is that computers have toxic components. A typical processor and monitor contain five to eight pounds of lead and heavy metals such as cadmium, mercury and arsenic. Consequently, computers pose a formidable solid waste challenge, not only in terms of sheer numbers, but also in terms of environmental risk. What a school or business should know Disposal of computers is subject to the Maine Hazardous Waste Management Regulations. Throwing old computers into the dumpster with the regular trash is not a legal option unless, through laboratory testing, the computer can be proven to be non hazardous. (Note that laboratory testing would likely be more expensive than the cost of recycling.) Universal Waste Management Companies (pdf format) can ensure your used electronics are handled and recycled in accordance with all regulatory requirements. Elementary and secondary schools, and businesses with 100 fewer employees can recycle some of their e-waste at no cost through Maine's extended producer responsibility program. What a homeowner should know It is illegal to dispose of computer monitors and televisions generated as wastes by households in Maine. Instead, all waste computer monitors and televisions must be recycled. Maine has a system of “shared responsibility” for the recycling of computer monitors and televisions. Maine’s “Shared Responsibility” system requires the consumer, their municipality, and manufacturers to all have a role in making sure computer monitors and televisions get recycled in an environmentally sound way. Universal Waste Municipal Collection Sites (pdf format) - This is a listing by town of municipal collection sites that accept Universal Waste, including electronic waste. The blue blocks signify that they will take from anyone in the state not just for the residents in their town. Green means we were not able to reach anyone in that municipal office. If anyone finds any errors or changes to these listings, please contact the Hazardous Waste Program staff at 287-2651. For more information on Maine’s E-Waste Law, contact Carole Cifrino at (207) 485-8160 or (207) 287-2651 or at firstname.lastname@example.org. Alternatives to disposal for schools, businesses and homeowners There are plenty of ways to practice the three "R's" - reduce, reuse or recycle. - Lease equipment. This may be a good option for businesses and schools. When it's time to upgrade, the old unit is returned to the vendor, sometimes for credit towards a new computer. (Look in the Yellow Pages under Computers Leasing'.) - Identify durable products. Before you buy a new computer, check repair histories and consumer ratings through consumer publications. - Repair instead of replace, if at all possible. (Look in the Yellow Pages under Computer Repair'.) - Buy upgradable computers. If you can upgrade with a single component, you may save money and delay dealing with the disposal issue. Some computers still have useful life, even if they cannot handle the latest software. Nursing homes, schools, youth centers, municipal offices and charity or non-profit organizations may welcome donations of working older computers. Although there may be a cost involved, recycling options abound, including: - Municipal collection: All municipalities must provide their residents with a way to recycle their household televisions and computer monitors. This can be done through on-going collections at a solid waste facility, with an annual one-day collection, or through contracting with a local universal waste consolidation business to accept computer monitors and televisions from residents. Contact your municipal office or local solid waste /recycling facility to find out how you can recycle your old computer monitor or television.Places that accept computer monitors for recycling also usually accept CPU's at no cost (CPUs have valuable micrometallics that are worth more than the cost of recycling). - Manufacturer and Retailer "take-back": Some manufacturers of electronics are offering take-back programs or reuse incentives. This means that electronics can be returned to the manufacturer, retailer or a designated company for recycling, or donated to a charity for credit. Two of the more widely available take back programs are at Best Buy (Off-Site) and the Goodwill-Dell ReConnect program (Off-Site). Check your electronics manufacturer's web site for information on their specific program. For more information on household or school computer recycling contact: 17 State House Station Augusta, ME 04333-0017 207-287-2651 or 592-2215 For more information on business computer recycling contact: Hazardous Waste Staff Augusta Office 207-287-2651 Bangor Office 207-941-4570 Portland Office 207-822-6300	<urn:uuid:c20a1be6-b4d2-41a8-8c88-c7247e7c56fc>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.maine.gov/dep/waste/recycle/computerrecy.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705953421/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120553-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.920364	1,020	3.296875	3
Types of Disabilities and Documentation Guidelines A person with a disability includes any person who has a physical or mental impairment which substantially limits one or more major life activities. A qualified person with a disability is defined as one who meets the academic and technical standards requisite to admission or participation in the education program or activity. The diagnostician for any disability must be impartial and not a family member of the student. Types of Disabilities: Partial Vision Loss Partial Hearing Loss TBI/Closed Head Injury Documentation Guidelines: Documentation serves as a foundation that legitimizes a student's request for appropriate accommodations. Documentation must include very specific information regarding the individual's actual current functional limitations. DSSC does not base eligibility on what could/might occur or often occurs with those that have been given this diagnosis. Documentation should be current and answer the following the questions: Does the individual have a physical or mental impairment? Documentation must be current and include a mental or physical diagnosis made by a qualified professional. Sometimes students may be asked to provide updated comprehensive information if their condition is potentially changeable and/or previous documentation does not include sufficient information. Does the impairment affect a major life activity? Legal eligibility requires that the physical or mental impairment substantially affects a major life activity. A major life activity is a basic function of life. Disability laws list the major life activities as breathing, caring for self, hearing, learning, performing manual tasks, seeing, speaking, walking, working or other activities that are a basic function of life. Documentation must clearly state which major life activities are affected by the impairment. If an impairment interferes with certain functions that are not major life activities, although the individual is restricted, the individual is not eligible under disability laws. Does the impairment substantially limit the individuals life? Documentation must state what specific activities that individual is unable to perform or is significantly restricted in performing when compared with an average person in the general population. Documentation must state the nature and severity of the impairment, the duration or expected duration of the impairment, and the permanence or expected long term impact. 2901 Liberty Heights Avenue • Baltimore, MD 21215-7807	<urn:uuid:944876ff-9514-4572-9e97-2770c3f658f8>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://bccc.edu/Page/763	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368710006682/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516131326-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.915767	438	3.1875	3
Most Active Stories KRWG.ORG-The Region's Home Page Tue October 16, 2012 'Test Kitchen' Chefs Talk The Science Of Savory Originally published on Tue October 16, 2012 2:22 pm You might think that Bridget Lancaster and Jack Bishop — two of the culinary talents behind the public television shows America's Test Kitchen and Cook's Country — would have their cooking techniques pretty much figured out. Think again. For the new Cook's illustrated book The Science of Good Cooking, Bishop and Lancaster tested principles they assumed were true — and as Bishop tells Fresh Air's Terry Gross, "Things that we thought were actually accurate turned out to be, perhaps, more complex." Bishop and Lancaster also realized they had simplified certain techniques over the years, and that there was more to them than they initially thought. One example: searing a steak. One of the common myths in many cooking books and taught in cooking school is that searing seals in juices. "It is absolutely 100 percent false," Bishops tells Gross. He says the steak tastes better because the steak is browning and becoming more flavorful — but after running a number of tests, Bishop concluded that "whether you sear that steak at the beginning of the process or gently warm it in the oven and then quickly throw in a hot pan, the steak will weigh the same amount." According to Lancaster, one of the most overlooked steps with respect to meat is letting it rest before carving into it. "The difference between cutting into meat that's rested for 10, 20, 30 minutes and meat that has not rested at all, it's amazing," she says. The explanation? When cooked meat is just out of the oven, its fibers are very tight. "If you cut into it right away, all of the moisture inside that meat will just flood out." Lancaster's suggestion: Let the roast sit — she suggests a minimum of 20 minutes — which will allow the meat fibers to relax so the juices pushed to the outside of the meat can be reabsorbed, and the meat will be juicier. Jack Bishop is a cast member of America's Test Kitchen and Cook's Country and is the editorial director of America's Test Kitchen. Bridget Lancaster is the on-screen test cook for both shows. On why you might want to add anchovies to your beef stew Lancaster: "Glutamates ... [are] savory compounds; your taste receptors will pick that up and say, wow, that's nice and savory. But anchovies, in particular, they contain something else. It's another compound called a nucleotide — and a nucleotide plus a glutamate basically is a savory explosion. It really amps up the flavor of the glutamates 20, 30, even perhaps 40 times. So if you're tasting beef on its own, or soy sauce, or any of those glutamate-rich ingredients, your tongue will say, wow, that's very beefy. You add something with nucleotides in it, say anchovies, and you'll say this is the best beef stew ever. It tastes so much more meaty than meat." On glutamate, MSG and 'Chinese restaurant syndrome' Lancaster: "Glutamate is actually a naturally occurring compound. And MSG is derived from those naturally occurring compounds; it's just a manufactured product." Bishop: "MSG did get something of a bad rap. They used to call it 'Chinese restaurant syndrome' where people were complaining of headaches after eating Chinese food, and they blamed — for a while, anecdotally in the press, the MSG. "It turns out that it was probably bacteria growing in the rice, which had been cooked earlier in the day and [was] being kept warm in those restaurants ... and it really had nothing to do with the MSG. I do think MSG is a bit of a sledgehammer in terms of building flavor, and that taking a more natural approach using ingredients naturally rich in glutamates is a bit more subtle. And it's also certainly much more appealing." On why you shouldn't be afraid of MSG Bishop: "There's really no difference between what's in MSG and the glutamates that you find in mushrooms, in beef and all these other ingredients. It's not some scary, manufactured compound that doesn't really exist in nature; it's just a distilled version of something that exists in many foods that we normally eat." On the myth of marinades Bishop: "Your classic marinade ... is to use a bottle of Italian salad dressing. And ... the common thinking is that the acid — the vinegar in the salad dressing, or lemon juice, or red wine — is somehow tenderizing the meat. And you will read this in a lot of classic cooking manuals, that an acidic marinade will make meat more tender. "It will, in fact, make the outer layer of the meat a bit mushy, but what it's really doing is pulling moisture out of the meat and making it drier. And there isn't really a great way to tenderize a cut that's going to be cooking very quickly, for instance on the grill, but you can make it juicier, and juiciness, when it gets to eating the steak, often is equated with tenderness once it's in our mouth. "So we use a salt-based marinade; you can use salt itself, you can use a salty ingredient like soy sauce, and then mix that with the garlic, with all the seasonings you want to use. And what you're basically doing is, the salt penetrates very quickly into the meat and changes the structure of the muscle proteins, so that when the muscle proteins are cooked, they will hold on to more of their juices." Recipe: Best Beef Stew Serves 6 to 8 Use a good-quality medium-bodied wine, such as a Cotes du Rhone or pinot noir, for this stew. Try to find beef that is well marbled with white veins of fat. Meat that is too lean will come out slightly dry. Look for salt pork that is roughly 75 percent lean. 2 garlic cloves, minced 4 anchovy fillets, rinsed and minced 1 tablespoon tomato paste 1 (4-pound) boneless beef chuck-eye roast, pulled apart at seams, trimmed, and cut into 1 1/2‑inch pieces 2 tablespoons vegetable oil 1 large onion, halved and sliced 1/8 inch thick 4 carrots, peeled and cut into 1‑inch pieces 1/4 cup all-purpose flour 2 cups red wine 2 cups low-sodium chicken broth 4 ounces salt pork, rinsed 2 bay leaves 4 sprigs fresh thyme 1 pound Yukon Gold potatoes, cut into 1‑inch pieces 1 1/2 cups frozen pearl onions, thawed 2 teaspoons unflavored gelatin 1/2 cup water 1 cup frozen peas, thawed Salt and pepper 1. Adjust oven rack to lower-middle position and heat oven to 300 degrees. Combine garlic and anchovies in small bowl; press with back of fork to form paste. Stir in tomato paste and set aside. 2. Pat meat dry with paper towels. (Do not season.) Heat 1 tablespoon vegetable oil in Dutch oven over high heat until just starting to smoke. Add half of beef and cook until well browned on all sides, about 8 minutes. Transfer beef to large plate. Repeat with remaining beef and remaining 1 tablespoon vegetable oil, leaving second batch of meat in pot after browning. 3. Reduce heat to medium and return first batch of beef to pot. Add onion and carrots to Dutch oven and stir to combine with beef. Cook, scraping bottom of pot to loosen any browned bits, until onion is softened, 1 to 2 minutes. Add garlic mixture and cook, stirring constantly, until fragrant, about 30 seconds. Add flour and cook, stirring constantly, until no dry flour remains, about 30 seconds. 4. Slowly add wine, scraping bottom of pot to loosen any browned bits. Increase heat to high and allow wine to simmer until thickened and slightly reduced, about 2 minutes. Stir in broth, salt pork, bay leaves, and thyme. Bring to simmer, cover, transfer to oven, and cook for 1 1/2 hours. 5. Remove pot from oven; remove and discard bay leaves and salt pork. Stir in potatoes, cover, return to oven, and cook until potatoes are almost tender, about 45 minutes. 6. Using large spoon, skim any excess fat from surface of stew. Stir in pearl onions; cook over medium heat until potatoes and onions are cooked through and meat offers little resistance when poked with fork (meat should not be falling apart), about 15 minutes. Meanwhile, sprinkle gelatin over water in small bowl and let sit until gelatin softens, about 5 minutes. 7. Increase heat to high, stir in softened gelatin mixture and peas; simmer until gelatin is fully dissolved and stew is thickened, about 3 minutes. Season with salt and pepper to taste; serve. Why This Recipe Works This recipe uses evenly cut chunks of chuck-eye roast — one of the cheapest, beefiest cuts in the supermarket — which we brown and gently simmer in a rich broth. We flavor this broth with glutamate-rich ingredients like salt pork and tomato paste, and thicken it with gelatin. Beef and anchovies are also a good source of nucleotides that work synergistically with glutamates. Cut Your Own Meat Using packaged "stew meat" from the supermarket is a nonstarter here; the jumble of scraggly bits and large chunks from all over the cow (some of which are too lean to be stewed) is impossible to cook evenly. We prefer chuck-eye roast, which can turn meltingly tender when properly cooked. To ensure consistent texture and flavor, trim and cut the meat yourself. First, pull apart the roast at its major seams (marked by lines of fat and silverskin). Then, with a sharp chef's knife or boning knife, trim off the thick layers of fat and silverskin. Slice the meat into even, stew-ready chunks. We build flavor a number of ways in this stew — from browning to using glutamate- and nucleotide-rich ingredients in the sauce. We also sauté the aromatics. Caramelizing the onion and carrots (rather than just adding them raw to the broth, as many other recipes suggest) helps to start the stew off with as much flavor as possible. We like to leave the meat in the pot while the vegetables sauté, as the residual heat helps the vegetables to cook faster and more evenly. Fish for Meatier Flavor To boost meaty flavor in food, we often add ingredients high in glutamate. This common amino acid is the building block for MSG and occurs naturally in foods from mushrooms to cheese, tomatoes, and fish. Thus it wasn't exactly a surprise that the addition of two such glutamate-rich ingredients — tomato paste and salt pork — to our beef stew intensified its savory taste. But when we added a third ingredient, anchovies, the beefy flavor seemed to increase exponentially. This is because anchovies also contain compounds called nucleotides, which scientists have found to have a synergistic effect on glutamate, heightening its meaty taste 20- to 30-fold. Stagger the Vegetables We stagger the addition of vegetables to the stew in order to prevent overcooking. Medium-starch Yukon Gold potatoes, which aren't as starchy as russets and therefore won't break down too easily and turn the stew grainy, are added 1 1/2 hours into the stewing time. Pearl onions are added 45 minutes later, and a handful of frozen peas are added at the very end. From The Science of Good Cooking (Cook's Illustrated Cookbooks) by Cook's Illustrated Magazine. Copyright 2012 by the Editors at America's Test Kitchen. Excerpted by permission of Cook's Illustrated. Recipe: Hot Cocoa Serves 4 in small mugs Why This Recipe Works Our ideal hot cocoa recipe would give us serious chocolate flavor and a rich, satisfying consistency. We found that 1 1/2 tablespoons of cocoa powder sweetened with 1 tablespoon of sugar added enough chocolate flavor to our hot cocoa recipe without being overpowering. Many recipes recommend mixing cocoa powder and sugar with a little water before adding the milk, and we found this to be worthwhile. Water has the effect of releasing the cocoa powder's fruit, chocolate, and coffee flavor nuances. We also discovered that heating the mixture of cocoa powder, sugar, and water for two minutes before adding milk further deepens the flavor. If you want to increase or decrease this recipe for hot cocoa, the key ratio to remember is one and one-half tablespoons of cocoa and one heaping tablespoon of sugar per cup of liquid. If you have whole milk on hand rather than low-fat, go ahead and use it, omitting the half-and-half. 6 tablespoons Dutch-processed cocoa powder, measured by dip-and-sweep 4 tablespoons granulated sugar Pinch table salt 3 cups low-fat milk (1 or 2 percent) 1 teaspoon vanilla extract 1/4 cup half-and-half 1. In heavy 2-quart saucepan, whisk together cocoa, sugar, salt, and water over low heat until smooth. Simmer, whisking continuously, for 2 minutes, making sure whisk gets into the edges of pan. 2. Add milk, increase heat to medium-low, and cook, stirring occasionally with whisk, until steam rises from surface and tiny bubbles form around edge, 12 to 15 minutes. Do not boil. 3. Add vanilla and half-and-half. For foamy cocoa, beat hot cocoa with hand mixer or transfer to blender and blend until foamy. Divide between four mugs, top with whipped cream or marshmallows if desired, and serve immediately. Excerpted by permission of Cook's Illustrated. TERRY GROSS, HOST: This is FRESH AIR. I'm Terry Gross. With us for a return visit are two cooks who are constantly challenging common wisdom in an attempt to come up with quicker, easier, tastier ways of preparing food. Jack Bishop and Bridget Lancaster work with the public TV shows "America's Test Kitchen" and "Cook's Country." Jack Bishop is a cast member of both shows and editorial director of "America's Test Kitchen." Bridget Lancaster is the onscreen test cook for both shows. They've both contributed recipes to the new Cook's Illustrated book "The Science of Good Cooking," which features 400 recipes, along with explanations of the fundamental principles behind the recipes. Bridget Lancaster, Jack Bishop, welcome back to FRESH AIR. Bridget, you contributed a lot of recipes to this new book. Jack, the idea for the book was yours, and it sounds like you oversaw a lot of it. Why did you want to do a book on the science of cooking? JACK BISHOP: Cook's Illustrated magazine, for the last 20 years, has really been writing about food and the science of cooking. And I thought it was time to really put together a manual of best practices and to really explain how food works from a scientific perspective and to really take all of that accumulated knowledge that we had gained over 20 years of recipe testing and put it into a single book for the person who really wants to learn to cook or become a better cook through the lens of science, analysis, testing and improving. GROSS: So did the fact that Cook's Illustrated was working on a science of cooking book change the emphasis in the test kitchen? BISHOP: Yeah. We went back to a lot of things that we thought were true and decided we were going to re-examine pretty much all of them. And we conducted a lot more experiments, and it was really interesting. Things that we thought were actually accurate turned out to be perhaps more complex, was usually the issue - not necessarily that things were wrong, but that we had simplified them over the years and that there was more to it than we initially thought. GROSS: Give me an example. BISHOP: A good example would be the whole issue of one of the common myths that you will read in any book or if you go to cooking school is that searing seals in juices, so that when you're searing a steak, what you're doing supposedly is sealing in the juices. It's absolutely, 100-percent false. You are not sealing in any juices. You are making the steak taste better because you are causing browning, which is initiating a process called the Maillard reaction, making the steak browner and more flavorful. But we ran a number of tests and concluded that there's absolutely no truth to that. In fact, whether you sear that steak at the beginning of the process or whether you gently warm it in the oven and then quickly throw it in a hot pan, the steak will weigh the same amount before and after cooking, whether you sear at the very beginning or you sear at the very end. GROSS: Is that how you measure whether it has more moisture in it or not, whether it's juicier, by weighing it? BISHOP: That's usually the way we would measure something like that. I mean, we will do sensory tests, where we'll have people in the kitchen taste a sample. But what we really wanted to do for this book - and I think something that we did sort of out of the norm - is we really tried to measure things, and tons of weighing, analysis, working with the food lab and really trying to quantify what we were seeing. We repeated the tests. So if we did any test, we did it usually at least five times, looking to make sure that, you know, from a science perspective, that we were on solid ground. GROSS: Bridget, you contributed several of the recipes in this new book, "The Science of Good Cooking." So is the beef stew recipe one of yours? BRIDGET LANCASTER: The beef stew recipe - actually, the beef stew recipe that runs in that is not directly mine, but I'd say I'm the grandmother of that recipe, perhaps. LANCASTER: There's a lot of science that went behind choosing every single ingredient, and a lot of that was done in the early days. But this is a great example of a recipe that we thought we knew everything about beef stew, and then we went back and we questioned certain aspects of it. How can you get a beef stew that tastes amazingly beefy with meat that's super-succulent and juicy, melt-in-your-mouth, but also working with supermarket ingredients like canned beef broth? How could that ever produce such a rich, flavorful and unctuous beef stew? GROSS: OK. So let's talk about beef stew, because it's a great winter dish. LANCASTER: Oh, yes. GROSS: And it's - the cold weather's coming. LANCASTER: It's on its way. GROSS: Or it's here, depending on where you are. So, first of all, with the beef stew, you suggest do not buy stew meat. Why not, and what should you buy? LANCASTER: Well, meat that's already pre-cut-up into pieces and labeled as stew meat, we're not actually sure exactly where that came from in the cow. There's a couple problems with it. One is it's hard to identify if it's from one of the better cuts - say, the chuck or the shoulder area of the cow has tons of intramuscular fat and collagen running through it. So when that beef is cooked nice and slow, the collagen melts, and it turns into gelatin. The gelatin's what gives that stew meat that really silky feel, and that's what we want. Sometimes stew meat comes from the sirloin, which is a leaner cut, or from the round, which is not the best thing for stewing. So that's one of the problems, is getting, you know, the right cut. The other problem is the size of stew meat. Often, you get stew meat, and it's tiny, tiny pieces of meat. Well, during that long, slow cooking, the meat really, really shrinks. So if you want meat that's not going to fall apart in the stew, you want to start with bigger, chunkier pieces of beef. So definitely good to get a chuck eye roast or a chuck roast from the shoulder, a blade at the very least, but a chuck eye is great, and cut it up yourself. It takes 10 to 15 minutes, really, to do it. GROSS: And what else are you putting in? LANCASTER: Oh, a lot of good stuff. So we want a beef stew that tastes really rich, very, very beefy. So beef will, oddly enough, only get you part of the way there. So one of the things that we find is that adding ingredients that contain a lot of glutamates - glutamates are a savory compound. Basically, your tongue says, wow. This is beefier. This is savory, if it tastes of glutamate - so things like tomato paste or salt pork, mushrooms. But in this case, one of the odd ingredients that we used was anchovies. GROSS: And this gets to one of the principles that I really love from your book, which is combining the glutamates with things like anchovies or sardines. So explain what's going on scientifically and what happens when these two groups of tastes combine. LANCASTER: Right. So the glutamates, which I mentioned before, it's a savory compound. Your taste receptors will pick that up and say, wow. This is nice and savory. But anchovies, in particular, they contain something else. It's another compound called a nucleotide. And a nucleotide plus a glutamate basically is a savory explosion. It really amps up the flavor of the glutamates 20, 30 even perhaps 40 times. So if you're tasting beef on its own or soy sauce or anything, any of those glutamate-rich ingredients, you tongue will say, wow, this is very beefy. You add something with nucleotides in it, say anchovies, and you'll say this is the best beef stew ever. It tastes so much more meaty than meat, believe it or not. GROSS: So tell us the foods in both categories, the nucleotides and the glutamates. LANCASTER: Well, glutamates - and the anchovies also contain glutamates, I should say. So salt pork, tomato paste, the anchovies I mentioned before, soy sauce is used a lot, Worcestershire sauce, meat in general. Those are probably the most common ones. So things like the anchovies are really rich in the nucleotides. Jack, I don't know offhand... BISHOP: Dried mushrooms are another good source of nucleotides. And, you know, as Bridget was saying, all those things from the sea: shrimp, believe it or not sea urchin - not sure we're going to throw those into beef stew anytime soon. But, you know, that combination, as Bridget said, really just makes tremendously complex, meaty flavor, and we use that in a lot of our cooking, even in dishes where you wouldn't think - you know, where meat is not necessarily star, thinking about like in a tomato sauce, and ramping up the savory sort of - generally savory notes in something, using both glutamates and nucleotides can be a great way to make something more flavorful. GROSS: So getting back to our beef stew recipe, what do you do for a good broth? You've got the meat. You've got the glutamates with a little bit of anchovies in it as the big surprise to release the explosion of savory taste. LANCASTER: So, well, one thing I should point out about the anchovies, for anybody out there listening and saying anchovies: You don't taste anchovies. It does not taste like a fish stew. So I should say that. It's kind of like a Caesar salad, where you have this really deep-flavored dressing. But getting back to the broth, you know, we try to use ready-made ingredients or convenient ingredients. So we're not going to ask people to make a homemade stock for this. And if you were to have the best beef stew in the world at a restaurant, it probably is using veal stock. So they roast the bones, sometimes with tomato paste and sometimes with vegetables, and then they simmer it very slowly. And all that collagen is released from the bones and the meat, and it converts to gelatin, the same thing as I explained before with the meat. Well, if you're using canned broth, you're not going to get all that gelatin that gives almost the silky feel to beef stew that using a veal stock would. So we were looking for gelatin, so we thought: Why not get a box of Knox, you know, just the old gelatin that you used for, you know, your jiggly desserts back in the 1950s? And a little bit of powdered gelatin right over the sauce, and we let it bloom and then finish the broth with it, gives it just a really nice body, kind of clings to the spoon a little bit - also clings to your ribs, too. GROSS: OK, so getting back to the glutamates, they're related to MSG, monosodium glutamate, which has been literally X'ed off of most menus now. Like, Chinese restaurants used to be famous for having MSG in their dishes. Now so many of those restaurants have the, you know, X, no MSG. So what is MSG? You've just sung the praises of glutamates. What's the difference between glutamates and monosodium glutamate? LANCASTER: Hmm. That's an excellent question. Well, I know that glutamate is actually a natural-occurring compound, and so is - MSG is derived from those naturally occurring compounds. It's just it's a manufactured product. But there really is not any concrete evidence that MSG is going to give you that reaction of a big headache. And, in fact, you know, you don't need - the end of the story is you don't need to grab a package of MSG off of the shelf. You're better off using, as Jack said, dried mushrooms, anchovies, tomato paste, tomatoes, soy sauce, things like that, to basically really add that savory component. So, MSG I think of as one of those things that we didn't understand back then. It certainly does add that - you know, we did tests in the Test Kitchen where we added MSG to food, tasted it alongside food that did not have MSG added to it, and you could definitely taste a deeper flavor. But I think it's one of these foods that people have been accustomed to being afraid of. But in any case, you don't need it. Just get some mushrooms instead. GROSS: And make sure you saute the mushrooms first or something, right? GROSS: Yeah, bring out the flavor. BISHOP: And Terry, you know, the MSG did get somewhat of a bad rap. You know, they used to call it Chinese restaurant syndrome, where people were complaining of headaches after eating Chinese food, and they blamed - for a while, anecdotally in the press - the MSG. It turns out that it was probably bacteria growing in the rice which had been cooked earlier in the day and being kept warm in those restaurants which was causing the headaches that people were complaining about after eating Chinese food, and it really had nothing to do with the MSG. I do think MSG is a bit of a sledgehammer in terms of