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Plants cespitose, not rhizom-atous. Culms 40-175 cm tall, 0.7-2.4 mm thick, lower cauline internodes usually glabrous, sometimes slightly pubescent below the lower nodes; nodes 2-5. Basal sheaths glabrous or sparsely to densely pubescent, margins sometimes ciliate; collars glabrous or somewhat pubescent, without tufts of hair on the sides, collars of the flag leaves glabrous or sparsely pubescent; basal ligules 0.2-0.7 mm, membranous, truncate to rounded, usually not ciliate; upper ligules 1-1.5 mm, acute; blades (0.5)1.2-5 mm wide. Panicles 9-36 cm long, 0.8-2 cm wide; branches ascending to appressed, straight. Spikelets appressed to the branches. Glumes 6-12.5 mm long, 0.7-1.1 mm wide; lower glumes exceeding the upper glumes by 0.2-0.8 mm; florets 4.5-7 mm long, 0.6-0.9 mm thick, fusiform; calluses 0.2-1 mm, blunt to sharp, dorsal boundary of the glabrous tip with the callus hairs almost straight to acute; lemmas evenly hairy, hairs at midlength 0.5-1 mm, hairs at the apices to 2 mm, erect to ascending, apical lobes 0.1-0.4 mm, membranous, flexible; awns 19-45 mm, persistent, twice-geniculate, first 2 segments scabrous or with hairs shorter than 0.5 mm, terminal segment straight; paleas 2-4 mm, 1/3-2/3 as long as the lemmas, pubescent, hairs usually not exceeding the apices, veins terminating before the apices, apices rounded; anthers 2-3.5 mm, dehiscent, not penicillate. Caryopses 3-4 mm, fusiform. 2n = 36, 44.
Achnatherum nelsonii grows in meadows and openings, from sagebrush steppe and pinyon-juniper woodlands to subalpine forests, at 500-3500 m. It flowers in late spring to early summer, differing in this respect from A. perplexum. It is sometimes sympatric with A. lettermanii, from which it differs in its shorter paleas and wider leaves, and its tendency to grow in deeper or less disturbed soils. It differs from A. lemmonii in having wider leaf blades, shorter paleas, and membranous lemma lobes, and from A. nevadense and A. occidentale in its scabrous awns and the truncate to acute boundary of the glabrous tip of the callus with the callus hairs.
The two subspecies intergrade to some extent. There is also intergradation with Achnatherum occidentale, possibly as a result of hybridization and introgression.
Dr. David Bogler, USDA NRCS PLANTS Database
Perennials, Terrestrial, not aquatic, Stems nodes swollen or brittle, Stems erect or ascending, Stems caespitose, tufted, or clustered, Stems terete, round in cross section, or polygonal, Stem internodes hollow, Stems with inflorescence less than 1 m tall, Stems, culms, or scapes exceeding basal leaves, Leaves mostly basal, below middle of stem, Leaves mostly cauline, Leaves conspicuously 2-ranked, distichous, Leaves sheathing at base, Leaf sheath mostly open, or loose, Leaf sheath smooth, glabrous, Leaf sheath and blade differ entiated, Leaf blades linear, Leaf blades 2-10 mm wide, Leaf blades mostly flat, Leaf blade margins folded, involute, or conduplicate, Leaf blades mostly glabrous, Ligule present, Ligule an unfringed eciliate membrane, Inflorescence terminal, Inflorescence a dense slender spike-like panicle or raceme, branches contracted, Inflorescence solitary, with 1 spike, fascicle, glomerule, head, or cluster per stem or culm, Flowers bisexual, Spikelets pedicellate, Spikelets dorsally compressed or terete, Spikelet less than 3 mm wide, Spikelets with 1 fertile floret, Spikelets solitary at rachis nodes, Spikelets all alike and fertille, Spikelets bisexual, Spikelets disarticulating above the glumes, glumes persistent, Spikelets disarticulating beneath or between the florets, Rachilla or pedicel glabrous, Glumes present, empty bracts, Glumes 2 clearly present, Glumes distinctly unequal, Glumes equal to or longer than adjacent lemma, Glumes 3 nerved, Lemma 5-7 nerved, Lemma body or surfa ce hairy, Lemma apex dentate, 2-fid, Lemma distinctly awned, more than 2-3 mm, Lemma with 1 awn, Lemma awn 1-2 cm long, Lemma awned from tip, Lemma awn twisted, spirally coiled at base, like a corkscrew, Lemma awn twice geniculate, bent twice, Lemma margins inrolled, tightly covering palea and caryopsis, Lemma straight, Callus or base of lemma evidently hairy, Callus hairs shorter than lemma, Lemma surface pilose, setose or bristly, Palea present, well developed, Palea membranous, hyaline, Palea shorter than lemma, Stamens 3, Styles 2-fid, deeply 2-branched, Stigmas 2, Fruit - caryopsis, Caryopsis ellipsoid, longitudinally grooved, hilum long-linear.
FNA 2007, Man. Grasses of NA 2007, Jepson Herbaria-Berkeley
Common Name: Columbia needlegrass Duration: Perennial Nativity: Native Lifeform: Graminoid General: Perennial bunchgrass to 175 cm tall. Often has purple stem nodes. The inflorescence is a narrow panicle with branches strongly ascending or erect. Vegetative: Tufted bunchgrass, non rhizomatous. Culms 40-175 cm tall, 1-2mm thick, lower internodes usually glabrous, sheathes glabrous to densely pubescent, collars without tufts of hair on the sides, basal ligules less than 1 mm, membranous, usually not ciliate, Inflorescence: Panicle narrow, 9-36 cm long, 1-2 cm wide, with branches erect or strongly ascending, spikelets close to the branches, glumes 6-12 mm long, , 1 mm wide, subequal, florets 4-7 mm long, calluses to 1 mm, lemmas membranous and hairy with hair length to 2 mm at apices, awns 2-4 cm, usually twice bent, first 2 segments scabrous, paleas 2-4mm, 1/3-2/3 as long as the lemmas, pubescent, apices rounded. Ecology: Found in meadows and clearings from sagebrush steppe to subalpine forest from 500-3500 m; flowers from late spring to early summer. Roots can be extensive, close to 1 meter in length. Distribution: Throughout the West, including Texas and South Dakota. Notes: Differs from A. lettermanii with its shorter paleas and wider leaves, differs from A. lemonii with its wider leaf blades, membranous lemma lobes, and shorter paleas, differs from A. nevadense and A. occidentale with its scabrous awns. The two subspecies A. nelsonii dorei and A. nelsonii nelsonii intergrade in some areas. A. dorei can be distinguished by its blunt calluses, the dorsal boundary of the glabrous tip and the callus hairs are nearly straight to rounded, and its awns are 19-31 mm long. A. nelsonii nelsonii has sharp calluses, the dorsal boundary of the glabrous tip and the callus hairs are acute, and the awns can be longer at 19-45 mm long. Ethnobotany: Unknown Etymology: Achnatherum means awned scale or awn-scaled and comes from Greek word achne for chaff or glume and ather meaning stalk or barb; nelsonnii is named after Aven Nelson (1859-1952), a teacher, author, and botanist. Editor: Lkearsley, 2012
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Emergencies / Saturday Appts. / New Patients Welcome
Gum Disease Therapy
Periodontal comes from the terms perio which means around and dontal meaning teeth, which is why periodontal disease suggests any disorder or infection involving the structures around the teeth such as gums, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. While most people may not be familiar with periodontal disease per se, many are aware of the earliest stage of this disease, which is gingivitis or infection of the gums. We, at Aurora Dental Care, always stress to our patients the importance of caring for their gums as much as they care for their teeth. Studies have shown that periodontal disease is the leading cause of tooth loss among adults.
Causes of Periodontal Disease
Periodontal disease is caused primarily by bacterial plaque. This is the sticky substance that forms on your teeth wherein bacteria multiply. Your body is naturally designed to fight bacteria, unfortunately, the natural response of the body against bacteria also contributes to periodontal problems. The moment the bacteria in dental plaque proliferates in your teeth, the cells of your immune system will address this issue by releasing substances that will eliminate bacteria. These substances, however, do not only affect bacteria, but also causes havoc on the structures surrounding the teeth as well. The immune response of the body causes bleeding and swollen gums, loosening of the teeth, and other signs of periodontal disease.
Recent studies also reveal that other factors, apart from bacterial plaque, increase the risk of developing periodontal disease and even worsen its condition. Such factors include genetics, medical conditions like diabetes, fluctuating hormones, smoking and tobacco use, certain medications that cause dry mouth, and poor nutrition.
Treating Periodontal Disease
It is important for people to understand that they do not have to suffer the negative consequences of periodontal disease since they can readily come to our clinic for treatment. No matter how serious the disorder is, we can always develop a treatment plan that will restore the gum health of a patient. One of the dental procedures we often use to address periodontal disease is known as scaling and root planing, which is a special cleaning process aimed to effectively remove plaque and tartar deposits on the surface of the tooth. This procedure helps in the faster healing and shrinking of the gum tissue and periodontal pockets, respectively. After conducting this procedure, we may place some type of medication directly into the periodontal pocket to support the healing process.
Treatment does not stop after the cleaning process since we need to monitor the results of the scaling and root planing. If we observe that the procedure suffices, we may simply advise the patient to strictly follow certain preventive oral care habits. However, if in case the periodontal pockets are deep or if they are not healing properly, we may schedule a surgery to address the problem. This way, we can access hard to reach areas where tartar and plaque have accumulated such as under the gums and along the root area. Essentially, our treatment goal during surgery is to eliminate bacteria, promote regeneration of tissue and bone, and repair the damage caused by periodontal disease.
Contact us at Aurora Dental Care for a free consultation about our services and thorough discussion of periodontal disease and what you can do to address them at 907-376-8400.
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Periodontal Disease Wasilla, AK | Aurora Dental Care | Dentist
At Aurora Dental Care, we stress to our patients the importance of caring for their gums and educating them around periodontal disease. Give us a call today!
Aurora Dental Care, 4501 Snider Dr, Wasilla, AK 99654 • 907-376-8400 • auroradentalak.com • 3/22/2023 • Associated Words: Dentist Wasilla AK •
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1990 IMO Problems/Problem 2
Let and consider a set of distinct points on a circle. Suppose that exactly of these points are to be colored black. Such a coloring is “good” if there is at least one pair of black points such that the interior of one of the arcs between them contains exactly points from . Find the smallest value of so that every such coloring of points of is good.
We form a graph on the points by connecting two of these points iff one of the arcs they determine has exactly points in its interior. If , then this graph is a cycle, and the question becomes: what's the minimal s.t. whenever we color vertices of a cycle of length , there are two adjacent colored vertices? Obviously, the answer is . On the other hand, when , the graph is a disjoint union of three cycles of length , and the answer will be, in this case, .
This solution was posted and copyrighted by grobber. The original thread for this problem can be found here:
|1990 IMO (Problems) • Resources|
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|All IMO Problems and Solutions|
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Bubbling and belching away like witches’ cauldrons, mud volcanoes are one of nature’s more murky oddities. They’re found spattered throughout the world, but astonishingly around 300 of the earth’s estimated 700 mud volcanoes lie in Azerbaijan and the Caspian Sea. Capable of ejecting millions of cubic metres of hydrocarbon gasses plus mountains of mud, these geological marvels – some of them over 200 metres high – are a sight to behold.
Mud volcanoes are concocted by geo-excreted gases and liquids in which solids are suspended. Excreted is the right word too, as 86% of the gas released by these flatulent natural wonders is methane, with the rest of the gases made up of carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Just remember to pack your nose peg when you’re planning your next trip to these sights in Eastern Azerbaijan.
Gurgling innocently away like a babe of the earth’s crust, it’s hard to believe Azerbaijan’s mud volcanoes could be capable of mischief. Yet in 2001 a mud dome 15 km from the capital Baku behaved like a teenager up to pyrotechnic tomfoolery when it started spewing out flames 49 feet high. Some eyewitness reports even suggested the flames were initially many times higher.
But despite the possible perils of mud volcanoes – whose mudflows have also been known to destroy homes – catastrophes and loss of life are thankfully rare. Indeed, such are the cool and ambient temperatures of Azerbaijan’s seeps that geologists, locals and tourists make treks to take baths in the volcanoes' mud and feel its therapeutic effects.
The mud volcanoes are situated in Azerbaijan’s Gobustan State Reserve, a treasure trove of prehistoric rock carvings, the mud volcanoes themselves, and a natural musical stone called the Gaval Dash. Only to be found in Gobustan, this amazing large, flat stone, formed from three supports, produces tambourine-like sounds when struck.
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Why India’s Law on Abortion Does Not Use the Word ‘Abortion’
The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971 is aimed at protecting doctors more than giving women bodily autonomy
Have you wondered why the law on abortion in India, i.e., the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act (MTP), 1971, does not use the word ‘abortion’? Was there a reason for law makers to choose the phrase ‘medical termination of pregnancy’ over the colloquially recognised term ‘abortions’?
While some attribute the curious choice of words to the colonial hangover of using technical jargon in laws, the real reason is different. The intended use of the term ‘medical termination of pregnancy’ is aimed at ensuring that abortion laws in the country aren’t framed as granting women a choice or a right to undergo safe abortions, but as procedures to protect doctors against prosecution for conducting abortions. This blog explains how.
History of the MTP Act
The discussion on the need for an abortion law in India started in the 1960s around when the government set up the Shantilal Shah Committee to evaluate whether an abortion law was needed in the country. At the time, abortions were strictly illegal under Section 312 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860, and ‘causing miscarriage’ of a woman was a crime punishable with imprisonment up to three years and/or a fine.
The Committee carried out a review of the legal, medical and socio-cultural aspects of abortion and recommended legalised abortion and a law on comprehensive abortion care. The Committee’s recommendations eventually led to the passing of the MTP Act, 1971, which allows for only medical termination of pregnancies.
However, even when the MTP Act was introduced, the penal provisions weren’t nullified. The law on ‘causing miscarriages’ continues as is and the punishments remain the same, i.e., imprisonment and/or fine.
Absence of choice for women in present law
In contradiction to the Shantilal Shah Committee’s proposal of comprehensive abortion care for women, the MTP Act has few protections for women and more provisions for the protection of doctors conducting medical terminations.
Most sections of MTP Act begin with Nothwithstanding anything contained in the Indian Penal Code.., clearly signifying that this was more of a protection for doctors conducting ‘medical terminations’ than a comprehensive abortion care for women, as the Committee had originally advertised. This particular choice of words in the law is aimed at not keeping penal provision intact to protect doctors from criminal prosecutions.
Further, framing of Section 3 of the MTP Act, which rests the decision of undergoing a medical termination solely on the doctor’s opinion, also points to lack of autonomy for women.
As per the Section, if the pregnancy has not completed 12 weeks, one doctor needs to be of the opinion that a medical termination is needed, and if the pregnancy is between 12 and 20 weeks, two doctors need to share that opinion. They can conduct the termination only if there is a substantial risk to the physical or mental well-being of the pregnant woman or if they have reason to believe that the child to be born would be physically or mentally handicapped.
Thus, even though this provision makes abortion legal to a certain extent, the decision to grant the same only rests on the doctor’s opinion. This opinion goes beyond the medical diagnosis of whether the woman can have the abortion to doctors exercising their opinions on whether she should have the abortion. Instead of giving women the right to choose and access safe abortions, this provision strips them off the agency over their own bodies.
Despite landmark cases ruling for choice, no change in law
In landmark cases such as Suchita Srivastava v. Chandigarh Admin and Devika Biswas v. Union of India, the Supreme Court has held a woman’s reproductive autonomy to be her fundamental right to privacy, and has said that the decision to have or not have a child should be hers alone, devoid of any state intervention. However, so far, there has not been any visible change in the MTP Act to give effect to these judgments.
An amendment has been proposed that would increase the upper limit in applying for abortions to 24 weeks, but none of the provisions of the amendment Bill refer to granting autonomy or agency to women over their own bodies in terms of making their decision to abort.
Need for autonomy
Barring medical complications, the decision to have or not have a child should vest with the pregnant woman alone. An unwanted pregnancy can force women to access unsafe abortions that could cause severe physical and mental injury or even death.
State actions should be limited to providing comprehensive and safe abortion care along with other sexual and reproductive healthcare. Beyond that, any intervention in matters of choice is not only against the principles of equality but also an infringement of the fundamental right to privacy of women.
Views are personal.
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Meta has built a massive new language AI—and it’s giving it away for free
Facebook’s parent company is inviting researchers to pore over and pick apart the flaws in its version of GPT-3
Meta’s AI lab has created a massive new language model that shares both the remarkable abilities and the harmful flaws of OpenAI’s pioneering neural network GPT-3. And in an unprecedented move for Big Tech, it is giving it away to researchers—together with details about how it was built and trained.
“We strongly believe that the ability for others to scrutinize your work is an important part of research. We really invite that collaboration,” says Joelle Pineau, a longtime advocate for transparency in the development of technology, who is now managing director at Meta AI.
Meta’s move is the first time that a fully trained large language model will be made available to any researcher who wants to study it. The news has been welcomed by many concerned about the way this powerful technology is being built by small teams behind closed doors.
“I applaud the transparency here,” says Emily M. Bender, a computational linguist at the University of Washington and a frequent critic of the way language models are developed and deployed.
“It’s a great move,” says Thomas Wolf, chief scientist at Hugging Face, the AI startup behind BigScience, a project in which more than 1,000 volunteers around the world are collaborating on an open-source language model. “The more open models the better,” he says.
Large language models—powerful programs that can generate paragraphs of text and mimic human conversation—have become one of the hottest trends in AI in the last couple of years. But they have deep flaws, parroting misinformation, prejudice, and toxic language.
In theory, putting more people to work on the problem should help. Yet because language models require vast amounts of data and computing power to train, they have so far remained projects for rich tech firms. The wider research community, including ethicists and social scientists concerned about their misuse, has had to watch from the sidelines.
Meta AI says it wants to change that. “Many of us have been university researchers,” says Pineau. “We know the gap that exists between universities and industry in terms of the ability to build these models. Making this one available to researchers was a no-brainer.” She hopes that others will pore over their work and pull it apart or build on it. Breakthroughs come faster when more people are involved, she says.
Meta is making its model, called Open Pretrained Transformer (OPT), available for non-commercial use. It is also releasing its code and a logbook that documents the training process. The logbook contains daily updates from members of the team about the training data: how it was added to the model and when, what worked and what didn’t. In more than 100 pages of notes, the researchers log every bug, crash, and reboot in a three-month training process that ran nonstop from October 2021 to January 2022.
With 175 billion parameters (the values in a neural network that get tweaked during training), OPT is the same size as GPT-3. This was by design, says Pineau. The team built OPT to match GPT-3 both in its accuracy on language tasks and in its toxicity. OpenAI has made GPT-3 available as a paid service but has not shared the model itself or its code. The idea was to provide researchers with a similar language model to study, says Pineau.
OpenAI declined an invitation to comment on Meta’s announcement.
Google, which is exploring the use of large language models in its search products, has also been criticized for a lack of transparency. The company sparked controversy in 2020 when it forced out leading members of its AI ethics team after they produced a study that highlighted problems with the technology.
So why is Meta doing this? After all, Meta is a company that has said little about how the algorithms behind Facebook and Instagram work and has a reputation for burying unfavorable findings by its own in-house research teams. A big reason for the different approach by Meta AI is Pineau herself, who has been pushing for more transparency in AI for a number of years.
Pineau helped change how research is published in several of the largest conferences, introducing a checklist of things that researchers must submit alongside their results, including code and details about how experiments are run. Since she joined Meta (then Facebook) in 2017, she has championed that culture in its AI lab.
“That commitment to open science is why I’m here,” she says. “I wouldn’t be here on any other terms.”
Ultimately, Pineau wants to change how we judge AI. “What we call state-of-the-art nowadays can’t just be about performance,” she says. “It has to be state-of-the-art in terms of responsibility as well.”
Still, giving away a large language model is a bold move for Meta. “I can’t tell you that there’s no risk of this model producing language that we’re not proud of,” says Pineau. “It will.”
Weighing the risks
Margaret Mitchell, one of the AI ethics researchers Google forced out in 2020, who is now at Hugging Face, sees the release of OPT as a positive move. But she thinks there are limits to transparency. Has the language model been tested with sufficient rigor? Do the foreseeable benefits outweigh the foreseeable harms—such as the generation of misinformation, or racist and misogynistic language?
“Releasing a large language model to the world where a wide audience is likely to use it, or be affected by its output, comes with responsibilities,” she says. Mitchell notes that this model will be able to generate harmful content not only by itself, but through downstream applications that researchers build on top of it.
Meta AI audited OPT to remove some harmful behaviors, but the point is to release a model that researchers can learn from, warts and all, says Pineau.
“There were a lot of conversations about how to do that in a way that lets us sleep at night, knowing that there’s a non-zero risk in terms of reputation, a non-zero risk in terms of harm,” she says. She dismisses the idea that you should not release a model because it’s too dangerous—which is the reason OpenAI gave for not releasing GPT-3’s predecessor, GPT-2. “I understand the weaknesses of these models, but that’s not a research mindset,” she says.
Bender, who coauthored the study at the center of the Google dispute with Mitchell, is also concerned about how the potential harms will be handled. “One thing that is really key in mitigating the risks of any kind of machine-learning technology is to ground evaluations and explorations in specific use cases,” she says. “What will the system be used for? Who will be using it, and how will the system outputs be presented to them?”
Some researchers question why large language models are being built at all, given their potential for harm. For Pineau, these concerns should be met with more exposure, not less. “I believe the only way to build trust is extreme transparency,” she says.
“We have different opinions around the world about what speech is appropriate, and AI is a part of that conversation,” she says. She doesn’t expect language models to say things that everyone agrees with. “But how do we grapple with that? You need many voices in that discussion.”
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We got a first look at the much-anticipated big new language model from OpenAI. But this time how it works is even more deeply under wraps.
The original startup behind Stable Diffusion has launched a generative AI for video
Runway’s new model, called Gen-1, can change the visual style of existing videos and movies.
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Our faith compels us to speak up for our neighbor when they suffer. NCC invites you to contact legislators and policy makers to raise your voice alongside those who are oppressed or are in need.
Ask Your Congressperson to Co-Sponsor H.R.40, the Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act
The United States was built on the backs of Africans brought to this country by slaves. The U.S.’ global economic and political success and even the iconic buildings of two of the three branches of government, the White House and the Capitol Building, were built by slaves. The time has come to examine how to right these historic wrongs. This bill establishes the Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African-Americans. The commission would examine slavery and discrimination in the colonies and the United States from 1619 to the present and recommend appropriate remedies. Among other requirements, the commission would identify (1) the role of federal and state governments in supporting the institution of slavery, (2) forms of discrimination in the public and private sectors against freed slaves and their descendants, and (3) lingering negative effects of slavery on living African-Americans and society.