building flavor, and that taking a more natural approach, using ingredients naturally rich in glutamates, is a bit more subtler, and it's also certainly much more appealing. GROSS: But you're also saying you don't have to be terrified of MSG. BISHOP: No. I mean, there's really - other than in its pure form, there's no difference between what's in MSG and the glutamates that you find in mushrooms and beef and all these other ingredients. It's not some scary, manufactured compound that doesn't really exist in nature. It's just a distilled version of something that exists in many foods that we normally eat. GROSS: Hmm. OK. If you're just joining us, we're talking about cooking and the science of cooking. In fact, "The Science of Cooking" is the name of the new recipe book put out by Cook's Illustrated, and both of my guests have worked on that. Bridget Lancaster is the onscreen test cook for the public TV shows "America's Test Kitchen" and "Cook's Country." Jack Bishop is a cast member of both of those shows and is the editorial director of "America's Test Kitchen." Let's take a short break, then we'll talk some more. This is FRESH AIR. (SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC) GROSS: Well, if you're just joining us, my guests are Jack Bishop and Bridget Lancaster, and there's a new Cook's Illustrated book called "The Science of Cooking" that was Jack's idea, and Bridget contributed some of the recipes. And Bridget is the onscreen test cook for the public television shows "America's Test Kitchen" and "Cook's Country." Jack is a cast member of both those shows and is the editorial director of "America's Test Kitchen." As we've discussed in previous shows, Bridget, you love meat dishes, and Jack, you're very into vegetarian dishes. So let's do a vegetarian side dish here, and this is for creamy Parmesan polenta. Oh, it sounds good. And what you've tried to do here is create a recipe where you don't have to constantly stir the polenta, and you can cook it in less time than most polenta takes to cook. So what's the trick? BISHOP: Well, the classic recipe for making polenta is, you know, you think there's an Italian grandmother - including my Italian grandmother - sitting in a kitchen, stirring a pot of cornmeal, water and salt. That's really all polenta is. And the classic recipe literally calls for you to stir constantly for one hour. It's a great workout for your upper body. Those muscles really can get a lot stronger. But most people want to avoid recipes that call for stirring for one hour. So the reason why you need to cook the polenta that long is, you know, you add the cornmeal, and you think: Well, isn't it done? And the cornmeal's not fully hydrated. And what you're really doing by continuing to cook and stir is allowing the water to fully be absorbed by the cornmeal. And so we had two tricks to cut down on the cooking time and to reduce the stirring. The first was we add just a pinch of baking soda to the pot. And what the baking soda is doing is creating an alkaline cooking environment, and that alkaline environment is breaking down the pectin that holds the different cells within the cornmeal together. And once those cells come apart, once the pectin dissolves, the water can easily penetrate into those cells and hydrate the cells, and therefore the cornmeal will soften and become properly cooked. So that basically will cut the cooking time from 60 minutes to 30 minutes, but it doesn't solve the stirring problem. We solve the stirring problem by simply using the absolute lowest heat and throwing the lid on a heavy pot. So if you're using like a heavy Dutch oven and you put the lid on it and then turn the heat all the way down to very low, it's not going to scorch. And so you can simply stir it twice during the 30-minute cooking time, and you don't need to be standing over the pot, working out your biceps. GROSS: Now, do you get it to boiling before you turn down the heat, or do you just keep it on the low heat? BISHOP: You bring it up to a boil. What you're doing is you're bringing the water and the salt to a boil. You're slowly adding the cornmeal, whisking, trying to prevent lumps. It'll pretty much come back to a boil instantaneously once you've added the cornmeal. And then you turn the heat all the way down, as low as it can possibly go. Basically, you want it to be at a lazy, lazy simmer, the occasional bubble. If your stove is one that kind of runs hot, you might even use a flame tamer. But the most important thing is to be using a heavy pot with a heavy bottom and then putting the lid on, which will trap that moisture and prevent scorching. GROSS: And why is the heavy pot important? BISHOP: That keeps the heat from the burner from really causing the bottom of the polenta to scorch, and that basically the heavier the pot, the thicker the bottom, the more even the cooking is going to be, no matter what you're cooking, whether you're cooking a stew or polenta. And so, you know, those Dutch ovens that are cast iron with the enamel coating that weigh eight pounds, nine pounds, there's a reason why they're that heavy. For this kind of cooking that's low and slow, they're going to make sure that the even heat is distributed throughout the entire pot. GROSS: So where does the parmesan come in? BISHOP: You finish with parmesan and butter. And so after the 30 minutes, take the lid off, you need to add a little bit of butter. You can use as much or as little as you want. And then the Parmesan is there for, obviously, flavor. And, you know, I will serve creamy Parmesan polenta as a side dish, on its own. It's also a great anchor under any sort of stew, whether it's a vegetarian stew with beans and vegetables, or whether it's a beef stew. And, of course, the classic Italian pairing of polenta and osso bucco is absolutely fabulous. But I think it's a sort of nicer partner with any sort of stew than the usual noodles or potatoes. I think it has a little bit more flavor, and it's a little unexpected. GROSS: Jack Bishop and Bridget Lancaster will be back in the second half of the show. They both work on the public TV programs "America's Test Kitchen" and "Cook's Country" and have contributed to the new book "Cook's Illustrated: The Science of Good Cooking." You'll find the recipes we've talked about on our website: freshair.npr.org. I'm Terry Gross, and this is FRESH AIR. (SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC) GROSS: This is FRESH AIR. I'm Terry Gross. We're talking about ways of making recipes easier and tastier with Bridget Lancaster and Jack Bishop of "America's Test Kitchen," which is the home of the magazines "Cook's Illustrated" and "Cook's Country" and the public TV shows "America's Test Kitchen" and "Cook's Country." Bridget Lancaster is the on-screen test cook for both shows. Jack Bishop is a cast member on both shows and editorial director of "America's Test Kitchen." They've both contributed to the new book "The Science of Good Cooking." I want to ask you both about the principles - some of the scientific principles - that are in the new book "The Science of Good Cooking." I didn't know this, but you say putting sugar on fish will brown it. I've kind of used that principle by just, you know, putting on - this might appall you - putting on teriyaki sauce at the last minute and that really helps brown it, I found, but, you know, because I'm putting it on while it's still in the pan. GROSS: OK. So, but you suggest just sprinkling on some sugar. LANCASTER: Well, it makes little bit of sense if you think about what you're cooking, you're cooking a piece of fish. So to brown it, say, in a skillet, you don't want that fish to stay in a long, long time because fish cooks very quickly. So in order to speed up the browning - which again, browning creates a lot of flavor - not only do we salt and pepper the fish but just add I mean a little sprinkling of sugar at that point because the sugar will quickly caramelize. It doesn't taste sweet at all but it translates to a deeper flavor very quickly. And, you know, this trick works great with chicken breast or we use it on very little lean pork chops, things like that, cutlets, things that you want to brown quickly but they're in danger of overcooking if they were to spend all day in the pan, getting a nice dark color. GROSS: OK. And in your book you say marinades don't tenderize meats. But if you're going to do a marinade, a salty marinade works best. What are the scientific principles behind marinades and why some marinades work and some don't? BISHOP: I'll take this one, Terry. BISHOP: Your classic marinade - pretty much everyone has done this at some point in their life - is to use a bottle of Italian salad dressing. And you're thinking - at least the common thinking is that the acid - the vinegar in the salad dressing, or lemon juice, or red wine - is somehow tenderizing the meat. And you will read this in a lot of classic cooking manuals, that an acidic marinade will make meat more tender. It will, in fact, make the outer layer of the meat a bit mushy, but what it's really doing is pulling moisture out of the meat and making it drier. And there isn't really a great way to tenderize a cut that's going to be cooking very quickly, for instance on the grill, but you can make it juicier, and juiciness, when it gets to eating the steak, often is equated with tenderness once it's in our mouth. And so, we use a salt-based marinade; you can use salt itself, you can use a salty ingredient like soy sauce, and then mix that with the garlic, with all the other seasonings that you want to use. And what you're basically doing is, the salt penetrates very quickly into the meat, it changes the structure of the muscle proteins, so that when the muscle proteins are cooked, they will hold on to more of their juices. You know, the great challenge in any sort of protein cookery is that the more you cook it, the more flavor that you're developing on the exterior, but the more moisture is evaporating. And so what a salty marinade will do will slow down the process of the moisture evaporating and the steak or the chicken cutlet drying out. It'll also provide some nice seasoning so that it gives you time to get some nice browning and to fully cook that piece of meat. GROSS: And if you're going with a salty marinade, how long would you do that for? BISHOP: Thirty minutes. You know, of course, it will depend upon the strength. But if you're making a marinade, let's say, with, you know, a third of a cup or a quarter of a cup of soy sauce you always want to salt - throw oil in with the marinade because the oil will distribute a lot of the fat soluble compounds that are in spices and in herbs evenly throughout the meat, and then you can add, you know, your dried spices, your herbs, and what we usually do is we don't put the acidic ingredient in the marinade. It's something that we might use at serving time, for instance. So if you're marinating chicken cutlets and you like - or chicken breasts - and you like the idea of lemon, serve it with lemon wedges and use a squirt of lemon at that point. But throwing the lemon into the marinade - at least the lemon juice - really is just making the meat mushy and dry. GROSS: OK. So another question that you write about in "The Science of Good Cooking" is, you know, the relative merits of cooking with water and cooking with air. And, you know, you say water is a more efficient conductor of heat than air and is capable of cooking food very quickly, an oven cooks more slowly. So how do you weigh the relative merits between, you know, cooking with water and cooking in the oven and combining the two? GROSS: You know, having moisture in, you know, kind of like a stew, moisture in the oven? LANCASTER: Well I... GROSS: Moisture in the pot that your cooking in the oven? LANCASTER: Sure. I think the moist cooking environment is what you were talking about - stewing, brazing is another one where it's more of a shallow - think of it as a shallow stew with slightly larger pieces of meat or even pot roasting. So the pot would contain at least halfway up the sides liquid and you're pot roasting a nice big piece of beef or pork. I think you choose these methods, you choose a slow, moist cooking method - stewing, brazing or pot roasting, for a couple of reasons. One, the moisture really does do a great job of breaking down the intramuscular fat. It also, the water, or the liquid in the pan, is not going to go above 210, 211 degrees. At that point it would start to boil and turn to steam. So you're already using a much lower heat than you can control with dry roasting. And then the other reason is you like gravy. I mean I could put gravy on just about anything. So the moist - it's a, you know, the moisture gives tenderness to the meat but then or whatever food you're doing, and then the food gives an amazing flavor, creating a sauce at the same time. So I think with really, really tough cuts my preference is - my personal preference is for moist heat cooking. There are exceptions to that; we did a slow roasted beef. We've done actually slow roasted pork as well, but the slow roasted beef was kind of the first time we took an insanely tough cut around a beef round and cooked it at an incredibly low temperature to basically, because what we found was that this really, really low temperature, there are enzymes and enzymes inside beef that tenderizer it. I think it's below; the meat has to be below 122 degrees. I'm pretty sure that's the cutoff point. But below 122 degrees, the enzymes that are turned on by this low heat method, they act almost like little buzz saws in there and they cut down the tough tissue in a really, really tough cut of meat and several hours later you end up with a roast that, I mean before this experiment I probably would've not roasted a round from a beef. It's not my ideal cut, but after this it was amazing that the beef was so much more flavorful and it was so incredibly tender, it didn't need a knife to cut it. So either way you're going, the brazing, the stewing or slow oven roasting, they're all different methods of slowly breaking down meat, tough cuts, to make it much more tender. GROSS: OK. So speaking of slow cooking, what do you both think of crock pots? LANCASTER: I love them. BISHOP: I'm a convert. As somebody who never used a crock pot until about three years ago, I'm convinced. GROSS: What are your favorite dishes to make in the crock pot? BISHOP: My favorite things are anything that benefits from, you know, slow low cooking. You know, if it's I see recipes that people try to roast a chicken in the crock pot, that seems a little crazy to me. It's not really the best use of a crock pot. And so I make chili in a crock pot. The advantages, that you can do all the prep work and, you know, go out of the house and go do things for eight hours and come back and the chili is ready to serve. Stews are great in a crock pot. Beef stew is just, you know wonderful in a crock pot. You do need to adjust recipes. A couple of things I found is that you need to add more flavorful ingredients and there's almost no evaporation. And so sometimes you need to cut back the amount of liquid that you would normally use otherwise, the end product can be a little on the sort of soupy side. But I love them. LANCASTER: I'm the same way and I'm a year-round slow cooker fan. And in the winter during the holidays I think I'm one of the last five people on earth to only own one of oven, so the slow cooker becomes my second oven. If I have a lot of people over, I will say for Thanksgiving, I'll have roast turkey but I'm not going to roast two turkeys. So I'll have a roast turkey and I'll have a stew on the side. And then in the summer, I don't want to turn on my oven because it's an old oven. It heats up the whole house. So again, it's a great time, a great piece of equipment to use. And the other thing that I like to make in it is - and I know it's not true barbecue - but I love to make things like pulled pork, pulled chicken, all these things they really translate to - translate well to the slow cooker. GROSS: Bridget, I think you've been hanging around with cooks too long, if you're the only person you know who doesn't have two ovens. I don't think I know anybody who has two ovens. LANCASTER: I think you're probably right. GROSS: Yeah. Think about that. GROSS: My guests our Bridget Lancaster and Jack Bishop of "America's Test Kitchen." They've contributed to the new book Cook's illustrated "The Science of Good Cooking." We'll talk more after a break. This is FRESH AIR. (SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC) GROSS: If you're just joining us, we're talking about cooking, winter foods and the science of cooking. "The Science of Good Cooking" is the name of the new book published by Cook's illustrated. I have two guests. Jack Bishop came up with the idea for the book and basically oversaw it and Bridget Lancaster contributed some of the recipes. Bridget is the on-screen test cook for the public TV shows "America's Test Kitchen" and "Cook's Country." Jack is a cast member of both of those shows and is the editorial director for "America's Test Kitchen." So, another principle in your book is that rubbing chicken skin - chicken that you're going to roast - with cornstarch can crisp the skin. Why is that? LANCASTER: This is pretty amazing, but when you think about what cornstarch does, cornstarch is a starch obviously, and it wakes up moisture. So when you're thinking of chicken skin - and not the meat, obviously, you want to rub it with usually we do a mixture of both cornstarch and salt together, and it is going to start pulling out some of the moisture from the skin. So when you go to roast it, the moisture is at the surface, it can quickly evaporate and you end up with a much crisper skin. It's great for turkey. It's great for chicken. We've even used it a couple of times rubbing it right on the surface of things like pork chops, steaks before we put them on the grill to get a really substantial crust, so it's a good trick. GROSS: You like to rest meat in between, you know, cooking it and carving it and that's, in part, to keep the juices in. LANCASTER: Definitely. And that's, I think that's one of the most overlooked steps of any recipe. The difference between resting meat, cutting into meat that's rested for 10 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes, and meat that has not rested at all and you cut right into it, it's amazing. So basically, you take a piece of meat out of the oven and the fibers are very tight, so they're bound together. So if you were to cut into that meat right away, all the moisture that's inside that meat will just flood out onto your cutting board. Well, that means dried meat, really moist cutting board. So if you're enjoying cutting board for dinner you're all set, but the meat will be dry. But by letting that roast sit there for at least - depending on the size of the roast - at least 10, 15, 20 minutes, 20 minutes to me is the minimum, the meat fibers which were really, really tight are now starting to relax, the juices that were pushed to the outside of the meat are now able to reabsorb back into it. And then you can cut into the meat, the meat will be juicy, you'll have very little loss of juice to your cutting board. It's worth it, I think, to - especially, you know, a really expensive roast or just about anything, to let it sit there for at least 20 minutes. GROSS: So with winter on the way, I'd like you to each recommend your favorite cold weather drink. Not Scotch. LANCASTER: Darn it. GROSS: Like something that you actually make. LANCASTER: Cold weather drink. For me it's probably mulled cider. And you can choose to put a little Calvados into that if you care for it. A nice cider from, you know, the local orchard if you can, and you can bloom the spices. Your cinnamon stick, break it up, your nutmeg, whatever you like in that. I think mulled cider for me is - and I don't really have a recipe. I kind of throw things in hickledy-pickledy until it tastes good. And a little bourbon at the end is perfect. GROSS: And Jack? BISHOP: For me it's hot cocoa. I have not had hot cocoa in probably six months and I'm looking forward to another couple weeks when it gets cold enough that I'm going to want to have a cup of cocoa every evening. And so hot cocoa, as the name implies, I think should be made with cocoa powder rather than chocolate. Believe it or not, cocoa powder has two or three times as much flavor as an equivalent amount of chocolate because chocolate also has fat in it and cocoa powder is pretty much pure cocoa solids, meaning pure flavor and very little of the cocoa butter, which is the fat. And so I will take a small amount of cocoa powder and mix it with a small amount of sugar and then a small amount of milk, and dissolving them, sort of whisking them together to make a sort of thick paste and then adding the remainder of the milk in order to thin that out. And I think it's really important - I usually use skim milk in my cereal, but I think if you're going to make hot cocoa, you kind of want to use whole milk. And then a little teeny bit of salt. In a lot of beverages that have sugar in them, adding a pinch of salt will kind of balance out the sweetness and heighten the flavors the way it does in savory foods. GROSS: Well, I have to say that tastes and smells very good the way I'm imagining it. And speaking of cocoa, I mean you suggest in recipes, for instance like chocolate cupcakes, that you use cocoa instead of chocolate, or at least make some substitution there. BISHOP: Yeah. This principle is really interesting, that people think, oh, bar chocolate has the best flavor because they're thinking about their experience of, you know, eating it out of the package. And you're not going to eat unsweetened cocoa powder. But chocolate actually is 50 percent cocoa butter, which is the fat that's in bar chocolate that gives it that luscious texture, and it's 50 percent cocoa solids. Cocoa solids are what makes chocolate taste like chocolate. And so in order to make cocoa powder, they take pure chocolate that's half fat and half cocoa solids and remove almost all of the fat. And so a spoonful - a spoonful - it's just got an intense amount of chocolate flavor. And so when we're making cupcakes, when we are making cakes, even when we're making chocolate mousse or frosting, we will often rely on cocoa powder. And in order to sort of unlock all of the flavor that's in those cocoa solids, we found it's really important to do a technique called blooming. So a lot of old fashioned recipes that might call for cocoa powder - let's say you were making a cupcake - you would just add it with the flour and the other dry ingredients and, you know, add it at the end. We find that that is not sufficient. What you really need to do is pour hot liquid - it can be water, coffee is great, brewed coffee - over the cocoa powder in a bowl to dissolve the cocoa powder fully and sort of unlock all the flavor that's trapped inside of those cocoa solids. And then you can use that cocoa powder in the cake batter. You - you know, add - that's basically the liquid ingredient. Rather than adding milk which you would usually do at the end of making a cake or a cupcake along with the dry ingredients, you're alternating adding this bloomed cocoa along with the flour. And it's just a great way to make a super intense chocolate cake. GROSS: Well, Jack Bishop, Bridget Lancaster, I want to thank you both so much for talking with us again. LANCASTER: Thank you. BISHOP: Thank you. GROSS: Jack Bishop and Bridget Lancaster work on the public TV programs "America's Test Kitchen" and "Cook's Country" and have contributed to the new book "Cook's Illustrated: The Science of Good Cooking." You'll find recipes we've talked about on our website, freshair.npr.org. This is FRESH AIR. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright National Public Radio.	<urn:uuid:caca5c50-8d19-4380-a0de-323acc2082c9>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://krwg-tv.org/post/test-kitchen-chefs-talk-science-savory	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368710006682/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516131326-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.965809	11,557	2.640625	3
Bug parents have it easy. Instead of suffering the starving cries of their babies like bird and mammal mommies do, new research indicates that insects merely need a whiff of their kids to gauge what little ones need. The new findings reveal a novel way for offspring to communicate hunger. Most larvae aren't blessed with a strong set of noisemakers. So it's a safe bet that they must get their parents' attention in some other way. Recognizing that bugs tend to use chemical signals to communicate with each other, evolutionary biologist Edmund Brodie III of Indiana University, Bloomington, wondered if baby insects speak by stinking. To find out, Brodie and colleagues looked at parental feeding behavior in burrower bugs (Sehirus cinctus). Adults are about the size of a pencil eraser, and the youngest babes--there can be up to 100 per brood--look like bright red pinheads. The researchers separated the babies into two groups: One got plenty to eat, while the other was underfed. They then collected the volatile chemicals wafting from each clutch. Finally, using a "smell-o-tron," the researchers blew these odors toward mother bugs. Moms receiving odors from ill-fed babies immediately set to finding more food. Mothers gassed with sated-baby odors, on the other hand, slowed their food search. When the team analyzed the chemical make-up of the odors, they found 8 distinct compounds: One was more prevalent in gas from starving babies; another was more prevalent in well fed ones. The mothers didn't respond to these individual compounds alone, however, suggesting a complex interplay between the odors is required. Figuring out exactly which combination of odors is needed to elicit a maternal response will take a lot of trial and error, says Brodie, whose team reports its findings online this week in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. "This may be the first example of animals communicating hunger by chemicals," says evolutionary biologist Allen Moore of the University of Exeter, Cornwall, U.K. Behavioral ecologist Marty Leonard of Dalhousie University, in Halifax, Canada, says the work is exciting because "it takes us off in another route we haven't traveled."	<urn:uuid:61736701-96b3-4996-8ff2-f444b24e2c7c>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2006/03/09-02.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368710006682/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516131326-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.94815	466	3.375	3
Excitation systems provide a powerful force on generator availability and dynamic performance. It is responsible in ensuring quality of reactive power and generator voltage, which means energy delivered to consumers are of high-quality. The key functions of excitation systems include: providing changeable erratic DC current with capacity for short-time overload control of terminal voltage and appropriate accuracy guarantee steady operation with machines and networks; involvement with transient stability succeeding a fault correspond with the control system of the power plant keep the machine within acceptable working range. Advanced excitation systems involve tools for limiting or controlling mechanism terminal voltage, volts per hertz ratio, highest mechanism field current, and the reactive load soaked up by the machine. Practical evaluation of these limiters prior to placement for commercial service is highly recommended. Hydroelectric Power Control System A hydroelectric power control system is the system responsible for providing dependable, consistent, unattended, and regular power plant operation. It also has complete control and monitoring capabilities for newly established as well as for refurbished hydroelectric power plants. The hydroelectric power control system provides confirmed, proven, cost-effective system controls for all aspects of switchyard and generation operation, which include VAR control, voltage control, generator start and stop options, optimized multi-generator load control, and synchronization. Pond level, minimum flow, fish ladder control, tail-race level and head gate position are under water-related system controls. Excitation Systems and Hydroelectric Power Control System Excitation systems are major components in hydroelectric power plants and they are suitable for examination under a condition evaluation course. Excitation system malfunction can have a considerable economic impact because of a higher equipment price and extensive lead times in procurement production, installation, and lost proceeds for the duration of an extensive forced outage. Excitation system may be divided into two main subsystems, which include low– voltage system and the high-voltage system. Low-voltage systems can be found in the electronics and control system, while high-voltage systems can be found in rotating exciter, excitation system supply transformer, field breaker, power bridge, supply breaker, and many more. The high-voltage section of the excitation system indicates the need for the entire system to be replaced. The low-voltage, as well as the electronic section, plays a major role for spare parts that may not be available anymore and/or the equipment has turned outmoded. Failure of one or more system components may not require entire system replacement, and only the involved components may need to be considered for replacement. Most abnormalities in excitation system, particularly in the low-voltage control section, are automatically identified through regular system maintenance and can be easily corrected without the need for total excitation system replacement. Individual electronic circuits are easily replaced cheaply and efficiently as long as they are still sustained by the manufacturer. In case manufacturer support is no longer available, the these costs may turn out to be considerable and a fractional or total excitation system replacement may be warranted. Establishing the current state of an excitation system is an important step in the analysis of malfunction risk. This afterthought offers a course for arriving at an Excitation System Condition Index that can be useful in the development of a business case that addresses economic events, risk of failure and other significant factors. The excitation system of a hydroelectric plant is a significant component in ensuring that the produced power is distributed properly to the power grid. This can be effectively done by increasing network availability within the system by using redundancy. Excitation control system offers highly advanced technology that can accurately control, secure, protect, shelter and supervise synchronous motors and generators, for new and accessible applications.	<urn:uuid:da48e6fb-81fd-4611-aeec-923f142b5349>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.lselectric.com/classic-lean-the-5-why-root-cause-analysis-9/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368710006682/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516131326-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.919396	764	2.796875	3
Here Fido – Fetch!Posted: May 25, 2012 And you guessed it, the topic for today is the boomerang. Some boomerang facts you might not have known: - Boomerangs are not solely native to Australia – Boomerangs have been found world-wide, including Egypt. Our favourite pharaoh, King Tut possessed a few boomerangs, some plated in gold – now that’s my kind of stick! - Not all boomerangs are designed to return – there are two types: ‘returning’ and ‘hunting’. The non returning ‘hunting’ variety are typically used to knock down the prey and travel straight, rather than curved. - The oldest ever found boomerang is about 30,000 years old and was found in a cave in Poland. It was made from a mammoth’s tusk - The smallest boomerang to travel over 20m was weeny s a teeny-48mm	<urn:uuid:ba637176-ac5e-42e4-b4c5-d7199bba0b26>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://justoutsidetheboxcartoon.com/2012/05/25/here-fido-fetch/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699273641/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516101433-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.962562	210	2.640625	3