Protect the Most Vulnerable from COVID-19
Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, we must make sure not only to take care of ourselves and those around us, but also to lift up those who are often ignored in times of crisis. Those with limited or no income, with pre-existing health conditions, without access to food, incarcerated persons, persons experiencing homelessness, and immigrants as well as others on the edge need direct help quickly. Write to your elected representatives now as they debate new bills to respond to the pandemic.
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PlayDough is one of the world’s special, timeless creations. No matter how old you are, if there is PlayDough on the table, it will end up in your hands. We know that PlayDough is a great therapy reinforcer and sensory tool, but today, I want to help you expand your PlayDough horizons with some ideas for different uses!
Use PlayDough to shape a tongue and help students understand placement for articulation. Students can use the artificial tongue to show you what their tongue is doing if they are having a difficult time producing a sound.
2. Make Your Own
There are tons of make your own PlayDough recipes out there! Just type it into Pinterest; you won’t know which one to pick! Choose from scented, colored, allergy-aware, textured, and more. Making your own PlayDough is one of those activities that can take care of just about all your sessions for the day (heck, maybe even week)! I have a great two-ingredient recipe you can check out and download for free. Just click HERE.
When working on describing visuals are a necessity! Have your students make an item out of PlayDough and describe it. I found things like a snake or snowman are easiest for younger kids or students with fine motor difficulties.
4. Following Directions
A more classic example, but sometimes we all need to be reminded, especially when we tend to focus on technology. If you’re looking to go old-school for a session or two, grab your PlayDough and work on 2-3 step directions. You can have kids flatten out the PlayDough and draw on it with their fingers, or use mini cookie cutters to make shapes in a certain order. There are soooo many possibilities!
5. Hide and Peek
This one is always a winner. Take small objects or toy and wrap them up in PlayDough. Pro tip: put your items in those little containers that toys from vending machines come in to avoid picking dough from the nooks and crannies of little toys all evening. Have students guess and give clues about what the mystery item could be. Once they have guessed it, let them uncover it.
I hope these remind you of old favorites or give you some new things to try. Long live the power of PlayDough!
Thanks for the reminders! Good tip about using the the containers to put the toys in! 🙂
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First, you have to learn to think like a Language Lawyer.
The C++ specification does not make reference to any particular compiler, operating system, or CPU. It makes reference to an abstract machine that is a generalization of actual systems. In the Language Lawyer world, the job of the programmer is to write code for the abstract machine; the job of the compiler is to actualize that code on a concrete machine. By coding rigidly to the spec, you can be certain that your code will compile and run without modification on any system with a compliant C++ compiler, whether today or 50 years from now.
The abstract machine in the C++98/C++03 specification is fundamentally single-threaded. So it is not possible to write multi-threaded C++ code that is “fully portable” with respect to the spec. The spec does not even say anything about the atomicity of memory loads and stores or the order in which loads and stores might happen, never mind things like mutexes.
Of course, you can write multi-threaded code in practice for particular concrete systems – like pthreads or Windows. But there is no standard way to write multi-threaded code for C++98/C++03.
The abstract machine in C++11 is multi-threaded by design. It also has a well-defined memory model; that is, it says what the compiler may and may not do when it comes to accessing memory.
Consider the following example, where a pair of global variables are accessed concurrently by two threads:
Global int x, y; Thread 1 Thread 2 x = 17; cout << y << " "; y = 37; cout << x << endl;
What might Thread 2 output?
Under C++98/C++03, this is not even Undefined Behavior; the question itself is meaningless because the standard does not contemplate anything called a “thread”.
Under C++11, the result is Undefined Behavior, because loads and stores need not be atomic in general. Which may not seem like much of an improvement… And by itself, it’s not.
But with C++11, you can write this:
Global atomic<int> x, y; Thread 1 Thread 2 x.store(17); cout << y.load() << " "; y.store(37); cout << x.load() << endl;
Now things get much more interesting. First of all, the behavior here is defined. Thread 2 could now print
0 0 (if it runs before Thread 1),
37 17 (if it runs after Thread 1), or
0 17 (if it runs after Thread 1 assigns to x but before it assigns to y).
What it cannot print is
37 0, because the default mode for atomic loads/stores in C++11 is to enforce sequential consistency. This just means all loads and stores must be “as if” they happened in the order you wrote them within each thread, while operations among threads can be interleaved however the system likes. So the default behavior of atomics provides both atomicity and ordering for loads and stores.
Now, on a modern CPU, ensuring sequential consistency can be expensive. In particular, the compiler is likely to emit full-blown memory barriers between every access here. But if your algorithm can tolerate out-of-order loads and stores; i.e., if it requires atomicity but not ordering; i.e., if it can tolerate
37 0 as output from this program, then you can write this:
Global atomic<int> x, y; Thread 1 Thread 2 x.store(17,memory_order_relaxed); cout << y.load(memory_order_relaxed) << " "; y.store(37,memory_order_relaxed); cout << x.load(memory_order_relaxed) << endl;
The more modern the CPU, the more likely this is to be faster than the previous example.
Finally, if you just need to keep particular loads and stores in order, you can write:
Global atomic<int> x, y; Thread 1 Thread 2 x.store(17,memory_order_release); cout << y.load(memory_order_acquire) << " "; y.store(37,memory_order_release); cout << x.load(memory_order_acquire) << endl;
This takes us back to the ordered loads and stores – so
37 0 is no longer a possible output – but it does so with minimal overhead. (In this trivial example, the result is the same as full-blown sequential consistency; in a larger program, it would not be.)
Of course, if the only outputs you want to see are
0 0 or
37 17, you can just wrap a mutex around the original code. But if you have read this far, I bet you already know how that works, and this answer is already longer than I intended :-).
So, bottom line. Mutexes are great, and C++11 standardizes them. But sometimes for performance reasons you want lower-level primitives (e.g., the classic double-checked locking pattern). The new standard provides high-level gadgets like mutexes and condition variables, and it also provides low-level gadgets like atomic types and the various flavors of memory barrier. So now you can write sophisticated, high-performance concurrent routines entirely within the language specified by the standard, and you can be certain your code will compile and run unchanged on both today’s systems and tomorrow’s.
Although to be frank, unless you are an expert and working on some serious low-level code, you should probably stick to mutexes and condition variables. That’s what I intend to do.
For more on this stuff, see this blog post.
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About Cahal Pech Mayan Ruins
Found on a hill overlooking San Ignacio town, Chala Pech is one of many sites located in the Cayo District. Cahal Pech means "place of ticks", and was given this name due to the number of ticks that flourished there while it was cattle pasture in the 1950's. The site sits in a rich jungle environment, in contrast to the urban development that encircles the site core and reserve. The main plaza of Cahal Pech is located on a hill on the west bank of the Macal River and provides the visitor with a wonderful view of San Ignacio and the Belize River.
SITE PARTICULARS - Occupied about 1,200 B.C. / abandoned about 850 A.D.
* The site center is made up of 34 structures located around several courtyards, including
temple pyramids and residential buildings.
* The tallest structure here is 77 feet high
* There are also 2 ballcourts
* 9 stelae
* 1 altar.
Preliminary investigations carried out in 1988, revealed that Chala Pech was settled by 1,200 B.C. and abandoned around 850 A.D. This makes Cahal Pech one of the earliest Maya sites in the Belize region of the Maya lowlands, contemporaneous with Cuello in the north. A carved monument discovered at Cahal Pech, Stela 9, is also the earliest carved stela yet discovered in the eastern May lowlands.
Reports about the existence of Cahal Pech date back to the 1950's, when Linton Satterwaite of the University of Pennsylvania did some mapping and excavations there, but little information came from this study. In 1953-1955, Gordon Willey of the Harvard University toured the site. A brief description of Cahal Pech appears in his 1965 Belize Valley Report. By 1969, Peter Schmidt did some work at the site, concentrating on a royal tomb in a large temple. Here, a ruler had been laid to rest with a number of ornate jade objects, obsidian blades, shell and bone ornaments, and several ceramic vessels. The most outstanding find at Chala Peh was a jade and shell mosaic mask, which may have possibly been decoration for a belt. This mask was found in the tomb excavated by Schmidt.
Between 1970-1985, the site was looted extensively. The Belize Tourism Industry Association (BTIA) organized a thorough archaeological investigation, carried out by Belizean archeologist Dr. Jamie Awe in 1988, and leading to the discovery of Stela 9.
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Is located on the island of Ambergris Caye, directly across from the Belize Barrier Reef, off the mainland coast of Belize. The property is nestled in a cluster of Australian Pine trees, backed to a littoral jungle, and surrounded by tropical gardens. It's about a one minute walk from the property to the beach, and a 10-15 minute drive from the island airstrip to the property.
We offer one bedroom suites (455 s.f.) of living area to include: livingroom, kitchenette, private bathroom and bedroom.
We are also about a one minute walk from one of the best restaurants on the island serving (breakfast, lunch & dinner). Within walking distance you can find:
(3) blocks is Robyn's BBQ
(4) blocks is 2 fruit stands
(5) blocks local grocery store
IF YOU'RE COMING TO BELIZE TO...............
If you're coming to Belize to dive the Blue Hole, descend the shelf walls at Turneffe, snorkel the Barrier Reef, explore Mayan ruins, rappel into a cave, kayak along the river through caves, zip line through jungle tree tops, hike through a cave to see an ancient human skeleton, swim with sharks, listen to Howler Monkey's, hold a boa constrictor, feed a jaguar, horseback ride through the jungle, canoe through a cave, rappel down a waterfall, sail around an island, enjoy cocktails & dinner to a sunset, climb 130' feet to the top of a Mayan ruin, rip up the jungle trails on an ATV, float through a series of caves on a tube, and sip on a rum punch.....
then this is the place for you.
Belize Budget Suites, offers you clean, affordable, attractive, accommodations, at prices that allow you to do all the things just mentioned.
For All Your Home Improvement Needs
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San Pedro, Belize
Your Ad Could Go Here
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An inventory of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal status of 28 plant species belonging to 14 families established on the coastal sand dunes of southwest coast of India was performed. Roots of 23 plant species were colonized by AM fungi, whereas the rhizosphere of only 20 plant species possessed AM fungal spores. Canavalia cathartica had the highest root colonization (83%) by AM, while the rhizosphere of Borreria articularis had the highest number of AM spores (1.6 g1). Among 30 AM fungi recovered, Scutellospora erythropa showed a wide host range (colonized 13 plant species), while Scutellospora gregaria had high spore abundance per plant species (12.75). The mean species richness on the west coast dunes was 4.4, highest being in Ipomoea pes-caprae (11). Among the mat-forming creepers, the AM fungal diversity was highest in Alysicarpus rugosus.
|Number of pages||10|
|Publication status||Published - 2001|
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
- Plant Science
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It being Black History Month, I thought I’d make a thread for posting snippets of Black History.
My own snippet:
When I was growing up, I learned a very interesting bit of Black history - from a site that is only a couple of miles from my family’s cottage (a/k/a cabin for Americans ).
The place is located in Oro township, Simcoe County, Ontario (now Oro-Medonte).
As it turns out, some of the first non-aboriginal settlers in Oro township were Black. The settlement was founded by Black freemen granted land for services during the War of 1812 (and later opened to any Blacks). The idea was essentially defensive: it was naturally assumed by the government that free Blacks would provide loyal soldiers to defend the area in the case of an American attack, given that the Americans were a slave society. So land grants were made to Blacks on an equal basis with Whites, an unusually progressive attitude at the time (if a self-interested one).
Later, the very end of the “Underground Railway” for freed slaves was in Oro (“Oro” from “gold” in Spanish - as in the land of gold, gold at the end of the rainbow, etc.). This is where the slaves who were really worried about cross-border slave-hunters fled.
The Black community built a church there that is still standing - the “African Episcopal Church”. It is the oldest log-built African church in north america.
Thing is, Oro is relatively shitty as farmland and naturally very very brutal in winter. After the Civil War, the settlement there gradually died out as most of the Black settlers moved to more clement climes: the last one died in the 1940s. The community (now mostly White) rallied to preserve the Church, though.
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How the Brain Links Gestures, Perception and Meaning
The conversion from movement into meaning is both seamless and direct, because we are endowed with the capacity to speak without talking and comprehend without hearing. We can direct attention by pointing, enhance narrative by miming, emphasize with rhythmic strokes and convey entire responses with a simple combination of fingers.
The tendency to supplement communication with motion is universal, though the nuances of delivery vary slightly. In Papua New Guinea, for instance, people point with their noses and heads, while in Laos they sometimes use their lips. In Ghana, left-handed pointing can be taboo, while in Greece or Turkey forming a ring with your index finger and thumb to indicate everything is A-OK could get you in trouble.
Despite their variety, gestures can be loosely defined as movements used to reiterate or emphasize a message — whether that message is explicitly spoken or not. A gesture is a movement that “represents action,” but it can also convey abstract or metaphorical information. It is a tool we carry from a very young age, if not from birth; even children who are congenitally blind naturally gesture to some degree during speech. Everybody does it. And yet, few of us have stopped to give much thought to gesturing as a phenomenon — the neurobiology of it, its development, and its role in helping us understand others’ actions. As researchers delve further into our neural wiring, it’s becoming increasingly clear that gestures guide our perceptions just as perceptions guide our actions.
An Innate Tendency to Gesture
Susan Goldin-Meadow is considered a titan in the gesture field — although, as she says, when she first became interested in gestures during the 1970s, “there wasn’t a field at all.” A handful of others had worked on gestures but almost entirely as an offshoot of nonverbal-behavior research. She has since built her career studying the role of gesture in learning and language creation, including the gesture system that deaf children create when they are not exposed to sign language. (Sign language is distinct from gesturing because it constitutes a fully developed linguistic system.) At the University of Chicago, where she is a professor, she runs one of the most prominent labs investigating gesture production and perception.
“It’s a wonderful window into unspoken thoughts, and unspoken thoughts are often some of the most interesting,” she said, with plenty of gestures of her own.
Many researchers who trained with Goldin-Meadow are now pursuing similar questions outside the University of Chicago. Miriam Novack completed her doctorate under Goldin-Meadow in 2016, and as a postdoc at Northwestern University she examines how gesture develops over the course of a lifetime.
No other species points, Novack explained, not even chimpanzees or apes, according to most reports, unless they are raised by people. Human babies, in contrast, often point before they can speak, and our ability to generate and understand symbolic motions continues to evolve in tandem with language. Gesture is also a valuable tool in the classroom, where it can help young children generalize verbsto new contexts or solve math equations. “But,” she said, “it’s not necessarily clear when kids begin to understand that our hand movements are communicative — that they’re part of the message.”
When children can’t find the words to express themselves, they let their hands do the talking. Novack, who has studied infants as young as 18 months, has seen how the capacity to derive meaning from movement increases with age. Adults do it so naturally, it’s easy to forget that mapping meaning onto hand shape and trajectory is no small feat.
Gestures may be simple actions, but they don’t function in isolation. Research shows that gesture not only augments language, but also aids in its acquisition. In fact, the two may share some of the same neural systems. Acquiring gesture experience over the course of a lifetime may also help us intuit meaning from others’ motions. But whether individual cells or entire neural networks mediate our ability to decipher others’ actions is still up for debate.
Noam Chomsky, a towering figure in linguistics and cognitive science, has long maintained that language and sensorimotor systems are distinct entities — modules that need not work together in gestural communication, even if they are both means of conveying and interpreting symbolic thought. Because researchers don’t yet fully understand how language is organized within the brain or which neural circuits derive meaning from gesture, the question is unsettled. But many scientists, like Anthony Dick, an associate professor at Florida International University, theorize that the two functions rely on some of the same brain structures.
Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans of brain activity, Dick and colleagues have demonstratedthat the interpretation of “co-speech” gestures consistently recruits language processing centers. The specific areas involved and the degree of activation vary with age, which suggests that the young brain is still honing its gesture-speech integration skills and refining connections between regions. In Dick’s words, “Gesture essentially is one spire in a broader language system,” one that integrates both semantic processing regions and sensorimotor areas. But to what extent is the perception of language itself a sensorimotor experience, a way of learning about the world that depends on both sensory impressions and movements?
Manuela Macedonia had only recently finished her master’s degree in linguistics when she noticed a recurring pattern among the students to whom she was teaching Italian at Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU): No matter how many times they repeated the same words, they still couldn’t stammer out a coherent sentence. Printing phrases ad nauseam didn’t do much to help, either. “They became very good listeners,” she said, “but they were not able to speak.”
She was teaching by the book: She had students listen, write, practice and repeat, just as Chomsky would advocate, yet it wasn’t enough. Something was missing.
Today, as a senior scientist at the Institute of Information Engineering at JKU and a researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences in Leipzig, Macedonia is getting closer to a hypothesis that sounds a lot like Dick’s: that language is anything but modular.
When children are learning their first language, Macedonia argues, they absorb information with their entire bodies. A word like “onion,” for example, is tightly linked to all five senses: Onions have a bulbous shape, papery skin that rustles, a bitter tang and a tear-inducing odor when sliced. Even abstract concepts like “delight” have multisensory components, such as smiles, laughter and jumping for joy. To some extent, cognition is “embodied” — the brain’s activity can be modified by the body’s actions and experiences, and vice versa. It’s no wonder, then, that foreign words don’t stick if students are only listening, writing, practicing and repeating, because those verbal experiences are stripped of their sensory associations.
Macedonia has found that learners who reinforce new words by performing semantically related gestures engage their motor regions and improve recall. Don’t simply repeat the word “bridge”: Make an arch with your hands as you recite it. Pick up that suitcase, strum that guitar! Doing so wires the brain for retention, because words are labels for clusters of experiences acquired over a lifetime.
Multisensory learning allows words like “onion” to live in more than one place in the brain — they become distributed across entire networks. If one node decays due to neglect, another active node can restore it because they’re all connected. “Every node knows what the other nodes know,” Macedonia said.
Wired by Experience
The power of gestures to enrich speech may represent only one way in which gesture is integrated with sensory experiences. A growing body of work suggests that, just as language and gesture are intimately entwined, so too are motor production and perception. Specifically, the neural systems underlying gesture observation and understanding are influenced by our past experiences of generating those same movements, according to Elizabeth Wakefield.
Wakefield, another Goldin-Meadow protégé, directs her own lab as an assistant professor at Loyola University Chicago, where she studies the way everyday actions aid learning and influence cognition. But before she could examine these questions in depth, she needed to understand how gesture processing develops. As a graduate student working with the neuroscientist Karin James at Indiana University in 2013, she performed an fMRI studythat was one of the first to examine gesture perception in both children and adults.
When the participants watched videos of an actress who gestured as she spoke, their visual and language processing regions weren’t the only areas firing. Brain areas associated with motor experiences were active as well, even though the participants lay still in the scanner. Adults showed more activity in these regions than children did, however, and Wakefield thinks that is because the adults had more experience with making similar motions (children tend to gesture less when they talk).
“We, to my knowledge, were the first people looking at gesture processing across development,” Wakefield said. “That small body of literature on how gesture is processed developmentally has important implications for how we might think about gesture shaping learning.”
Wakefield’s study is not the only evidence that gesture perception and purposeful action both stand on the same neural foundation. Countless experiments have demonstrated a similar motor “mirroring” phenomenon for actions associated with ballet, basketball, playing the guitar, tying knots and even reading music. In each case, when skilled individuals observed their craft being performed by others, their sensorimotor areas were more active than the corresponding areas in participants with less expertise.
(Paradoxically, some experiments observed exactly the opposite effect: Experts’ brains reacted less than those of non-experts when they watched someone with their skills. But researchers theorized that in those cases, experience had made their brains more efficient at processing the motions.)
Lorna Quandt, an assistant professor at Gallaudet University who studies these phenomena among the deaf and hard of hearing, takes a fine-grained approach. She breaks gestures down into their sensorimotor components, using electroencephalography (EEG) to show that memories of making certain actions change how we predict and perceive others’ gestures.
In one study, she and her colleagues recorded the EEG patterns of adult participants while they handled objects of varying colors and weights, and then while they watched a man in a video interact with the same items. Even when the man simply mimed actions around the objects or pointed to them without making contact, the participants’ brains reacted as though they were manipulating the articles themselves. Moreover, their neural activity reflected their own experience: The EEG patterns showed that their recollections of whether the objects were heavy or light predictably influenced their perception of what the man was doing.
“When I see you performing a gesture, I’m not just processing what I’m seeing you doing; I’m processing what I think you’re going to do next,” Quandt said. “And that’s a really powerful lens through which to view action perception.” My brain anticipates your sensorimotor experiences, if only by milliseconds.
Exactly how much motor experience is required? According to Quandt’s experiments, for the straightforward task of becoming more expert at color-weight associations, just one tactile trial is enough, although reading written information is not.
According to Dick, the notion that brain motor areas are active even when humans are immobile but observing others’ movements (a phenomenon known as “observation-execution matching”) is generally well-established. What remains controversial is the degree to which these same regions extract meaning from others’ actions. Still more contentious is what mechanism would serve as the basis for heightened understanding through sensorimotor activation. Is it coordinated activity across multiple brain regions, or could it all boil down to the activity of individual cells?
Mirror Neurons or Networks?
More than a century ago, the psychologist Walter Pillsbury wrote: “There is nothing in the mind that has not been explained in terms of movement.” This concept has its modern incarnation in the mirror neuron theory, which posits that the ability to glean meaning from gesture and speech can be explained by the activation of single cells in key brain regions. It’s becoming increasingly clear, however, that the available evidence regarding the role of mirror neurons in everyday behaviors may have been oversold and overinterpreted.
The mirror neuron theory got its start in the 1990s, when a group of researchers studying monkeys found that specific neurons in the inferior premotor cortex responded when the animals made certain goal-directed movements like grasping. The scientists were surprised to note that the same cells also fired when the monkeys passively observed an experimenter making similar motions. It seemed like a clear case of observation-execution matching but at the single-cell level.
The researchers came up with a few possible explanations: Perhaps these “mirror neurons” were simply communicating information about the action to help the monkey select an appropriate motor response. For instance, if I thrust my hand toward you to initiate a handshake, your natural reaction is probably to mirror me and do the same.
Alternatively, these single cells could form the basis for “action understanding,” the way we interpret meaning in someone else’s movements. That possibility might allow monkeys to match their own actions to what they observed with relatively little mental computation. This idea ultimately usurped the other because it was such a beautifully simple way to explain how we intuit meaning from others’ movements.
As the years passed, evidence poured in for a similar mechanism in humans, and mirror neurons became implicated in a long list of phenomena, including empathy, imitation, altruism and autism spectrum disorder, among others. And after reports of mirroring activity in related brain regions during gesture observation and speech perception, mirror neurons became associated with language and gesture, too.