Restrictive immigration policies have long been associated with a variety of economic problems including the diminished availability of foreign business and scientific talent, the inability to fill low-skilled agricultural and service jobs typically scorned by legal residents, and reduced access to the kind of entrepreneurial enthusiasm characteristic of those willing to risk their futures in another country. Only recently has it become clear how restrictive immigration laws also produce harmful social consequences, particularly when it comes to the age-old scourge of human trafficking—the use of force and fraud to supply cheap labor and sexual services. To understand these consequences, it is important to appreciate just how lucrative a branch of organized crime the modern slave trade has become. Efficient transportation, technological advances in both farming and factory work, and advances in communication have all combined to make the use of forced labor very cheap by historical measures. Free the Slaves, a Washington, D.C.-based nonprofit, has calculated the return on the cost of an enslaved field worker in 1850s Alabama at just 5 percent, whereas today a trafficked farmhand can yield the owner anywhere from double digits to 800 percent. Similarly, an imprisoned prostitute shuttled around the boroughs of New York City in a van by a driver scheduling appointments on his cell phone can service as many as 40 customers in a single shift. As one researcher coldly but accurately put it, “People are a good commodity as they do not easily perish, but they can be transported over long distances and can be re-used and re-sold.” The result, according to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, is that 2.5 million victims, approximately 80 percent female and 50 percent under the age of 18, are being trafficked around the world at any given time. In 2005 the International Labor Organization in Geneva, Switzerland, estimated the annual revenues from this “industry” at $32 billion, or $13,000 per victim. CONTINUED at FEE. Written by Lewis M. Andrews.	<urn:uuid:b2865b47-780e-4f01-9eb9-8cdbfbd708fd>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://theswash.com/politics-2/military-2/human-trafficking-the-other-good-reason-to-reform-immigration	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699273641/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516101433-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.956971	410	2.65625	3
BioFlow, a handheld biological threat detection system under development at The Mitre Corporation's Bio-Nano Laboratory could one day help emergency response teams identify biological threats on site, saving time, money and possibly lives. Mitre engineers have demonstrated the concept for several government sponsors, including the Defense and Homeland Security departments. BioFlow combines existing technology and sampling techniques to identify a variety of threats, including bacterial agents that cause anthrax, viruses and clinical markers such as thyroid stimulating hormone. Furthermore, it could identify targets in a range of samples, including water, soil, blood or urine. The BioFlow process relies on anti-body-coated magnetic microspheres to extract and identify specific targets, such as bacteria, hormones or viruses.	<urn:uuid:1c2fbb77-d0f2-4a4c-a197-725cf2500e77>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.afcea.org/content/?q=taxonomy/term/3779	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699273641/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516101433-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.927628	148	2.703125	3
How do you rate this information /service? Health & Safety - Electricity at Work Electricity can kill! Each year about 1000 accidents at work involving electric shock or burns are reported to the Health & Safety Executive (HSE). About 30 of these are fatal, however nearly a quarter of all reportable electrical accidents involve portable equipment. Those using electricity may not be the only ones at risk: poor electrical installations and faulty electrical appliances can lead to fires which may also cause death or injury to others. Most accidents can be avoided by careful planning and straightforward precautions. The main duty of employers is to identify the hazard and reduce the risk of the hazard being realised. Legislation in the Workplace Under the Health & Safety etc. Act 1974 employers are responsible for ensuring the safety and health of their employees and the public, if they are at risk from those work activities. This responsibility is made more specific under the Electricity at Work Regulations 1989. What are the Hazards Associated with Electricity? The main hazards are: - contact with live parts causing shock and burns (normal mains voltage, 230 volts AC, can kill) - faults which could cause fires - fire or explosion where electricity could be the source of ignition e.g. in a spray paint booth. How can the Hazards be Reduced and Controlled? 1. Ensure that the electrical installation is safe and then maintain in a safe condition - install new electrical systems to a suitable standard, e.g. BS 7671 - existing installations should be properly maintained - provide enough socket-outlets - never overloading socket or outlets as this can cause fires. 2. Provide safe and suitable equipment - choose equipment that is suitable for its working environment - ensure that equipment is safe when supplied and then maintain it in a safe condition - provide a switch near each to cut off power in an emergency - for portable equipment, use socket-outlets which are close by for easy disconnection in an emergency - the ends of flexible cables should always be firmly fixed into the plug using the cable clamp - replace damaged sections using connectors or cable couplers - do not use strip connector blocks covered in insulating tape - trailing or extension leads are intended as a temporary measure - do not use as a permanent source of supply. 3. Reduce the voltage One of the best ways of reducing the risk of injury when using electrical equipment is to limit the supply voltage to the lowest needed to get the job done. Alternatively, where electrically powered tools are used, battery operated are safest. Portable tools are readily available which are designed to be run from a 110 volts centre-tapped-to-earth supply. 4. Provide a safety device If equipment operating at 230 volts or higher is used, an RCD (residual current device) can provide additional safety. The best place for an RCD is built into the main switchboard or the socket-outlet. If this is not possible a plug incorporating an RCD, or a plug-in RCD adaptor, can also provide additional safety. 5. Carry out preventative maintenance All electrical equipment and installations should be maintained to prevent danger, this includes an appropriate system of visual inspection. It is recommended that fixed installations are inspected and tested periodically by a competent person. Equipment users can help by reporting any damage or defects they find. 6. Work safely Make sure that people who are working with electricity are competent to do the job. Even simple tasks such as wiring a plug can lead to danger - ensure that people know what they are doing before they start. - suspect or faulty equipment is taken out of use, labelled 'DO NOT USE' and kept secure until examined by a competent person - tools and power socket-outlets are switched off before plugging in or unplugging - equipment is switched off and/or unplugged before cleaning or making adjustments.	<urn:uuid:74e20af0-47c8-47c2-9378-c1be0516f48e>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.elmbridge.gov.uk/envhealth/safety/elec.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699273641/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516101433-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.928515	809	3.5	4
It can be difficult to be a young person struggling with issues of adolescence. Romance, college preparatory work, and impending adulthood are major issues for young people; for some, these normal struggles of adolescence are complicated by Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Their social and academic lives are plagued by uncontrollable outbursts and hyperactivity. These young people might benefit from joining an ADHD troubled teen program. One of the main reason that many join ADHD troubled teen programs is that the sufferer’s conduct is impeding their ability to feel normal. The severity of this behavior can vary, but common characteristics include the tendency to act impulsively, the tendency to be easily distracted, and the tendency to act physically restless. This sort of behavior is be seen when a student interrupts a teacher’s lecture with an outburst, constantly shifts in their chair, or is easily distracted by small things which should be relegated to the periphery. This behavior can lead to negative feedback from peers, teachers, and parents. Often the sufferers conduct is misinterpreted. Many in their lives have come to believe that these sufferers are intentionally being rude or hurtful. The fact is that these afflicted adolescents are unable to control their actions due to their disorder. This is why many enroll in an ADHD troubled teen program. Enrollment in an ADHD troubled teen program can benefit a young person in many ways. The most beneficial aspect of the ADHD troubled teen program is that members will interact with peers who are struggling with similar behavioral problems. This will lead to a lessening in their feelings of alienation and could improve self-esteem. It is important that these adolescents know that they are not alone in their struggle; an ADHD troubled teen program can teach them that lesson.	<urn:uuid:4d0f0784-921c-4fa5-a953-334f1dcdf588>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.parentingteens.com/does-adhd-troubled-teen-program-help/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699273641/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516101433-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.969146	354	3.015625	3
May 1, 2010 Lung cancer patients whose tumors over-express a cell surface molecule called CXCR4 do significantly worse than those who do not, Canadian researchers have found. Their work, reported at the 2nd European Lung Cancer Conference in Geneva, highlights the exciting possibility that the molecule could soon become a new target for personalized cancer therapy. CXCR4 is a receptor that is found on the surface of many different cell types in the body. It plays a role in immune system signaling between cells. In cancer, evidence that CXCR4 is involved in the growth of tumors and their spreading throughout the body (metastasis) has been growing in recent years. For example, researchers have shown in studies in mice that blocking the action of CXCR4 inhibits metastasis. But its precise role in determining outcome and metastatic tendency, especially in lung cancer, is incompletely investigated. Dr Gwyn Bebb and colleagues from the Tom Baker Cancer Centre in Calgary, Canada set out to explore whether patients whose tumors expressed high levels of the receptor had a worse prognosis than other lung cancer patients. They studied tumor samples from 103 patients from the Glans-Look lung cancer database who were diagnosed with stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer (cancer which had already spread to other parts of the body) between 2003 and 2006. They found that 10.7% of the tumors over-expressed CXCR4. Those over-expressers had a significantly worse clinical outcome, with a median overall survival of 2.7 months, compared to 6.1 months among low-expressers. If confirmed in an expanded series of 170 patients from the Glans-Look database, these results will suggest that new strategies to block CXCR4 should be tested in patients whose cancers over-express the molecule, the researchers say. "I am quite excited about the possibility of using CXCR4 as a therapeutic target, but we need to learn more about its role in each specific malignancy," Dr Bebb said. This possibility is especially promising because CXCR4 has been well studied in the context of HIV, where it is known to be a portal for the virus's entry into immune system cells. Drugs that block CXCR4 have already been developed for HIV/AIDS patients, and Dr Bebb's group thinks these drugs could quickly and easily be tested in the cancer setting. "This is an exciting possibility," Dr Bebb said. "It seems very likely that a better understanding of the role of CXCR4 in lung cancer will lead to new treatment strategies and might allow us to meaningfully improve treatment for some lung cancer patients in the very near future." Other social bookmarking and sharing tools: Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above. Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.	<urn:uuid:262fafac-b37a-4c61-b7d7-913f15160b49>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/04/100429111008.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699273641/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516101433-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.962754	598	2.671875	3
China will attempt to land an exploratory craft on the moon for the first time in 2013, state media reported, according to the telegraph.com. China’s third lunar probe will blast off in the second half of 2013, the state Xinhua news agency reported late on Monday. Other reports said it would land and transmit back a survey of the moon’s surface. If successful, the landing would be China’s first on the lunar surface and mark a new milestone in its space development. It is part of a project to orbit, land on and return from the moon, Xinhua said. China said in its last white paper on space it was working towards landing a man on the moon, although it has not given a time frame. China’s ambitious space program has included launching a female astronaut into space in June for the first time. Liu Yang was among the astronauts on the Shenzhou-9, which was on a mission to the Tiangong 1 module, a prototype for a future space station, according to the New York Times. The station is expecting to be in orbit by 2020. China is testing a new rocket, a next-generation booster that will aid in the station and moon exploration, according to msnbc.com. The new liquid oxygen (LOX) and kerosene engine is being designed for China’s planned Long March 5 rocket, which will be more powerful than the current Long March 2F rockets that have been used to launch a space lab test module and an astronaut crew on missions to test docking technologies in low-Earth orbit, according to China’s state-run Xinhua news agency. … According to Chinese media reports, the Long March 5 rocket will be able to launch a 25-ton spacecraft or satellite into low-Earth orbit, or launch a 14-ton payload into geostationary orbit. • U.S. flags still standing on the moon • New Mars Rover to land Sunday	<urn:uuid:370e94ef-8f04-47e1-ae6c-74778c1f7b7b>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://blog.sfgate.com/hottopics/category/shenzhou-9/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703298047/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112138-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.938513	410	2.8125	3
Add your answer here. Check out some similar questions! ask physics questions for free online? [ 6 Answers ] A mouse is initially at rest on a horizontal turntable mounted on a frictionless vertical axle. If the mouse begins to walk clockwise around the perimeter of the table, what happens to the turntable? Explain using Newton's Laws. ask physics questions for free online [ 1 Answers ] A uniform capillary tube, colsed at one end, contained air which is trapped by a thread of mercury 85mm long. When the tube was held horizontally, the length of the air column was 50mm. When it was held vertically with the closed end downwards, the length was 45mm. Find the atmospheric pressure in... physics online answers [ 3 Answers ] a train travels 180km with a uniform speed 60km/h,next 100km with a speed 50km/h and the last 80km with a speed 40km/h.calculate the average speed of the train. Answers for Physics Questions Online [ 1 Answers ] a man of mass 80 kg is standing on a compression balance which is fixed in a lift. find the reading on the balance, when 1. the lift is moving upwards in a uniform velocity physics online solver [ 3 Answers ] a dictionary is pulled to the right at constant velocity by 10N force acting 30 degrees upward above the horizontal. the coefficient of kinetic friction between the book and horizontal surface is 0.5. what is the weight of the book? View more Math & Sciences questions Search	<urn:uuid:0ba9719f-9f79-4c11-8e49-4e2a01504fd4>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.askmehelpdesk.com/math-sciences/ask-physics-questions-online-686055.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703298047/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112138-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.920701	324	3.25	3
National Black Women’s Health Advocate: Pittsburgh Must Improve Womens’ Health, Education February is Black History Month, March is Women’s History Month, and in the City of Pittsburgh, February 15th through March 15th is Women of Color HERstory Month. According to the US Department of Health and Human Services African-Americans have higher rates of disease, disability, and early death. That’s due, in large part, to a lack of health care. “Black women in Pittsburgh have the life expectancy of women living in Developing Countries,” said La’Tasha Mayes, founder of New Voices Pittsburgh: Women of Color for Reproductive Choice. As part of HERstory Month, New Voices brought to Pittsburgh the leader of the Black Women’s Health Imperative, a national organization serving the country’s 20 million black women. “We as people, we as black women, we as women are not destined to be sick, we are not destined to die prematurely, and not destined to live a life of neglect, disrespect, and dishonor, and we are not destined to be in denial about our health,” said President and CEO, Eleanor Hinton Hoytt. She said black women have to play a more active role in their health, education, and lifestyle. “Young black women have the highest mortality rate of any cohort. Black women are also at high risk of HIV and HPV. We need to be tested, you need to be secure, you need to ask your partner, ‘are you diseased or not?’” she said. Hinton Hoytt said right now the US is living through history as the Affordable Care Act continues to be implemented. She said it will change the lives of people today and into the future, and said it’s not a political matter, but a human rights and social justice issue. She also said education is key, and urged women at a luncheon to take action in Pittsburgh to improve health and education outcomes for young women. But, she said action must be taken to help the one in four Pittsburgh women living in poverty. “You’ve got to do more about poverty,” said Hinton Hoytt, “to not expect the women in Pittsburgh to be okay if you can’t do something about poverty.” In addition to the Black Women’s Health Imperative Hinton Hoytt serves as a member of the White House Council on Women and Girls Domestic Violence Workgroup; and is on the boards of the National Council of Women’s Organizations and Health First of American Charities. Click here to be taken to the original article.	<urn:uuid:a1e40250-09db-41fe-a167-f9b5888e1395>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.blackwomenshealth.org/news/2013/02/19/women-health-news/national-black-women-s-health-advocate-pittsburgh-must-improve-womens-health-education/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703298047/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112138-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.960177	564	3	3
06/13/2008 - People say the Chinese internet is mostly an entertainment network. But looking at what happened online during the aftermath of the Sichuan earthquake reveals a Chinese internet with a depth and soul and much, much more. Post-earthquake, the Chinese internet was rich in news and comment; it displayed new, creative applications; and spoke in a more tempered, unified voice. Was this a breakthrough moment to a more robust, mature Chinese internet? We can learn from a similar experience on the American internet, which also showed big online changes following the events of September 11. Some effects evaporated; others stuck. We can watch for lasting effects on the Chinese internet, including by focusing on the popular myth that Chinese users chafe under internet controls and management. The evidence suggests not for now, but will this myth become a reality as the Chinese internet appreciates its own new strength? View the complete PowerPoint presentation What Has China's Earthquake Done to It's Internet? on the Pew Internet & American Life Project Web site.	<urn:uuid:29055516-7efb-457d-ad8b-c9eba77e6f2d>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.pewtrusts.org/news_room_detail.aspx?id=40458	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703298047/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112138-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.928824	212	2.578125	3
Nov. 6, 2012 Scientists for the first time have evidence showing how a widely used type of "targeted" cancer drug can be dangerous to the heart. Studying mice with the equivalent of a heart attack, researchers found that the drug sorafenib (Nexavar) -- which inhibits proteins called tyrosine kinase receptors (RTKs), and is used in kidney and liver cancer treatment -- can interfere with heart stem cell activity, affecting the heart's ability to repair itself after injury. The findings suggest that sorafenib and other similar drugs that target these kinds of protein receptors may raise the risk for heart attack for some cancer patients with underlying heart disease, as well as affect the heart's ability to repair damage. By understanding how these cancer drugs can affect the heart, scientists and clinicians may be able to devise new treatment strategies to lessen such potentially damaging effects of often vital cancer drugs. "The goal is not to take the drug off of the market -- it's a very good and useful drug that cancer patients need. We're trying to understand how this cancer drug and others like it can affect the heart, and what types of individuals might be at risk for problems," said senior author Steven Houser, PhD, Professor and Chair of Physiology at Temple University School of Medicine and Director of Temple's Cardiovascular Research Center. "Our results are beginning to provide a clearer picture of some of the potential physiological mechanisms at play." Dr. Houser, first author Catherine Makarewich, a graduate student, and their co-workers reported their findings November 5, 2012 at the Late-Breaking Basic Science Session at the American Heart Association's Scientific Sessions in Los Angeles. Sorafenib is a member of a broad class of anticancer drugs called targeted therapies that halt cancer growth, rather than necessarily trying to eliminate the disease. Termed a "multi-kinase" inhibitor, sorafenib blocks the activity of a range of protein enzymes and specific targets in the cell that can contribute to the development and growth of cancer. In this case, sorafenib inhibits several RTKs, including c-kit, a receptor found on cardiac progenitor cells in heart and bone marrow, and can prevent the cardiac stem cell population from growing. Such progenitor and stem cell populations play important roles in cardiac repair. Mortality Rates Following Induced Heart Attacks The researchers wanted to see if they could better understand the mechanism behind these toxic effects. In the study, normal mice were given sorafenib for a week before being made to have the equivalent of a heart attack, and compared to mice that had a heart attack without receiving the drug. After one week, the mice that received sorafenib had significantly worse heart damage than the other group. Only 40 percent of those mice, versus 72 percent of the other group, were alive after one week. According to Dr. Houser, the doses were equivalent to those cancer patients would typically receive. Sorafenib by itself had no discernible effect on the mice prior to heart attack. "Our study was to see if such a drug would put individuals with cancer and ischemic heart disease at extra risk for a heart attack," he said. "Mice given sorafenib and then made to have the equivalent of ischemic disease and a heart attack had much poorer heart function and survival. The drug put the animals at much greater risk for heart damage and death compared to animals without the drug." Cancer patients tend to be middle-aged and older, and often have other significant health issues, including underlying heart disease. As a result, in patients with ischemic heart disease, there is already damage under repair. Drugs such as sorafenib may block or slow this repair process and increase the risk for a heart attack, Dr. Houser said. Repair Process Inhibited The researchers subsequently treated bone marrow stem cells, heart stem cells, and heart muscle cells (myocytes) with sorafenib in the laboratory dish. The drug blocked both types of stem cells from growing, but had no effect on normal heart muscle cells. This meant that the drug likely doesn't affect normal heart cells that were not damaged and under repair, Dr. Houser pointed out. "Injury activates the proliferation of the stem cells," he said. "We think it's something about the repair process that the drug affects." He and his team would like to find drugs that could be taken alongside cancer drugs such as sorafenib that would reduce adverse effects on heart stem cells. At this time, they are developing a program to screen candidate agents. "Ideally, we could help physicians predict which patients are at higher risk for these effects, and find better ways to screen patients," Dr. Houser said. The investigators next plan to test therapies to stimulate repair and protect hearts from potential damage from such cancer drugs. Others contributing to this research include Thomas Force, Jason M. Duran, Thomas E. Sharp III, Ronald J. Vagnozzi, Remus M. Berretta, and Hajime Kubo, Temple University School of Medicine. The research was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health and the American Heart Association. Other social bookmarking and sharing tools: Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.	<urn:uuid:f7769ffc-25de-466f-a843-43c3eb2daf33>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/11/121106114229.htm?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+sciencedaily+%28ScienceDaily%3A+Latest+Science+News%29	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703298047/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112138-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.956608	1,103	2.8125	3
Henry A Bent was well-known as a chemistry lecturer at the Department of Chemistry, North Caroline State University in the 1960-70s. So famous in these quarters, that he is known for Bent’s Rule In 1969 he published a paper, which is available online, entitled Why Lecture? The paper begins with the statement: For students who can read and for teachers who can write, a formal lecture is often an inconvenient, financially costly and unreliable device for transferring information from a lecturer to student. Bent undertook a study on the purpose and benefit of the lecture, considering the perspective of the students and the teachers. In the era before the digital age he makes some insightful comments, that reinforce the benefits of the printed word as place for deep learning, and draws the conclusion that it is both the inspiration for further learning and the gathering together that make the lecture relevant. The printed word “is superior to the spoken word” in a number of ways: Availability to students Convenience as to time and location Value, as a permanent reference Ease of scanning Bent argues that despite the reasons listed above, teachers continue to lecture. So he asked students Why lecture? They replied: There is the ease of learning and enjoyment of lectures. Some find it more interesting to listen than to read. Lectures can arouse curiosity. When presented with a new topic or information for the first time the lecture can spark interest in the subject. Break from monotony of solid reading. Students expressed that it provided an alternative means to just reading and note-taking. It also enabled the teacher to cover material at a slower pace and allow for questions. He asked the teachers, master teachers at colleges and universities, Why lecture? Inspiration: “It provides a means for personal stimulation and excitement which is not present on the printed page”. To be effective the lecture needs to be characterised by: Bringing some personality and life to the delivery, Conveying excitement about the discipline, …and being, yes, that’s right, Relationship: “I can find no suggestion that there is any substitute for the personal interaction between the student and teacher in learning really challenging material” The students get to know and respect the ‘person’ of lecturer, then effective learning occurs. Connection: “Polyani speaks of ‘the primitive sentiment of fellowship’ and ‘the emotional comfort of the flock’” The effectiveness of the lecture as a learning environment is directly related to the relationship with the lecturer, but also the connections that build amongst the group members “Many are the instances in which the improvement of conviviality is deliberately advanced for the sake of such advantageous results. Professional role-modelling: “I think at best a lecture can be a demonstration of how a professional thinks about a problem, can be an interesting and enjoyable experience, it can be inspirational to students to go and do likewise.” Beyond the topic at-hand: “there is more to learning than the content of a series of course.” The lecture is an opportunity to provide information and insight that cannot be accessed from printed material. Speaking one-to-many is a responsibility that should not be taken lightly. The conclusions are interesting, as the lecturers and Bent state: “Basically, listening to a lecture is a passive experience; whereas real learning requires an aggressive, affirmative posture and attitude” “Ideally, lectures are a prelude to, not a substitute for, the hard work of independent study.” “Lectures have a vital but limited role to play.” “Broadly speaking, it would appear that the chief function of a lecturer…is to inspire students” There is one last point the Bent makes. “Could we not take fuller advantage of the fact that students have a greater educational impact on students than do their teachers?” He argues that the best way to learn a subject is to teach it. Henry A Bent would fit right into the 21stC classroom. So if you engage in teacher-talk here are the rules: 20 minutes maximum Make it interesting, inspiring and engaging and even entertaining Help students get to know you as a real person Encourage a sense of connection and community	<urn:uuid:1f4d7834-5991-41e2-9fe9-d0d4e9b66493>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://anneknock.com/2012/06/11/debating-the-lecture-only-if-students-are-inspired-an-astute-academics-perspective-from-the-1960s/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706153698/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120913-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.947231	907	2.953125	3
Scanned text contains errors. dearest friend of Achilles after the fall of Patroclus, hastened to the assistance of his father, Nestor, who was hard pressed by Paris. Memnon attacked Antilochus, and slew him. (Find. Pyfli. vi. 30, &c.) According to others, Memnon was fighting with Ajax ; and before his Ethiopians could come to his assistance, Achilles came up, and killed Memnon (Diet. Cret. iv. 6); the same accounts represent Antilochus as having been conquered by Hector. (Ov. fferoid. i. 15 ; Hygin. Fab. 113.) According to the common account, however, Achilles avenged the death of Antilochus upon Memnon, of whose fate Achilles had been informed by his mother, Thetis. While both were fighting Zeus weighed the fate of the two heroes, and the scale containing that of Memnon sank. (Find. Ol. ii. 148, Nem. iii. 110, vi. 83; Quint. Smyrn. ii. 224, &c. ; Philostr. Icon. ii. 7; Plut. De Aud. Poet. 2.) According to Diodorus (ii. 22) Memnon was not killed in an open contest, but fell into an ambush in which the Thessalians lay in wait for him. Eos prayed to Zeus to grant her son immortality, and removed his body from the field of battle. She wept for him every morning; and the dew-drops which appear in the morning are the tears of Eos. (Serv. ad Aen. i. 493; Ov. Met. xiii. 622.) Philostratus (H&r. iii. 4) distinguishes between a Trojan and an Ethiopian Memnon, and believes that the former, who was very young and did not distinguish himself till after the death of Hector, slew Antilochus; and he adds, that Achilles, after having avenged his friend, burnt the armour and head of Memnon on the funeral pile of Antilochus. Some say that the Ethiopian warriors burned the body of Memnon, and carried the ashes to Tithonus (Diod. I. c.); or that those who had gone to Troy under his general, Phallas, received his ashes near Paphos, in Cyprus, and gave them to Memnon's sister, Himera, who was searching after his body, and buried them in Palliochis (an unknown place), whereupon she disappeared. (Diet. Cret. vi. 10.) Tombs of Memnon were shown in several places, as at Ptolemais in Syria, on the Hellespont, on a hill near the mouth of the river Aesepus, near Pal ton in Syria, in Ethiopia and other places. (Strab. pp. 587, 728.) His armour was said to have been made for him by Hephaestus, at the request of his mother; and his sword was shown in the temple of Asclepius, at Nicomedeia. (Paus. iii. 3. § 6.) His companions, who indulged in excessive wailings at his death, were changed by the gods into birds, called Memnonides, and some of them died of grief. (Serv. ad Aen. i. 755.) According to Ovid (Met. xiii. 576, &c.), Eos implored Zeus to confer an honour on her son, to console her for his loss. He accordingly caused a number of birds, divided into two swarms, to fight in the air over the funeral sacrifice until a portion of them fell down upon the ashes of the hero, and thus formed a funeral sacrifice for him. According to a story current on the Hellespont, the Memnonides every year visited the tomb of Memnon, cleared the ground round about, and moistened it with their wings, which they wetted in the waters of the river Aesepus. (Paus. x. 31. § 2; comp. Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 7.) At a comparatively late period, when the Greeks became acquainted with Egypt, and the colossal statue in the neighbourhood of Thebes, the stone of which, when reached by the rays of the rising sun, gave forth a sound resembling that of a breaking chord, they looked upon that statue as representing the son of Eos, or confounded it with their own Helios, although they well knew that the Egyptians did not call the statue Memnon, but Amenophis. (Paus. i. 42. § 2 ; comp. Callistrat. Stat. i. 9.) This colossal figure, made of black stone, in a sitting posture, with its feet close together, and the hands leaning on its seat, was broken in the middle, so that the upper part had fallen down; but it was afterwards restored. (Paus. /. c.; Strab. p. 816; Philostr. Her. iii. 4, Icon. i. 7, Vit. Apollon. vi. 4 ; Lucian, Tox. 27 ; Tacit. Ann. ii. 61 ; Juven. xv. 5.) Several very ingenious conjectures have been propounded respecting the alleged meaning of the so-called statue of Memnon ; and some have asserted that it served for astronomical purposes, and others that it had reference to the mystic worship of the sun and light, though there can be little doubt that the statue represented nothing else than the Egyptian king Amenophis. (Creuzer, Symboiik, p. 149, &c.; Jablonski, De Memnone ; and the various works on Egyptian antiquities.) The fight of Memnon with Achilles was often represented by Greek artists, as for example, on the chest of Cypselus (Paus. v. 19. § 1), on the throne of Apollo, at Amyclae (iii. 18. § 7), in a large group at Olympia, the work of Lycius, which had been dedicated there by the inhabitants of Apollonia (v. 22. § 2), in the Lesche at Delphi, by Polygnotus (x. 31. § 2 ; comp. Millingen, Monum. Inedit. 1,4,5,40). [L. S.] MEMNON (M&wiO, historical. 1. A distinguished Greek, a native of Rhodes. The date of his birth is not accurately known, but Demosthenes (c. Aristocr. p. 672) speaks of him as a young man in b. c. 352. His sister was the wife of Artabazus, satrap of Lower Phrygia, and he joined the latter in his revolt against Dareius Ochus. When fortune deserted the insurgents they fled to the court of Philip. Mentor, the brother of Memnon [mentor], being high in favour with Dareius on account of his services in Egypt, interceded on behalf of Artabazus and Memnon, who were pardoned and again received into favour. On the death of Mentor, Memnon, who possessed great military skill and experience, succeeded him in his authority, which extended over all the western coast of Asia Minor (about b. c. 336). When Alexander invaded Asia, Memnon, with the satraps Spithridates and Arsites, collected an army, with which they encamped on the banks of the Granicus. Memnon, thinking their forces insufficient to oppose Alexander, recommended that they should retire and lay waste the country behind them ; but his advice was overruled. After the defeat of the Persian troops, Memnon sent his wife and children to Dareius as tokens and pledges of his fidelity. As he had hoped, he was invested by the king with the supreme command in the west of Asia. He defended Halicarnassus against Alexander with great skill and bravery, until it was no longer possible to hold out. Having set fire to the place, he and Orontobates made their escape, and crossed over to Cos. Memnon now formed the design of carrying the war into Greece, and attacking Macedonia. Dareius had furnished him with large supplies of money. He collected a large force of mercenaries, and a fleet of 300 ships. At the head of this force he attacked and took Chios, and thence proceeded to Lesbos. Here he captured several	<urn:uuid:eefaa36e-3f5e-4a27-8bc6-879249861327>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/2136.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706153698/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120913-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.974627	1,783	2.84375	3
Two forms occur, the yellow-shafted and the red-shafted. The two forms have similar bodies but different color patterns on the head. The red-shafted is generally found in the western half of the U.S., while the yellow-shafted is generally found in the eastern half. There is a broad zone, including South Dakota, where interbreeding between the two forms create a wide variety of intermediates. Unlike many other woodpeckers, Northern Flickers can often be found on the ground as they feed on their favorite food, ants. Habitat: Can be found in almost any habitat with trees, but tends to avoid dense unbroken forest. Diet: Mostly insects, especially ants. Also eats fruits and berries, especially in the winter, and occasionally seeds and nuts. Behavior: Does much of its foraging on the ground, often in pursuit of its favorite prey, ants. Will also forage in foliage and on branches, and will occasionally fly out to capture insects in Nesting: Late May through mid-July Migration: Flickers in northern part of their range (Canada, northern U.S.) do migrate, but some overwinter in the state. Similar Species: Generally distinctive Bird Feeders: Will attend feeders for suet, nuts, and Birdhouses: Will use appropriately sized nest Conservation Status: Indications are that Northern Flickers have declined in recent decades, likely in response to competition for nesting cavities with European Starlings. Cornell University's "All About Birds - Northern Flicker" Photo Information: November 2004 - Brandon, South Dakota - Terry Sohl Additional Photos: Click on the image chips or text links below for additional, higher-resolution Northern Flicker photos.	<urn:uuid:4887ae69-a64f-402e-9c7b-20562fa674c2>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.sdakotabirds.com/species/northern_flicker_info.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706153698/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120913-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.916389	393	3.09375	3
Keep friends, family and yourself safe during grilling season by following these food safe tips. Use an instant-read thermometer to check if meat is finished rather than cutting into it as the natural juices will escape. Cook food thoroughly — cooking times and temperatures vary for different meat and poultry. Whole poultry should be fully cooked at 82°C (180°F), burgers at a minimum of 71°C (160°F) and beef, veal and lamb roasts and steaks can vary from 63°C (145°F) for medium-rare to 77°C (170°F) for well done. When cooking in advance, divide large portions of food into small, shallow containers for refrigeration to ensure safe, rapid cooling. Keep cold food cold and hot food hot until it's served. You can keep cooked meats hot by setting them to the side or upper tray of the barbecue grill. The refrigerator should be set at 4°C (40°F) or colder and the freezer at -18°C (0°F) or colder. THE CANADIAN PRESS	<urn:uuid:63e93682-1d17-44ad-95b8-448e6c006526>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.windsorstar.com/health/family-child/Gallery+Tips+safe+grilling/6659154/story.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706153698/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120913-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.908904	230	2.625	3
Sept 23, 2008 /PRNewswire via COMTEX News Network/ -- September is Ovarian Cancer Awareness Month October is Breast Cancer Awareness Month According to the American Cancer Society, more than 200,000 women in the U.S. will be diagnosed with breast or ovarian cancer this year. An estimated one in ten of these cases will be due to an inherited mutation in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene. BRACAnalysis, a simple blood test, detects mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Women who carry one of these gene mutations have up to an 87 percent risk of developing breast cancer and up to a 44 percent risk of developing ovarian cancer. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are two genes that normally work to prevent breast and ovarian cancer. But in some cases, a person inherits, from either parent, a BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene with an alteration. This alteration or mutation interferes with the normal activity of the gene, making a person more susceptible to breast and ovarian cancer. According to estimates, women with an altered BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene have a 56 to 87 percent risk to develop breast cancer by age 70, whereas the risk for women in the general population is only about 7 percent. Additionally, women with an altered BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene have a 27 to 44 percent risk to develop ovarian cancer by age 70, whereas the risk is less than two percent for women in the general population. In an effort to reach women with a history of ovarian and breast cancers, The BRACAnalysis(R) Public Awareness Campaign has recently been launched in Texas and Florida. The initiative is designed to encourage women to talk to their healthcare providers about a hereditary risk assessment and the BRACAnalysis test. SATELLITE FEEDS: Tuesday, September 23rd, 2008 Tuesday, September 23rd, 2008 10:00 AM - 10:15 AM ET 2:00 PM - 2:15 PM ET AMC 3 AMC 3 C-Band C-Band Transponder 14 Transponder 3 Downlink Freq. 3980 Vertical Downlink Freq. 3760 Horizontal NEWS: Nearly 180,000 Women Will Learn That They Have Breast Cancer and More Than 22,000 Women Will Learn That They Have Ovarian Cancer This Year FORMAT: B-roll and Soundbites ADDITIONAL RESOURCES: Video, contact information and more available at: http://www.prnewswire.com/broadcast/34919/consumer.html SOUNDBITES: * Courtney From Hirsch - Tested Positive for the BRCA Mutation * Rivka - Tested Positive for the BRCA Mutation * Patrick I. Borgen, M.D. - Chairman, Department of Surgery, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn * Gregory C. Critchfield, M.D.,M.S. - President, Myriad Genetic Laboratories, Inc. B-ROLL INCLUDES: * animation illustrating risk factors in women with the BRC1 or BRC2 gene * From family footage and photos * Lab footage VIDEO PROVIDED BY: Myriad Genetics Contact: FOR MORE INFORMATION, PLEASE CALL: MultiVu Media Relations, 1-800-653-5313 EXT. 3 SOURCE Myriad Genetics Copyright (C) 2008 PR Newswire. All rights reserved News Provided by COMTEX	<urn:uuid:5aa61bf9-a80c-4d4e-931d-a1772015536a>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://investor.myriad.com/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid=336213	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368711005985/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516133005-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.880337	722	2.921875	3
Most human beings hate to lose. Some young kids take it especially hard. Yet losing some, like winning some, is a part of life. It's an important lesson for your child to learn, and it builds resilience and good sportsmanship. Be sure your child knows that being a good sport means not complaining or getting mad if you lose. It also means not making fun of other players or players he perceives as causing the team's loss. Emphasize that after a loss, instead of anger, a better response is a vow to try harder next time. Praise is a good way to reinforce graceful losing: "I saw how you went up to the other team's pitcher and shook his hand. I liked that." Don't completely belittle a loss or ignore it. Instead empathize and direct him to the future: "I bet you feel bad about losing today. That's okay. There's another game next week." Above all, avoid criticizing or henpecking. Let it go. Sometimes parents fixate on a loss more than the child. Don't replay the game: "What happened out there? Why didn't you…" Neither should you rebuke your child when he does show an emotional response to a loss. Being called a "baby" never made anybody feel better and never taught anyone a lesson. Beware of your reaction to a winning situation, too. Don't let your child hear unsportsmanlike comments from you, such as "Boy, they were a bunch of losers, weren't they?" Or, "You guys wiped the floor with them!" You swore you'd never sound like your mother, but then it slips between your lips: "Because I said so!" Or, "Because I'm the mother, that's why!"Such phrases are rarely effective – but they can make you feel better. And there's not a thing wrong with that, once in a while. As Mom always said, "When you're the mother you can make up the rules."	<urn:uuid:1cc74b97-9b96-4418-9020-dd8507032f80>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.babycenter.com/6_your-8-3-4-year-old-raising-a-good-sport_10329781.bc	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368711005985/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516133005-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.980378	410	2.8125	3
The Mississippi river is drying up and some shipping companies are worried that the drought of 1988 may be repeated, a time when the river dried up so much that barge traffic came to a standstill. In 1988 the shipping industry lost $1 billion, a number that would be far higher in 2012 and could be reached in as little as three days. Almost all of the rivers 2,500 miles are experiencing some type of low water level. Just outside of Memphis the river is 13 feet below normal depth while the National Weather Service says Vicksburg, Mississippi is 20 feet below normal levels. Overall the Mississippi is 13 feet below normal averages for this time of year. The drying up river is forcing barge, tugboat and towboat operators to navigate narrower and more shallow spots in the river, slowing their speeds as they pass dangerously close to one another. In some parts of the Mississippi the river is so narrow that one-way traffic is being utilized. Because of the shallow water levels shippers have been forced to load less cargo which has left them with lower profit margins over fears that they would run into the rivers floor with heavier freight. Industry analysts predict that closing down the Mississippi will cause losses up to $300 million per day and then grow exponentially over subsequent shutdown days. An idle tugboat alone costs nearly $10,000 to operate daily. Closing the Mississippi will affect people all over the country, barges, tugboats and towboats ship petroleum, grain, fertilizer, sand, gravel, steel and other items that will raise in price if their means of transportation are severed for much of the United States. According to Time, “About 60% of the country’s grain exports and one-fifth of its coal is transported along the nation’s inland waterway system.” The National Weather Service continues to monitor conditions all along the Mississippi’s 2,500 miles of waterway.	<urn:uuid:ac89f384-5de1-49ad-b502-69d278318470>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.inquisitr.com/289033/mississippi-river-is-drying-up-as-massive-drought-continues/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368711005985/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516133005-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.955625	394	3.09375	3
RNA Triphosphatase Comes in Two Flavors RNA triphosphatase is an essential mRNA processing enzyme that catalyzes the first step in mRNA cap formation. The RNA triphosphatases are not conserved among eukarya and fall into at least 2 mechanistically and structurally distinct families: - the divalent cation-dependent RNA triphosphatases of DNA viruses and fungi, and - the divalent cation-independent RNA triphosphatases of nematodes, mammals, and other metazoa. The metazoan triphosphatases display extensive amino acid sequence similarity to protein tyrosine phosphatases and, by analogy to the protein tyrosine phosphatases, it is proposed that they execute a 2-step phosphoryl transfer reaction involving a covalent enzyme-(cysteinyl-S)-phosphate intermediate. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cet1p exemplifies the class of divalent cation-dependent RNA triphosphatase enzymes. Other family members include the RNA triphosphatases encoded by pathogenic fungi (e.g., Candida albicans) and viruses (e.g., vaccinia, smallpox, and molluscum contagiosum). This triphosphatase family is defined by 3 conserved collinear motifs (A, B, and C) that include clusters of acidic and basic amino acids essential for catalytic activity. The 549-amino acid Cet1p protein contains 3 domains: a 230-amino acid N-terminal segment that makes no discernible contribution to catalysis and is dispensable for Cet1p function in vivo; a protease-sensitive segment from residues 230 to 275 that is essential for Cet1p function in vivo and which mediates both Cet1p self-association and Cet1p binding to the yeast guanylyltransferase Ceg1p; and a catalytic domain from residues 275 to 539 that includes motifs A, B, and C. The amino acid sequence and domain organization of the C. albicans RNA triphosphatase CaCet1p is similar to that of the S. cerevisiae protein. RNA Triphosphatase Is a Promising Antifungal Target RNA triphosphatase is an attractive target for antifungal drug development because: Thus, an inhibitor of fungal RNA triphosphatase should, in principle, have selectivity for the pathogen and minimal effect on the human host. Crystal Structure of Yeast RNA Triphosphatase To facilitate mechanistic and pharmacological studies of the metal-dependent RNA triphosphatases, we have crystallized a biologically active form of yeast Cet1p and determined its structure at 2.05 Å resolution. The structure reveals the architecture of the active site, the Cet1p-Cet1p dimer interface, and the surface peptide domain responsible for Cet1p binding to the yeast guanylyltransferase. The catalytic domain adopts a novel enzyme fold in which an antiparallel 8-strand beta barrel forms a hydrophilic “triphosphate tunnel” in which motifs A and C comprise the metal-binding site. This is the first structure of an mRNA-specific processing enzyme from a eukaryotic cellular source. Overall fold of the RNA triphosphatase dimer (PDB ID code: 1D8I). One monomer is colored red; the dimer partner is colored blue. (Top) A view of the dimer looking into the tunnel entrance. (Bottom) A view of the dimer looking at the walls of the tunnel. Consistent with solution studies, Cet1(241-539)p crystallized as a dimer. The striking feature of the tertiary structure is the formation of a topologically closed tunnel composed of 8 antiparallel beta strands. In the dimer, the 2 tunnels are parallel and oriented in the same direction, i.e., the tunnel “entrances” are on the same face of the dimer. A surface view of the monomer is shown looking into the tunnel entrance. Rotation of the molecule rightward and leftward about the vertical axis into the plane of the page provides a side view that highlights a platform-like structure in front of the tunnel entrance. A view into the back end of the tunnel is also shown. The Active Site of Yeast RNA Triphosphatase Is within the Tunnel Surface view of the RNA triphosphatase monomer highlighting conserved residues. (Left) A view looking into the tunnel entrance. (Middle) Side view after a 90° rotation to the right. (Right) A view looking into the tunnel exit. Positions of side chain identity or similarity among fungal RNA triphosphatases are colored in blue. Multiple acidic side chains point into the tunnel cavity, including Glu305 and Glu307 in motif A and Glu492, Glu494, and Glu496 in motif C, each of which is essential for triphosphatase activity. The interior of the tunnel contains a single sulfate ion coordinated by the side chains of Arg393, Lys409, Lys456, and Arg458. Insofar as sulfate is a structural analog of phosphate, we posit that the side chain interactions of the sulfate reflect contacts made by the enzyme with the gamma phosphate of the triphosphate-terminated RNA and nucleoside triphosphate substrates. Mutational studies have shown that Lys456, which contacts the sulfate, is important for Cet1p function in vivo and in vitro. Changing Lys456 to alanine or glutamine increases the Km for ATP by an order of magnitude; ATP-binding is restored when arginine is introduced at this position. Divalent Cation Binding Site The location of a metal-binding site on the enzyme was determined by x-ray diffraction of Cet1(241-539)p crystals that had been soaked in manganese chloride. New density corresponding to a manganese ion was discerned within the tunnel cavity. The manganese is coordinated with octahedral geometry to the sulfate, to the side chain carboxylates of essential residues Glu305, Glu307, and Glu496, and to 2 waters. The sulfate is apical to Glu307. Glu496 is apical to a water that is coordinated by Glu307. Glu305 is apical to another water that is coordinated by Asp471 and Glu494. The 3 glutamates that comprise the metal-binding site of yeast RNA triphosphatase are located in motifs A and C, which define the metal-dependent RNA triphosphatase family. Substitution of Glu305, Glu307, or Glu496 by alanine, glutamine, or aspartate inactivates Cet1p. These mutational effects, implying that both the negative charge and the distance of the carboxylate from the main chain are critical for catalysis, are in keeping with the direct contact of these 3 glutamates to the divalent cation observed in the manganese-soaked Cet1(241-539)p crystal. The motif A and C glutamates are also essential for the activities of vaccinia virus RNA triphosphatase, baculovirus RNA triphosphatase, and Candida albicans RNA triphosphatase. Thus, it is likely that motifs A and C comprise the metal binding site in all members of this enzyme family. View of a cross section of the triphosphatase tunnel highlighting the network of side-chain interactions that coordinate the sulfate and manganese ions. The manganese (blue sphere) interacts with octahedral geometry with the sulfate, Glu305, Glu307, Glu496, and 2 waters (red spheres). The structure of yeast triphosphatase with bound sulfate and manganese is construed to reflect that of the product complex of enzyme with the hydrolyzed gamma phosphate. The structure suggests a catalytic mechanism whereby acidic side chains located on the floor of the tunnel coordinate an essential divalent cation that, in turn, coordinates the gamma phosphate. The metal ion would activate the gamma phosphorus for attack by water and stabilize a pentacoordinate phosphorane transition state in which the attacking water is apical to the beta-phosphate leaving group. Interactions between the sulfate and basic side chains Arg393, Arg458, Lys409, and Lys456 located on the walls and roof of the tunnel would contribute to the coordination of the gamma phosphate in the ground state and the stabilization of the negative charge on the gamma phosphate developed in the transition state. These interactions are illustrated above.	<urn:uuid:492eeee4-2783-4fc5-aaaf-3481bebc7ee1>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.mskcc.org/research/lab/stewart-shuman/mrna-cap-formation-structure-and-mechanism-yeast-rna-triphosphatase?glossary=on	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368711005985/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516133005-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.910209	1,878	2.875	3
Now, telemedicine to control epidemics during natural disastersDecember 2nd, 2007 - 12:06 pm ICT by admin Washington, December 2 (ANI): A satellite network can play a significant role in the efficient monitoring of health situations and epidemics in the event of natural disasters like earthquake. This became evident during a two-day training exercise conducted in the frame of the European Space Agencys (ESA) SAFE project (satellite for health early warning and for epidemiology) in Crete, the largest of Geek islands. The programme was aimed at understanding users’ needs and developing tools adapted to such needs. During the training session, a satellite helped establish an immediate voice-and-video link between the rescue teams and specialised doctors from its altitude of 36 000 kilometres. A centre for control and coordination was established in downtown Heraklion, which allowed a quick assessment of the means needed to set up and facilitate the process of intervention. On the second day after the earthquake and its emergency management by local authorities, a scenario involving an epidemiological threat was staged. Analysis of victims sheltered in a camp quickly made it obvious that there was a threat of gastroenteritis. When specialised doctors were linked to the rescue teams via satellite and were exhibited the first symptoms, they helped them understand the nature of the epidemic and treat the patients. The satellite link also enabled specialists to aid rescue workers in determining the origin of the epidemic, and take the necessary measures to stop the problem from spreading. The demonstration showed that space could contribute to faster and more efficient rescue and assistance in the field, taking advantage of the expertise of specialists from distant locations and offering the possibility of raising alerts in the event of epidemiological risks. Crete was chosen for the project because is prone to be affected by earthquakes. (ANI) - Strong earthquake rocks Greek island, felt in Egypt - Apr 01, 2011 - Vietnam to build space centre by 2018 - Nov 17, 2011 - Satellite images to facilitate rescue work in Haiti - Jan 15, 2010 - Russia to launch ESA satellites Sunday - Dec 12, 2011 - New satellites to be able to predict earthquakes - Feb 20, 2011 - Russia plans new Mars probe in 2018 - Feb 02, 2012 - Satellite observations to help assess future earthquake risk in Haiti - Feb 10, 2010 - Gravitational force in the Himalayas being determined - May 08, 2010 - ESA's Hylas-1 released in space - Nov 27, 2010 - Russia, Europe plan joint mission to Jupiter - Dec 21, 2011 - GOCE satellite maps Earth's gravity with precision - Mar 05, 2011 - China-wary India developing space security systems - Nov 16, 2011 - Post-Sikkim quake: ham radio, bamboo applications recommended for northeast - Nov 15, 2011 - Launch of CryoSat-2 ice satellite successful - Apr 09, 2010 - Solar powered lasers could zap asteroids - Mar 28, 2012 Tags: crete, developing tools, distant locations, doctors, earthquake, efficient monitoring, emergency management, epidemic, epidemiological, gastroenteritis, health situations, heraklion, natural disasters, necessary measures, satellite link, satellite network, specialists, training session, video link	<urn:uuid:d2468d38-03b4-48b8-aeb0-7c80f44a76dc>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/health/now-telemedicine-to-control-epidemics-during-natural-disasters_1007446.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368711005985/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516133005-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.931851	674	2.953125	3
CLEVELAND CLINIC FOUNDATION - The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History The CLEVELAND CLINIC FOUNDATION (incorporated February 5, 1921) is an independent, not-for-profit academic medical center engaged in patient care, research, and education. In 2005, it was the second-largest private medical group practice in America, including 1,400 physicians in 120 medical specialties and sub-specialties, serving more than a million patient visits a year. Founders GEORGE W. CRILE, FRANK E. BUNTS, WILLIAM E. LOWER, and JOHN PHILLIPS, served in the LAKESIDE UNIT, WORLD WAR I in World War I, and fashioned the Cleveland Clinic on the military model of cooperative medical specialties. Returning from the war, they recruited JOHN PHILLIPS as a fourth founder, and built and dedicated (1921) the first Cleveland Clinic building on EUCLID AVE. at 93rd Street. To provide "better care of the sick, investigation of their problems, and more education of those who serve," they set aside a portion of the institution's revenues for research, and other non-income producing activities. The Cleveland Clinic added a 184-bed hospital to its outpatient facilities in 1924. On May 15, 1929, nitrate-based x-ray films ignited in the original building, releasing poisonous fumes; 123 people died, including Dr. Phillips (see CLEVELAND CLINIC DISASTER). Despite losses from the disaster and the stock market crash, the institution stayed afloat on the good will of prominent Clevelanders, and the large surgical practice of Dr. Crile. It expanded greatly after World War II, focusing on specialized medicine. The Cleveland Clinic Research Division investigated kidney disease, blood circulation, and artificial organs, including the artificial kidney. Researcher IRVINE HEINLY PAGE made key discoveries in hypertension. Cleveland Clinic physicians, researchers and nurses pioneered enterostomal therapy, dialysis, and kidney transplant, and were first to identify carpal tunnel syndrome and isolate serotonin, all before 1960. The Cleveland Clinic gained a national reputation in cardiac care beginning with the discovery of cinecoronary angiography by F. MASON SONES in 1958. Over the following thirty-five years, the Clinic built one of the largest and busiest heart practices in the world, with 300 hospital beds, and - per 2005 statistics - more than 200,000 patient visits a year. Heart surgeries totaled 8,121 in 2003, including a national record for a single hospital of 120 heart transplants in 1998. (A national lung transplant record of seventy in a single year was set by the Cleveland Clinic in 2004, with survival rates well above the national average.) As of 2005, the Cleveland Clinic performed more valve surgeries (2,254 in 2003) than any center in the world. In cardiac research, Eric Topol, M.D., and Qing Wang, Ph.D., made the world's first discovery of a gene , mutation associated with heart attacks and familial heart disease. Historic surgeries at the Cleveland Clinic include pioneering coronary artery bypass grafting by Rene Favaloro, M.D. in 1967, and the first successful larynx transplant by Marshall Strome, M.D. in 1998. The Cleveland Clinic operates one of the nation's largest post-graduate medical education programs and was an early advocate of continuing medical education for practicing physicians. In 2004, it opened the Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, with a curriculum devised by Cleveland Clinic staff to train physician investigators. In the mid-1970s, the Cleveland Clinic made long-range plans and began acquiring land for future use. By 1986, it owned nearly all the land (about 140 acres) within the boundaries of East 88th and East 105th Streets and Chester and Cedar Avenues. In 1985, a $185 million dollar expansion added a signature outpatient building (the Crile Building, designed by Cesar Pelli) and a new hospital building. In 1988, the Cleveland Clinic became the first academic medical center to establish full-service hospital and clinic facilities beyond the borders of its home state, founding Cleveland Clinic Florida, in Weston and Naples, Florida. Floyd D. Loop, M.D., chairman and CEO from 1989 to 2004, nearly doubled the Cleveland Clinic's physical plant and number of patient visits. A successful capital campaign in the late 1990s financed the construction of the Lerner Research Institute (1998), Cole Eye Institute (1999), and Taussig Cancer Center (2000). The Surgery Center was built on Carnegie Avenue, and a seventeen-bed level III neonatal intensive care unit opened in 2001. The construction of two new on-campus hotels, in addition to an existing facility, brought the Cleveland Clinic's lodging facilities for patients and visitors up to three. Foreign heads of state, government officials, sports figures and celebrities have been cared for at the Cleveland Clinic. Interdepartmental collaborations include the Digestive Disease Center, Brain Tumor Institute, and Center for Functional and Restorative Neurosciences. The Cleveland Clinic Glickman Urological Institute is the largest and most specialized urology practice in America; the Children's Hospital at the Cleveland Clinic provides care for all pediatric disorders; the Mellen Center at the Cleveland Clinic is the largest center exclusively for multiple sclerosis treatment and research in the country; Cleveland Clinic Sports Medicine provides team physicians for the CLEVELAND BROWNS, CLEVELAND CAVALIERS, and CLEVELAND INDIANS. The Cleveland Clinic assists in-house invention and entrepeneurs through CCF Innovations, its technology transfer arm. The Cleveland Clinic began providing services to the SUBURBS through twelve family health and ambulatory surgery centers, beginning in INDEPENDENCE (1993), and , adding Willoughby Hills, WESTLAKE, SOLON, Strongsville, Lorain, Wickliffe, Brunswick, Wooster, Lakewood, Beachwood, and Chagrin Falls through the 1990s. The Cleveland Clinic Health System consists of eight community hospitals (Euclid Hospital, Fairview Hospital, Hillcrest Hospital, Huron Hospital, Lakewood Hospital, Lutheran Hospital, Marymount Hospital, South Pointe Hospital), along with two affiliates (Ashtabula County Medical Center and Grace Hospital). Formalized in 1997, the system is Cleveland's largest employer and the third-largest employer in Ohio, with 33,000 employees. Delos M. Cosgrove, M.D., was appointed chief executive officer and president of the Cleveland Clinic and Cleveland Clinic Health System in 2004. In 2005, the Center for Genomics Research was dedicated. Last Modified: 11 May 2005 01:03:18 PM This site maintained by Case Western Reserve University	<urn:uuid:6ffc63dc-9110-4aed-a1f0-250b625d4048>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://ech.cwru.edu/ech-cgi/article.pl?id=CCF1	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00022-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.928664	1,391	2.65625	3