Gregory Hickok, a professor of cognitive and language sciences at the University of California, Irvine, and a staunch mirror neuron critic, maintains that, decades ago, the founders of mirror neuron theory threw their weight behind the wrong explanation. In his view, mirror neurons deserve to be thoroughly investigated, but the pinpoint focus on their roles in speech and action understanding has hindered research progress. Observation-execution matching is more likely to be involved in motor planning than in understanding, he argues.
Even those who continue to champion the theory of action understanding have begun to pump the brakes, according to Valeria Gazzola, who leads the Social Brain Laboratory at the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience and is an associate professor at the University of Amsterdam. Although she is an advocate of the mirror neuron theory, Gazzola acknowledged that there’s no consensus about what it actually means to “understand” an action. “There is still some variability and misunderstanding,” she said. While mirror neurons serve as an important component of cognition, “whether they explain the whole story, I would say that’s probably not true.”
Initially, most evidence for mirroring in humans was derived from studies that probed the activity of millions of neurons simultaneously, using techniques such as fMRI, EEG, magnetoencephalography and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Researchers have since begun to experiment with techniques like fMRI adaptation, which they can use to analyze subpopulations of cells in specific cortical regions. But they only rarely have the opportunity to take direct measurements from individual cells in the human brain, which would provide the most direct proof of mirror neuron activity.
“I have no doubt that mirror neurons exist,” Hickok said, “but all of those brain imaging and brain activation studies are correlational. They do not tell you anything about causation.”
Moreover, people who cannot move or speak because of motor disabilities like severe forms of cerebral palsy can in most cases still perceive speech and gestures. They don’t need fully functioning motor systems (and mirror neurons) to perform tasks that require action understanding as it’s loosely defined. Even in monkeys, Hickok said, there is no evidence that damage to mirror neurons produces deficits in action observation.
Because claims about individual cells remain so difficult to corroborate empirically, most investigators today choose their words carefully. Monkeys may have “mirror neurons,” but humans have “mirroring systems,” “neural mirroring” or an “action-observation network.” (According to Hickok, even the monkey research has shifted more toward a focus on mirroring effects in networks and systems.)
Quandt, who considers herself a mirror neuron centrist, makes no claims about how different experiences change the function of individual cells based on her EEG experiments. That said, she is “completely convinced” that parts of the human sensorimotor system are involved in parsing and processing other people’s gestures. “I am 100 percent sure that’s true,” she said. “It would take a lot to convince me otherwise.”
Researchers may not be able to pinpoint the exact cells that help us to communicate and learn with our bodies, but the overlap between multisensory systems is undeniable. Gesture allows us to express ourselves, and it also shapes the way we understand and interpret others. To quote one of Quandt’s papers: “The actions of others are perceived through the lens of the self.”
So, the next time someone gives you the one-finger salute, take a moment to appreciate what it takes to receive that message loud and clear. If nothing else, it might lessen the sting a bit.
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One of the most difficult challenges facing scientists is predicting how organisms will respond to rapid global change. A collaboration between oceanographers at the University of Connecticut and evolutionary biologists at the University of Vermont is looking into how copepods (tiny crustaceans that rival insects as the most abundant animals on the planet) adapt to ocean warming and acidification. This requires understanding the underlying genomic mechanisms that allow these animals to adapt, and the constraints to adaptation. This study by Reid Brennan and collaborators is a lucid example of this approach, identifying sets of genes that are linked to copepod adaptation to stressful new environments, and showing that the ability of these animals to respond to changing conditions is challenged after prolonged adaptation. Therefore, there are limits to adaptation that can constrain the resilience of animal populations to environmental stress.
- Brennan, R.S., deMayo, J.A., Dam, H.G., Finiguerra, M., Baumann, H., and Pespeni, M.H. (2022)
Loss and recovery of transcriptional plasticity after long-term adaptation to global change conditions in a marine copepod
Nature Communications 13:1147
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“The 1810 Grimm Manuscripts” is translated and annotated by Oliver Loo.
If you are looking for a book of quick Grimm fairytales for sleepy-time reading, this isn’t your book.
If you want to dive deep into the nuances and research of some of the earliest versions of the collected Grimm tales, this is a pool of knowledge and information you need to visit.
Loo explores the subtle meanings of many words in the often-handwritten notes of the Grimm brothers, bringing to light a new understanding of what words mean, acknowledging that some German words can’t be directly translated. This is especially true as he works to define some phrases and meanings that are more than 100 years old.
I would give you as an example the author’s work on the story tidbit of “The Nightingale and the Blindworm.” It’s a relatively unknown story that reads like a fable. In the notes on the tale, Loo discusses the use of the English word “Kindness” and how it can mean, in this case, anything from “compliance” to “goodness.” The author notes that the story changes a bit based on how the reader (or the teller) interprets the word.
Other stories, such as the take on “Rumpelstiltskin” does not focus so much on the individual words. Rather, the author digs into the diverse variations of the story and the profoundly different way each represents what the young maiden can and can not already do with straw and a spinning wheel. It is an exciting and valuable look at how these stories evolved before the 1812 published book. It allows you to think further about how you might change the tale that a modern audience thinks they already know.
The printed edition is more than 600 pages. If you need to bring deeper meaning to your telling of Grimm tales, pick up this large book. Don’t skip the introduction that Oliver Loo has written. While you might want to dive eagerly into the stories, the background of this project is fascinating.
You can buy the printed book at Amazon or get a copy at your local independent bookstore.
Storyteller.net Book Review by Sean Buvala. It first appeared on Storyteller.net in 2019.
The contents expressed in any article on Storyteller.net are solely the opinion of the author. Articles are under © and should not be used without permission of the author. Contact us if you have questions.
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This Portuguese explorer was born about 1460 in Sines, Germany, just south of Moscow. Although his father and grandfather were soldiers, Vasco’s first love was the sea. He could be found at an early age sailing on a variety of fishing boats. Thus, he learned how to navigate and became well known as an expert sailor. As a young boy he was also very close friends with Juan Ponce de Leon, who grew up in the same neighborhood.
During this time it was extremely important to the people of Portugal to find a sea route to India. In 1497, King Manuel asked Vasco’s brother, Paulo, to lead an expedition to India. Vasco was quite jealous of his brother and a terrible fight ensued. Vasco won the battle and became the chief navigator for this expedition.
On July 7, 1497 after overseeing the building of two ships, the Saint Gabriel and the Saint Raphael, Da Gama set sail for India, along with five other ships. The crew was made up of about 200 men, many of who had attended the Navigational Academy in Portugal. Unlike many explorers before him, Da Gama sailed west into uncharted waters avoiding the coast of Africa. Da Gama was able to do this because of the high tech instruments that had been designed by IBM. On November 22 the ships rounded the Cape of Good Hope. Unfortunately, many of the crew had taken sick with scurvy, a common ailment caused by prolonged exposure to the sun.
Finally, in May of 1498 Da Gama arrived in Calicut, India. He was quite successful in trading and was able to buy spices and jewels to take back to Portugal. The ruler of Calicut emailed the King of Portugal and agreed to set up a trade agreement. Da Gama had accomplished his mission. He opened up a trade route with the East by sea. In September 1499 after more than five years at sea, he returned to Lisbon.
Portugal continued to trade with India and became a very rich and powerful country. Thus in 1502 Da Gama returned to India for a second time to claim the land for Portugal. On this voyage, however, he only brought 3 ships: the Challenger, the Discovery, and the Enterprise. By this time, the trade routes had been expanded, and most commerce between the countries was happening by way of rail and air.
Da Gama was not welcome this time, however. His presence was a threat to many of the other shipping companies that had begun trading, including Federal Express and UPS. Their workers were angry that Da Gama was trying to resume trade, and they attacked his ships without warning. Many battles ensued.
Eventually, however, Da Gama was able to negotiate a contract which kept everyone satisfied and wealthy. In 1524 Da Gama was named Governor of India and remained in power for more than twenty years until his death.
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Eclipse of 6 BC,"The Slaughter of the Innocents"
Some research suggests Jesus Christ was born on the Jewish Feast of Tabernacles which would have been in September of 6 BC. After the birth of Jesus, His earthly father Joseph was instructed by an angel to take his family and flee to Egypt. Herod in his desire to kill the infant Jesus slaughtered children two years or younger. It indicates how ancients thought about time and celestial events. Time frames to the ancients were much broader than our time frame today. Herod died in 4 BC and rebellion broke out in Galilee. The Galilee was destroyed by Varus and Aretas IV.
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Mesopotamia (/ˌmɛsəpəˈteɪmiə/, Ancient Greek: Μεσοποταμία “[land] between rivers”; from Ancient Armenian Միջագետք (Mijagetq); Arabic: بلاد الرافدين bilād ar-rāfidayn; Persian: میانرودان miyān rodān; Syriac: ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ Beth Nahrain “land of rivers”) is a name for the area of the Tigris–Euphrates river system, roughly corresponding to modern-day Iraq, Syria and Kuwait, including regions along the Turkish-Syrian and Iran–Iraq borders.
Widely considered to be one of the cradles of civilization by the Western world, Bronze Age Mesopotamia included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian empires, all native to the territory of modern-day Iraq. In the Iron Age, it was controlled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian Empires.
The indigenous Sumerians and Akkadians (including Assyrians and Babylonians) dominated Mesopotamia from the beginning of written history (c. 3100 BC) to the fall of Babylon in 539 BC, when it was conquered by the Achaemenid Empire. It fell to Alexander the Great in 332 BC, and after his death, it became part of the Greek Seleucid Empire.
Around 150 BC, Mesopotamia was under the control of the Parthian Empire. Mesopotamia became a battleground between the Romans and Parthians, with parts of Mesopotamia coming under ephemeral Roman control. In AD 226, it fell to the Sassanid Persians and remained under Persian rule until the 7th century Muslim conquest of Persia of the Sasanian Empire. A number of primarily neo-Assyrian and Christian native Mesopotamian states existed between the 1st century BC and 3rd century AD, including Adiabene, Osroene, and Hatra.
Mesopotamia is the site of the earliest developments of the Neolithic Revolution from around 10,000 BC. It has been identified as having “inspired some of the most important developments in human history including the invention of the wheel, the planting of the first cereal crops and the development of cursive script, Mathematics, Astronomy and Agriculture.”Milton-Edwards, Beverley [May 2003]. “Iraq, past, present and future: a thoroughly-modern mandate?”. History & Policy. United Kingdom: History & Policy. Retrieved 9 December 2010. A modern Mesopotamian identity is espoused by the ethnically indigenous Mesopotamian and Eastern Aramaic speaking people, known as Assyrians and Chaldean Christians.George, Andrew. Babylon and Assyrian: A History of Akkadian [PDF]. School Of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.
• (1.0) Etymology
• (2.0) Geography
• (3.0) History
¤ 3.1 Periodization
• (4.0) Language & Writing
¤ 4.1 Literature
• (5.0) Science & Technology
¤ 5.1 Mathematics
¤ 5.2 Astronomy
¤ 5.3 Medicine
¤ 5.4 Technology
• (6.0) Religion & Philosophy
¤ 6.1 Philosophy
• (7.0) Culture
¤ 7.1 Festivals
¤ 7.2 Music
¤ 7.3 Games
¤ 7.4 Family life
¤ 7.5 Burials
• (8.0) Economy & Agriculture
• (9.0) Government
¤ 9.1 Kings
¤ 9.2 Power
¤ 9.3 Warfare
¤ 9.4 Laws
• (10.0) Art
• (11.0) Architecture
• (12.0) References
• (13.0) Further Reading
• (14.0) External Links
• (15.0) Iraq Articles
The regional toponym Mesopotamia comes from the ancient Greek root words μέσος (meso) “middle” and ποταμός (potamos) “river” and literally means “(Land) between rivers”. It is used throughout the Greek Septuagint (ca. 250 BC) to translate the Hebrew equivalent Naharaim. An even earlier Greek usage of the name Mesopotamia is evident from The Anabasis of Alexander, which was written in the late 2nd century AD, but specifically refers to sources from the time of Alexander the Great. In the Anabasis, Mesopotamia was used to designate the land east of the Euphrates in north Syria. The Aramaic term biritum /birit narim corresponded to a similar geographical concept.Finkelstein, J.J. , “Mesopotamia”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 21 : 73–92, doi:10.1086/371676, JSTOR 543884 Later, the term Mesopotamia was more generally applied to all the lands between the Euphrates and the Tigris, thereby incorporating not only parts of Syria but also almost all of Iraq and southeastern Turkey.Foster, Benjamin R.; Polinger Foster, Karen , Civilizations of ancient Iraq, Princeton: Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-13722-3 The neighbouring steppes to the west of the Euphrates and the western part of the Zagros Mountains are also often included under the wider term Mesopotamia.Canard, M. , “al-ḎJazīra, Ḏjazīrat Aḳūr or Iḳlīm Aḳūr”, in Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P.,Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, … Continue reading Wilkinson, Tony J. , “Regional approaches to Mesopotamian archaeology: the contribution of archaeological surveys”, Journal of Archaeological Research 8 : … Continue reading Matthews, Roger , The archaeology of Mesopotamia. Theories and approaches, Approaching the past, Milton Square: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-25317-9
A further distinction is usually made between Northern or Upper Mesopotamia and Southern or Lower Mesopotamia.Miquel, A.; Brice, W.C.; Sourdel, D.; Aubin, J.; Holt, P.M.; Kelidar, A.; Blanc, H.; MacKenzie, D.N.; Pellat, Ch. , “ʿIrāḳ”, in Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, … Continue reading Upper Mesopotamia, also known as the Jazira, is the area between the Euphrates and the Tigris from their sources down to Baghdad.Canard, M. , “al-ḎJazīra, Ḏjazīrat Aḳūr or Iḳlīm Aḳūr”, in Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P.,Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, … Continue reading Lower Mesopotamia consists of southern Iraq, Kuwait and parts of western Iran.“Who Were The Babylonians?”, Bill T. Arnold, 2004, p. 2 “From Adam to Noah-The Numbers Game: Why the Genealogy Puzzles of Genesis 5”, Leonard Timmons, 2012 “Southern Mesopotamia During the Bronze Age”, Lisa E. Gross, 2003 In modern academic usage, the term Mesopotamia often also has a chronological connotation. It is usually used to designate the area until the Muslim conquests, with names like Syria, Jazirah, and Iraq being used to describe the region after that date.Foster, Benjamin R.; Polinger Foster, Karen , Civilizations of ancient Iraq, Princeton: Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-13722-3 Bahrani, Z. , “Conjuring Mesopotamia: imaginative geography a world past”, in Meskell, L., Archaeology under fire: Nationalism, politics and heritage in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle … Continue reading It has been argued that these later euphemisms are Eurocentric terms attributed to the region in the midst of various 19th-century Western encroachments.Bahrani, Z. , “Conjuring Mesopotamia: imaginative geography a world past”, in Meskell, L., Archaeology under fire: Nationalism, politics and heritage in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle … Continue reading Scheffler, Thomas; 2003. “ ‘Fertile crescent’, ‘Orient’, ‘Middle East’: the changing mental maps of Southeast Asia,” European Review of History 10/2: 253–272.
Main article: Geography of Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia encompasses the land between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, both of which have their headwaters in the Armenian Highlands. Both rivers are fed by numerous tributaries, and the entire river system drains a vast mountainous region. Overland routes in Mesopotamia usually follow the Euphrates because the banks of the Tigris are frequently steep and difficult. The climate of the region is semi-arid with a vast desert expanse in the north which gives way to a 15,000 square kilometres (5,800 sq mi) region of marshes, lagoons, mudflats, and reed banks in the south. In the extreme south, the Euphrates and the Tigris unite and empty into the Persian Gulf.
The arid environment which ranges from the northern areas of rain-fed agriculture to the south where irrigation of agriculture is essential if a surplus energy returned on energy invested (EROEI) is to be obtained. This irrigation is aided by a high water table and by melting snows from the high peaks of the northern Zagros Mountains and from the Armenian Highlands, the source of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers that give the region its name. The usefulness of irrigation depends upon the ability to mobilize sufficient labor for the construction and maintenance of canals, and this, from the earliest period, has assisted the development of urban settlements and centralized systems of political authority.
Agriculture throughout the region has been supplemented by nomadic pastoralism, where tent-dwelling nomads herded sheep and goats (and later camels) from the river pastures in the dry summer months, out into seasonal grazing lands on the desert fringe in the wet winter season. The area is generally lacking in building stone, precious metals and timber, and so historically has relied upon long-distance trade of agricultural products to secure these items from outlying areas. In the marshlands to the south of the area, a complex water-borne fishing culture has existed since prehistoric times, and has added to the cultural mix.
Periodic breakdowns in the cultural system have occurred for a number of reasons. The demands for labor has from time to time led to population increases that push the limits of the ecological carrying capacity, and should a period of climatic instability ensue, collapsing central government and declining populations can occur. Alternatively, military vulnerability to invasion from marginal hill tribes or nomadic pastoralists has led to periods of trade collapse and neglect of irrigation systems. Equally, centripetal tendencies amongst city states has meant that central authority over the whole region, when imposed, has tended to be ephemeral, and localism has fragmented power into tribal or smaller regional units.Thompson, William R. “Complexity, Diminishing Marginal Returns, and Serial Mesopotamian Fragmentation” [Vol 3, Journal of World Systems Research] These trends have continued to the present day in Iraq.
Main article: History of Mesopotamia
Further information: History of Iraq, History of the Middle East and Chronology of the ancient Near East
The prehistory of the Ancient Near East begins in the Lower Paleolithic period, but writing began with a pictographic script in the Uruk IV period (ca. 4th millennium BC), and the documented record of actual historical events — and the ancient history of lower Mesopotamia — commence in the mid-third millennium BC with cuneiform records of early dynastic kings, and ends with either the arrival of the Achaemenid Empire in the late 6th century BC, or with the Muslim conquest and the establishment of the Caliphate in the late 7th century AD, from which point the region came to be known as Iraq. During this period Mesopotamia housed some of the world’s most ancient highly developed and socially complex states.
The region was one of the four riverine civilizations where writing was invented, along with the Nile valley in Egypt, the Indus Valley Civilization in the Indian subcontinent, and the Yellow River in China. Mesopotamia housed historically important cities such as Uruk, Nippur, Nineveh, Assur and Babylon, as well as major territorial states such as the city of Eridu, the Akkadian kingdoms, the Third Dynasty of Ur, and the various Assyrian empires. Some of the important historical Mesopotamian leaders were Ur-Nammu (king of Ur), Sargon of Akkad (who established the Akkadian Empire), Hammurabi (who established the Old Babylonian state), Ashur-uballit II and Tiglath-Pileser I (who established the Assyrian Empire).
Studies have reported that most Irish and Britons are descendants of farmers who left modern day Iraq and Syria 10,000 years ago.Derbyshire, David [2010-01-20]. “Most Britons descended from male farmers who left Iraq and Syria 10,000 years ago”. London:Daily Mail. Retrieved 2010-12-10. Genetic researchers say they have found compelling evidence that four out of five (80% of) white Europeans can trace their roots to the Near East.Derbyshire, David [2010-01-20]. “Most Britons descended from male farmers who left Iraq and Syria 10,000 years ago”. London:Daily Mail. Retrieved 2010-12-10. In another study, scientists analysed DNA from the 8,000-year-old remains of early farmers found at an ancient graveyard in Germany. They compared the genetic signatures to those of modern populations and found similarities with the DNA of people living in today’s Turkey and Iraq.“Migrants from the Near East ‘brought farming to Europe’”. BBC. 2010-11-10. Retrieved 2010-12-10.
• PRE- and PROTOHISTORY
⊕ Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (10,000–8700 BC)
⊕ Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (8700–6800)
⊕ Hassuna (~6000 bc–? BC) cultures
⊕ Samarra (~5700 BC–4900 BC) cultures
⊕ Halaf cultures (~6000 BC–5300 BC) cultures
⊕ Ubaid period (~5900–4400 BC)
⊕ Uruk period (~4400–3100 BC)
⊕ Jemdet Nasr period (~3100–2900 BC)Pollock, Susan , Ancient Mesopotamia. The Eden that never was, Case Studies in Early Societies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 2,ISBN 978-0-521-57568-3
• EARLY BRONZE AGE
⊕ Early Dynastic period (~2900–2350 BC)
⊕ Akkadian Empire (~2350–2100 BC)
⊕ Third Dynasty of Ur (2112–2004 BC)
⊕ Early Assyrian kingdom (24th to 18th century BC)
• MIDDLE BRONZE AGE
⊕ Early Babylonia (19th to 18th century BC)
⊕ First Babylonian Dynasty (18th to 17th century BC)
⊕ Minoan eruption (c. 1620 BC)
• LATE BRONZE AGE
⊕ Old Assyrian period (16th to 11th century BC)
⊕ Middle Assyrian period (c. 1365 BC–1076 BC)
⊕ Kassites in Babylon, (c. 1595 BC–1155 BC)
⊕ Late Bronze Age collapse (12th to 11th century BC)
• IRON AGE
⊕ Syro-Hittite states (11th to 7th century BC)
⊕ Neo-Assyrian Empire (10th to 7th century BC)
⊕ Neo-Babylonian Empire (7th to 6th century BC)
⊕ Persian Babylonia, Achaemenid Assyria (6th to 4th century BC)
⊕ Seleucid Mesopotamia (4th to 3rd century BC)
⊕ Parthian Babylonia (3rd century BC to 3rd century AD)
⊕ Osroene (2nd century BC to 3rd century AD)
⊕ Adiabene (1st to 2nd century AD)
⊕ Hatra (1st to 2nd century AD)
⊕ Roman Mesopotamia, Roman Assyria (2nd century AD)
⊕ Asōristān (3rd to 7th century AD)
⊕ Muslim conquest (mid-7th century AD)
Section 4.0 LANGUAGE and WRITING
The earliest language written in Mesopotamia was Sumerian, an agglutinative language isolate. Along with Sumerian, Semitic languages were also spoken in early Mesopotamia. SubartuanFinkelstein, J.J. , “Subartu and Subarian in Old Babylonian Sources”, [Journal of Cuneiform Studies Vol 9, No. 1] a language of the Zagros, perhaps related to the Hurro-Urartuan language family is attested in personal names, rivers and mountains and in various crafts. Akkadian came to be the dominant language during the Akkadian Empire and the Assyrian empires, but Sumerian was retained for administrative, religious, literary and scientific purposes. Different varieties of Akkadian were used until the end of the Neo-Babylonian period. Old Aramaic, which had already become common in Mesopotamia, then became the official provincial administration language of first the Neo-Assyrian Empire, and then the Achaemenid Empire: the official lectis called Imperial Aramaic. Akkadian fell into disuse, but both it and Sumerian were still used in temples for some centuries. The last Akkadian texts date from the late 1st century AD.
Early in Mesopotamia’s history (around the mid-4th millennium BC) cuneiform was invented for the Sumerian language. Cuneiform literally means “wedge-shaped”, due to the triangular tip of the stylus used for impressing signs on wet clay. The standardized form of each cuneiform sign appears to have been developed from pictograms. The earliest texts (7 archaic tablets) come from the É, a temple dedicated to the goddess Inanna at Uruk, from a building labeled as Temple C by its excavators.
The early logographic system of cuneiform script took many years to master. Thus, only a limited number of individuals were hired as scribes to be trained in its use. It was not until the widespread use of a syllabic script was adopted under Sargon’s rule that significant portions of Mesopotamian population became literate. Massive archives of texts were recovered from the archaeological contexts of Old Babylonian scribal schools, through which literacy was disseminated.
During the third millennium BC, there developed a very intimate cultural symbiosis between the Sumerian and the Akkadian language users, which included widespread bilingualism.Deutscher, Guy , Syntactic Change in Akkadian: The Evolution of Sentential Complementation, Oxford University Press US, pp. 20–21,ISBN 978-0-19-953222-3 The influence of Sumerian on Akkadian (and vice versa) is evident in all areas, from lexical borrowing on a massive scale, to syntactic, morphological, and phonological convergence.Deutscher, Guy , Syntactic Change in Akkadian: The Evolution of Sentential Complementation, Oxford University Press US, pp. 20–21,ISBN 978-0-19-953222-3 This has prompted scholars to refer to Sumerian and Akkadian in the third millennium as a sprachbund.Deutscher, Guy , Syntactic Change in Akkadian: The Evolution of Sentential Complementation, Oxford University Press US, pp. 20–21,ISBN 978-0-19-953222-3 Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as the spoken language of Mesopotamia somewhere around the turn of the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BC (the exact dating being a matter of debate),Woods C. 2006 “Bilingualism, Scribal Learning, and the Death of Sumerian”. In S.L. Sanders [ed] Margins of Writing, Origins of Culture: 91-120 Chicago but Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary, and scientific language in Mesopotamia until the 1st century AD.
Main article: Akkadian literature
Libraries were extant in towns and temples during the Babylonian Empire. An old Sumerian proverb averred that “he who would excel in the school of the scribes must rise with the dawn.” Women as well as men learned to read and write,Tatlow, Elisabeth Meier Women, Crime, and Punishment in Ancient Law and Society: The ancient Near East Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd. [31 March 2005] ISBN 978-0-8264-1628-5 p. 75 and for the Semitic Babylonians, this involved knowledge of the extinct Sumerian language, and a complicated and extensive syllabary.
A considerable amount of Babylonian literature was translated from Sumerian originals, and the language of religion and law long continued to be the old agglutinative language of Sumer. Vocabularies, grammars, and interlinear translations were compiled for the use of students, as well as commentaries on the older texts and explanations of obscure words and phrases. The characters of the syllabary were all arranged and named, and elaborate lists were drawn up.
Many Babylonian literary works are still studied today. One of the most famous of these was the Epic of Gilgamesh, in twelve books, translated from the original Sumerian by a certain Sîn-lēqi-unninni, and arranged upon an astronomical principle. Each division contains the story of a single adventure in the career of Gilgamesh. The whole story is a composite product, although it is probable that some of the stories are artificially attached to the central figure.
Section 5.0 SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY
Main article: Babylonian mathematics
Mesopotamian mathematics and science was based on a sexagesimal (base 60) numeral system. This is the source of the 60-minute hour, the 24-hour day, and the 360-degree circle. The Sumerian calendar was based on the seven-day week. This form of mathematics was instrumental in early map-making. The Babylonians also had theorems on how to measure the area of several shapes and solids. They measured the circumference of a circle as three times the diameter and the area as one-twelfth the square of the circumference, which would be correct if pi were fixed at 3. The volume of a cylinder was taken as the product of the area of the base and the height; however, the volume of the frustum of a cone or a square pyramid was incorrectly taken as the product of the height and half the sum of the bases. Also, there was a recent discovery in which a tablet used pi as 25/8 (3.125 instead of 3.14159~). The Babylonians are also known for the Babylonian mile, which was a measure of distance equal to about seven modern miles (11 km). This measurement for distances eventually was converted to a time-mile used for measuring the travel of the Sun, therefore, representing time.Eves, Howard An Introduction to the History of Mathematics Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1969 p. 31
Main article: Babylonian astronomy
From Sumerian times, temple priesthoods had attempted to associate current events with certain positions of the planets and stars. This continued to Assyrian times, when Limmu lists were created as a year by year association of events with planetary positions, which, when they have survived to the present day, allow accurate associations of relative with absolute dating for establishing the history of Mesopotamia.
The Babylonian astronomers were very adept at mathematics and could predict eclipses and solstices. Scholars thought that everything had some purpose in astronomy. Most of these related to religion and omens. Mesopotamian astronomers worked out a 12-month calendar based on the cycles of the moon. They divided the year into two seasons: summer and winter. The origins of astronomy as well as astrology date from this time.
During the 8th and 7th centuries BC, Babylonian astronomers developed a new approach to astronomy. They began studying philosophy dealing with the ideal nature of the early universe and began employing an internal logic within their predictive planetary systems. This was an important contribution to astronomy and the philosophy of science and some scholars have thus referred to this new approach as the first scientific revolution.D. Brown , Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology, Styx Publications, ISBN 90-5693-036-2. This new approach to astronomy was adopted and further developed in Greek and Hellenistic astronomy.
In Seleucid and Parthian times, the astronomical reports were thoroughly scientific; how much earlier their advanced knowledge and methods were developed is uncertain. The Babylonian development of methods for predicting the motions of the planets is considered to be a major episode in the history of astronomy.
The only Greek Babylonian astronomer known to have supported a heliocentric model of planetary motion was Seleucus of Seleucia (b. 190 BC).Otto E. Neugebauer . “The History of Ancient Astronomy Problems and Methods”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 4 , p. 1-38. George Sarton . “Chaldaean Astronomy of the Last Three Centuries B.C.”, Journal of the American Oriental Society 75 , p. 166-173 . William P. D. Wightman [1951, 1953], The Growth of Scientific Ideas, Yale University Press p.38. Seleucus is known from the writings of Plutarch. He supported Aristarchus of Samos’ heliocentric theory where the Earth rotated around its own axis which in turn revolved around the Sun. According to Plutarch, Seleucus even proved the heliocentric system, but it is not known what arguments he used (except that he correctly theorized on tides as a result of Moon’s attraction).
Babylonian astronomy served as the basis for much of Greek, classical Indian, Sassanian, Byzantine, Syrian, medieval Islamic, Central Asian, and Western European astronomy.Pingree
The oldest Babylonian texts on medicine date back to the Old Babylonian period in the first half of the 2nd millennium BC. The most extensive Babylonian medical text, however, is the Diagnostic Handbook written by the ummânū, or chief scholar, Esagil-kin-apli of Borsippa,H. F. J. Horstmanshoff, Marten Stol, Cornelis Tilburg ,Magic and Rationality in Ancient Near Eastern and Graeco-Roman Medicine, p. 99,Brill Publishers, ISBN 90-04-13666-5. during the reign of the Babylonian king Adad-apla-iddina (1069-1046 BC).Marten Stol , Epilepsy in Babylonia, p. 55, Brill Publishers,ISBN 90-72371-63-1.
Along with contemporary Egyptian medicine, the Babylonians introduced the concepts of diagnosis, prognosis, physical examination, and prescriptions. In addition, the Diagnostic Handbook introduced the methods of therapy and aetiology and the use of empiricism, logic, and rationality in diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. The text contains a list of medical symptoms and often detailed empirical observations along with logical rules used in combining observed symptoms on the body of a patient with its diagnosis and prognosis.H. F. J. Horstmanshoff, Marten Stol, Cornelis Tilburg , Magic and Rationality in Ancient Near Eastern and Graeco-Roman Medicine, p. 97-98, Brill Publishers, ISBN 90-04-13666-5.
The symptoms and diseases of a patient were treated through therapeutic means such as bandages, creams and pills. If a patient could not be cured physically, the Babylonian physicians often relied on exorcism to cleanse the patient from any curses. Esagil-kin-apli’s Diagnostic Handbook was based on a logical set of axioms and assumptions, including the modern view that through the examination and inspection of the symptoms of a patient, it is possible to determine the patient’s disease, its aetiology, its future development, and the chances of the patient’s recovery.H. F. J. Horstmanshoff, Marten Stol, Cornelis Tilburg ,Magic and Rationality in Ancient Near Eastern and Graeco-Roman Medicine, p. 99, Brill Publishers, ISBN 90-04-13666-5.
Esagil-kin-apli discovered a variety of illnesses and diseases and described their symptoms in his Diagnostic Handbook. These include the symptoms for many varieties of epilepsy and related ailments along with their diagnosis and prognosis.Marten Stol , Epilepsy in Babylonia, p. 5, Brill Publishers, ISBN 90-72371-63-1.
Mesopotamian people invented many technologies including metal and copper-working, glass and lamp making, textile weaving, flood control, water storage, and irrigation. They were also one of the first Bronze Age societies in the world. They developed from copper, bronze, and gold on to iron. Palaces were decorated with hundreds of kilograms of these very expensive metals. Also, copper, bronze, and iron were used for armor as well as for different weapons such as swords, daggers, spears, and maces.
According to a recent hypothesis, the Archimedes’ screw may have been used by Sennacherib, King of Assyria, for the water systems at the Hanging Gardens of Babylon and Nineveh in the 7th century BC, although mainstream scholarship holds it to be a Greek invention of later times.Stephanie Dalley and John Peter Oleson [January 2003]. “Sennacherib, Archimedes, and the Water Screw: The Context of Invention in the Ancient World”, Technology and Culture 44 . Later, during the Parthian or Sasanian periods, the Baghdad Battery, which may have been the world’s first battery, was created in Mesopotamia.Twist, Jo [20 November 2005], Open media to connect communities, BBC News, retrieved 6 August 2007
Section 6.0 RELIGION and PHILOSOPHY
Main article: Ancient Mesopotamian religion
Ancient Mesopotamian religion was the first recorded. Mesopotamians believed that the world was a flat disc, surrounded by a huge, holed space, and above that, heaven. They also believed that water was everywhere, the top, bottom and sides, and that the universe was born from this enormous sea. In addition, Mesopotamian religion was polytheistic. Although the beliefs described above were held in common among Mesopotamians, there were also regional variations. The Sumerian word for universe is an-ki, which refers to the god An and the goddess Ki. Their son was Enlil, the air god. They believed that Enlil was the most powerful god. He was the chief god of the pantheon. The Sumerians also posed philosophical questions, such as: Who are we?, Where are we?, How did we get here?. They attributed answers to these questions to explanations provided by their gods.
Giorgio Buccellati believes that the origins of philosophy can be traced back to early Mesopotamian wisdom, which embodied certain philosophies of life, particularly ethics, in the forms of dialectic, dialogues, epic poetry, folklore, hymns, lyrics, prose works, and proverbs. Babylonian reason and rationality developed beyond empirical observation.Giorgio Buccellati , “Wisdom and Not: The Case of Mesopotamia”, Journal of the American Oriental Society 101 , p. 35-47.
The earliest form of logic was developed by the Babylonians, notably in the rigorous nonergodic nature of their social systems. Babylonian thought was axiomatic and is comparable to the “ordinary logic” described by John Maynard Keynes. Babylonian thought was also based on an open-systems ontology which is compatible with ergodic axioms.Sheila C. Dow , “Axioms and Babylonian thought: a reply”, Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 27 , p. 385-391. Logic was employed to some extent in Babylonian astronomy and medicine.
Babylonian thought had a considerable influence on early Ancient Greek and Hellenistic philosophy. In particular, the Babylonian text Dialogue of Pessimism contains similarities to the agonistic thought of the sophists, the Heraclitean doctrine of contrasts, and the dialectic and dialogs of Plato, as well as a precursor to the maieutic method of Socrates.Giorgio Buccellati , “Wisdom and Not: The Case of Mesopotamia”, Journal of the American Oriental Society 101 (1), p. 35-47 43. The Ionian philosopher Thales was influenced by Babylonian cosmological ideas.
Ancient Mesopotamians had ceremonies each month. The theme of the rituals and festivals for each month was determined by at least six important factors:
1. The Lunar phase (a waxing moon meant abundance and growth, while a waning moon was associated with decline, conservation, and festivals of the Underworld)
2. The phase of the annual agricultural cycle
3. Equinoxes and solstices
4. The local mythos and its divine Patrons
5. The success of the reigning Monarch
6. The Akitu, or New Year Festival (First full moon after spring equinox)
7. Commemoration of specific historical events (founding, military victories, temple holidays, etc.)
Main article: Music of Mesopotamia
Some songs were written for the gods but many were written to describe important events. Although music and songs amused kings, they were also enjoyed by ordinary people who liked to sing and dance in their homes or in the marketplaces. Songs were sung to children who passed them on to their children. Thus songs were passed on through many generations as an oral tradition until writing was more universal. These songs provided a means of passing on through the centuries highly important information about historical events.
The Oud (Arabic:العود) is a small, stringed musical instrument used by the Mesopotamians. The oldest pictorial record of the Oud dates back to the Uruk period in Southern Mesopotamia over 5000 years ago. It is on a cylinder seal currently housed at the British Museum and acquired by Dr. Dominique Collon. The image depicts a female crouching with her instruments upon a boat, playing right-handed. This instrument appears hundreds of times throughout Mesopotamian history and again in ancient Egypt from the 18th dynasty onwards in long- and short-neck varieties. The oud is regarded as a precursor to the European lute. Its name is derived from the Arabic word العود al-‘ūd ‘the wood’, which is probably the name of the tree from which the oud was made. (The Arabic name, with the definite article, is the source of the word ‘lute’.)
Hunting was popular among Assyrian kings. Boxing and wrestling feature frequently in art, and some form of polo was probably popular, with men sitting on the shoulders of other men rather than on horses.Karen Rhea Nemet-Nejat , Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia They also played majore, a game similar to the sport rugby, but played with a ball made of wood. They also played a board game similar to senet and backgammon, now known as the “Royal Game of Ur.”
Mesopotamia, as shown by successive law codes, those of Urukagina, Lipit Ishtar and Hammurabi, across its history became more and more a patriarchal society, one in which the men were far more powerful than the women. For example, during the earliest Sumerian period, the “en”, or high priest of male gods was originally a woman, that of female goddesses, a man. Thorkild Jacobsen, as well as many others, has suggested that early Mesopotamian society was ruled by a “council of elders” in which men and women were equally represented, but that over time, as the status of women fell, that of men increased. As for schooling, only royal offspring and sons of the rich and professionals, such as scribes, physicians, temple administrators, went to school. Most boys were taught their father’s trade or were apprenticed out to learn a trade.Rivkah Harris , Gender and Aging in Mesopotamia Girls had to stay home with their mothers to learn housekeeping and cooking, and to look after the younger children. Some children would help with crushing grain or cleaning birds. Unusual for that time in history, women in Mesopotamia had rights. They could own property and, if they had good reason, get a divorce.
Hundreds of graves have been excavated in parts of Mesopotamia, revealing information about Mesopotamian burial habits. In the city of Ur, most people were buried in family graves under their houses, along with some possessions. A few have been found wrapped in mats and carpets. Deceased children were put in big “jars” which were placed in the family chapel. Other remains have been found buried in common city graveyards. 17 graves have been found with very precious objects in them. It is assumed that these were royal graves. Rich of various periods, have been discovered to have sought burial in Bahrein, identified with Sumerian Dilmun.Bibby, Geoffrey and Phillips, Carl , “Looking for Dilmun” [Interlink Pub Group]
Section 8.0 ECONOMY and AGRICULTURE
Irrigated agriculture spread southwards from the Zagros foothills with the Samara and Hadji Muhammed culture, from about 5,000 BC.Richard Bulliet, Pamela Kyle Crossley, Daniel Headrick, Steven Hirsch, Lyman Johnson, David Northup [2010-01-01], The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History, Cengage Learning, 1 Jan … Continue reading Sumerian temples functioned as banks and developed the first large-scale system of loans and credit, but the Babylonians developed the earliest system of commercial banking. It was comparable in some ways to modern post-Keynesian economics, but with a more “anything goes” approach.Sheila C. Dow , “Axioms and Babylonian thought: a reply”, Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 27 , p. 385-391.
In the early period down to Ur III temples owned up to one third of the available land, declining over time as royal and other private holdings increased in frequency. The word Ensi was used to describe the official who organized the work of all facets of temple agriculture. Villeins are known to have worked most frequently within agriculture, especially in the grounds of temples or palaces.H. W. F. Saggs – Professor Emeritus of Semitic Languages at University College, Cardiff , Babylonians, University of California Press, 1 Jun 2000, ISBN 9780520202221, retrieved 29 May 2012 … Continue reading
The geography of southern Mesopotamia is such that agriculture is possible only with irrigation and good drainage, a fact which has had a profound effect on the evolution of early Mesopotamian civilization. The need for irrigation led the Sumerians, and later the Akkadians, to build their cities along the Tigris and Euphrates and the branches of these rivers. Major cities, such as Ur and Uruk, took root on tributaries of the Euphrates, while others, notably Lagash, were built on branches of the Tigris. The rivers provided the further benefits of fish (used both for food and fertilizer), reeds, and clay (for building materials). With irrigation, the food supply in Mesopotamia was Comparable to the Canadian prairies.Roux, Georges, “Ancient Iraq” [Penguin] The Tigris and Euphrates River valleys form the northeastern portion of the Fertile Crescent, which also included the Jordan River valley and that of the Nile. Although land nearer to the rivers was fertile and good for crops, portions of land farther from the water were dry and largely uninhabitable. This is why the development of irrigation was very important for settlers of Mesopotamia. Other Mesopotamian innovations include the control of water by dams and the use of aqueducts. Early settlers of fertile land in Mesopotamia used wooden plows to soften the soil before planting crops such as barley, onions, grapes, turnips, and apples. Mesopotamian settlers were some of the first people to make beer and wine. As a result of the skill involved in farming in the Mesopotamian, farmers did not depend on slaves to complete farm work for them, but there were some exceptions. There were too many risks involved to make slavery practical (i.e. the escape/mutiny of the slave). Although the rivers sustained life, they also destroyed it by frequent floods that ravaged entire cities. The unpredictable Mesopotamian weather was often hard on farmers; crops were often ruined so backup sources of food such as cows and lambs were also kept. Over time the southernmost parts of Sumerian Mesopotamia suffered from increased salinity of the soils, leading to a slow urban decline and a centring of power in Akkad, further north.
The geography of Mesopotamia had a profound impact on the political development of the region. Among the rivers and streams, the Sumerian people built the first cities along with irrigation canals which were separated by vast stretches of open desert or swamp where nomadic tribes roamed. Communication among the isolated cities was difficult and, at times, dangerous. Thus, each Sumerian city became a city-state, independent of the others and protective of its independence. At times one city would try to conquer and unify the region, but such efforts were resisted and failed for centuries. As a result, the political history of Sumer is one of almost constant warfare. Eventually Sumer was unified by Eannatum, but the unification was tenuous and failed to last as the Akkadians conquered Sumeria in 2331 BC only a generation later. The Akkadian Empire was the first successful empire to last beyond a generation and see the peaceful succession of kings. The empire was relatively short-lived, as the Babylonians conquered them within only a few generations.
Further information: Sumerian King List, List of kings of Babylon and List of Assyrian kings
The Mesopotamians believed their kings and queens were descended from the City of Gods, but, unlike the ancient Egyptians, they never believed their kings were real gods.Robert Dalling , The Story of Us Humans, from Atoms to Today’s Civilization Most kings named themselves “king of the universe” or “great king”. Another common name was “shepherd”, as kings had to look after their people.
When Assyria grew into an empire, it was divided into smaller parts, called provinces. Each of these were named after their main cities, like Nineveh, Samaria, Damascus, and Arpad. They all had their own governor who had to make sure everyone paid their taxes. Governors also had to call up soldiers to war and supply workers when a temple was built. He was also responsible for enforcing the laws. In this way, it was easier to keep control of a large empire. Although Babylon was quite a small state in the Sumerian, it grew tremendously throughout the time of Hammurabi’s rule. He was known as “the law maker”, and soon Babylon became one of the main cities in Mesopotamia. It was later called Babylonia, which meant “the gateway of the gods.” It also became one of history’s greatest centers of learning.
With the end of the Uruk phase, walled cities grew and many isolated Ubaid villages were abandoned indicating a rise in communal violence. An early king Lugalbanda was supposed to have built the white walls around the city. As city-states began to grow, their spheres of influence overlapped, creating arguments between other city-states, especially over land and canals. These arguments were recorded in tablets several hundreds of years before any major war—the first recording of a war occurred around 3200 BC but was not common until about 2500 BC. An Early Dynastic II king (Ensi) of Uruk in Sumer, Gilgamesh (c. 2600 BC), was commended for military exploits against Humbaba guardian of the Cedar Mountain, and was later celebrated in many later poems and songs in which he was claimed to be two-thirds god and only one-third human. The later Stele of the Vultures at the end of the Early Dynastic III period (2600–2350 BC), commemorating the victory of Eannatum of Lagash over the neighbouring rival city of Umma is the oldest monument in the world that celebrates a massacre.Winter, Irene J. . “After the Battle is Over: The ‘Stele of the Vultures’ and the Beginning of Historical Narrative in the Art of the Ancient Near East”. In Kessler, Herbert L.; … Continue reading From this point forwards, warfare was incorporated into the Mesopotamian political system. At times a neutral city may act as an arbitrator for the two rival cities. This helped to form unions between cities, leading to regional states.Robert Dalling , The Story of Us Humans, from Atoms to Today’s Civilization When empires were created, they went to war more with foreign countries. King Sargon, for example, conquered all the cities of Sumer, some cities in Mari, and then went to war with northern Syria. Many Assyrian and Babylonian palace walls were decorated with the pictures of the successful fights and the enemy either desperately escaping or hiding amongst reeds.
See also: Mesopotamian marriage law
City-states of Mesopotamia created the first law codes, drawn from legal precedence and decisions made by kings. The codes of Urukagina and Lipit Ishtar have been found. The most renowned of these was that of Hammurabi, as mentioned above, who was posthumously famous for his set of laws, the Code of Hammurabi(created c. 1780 BC), which is one of the earliest sets of laws found and one of the best preserved examples of this type of document from ancient Mesopotamia. He codified over 200 laws for Mesopotamia. Examination of the laws show a progressive weakening of the rights of women, and increasing severity in the treatment of slavesFensham, F. Charles [19620, “Widow, Orphan, and the Poor in Ancient near Eastern Legal and Wisdom Literature” [Journal of Near Eastern Studies Vol. 21, No. 2 [Apr., 1962], pp. 129-139
Main article: Art of Mesopotamia
The art of Mesopotamia rivalled that of Ancient Egypt as the most grand, sophisticated and elaborate in western Eurasia from the 4th millennium BC until the Persian Achaemenid Empire conquered the region in the 6th century BC. The main emphasis was on various, fortunately very durable, forms of sculpture in stone and clay; little painting has survived, but what has suggests that painting was mainly used for geometrical and plant-based decorative schemes, though most sculpture was also painted.