Sharia Law for Non-Muslims – Chapter 2 May 31, 2010 What is Sharia? Sharia law is Islamic law. Sharia is the basis for every demand that Muslims make on our society. When schools are asked to give up a room for Islamic prayer, that is asking us to implement Sharia law. When a Muslim wears a head scarf, that is in obedience to Sharia law. When our newspapers would not publish the Danish Mohammed cartoons, our newspapers were submitting to the demands of Sharia law. When demands are made for our hospitals to treat Muslim women in special ways, that is Sharia. When our textbooks have to be vetted by Muslim organizations before they are used in our schools, that is in accordance with Sharia law. The attack on the World Trade Center was done in adherence to the rules of war, jihad, found in Sharia law. Sharia law is the basis for the religious, political and cultural life of all Muslims. Sharia law is being implemented more and more in America and yet there is no knowledge about what Sharia actually is since public, private or religious schools do not teach it. THE GOOD NEWS The easiest way to learn about Islam is through Sharia law. Through learning about Sharia you are introduced to the Koran and Mohammed in a practical manner. It is easy to learn when you can see the direct application and examples. When you know Sharia, Islam suddenly makes sense, it all fits together. Most people think Islam is complicated or even impossible to understand, but when you understand its principles, Islam is very, very logical. It is based on different views of humanity, logic, knowledge, and ethics. Once you understand the principles and logic, you not only can explain what and why something is happening, but you will be able to predict the next step in the process. UNDERSTANDING THE REFERENCE NUMBERS Before you can understand Sharia, you have to learn about three books that are the basis of Sharia. Each ruling or law in Sharia is based on a reference in the Koran or the Sunna, the perfect example of Mohammed (found in two texts-Hadith and Sira). Each and every law in Islam must come from the Koran and the Sunna. We know the Sunna by knowing about the personal details of Mohammed’s life. We know how he cleaned his teeth and which shoe he put on first. We know the Sunna because we have the Sira and the Hadith. You probably think that the Koran is the bible of Islam. Not true. The bible of Islam is the Koran, the Sira and the Hadith. These three texts can be called the Trilogy. The Koran is a small part, only 14% of the total words, of the doctrine that is Islam. The text devoted to the Sunna is 86% of the total textual doctrine of Islam. Islam is 14% Allah and 86% Mohammed. Sharia is nothing more than a condensation and extrapolation of the Koran and the Sunna. Therefore, it is impossible to understand the Sharia without some understanding about the doctrine found in the Koran, Hadith and the Sira. Turn to any page after this chapter and you will find that most of the paragraphs have an index number. The classic Sharia law text is the Reliance of the Traveller, N. Keller, Amana Publications. (Yes, the correct spelling is Traveller with a double l.) It is a 1,200 page book devoted to such subjects as: political control of non-Muslims, prayer, jihad, wills and estates, punishment, court rules, and land use. It covers legalities and theology. Here is a typical paragraph: 08.0 APOSTACY FROM ISLAM 08.1 When a person who has reached puberty and is sane, voluntarily apostatizes from Islam, he deserves to be killed. [Bukhari 9,83,17] Mohammed: “A Muslim who has admitted that there is no god but Allah and that I am His prophet may not be killed except for three reasons: as punishment for murder, for adultery, or for apostasy.” The o8.1 is an index number in the Sharia law text, The Reliance of the Traveller. The text is divided into divisions, a, b, c, … This particular law is found in division o; section 8; subsection 1. With the index number, o8.1, you can read the source, The Reliance of the Traveller. We not only have the law, apostates (people who leave Islam) should be killed, but we have the supporting doctrine found in a hadith, a sacred text used along with the Koran. A hadith is what Mohammed did or said. This particular hadith is by Bukhari, the major collector of Mohammed’s stories. Notice the index number–9,83,17. This is like a chapter and verse index so that you can go and read the original. All of the Hadith, including Bukhari, can be found on many university Internet sites. Here is a Sharia law supported by the Koran: Jihad means war against Kafirs to establish Islam. Koran 2:216 You are commanded to fight although you dislke it. You may hate something that is good for you, and love something that is bad for you. Allah knows and you do not. Here we have the Sharia defining what jihad is and then gives its foundational reference for the authority. Again, you can verify the accuracy of the Koran verses and the original reference, 09.0, in the Reliance of the Traveller. There is one last type of reference to a supporting document. DEALING WITH A REBELLIOUS WIFE m10.12 When a husband notices signs of rebelliousness… Ishaq969 … Men were to lay injunctions on women lightly for they were prisoners of men and had no control over their persons. Here we have the usual Sharia reference number, m10.12, which allows you to read the original reference. The Ishaq index number, 969, is a margin note reference that allows you to look in the Sira (Mohammed’s biography-The Life of Muhammad, A. Guillaume) and verify the truth of the reference. BELIEVABLE AND AUTHORITATIVE This is fact-based knowledge based upon critical thought and analysis. What you see here can all be independently verified for yourself. This is a very different approach than asking a Muslim or an “expert” in the media. If a Muslim or any expert says something about Islam that disagrees with the Koran or Sunna, then the expert is wrong. If the expert says something that agrees with Koran or Sunna, then the expert is right, but redundant. Once you know Koran and Sunna, you don’t need anybody else. The largest part of the Trilogy is not about how to be a good Muslim. Instead most of the text is devoted to the unbeliever. The Koran devotes 64% of its total words to the unbeliever and the Trilogy, as a whole, devotes 60% of its text to the unbelievers. Islam is NOT a religion. It is a complete civilization with a detailed political system, religion and a legal code-the Sharia. Mohammed preached the religion of Islam for 13 years in Mecca and got 150 Arabs to convert to Islam. He went to Medina and became a politician and a war-lord. After 2 years in Medina, every Jew was murdered, enslaved, or exiled. He was involved in an event of violence on the average of every 6 weeks for the last 9 years of his life. Mohammed died without a single enemy left standing. This was not a religious process, but a political process. Jihad is political action with a religious motivation. Political Islam is the doctrine that deals with the non-Muslim. Mohammed did not succeed with his program of religion, but his political process of jihad triumphed. Sharia law is the political implementation of the Islamic civilization. The political nature of Islam is what creates the major difference between Sharia and Jewish religious law, halaka. Jewish law has nothing to say about non-Jews and explicitly says that the law of the land trumps halaka. Sharia has a lot to say about Kafirs and how they are to be treated, subjugated and ruled. Sharia claims political supremacy over the Constitution. There is nothing good for non-Muslims in the Sharia. This is why every unbeliever has a reason to know Sharia law, especially those in politics, policy, regulation and legal matters. Sharia law is about the unbeliever as well as the Muslim. Islam’s attitudes and actions about unbelievers are political, not religious. Even though Sharia violates every principle of our Constitution, it is being implemented today, since Islam is seen as only as a religion. MUSLIMS AND SHARIA Non-Muslims call Muslims that seem nice, moderate Muslims. This use of the word “moderate” is not based on Islam. A moderate Muslim is one who follows the Sharia. As much as they follow the Sharia, they are a Muslim. To the degree they don’t follow the Sharia, they are a failure at being a Muslim. The Sharia is based on the perfect, unchanging Koran and Sunna. Therefore, the Sharia is perfect and unchanging. If every Muslim in the world wanted to change a single letter of the Koran, the Sunna or the Sharia, they could not. How can perfection be improved? How can an eternal text be changed? Since the Sharia is nothing more than a codification of perfect, unchanging, universal texts, it is a perfect, unchanging and universal legal code. If you read something in this book and want to know more, most paragraphs have an index number. You can look it up. Koran 1:2 is a reference to the Koran, chapter 1, verse 2. Ishaq 123 is a reference to Ishaq’s Sira, margin note 123. [Bukhari 1,3,4] is a reference to Sahih Bukhari, volume 1, book 3, number 4. (Sahih means authoritative and authentic.) [Muslim 012, 1234] is a reference to Sahih Muslim, book 12, number 1234. Bill Warner, Center for the Study of Political Islam copyright (c) CBSX, LLC politicalislam.com Use and distribute as you wish; do not edit and give us credit.	<urn:uuid:adba6122-2fb8-4a80-9e32-4356f4766c77>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://thehizbuttahrirwatch.wordpress.com/category/islamic-theology/articles-on-shari-ah/sharia-law-for-non-muslims/2-definition/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00022-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.950946	2,192	2.546875	3
Possible long-term side effects of treatments for rhabdomyosarcoma Because more children with rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) are surviving longer, it is now possible to look at the long-term effects of their treatment. It's important to discuss what these possible effects might be with your child's medical team before starting treatment. Doctors try to limit these potential side effects as much as possible when planning treatment. The long-term effects of surgery depend a great deal on the location and extent of the tumor(s). Some operations may result in few physical changes other than a scar, while more involved operations may lead to changes in appearance or in how some parts of the body function, and may require physical rehabilitation. Some chemotherapy drugs may damage cells in the ovaries or testicles, which can affect a patient's ability to have children later on. For parents, it's important to discuss this with your child's health care team before treatment. In some cases there may be ways to help preserve fertility. The long-term side effects of radiation therapy may be significant, especially for young children. Bones and soft tissues that are irradiated do not grow very well. Depending on the area getting radiation, this may result in curvature of the spine, a shortened arm or leg, limited motion of a joint, hardening of the surrounding soft tissue, stiffening of the lungs, poor development of the facial bones, cataracts and poor vision of the involved eye, later problems with sexual function, and other problems. Young children's brains are especially sensitive to radiation to the head, which can lead to learning problems or other issues, so doctors do their best to avoid this when possible. Another unwanted long-term result is the small, but definitely increased, risk of second cancers in survivors who had chemotherapy and radiation therapy. These cancers include bone cancer, leukemia, or other soft tissue tumors. The bone cancers seem to be linked with radiotherapy, while the leukemias are more often seen after treatment with cyclophosphamide and related drugs. It is important to remember that these second cancers affect only a small number of rhabdomyosarcoma survivors, and these are children who most likely would not have survived without these treatments. Long-term follow-up care for children To help increase awareness of late effects and improve follow-up care of childhood cancer survivors throughout their lives, the Children's Oncology Group (COG) has developed long-term follow-up guidelines for survivors of childhood cancers. These guidelines can help you know what to watch for, what screening tests should be done to look for problems, and how late effects may be treated. It is very important to discuss possible long-term complications with your child's health care team, and to make sure there is a plan in place to watch for these problems and treat them, if needed. To learn more, ask your child's doctors about the COG survivor guidelines. You can also download them for free at the CureSearch Web site: www.survivorshipguidelines.org. The guidelines are written for health care professionals. Patient versions of some of the guidelines available (as "Health Links") on the site as well, but we urge you to review them with a doctor. For more about some of the possible long-term effects of treatment, see our document, Children Diagnosed With Cancer: Late Effects of Cancer Treatment. Keeping good medical records As much as you might want to put the experience behind you once treatment is completed, it is very important to keep good records of your child's medical care during this time. Gathering these details soon after treatment may be easier than trying to get them at some point in the future. There are certain pieces of information that your child's doctors should have, even after your child has become an adult. These include: - A copy of the pathology report(s) from any biopsies or surgeries. - If there was surgery, a copy of the operative report(s). - If your child stayed in the hospital, a copy of the discharge summaries that doctors prepare when patients are sent home. - If chemotherapy was given, a list of the final doses of each chemotherapy drug or other drug your child received. (Certain chemotherapy drugs have specific long-term side effects. If you can get a list of these from the pediatric oncologist, this might also help any new primary care doctor.) - If radiation therapy was given, a summary of the type and dose of radiation and when and where it was given. It is also very important to keep your health insurance. Tests and doctor visits cost a lot, and even though no one wants to think of the tumor coming back, this could happen. 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The split was co-ordinated by the American section, the Socialist Workers Party, and included the British section under Gerry Healy and the French Parti Communiste Internationaliste (PCI). Small groups in various other countries, notably Nahuel Moreno's group in Argentina, also joined. The grouping's founding statement was the Open Letter written by James P. Cannon, outlining the disputes they had with the International Secretariat of the Fourth International. Despite some initial strong rhetoric aimed at the ISFI, the American SWP were in fact eager for a reconciliation, and so discouraged the committee from officially declaring itself the Fourth International. Instead, they claimed to be dedicated to the founding principles of the International. The PCI and the British group, soon to rename itself the Socialist Labour League (SLL), had little interest in reconciliation, and instead stepped up their attacks, especially on Pablo. The major groups in the ICFI actually spent little time working together. The first congress did not take place until 1958, and the SWP officially only acted as observers at the event being prevented from affiliating by law. In the ISFI, Pablo had lost prestige, and as both the SWP and the ISFI hailed the Cuban Revolution as unconsciously furthering Trotskyism, they grew together. In 1963, the SWP left the ICFI to work with the ISFI, forming the United Secretariat of the Fourth International. The ICFI continued, now essentially led by the SLL and a second congress was held in Leeds in 1966. Most of the remaining Americans were expelled in 1966 to form the International Spartacist Tendency. The French section, now renamed the Organisation Communiste Internationaliste (OCI), fell out with the SLL over Healy's support of revolutionary nationalism in various Arabic countries. The OCI encouraged the Bolivian Partido Obrero Revolucionario (POR) to join the ICFI, in order to support their positions, but by 1971 were forced to leave the group. The OCI and POR split from the ICFI in 1971 to form an even smaller international, the Organising Committee for the Reconstruction of the Fourth International. The SLL, soon to rename itself once more as the Workers Revolutionary Party, maintained the ICFI name for itself and a few tiny affiliated sections. After the disintegration of the WRP in the mid-1980s, the remaining ICFI split into several groups, most claiming to be the official one. Perhaps only one of these survived to mark the ICFI's 50th anniversary, that of the various tiny Socialist Equality Party groups.	<urn:uuid:227e61cb-a5d0-4a0d-97d4-92ebde952eb7>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.fact-index.com/i/in/international_committee_of_the_fourth_international.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00022-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.95915	527	2.53125	3
As mentioned in Chapter 4, Integrated Development Environments for Python, PythonWin is a framework that exposes much of the Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC) to Python. MFC is a C++ framework that provides an object-based model of the Windows GUI API, as well as a number of services useful to applications. The term PythonWin is a bit of a misnomer. PythonWin is really an application written to make use of the extensions that expose MFC to Python. This means PythonWin actually consists of two components: We focus primarily on the MFC functionality exposed to Python so we can build a fully functional GUI application. As PythonWin mirrors MFC, it's important to understand key MFC concepts to understand how PythonWin hangs together. Although we don't have room for a complete analysis of MFC, an introduction to its concepts is in order. The Microsoft Foundation Classes are a framework for developing complete applications in C++. MFC provides two primary functions: The object-oriented wrapping is straightforward. Many Windows API functions take a "handle" as their first parameter; for example, the function SendMessage() takes a handle to a window (an DrawText() takes a handle to a device context (an HDC) and so forth. MFC wraps most of these handles in objects and thus provides CDC classes, both of which have the relevant methods. So, instead of writing your C++ code as: HWND hwnd = CreateWindow(...); // Create a handle to the window... EnableWindow(hwnd); // and enable it. You may write code similar to: CWnd wnd; // Create a window object. wnd.CreateWindow(...); // Create the Window. wnd.EnableWindow();// And enable it. There are a large number of objects, including generic window objects, frame windows, MDI child windows, property pages, fonts, dialogs, etc. It's a large object model, so a good MFC text or the MFC documentation is recommended for anything more than casual use from Python. The framework aspects of MFC provides some useful utility classes, both for structuring your application and performing many of the mundane tasks a good Windows application should do. The mundane but useful tasks it performs include automatic creation of tool-tip text and status-bar text for menus and dockable toolbars, reading and writing preferences in the registry, maintaining the "recently used files" list, and so forth. MFC also provides a useful application/template/document/view architecture. You create an application object, then add one or more document templates to the application. A document template knows how to create a specific document, meaning your application can work with many documents. A "document" is a general concept; it holds the data for the object your application manages, but doesn't provide any user interface for viewing that data. The last link in the chain is the view object that's responsible for the user interaction. Each view defines a way of looking at your data. For example, you may have a graphical view and also a tabular view. Included in all of this are many utility functions for managing these objects. For example, when a view notifies its document that data has been changed, the document automatically notifies all other views, so they can be kept up-to-date. If your application doesn't fit this model, don't be alarmed: you can customize almost all this behavior. But there is no doubt that utilizing this framework is the simplest way to use MFC. Think of PythonWin as composed of two distinct portions. The win32ui module is a Python extension that provides access to the raw MFC classes. For many MFC objects, there is an equivalent win32ui object. For example, the functionality of the MFC CWnd object is provided by a PyCWnd Python object; an MFC CDocument object by a PyCDocument object, etc. For a full list, see the PythonWin reference (on the PythonWin help menu). For the MFC framework to be useful, you need to be able to override default methods in the MFC object hierarchy; for example, the method CView::OnDraw() is generally overridden to draw the screen for a view. But the objects exposed by the win32ui module are technically Python types (they aren't classes) and a quirk in the Python language prevents these Python types from having their methods overridden. To this end, the win32ui module provides a mechanism to "attach" a Python class instance object to a win32ui type. When MFC needs to call an overridden method, it then calls the method on the attached Python object. What this means for the programmer is that you can use natural Python classes to extend the types defined in More from this Chapter: pywin.mfc package provides Python base classes that interface with many of the win32ui objects. These base classes handle the interaction with win32ui and allow you to use Python subclassing to get your desired behavior. This means that when you use a PythonWin object, there are two Python objects involved (the object of a win32ui type and the Python class instance), plus an underlying MFC C++ object. Let's see what this means in practice. We will examine a few of these objects from the PythonWin interactive window and create a dialog object using one of the standard PythonWin dialogs: >>> import win32ui >>> from pywin.mfc.dialog import Dialog Looking at the object, you can see it's indeed an instance of a Python class: <pywin.mfc.dialog.Dialog instance at 1083c80> And you can see the underlying object 'PyCDialog' - assoc is 010820C0, vf=True, notify=0,ch/u=0/0, mh=1, kh=0 It says that the C++ object is at address 0x010820c0 and also some other internal, cryptic properties of the object. You can use any of the underlying win32ui methods automatically on this object: >>> button.SetWindowText("Hello from Python") The prompt in the dialog should now read "Hello from Python." During the rest of this section, we will develop a sample application using PythonWin. This will lead us through many of the important MFC and PythonWin concepts, while also leveraging the dynamic nature of PythonWin. MFC itself has a tutorial/sample called Scribble, which delivers a basic drawing application. We will develop a version of Scribble written in Python. We will make use of some of the features of PythonWin to demonstrate how rapidly you can create such an application. Specifically, we will develop the Scribble framework first to run under the existing PythonWin framework, then make changes to it so it can run standalone. This is in contrast to the traditional technique of developing MFC applications, where the application object is often one of the first entities defined. A key benefit in using the PythonWin application object is that you get the full benefits of the PythonWin IDE, including error handling and reporting in the interactive window. This makes development much easier before we finally plug in our custom application object. The general design of the Scribble application is simple. Define the document object to keep a list of strokes. A stroke is the start and end coordinates of a line. The document object also can load and store this list of strokes to a file. A view object is also defined that can render these strokes onto a Window. The first step in the sample is to provide a placeholder for the document template, document, and view objects. Once this skeleton is working, we fill out these objects with a useful implementation. Our first step is to develop a simple framework with placeholders for the major objects. We define three objects: a ScribbleDocument, and a ScribbleView. These objects derive their implementation from objects in the pywin.mfc.docview module. The ScribbleTemplate object remains empty in this implementation. The ScribbleDocument object has a single method, OnNew-Document(), which is called as a document object is initialized; the implementation defines an empty list of strokes. The view object is based on a PyCScrollView (i.e., an MFC CScrollView) and defines a single method OnInitialUpdate(). As the name implies, this method is called the first time a view object is updated. This method places the view in the correct mapping mode and disables the scrollbars. For more information on mapping modes and views, see the MFC documentation. The final part of the skeleton registers the new document template with the MFC framework. This registration process is simple, just a matter of calling AddDocTemplate() on the application object. In addition, this code associates some doc strings with the template. These doc strings tell the MFC framework important details about the document template, such as the file extensions for the documents, the window title for new documents, etc. For information on these doc strings, see the PythonWin Reference for the function The term doc strings has a number of meanings. To Python, a doc string is a special string in a Python source file that provides documentation at runtime for specific objects. In the context of an MFC document template, a doc string is a string that describes an MFC document object. A final note before we look at the code. This application has no special requirement for a frame window. The standard MFC/PythonWin Frame windows are perfectly suitable for the application. Therefore, we don't define a specific Frame window for the sample. Let's look at the example application with the described functionality: # The starting framework for our scribble application. """Called whenever the document needs initializing. For most MDI applications, this is only called as the document self.strokes = self.SetScrollSizes(win32con.MM_TEXT, (0, 0)) # Now we do the work to create the document template, and # register it with the framework. # For debugging purposes, we first attempt to remove the old template. # This is not necessary once our app becomes stable! # haven't run this before - that's ok # Now create the template object itself... template = ScribbleTemplate(None, ScribbleDocument, None, ScribbleView) # Set the doc strings for the template. docs='\nPyScribble\nPython Scribble Document\nScribble documents (*.psd)\n.psd' # Then register it with MFC. Notice there's some code specifically for debugging. If you execute this module multiple times, you'd potentially create multiple document templates, but all for the same class of documents (i.e., the ScribbleDocument). To this end, each time you execute this module, try to remove the document template added during the previous execution. What does this sample code do? It has registered the ScribbleTemplate with MFC, and MFC is now capable of creating a new document. Let's see this in action. To register the template in PythonWin, perform the following steps: To test this skeleton, select New from the File menu. You will see a list of all the document templates registered in PythonWin. The list should look something like Figure 20-4. You can now select the Python ScribbleDocument and see what happens. You should see a new Frame window, with the title PyScribble1. MFC has given the new document a default name based on the doc strings you supplied the template. Because you haven't added any code for interacting with the user, your application won't actually do anything yet! We will now develop this skeleton into a usable Scribble application. Although MFC and PythonWin support multiple document templates, there's a slight complication that isn't immediately obvious. When MFC is asked to open a document file, it asks each registered DocumentTemplate in turn if it can handle this document type. The default implementation for DocumentTemplates is to report that it "can possibly open this document." Thus, when you're asked to open a Scribble document, one of the other DocumentTemplate objects (e.g., the Python editor template) may be asked to handle it, rather than your ScribbleTemplate. This wouldn't be a problem if this application handled only one document template, but since PythonWin already has some of its own, it could be a problem. Therefore, it's necessary to modify the DocumentTemplate so that when asked, it answers "I can definitely open this document." MFC then directs the open request to the template. You provide this functionality by overriding the MFC method MatchDocType(). It's necessary for this function to first check if a document of that name is already open; this prevents users from opening the document multiple times. The document template code now looks like: def MatchDocType(self, fileName, fileType): doc = self.FindOpenDocument(fileName) if doc: return doc ext = string.lower(os.path.splitext(fileName)) if ext =='.psd': As you can see, you check the extension of the filename, and if it matches, tell MFC that the document is indeed yours. If the extension doesn't match, tell MFC you can't open the file. As mentioned previously, this ScribbleDocument object is responsible only for working with the document data, not for interacting with the user. This makes the ScribbleDocument quite simple. The first step is to add some public methods for working with the strokes. These functions look like: def AddStroke(self, start, end, fromView): self.UpdateAllViews( fromView, None ) The first function appends the new stroke to the list of strokes. It also sets the document's "modified flag." This flag is used by MFC to automatically prompt the user to save the document as the program exits. It also automatically enables the File/Save option for the document. The last thing the document must do is to load and save the data from a file. MFC itself handles displaying of the Save As, etc., dialogs, and calls Document functions to perform the actual save. The function names are As the strokes are a simple list, you can use the Python pickle module. The functions become quite easy: def OnOpenDocument(self, filename): file = open(filename, "rb") self.strokes = pickle.load(file) def OnSaveDocument(self, filename): file = open(filename, "wb") OnOpenDocument() loads the strokes from the named file. In addition, it places the filename to the most recently