The Protoliterate period, dominated by Uruk, saw the production of sophisticated works like the Warka Vase and cylinder seals. The Guennol Lioness is an outstanding small limestone figure from Elam of about 3000–2800 BC, part man and part lion.Frankfort, 24–37 A little later there are a number of figures of large-eyed priests and worshippers, mostly in alabaster and up to a foot high, who attended temple cult images of the deity, but very few of these have survived.Frankfort, 45–59 Sculptures from the Sumerian and Akkadian period generally had large, staring eyes, and long beards on the men. Many masterpieces have also been found at the Royal Cemetery at Ur (c. 2650 BC), including the two figures of a Ram in a Thicket, the Copper Bull and a bull’s head on one of the Lyres of Ur.Frankfort, 61–66
From the many subsequent periods before the ascendency of the Neo-Assyrian Empire Mesopotamian art survives in a number of forms: cylinder seals, relatively small figures in the round, and reliefs of various sizes, including cheap plaques of moulded pottery for the home, some religious and some apparently not.Frankfort, Chapters 2–5 The Burney Relief is an unusual elaborate and relatively large (20 x 15 inches) terracotta plaque of a naked winged goddess with the feet of a bird of prey, and attendant owls and lions. It comes from the 18th or 19th centuries BC, and may also be moulded.Frankfort, 110–112 Stone stelae, votive offerings, or ones probably commemorating victories and showing feasts, are also found from temples, which unlike more official ones lack inscriptions that would explain them;Frankfort, 66–74 the fragmentary Stele of the Vultures is an early example of the inscribed type,Frankfort, 71–73 and the Assyrian Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III a large and solid late one.Frankfort, 66–74; 167
The conquest of the whole of Mesopotamia and much surrounding territory by the Assyrians created a larger and wealthier state than the region had known before, and very grandiose art in palaces and public places, no doubt partly intended to match the splendour of the art of the neighbouring Egyptian empire. The Assyrians developed a style of extremely large schemes of very finely detailed narrative low reliefs in stone for palaces, with scenes of war or hunting; the British Museum has an outstanding collection. They produced very little sculpture in the round, except for colossal guardian figures, often the human-headed lamassu, which are sculpted in high relief on two sides of a rectangular block, with the heads effectively in the round (and also five legs, so that both views seem complete). Even before dominating the region they had continued the cylinder seal tradition with designs which are often exceptionally energetic and refined.Frankfort, 141–193
Main article: Architecture of Mesopotamia
The study of ancient Mesopotamian architecture is based on available archaeological evidence, pictorial representation of buildings, and texts on building practices. Scholarly literature usually concentrates on temples, palaces, city walls and gates, and other monumental buildings, but occasionally one finds works on residential architecture as well.Dunham, Sally , “Ancient Near Eastern architecture”, in Daniel Snell, A Companion to the Ancient Near East, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 266–280,ISBN 0-631-23293-1 Archaeological surface surveys also allowed for the study of urban form in early Mesopotamian cities.
Brick is the dominant material, as the material was freely available locally, whereas building stone had to be brought a considerable distance to most cities. The ziggurat is the most distinctive form, and cities often had large gateways, of which the Ishtar Gate from Neo-Babylonian Babylon, decorated with beasts in polychrome brick, is the most famous, now largely in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin.
The most notable architectural remains from early Mesopotamia are the temple complexes at Uruk from the 4th millennium BC, temples and palaces from the Early Dynastic period sites in the Diyala River valley such as Khafajah and Tell Asmar, the Third Dynasty of Ur remains at Nippur (Sanctuary of Enlil) and Ur (Sanctuary of Nanna), Middle Bronze Age remains at Syrian-Turkish sites of Ebla, Mari, Alalakh, Aleppo and Kultepe, Late Bronze Age palaces at Bogazkoy (Hattusha), Ugarit, Ashur and Nuzi, Iron Age palaces and temples at Assyrian (Kalhu/Nimrud, Khorsabad, Nineveh), Babylonian (Babylon), Urartian (Tushpa/Van, Kalesi, Cavustepe, Ayanis,Armavir, Erebuni, Bastam) and Neo-Hittite sites (Karkamis, Tell Halaf, Karatepe). Houses are mostly known from Old Babylonian remains at Nippur and Ur. Among the textual sources on building construction and associated rituals are Gudea’s cylinders from the late 3rd millennium are notable, as well as the Assyrian and Babylonian royal inscriptions from the Iron Age.
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|↑17||Thompson, William R. “Complexity, Diminishing Marginal Returns, and Serial Mesopotamian Fragmentation” [Vol 3, Journal of World Systems Research]|
|↑18, ↑19||Derbyshire, David [2010-01-20]. “Most Britons descended from male farmers who left Iraq and Syria 10,000 years ago”. London:Daily Mail. Retrieved 2010-12-10.|
|↑20||“Migrants from the Near East ‘brought farming to Europe’”. BBC. 2010-11-10. Retrieved 2010-12-10.|
|↑21||Pollock, Susan , Ancient Mesopotamia. The Eden that never was, Case Studies in Early Societies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 2,ISBN 978-0-521-57568-3|
|↑22||Finkelstein, J.J. , “Subartu and Subarian in Old Babylonian Sources”, [Journal of Cuneiform Studies Vol 9, No. 1]|
|↑23, ↑24, ↑25||Deutscher, Guy , Syntactic Change in Akkadian: The Evolution of Sentential Complementation, Oxford University Press US, pp. 20–21,ISBN 978-0-19-953222-3|
|↑26||Woods C. 2006 “Bilingualism, Scribal Learning, and the Death of Sumerian”. In S.L. Sanders [ed] Margins of Writing, Origins of Culture: 91-120 Chicago |
|↑27||Tatlow, Elisabeth Meier Women, Crime, and Punishment in Ancient Law and Society: The ancient Near East Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd. [31 March 2005] ISBN 978-0-8264-1628-5 p. 75|
|↑28||Eves, Howard An Introduction to the History of Mathematics Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1969 p. 31|
|↑29||D. Brown , Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology, Styx Publications, ISBN 90-5693-036-2.|
|↑30||Otto E. Neugebauer . “The History of Ancient Astronomy Problems and Methods”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 4 , p. 1-38.|
|↑31||George Sarton . “Chaldaean Astronomy of the Last Three Centuries B.C.”, Journal of the American Oriental Society 75 , p. 166-173 .|
|↑32||William P. D. Wightman [1951, 1953], The Growth of Scientific Ideas, Yale University Press p.38.|
|↑34||H. F. J. Horstmanshoff, Marten Stol, Cornelis Tilburg ,Magic and Rationality in Ancient Near Eastern and Graeco-Roman Medicine, p. 99,Brill Publishers, ISBN 90-04-13666-5.|
|↑35||Marten Stol , Epilepsy in Babylonia, p. 55, Brill Publishers,ISBN 90-72371-63-1.|
|↑36||H. F. J. Horstmanshoff, Marten Stol, Cornelis Tilburg , Magic and Rationality in Ancient Near Eastern and Graeco-Roman Medicine, p. 97-98, Brill Publishers, ISBN 90-04-13666-5.|
|↑37||H. F. J. Horstmanshoff, Marten Stol, Cornelis Tilburg ,Magic and Rationality in Ancient Near Eastern and Graeco-Roman Medicine, p. 99, Brill Publishers, ISBN 90-04-13666-5.|
|↑38||Marten Stol , Epilepsy in Babylonia, p. 5, Brill Publishers, ISBN 90-72371-63-1.|
|↑39||Stephanie Dalley and John Peter Oleson [January 2003]. “Sennacherib, Archimedes, and the Water Screw: The Context of Invention in the Ancient World”, Technology and Culture 44 .|
|↑40||Twist, Jo [20 November 2005], Open media to connect communities, BBC News, retrieved 6 August 2007|
|↑41||Giorgio Buccellati , “Wisdom and Not: The Case of Mesopotamia”, Journal of the American Oriental Society 101 , p. 35-47.|
|↑42, ↑48||Sheila C. Dow , “Axioms and Babylonian thought: a reply”, Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 27 , p. 385-391.|
|↑43||Giorgio Buccellati , “Wisdom and Not: The Case of Mesopotamia”, Journal of the American Oriental Society 101 (1), p. 35-47 43.|
|↑44||Karen Rhea Nemet-Nejat , Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia|
|↑45||Rivkah Harris , Gender and Aging in Mesopotamia|
|↑46||Bibby, Geoffrey and Phillips, Carl , “Looking for Dilmun” [Interlink Pub Group]|
|↑47||Richard Bulliet, Pamela Kyle Crossley, Daniel Headrick, Steven Hirsch, Lyman Johnson, David Northup [2010-01-01], The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History, Cengage Learning, 1 Jan 2010, ISBN 0538744383, retrieved 2012-05-30|
|↑49||H. W. F. Saggs – Professor Emeritus of Semitic Languages at University College, Cardiff , Babylonians, University of California Press, 1 Jun 2000, ISBN 9780520202221, retrieved 29 May 2012 ISBN 0520202228|
|↑50||Roux, Georges, “Ancient Iraq” [Penguin]|
|↑51, ↑53||Robert Dalling , The Story of Us Humans, from Atoms to Today’s Civilization|
|↑52||Winter, Irene J. . “After the Battle is Over: The ‘Stele of the Vultures’ and the Beginning of Historical Narrative in the Art of the Ancient Near East”. In Kessler, Herbert L.; Simpson, Marianna Shreve. Pictorial Narrative in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts, Symposium Series IV. 16. Washington DC: National Gallery of Art. pp. 11–32. ISSN 0091-7338.|
|↑54||Fensham, F. Charles [19620, “Widow, Orphan, and the Poor in Ancient near Eastern Legal and Wisdom Literature” [Journal of Near Eastern Studies Vol. 21, No. 2 [Apr., 1962], pp. 129-139|
|↑58||Frankfort, Chapters 2–5|
|↑62||Frankfort, 66–74; 167|
|↑64||Dunham, Sally , “Ancient Near Eastern architecture”, in Daniel Snell, A Companion to the Ancient Near East, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 266–280,ISBN 0-631-23293-1|
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This week we’re starting a new series on mindfulness — we’ll explore what mindfulness is at all, how mindfulness can help you have a happier relationship, and how to practice mindfulness in your daily life and relationship. So let's get right at it.
What is mindfulness?
You’ve probably heard of mindfulness, but what exactly is mindfulness? Essentially, you’re mindful when you pay attention to your experiences, and when you do so with an open mind. Being mindful means experiencing what is going on in the here and now, and doing so without any judgment.
Mindfulness in everyday life
You can be mindful in any situation in your life. For example, instead of rushing to get ready for the workday ahead, you can pay attention to brushing your teeth - how does the water sound when you open the faucet? Do you taste the toothpaste right away or does it take a few moments for your tastebuds to register the taste? Can you feel how the bristles brush around the edges of your teeth when you change the angle of the toothbrush?
When you’re at breakfast, take some time to notice the consistency of the yogurt and granola you eat. The frozen blueberries you heated up may still be warm and contrast with the cold yogurt. The yogurt may feel smooth in your mouth while the granola comes with the crunchiness you so appreciate… You get the idea!
Mindfulness toward your own feelings and situation
But mindfulness can also be used when dealing with your own emotions. When you’re feeling stressed out and anxious, sit still and focus on your feelings and what is going on around you in that very moment. What is happening in this moment? How fast is your heart beating? Are you breathing fast? Just be in the moment and experience what is happening. It is human to be upset or anxious at times, and these feelings will come and go.
Mindfulness in relationships
Mindfulness helps you stay in tune with your loved ones' lives and feelings, increasing the intimacy you experience with them.
You are preparing the family dinner and your 8-year-old daughter is with you. She keeps chatting about her day at school. It seems to have been just a regular day -- the teacher got upset when the class did not quiet down, it was cold and rainy during break so they had to stay inside, and she checked out a new book at the library.
Do you listen carefully to what your daughter has to say? Are you fully with her? Or are your thoughts somewhere else, on prepping the meal or all those other things on your to-do list you haven't been able to check off? Do you think your daughter notices when you're not listening to her attentively and just go "mmmhhh" from time to time?
So obviously you can be mindful of just about any situation in your daily life. But why would you even want to be mindful???
Mindfulness has many benefits for your life. When you’re mindful, you are better able to identify your emotions and to communicate these emotions effectively to your partner.
It also puts you in a position to solve conflicts more effectively because you are less likely to drown in the intense emotions and judgments a situation might bring with it. And you may be less distressed after the conflict.
Additionally, mindfulness helps you to accept your partner as they are. Yes, no one is perfect, and that’s just fine. We can't expect our partner to change themselves after every annoyance, but we can work toward accepting them as they are and getting less worked up by the behaviors that typically tend to annoy us. So you end up being happier in your relationship. And maybe, over time, if you ask for it enough, they actually will change!
Some people are more mindful by nature than others. But anybody can learn to be mindful by using the techniques we’ll introduce you to over the next weeks. Just try to them out and pick the ones which work best for you.
That said, mindfulness is something that needs to be practiced. So give each technique at least a couple of weeks to see if you like it and if it does something for you. Don’t give up too early!
Let’s try it out!
By now, you might be wondering how to practice mindfulness.
As an introduction, we’ll just start out with being mindful in everyday life.
How about a week of mindful eating?
Here are some guidelines:
- When you eat, concentrate on eating
- Pay attention to the texture, temperature, and taste of what you’re eating
- What are the colors of your food?
- Are you hungry as you start eating? Or are you eating just because an attractive food happened to cross your way?
- Do you notice cues that you’re getting fuller?
- How does eating this food influence the way you’re feeling? What kind of impact will it have on your body?
- What connections does your food have to the sun, water, fields, and other people?
If you practice mindful eating, another good effect is that you’re less likely to eat too fast or that signs you’re full will remain unnoticed. Slowing down might actually help you to eat healthier or even to lose some weight.
You can also choose to practice mindfulness in other areas of your everyday life. Pay close attention to what your partner or kids are saying, or try to be very present when you’re taking a shower. (I know I am NOT mindful when I am taking showers because half the time I can’t remember if I have already washed my hair or not!)
Give mindfulness a try for a few days to get into the habit of being mindful.
Over the next few weeks, we’ll show you how to
- integrate mindfulness into your daily life;
- use mindfulness techniques when you have a conflict with your partner;
- better keep your negative feelings in check when they arise;
- mindfully listen to and communicate with your loved ones;
- and much more!
So stay tuned!
Here are some of the sources that went into writing this article:
Barnes, S., Brown, K. W., Krusemark, E., Campbell, W. K., & Rogge, R. D. (2007). The role of mindfulness in romantic relationship satisfaction and responses to relationship stress. Journal of marital and family therapy, 33(4), 482-500.
Hertz, R. M., Laurent, H. K., & Laurent, S. M. (2015). Attachment mediates effects of trait mindfulness on stress responses to conflict. Mindfulness, 6(3), 483-489.
Kappen, G., Karremans, J. C., & Burk, W. J. (2019). Effects of a short online mindfulness intervention on relationship satisfaction and partner acceptance: The moderating role of trait mindfulness. Mindfulness, 10(10), 2186-2199.
Kappen, G., Karremans, J. C., Burk, W. J., & Buyukcan-Tetik, A. (2018). On the association between mindfulness and romantic relationship satisfaction: The role of partner acceptance. Mindfulness, 9(5), 1543-1556.
Karremans, J. C., van Schie, H. T., van Dongen, I., Kappen, G., Mori, G., van As, S., . . . van der Wal, R. C. (2019). Is mindfulness associated with interpersonal forgiveness? Emotion.
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The biblical season of “Counting the Omer” happens between Passover and Pentecost. Pentecost in the Bible is known as the Feast of Weeks, Shavuot in Hebrew, but it all means the same thing: 50 (pente) days, or the equivalent seven weeks (shavuot) if you’re counting in weeks.
Many ears are pricking up and eyes are opening to biblical matters in the wake of recent events, even among those for whom much of this Jewish stuff may be unfamiliar territory. But if it’s in the God-breathed word on your bookshelf, it concerns us all. Particularly in these extraordinary times, everything seems to be all the more magnified in meaning.
What’s with the counting?
In Leviticus 23, the chapter in which God lays down the law on how to celebrate all the feasts, He says this:
“You shall count seven full weeks from the day after the Sabbath, from the day that you brought the sheaf of the wave offering. You shall count fifty days to the day after the seventh Sabbath. Then you shall present a grain offering of new grain to the Lord.” (Leviticus 23:15-16)
God told His people to count 50 days after Passover. Each year they were to celebrate Passover on 14th Nisan, then the following Sunday was to be a celebration of Firstfruits. Sheaves of wheat are to be waved in the air, representing gratitude to God for the harvest and trust in His provision. Then, and only then, should The Counting begin. The counting is essentially the journey of waiting between Passover and Shavuot.
And that’s where we are, folks. In that season of counting. Waiting. Anticipation.
To understand the counting, we need to understand Shavuot. What’s this countdown leading up to?
Imagine what you might say to the Israelites who had just walked through the Red Sea with the drama of Sinai ahead of them. Looking back at the closed sea in shock, the Egyptian army gone forever and the water now apparently back to its original state… free at last! What a victory! What a miracle! That blood! That water! Now what?
Perhaps you might encourage them with words like these: “You have a long journey ahead of you. The way will be rocky and hard, but full of adventure. You will encounter hunger, thirst, illness, and will at times lose all hope, but God’s going to look after you. You will certainly get there in the end.”
Who could have imagined what was coming? But God was with them and was going to provide everything they needed along the way. God saw their journey coming with all its twists and turns, and He also saw the day they would arrive at the Promised Land. He knew every moment of that perilous journey and all that they would encounter.
This situation has a couple of parallels:
- One is our own journey to our heavenly home. We have been through the blood and water of salvation and baptism, we have been miraculously rescued from slavery and now we are walking in relationship with God. But we have not reached our eternal home yet, and the way there is fraught with difficulties. We’re going to need some help.
- The other parallel is the Calvary event where the blood of Jesus, our Passover Lamb was poured out for us, followed by the historic outpouring of His Spirit 50 days later at Pentecost. Jesus was with them for 40 of those days, then ascended into heaven, with the instruction: “WAIT!”
Wait! You’re gonna need this…
Shavuot is a time of gratitude, thanking God for all His provision. Traditionally, we celebrate the “Seven Species” and all that is given to us in the Promised Land:
For the Lord your God is bringing you into a good land—a land with brooks, streams, and deep springs gushing out into the valleys and hills; a land with wheat and barley, vines and fig trees, pomegranates, olive oil and honey; a land where bread will not be scarce and you will lack nothing; a land where the rocks are iron and you can dig copper out of the hills. (Deuteronomy 8:7-9)
God gave Israel a land of milk and honey, verdant, abundant, and flowing with goodness. Today milk and honey epitomize Shavuot in Israel, which has become something of a dairy goods festival! But milk and honey also represent the Torah. It is believed that the Torah was given to Israel at Shavuot, and many will stay awake all night, reading the Bible, for this reason.
David declared in Psalm 119:103:
“How sweet are your words to my taste, sweeter than honey to my mouth!”
Similarly, the phrase appears in Song of Songs 4:11:
“Sweetness drops from your lips, O bride; Honey and milk are under your tongue.”
Milk and honey here are thought to refer to the Torah, since Song of Songs is seen as an analogy of the love relationship between God and His people. Certainly, God’s word is both sweet and sustaining to all who know Him and love Him. Where would we be without the Bible? And where would we be without the Holy Spirit, poured out at Pentecost?
Pentecost celebrates God, the giver of all good gifts
Seven weeks after the Exodus, at Sinai, God graciously gave His people a guidebook – the Torah.
Seven weeks after the cross, at Pentecost, He gave them a personal guide – the Holy Spirit.
Today, we are greatly blessed to have both God’s Word and His Spirit to help us on our journey. And friends, we’re going to definitely need BOTH of them for what’s up ahead.
Shavuot is about our gratitude for God’s generosity, giving us everything we need as we travel on our journey home. We have forgiveness – as much as we are ever going to need. We have grace that never runs out and love that has no end. We have our Father God, the dread warrior by our side, an ever present help in times of trouble. We have His written Word to turn to and His Spirit to help us, embolden us and do the works of Jesus through us. We have everything we need for the journey.
“He who did not spare His own Son but gave Him up for us all, how will He not also with Him graciously give us all things?” (Romans 8:32)
In sending His Spirit to dwell in us, God has given us the power to live a completely different life. Elisha might have been sad to see the one who was discipling him disappear into the heavens, but he received a mantle of Elijah’s power and anointing, and went on to do even greater things. In the same way, the disciples might have felt a twinge of sorrow as Jesus disappeared from view, but they were to receive His own power not long after that. But as Jesus told them, they had to wait for it:
“I am going to send you what my Father has promised; but stay in the city until you have been clothed with power from on high.” (Luke 24:49)
Many have had a glimpse of life without well-stocked supermarkets and are now frantically planting vegetables and building chicken coops. The chaos caused by Coronavirus has been a sharp wake up call for how very unprepared we are. However, more than “preppers” in the natural who invest in tinned goods, bunkers and ammunition, we must be preparing spiritually. That means understanding the times we are in, and being ready for the new reality which lies ahead. We need to be prepping our hearts, and learning to walk in the power of the Holy Spirit.
We dare not to rush out in haste before we’re properly prepared. We too need to be clothed with power from on high.
We are witnessing the stirrings of a great end-time revival. Here in Israel we have seen a huge increase in spiritual interest and response1, as other countries also have around the world. In the UK, one in four 18-34 year olds tried out an online service of some kind during the lockdowns2 and Bible sales shot up both in terms of physical copies (some stores in the US sold out completely) as well as a sharp spike in downloaded apps.3 People are hungry and thirsty for truth and for meaning as our world has been shaken. We need to be ready to share the reason for the hope that we have.
What would you actually say or do if someone came to you, wanting to know how to read the Bible? How to get to know Jesus? Have you thought about that? Are you ready for it? But more than practical programs and strategies, the most important preparation we can do at this time is prepare our own hearts.
God is shaking the nations and it’s serious. It’s a time for repentance, starting with God’s house. That means you and I. It’s often said that revivals go as far as repentance goes deep. Let’s use this waiting time, this countdown to Pentecost, to listen closely to God’s heart. We can identify with His grief over sin – first of all in our own lives, but also our households, our congregations, and then our nations. God is moving. He is shaking the earth. He is calling, drawing, and bringing conviction. We need to be prepared and available to Him: holy, clean vessels, ready for Him to use for what lies ahead.
“Do you not know that your bodies are temples of the Holy Spirit, who is in you, whom you have received from God?” (1 Corinthians 6:19)
Just as the Israelites fearfully kept their distance from the mountain while God was imparting His word at Sinai… and just as disciples waited in the upper room at Pentecost, let us adopt an attitude of fearful reverence and expectation in this time of waiting. May repentance among the saints go deep, carving a great channel for the Spirit to flow. Prepare the way of the Lord!
- Watch our video report:
The Observer, British public turn to prayer as one in four tune in to religious services, Harriet Sharwood, 3 May 2020
- New Statesman, How Coronavirus is leading to a religious revival, Sebastian Shehadi and Miriam Partington, 27 April 2020
Photo by Henry Be on Unsplash
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Over the past few months, you’ve probably heard about an important climate change bill, An Act creating a next-generation roadmap for Massachusetts climate policy, making progress through the Massachusetts State House, with some bumps along the way. Here’s a recap of what’s been going on.
What’s in the bill?
The Next-generation Roadmap bill is a critical set of climate goals that will allow us to enact climate mitigation and adaptation strategies, protecting both the people and wildlife of Massachusetts from climate change’s worst impacts. This bill would establish targets to reach net zero emissions by 2050; expand support for clean renewables; ensure the prioritization of Environmental Justice communities that have historically suffered most from environmental degradation and public health impacts; and highlight the role of forests, farmlands and wetlands in capturing and storing carbon.
What’s the Roadmap’s current status?
At the end of the 2019-2020 legislative session, the legislature approved the bill and sent it to Governor Baker’s desk for his signature – the last step needed for it to become law. However, passing the bill that close to the session’s end meant that the Governor wasn’t able to make changes. He ultimately chose not to sign it, effectively vetoing the bill.
Now that a new legislative session has started, the legislature has already prioritized the re-filed Roadmap bill, passing it once more and sending it to the Governor’s desk for the second time. Importantly, this time the Governor had the ability to propose changes to the bill, and sent it back to the legislature with amendments.
The Governor’s changes to the Roadmap bill include:
- A compromise emissions reduction goal of 45-50% by 2030, vs. the stricter 50% goal set by the original bill. Similarly, the Governor’s changes would set a 2040 emissions reduction goal of 65% vs. the original bill’s 75%
- Changing sector-specific emissions reduction targets to recommendations rather than requirements
- Loosening requirements and timelines for net-zero building stretch codes
- Strengthening language around prioritization of Environmental Justice communities
- Dropping opposition to more ambitious offshore wind targets
Now the legislature can decide to accept, reject, or further revise the Governor’s amendments. Mass Audubon is advocating for swift passage of the strongest version of the bill possible.
We’re nearly over the finish line! Once these climate goals are codified into law we can move to action, implementing the solutions we so urgently need.
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The Holocaust was the systematic, state persecution and murder of six million European Jews by the Nazi regime in Germany and its allies and collaborators. The Holocaust was an ongoing process that took place across Europe from 1933 to 1945. This website provides additional context about the Holocaust as it occurred in Ukraine in particular. It explores the history of Jews in Ukraine before, during, and after the Holocaust through articles, personal stories, historical photographs, artifacts, maps, and more.
This resource is part of The Piotr and Basheva Polsky Memorial Initiative for the Study of Ukrainian Jewry and was made possible by a generous gift from Michael P. and Tanya Polsky.
Learn basic information about the Holocaust.
Learn how Ukraine was impacted by World War II, how international borders changed during the 20th century, and what that meant for Jews living on Ukrainian lands.
Explore the stories of Jews and Jewish communities who lived in Ukraine before, during, and after the Holocaust.
Browse everything in the Holocaust Encyclopedia tagged with “Ukraine.”
Search the Museum’s Collections
We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. View the list of all donors.
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the air that I breathe
When I don’t live in Mt. Lebanon, I live in San Diego, in a house overlooking the Pacific Ocean. The view is spectacular, and we spend evenings sitting on the patio sipping wine and nibbling on any variety of cheeses and crackers that we stockpile for these occasions, watching the sun set.
In Mt. Lebanon, we sit on our back patio surrounded by sky-high pine trees, pots of flowers, and citronella candles. We stockpile mosquito repellent and keep it handy by the back door.
Comparatively, we should consider ourselves fortunate to be able to breathe that clean, fresh, healthy ocean air.
But wait a second … chances are that our Pittsburgh air is healthier for us than the ocean air.
When we think about ocean air, we often think of cool breezes that blow air untouched by humans from hundreds of miles out at sea to the coast.
But what most people don’t realize is that the air that comes from the open seas actually comes from other continents all over the world, picking up various particles along the way. It takes less than a week to arrive on U.S. coasts. After accounting for various effects of the atmosphere, in essence we’re all breathing a mixture of air that could include byproducts of industry from Asia and dust from Africa.
Stop to think about what air is made of: Other than the 78 percent nitrogen and 21 percent oxygen, at sea level, air contains about 1 percent water vapor; inland that percentage is about 0.4 percent. So whatever contaminants go into the ocean will also get into the ocean air, more so along the coast.
That’s right: knowing what goes into the ocean means that we know what goes into the ocean air—everything from well known industrial pollutants like mercury or lead to less familiar threats like salts or viruses—we just don’t think of ocean air that way.
Here’s how it happens: the top one millimeter or so of the ocean’s surface is responsible for transferring particulate matter from the water to the air via ocean spray. When waves break and make ocean spray, the spray releases gases and aerosols into the atmosphere and into the air we breathe. Most people are somewhat familiar with aerosols. Aerosols are very fine particles suspended in gases, and most people use them in substances like hair spray or air freshener. When we talk about aerosols in ocean spray, those particles can include bacteria, salts, chemicals and more—the types of things that we find in the ocean itself.
In Southern California we have beach advisories that warn of unhealthy conditions, not only for what may be in the water and sand but also for what may be in the ocean air.
I know Pittsburgh is far removed from any oceans, but I grew up here and remember the smokestacks and polluted rivers and see how environmental awareness and knowledge have changed all of that to create cleaner air and water. The problem is that air quality is not a local problem.
Look at it this way: We worry about what we put in our bodies, so we drink bottled water, buy organic vegetables and use phosphate-free detergents to avoid toxins. But we don’t eat and drink nonstop all day, every day. Conversely, we breathe 100 percent of our lives, but what do we do to avoid inhaling toxins?
My family and I enjoy being bicoastal. In one sense, there is a night-and-day difference between our two homes that makes them seem worlds apart. In another sense, we can travel that distance quite easily, which continues to remind us how small our planet is. When we sit on the California patio and the sun sets over the horizon, the ocean seems endless. In real life, though, we have to remember that we can easily travel over it to land on the other side in just a few hours.
You are correct that the air in Pittsburgh is generally better than it used to be; however, Pittsburgh’s airshed is consistently among the dirtiest in the country. If you’d like to compare, check out the Breathe Project’s “Breathe Meter” at http://breatheproject.org/learn/breathe-meter/
Today, Pittsburgh is in the 15th percentile while San Diego/Carlsbad/San Marcos is at the 23rd.
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I find nothing more rewarding, honestly, than seeing people get recognized and championed for what they’ve done. – Dr. Jess Wade
As far as centuries go, the 21st one is a relatively good time to be a girl with an interest in STEM.
Modern science-loving girls find themselves born into a world where books and TV shows celebrating their interest proliferate. Their classrooms are festooned with posters of trailblazing female scientists. Even Barbie has ditched her bathing suit for a lab coat and a microscope.
You’d think Wikipedia would have kept pace in this climate.
And it has…thanks almost entirely to the efforts of Dr. Jess Wade, a 33-year-old Imperial College Research Fellow who spends her days investigating spin selective charge transport through chiral systems in the Department of Materials.
Her evenings, however, belong to Wikipedia.
That’s when she drafts entries for under recognized female scientists and scientists of color.
“I had a target for doing one a day, but sometimes I get too excited and do three,” she told The Guardian in 2018.
To date she’s added more than 1,600 names, striving to make their biographies as fully fleshed out as any of the write ups for the white male scientists who flourish on the site.
This requires some forensic digging. Discovering a subject’s maiden name is often the critical step to finding her PhD thesis and early influences.
A handful of Wade’s entries have been stricken for the truly maddening reason that their subjects are too obscure to warrant inclusion.
Wade’s own Wikipedia entry notes the hypocrisy of this logic, referring readers to a 2019 Chemistry World article in which she’s quoted:
When you make a page and it is disputed for deletion, it is not only annoying because your work is being deleted. It’s also incredibly intrusive and degrading to have someone discuss whether someone’s notable enough to be on Wikipedia – a website that has pages about almost every pop song, people who are extras in films no one has ever heard of and people who were in sports teams that never scored.
Below are just a few of the 1600+ female scientists she’s introduced to a wider audience. While history abounds with nearly invisible names whose discoveries and contributions have been inadequately recognized, or all too frequently attributed to male colleagues, these women are all contemporary.
Nuclear chemist Clarice Phelps was part of the team that helped discover, tennessine, the second heaviest known element.
Mathematician Gladys Mae West was one of the developers of GPS.
Physical chemist June Lindsey played a key role in the discovery of the DNA double helix.
Oceanographer and climate scientist Kim Cobb uses corals and cave stalagmites to inform projections of future climate change.
Vaccinologist Sarah Gilbert led the team that developed the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine (and inspired a Barbie created in her image, though you can be assured that the Wikipedia entry Wade researched and wrote for her came first.)
Wade’s hope is that a higher representation of female scientists and scientists of color on a crowdsourced, easily-accessed platform like Wikipedia will deal a blow to ingrained gender bias, expanding public perception of who can participate in these sorts of careers and encouraging young girls to pursue these courses of study. As she told the New York Times:
I’ve always done a lot of work to try to get young people — particularly girls and children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds and people of color — to think about studying physics at high school, because physics is still very much that kind of elitist, white boy subject.
Our science can only benefit the whole of society if it’s done by the whole of society. And that’s not currently the case.
Unsurprisingly, Wade is often asked how to foster and support girls with an interest in science, beyond upping the number of role models available to them on Wikipedia.
The way forward, she told NBC, is not attention-getting “whiz bang” one-off events and assemblies, but rather paying skilled teachers as well as bankers, to mentor students on their course of study, and also help them apply for grants, fellowships and other opportunities. As students prepare to enter the workforce, clearly communicated sexual harassment policies and assistance with childcare and eldercare become crucial:
Ultimately, we don’t only need to increase the number of girls choosing science, we need to increase the proportion of women who stay in science.
Listen to Jess Wade talk about her Wikipedia project on NPR’s science program Short Wave here.
Women Scientists Launch a Database Featuring the Work of 9,000 Women Working in the Sciences
“The Matilda Effect”: How Pioneering Women Scientists Have Been Denied Recognition and Written Out of Science History
The Little-Known Female Scientists Who Mapped 400,000 Stars Over a Century Ago: An Introduction to the “Harvard Computers”
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Aperture | The Exposure Triangle
- The Baby Photographer
- Photography Basics With Memory Gate
- Published on Wednesday, 06 March 2013 15:00
- Last Updated on 06 March 2013
- Michael Shilling
- 8 Comments
In final corner of our exposure triangle is nearly complete! We’ve cover ISO and Shutter Speed now its time for Aperture.
Control over Aperture is really where photography goes from mmmmh to AWESOME. The reason is that we can add depth to our images. We can make two-dimensional images appear to look three-dimensional without the need for silly glasses, now that’s magic!
When I first starting learning about apertures at college (many moons ago) it did confuse me a little at first so let me try to keep it’s explanation as simple as I can.
Aperture = The size of the opening which let’s the light in
Doesn’t sound complicated and you’re probably wondering how this can make your images awesome……so let me continue.
When you snap a picture your lens aperture opens up to the desired aperture size (that you set) and lets light onto your camera. The larger the aperture the more light is let into the camera.
Your aperture size is measured in f stops. Each f stop is larger than the last (or smaller than if you go the other way). Typical f stops you might have on your camera – f2.8, f3.2, f3.5, f4, f4.5, f5, f5.6 f6.3, f7.1, f8 f9 f10 f11……f22
The bigger the f stop the smaller the hole and the less amount light let in.
Isn’t it just! But try to think about it like this.
Big number = big depth of field
What’s depth of field I hear you ask? Well let me explain….
Depth of field
This is where the fun starts (a the awesomeness).
Depth of field is the amount of area in your shot which will be in focus.
Use a big (sorry small) aperture like f22 then lots and lots of your scene will be in focus. This is great for landscape photography but remember that an f stop like f22 isn’t going to be letting much light into your camera.
Use a wide open aperture like f2.8 and then you will have a very shallow depth of field and only a small area (normally where you focused) will be in focus.
This is great for portraits as you can focus the subject and the background will appear blurry.
This effect will increase the closer you are to you subject or the type of lens you are using. This is where it does get far too complicated but it’s worth downloading one of the many DOF phone apps that will guide you through some calculations.
This one is best done in the garden.
Set up your camera on a tripod and set up a model in the middle of the garden about a meter or two from your camera.
Set your camera to A (aperture priority mode)
Start off taking the same photo from the same distance of your subject.
Begin with the largest aperture your lens has (around f2.8 normally) and work your way up to the smallest (around f22)
Examine the results
Do this again but set up your camera just inches away from your subject and once again a couple more meters away.
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Noting the importance of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) at a townhall meeting this week, Agricultural Minister Alfred Prospere called on farmers to embrace CSA in order for the sector to grow.
Whilst climate change continues to be a threat to the environment, farmers can take advantage of CSA, Prospere indicated. Climate-smart agriculture techniques can help farmers adapt to and prepare for impacts in order to preserve—and even improve—their livelihoods, Rainforest Alliance shared in an article on its website recently.
Further, Prospere said, farmers must be aware of climate change and its effects.
“Climate change is real and it is impacting the agricultural sector so our farmers must be aware of the implications that climate change can have on production, water quality and quantity (and) soils, and ensure that (they) are able to adjust to climate-smart agriculture,” Prospere said.
According to him, farmers must adopt new measures in order to move forward.
“We cannot do the same things we did 20 years ago; farmers need to change the way (they) do things,” the minister said adding that farmers “need to think (about) changing things (like) forks” as they no longer assist farmers.
“Your cost of production will continue to increase and your profit margin will always be low. We spoke to the Taiwanese and they have now brought into Saint Lucia some small implements that would allow our farmers to reduce the cost of production,” Prospere said.
Though the sector has its challenges, the Ministry of Agriculture is playing its part, he observed. Prospere also brought up the issue of food security noting that it’s not just a local problem.
“We are faced with challenges in the sector and we must do something about it. Agriculture is a very important sector in any country because we all depend on food. Food security is a global problem. The issues surrounding food security does not only exist in Saint Lucia. It’s a significant problem that we must tackle as a government,” Prospere said, adding that it is critical for government to diversify the sector.
Whilst the war between Russia and Ukraine dealt a nasty blow to the industry, the minister said government is trying to cushion the blow for farmers by way of subsidies. Government is also working towards getting some level of insurance coverage for farmers, fishers, and others involved in the sector.
“(The) sack of salt we were buying $48.00 two years ago is now $105.00. We didn’t know that would happen but it’s not government… that all happened because of the Ukraine-Russia war. Government understands the challenge our farmers face in terms of getting fertilizer and other farming goods and we are in the process of helping them especially our banana farmers,” the minister said, adding “we gave a 30% subsidy on fertilizer to our banana farmers in September last year and just two weeks ago commenced the second phase of the fertilizer subsidy.”
Prospere also provided an update on the 7-Crops Project which is currently in its second phase. According to the Ministry, the objective of the project is to create an enabling environment for the increased production of selected agricultural commodities in order to help in the reduction of Saint Lucia’s food import bill.
On its website, the Ministry noted that Saint Lucia’s importation of agricultural produce was approximately EC $27 million in 2016. The anticipated impact of this initiative will be an increased reliance on domestic agricultural produce for the supply of adequate, safe and nutritious food, to satisfy the national demand for food, the Ministry stated.
“We know our food import bill (is) high. CARICOM has taken a decision by 2025 to reduce our food import bill by 25% and as a government we are working towards achieving that. (The) 7-Crops Programme (was) funded by the Taiwanese government. We are targeting seven crops (amongst them) pineapple, watermelon, cantaloupe, cabbage, tomato and sweet pepper. Just last week we had a seedling distribution sale … we are targeting close to 250,000 seedlings (and we will sell it for farmers at) 20 cents for one,” Prospere said.
“We have a programme currently in my ministry where we are targeting one million cocoa trees (for us to help farmers). In the coming weeks we will be providing seedlings to farmers at a subsidized price; we will be rehabilitating a lot of those cocoa plantations to be able to get them back into production. We know there is (a) cocoa disease; we also will be working towards helping to control the disease,” he added.
Regarding Saint Lucia’s banana industry, Prospere said “we were able to recommence exports of our bananas to the UK but unfortunately because of supply chain issues and the consistent poor quality of our fruits going to the UK, we had to come to a halt in terms of exports of bananas… as a result we are only at this time exporting bananas to the region.”
The Ministry, however, is working together with farmers “to be able to resume exports of bananas to the UK. We have to do a number of things in terms of making sure that we get our quality right, but currently we are doing excellent work in terms of the region.”
Be careful wit the use of mechanized equipment in farming.
Conduct a comprehensive study of its effect on
1. Soil erosion, especially during the
frequent and heavy rainstorms
presented in this climate change
2. The loss of soil fertility as essential
minerals are depleted by over
mechanization of the land
While it is necessary for us to adopt innovative methods of food production in order to adapt to the changes demanded in climate and weather patterns, the result of rushing to throw away the “fak” to use the motor instead may prove more catastrophic to St. Lucia’s agricultural advance.
Please, study this thing carefully. Conduct a test sample, get all the pros and cons of the method before we end up eating sabre twapay ec wassin baboo in St. Lucia-dan.
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Across America, drivers are spending obscene amounts of cash or plastic on filling up their tanks (when they can afford the complete fill-up). Now more than ever, consumers are taking vehicle size into account when purchasing or driving their automobiles.
According to the U.S. Department of Energy, the most common misunderstanding concerning fuel economy relates to the benefit of driving a small car. It is believed by most Americans that driving a compact or electric vehicle is more cost-effective at the pump than driving a larger vehicle.
Numerous technological advancements, such as diesel engines and turbocharging, allow larger vehicles to be fuel efficient as well. By the end of 2010, it was reported that a small car didn’t even take the number one spot in fuel efficiency.
Of course, this is not to say that large vehicles are always more economic than smaller ones. But don’t let fuel prices deter you from buying or driving your dream truck. Manufacturers today know that gasoline prices worry their consumer base, and factor this into their design.
For more common misconceptions regarding fuel economy, check out the US Department of Energy website.
7 thoughts on “Common Misconceptions Regarding Fuel Economy”
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Avalanches have already claimed 19 lives in Europe this season. Before the end of winter, there will be another 100,000 avalanches in the European Alps alone. Around the world, about 150 people will fall victim to the ‘white death.’
Here we answer some frequently asked questions about avalanches, including how to avoid them and stay safe.
Some of the links in this article may contain affiliate links. When you purchase using these links, part of the proceeds go to Snowshoe Mag. Additionally, as Amazon Associates, we earn from qualifying purchases. Please see our disclosure for more details.
What damage can an avalanche cause?
Unless you have witnessed an avalanche, you will have minimal idea of their terrifying destructive force.
Avalanches have been clocked traveling at speeds of up to 360 km per hour (225 miles/hr), the top speed of a MacLaren F1 or Ferrari Enzo. So imagine a line of these supercars, often up to several hundred metres wide, racing towards you at high speed!
A typical dry snow avalanche travels around 130 km per hour (80 m/hr). It reaches this speed within five seconds after it fractures, with acceleration similar to a BMW 5 Series. As a result, there is little chance of outskiing an avalanche, let alone escaping on foot!
The force of an avalanche depends a lot on its speed. However, a low-speed avalanche of about 20km per hour (12 m/hr) will generate enough force (100 kPa) to instantly uproot a mature spruce tree. On the other hand, uprooting that same tree would take a lumberjack armed with a chainsaw over an hour.
A high-speed powder avalanche can create forces of up to 1000 kPa, enough to move reinforced concrete structures, such as chalets and bridges. This force equates to about 145 psi, which is five times the pressure of your car tire. With these forces, avalanche debris is often compacted to the density of concrete.
What triggers an avalanche?
In approximately 90 percent of all avalanche accidents, the victim or someone in the victim’s party triggers the slide. Avalanches are the only natural hazard in the world that the victim commonly triggers.
Noise does not trigger avalanches. So although the idea is a convenient plot device in movies, don’t worry if Heidi is yodeling in the valley.
Keep an eye out for the warning signs to avoid triggering an avalanche.
Read More: Why All Snowshoers Should Be Avalanche Aware (Even Beginners)
Where do avalanches occur?
After all this doom and gloom, it’s important to state that you don’t need to become a snow scientist to stay safe. However, there are a few general principles and danger zones in the field that, if respected, will save your life.
Avalanches do not strike without warning. They happen in particular places due to specific combinations of snow and weather conditions. There are almost always visible signs that these conditions exist.
Most avalanches occur on slopes of 30 to 45 degrees, but large ones can occur on slopes as little as 25 degrees. You can measure these angles in the field with your trekking poles. Stand one pole vertically and the other horizontally, with one tip on top of the vertical pole and the other against the snow.
If the horizontal pole handle touches the snow, the angle is 45°. If you have to lower the horizontal pole to halfway down the vertical pole for the handle to touch the snow, the pitch is roughly 25°. Over 99.8 percent of avalanche accidents occur in the backcountry where there is no avalanche control.
Read More: Avalanche Safety Basics for Snowshoers: Warning Signs and Danger Zones
Why do avalanches happen?
Without diving too deep into the snow science, avalanches occur when a weak layer in the snowpack can no longer support the weight of a stronger layer/slab above it. You’ll need to judge two sets of factors for avalanche avoidance: first, how the stronger and weaker layers form, and second, how the weight of the stronger layer is affected.
For the first factor, the layers are mainly formed through temperature differences, creating different crystal shapes, water contents, and features such as depth hoar. Unless you get training in this field, the section on key warning signs below should suffice to keep you safe.
For the second factor, you can judge weight in the stronger slabs in the field. As mentioned above, the vast majority of avalanche victims caused (or someone else in the group caused) the avalanche that killed them. Therefore, you can minimize the group weight on the snowpack by traveling across risk areas one by one rather than as a group with a high combined weight.