used (MRU) list. OnSaveDocument() dumps the strokes to the named file, updates the document status to indicate it's no longer modified, and adds the file to the MRU list. And that is all you need to make your document fully functional. View object is the most complex object in the sample. The View is responsible for all interactions with the user, which means the View must collect the strokes as the user draws them, and also draw the entire list of strokes whenever the window requires repainting. The collection of the strokes is the most complex part. To collect effectively, you must trap the user pressing the mouse button in the window. Once this occurs, enter a drawing mode, and as the mouse is moved, draw a line to the current position. When the user releases the mouse button, they have completed the stroke, so add the stroke to the document. The key steps to coax this behavior are: Viewmust hook the relevant mouse messages: in this case, the LBUTTONDOWNmessage is received, remember the start position and enter a drawing mode. Also capture the mouse, to ensure that you get all future mouse messages, even when the mouse leaves the window. MOUSEMOVEmessage occurs when you are in drawing mode, draw a line from the remembered start position to the current mouse position. In addition, erase the previous line drawn by this process. This gives a "rubber band" effect as you move the mouse. LBUTTONUPmessage is received, notify the document of the new, completed stroke, release the mouse capture, and leave drawing mode. After adding this logic to the sample, it now looks like: self.SetScrollSizes(win32con.MM_TEXT, (0, 0)) self.bDrawing = 0 def OnLButtonDown(self, params): assert not self.bDrawing, "Button down message while still drawing" startPos = params # Convert the startpos to Client coordinates. self.startPos = self.ScreenToClient(startPos) self.lastPos = self.startPos # Capture all future mouse movement. self.bDrawing = 1 def OnLButtonUp(self, params): assert self.bDrawing, "Button up message, but not drawing!" endPos = params endPos = self.ScreenToClient(endPos) self.bDrawing = 0 # And add the stroke to the document. self.GetDocument().AddStroke( self.startPos, endPos, self ) def OnMouseMove(self, params): # If Im not drawing at the moment, I don't care if not self.bDrawing: pos = params dc = self.GetDC() # Setup for an inverting draw operation. # "undraw" the old line # Now draw the new position self.lastPos = self.ScreenToClient(pos) Most of this code should be quite obvious. It's worth mentioning that you tell Windows to draw the line using a NOT mode. This mode is handy; if you draw the same line twice, the second draw erases the first. Thus, to erase a line you drew previously, all you need is to draw the same line again. Another key point is that the mouse messages all report the position in "Screen Coordinates" (i.e., relative to the top-left corner of the screen) rather than in "Client Coordinates" (i.e., relative to the top-left corner of our window). You use a member function PyCWnd.ScreenToClient() to transform these coordinates. The final step to complete the View is to draw all your strokes whenever the window requires updating. This code is simple: you iterate over the list of strokes for the document, drawing lines between the coordinates. To obtain this behavior, use the code: def OnDraw(self, dc): # All we need to is get the strokes, and paint them. doc = self.GetDocument() for startPos, endPos in doc.GetStrokes(): And that's it! You now have a fully functional drawing application, capable of loading and saving itself from disk. The simplest way to create an application object for Scribble is to subclass one of the standard application objects. The PythonWin application object is implemented in pywin.framework.intpyapp, and it derives from the CApp class in pywin.framework.app. This base class provides much of the functionality for an application, so we too will derive our application from This makes the application object small and simple. You obviously may need to enhance certain aspects; in this case, you should use the pywin.framework modules as a guide. The minimal application object looks like: # The application object for Python. from pywin.framework.app import CApp # All we need do is call the base class, # then import our document template. # And create our application object. To run this, use the following command line: C:\Scripts> start pythonwin /app scribbleApp.py An instance of Pythonwin.exe now starts, but uses the application object you defined. Therefore, there'a no Interactive Window, the application doesn't offer to open .py files, etc. The Scribble application should look like Figure 20-5. There is also a technique to avoid this command line, but you need a copy of a resource editor (such as Microsoft Visual C++). You can take a copy of Pythonwin.exe (name it something suitable for your application), then open the .exe in the resource editor and locate an entry in the string table with the value pywin.framework.startup. This is the name of a module executed to boot the PythonWin application; the default script parses the "/app" off the command line and loads that application. You can change this to any value you like, and PythonWin then loads your startup script. See startup.py in the PythonWin distribution for an example of a startup script. As we've discussed, MFC provides a framework architecture, and much of this architecture is tied together by resource IDs, integers that identify Windows resources in a DLL or executable. For example, when you define a DocumentTemplate, you specify a resource ID. The previous example doesn't specify a resource ID, so the default of win32ui.IDR_PYTHONTYPE is used. When a document is created, MFC uses the resource ID in the following ways: Another example of the reliance on resource IDs is in the processing and definition of menu and toolbar items. Each command in the application is assigned an ID. When you define menu or toolbar items, you specify the menu text (or toolbar bitmap) and the command ID. When MFC displays a menu item, it uses a string defined with the same ID and places this text automatically in the application's status bar. When the mouse hovers over a toolbar item, MFC again looks for a string with the specified ID and uses it for the tooltip-text for the button. This architecture has a number of advantages: However, it also has a number of disadvantages: PythonWin can use resources from arbitrary DLLs, thus you can define your own DLL containing only resources. PythonWin makes it easy to use these resources; just load the DLL (using win32ui.LoadLibrary()), and PythonWin locates and uses the resources in this DLL. If you are writing a large application, you'll probably find it worthwhile to define your own resource DLL when using PythonWin. The benefits offered by the framework make it worth the pain of initially setting everything up. On the other hand, it does make PythonWin somewhat cumbersome for defining these applications purely from Python code. For the vast majority of Python users in Windows, PythonWin will never be more than an interesting IDE environment for developing Python applications. But many other Windows developers are beginning to use PythonWin to develop Windows applications. When comparing the three GUI toolkits available in this book, you will probably come to the conclusion that PythonWin is the least suitable for simple, small GUI applications written in Python, and this would be fair. However, depending on your particular circumstances (usually either because you have an existing MFC investment or it's important to use some user-interface features offered only by PythonWin), it may be a good choice. PythonWin suffers from a lack of decent documentation. A Windows help file is included that contains a reference guide for all of the objects and methods exposed by PythonWin, but PythonWin doesn't include a comprehensive overview of the MFC framework. There are many good MFC books available, so a specific recommendation is impossible. Information from Microsoft on MFC can be found at http://msdn.microsoft.com/visualc/. Mark Hammond is an independent Microsoft Windows consultant working out of Melbourne, Australia. Andy Robinson is a London-based consultant specializing in business analysis, object-oriented design, and Windows development. Discuss this article in the O'Reilly Network Python Forum. Return to the Python DevCenter. Copyright © 2009 O'Reilly Media, Inc.	<urn:uuid:9ba073c6-730b-46c6-98aa-96766654aa12>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.onlamp.com/lpt/a/217	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00022-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.82786	5,108	3.265625	3
PALO ALTO – Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates is fascinating. So is the 19-page annual letter that describes the work of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the world’s largest philanthropy. But for someone as smart as Gates, who can afford to hire experts on any subject under the sun, some of his foundation’s strategies are baffling. Consider his foundation’s approach to malaria, which focuses on bed nets, a low-tech, only modestly effective intervention, and on the development of a vaccine, a high-tech solution that has eluded intensive efforts for decades. This approach dismisses an old, cheap, and safe way to control the vector – the Anopheles mosquito – that spreads the disease: the chemical DDT. Malaria is a scourge, particularly for inhabitants of poor tropical countries. Forty-one percent of the world's population live in areas where malaria is transmitted, with 350-500 million cases each year. The disease imposes substantial costs on individuals, families, and governments. Costs to individuals and their families include drugs, travel to and treatment at clinics, lost time at work and school, and expenses for preventive measures. Costs to governments include maintenance of health facilities, purchases of drugs and supplies, public-health interventions such as spraying insecticide or distributing insecticide-treated bed nets, and lost revenue from taxes and tourism. Such costs are a huge economic burden on malaria-prone countries and impede their development. It has been estimated that annual economic growth in countries with a high incidence of malaria is 1.3 percentage points lower than that of other countries. Drugs called artemisinins are safe and exhibit potent, rapid anti-malarial activity. In combination with other anti-malarials, they have been used effectively for several years to treat multiple-drug-resistant malaria. But resistance has arisen and will surely increase, so that in the absence of a vaccine, elimination of the mosquitoes that spread the disease is the key to preventing epidemics. Unfortunately, flawed public policy limits the available options. In 1972, on the basis of data on toxicity to fish and migrating birds (but not to humans), the United States Environmental Protection Agency banned virtually all uses of DDT, an inexpensive and effective pesticide once widely deployed to kill disease-carrying insects. DDT was subsequently banned for agricultural use worldwide under the 2001 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, which stigmatized the chemical and effectively constituted a prohibition. A basic principle of toxicology is that the dose makes the poison. Although DDT is a (modestly) toxic substance, there is a world of difference between applying large amounts of it in the environment – as farmers did before it was banned – and using it carefully and sparingly to fight mosquitoes and other disease-carrying insects. (When it is used at all now, it is now sprayed indoors in small amounts to prevent mosquitoes from nesting.) The regulators who banned DDT also failed to take into consideration the inadequacy of alternatives. Because it persists after spraying, DDT works far better than many pesticides now in use, some of which are toxic to fish and other aquatic organisms. With DDT unavailable, many mosquito-control authorities are depleting their budgets by repeated spraying with short-acting, marginally effective insecticides. Moreover, even if mosquitoes become resistant to the killing effects of DDT, they are still repelled by it. An occasional dusting of window frames and doorframes is extremely effective. Bill Gates’s experts seem not to know that; the foundation’s annual letter contains the following single mention of DDT: “The world hoped in the 1950s and 1960s that [malaria] could be eliminated by killing mosquitoes with DDT, but that tactic failed when the mosquitoes evolved to be resistant to the chemical.” Since DDT was banned, insect-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue have been on the rise. In fact, the huge toll of diseases spread by mosquitoes has led some public-health officials to rethink DDT’s use. In 2006, after roughly 50 million preventable deaths, the United Nations’ World Health Organization reversed course and endorsed the use of DDT to kill and repel Anopheles mosquitoes. Arata Kochi, the WHO official in charge of malaria said, “We must take a position based on the science and the data. One of the best tools we have against malaria is indoor residual spraying. Of the dozen or so insecticides WHO has approved as safe for house spraying, the most effective is DDT.” But policies based on science and data have a short half-life at the UN. With a notable absence of fanfare, in May 2009 the WHO, together with the UN Environment Program, reverted to endorsing less effective methods for preventing malaria, announcing that their goal is “to achieve a 30% cut in the application of DDT worldwide by 2014 and its total phase-out by the early 2020s, if not sooner.” In the absence of effective vaccines or new anti-malarial drugs – and the funding and infrastructure to deliver them – this decision is tantamount to mass murder, a triumph of radical environmental politics over public health. How can we drain the public-policy swamp? First, governments should re-evaluate the voluminous data on DDT that have been compiled since the 1970’s, and they should make DDT available immediately for mosquito control indoors. Second, governments should oppose international restrictions on DDT and withhold all funding from UN agencies that oppose the use of the “best available technology” (including DDT) to control mosquito-borne diseases. Third, public-health officials should embark on a campaign to educate local authorities and citizens about the DDT. People now hear only the reflexively anti-pesticide drumbeat of the environmental movement, the lamentable legacy of the benighted Rachel Carson and her acolytes. And oh, yes, it would be helpful if the world’s greatest philanthropist were to throw his weight behind removing the stigma on DDT.	<urn:uuid:f4f0b977-0f92-44d2-9a67-ed885a147958>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/re-booting-ddt	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00022-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.952494	1,264	3.078125	3
At 49 million birds a year, Minnesota's domestic turkey industry is the largest in the nation. But what about another turkey with even deeper roots in the state? Well, that one's doing pretty well, too. By any measure, the wild turkey has made a remarkable comeback in Minnesota, scratching its way back from being killed off here a century ago to becoming a common sight across the southern two-thirds of the state. Drive any highway there, and you might see a flock of wild turkeys along a tree line or pecking for food in an open field. Domestic turkeys, popular table fare across the state Thanksgiving Day, are raised mostly indoors and out of sight. Minnesota's wild turkey renaissance began in 1973, when the state traded Missouri 85 ruffed grouse for 29 wild turkeys and set them loose. Now, an estimated 70,000 wild turkeys are spread across the state. Almost 11,000 were killed by hunters last spring. All that didn't happen by accident. With help from the National Wild Turkey Federation, the state Department of Natural Resources has been carefully nurturing the birds. At the end of the 19th century, things weren't going well for them. "Because of unregulated hunting, market hunting, the loss of habitat from the logging industry and development," turkeys were wiped out from much of their ancestral range, said Eric Dunton, wild turkey biologist for the DNR. Jennifer Snyders, a graduate student in geography at Minnesota State University, "I found six reliable citations, sightings by early explorers who said they physically saw turkeys,'' said Snyders, adding all of them were along river corridors. "That was where the turkey habitat was.'' Beginning in the 1920s, unsuccessful attempts to repopulate them in Minnesota were made by raising birds in captivity and releasing them into the wild. "They didn't have the survival skills necessary to survive,'' Dunton said. By the 1950s and '60s, a new technique — rocket netting of wild birds — was being employed nationally. With it, wild turkeys could be lured to a spot and a net shot over them, enabling captors to transport the wild birds to new places. Over a four-year period in the mid-1960s, the state tried to transplant wild turkeys this way, but the effort never took. Twenty-one of those birds were Merriam's subspecies, a bird more adapted to Western pine forests, and 18 were Eastern subspecies that, for unknown reasons, didn't do well. In all, there are five subspecies in the United States, with the Eastern turkey covering the largest area. In 1973, the state brought 29 more Eastern wild turkeys to the Whitewater Wildlife Management Area in southeastern Minnesota. By the winter of 1976-77, the birds were doing well enough that the state began trapping its own birds and relocating them elsewhere in Minnesota. Since then, 5,000 wild turkeys have been trapped here and relocated, according to Gary Nelson, a DNR wildlife manager who spearheaded that work. The effort, he said, has been so successful that the state is dropping it because the birds have become established throughout their prime habitats. The state chapter of the National Wild Turkey Federation, which has helped pay for that work, wants the effort to continue, contending more gains still can be made, according to Tom Glines, the federation's regional field supervisor. But Nelson said transplanting birds is expensive and simply isn't needed any longer. "At some point, the birds are just going to have to take off on their own,'' he said. In 1978, the state launched a hunting season for wild turkeys, the largest game bird in North America. That first year, 94 birds were killed. Last spring, the tally reached 10,994. Permit applications over that period have risen from 10,740 to 51,000. Available permits have gone from 420 to 37,992. And the birds remain a challenge for hunters. "They may appear dumb, but when you go hunt them, it's a whole different ballgame,'' Glines said. Bill Penning, the DNR's farmland wildlife program leader, said it's difficult to get a precise count of wild turkeys in the state. But getting a sense for their range is easier. Every two years, the DNR sends out postcards to deer hunters asking them to record where they saw turkeys. Not only have the birds flourished wherever they've been relocated, they continue to surprise people. Biologists once believed they couldn't survive harsh winter conditions in Minnesota, according to Dunton. But they've since been documented to survive temperatures of 40 below zero. "They are amazingly adaptable about where they can live and survive,'' Dunton said, noting they aren't tied to a specific food or habitat. "Turkeys can survive pretty much any Minnesota winter,'' he said. "The keys are an adequate supply of food and a safe place to roost in the winter. They generally try to roost in trees that give good thermal protection — pine or oak trees.'' They also can be entertaining or a bit frightening, depending on your perspective. For instance, they've been known to run beside cars for short distances. Dunton said that's typically the work of young males. "The thinking is, it's related to dominance,'' he said. "They're trying to set up a territory of their own.'' Dennis Lien can be reached at 651-228-5588.	<urn:uuid:91230fc7-c2d8-4c63-ba9f-18620960bdd0>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.twincities.com/ci_11074566	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00022-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.971081	1,146	3.296875	3
What is Assistive Technology? Assistive technology (AT) is anything that helps a child to perform a skill or participate in an activity. For example, AT can be anything from a simple device such as wristwatch with larger numbers to something more complex such as a computer with specialized software. According to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), an assistive technology device is any item, piece or equipment, or product system, whether acquired commercially off the shelf, modified or customized, that is used to increase, maintain, or improve the functional capabilities of children with disabilities. How can assistive technology help my child? Assistive technology can help children with disabilities be independent within their limitations and participate in social, academic, community, and vocational activities. AT can assist in the areas of: independent living such as eating, dressing, recreation and leisure, home living (cooking, cleaning, etc.) vision and hearing reading and writing For more information, contact , Consultant, SERC at (860) 632-1485 ext.319 It is the policy of the State Education Resource Center (SERC) that no person shall be discriminated against or excluded from participation in any SERC programs and activities on the basis of race, color, religion, age, marital or civil union status, national origin, ancestry, sex/gender, intellectual disability, physical disability, political beliefs, or sexual orientation.	<urn:uuid:2239cf15-1531-4483-89ad-0f18f5c6b60f>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://ctserc.org/s/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1059%3Aa-family-guide-to-assistive-technology-in-connecticut&catid=3%3Anewsflash&Itemid=110&2fa6f942252db2ec6c621fe255459617=ddcc1d4301527bcdf9911b1828da2751	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703682988/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112802-00022-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.92835	290	3.453125	3
Page:The English Constitution (1894).djvu/233 THE HOUSE OF COMMONS. inconsistent with the necessary pre-requisites of parliamentary government as they have been just laid down. Under the voluntary system, the crisis of politics is not the election of the member, but the making the constituency. President-making is already a trade in America; and constituency-making would, under the voluntary plan, be a trade here. Every party would have a numerical problem to solve. The leaders would say, “We have 350,000 votes, we must take care to have 350 members;” and the only way to obtain them is to organise. A man who wanted to compose part of a Liberal constituency must not himself hunt for 1000 other Liberals; if he did, after writing 10,000 letters, he would probably find he was making part of a constituency of 100, all whose votes would be thrown away, the constituency being too small to be reckoned. Such a Liberal must write to the great Registration Association in Parliament Street; he must communicate with its able managers, and they would soon use his vote for him. They would say, “Sir, you are late; Mr. Gladstone, sir, is full. He got his 1000 last year. Most of the gentlemen you read of in the papers are full. As soon as a gentleman makes a nice speech, we get a heap of letters to say, ‘Make us into that gentleman’s constituency.’ But we cannot do that. Here is our list. If you do not want to throw your vote away, you must be guided by us: here are three very satisfactory gentlemen (and one is an Honourable): you may vote for either of these, and we will write your name down; but if you go voting wildly, you’ll be thrown out altogether.”	<urn:uuid:24bfb879-af5b-4251-b8e1-ade5d135b06e>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:The_English_Constitution_(1894).djvu/233	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703682988/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112802-00022-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.977873	383	2.6875	3
It's about time, teachers, to honor our presidents, especially those born in Feb. I've got 2 craftivities that will brighten your classroom and engage your students. #1: Presidential Silhouettes and Weaving For every student you will need 1 sheet each of red, white and blue 9"x12" construction paper. You will also need cardboard patterns of Washington & Lincoln. The beauty of this project is that by encouraging your students to choose 2 colors of their choice for the background, saving the 3rd for the silhouette, you will give your classroom a burst of color without having all 20+ projects look the same. Since paper weaving has been around forever, I'm assuming you know how to create the woven background. After each student has chosen which 2 colors to use for the weaving part, ask them to exchange 1 of those sheets for about 6 - 8 pre-cut strips of the same color. I always cut my strips about 1" wide for 1st graders. When the weaving is completed, each child should borrow the silhouette pattern of their choice to trace on their remaining sheet of paper. After tracing, if they are careful about cutting out the silhouette, they can actually make a 2 sided craft. One side features the traditional silhouette. The other side can host the scraps from the silhouette making a reverse or negative image. (See Lincoln projects above.) Of course, just gluing the silhouette on 1 side makes a perfectly good craft. I strongly recommend cutting the patterns out of sturdy cardboard, such as from the back of a tablet of paper, in order to have them survive for next year's students. You could also do the weaving project with patriotic symbols, such as the star, above. And, again, you can use the scraps to create the negative on the backside. A star and liberty bell pattern can be found below. This is one of my all time favorite crafts, but please realize it can be quite messy. The pattern piece above actually reflects 2 methods of making the chalk rubbings. One uses the shape pattern and rubs out from the edges; the other uses the scrap or negative of the shape with rubbings going in toward the center. For the bell images above, provide cardboard patterns for the shapes. Ask your students to trace the pattern on construction paper (color doesn't matter). Insist that they trace the pattern onto another piece of paper because if they all try to rub chalk on the pattern, you will endure many complaints about purple symbols. Each child should use his/her own shape. After cutting the shape out, students should generously rub blue or red chalk around the edges of the shape. They MUST do this on what I call a "dirty" sheet, which is actually paper reclaimed from the recycling box. It is essential that they rub the chalk on while on the dirty sheet, then move to the chosen construction paper background. Demonstrate holding the shape securely with one hand while pushing the chalk out onto the background paper with 1 finger (hence the messy part). You can make this project as easy or challenging as you like by making a single shape on the background or using multiple shapes and colors all on the same background, perhaps creating complex patterns. The negative version of this craft works much like the presidential silhouettes above. After cutting out the shape, the student should tape the scraps together (see lower left corner) and then rub the chalk around the edges of the missing shape. Again, this step must be done on a dirty sheet. Then, holding the negative steady with one hand, have the children rub the chalk toward the center on their background paper. Clean up absolutely requires lots of soapy hand washing in order to prevent chalk smudges everywhere, and especially on their clothes. These patterns can be cut out of card stock or heavier cardboard. You should insist that the students not put chalk on your templates. Who wants to have to remake the patterns year after year???? Enjoy Presidents' Day!	<urn:uuid:7e14b6ae-1a95-4a37-adb2-911c2a3a8167>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://itsabouttimeteachers.blogspot.com/2012/02/presidents-day-craftivities.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703682988/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112802-00022-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.934723	814	3.015625	3
Chapter 1: Frame Rate All videos are made up from a sequence of still images - like photos - played very quickly. Your brain is fooled into filling in the gaps and thinks it is seeing real movement. If we show 15 still pictures per second, we call that 15 Frames per Second (fps). That's actually about the rate that our brain works, so a video has to be at least 15fps in order to fool your brain into thinking it is real movement. Anything filmed below that (like some mobile phone footage) looks choppy and rubbish because it can be as low as 8fps. Interestingly, pigeons see the world at 250 frames per second - which is why they are so quick at dodging cars! TVs and DVDs in the UK normally use the PAL format, which displays video at 25fps. In the US, however, NTSC is used instead. This format displays video at 30fps (actually 29.97, but most people refer to it as 30). Both of these formats are thought of as Standard Definition TeleVision (SDTV). High Definition TeleVision (HDTV) is a much newer format that is used in both the US and the UK. HDTV videos can be set at 25fps or 30fps as well as 50fps or 60fps - depending on what is needed. Finally, cinemas use a different frame rate, just to keep things complicated. The actual frame rate is 23.976fps - but people quite sensibly call it 24fps most of the time. If you film your video at 25fps, but play it at 30fps then either your video will speed up or you will have to play some of your frames twice in order to make it fit! Reproduced with kind permission from Mark Clarkson, from the originial source Photo: CC Suren Copyright © www.teach-ict.com	<urn:uuid:1f7030af-3673-4c70-bd81-be4e37195afe>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://teach-ict.com/imedia/unit6/digital_video_theory/imedia_chapter1.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703682988/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112802-00022-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.949212	386	3.609375	4