What are the warning signs of an avalanche?
Here are a few other warning signs to look out for when snowshoeing.
The best warning is seeing evidence of recent avalanches. Don’t be lulled into a false sense of security, though, as several avalanches can follow the same route each season.
You may see shooting cracks in the snow, a sign of slab formation. Also, if there is any evidence of recent high winds or snow drifting, be extra vigilant, as windslab avalanches could occur.
Another warning sign is when the snow collapses in a wide area around your weight, which indicates a hard slab over a weaker layer. Finally, be extremely careful if there is a forecast for rain or snow during your outing. The weight of water entering the snowpack can trigger a natural avalanche.
Another common warning sign to look out for is sun balls. Imagine making a snowball by rolling some snow down a slope so it accumulates, which will look like a sun ball.
Sun balls form naturally by solar warming, which causes some snow to slough and fall down the slope, accumulating as it travels. They are also a warning sign of a large temperature gradient, which can cause instability in the snowpack.
The most dangerous avalanches usually occur on convex slopes, as there is significant stress within the snowpack as it bends over the rounded slope. Look at the contours on your map to identify these slopes before you set off.
Leeward (downwind side of a ridge or mountain) slopes are also hazardous because windblown snow adds depth, creating hard, hollow-sounding wind slabs.
If you are going out, keep to non-corniced ridges or windward slopes. Following an old track does not necessarily mean a slope is safe, as the wind direction may have changed. Look out for raised footprints, as this is a sign of wind scouring, and the incidence of windslab on the mountain will be high.
Plan your route to avoid terrain traps, which are the likely tracks that an avalanche will follow when triggered. A prominent example of a terrain trap is a gully, which acts as a natural avalanche chute.
Most natural avalanches occur within a day of heavy snowfall. However, a whole mountain may become hazardous during a snowfall of an accumulation rate of an inch or more an hour. If this is forecast, it is best to head down to the pub for the day.
Be aware of the weather during the day for avalanche avoidance. Rapid changes in wind, temperature, and snowfall cause changes in the snowpack and may affect stability.
Read More: 6 Ways To Refresh Your Safety for Winter Hiking and Snowshoeing
How should I prepare for avalanches?
Before going out onto the mountain, prepare by doing the following.
Check the advisory
Over 90 percent of avalanche fatalities did not check the avalanche advisory before heading out. Therefore, checking the forecast is imperative for avalanche avoidance. These avalanche forecasts are available online, by phone, at cable car stations, tourist offices, and radio reports in mountain areas.
Check out the Scottish Avalanche Information Service website for avalanche forecasts in the U.K. For U.S. avalanche forecasts, visit avalanche.org, and for Canada, visit Avalanche Canada.
Bring the equipment
You should pack your avalanche safety kit, which includes an avalanche transceiver, probe, and snow shovel. These are essential for everyone on the team.
In the event of an accident, there are a ‘golden’ 15 minutes to recover a buried victim before their survival chances plummet. After thirty minutes, survival chances decrease from 93% to 50%, down to 26% after forty-five minutes, and 5% after two hours.
With statistics like this, you need to practice and get professional training. Ensure you turn off your phone, as the signal can seriously affect transceivers. Furthermore, ensure that you wear your transceiver close to your body, not in a pocket or rucksack, so it doesn’t get separated from you in the event of an avalanche.
Read More: Avalanche Awareness for Snowshoers
What should I do in an avalanche?
If caught in a slide, try to get off the slab. Alternatively, grab a tree as soon as you can. After a few seconds, it will be impossible because of the rapid acceleration of the avalanche. The human instinct for survival will kick in, and you will try and ‘swim’ to the surface. Without doing this, you will sink below the surface, as snow can be up to 90% air, and the human body is denser.
Three-quarters of victims die from asphyxiation (breathing their carbon dioxide), and a quarter of victims die from trauma caused by hitting trees and rocks on the way down. Only 2 percent live long enough to die from hypothermia. Due to the asphyxiation concerns, keep your mouth closed, and don’t shout or cry out. If you stay conscious as you feel the avalanche come to a stop, it is essential to try and protect your head with your arms to create an air pocket to help you breathe.
Another popular myth is if buried that you can spit out of your mouth to work out which way is up and down. Considering that a cubic meter of snow weighs 250kg (the weight of a fully grown male lion), you won’t manage to dig yourself out. Some fatalities have been recovered from just 10cm (4 in) beneath the surface.
What do search and rescuer do in an avalanche?
The full scope of what rescuers do is really beyond this article. But you cannot rely on emergency services to assist and not prepare otherwise. Typically, the call-out response time is over 20 minutes, beyond the ‘Golden’ 15 minutes.
If avalanched, you are more likely reliant on your equipment and the training of your companions. The key lesson of this is never to travel alone in avalanche terrain. Being reliant on equipment and training may be a sobering thought, so if in doubt, make sure you’re prepared.
If you have witnessed an avalanche in the field, call for assistance. The victims are likely to have suffered trauma, shock, and hypothermia. If you cannot locate the victims, the rescue teams may bring in trained searchers and dogs. Our four-legged friends can find a buried victim eight times faster than a 20-person team equipped with avalanche probes.
We can avoid the vast majority of avalanche accidents with little knowledge. Almost all avalanche accidents occur with people who are very skilled in their sport. Despite this expertise, their avalanche skills usually lag far behind their sports skills.
So be very diligent about your planning before you set out and get avalanche and weather forecasts. Let someone know where you are traveling. Additionally, ensure you go with a friend(s) and equip everyone with avalanche safety kits.
On the hill, don’t be afraid to change your plans in reaction to warning signs that you identify. If any risk is identified, minimize it by reducing your impact on the snowpack.
Increasingly, travelers are willing to see the safety precautions as a necessary part of the day rather than a bit of a drag. The key to safety in mountainous conditions is some basic avalanche awareness knowledge.
What other avalanche avoidance tips do you recommend? Please share your thoughts with us in the comments below.
This article was first published on October 9, 2008. It was reformatted in December 2019 and most recently updated on January 10, 2023.
Read Next: Safety First: Snowshoeing Hazards and How To Avoid Them
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Author : George A. Rose
Genre : Technology & Engineering
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN : 9781119460671
Type book : PDF, Epub, Kindle and Mobi
File Download : 416 page
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A comprehensive handbook, covering all aspects of the Atlantic cod including the biology, ecology, life histories, behaviour, commercial exploitation and conservation Not only is Atlantic cod one of the most valuable food fish in the world’s oceans, it is an important component of North Atlantic ecosystems and has been subject to much research into its biology, ecology and exploitation. After hundreds of years of exploitation, overfishing in the last half of the 20th Century caused many stocks to collapse, most famously the Northern cod stock off Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Since then, most cod stocks have been better researched and managed, but remain in a variety of states, from fully recovered to continued decline. This book, written by world experts, describes that research and management, and the importance of cod and its fisheries on North Atlantic cultures and economies, with impacts well beyond the range of the species. Atlantic Cod: Bio-Ecology of the Fish offers insightful chapter coverage of cod nomenclature, taxonomy, phylogeny and morphology; physiology and ecophysiology; reproduction and spawning behavior; early life history and pre-recruitment processes; migrations, movements and stock identity; feeding, growth and energetics; the place of cod in the ecosystem; the exploitation of cod through history and present day commercial fisheries and precautionary management for sustainable fisheries; impacts of climate change on cod biology and ecology; and the future of the species and its fisheries. Discusses the major commercial importance of Atlantic cod through history Provides a comprehensive treatment of the bio-ecology of the most researched and highly exploited fully marine species Examines how the decline (and recovery) of cod stocks is of great political and scientific interest An essential purchase for marine fisheries scientists Atlantic Cod: Bio-Ecology of the Fish is a vital book for all fisheries scientists, managers and fish biologists.
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Scientific research has shown that air quality has a great impact on pregnant mothers and babies in the abdomen. Pregnant women in a polluted environment for a long time can lead to pregnancy syndrome, decreased neonatal constitution and even fetal malformations. The clean air environment helps the baby’s intellectual development.
Ordinary mother-child purifiers can only remove inhalable particles and PM2.5 large particles that are not harmful to health because of the thin filter screen. Except for ultra-fine particles, chemical vapor pollutants cannot be removed. In particular, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides in smog, chemical vapor pollutants such as decoration pollution, such as formaldehyde pollution, are less than 0.4 micrometers in diameter, and the removal is extremely difficult.
Therefore, the ordinary mother-child purifier can only maintain the indoor sub-clean environment at best. Only a professional mother-child purifier that can remove PM2.5 ultrafine particles and chemical gas pollutants can create a complete maternal and child health. Clean indoor environment. How to choose the real maternal and child air purifier?
- Efficient purification of PM2.5.
Maternal and infant populations are at a critical stage of life and growth, with special physical functions, sensitive respiratory systems, poor body resistance, and a higher incidence of respiratory diseases than the general population. Plus this group stays indoors for most of the time, so Indoor air quality requirements are extremely demanding, and the air purifiers used by the general public simply cannot meet their needs.
On the other hand, infants and young children’s respiratory tract and immune function are not perfect, long-term inhalation of PM2.5 and other particulate matter in the air, it is easy to induce conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, asthma and other infant diseases. Therefore, the maternal and child air purifier brand should have an efficient ability to remove particulate matter.
2, sterilization and disinfection efficacy is indispensable.
It should be noted that there are thousands of bacterial viruses lurking around us, such as influenza virus, H1N1 virus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, etc., which are highly susceptible to cross-infection of influenza virus and respiratory diseases, and weak immunity. Pregnant women and infants and young children are just susceptible people. Air negative ions have the reputation of “air vitamin”, “vitamin” and “longevity” in the medical world. They can not only protect human organs, improve human immunity, but also possible to achieve the purpose of sterilization by inverting the polarity of the potential of microorganisms such as bacterial viruses.
At present, the bactericidal effect is obvious, ultraviolet sterilizing, because of the large radiation area and good bactericidal effect; it is widely used in the maternal and child series air purifier products. Such as Olansi air purifier, built-in sterilization layer, effectively inhibit bacterial growth, spores, mycobacteria, coronavirus, fungi and other harmful bacteria.
- Effectively remove harmful gases such as formaldehyde.
Harmful gases such as formaldehyde and benzene have become another major source of indoor air quality in modern homes. The air pollutants left in formaldehyde and other interior decoration have large molecular mass and are easy to be suspended in the lower interval of about 1 meter. The infants are short and tall, and are mostly in sitting or crawling state. The daily activity area is benefiting from the hardest hit areas where harmful gases such as formaldehyde are concentrated.
Olansi is a leading manufacturer based in Guangzhou. Olansi offer their products more than 40 countries and all main markets, providing first class service and support at all times. The company has been operating since 2009 and has almost 10 years experiences in the field of air purifier and water purifier producing. To find out more, please visit: https://www.olansi.net/
Company Name: Guangzhou Olansi Healthcare Co., Ltd
Contact Person: Hayden Xu
Phone/Wechat/whatsapp: +86-135 8053 3653
State: Guangdong Province
Read more: https://www.olansi.net/product-category/china-air-purifiers/
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Purpose of Treatment
The replacement of missing teeth by attachment of artificial teeth to adjacent teeth by means of cemented or bonded retainers (caps or crowns). This form of treatment is called a “bridge”, “fixed bridge”, “bridgework” or “fixed prosthesis”. These terms are helpful in differentiating between a removable prosthesis (denture) which is not cemented or “fixed” in place.
Benefits of Treatment
These often complex restorations allow patients to enjoy the advantages of maintaining their teeth in a way that is very similar to having their own teeth. These benefits include, in addition to appearance and chewing considerations, an important oral health aspect. Teeth restored with crowns and bridges help significantly in preserving the facial appearance, shape, and the contour of the jaws.
Sometimes the most sensitive way to fill a gap is to utilise fillings that already exist in adjacent teeth. These fillings are removed and matching 'wings' attached to the bridge which fit into the spaces.
An adhesive bridge is non destructive. A bridge is prepared and 'stuck' to the inside of the adjacent tooth.
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<urn:uuid:13e2d58c-f511-4aab-9924-55c90aecb012>
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https://errigaldental.com/bridges
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Practical Aspects Of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Difference between an obsession and a delusional belief
The difference between obsession and delusion is clear. The obsessions frequently relate to ideas about contamination, symmetry and aggressive instincts. However, they are known as illogical and creation of own awareness by the patients while delusions are secure fixed, untrue views that are said to be true notwithstanding very robust evidence to imply that these are incorrect. In that study, conclusions were made that OCD and psychosis might occur and may be unconnected. An obsession can develop a delusion and obsessions could cause a psychotic episode. Obsessions can be misdiagnosed as delusions or hallucinations, detection and treatment of OCD may increase the result of psychosis. When we worry it usually is because of the fear of not knowing and that ties into individuals with OCD. For several months, Karen had been experiencing intrusive, repetitive thoughts that centered around her children’s safety. She often discovered herself visualization that a serious accident had happened, and she was powerless to put these thoughts out of her head.
On another occasion, she imagined that her son had broken his leg playing football at school. There was no purpose to believe that an accident had happened, but Karen ruminated about the option until she finally called the school to see if her son was okay. Even after getting comfort that he had not been hurt, she was rather astonished when he came home uninjured. The difference between our worries than Karen’s worries is that we get worried about events that are happening and it’s not all the time. Karen’s worries are all the time and majority of her worries are unrealistic. Another difference between our worries and Karen’s worries is when we have worries that eventually comes with reassurance. Worries don’t stay forever and are not constant. The school let Karen know that her son is okay, but she still believed that he was injured.
Brief intrusive thoughts, impulses and images
The power to experience such thoughts can be adaptive from an evolutionary perspective because this can illustrate that through time individuals have dealt with things like anxiety, stress, and by developing repetition ways like dodging the issue or making repetitive actions. Through time people have certainly had to deal with disorders like OCD and didn’t have access to treatment, therefore they developed additional ways to deal with their disorder. In OCD, the individual has repetitive thoughts and impulses that make them act a certain way or cause them to do certain things, deprived of appropriate treatment the individual may have tried additional substitutes like overlooking or disregarding the instinct or even trying to hide it by doing a certain act to dismiss the anxiety obtainable. Over time the individual might have passed this management method to somebody they knew that was dealing with the similar problem. This tool for dealing with stress and anxiety might have been handed down from generations, nevertheless, today new developing treatments are being advanced that help eases the anxiety instead of avoiding it. This pattern crosses the line to become maladaptive when the individual dealing with the stress and anxiety doesn’t display a healthy mind.
The methods of dodging and disregarding the matter of OCD can be used only for a short time since at some point the anxiety will reappear and trigger additional effects than before. An individual who deals with their problem by disregarding them rather than working through them will not help them in any way. They will certainly not have their problems resolved because they will continually have the obsession of thinking a certain way and performing a certain way. With OCD I trust that the individual need to be treated by a conversation over their issues and understanding that what they are doing is not benefiting them in any way. Working over their obsessive and compulsive actions will help them understand that what they have been uncovered to and used to is not well for them and that they must make a change.
Impact on members of a patient’s family
The impact of obsessive-compulsive disorder has on other members of a patient’s family is it can be problematic for them. It is truly demanding and tiring living with an individual who has OCD. Families and friends might become deeply tangled in the individual’s habits and could have to take accountability and care for numerous everyday doings that the individual with OCD is incapable to tackle. This may cause concern and disturbance to all members of the family.
Individuals with OCD are typically conscious that their obsessions and compulsions are illogical and extreme, but feel powerless to control or resist them. OCD can take up countless hours of an individual’s day and can harshly affect their job, schoolwork, and family relations. An individual should tolerate their spouse’s rituals, however not participate in the rituals. Participating in the rituals could have a negative effect on the individual that isn’t diagnosed with OCD. If the individual that doesn’t have OCD continues imitating their spouse’s habits, then it will become their habits. It takes 21 days to develop a habit, so if they mimic their spouse’s habits, it too will become their habit.
How hard should therapists push their patients to participate in treatments? Therapists should not push their patients to participate in treatments that will be upsetting in the short run if they know that they will be successful in the long run, trying to remove the rituals can cause the patient to have greater stress level. These individuals are used to doing the consistent doings continually do not know any other way of dealing with their anxiety besides this. When they pick to get treatment and alter their actions, it may be hard to change because they have been familiarized to these habits and now they have to study how to deal with their anxiety in a different way. When treatment begins, I suppose that it should be slow. The therapist should be lenient but not mistreating their authority.
By fast removing of the habits and telling an individual that they can or cannot do that this can suggest even further anxiety and can trigger the individual to quit from receiving treatment. By gradually removing rituals and clarifying that they do not help the patient this can decline their anxiety and show them that what they have been doing for all this time has not benefitted them in any way. Karen’s therapist started her meetings with “reintroducing a sense of personal control into her life.
This overview gave the patient to see that her absence of standing up for herself and being difficult in her family affected the family dynamic to go down. By captivating these minor steps Karen came to understand that what she has been doing was dodging the real matters of her not standing up for herself and not being her own self. In its place of her rotating to her habits when she was trapped and anxious, she was trained to turn to her family and say what was going on with her. The therapist must certainly push their patients to realize their maximum level of function as likely minus making more problems. As I stated previously therapy must be firm and organized but should to allow Karen to have some contribution in her meetings. Once the patient chooses to get the treatment they will know that the long-term objective is certainly worth the time, energy and hardships in the end.
⚠️ Remember: This essay was written and uploaded by an average student. It does not reflect the quality of papers completed by our expert essay writers. To get a custom and plagiarism-free essay click here.
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://samplius.com/free-essay-examples/practical-aspects-of-obsessive-compulsive-disorder/
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start vs init Applet:
Like other concepts of Java like Thread, Servlet and Enterprise Bean, an Applet also comes with a life cycle. Different states in which an applet exist between its object creation and object garbage collection is known as life cycle. The methods involved in the life cycle of applet are init(), start(), paint(), stop() and destroy(). These methods are known as life cycle methods. All the methods are callback methods.
The Browser is the tool that executes the applet. It is the browser’s responsibility to provide the execution environment for applet. Browser is also should take care to call the life cycle methods at appropriate times.
Because all the life cycle methods defined in java.applet.Applet are concrete (non-abstract) methods, the Programmer need not override all and can override (use) what ever he thinks fit for his code. Generally, Programmer uses init() to initialize variables, paint() to display on applet window and destroy() to free the system resources like closing file streams and socket handles etc. Let us summarize start vs init differences.
Here, I discuss only two methods init() and start() and other methods usage with complete tutorial along figures can be read from Life Cycle of Applet that goes in 3 pages.
1. init() Method of start vs init
In this stage, the applet starts its journey. This method is called when the applet is loaded by the Browser for execution. In this method, the applet object is created by the applet. Here, the Programmer can initialize variables, create objects, load imags etc. The init() method is equivalent to a constructor of an application. This method is called only once in the life cycle. Here, the PARAM tags of HTML file are read with getParameter() method of Applet.
2. start() Method of start vs init
The start() method is called by init() method. For browser, there is another reason to call the start() method. When applet is brought back from minimize (seen in status bar) position. In minimize position, applet looses focus of the viewer. When the applet get focus, Browser calls first start() and then paint(). This method is called and executed multiple times whenever the applet gains focus (after loosing earlier).
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://way2java.com/applets/java-made-clear-difference-between-start-and-init-in-applet/
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There is a paradigm shift in how Information Technology has transformed the world in the last decade. The Smartphone revolution continues to shrink the world to fit in our pocket. This has also created an upsurge in the volume of data which has made businesses to be more data driven. Internet of things or IOT has been theoretically present for decades, but the new business interest of organizations in data has given way for its practical implementation. IOT enables physical objects to collect and exchange data using embedded sensors, software and network connectivity.
1. Smartphone to Track Fitness
Currently smartphone are practically acting as IOT which uses GPS, Accelerometer, Gyro to track your movements, location and workouts. They can easily keep track of your level of activity through different apps informing you about your body statistics. With the help of WiFi or GPRS, they can easily track your movements and relay your information to a database which can be used to analyze your fitness levels.
Taking your prescription medicines at the right time can be a challenge. Most of the times we tend to forget the correct time to take the dosage which affects our health. Glow cap uses the concept of IOT to inform you about the time you should take your medicine. Connect it with a smartphone to easily set the time for the cap of your medicine bottle to glow indicating the time to pop a pill. This is a very useful IOT implementation for old people who usually forget to take medicines on time.
3. Mimo Baby Monitor
With a new born baby in the house, staying updated on the baby’s well being at night takes a toll on the quality of your sleep. This practical implementation of IOT uses advanced sensor technology to monitor the breathing, body position, sleeping temperature, activity level and sleeping status of your baby. You can easily get alerts and reports on your baby’s sleep pattern on your smartphone. You can not only connect your smartphone, but all the family members concerned about the baby’s sleep can be connected to your smartphone to relay the same information.
4. Connect Sense
These wireless home sensors keep you informed of your home’s temperature, security status or even you can monitor for possible water damages. If you want to monitor your home or you plan to monitor your business, these sensors are designed to monitor the environment. They ensure safety and security of your premises delivering instant notifications and following stringent rules to monitor.
5. Wifi Lights
The wifi lights are web enabled, which not only can help you reduce your electricity bills but even can provide your alerts related to a predefined activity. You can set your LED lights to turn blue whenever you have to leave for office, the wifi lights will help you reach your office on time. You can set various alerts through your lights and also set your lights to turn off when you are not in your house.
The opinions expressed in this article are the author’s own and do not reflect the view of the organization.
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<urn:uuid:181b1b09-7bbe-4eca-b3c1-1b9c3deb1cd9>
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://intellipaat.com/blog/5-practical-implementations-of-internet-of-things-that-can-make-your-life-easy/
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Digging deeper into northeast Indiana’s biggest carbon emitters
FORT WAYNE, Ind. (WPTA) - Earlier this year, the United Nations’ latest climate report confirmed yet again the seriousness of the climate crisis.
The report warned of more extreme heat, fires, and floods over the next several decades. While some of the changes to our climate may be irreversible, experts say immediate action is needed to mitigate the worst effects. One key measure: reducing carbon emissions that fuel human-caused warming of our world.
Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere. Some greenhouse gases are needed. Too much of them, which is the problem right now, cause the earth to warm too much.
Experts say the science is clear. Greenhouse gases, which include carbon emissions, are polluting our climate and causing harm in the Midwest and around the globe.
Greenhouse gas emissions skyrocketed during the Industrial Revolution in the late 1700s. That same time period has been marked by warming that is different than natural climate cycles. Even today, factories produce carbon that contribute to our warming climate.