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia Boileau was born in the rue de Jérusalem, in Paris, France. He was brought up to the law, but devoted to letters, associating himself with La Fontaine, Racine, and Molière. He is the author of Satires and Epistles, L'Art poétique and Le Lutrin, in which he attacked and employed his wit against what he perceived to be the bad taste of his time. The surname "Despréaux" was derived from a small property at Crosne near Villeneuve-Saint-Georges. He was the fifteenth child of Gilles Boileau, a clerk in the parlement. Two of his brothers attained some distinction: Gilles Boileau, the author of a translation of Epictetus; and Jacques Boileau, who became a canon of the Sainte-Chapelle, and made valuable contributions to church history. His mother died when he was two years old; and Nicolas Boileau, who had a delicate constitution, seems to have suffered something from want of care. Sainte-Beuve puts down his somewhat hard and unsympathetic outlook quite as much to the uninspiring circumstances of these days as to the general character of his time. He cannot be said to have been early disenchanted, for he never seems to have had any illusions; he grew up with a single passion, "the hatred of stupid books." He was educated at the Collège de Beauvais, and was then sent to study theology at the Sorbonne. He exchanged theology for law, however, and was called to the bar on December 4, 1656. From the profession of law, after a short trial, he recoiled in disgust, complaining bitterly of the amount of chicanery which passed under the name of law and justice. His father died in 1657, leaving him a small fortune, and thenceforward he devoted himself to letters. Such of his early poems as have been preserved hardly contain the promise of what he ultimately became. The first piece in which his peculiar powers were displayed was the first satire (1660), in imitation of the third satire of Juvenal; it embodied the farewell of a poet to the city of Paris. This was quickly followed by eight others, and the number was at a later period increased to twelve. A twofold interest attaches to the satires. In the first place the author skilfully parodies and attacks writers who at the time were placed in the very first rank, such as Jean Chapelain, the abbé Charles Cotin, Philippe Quinault and Georges de Scudéry; he openly raised the standard of revolt against the older poets. But in the second place he showed both by precept and practice what were the poetical capabilities of the French language. Prose in the hands of such writers as Descartes and Pascal had proved itself a flexible and powerful instrument of expression, with a distinct mechanism and form. But except with Malherbe, there had been no attempt to fashion French versification according to rule or method. In Boileau for the first time appeared terseness and vigour of expression, with perfect regularity of verse structure. His admiration for Molière found expression in the stanzas addressed to him (1663) and in the second satire (1664). In 1664 he composed his prose Dialogue sur les héros de roman, a satire on the elaborate romances of the time, which may be said to have once for all abolished the lucubrations of La Calprenède, Mlle de Scudéry and their fellows. Though fairly widely read in manuscript, the book was not published till 1713, out of regard, it is said, for Mlle de Scudéry. To these early days belong the reunions at the Monton Blanc and the Pomme du Pin, where Boileau, Molière, Racine, Chapelle and Antoine Furetière met to discuss literary questions. To Molière and Racine he proved a constant friend, and supported their interests on many occasions. In 1666, prompted by the publication of two unauthorized editions, he published Satires du Sieur D...., containing seven satires and the Discours au roi. From 1669 onwards appeared his epistles, graver in tone than the satires, maturer in thought, more exquisite and polished in style. The Épîtres gained for him the favour of Louis XIV, who desired his presence at court. The king asked him which he thought his best verses. Whereupon Boileau diplomatically selected as his "least bad" some still unprinted lines in honour of the grand monarch and proceeded to recite them. He received forthwith a pension of 2000 livres. In 1674 his two masterpieces, L'Art poétique and Le Lutrin, were published with some earlier works as the L'Œuvres diverses du sieur D.... The first, in imitation of the Ars Poetica of Horace, lays down the code for all future French verse, and may be said to fill in French literature a parallel place to that held by its prototype in Latin. On English literature the maxims of Boileau, through the translation revised by Dryden, and through the magnificent imitation of them in Pope's Essay on Criticism, have exercised no slight influence. Boileau does not merely lay down rules for the language of poetry, but analyses carefully the various kinds of verse composition, and enunciates the principles peculiar to each. Of the four books of L'Art poétique, the first and last consist of general precepts, inculcating mainly the great rule of bon sens; the second treats of the pastoral, the elegy, the ode, the epigram and satire; and the third of tragic and epic poetry. Though the rules laid down are of value, their tendency is rather to hamper and render too mechanical the efforts of poetry. Boileau himself, a great, though, by no means infallible critic in verse, cannot be considered a great poet. He rendered the utmost service in destroying the exaggerated reputations of the mediocrities of his time, but his judgment was sometimes at fault. The Lutrin, a mock heroic poem, of which four cantos appeared in 1674, furnished Alexander Pope with a model for the Rape of the Lock, but the English poem is superior in richness of imagination and subtlety of invention. The fifth and sixth cantos, afterwards added by Boileau, rather detract from the beauty of the poem; the last canto in particular is quite unworthy of his genius. In 1674 appeared also his translation of Longinus' On the Sublime, to which were added in 1693 certain critical reflections, chiefly directed against the theory of the superiority of the moderns over the ancients as advanced by Charles Perrault. Boileau was made historiographer to the king in 1677. From this time the amount of his production diminished. To this period of his life belong the satire, Sur les femmes, the ode, Sur la prise de Namur, the epistles, A mes vers and Sur l'amour de Dieu, and the satire Sur l'homme. The satires had raised up a crowd of enemies against Boileau. The 10th satire, on women, provoked an Apologie des femmes from Charles Perrault. Antoine Arnauld in the year of his death wrote a letter in defence of Boileau, but when at the desire of his friends he submitted his reply to Bossuet, the bishop pronounced all satire to be incompatible with the spirit of Christianity, and the 10th satire to be subversive of morality. The friends of Arnauld had declared that it was inconsistent with the dignity of a churchman to write on any subject so trivial as poetry. The epistle, Sur l'amour de Dieu, was a triumphant vindication on the part of Boileau of the dignity of his art. It was not until April 15 1684 that he was admitted to the Académie française, and then only by the king's wish. In 1687 he retired to a country-house he had bought at Auteuil, which Racine, because of the numerous guests, calls his hôtellerie d'Auteuil. In 1705 he sold his house and returned to Paris, where he lived with his confessor in the cloisters of Notre Dame. In the 12th satire, Sur l'équivoque, he attacked the Jesuits in verses which Sainte-Beuve called a recapitulation of the Lettres provinciales of Pascal. This was written about 1705. He then gave his attention to the arrangement of a complete and definitive edition of his works. But the Jesuit fathers obtained from Louis XIV the withdrawal of the privilege already granted for the publication, and demanded the suppression of the 12th satire. These annoyances are said to have hastened his death, which took place on the 13th of March 1711. Boileau was a man of warm and kindly feelings, honest, outspoken and benevolent. Many anecdotes are told of his frankness of speech at court, and of his generous actions. He holds a well-defined place in French literature, as the first who reduced its versification to rule, and taught the value of workmanship for its own sake. His influence on English literature, through Pope and his contemporaries, was not less strong, though less durable. After much undue depreciation Boileau's critical work has been rehabilitated by recent writers, perhaps to the extent of some exaggeration in the other direction. It has been shown that in spite of undue harshness in individual cases most of his criticisms have been substantially adopted by his successors. Numerous editions of Boileau's works were published during his lifetime. The last of these, l'Œuvres diverses (1701), known as the "favourite" edition of the poet, was reprinted with variants and notes by Alphonse Pauly (2 vols., 1894). The critical text of his works was established by Berriat Saint-Prix, Œuvres de Boileau (4 vols., 1830—1837), who made use of some 350 editions. This text, edited with notes by Paul Chéron, with the Boloeana of 1740, and an essay by Sainte-Beuve, was reprinted by Garnier frères (1860).	<urn:uuid:4699378e-376f-41d0-a1ab-30236d50b987>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.artandpopularculture.com/Boileau	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703682988/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112802-00022-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.97795	2,220	2.9375	3
A newborn baby's physiology is not the same as that of an older baby, a child or an adult. It takes time for this new body to settle into life outside the womb and to become fully efficient. During this settling period some babies display all kinds of color changes, spots, blotches, swellings and secretions, many of which look very peculiar. Most of them would indeed be peculiar if they occurred in an older person, but they are normal, or at least insignificant, when they occur in the first two weeks of life. Hospital staff take these newborn peculiarities for granted and, because they know that they are nothing to worry about, often forget to warn parents about them. The result can be unnecessary panic just when you need all the peace you can get. The following list describes some of the commonest of the phenomena and tells you why they happen and what they mean. If you need direct reassurance or if you are not sure that what you see matches what is described on the list, consult your doctor. Above all, do remember that these things are normal or unimportant only in a newborn baby. If you notice one of them after your baby is two to three weeks old, you should certainly ask for advice from your pediatrician. \| Read more from Penelope Leach, Ph.D. <%@ include file="penelope_pulldown.jsp"%> Newborn skin has an overall pinky-red hue (whatever color it will be eventually) because it is so thin that the underlying blood vessels show through. Because the circulation is not yet fully efficient, blood may sometimes pool in the lower half of a baby's body, so that when he has been still for a long time, he looks half red and half pale. And sometimes a full ration of circulating blood does not reach the baby's extremities so that as he lies asleep, his hands and feet look bluish. As soon as you pick the baby up or turn him over, the skin color will even out. Because the skin is fragile it is easily damaged -- diaper rash is not the only kind of common clothes chafing. And because the pores do not yet work efficiently, skin is very liable to develop spots. Common kinds are "neonatal urticaria," consisting of a rash of red blotchy spots with tiny red centers that come and go on different parts of the baby's body, each group lasting only a few hours; tiny white spots, usually on the nose and cheeks, called "milk spots" (milia) that may last for several weeks; and the grimly named but harmless "toxic erythema" -- irregular red blotches with pale middles that look like a collection of insect bites. They may spoil your baby's complexion for a while, but they do no harm and need no treatment. Called "Mongolian blue spots," these are just temporary accumulations of pigment under the skin. They are more usual in babies of African or Mongolian descent but can also be seen in babies of Mediterranean descent or in any baby whose skin is going to be fairly dark. They are nothing to do with bruising or with any disorder of the blood.	<urn:uuid:52d975e9-bd19-452f-bfad-7b6b34f52271>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.parents.com/baby/care/newborn/newborn-novelties/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703682988/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112802-00022-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.958775	656	2.703125	3
Emblem of Laos \|Emblem of Laos\| \|Armiger\|\|Lao People's Democratic Republic\| \|Motto\|\|ສັນຕິພາບ ເອກະລາດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ "Peace, Independence, Democracy" "Unity and Prosperity" The national emblem of Laos shows the national shrine Pha That Luang. A dam is pictured which as a symbol of power generation at the reservoir Nam Ngun, an asphalt street is also pictured, as well as a stylized watered field. In the lower part is a section of a gear wheel. The inscription on the left reads "Peace, Independence, Democracy" (lao script: ສັນຕິພາບ ເອກະລາດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ) and on the right, "Unity and Prosperity" (lao script: ເອກະພາບ ວັດຖະນາຖາວອນ.) The coat of arms was modified in 1991. The Communist red star and hammer and sickle were replaced with the national shrine at Pha That Luang. The coat of arms is specified in the Laotian constitution: The National Emblem of the Lao People's Democratic Republic is a circle depicting in the bottom part one-half of a cog wheel and red ribbon with inscriptions [of the words] "Lao People's Democratic Republic", and [flanked by] crescent-shaped stalks of fully ripened rice at both sides and red ribbons bearing the inscription "Peace, Independence, Democracy, Unity, Prosperity". A picture of Pha That Luang Pagoda is located between the tips of the stalks of rice. A road, a paddy field, a forest and a hydroelectric dam are depicted in the middle of the circle.—Constitution of the Lao People's Democratic Republic, § 90 - Constitution of the Lao People's Democratic Republic, § 90 Official website of the Laotian embassy in Thailand. \|This Laos-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.\| \|This heraldry-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.\|	<urn:uuid:f9e916d7-9912-4d33-8d9d-ee5b50102ab4>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_Arms_of_Laos	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706499548/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121459-00022-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.867776	611	2.515625	3
Author(s): J. Madejski & J. Grabczyk Fast and accurate measurement of the profiles of surfaces of rail head, switches, and wheels features an indispensable element of the technological process of their manufacturing and maintenance. Rails are the crucial elements of the track, so requirements regarding their mechanical properties and geometrical accuracy are On the other hand, train wheels have to be checked on a regular basis to make it possible to determine when repair or replacement is needed, due to their excessive wear resulting in improper geometry. All presented results were obtained using the novel handheld gauges developed and field tested by the authors. The measurement process of wheel and track geometry is a tedious task, error prone, and requiring skille... Size: 733 kb Paper DOI: 10.2495/CR980021 the Full Article This article is part of the WIT OpenView scheme and you can download the full text Adobe PDF article for FREE by clicking the 'Openview' icon below. this page to a colleague.	<urn:uuid:7642c650-bed5-461f-9679-823babcee68e>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://library.witpress.com/pages/PaperInfo.asp?PaperID=6780	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706499548/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121459-00022-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.88611	225	2.765625	3
In this chapter we will discuss the details of the client/server communication in MySQL. The goal is to give you the ability to look at a binary dump of the client/server communication and be able to understand what happened. This chapter can also be helpful if you are trying to write a MySQL proxy server, a security application to audit MySQL traffic on your network, or some other program that for some reason needs to understand the low-level details of the MySQL client/server protocol. The server listens for connections on a TCP/IP port or a local socket. When a client connects, a handshake and authentication are performed. If successful, the session begins. The client sends a command, and the server responds with a data set or a message appropriate for the type of command that was sent. When the client is finished, it sends a special command telling the server it is done, and the session is terminated. The basic unit of communication is the application-layer packet. Commands consist of one packet. Responses may include several. There are two types of packets: compressed and noncompressed. The decision on which one will be used for the session is made during the handshake stage, and depends on the capabilities and settings of both the client and the server. Additionally, regardless of the compression option, the packets are divided into two categories: commands sent by the client, and responses returned by the server. Server response packets are divided into four categories: data packets, end-of-data-stream packets, success report (OK) packets, and error message packets. All packets share the common 4-byte header, documented in Table4-1 . Table 4-1. Common 4-byte header for uncompressed packets Packet body length stored with the low byte first. Packet sequence number. The sequence numbers are reset with each new command. While the correct packet sequencing is ensured by the underlying transmission protocol, this field is used for the sanity checks of the application logic. A compressed packet will have an additional 3-byte field, low byte first, containing the length of the compressed packet body part that follows. An uncompressed packet will have the body immediately after the header. The compression is done with the use of ZLIB (see http://www.zlib.net). The body of the compressed packet is exactly what a call tocompress()with the uncompressed body as argument would return. It is, however, possible for the body to be stored without compression when the compressed body would turn out no smaller than the uncompressed one, or whencompress()fails for some reason—e.g., due to the lack of available memory. If this happens, the uncompressed length field will contain 0. It is important to remember, though, that even in that case, the compressed format is still used, which unfortunately results in the waste of 3 bytes per packet. Therefore, a session that predominately uses small or poorly compressible packets goes faster if the compression is turned off. As you may have noticed, the 3-byte field would limit the body length to 16 MB. What if you need to send a bigger packet? In version 3.23 and earlier, it is not possible. Version 4.0 added a compatible improvement to the protocol that overcame this limitation. If the length of the packet is greater than the value ofMAX_PACKET_LENGTH, which is defined to be 224–1 in sql/net_serv.cc, the packet gets split into smaller packets with bodies ofMAX_PACKET_LENGTHplus the last packet with a body that is shorter thanMAX_PACKET_LENGTH. The last short packet will always be present even if it must have a zero-length body. It serves as an indicator that there are no more packet parts left in the stream for this large packet.	<urn:uuid:b8383629-6d87-4372-b806-03067f43918e>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.codewalkers.com/c/a/Server-Administration/Client-Server-Communication/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706499548/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121459-00022-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.920389	795	3.4375	3
Wisteria is one of the showiest deciduous vines grown in the home flower bed. The twining vines allow the wisteria to grow upwards of 25 feet or more. The purple-pink spring blooms often hang down in clusters 12 to 18 inches long. Grown on a trellis, arch, or over a doorway, the wisteria in bloom can make a person stop in their tracks just to admire the beauty. Root wisteria in one of two ways. The first is by damaging one of the existing vines and layering it until roots form and a new plant emerges. Damage the vine by making a slice diagonal to the vine but not all the way through. Bury this vine in rich soil and cover with a little mulch. Water well and leave it alone to root in a natural manner. This process done in the spring should give results in about 3 weeks. Use rooting compound to root the wisteria vine cuttings taken in the spring. Clip several cuttings about 4 to 6 inches long from the wisteria vines. Make sure there are at least two or more leaf nodes on each cutting. The nodes are where the vine will start producing more roots. Pour 2 to 3 tablespoons of rooting compound into a dish and reseal the bottle. Powdered compound goes a long way and making a separate dipping tray keeps any diseases from spreading to the rest of the bottle. Fill the growing tray with the soil medium and poke holes into the soil in a uniform pattern using a pencil or straw. The preformed holes keeps the rooting compound on the cuttings instead of brushing it off onto the soil surface when adding the cuttings. Dip the cuttings into the rooting compound and place in the holes of the growing medium. When all the clippings have been placed in the growing tray, spritz the cuttings with a spray bottle of water. This adds moisture to the soil for the new cuttings to grow. Place the cuttings in an area where they will get plenty of filtered light. Direct sunlight will kill the cuttings before they have a chance to root. Within three or four weeks, the cuttings will start to develop new growth. This lets you know the roots have formed. Transplant the cuttings into larger containers, allowing the new plants to grow. When they have reached the desired height, plant the new wisteria plants directly into the garden bed where you want the vines to grow.	<urn:uuid:98eb0449-cbfe-4f8a-ba38-f183fabe7e59>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.gardenguides.com/80156-root-wisteria-vine.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706499548/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121459-00022-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.918562	518	2.671875	3
Decimal Assessment Questions Grade Levels: 3 - 5 - How many tenths are needed to make one? (10) How many hundredths are needed to make one? (100) How many thousandths are needed to make one? (1,000) - What is the pattern in the following series? 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 10, 100, 1,000. (The number increases by a factor of 10 each time.) - Compare 4 tenths, 0.4; 40 hundredths, 0.40; and 400 thousandths, 0.400. (They all have 4 in the tenths place; extra zeros to the right do not change the value.) - Which is greater, 2.309 or 2.310? Explain. (2.310. The digits in the ones and tenths place are the same. In the hundredths place, the one is greater than the 0.) - Which is less, 0.091 or 0.109? (0.091) - Put the following in order from greatest to least: 3.3, 3.9, 3.214, 3.093, 3.89. (3.9, 3.89, 3.3, 3.214, 3.093) Asian-Pacific-American Heritage Month May is Asian-Pacific-American Heritage Month! Don't overlook this opportunity to study and enjoy activities about the history and culture of Asian-Pacific American communities. The recent rash of tornadoes in Oklahoma, which killed at least two dozen people, may have your students wondering why such natural disasters occur, how they may be affected by them, and what they can do to help. Use these resources to teach the geography of Oklahoma and the Southwestern United States, to explain tornadoes, and to discuss the resulting crises with your class. Top 10 Galleries Explore our most popular Top 10 galleries, from Top 10 Behavior Management Tips for the Classroom and Top 10 Classroom Organization Tips from Veteran Teachers to Top 10 Free (& Cheap) Rewards for Students and Top 10 Things Every Teacher Needs in the Classroom. We'll help you get organized and prepared for every classroom situation, holiday, and more! Check out all of our galleries today. May Calendar of Events May is full of holidays and events that you can incorporate into your standard curriculum. Our Educators' Calendar outlines activities for each event, including: Backyard Games Week (5/23-29) and Memorial Day (5/27). Plus, celebrate Asian-Pacific-American Heritage Month, Clean Air Month, and Physical Fitness & Sports Month all May long! Common Core Lessons & Resources Is your school district adopting the Common Core? Work these new standards into your curriculum with our reading, writing, speaking, social studies, and math lessons and activities. Each piece of content incorporates the Common Core State Standards into the activity or lesson.	<urn:uuid:06cbe0b9-eebc-47de-8fdf-72fad72c15aa>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.teachervision.fen.com/decimals/activity/3170.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706499548/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121459-00022-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.915226	610	3.921875	4
Through the Geographic Information Systems - Cartographic Specialist program you can become a proficient GIS practitioner, visual designer and communicator - creating a variety of customized maps and other products for the many users of geographic information. Please note: this program is 10 months duration. Cartography - known as the art and science of making maps, has come a long way since the efforts of early mapmakers who worked with pen and ink. While cartography still relies on many of the traditional principles, mapmaking now requires incorporating the best of modern research and technology. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) allows today's "cartographer" to store geographic data in an organized way, to allow for quick access, correlation, and analysis. This system also facilitates the development of cartographic displays. By using GIS, cartographers are able to collect, store, and combine data about a given area, subject, or region being researched. GIS helps planners working on environmental, public health, municipal planning, and natural resource projects (to name a few uses) monitor change, predict trends and manage resources using current relevant data. The GIS Cartographic Specialist program is an advanced post-graduate program, building on your existing, related skills. - Fleming's leadership in this field has been recognized by industry, government and business through their support in establishing the Geomatics Institute at Fleming. - These strong partnerships offer students access to the latest software packages and data resources as well as unprecedented learning and employment opportunities. - Most GIS programs focus on geographic analysis and application - but the Fleming Cartographic Specialist program is based on a dual approach which is truly unique. - You will become a proficient GIS practitioner, as well as a visual designer and communicator - using GIS data and software to create a wide variety of customized maps and other products for users of geographic information. Not sure which of our two GIS Ontario College Graduate Certificate programs is right for you? The common first semester in the GIS Cartographic Specialist and GIS Applications Specialist programs gives you a good overview and understanding of the technologies and diverse skills particular to careers in these fields. Subject to enrolment capacity, you can choose which area of specialized study you will pursue in semester two. In addition to acquiring a hands-on, firm foundation using Cartography, digital mapping and GIS technology skills and tools, you will have many opportunities to build on your teamwork, team building, project management, problem-solving and critical thinking skills. Since employers are seeking these broad-based transferrable skills, this experience working in technology teams will give you an edge in the workplace. This three-semester (10-month) program starts in September with a 15-week semester ending in December, continues in January with another 15-week semester ending in April, and concludes with a seven-week semester starting in May and ending in June. Why Choose Fleming Graduates of Fleming's cartographic programs have earned a reputation for excellence through their achievements in the workplace, and through cartographic and GIS competitions. Over the years, they have captured 80 American Congress on Surveying and Mapping awards in annual competitions (student category), as well as numerous awards from the Canadian Cartographic Association and the Canadian Institute of Geomatics. Graduate Meghan Miller is featured in a January 2012 article of GoGeomatics with an interview describing her experience in the program and her career path since graduation. Meghan now works for Canadian Cartographic Corporation (CCC) : http://www.gogeomatics.ca/magazine/?s=meghan+miller. Adam Thom, 2010 program graduate, won the Arthur Robinson Award for Best Printed Map at the 2011 Cartography and Geographic Information Society (CaGIS) Map Design Competition. The award is sponsored by the National Geographic Society and Avenza-MAPublisher. You'll spend a significant part of your time in the program doing experiential work - putting theory into practice. A co-operative GIS project in the final semester involves cross-disciplinary teams from the GIS Cartographic Specialist and Applications Specialist programs working together on a project for a business, government, or industry client. Is this You? While not prerequisites, there are a few skills and abilities that will help you to succeed in this program. These include: - good creative thinking skills - strong oral and written communication skills - excellent time management skills - analytical skills - computing skills With your GIS-Cartographic Specialist certificate, you will be able to pursue a variety of exciting, responsible positions within GIS and digital mapping environments, such as: - provincial and federal government mapping agencies - municipal utility, engineering, and planning departments - private sector mapping, planning, consulting, utility, and natural resource firms Minimum Admission Requirements - A university degree or college diploma, or equivalent education or work experience. On rare occasions, substantive work experience in the field of Geomatics will be considered as equivalent to a degree or diploma, and these cases will be reviewed on an individual basis. Although traditionally GIS training accompanied a degree or diploma in natural resources, with exponential growth in the field of GIS sciences, applicable backgrounds now range from forestry to marketing, from resource extraction to municipal planning, from health care to law enforcement. Previous GIS experience, while helpful, is not required for admission. Since GIS is a field of study that makes extensive use of computer hardware and software technology, students entering the GIS-Cartographic Specialist program must be familiar with computers. You can obtain a Trent University Honours Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Arts Degree in either Geography or Environmental Science/Studies and a Geographical Information Systems Ontario College Graduate Certificate in four years, with the third year spent studying at Fleming College. In other words, get both qualifications in four years - instead of five. For details, see Trent/Fleming Joint Degree, Geographical Information Systems Special Emphasis. School of Military Mapping, Mapping & Charting Establishment of the Canadian Armed Forces If you are a graduate of the Geomatics Technician program from the School of Military Mapping, Mapping & Charting Establishment of the Canadian Armed Forces, at the QL5 Level, you are eligible to apply for advance standing into the second semester of the three-semester Geographic Information Systems - Applications Specialist or Geographic Information Systems - Cartographic Specialist graduate certificate programs. For complete details see Transfer Credit Articulation Agreement. If you have significant difficulty perceiving distinctions between colours you will experience greater challenges in map-making. Plan to spend about $1000 for books and supplies. Every attempt is made to ensure the accuracy of the information on our website and in our publications. The College reserves the right to modify or cancel any course, program, fee, timetable, or campus location at any time.	<urn:uuid:d52411bd-07d8-45d2-a3bd-9f99a52a8e65>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://flemingcollege.ca/programs/geographic-information-systems-cartographic-specialist	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00022-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.922977	1,405	2.53125	3
Somewhere between 4 and 5.5 million people in the UK live in fuel poverty – defined broadly as a situation where a household spends more than 10% of its income on fuel costs. Will existing fuel poverty policies reduce this number and, if not, what are the alternatives? Two new reports prepared by the IPPR and NEA for JRF call into question the effectiveness of existing fuel poverty and raise concerns over the impact of environmental policies on low income households. The research suggests the Government is failing to take advantage of key opportunities to help fuel poor households by making their homes more energy efficient. Of course there are suggestions that the fuel poverty measure I referred to earlier needs to be changed, but Professor John Hills' interim report confirms that the problem is significant, whatever the definition. Although governments may lack the power to influence global energy markets and are inhibited from interfering in the domestic market of the 'Big 6' energy companies, more can be done. A real difference to fuel poverty can be made by improving the energy efficiency of the homes of the fuel poor. The average family household fuel bill per year is around £1,300. This figure rises to over £2,000 for families in poorly insulated homes who want to achieve the same level of warmth. Unfortunately, while good insulation can have a massive impact on the cost of heating homes, many people on low incomes who have to choose between 'heating or eating' may see the prospect of installing costly upfront insulation as unrealistic. Worse still, with the ending of the Warm Front programme next year there will be no state-funded, grant-aided energy efficiency programmes. All energy efficiency initiatives will be funded through energy bills. Ironically, this additional cost (and the numerous other climate change-related levies geared towards promoting low carbon energy production) will have a regressive impact that penalises low income households. Even the proposed new Energy Company Obligation (ECO) is not going to be a dedicated fuel poverty programme. Amazingly, ECO funding will actually be diverted to better off households living in 'hard to treat' properties that are too costly to be funded through the Green Deal. What alternative policies are available? The IPPR and NEA reports call for: This really does seem like a no brainer – the pensioners most in need of help with their bill should also be given help to reduce their bills. There is no doubt that reducing or eliminating fuel poverty would significantly reduce the 27,000 'excess winter deaths' in the UK. This figure is far higher than other countries with colder climates and is a stark indicator of the lack of support afforded to the most vulnerable in our society. So, while the Hills Review team continue to grapple with the definition of fuel poverty, once again there is an urgent need to help low income families reduce their fuel bills this winter.	<urn:uuid:dc44cb70-50c4-4d6c-91df-09da8499f929>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.jrf.org.uk/blog/2011/10/fuel-poverty-what-can-we-do	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00022-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.951207	583	3.046875	3
"Demerara land of trenches, October 19, 2001 Giving out most awful stenches. Land of every biting beast Making human flesh its feast..." wrote one exasperated civil servant in the century before the last. At its inception, Guyana's capital had a fairly unsavoury reputation, although that was to change during the course of the nineteenth century. Ernst Rodschied, a German doctor who worked on Tiger Island and is perhaps the first man in this country to have grasped the importance of clean water to public health, visited Georgetown in the 1790s. He was not impressed. He reported seeing approximately 100 houses, mostly of shingle-covered wood roofed with troolie. The whole place, he concluded, was really just like a very bad European village. It has to be borne in mind that most European villages of that era were not noted for their high standards of comfort or sanitation. A British visitor around the same period described Stabroek houses painted in "tawdry colours," and drains which were little better than open sewers. In the dry season, we are told, the stench was intolerable. Other sources record how rubbish was simply thrown in the river, although by the beginning of the nineteenth century periodic clean-up campaigns were coming into evidence - a phenomenon which it seems is still with us. In 1803, for example, the powers-that-be announced that every lot owner had fourteen days in which to clear the "road, street, dam or path as is adjoining his lot... of dung or dirt." During the appointed two weeks, the "dung" or "dirt" was to be transported by the lot-owner to a punt equipped with a crane lying in the river, which would then dispose of it in deep water. Anyone found with "dirt or filth" in the vicinity of his home at the end of the designated fortnight, was subject to a fine of 25 guilders - a fairly hefty sum for its time. In between the clean-up campaigns, one presumes, the residents continued undisturbed in their insanitary ways. In 1803, of course, there was no plastic and no tin cans, so most of the litter, at least, would have been bio-degradable. If today the City Council complains about the electricity company's lack of concern about street lights, that was one department to which the early Georgetown authorities paid some attention. The streets were lit at night by oil lanterns suspended from posts, and in 1791, an official lamplighter was appointed for Stabroek. Where clean water was concerned, however, it was every man for himself. All residents had their own rainwater cisterns, which provided adequate supplies in the wet season, but which were of little help in the dry. It was not uncommon in the long dry season to have to go upriver to collect fresh water from the creeks. During the course of the nineteenth century various experiments were tried to bring water into the city, but it was not until the advent of William Russell, whose bust now stands in the City Hall compound, that the problem was finally solved. Certainly the early inhabitants of Georgetown would be familiar with the state of some of our roads. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries these were mostly impassable in the rainy season, and in the dry they were hazardous to traverse on account of their deep carriage ruts. One of the few exceptions was Brickdam, which had a bricked thoroughfare down its centre, and which was widened in 1804. The local authorities guarded this solitary stretch of brick paving jealously. Early regulations prohibited citizens from rolling barrels down it, or riding horses along it. Disgruntled officers were obliged to dismount from their chargers and lead them down the walkway; it was, perhaps, Georgetown's first pedestrian zone. During the second half of the nineteenth century, Guyana's capital was to acquire a reputation for breeziness, grace and greenery. In the twentieth century when sewage disposal problems were finally tackled in a comprehensive way, and the mosquito population was reduced by the use of DDT, it also became known as a remarkably clean, healthy and sanitary tropical city. Somewhere along the line we seem to have regressed again, with even the City Council conceding (according to Mr Cecil Griffith's City Council Roundup, October 15) that at present the capital "lacks proper drainage, proper roads, a complete and integrated sewerage system, as well as a complete integrated and efficient potable water supply system." If the problems of Georgetown were not beyond solution for the nineteenth and early twentieth century authorities, surely in these modern times they are not beyond our capabilities to solve. "Demerara land of trenches,	<urn:uuid:fe98120d-06ec-43b5-9870-2ad208b587d6>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.landofsixpeoples.com/news/ns11019.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00022-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.986828	986	2.875	3
Is there zero chance to reach zero waste? TerraCycle loves to find recycling opportunities in strange places, and we’ve been largely consumer-facing since we launched the Drink Pouch Brigade with Capri Sun and Honest Kids in 2007. Our business-to-consumer programs have been successful for such varied groups (including schools, churches, offices, and even individuals) that we didn’t start delving into business-to-business programs until last year. We launched a program with Kimberly Clark Professional to collect their cleanroom garments as well as hoods, boots, and slippers. We’ve recently introduced a pilot program to collect nitrile gloves, and have been testing those collections at one of the collecting locations at Life Technologies. With the recent success of this program and pilot program, it dawned on me that while TerraCycle has always talked about and publicized consumer facing programs and consumer facing recycling, there is opportunity for an even larger recycling impact with business to business programs. The waste produced by billion dollar manufacturing and research industries dwarfs the amount of waste produced in a small neighborhood. According to the Gasification Technologies Council, American manufacturers produce 7.6 billion tons of industrial in just one year. Construction, road projects, housing projects and the like aren’t even included in that number; those activities produce 136 million tons in one year. Companies such as Subaru have already instituted effective zero-waste programs; their Indiana manufacturing plant diverts more than 90 percent of waste produced. They partner with other companies to take away the waste produced from their business, such as paint sludge, which is dried into a powder and then mixed into compounds that make guardrail blocks and parking lot bumpers. The chemicals that come out of those factories seem to me to be more harmful than the food packaging that is coming out of individual homes. Both are incredibly important, but considering the lack of movement in business to business recycling so far, the potential is huge. The question for those of us in the packaging industry is where can we make these business-to-business programs work in packaging? I think there are a variety of places we can look here. If a piece of packaging can be made from another’s waste, there is no excuse for us to not be using it. If there’s a byproduct from packaging that we produce that can be towards what another manufacturer needs, we should be setting up a system to harness what could be potentially useful. Recycling in the packaging world isn’t just about what consumers do with the packaging when they’ve finished sipping their juice or eating their chips, and it’s not just about where we get the materials to make the packaging (new or recycled). It’s also about the other details, and the recycling we can do where people least expect it.	<urn:uuid:e2ba0a71-d836-478b-92ad-032170882c47>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.packagingdigest.com/blog/Green_Terratory/41858-Is_there_zero_chance_to_reach_zero_waste_.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00022-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.964913	588	2.515625	3
Special Collections and University Archives, W.E.B. Du Bois Library, University of Massachusetts Amherst Archibald MacLeish Papers A native of Illinois, Archibald MacLeish was the son of a merchant father and a mother who was a college professor. His mother's conviction to civic duties was a driving force behind Archibald developing a commitment to and taking action in various social and artistic endeavors. It was instilled in him that as a citizen he had a responsibility to contribute to the prosperity and freedom of others. MacLeish's early years were spent primarily on a large estate which encompassed nearly seventeen acres. Due to his rambunctious and at times rebellious nature as a youth, Mrs. MacLeish felt the rigorous and structured environment of private schools would be well suited for her son. MacLeish's high school years were spent at Hotchkiss, after which he attended Yale as an English major. His leisure time was spent divided amongst several activities, including poetry, literature clubs and sports. After receiving his degree, his next destination was Harvard Law School in 1916, but his stay at the institution was halted by the service. A year after joining the program MacLeish departed for France during World War I. Tower of Ivory, MacLeish's first collection of poems, was published not long after his deployment into the service. Initially he was enlisted as a member of the Yale Mobile Hospital Unit, eventually switching to the artillery school. He became highly aversive and resentful of the war following the death of his brother, a fighter pilot, who was killed in the line of duty. Upon returning to the States, MacLeish graduated from law school in 1919. He taught in the Harvard School of Government for a semester before joining a Boston law firm. He was a skilled lawyer, but eventually left the profession due to dissatisfaction with the minute amount of time the job left him to write poetry. Seven months after leaving his position at the firm, MacLeish joined a handful of accomplished writers and relocated to France. While in Europe, MacLeish progressed as a writer focusing primarily on the long poem. In 1932, four years after returning to the United States, he was awarded with his first Pulitzer Prize for a poem titled Conquistador. The poem dealt with the poor treatment of the Aztecs by the Spanish Conquistadors, and suggested that this relationship was representative of the American experience. During the late thirties MacLeish was the object of criticism for his political views, criticism that was compounded with accusations that his writing was too uncertain and inconsistent. From work to work, MacLeish's views and opinions changed, and no consistent message or theme emerged. This may have been more acceptable had he not been such a staunch advocate for using art as a platform for social commentary. For example, MacLeish was an opponent of fascism and communism, while at the same time critical of American capitalism. MacLeish went on to win two more Pulitzer prizes. One for a compilation of poetry called Collected Poems 1917-52 and the other, for a play based on the Biblical story of Job entitled J.B. He was elected by President Franklin Roosevelt to be the Librarian of the Congress. In 1949, MacLeish became a professor of rhetoric and oratory at Harvard, a position he held until his retirement in 1962. During this time MacLeish was still an active poet and writer. He passed away in 1982 at the age of 90.	<urn:uuid:207b2b9f-df0e-46ce-b688-16db7f58c987>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/umass/mums494_bioghist.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00022-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.988058	717	2.890625	3
NASA's newest Mars rover Curiosity is taking its first tentative drives across the Martian surface and leaving tracks that have been spotted all the way from space in a spectacular photo snapped by an orbiting spacecraft. The new view of Curiosity's tracks from space was captured by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and released today (Sept. 6). It shows the rover as a bright, boxy vehicle at the end of two tracks that create a single zig-zag pattern in the Martian surface. Another photo from the MRO spacecraft spotted the car-size Curiosity rover's parachute and protective backshell, which were jettisoned by the rover during its Aug. 5 landing. A previous photo by MRO taken on Curiosity's actual landing day captured an image of the Mars rover hanging from its parachute. Scientists used the High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment, or HiRISE, camera on the MRO spacecraft to take the new photos, which have created a buzz among the Curiosity rover's science team. "The HiRISE camera on MRO continues to take amazing photographs of Mars, and of us on Mars," said Mike Watkins, Curiosity mission manager at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, in a briefing today. The photo of Curiosity also includes the rover's landing spot and shows the scorch marks left behind by the rockets on the sky crane that lowered the rover to the Martian surface. "It's a great image of where we stand relative to the touchdown point now," Watkins said. This isn't the first time the MRO spacecraft has captured views of rovers on Mars. The orbiter repeatedly observed NASA's smaller Mars rovers Spirit and Opportunity as they explored the Martian surface following their own landings in January 2004. The Spirit rover's mission was declared over last year, but Opportunity continues to rover across the Martian plains of Meridiani Planum. The Mars rover Curiosity took its first drive on Mars on Aug. 22 and completed its longest drive, a 100-foot (30.5 meter) trek, on Tuesday (Sept. 4). So far, the rover has driven a total of 358 feet (109 meters) on Mars, but is actually just 69 feet (82 meters) away from its landing site due to the turns the rover has performed along the way. Mission scientists have also tested the rover's mast-mounted cameras and laser, which is used to study the composition of Martian rocks, and are preparing a weeklong set of tests to calibrate Curiosity's instrument-tipped robotic arm. NASA's $2.5 billion Curiosity rover is designed to spend the next two years exploring the vast Gale Crater on Mars to determine if the area could have once supported microbial life. Mission scientists also plan to send the rover up Mount Sharp, a 3-mile-high (5-kilometer) mountain rising up from the center of the crater. - Mars Rover Curiosity's 1st Month in Pictures (Gallery) - Mars Rover Curiosity: Mars Science Lab Coverage - Amazing Mars Rover Shifting Into Science Gear After 1st Martian Month	<urn:uuid:ab3fbaff-55c9-4f9b-b6bd-442d0d9e253b>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://ca.news.yahoo.com/stunning-mars-photo-shows-curiosity-rovers-tracks-space-195711349.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00022-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.944405	622	3.03125	3
Depletion of oil reserves and the associated effects on climate change have prompted a re-examination of the use of plant biomass as a sustainable source of organic carbon for the large-scale production of chemicals and materials. While initial emphasis has been placed on biofuel production from edible plant sugars, the drive to reduce the competition between crop usage for food and non-food applications has prompted massive research efforts to access the less digestible saccharides in cell walls (lignocellulosics). This in turn has prompted an examination of the use of other plant-derived metabolites for the production of chemicals spanning the high-value speciality sectors through to platform intermediates required for bulk production. The associated science of biorefining, whereby all plant biomass can be used efficiently to derive such chemicals, is now rapidly developing around the world. However, it is clear that the heterogeneity and distribution of organic carbon between valuable products and waste streams are suboptimal. As an alternative, we now propose the use of synthetic biology approaches to 're-construct' plant feedstocks for optimal processing of biomass for non-food applications. Promising themes identified include re-engineering polysaccharides, deriving artificial organelles, and the reprogramming of plant signalling and secondary metabolism. PMID: 21464074 [PubMed - in process] Plants: biofactories for a sustainable future? Philos Transact A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2011 May 13;369(1942):1826-39 Authors: Jenkins T, Bovi A, Edwards R (Via pubmed: "synthetic biology".)	<urn:uuid:4b91fd63-b39e-4995-920a-8f3a013b67e5>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://synbio.org.uk/component/content/article/2330-plants-biofactories-for-a-sustainable-future.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700264179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103104-00022-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.912059	335	2.953125	3
Pulmonary emboli are pieces of blood clots that break off from clots in the legs (and sometimes other parts of the body) and travel through the circulatory system to the lungs. Pulmonary emboli can block blood flow to the lungs, which in turn can prevent sufficient oxygen from getting to the tissues. They can cause shortness of breath, chest pain, coughing up blood, and death. Pulmonary emboli can be diagnosed in many ways, including ultrasound tests to look for the source of clots in the legs, as well as special blood tests, lung scans, and dye tests of the arteries in the lung (angiography). Helical computed tomography (CT) is a relatively new way to examine the lungs for pulmonary emboli. This test uses a computer to display two- or three-dimensional images made from x-rays that pass through the body as a CT machine is rotated around the patient. Helical CT scans are widely available. However, their accuracy in detecting pulmonary emboli is not established.	<urn:uuid:033d7172-4ef0-4e54-a891-f991a0c3923c>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleID=714660	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00022-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.958379	210	3.625	4
Many industrial control systems use a device that changes one form of energy to another; this device is called a transducer. Typical transducers convert mechanical, magnetic, thermal, electrical, optical, and chemical variations into electrical voltages and currents. Then, these voltages and currents are used, either directly or indirectly, to drive other control systems. Because of the wide variety of solid state devices available today, many types of electromechanical transducers are being replaced with solid state transducers. We'll discuss one type of solid state transducer here, the thermistor. What is a thermistor? Basically, it's a thermally sensitive resistor that changes resistance with a change in temperature. How does it work? A thermistor's operation is a function of the electron-hole pair theory. As the temperature of the semiconductor rises, the electron-hole pair generation increases (due to thermal agitation). Increased electron-hole pairs causes a drop in resistance and a resultant increase in current flow. There are several types of thermistors. Because of their small size, they can be mounted in places inaccessible to other temperature-sensing devices. One popular application is thermal protection in a motor, where a thermistor is embedded in the motor's coil. The resistance range of thermistors is from a few ohms to megohms. The change in resistance, as a function of temperature, can be linear or nonlinear. With a linear thermistor, the resistance changes the same amount for each degree of temperature change. With the nonlinear thermistor, the resistance will vary dramatically in different temperature ranges. Thermistors are relatively sensitive devices and can provide fractional degree temperature control. For example, some thermistors can be accurate to [+ or -]0.1 [degrees] C. Because they are resistive devices, they can operate on AC or DC systems. Fig. 1 shows the symbols for a directly heated and an indirectly heated (externally heated) thermistor. Directly heated thermistors are used in voltage regulators, vacuum gauges, and electronic time-delay circuits. Indirectly heated thermistors are used in precision temperature measurement and compensation applications. There are two classes of thermistors: positive temperature coefficient (PTC) and negative temperature coefficient (NTC). With NTC, an increase in temperature causes a decrease in thermistor resistance, as shown in Fig. 2. With PTC, a relatively small increase in temperature at the switch temperature point causes an extremely large increase in thermistor resistance, as shown in Fig. 3. A PTC thermistor will have relatively low resistance levels during its ON state and relatively high resistance levels during its OFF state. Most thermistors operate on an NTC, although some applications require operation on a PTC. NTC applications include fire alarm circuits, where the resistance of the thermistor is high because the ambient temperatures are relatively low. This high resistance keeps the current to the control circuit low; thus, the alarm remains deenergized. When a fire occurs, the increased ambient temperature lowers the resistance of the thermistor, allowing the current to the alarm device to increase and activate it. NTC thermistors are also used for incandescent lamp life extension. Here, the thermistor acts as a shock absorber for the lamp. When the circuit is energized, a high percentage of the available voltage is dropped across the thermistor. As the thermistor heats up, its resistance drops and more current passes to the lamp. Another NTC thermistor application is temperature compensation. Here, the thermistor is wired in series with a resistor located within a thermostat. When the thermostat senses a decrease in outdoor temperature, the NTC thermistor increases its resistance; this causes current to flow in the circuit. The net result is reduced thermostat variations and improved operation of HVAC systems such as heat pumps. Still another application involves flow measurement. Here, two thermistors are used. The first thermistor is installed in the path of flow; the second thermistor is shielded away from the flow. Both are directly heated. If the flow rate is large, the thermistor in the path of the flow is much cooler than its counterpart. Because of this temperature differential, the output signal of the thermistor in the flow path will be large. If the flow is not as rapid, heat is not carried away from this thermistor as rapidly. As a result, the magnitude of its output signal will be smaller. One popular PTC application is motor starting, where the thermistor, having a low resistance, permits most of the line voltage to be applied to the starter winding. As the motor starts up, the PTC thermistor heats up until the switch temperature (the temperature at which the resistance begins to increase rapidly) is reached. Then the thermistor rapidly changes from a low-resistance device to a high-resistance one. At this point, no current flows through the thermistor or the starter winding, which can be considered removed from the circuit. Another PTC application involves arc suppression. The thermistor switches from a low resistance to a high resistance when the circuit switch is opened; this provides effective arc suppression. In addition, the PTC switching action transfers almost all of the power supply voltage from the load directly to the PTC thermistor itself. It's important to check thermistor connections in electronic circuits because loose or corroded connections will create a high resistance that is in series with the thermistor's resistance. When this happens, the control circuit will sense the additional resistance as the correct temperature reading, which, in reality, is a false reading. The hot and cold resistance of a thermistor can be checked with an ohmmeter; however, one end of the thermistor must be disconnected from the circuit. The procedure is as follows. * Connect the ohmmeter leads to the thermistor leads and place the thermistor and a thermometer in a mixture of ice and water. * Record the temperature and resistance readings. * Place the thermistor and thermometer in hot water (not boiling). * Record the temperature and resistance readings. * Compare the hot and cold readings with the thermistor manufacturer's specification sheet, or with a similar thermistor known to be good. If the PC board on which the thermistor as well as other components are mounted cannot be kept away from the water, a temperature testing unit should be used as the standard temperature source.	<urn:uuid:9f2c3d8b-8945-40bf-882a-651d8d312779>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://ecmweb.com/content/basics-solid-state-devices-0	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00022-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.920318	1,329	3.796875	4
The following news release is being issued by the U.S. T2K collaboration at the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC). The experiment has found evidence for a new type of transformation between neutrinos, ghostlike elementary particles that zip through the Earth at a rate of 400 billion per second. Scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Brookhaven National Laboratory built a key part of the T2K experiment: five dipole (two-pole) “corrector” magnets. Made with a special 3-D winding machine – technology that allowed BNL engineers to use smaller and more efficient cable – these superconducting magnets are sandwiched between 28 “bending” magnets that drive an intense beam of protons into a stationary target. This high-speed impact creates a shower of particles, some of which decay to neutrinos. Together, the two types of magnets keep the protons tightly packed as they speed toward the target. Weighing about 500 pounds each, the meter-long corrector magnets were shipped to Japan from Brookhaven in 2008. For more information about Brookhaven’s role, contact Kendra Snyder, firstname.lastname@example.org, 631-344-8191, or Peter Genzer, email@example.com, 631-344-3174. June 14, 2011 Wednesday, June 15, 2011 The international T2K collaboration announced today that they have observed an indication of a new type of neutrino transformation or oscillation from a muon neutrino to an electron neutrino. Neutrinos come in three types, or “flavors”: electron, muon, and tau. In the T2K experiment in Japan, a muon neutrino beam was produced in the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex, called J-PARC, located in Tokai village, Ibaraki prefecture, on the east coast of Japan, and was aimed at the gigantic Super-Kamiokande underground detector in Kamioka, near the west coast of Japan, 295 km (185 miles) away from Tokai. An analysis of the detected neutrino-induced events in the Super-Kamiokande detector indicates that a very small number of muon neutrinos traveling from Tokai to Kamioka (T2K) transformed themselves into electron neutrinos. Evidence of this new type of neutrino oscillation may lead the way to new studies of a matter-antimatter asymmetry called charge-parity (CP) violation. This phenomenon has been observed in quarks (for which Nobel prizes were awarded in 1980 and 2008), but never in neutrinos. CP violation in the early Universe may be the reason that the observable universe today is dominated by matter and no significant anti-matter. If the T2K result does indicate this third oscillation, then a search for this CP violation in neutrinos will be a major scientific quest in the coming years. Further steps toward this goal will continue to require global scientific collaborations, like T2K, to overcome the significant technical challenges in this search. The T2K experiment utilizes the J-PARC complex that accelerates protons onto a target to produce an intense secondary particle beam that is focused by special magnets called neutrino horns. The focused particle beam decays into a beam of neutrinos, which is monitored by a neutrino detector 280 meters from the target. This beam of neutrinos travels 295 km underground to be detected in the Super-Kamiokande detector. The work of the T2K experiment is located in Japan and primarily supported by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. However, the experiment was constructed and is operated by an international collaboration, which consists of about 500 physicists from 59 institutions in 12 countries (Japan, US, UK, Italy, Canada, Korea, Switzerland, Spain, Germany, France, Poland, and Russia). The data collected by the experiment is also analyzed by the collaboration. The US T2K collaborating team consists of approximately 70 members (Boston University, Brookhaven National Lab, UC Irvine, University of Colorado, Colorado State University, Duke University, Louisiana State University, Stony Brook University, University of Pittsburgh, University of Rochester, and University of Washington [Seattle]) is funded by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science. The US groups have built superconducting corrector magnets, proton beam monitor electronics, the 2nd neutrino horn, and a GPS time synchronization system for the T2K neutrino beam line; and a pi-zero detector and a side muon range detector (partial detector) in the T2K near detector complex. They also are part of the team that built, upgraded, and operates the Super-Kamiokande detector. The March 2011 earthquake in eastern Japan caused damage to the accelerator complex at JPARC, and the data-taking run of the T2K experiment was abruptly discontinued. Fortunately, however, no scientists working on T2K or technical staff supporting their work were injured in the earthquake or its aftermath. The T2K experiment will be ready to take data when J-PARC resumes its operation, which is planned to occur at the end of 2011. More details on this measurement have been provided in a press report at http://www.kek.jp/intra-e/press/2011/J-PARC_T2Kneutrino.html. (For contacts in Japan, see above press release) Prof. Chang Kee Jung, International Co-Spokesperson, T2K Collaboration, Stony Brook University (Stony Brook, NY) Phone: 631-632-8108 (o), 631-474-4563 (h), 631-707-2018 (c Prof. Edward Kearns, Boston University (Boston, MA) Prof. Thomas Kutter, Louisiana State University (Baton Rouge, LA) Prof. Kevin McFarland, University of Rochester (Rochester, NY) Phone: 775-538-4668, 585-275-7076 Prof. Vittorio Paolone, University of Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh, PA) Phone: 412- 624–2764 Prof. Hank Sobel, University of California, Irvine (Irvine, CA) Prof. Walter Toki, Colorado State University (Fort Collin, CO) Prof. Chris Walter, Duke University (Durham, NC) Dr. Peter Wanderer, Brookhaven National Laboratory (Upton, NY) Prof. R. Jeffrey Wilkes, University of Washington (Seattle, WA) Prof. Eric Zimmerman, University of Colorado (Boulder, CO) 2011-1295 \| Media & Communications Office	<urn:uuid:c59448bb-dd66-412d-8ca9-262a11df5a99>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.bnl.gov/newsroom/news.php?a=11295	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00022-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.89193	1,430	3.171875	3