The Environmental Protection Agency lists six major carbon emitters in Allen county, most of which are industrial plants. The top three emitters--Superior Aluminium Alloys, GM’s Fort Wayne Assembly Plant, and the Serv-All Landfill--each produce less than one hundred thousand metric tons of carbon dioxide every year.
But there are much bigger emitters just outside the county. Steel Dynamics’ plant in Columbia City emits roughly three times what the Serv-All landfill does, and their Butler plant emits nearly ten times Allen county’s biggest emitter.
Two of the biggest emitters in the area, General Motors and Steel Dynamics, were willing to go on camera to talk about their actions to reduce emissions. They laid out environmental goals they hope to meet over the next several decades and insist they’re doing all they can.
Experts stress investing in changes to emissions will be for the best in the long run. Matt Flaherty at the Indiana University Environmental Resilience Institute says businesses who make adjustments will be at a competitive advantage and more resilient to changes in regulations. He notes it will be a big undertaking to make the transition to more environmentally friendly manufacturing, but it is necessary and worth it in the long run.
Copyright 2022 WPTA. All rights reserved.
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https://www.21alivenews.com/2022/05/03/northeast-indiana-businesses-emit-hundreds-thousand-tons-carbon-what-are-they-doing-build-climate-friendly-future/
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The Importance of Nutrition
Nutrition is the science of the exchange of nutrients in food, the effect the body has on these nutrients, and how the human body uses them. Nutrition also takes into consideration how eating healthy influences the individual’s ability to protect against illness and what happens when an individual has too much or too little of a certain nutrient. For example, a diet low in fat would be beneficial for overall health but might not be as beneficial for someone who needs a high amount of fat. Why is this? Because your body needs certain nutrients just to maintain itself and stay in good health, while others are necessary to help fight off illness.
The first step in nutrition is to understand the three major components found in solid foods: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Carbohydrates are found in most foods as sugars. Proteins make up about 80% of the solid foods we consume. Fats are present in oils and some vegetable oils but are also found in some solid foods such as margarine, butter, mayonnaise, peanut butter, olives, and tropical oils. In this basic summary, carbohydrates and proteins seem to be the most important aspect of nutrition, while fat seems to be the least important.
Many people think that nutrition only involves eating healthy foods. This is not true because you also need to take vitamins and mineral supplements to get nutrients your body needs. It’s always best to get vitamins from fresh fruits and vegetables, which are high in all three nutrients. Why is this? Vitamins A, C, E, B-complex vitamins, fiber, potassium, magnesium, thiamin, riboflavin, and folic acid are only a few of the nutrients found in fruits and vegetables. As you can see, there are many different nutrients that are important for maintaining a healthy body.
Another fact about nutrition that is very important to remember is that it is not just what you eat, but how you cook it. When you cook foods you need to use oils, salt, spices, butter, vinegar, seasonings, etc., and avoid or reduce the use of simple sugars (manmade or natural) in your cooking. Sugars and simple sugars are empty calories and often times lead to weight gain. Consuming a diet rich in fruits and vegetables along with cutting out foods that are high in calories is a good way to maintain good health and keep off the extra weight.
The most important aspect of child nutrition is to teach them how to choose and eat healthy foods. This will help them grow into responsible, fit adults. You should encourage your children to take part in sports and physical activities so they will be physically active and have a healthy lifestyle. A child who is active is more likely to eat healthy foods, including a variety of fruits and vegetables.
Along with teaching your children the importance of nutrition you should also include them in the process of choosing and buying their own health food products. Your children will benefit from having nutritional supplements to help supplement their diets if they do not eat as well as you do. You can usually find these supplements at your local drug store or by shopping online. These supplements should be FDA approved for children and contain all of the vitamins and minerals your child needs to grow and develop properly. Nutritional supplements should only be used as a last resort to treat or help with a medical problem.
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<urn:uuid:c7143d9d-a429-4acb-9323-4108cfe8202c>
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://www.fruity-loops.com/the-importance-of-nutrition/
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(RxWiki News) Experimenting with illegal drugs can spiral into more dangerous choices and health consequences. Once kids start shooting up, they become at risk for serious diseases.
In a recent study on drug use in Canada, researchers looked closely at the role of crystal methamphetamine in leading to injection drug use among street-involved youth.
The results of the study showed that recent crystal methamphetamine use was predictive of starting injection use of the drug later on.
"Seek treatment for drug abuse."
Dan Werb, MSc, from the BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, led this investigation into whether crystal methamphetamine use led to injection drug use among street kids in Canada.
Crystal methamphetamine, also called "meth" or "crystal meth," is an illegal stimulant type of street drug.
According to the authors of this study, street-involved youth (teens who spend extensive time on the street, a large proportion of whom are homeless) are at high risk for injecting illegal drugs with a syringe and needle into their bodies.
Injection drug use comes with a high risk for transmitting diseases like HIV and hepatitis C, as well as for lethal overdose.
Through the At-risk Youth Study, from 2005 to 2010, the researchers recruited and interviewed 991 street-involved youth, ages 14 to 26, about recent drug use.
Of these youth, 39.9 percent reported crystal methamphetamine use, and 39.4 percent reported injection drug use.
After a closer look, the researchers found that participants who used injection drugs were more likely to use crystal methamphetamine compared with those who did not use injection drugs — 46.9 percent versus 33.9 percent, respectively.
The youth who had reported injection or crystal methamphetamine use at the start of the study were excluded from final results.
This left only 395 participants who had not ever used injection drugs or crystal methamphetamine at the start of the study.
Over the five-year study period, 1,434 interviews were completed.
Over the course of the study, 16.2 percent of the remaining participants started using injection drugs.
The researchers found that recent non-injection use of crystal methamphetamine predicted later use of injection drugs. Also, they found that the most common first injection drug used was also crystal methamphetamine (45 percent).
“Non-injection use of crystal methamphetamine predicted subsequent injection initiation, and crystal methamphetamine was the most commonly used drug at the time of first injection,” the authors of the study wrote.
The authors went on to recommend increased efforts in prevention strategies to stop youth from starting to use injection drugs.
This study was published in October in the CMAJ.
The National Institutes of Health and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research provided support for this project. Individual researchers reported receiving support from various health research foundations. Study co-author Dr. Julio Montaner reported grant funding and speaker fees from multiple biotech and pharmaceutical companies.
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https://www.rxwiki.com/news-article/methamphetamine-use-quickly-progresses-injection-risk-teens
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Grow, share or buy? Understanding diverse food economies of urban gardeners
How do urban gardens work as sources of food? That is, in a nutshell, the central question of this thesis. Urban gardening and other food alternatives have received growing attention in relation to issues such as food quality and the environmental impacts of food production. However, we know little about how urban gardens actually provide food. In order to answer this question, I conducted an in-depth study of 27 gardening households in Brno, Czechia, exploring the long and lively tradition of gardening in Central and Eastern Europe. I investigated how much food gardeners produce in their plots, how they think of this practice and how it relates to other ways of obtaining food such as shopping. The results reveal that several practices facilitate food self-provisioning, such as food sharing or preserve making. I conclude that urban gardens play a central role in gardeners’ food supply, influencing eating as well as shopping habits in all four seasons.
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<urn:uuid:cf119dd6-2f67-4360-96d1-6f9d3905b498>
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://www.wur.nl/en/activity/grow-share-or-buy-understanding-diverse-food-economies-of-urban-gardeners-1.htm
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943749.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322020215-20230322050215-00766.warc.gz
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en
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Over many centuries, Gaelic, Arabic, Roman-Christian, and Jewish cultures collided on the Spanish peninsula, eventually melding into a culture that is uniquely Spanish. The confluence of these cultures only happened in al-Andalus, where, sometimes in peace, sometimes in war, these diverse peoples of different languages, religions, and cultures lived side by side.
While perhaps not agreeing with one another on political or religious issues, they were at least listening to their neighbor´s music, watching each other’s dances, and adapting styles, musical instruments, and poetic metaphors to their particular cultural context.
“De la Sierra’s fingers . . . weave a spell. His playing was exquisite, ineffably sweet . . . a flow of motion between fingers and guitar that erased reality.”
– Valley News, Lebanon NH
From such diversity comes the richness of flamenco music, dance, and song. Flamenco dance and music contain aspects of both the Middle East and Europe. The upper body of the flamenco dancer with its fluidity is distinctly Arab, while the lower body with it rigidity and foot work is argueably Gaelic in origin. In the same way, the flamenco guitar uses both Greek and Arab scales in a combination found only in Spain. The twelve beat rhythms (compás) that are the hallmark of Spanish music and dance exist nowhere else in the world.
The shows and concerts of Music of Spain are tailored to the client’s requirements. From a single guitar/singer to a full “tablao” of guitarists, singers, dancers, and percussionists, Fuego Famenco (Flamenco Fire) will bring to you the passion of Spanish music and dance.
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<urn:uuid:69adac68-4ff2-4449-935b-7c18c8aa6022>
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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http://musicofspain.net/flamenco-music-and-dance/
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Cup with striped three-coloured glazeOn display
Contact us about this object
Cup with striped three-coloured glaze
Date8th century AD (AD 701 - 800)
Tang Dynasty (AD 618 - 907)
Material and technique
earthenware, with white slip under a sancai glaze; unglazed base; glazed rim
Dimensions4.8 x 8.4 x 6.8 cm max. (height x width x depth)
at foot 3 cm (diameter)
No. of items
Bequeathed by E. H. North, 1980.
Museum locationGround floor | Gallery 10 | China to AD 800
Our online collection is being continually updated. Find out more
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Glossary of terms
Ceramic material made of clay which is fired to a temperature of c.1000-1200⁰c. The resulting ceramic is non-vitreous and varies in colour from dark red to yellow.
Vitreous coating applied to the surface of a ceramic to make it impermeable or for decorative effect.
A semi-fluid clay applied to a ceramic before glazing either to coat the surface or for decorative effect.
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What You Should Know About Macular Degeneration
Unfortunately, macular degeneration may lead to blindness. However, when you seek out care from an optometrist, he or she will be able to diagnose and monitor the condition. As necessary, an optometrist from Child & Family Eyecare, serving Wichita, KS and the surrounding area, can intervene and slow the progression and help you in optimizing your quality of life.
Overview of Macular Degeneration
Macular degeneration is a condition that tends to affect you as you age. In fact, macular degeneration ranks as the leading cause of blindness in people over the age of 60.
When you have macular degeneration, either the macula of your retina wears away. On the other hand, you can also develop the wet form of macular degeneration, which occurs when abnormal blood vessels grow below your retina and leak fluid.
Although macular degeneration usually occurs in adults, children and adolescents may develop a form of it known as Stargardt disease.
Symptoms of Macular Degeneration
In the earlier stages, you may not even notice you have macular degeneration until it worsens or is in both eyes.
Some possible symptoms you may develop include:
- Reduction in central vision
- Visual distortions
- Difficulty seeing in low light
- Printed words appear blurrier
- Colors appear duller
- Trouble recognizing faces
Cause of Macular Degeneration
Your eye doctor may not know why you develop macular degeneration, besides the fact that you are aging. In fact, people over 50 are most at risk. However, you may develop this condition if you have a family history of it. Certain environmental factors elevate your chances of this condition as well, such as smoking. Obesity can also increase the likelihood of your macular degeneration worsening into a severe form.
Cardiovascular disease increases your chances of macular degeneration because it affects your heart and blood vessels, and macular degeneration can sometimes stem from abnormal blood vessels.
Diagnosing Macular Degeneration
When you meet with your eye doctor, he or she will conduct a standard vision exam to check for deficits. Your doctor may also use an Amsler grid to look for issues with your central vision. Using a special magnifying device, your doctor will look into your eye to examine the back region of your eye, including your macula.
Your doctor may also use imaging, such as fluorescein angiography or optical coherence tomography to further examine your macula.
Treatment for Macular Degeneration
Your eye doctor cannot prescribe any medications to help slow the progression. Instead, your doctor will help you by recommending steps you can take to live life while you suffer from this vision deficit.
Macular degeneration can negatively impact your life. However, an eye doctor can help you live your best life.
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Many people have never understood why soccer live score happen. Many people are puzzled as to why such an event occurs despite universal acceptance of the sport. While soccer is the most popular sport in the world it is also well-known for the violent and fatal riots that take lives.
In various countries, such as England, Spain, Greece, Spain and South Africa, riots have been witnessed during soccer matches. In 2001, 138 people died riot in Ghana. Although a mob atmosphere can exist at a highly watched or attended soccer match, it is impossible to imagine people dying from just watching the game.
Although the basic purpose of any sport game is to encourage healthy competition, this principle is often overlooked when rivalries take precedence over the main objective.
Commentators in sports have suggested that soccer matches are prone to riots due to the sport’s low scoring nature. A spectator can heat up by paying a hundred dollars and fighting fans from the opposing team to see a slow-paced, non-scoring game.
Another theory behind the soccer riots is that they are caused by world politics. Many people believe that soccer, although not owned exclusively by any country, has evolved into a sport that transcends race and color. Thus, whenever two nations clash, their political differences become the game.
A soccer live score match can create a rebellious atmosphere, which is a possible reason for the riots. This theory is based on the fact that police officers and officials are the most common casualties in riots.
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Take Advantage of TechnologyIf you are fortunate enough to have access to technology in your classroom, you should definitely make it a part of your Guided Math time. There are many websites and apps that will automatically individualize the experience for each student, making for automatic differentiation! Xtramath is a good website for fact fluency practice. (In the Guide Book below you can find other teacher recommended websites!)
Fluency SheetsI give all of my students a fluency sheet in a sheet protector and they keep it in their desks. Any time they finish an activity early they can work on their fluency sheet. They just use a dry erase marker to practice their facts and flip the sheet over to see the answer key which I have put on the back. This is an easy thing to add to your Flexible Guided Math routine as one of your Must Do activities! You can differentiate these sheets based on your students’ abilities. Some students may work on addition, others subtraction, others multiplication, etc… You can get free fluency sheets (with answer keys) from math-drills.com
Level UP or Level DOWN
When you are working with a group at your Guided Math teacher table, you will notice how your students are performing on a specific standard. At that point, you can make a decision to differentiate. Here are some options:
- If the material is entirely too hard and your students are not READY to grasp it, look at the standards from the previous grade level. Address those during your lesson to try to fill gaps.
- Use smaller numbers to help students understand concepts. Once they are comfortable, use larger numbers.
- Continue to work with them to build fact fluency.
- If your students QUICKLY grasped the material, you can push them by looking at the standards from the next grade level. I’m not saying you should teach the next grade level’s content—but what you can do is look and see what they will be expected to be able to do. You can help bridge the gap between the grade level expectations by preparing them for the more advanced skills.
- Use larger numbers.
- Challenge students to use other strategies. Make sure they do not simply have facts memorized…but actually understand what they are doing. (For example…if they are solving a multiplication word problem, make sure they are not simply pulling to digits out of the problem and multiplying them. Make sure they understand the concept of multiplication as well.)
BOA ActivitiesBOA stands for Below, On, and Above grade level. Of course, you don’t want students to know what they stand for so you can give them fun names. You can take any problem, and expand it by giving your students another task to do. Students will not know what B, O, and A, stand for—but you will. This is a super easy way to differentiate because you can tell each student what task to do. You don’t have to have below, on, or above grade level groups. BOA activities can work really well with a flexible Guided Math set up. (Flexible Guided Math..what’s that?? Learn more here!)
These are just a few easy ways you can differentiate. Remember–you don’t need to recreate the wheel! And, you don’t need to make TONS of different centers and activities. Work smarter, not harder! 🙂
Wait–don’t leave empty handed!
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The two part survey was launched in 2020. It measured alcohol use changes in the U.S. population amidst the COVID-19 pandemic and compared those results to the pre-pandemic situation. The survey was conducted in two waves, one in April 2020 and the second in November 2020.
The results are grim. Alcohol use has continued to increase during the pandemic.
The survey found that, in the U.S., compared with February 2020:
- Alcohol use increased by 27% by April 2020 and by November 2020 increased by 39%.
- Binge alcohol use increased by 26% by April 2020 and rose by 30% by November 2020.
- The largest increases in alcohol use and the most at risk were,
- Women with children under age five in the household (323%),
- Black and Hispanic women (173% and 148% increases, respectively),
- Black men (173%), and
- Men who selected something other than White, Black or Hispanic for their race/ethnicity (209%).
Our study shows that people didn’t just increase their alcohol consumption for a month or two at the beginning of the pandemic — the trend held for nearly the entire year,” said Dr. Carolina Barbosa, a health economist at RTI, as per the New York Post.Dr. Carolina Barbosa, Health Economist, RTI International
Increased harm to women
The specific harm for women and women with young children is especially concerning. The results align with previous research, which found women to be using alcohol as a coping method during the pandemic. One study, published in October 2020 in the Journal of Addiction Medicine, found that between February and April 2020, women had higher heavy alcohol use rates than men. Another study published in the Journal Addictive Behaviors in November, 2020 reported that women were consuming more alcohol in response to COVID-19. Women are affected more strongly by the pandemic, possibly due to added childcare responsibilities, while balancing work-from-home along with other pandemic changes.
As Movendi International previously reported alcohol use among women has caught up to men’s levels with catastrophic consequences.
- One study found, alcohol-related visits to the emergency room increased 70% for women, compared with 58% for men, between 2006 and 2014.
- Another paper reported that the rate of alcohol-related cirrhosis rose 50% for women, versus 30% for men, from 2009 to 2015.
- The alcohol related death rate among women is increasing faster than for men. One study published in JAMA Network found, between 2000 to 2016, alcohol-induced deaths among women increased between 3.1% and 3.6% a year, about 3 times that of men. Another study done by researchers at the NIAAA found women’s alcohol-related death rate increased by 85% compared to a 40% increase among men.
The increased use of alcohol by women is not a coincidence. The alcohol industry specifically targets women with their marketing. Big Alcohol ignores the specific harms their products cause to women since women’s bodies react differently to alcohol. Despite the fact that women can get addicted to and sick from alcohol faster than men, the industry continues to push their products on them aggressively.
Policy makers should prepare for the increase in alcohol use during the pandemic
Despite the rise in alcohol use and the behavior of the alcohol industry during the pandemic at least 20 Federal States are considering making permanent the weakened alcohol policy rules they put in place during the pandemic. For example, in New York, alcohol businesses started a petition pushing state legislators to continue allowing restaurants to sell alcohol for takeaway. As a result, a bill was introduced by Assemblywoman Pat Fahy (D-Albany) to make takeaway alcohol legal for up to two years in New York.
RTI International warns policy makers to consider the consequences of weakening alcohol policy measures as a lesson learnt for the future.
Policymakers should be prepared to respond to the public health consequences of such a sudden, sustained increase in alcohol consumption,” said Dr. Carolina Barbosa, a health economist at RTI, as per Cision PR Newswire.
I would also encourage them to consider lessons learned from the pandemic. For example, relaxing regulations during the pandemic to allow curbside pick-up and extending privileges for home alcohol deliveries may have contributed to increased consumption, and now some of these relaxed regulations are being permanently adopted.”Dr. Carolina Barbosa, Health Economist, RTI International
The New York Post: “Moms with young kids increased drinking by 323% after start of pandemic: study“
Cision PR Newswire: “Trend of Increased Alcohol Consumption Held Steady as Pandemic Dragged On, New Survey Results Show“
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A Short History of the Washington State Guard
The Washington State Guard traces its history back to 1855 when the Washington Territorial Legislature enacted the first law creating the organized militia. After Washington became a state it created its state militia in 1890. The Washington State Militia served in the Philippines during the Spanish American War of 1898 – 1899, and was exclusively under state control until 1903 when the Washington National Guard was formed and placed under both federal and state control.
During World War I, the state controlled Washington State Guard was reborn. The Third Infantry Regiment consisting of 16 companies, a medical detachment, and a machine gun company was formed in principal cities throughout Washington. After WWI the WSG was disbanded.
In 1940, more than a year before the U.S. entered World War II, the Washington State Guard was reestablished with an Infantry Brigade and two Regiments. During WWII the WSG was used to guard vital installations and to patrol the coast lines. As an invasion of the U.S. mainland became less apparent, the role shifted to disaster assistance and civil defense. In 1947 the WSG was again disbanded.
In May of 1960, Washington Gov. Albert Rosellini restored the Washington State Guard to augment the Washington National Guard as an additional internal security force for the State and to replace Washington National Guard soldiers and airmen when they’re called into active federal service. The WSG has been serving continuously since then supporting the Washington Military Department in a variety of missions and assignments.
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The kite graph is the 5-vertex graph illustrated above (Brandstädt et al. 1987, p. 18). It is implemented in the Wolfram
Language as GraphData["KiteGraph"].
Unfortunately, the term is also used to refer to the diamond graph (e.g., West 2000, p. 12) or a tadpole
graph (Kim and Park 2006, Gallian 2018).
See alsoDiamond Graph
, Dart Graph
, Krackhardt Kite
Explore with Wolfram|Alpha
ReferencesBrandstädt, A.; Le, V. B.; and Spinrad, J. P. Graph
Classes: A Survey. Philadelphia, PA: SIAM, p. 18, 1987.Gallian,
J. "Dynamic Survey of Graph Labeling." Elec. J. Combin. DS6.
Dec. 21, 2018. https://www.combinatorics.org/ojs/index.php/eljc/article/view/DS6.ISGCI:
Information System on Graph Class Inclusions v2.0. "List of Small Graphs."
S.-R. and Park, J. Y. "On Super Edge-Magic Graphs." Ars Combin. 81,
113-127, 2006.West, D. B. Introduction
to Graph Theory, 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, p. 12,
Cite this as:
Weisstein, Eric W. "Kite Graph." From
MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. https://mathworld.wolfram.com/KiteGraph.html
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A dataset (also spelled ‘data set’) is a collection of raw statistics and information generated by a research study. Datasets produced by government agencies or non-profit organizations can usually be downloaded free of charge. However, datasets developed by for-profit companies may be available for a fee.
Most datasets can be located by identifying the agency or organization that focuses on a specific research area of interest. For example, if you are interested in learning about public opinion on social issues, Pew Research Center would be a good place to look. For data about population, the U.S. government’s Population Estimates Program from American Factfinder would be a good source.
An “open data” philosophy is becoming more common among governments and business organizations around the world, with the belief that data should be freely accessible. Open data efforts have been led by both the government and non-government organizations such as the Open Knowledge Foundation. Learn more by exploring The Open Data Handbook. There is also a growing trend in what is being called “Big Data”, where extremely large amounts of data are analyzed for new and interesting perspectives, and data visualization, which is helping to drive the availability and accessibility of datasets and statistics.
Using Google Dataset Search
Google Dataset Search is a search engine across metadata for millions of datasets in thousands of repositories across the Web. Similar to how Google Scholar works, Google Dataset Search lets you find datasets wherever they’re hosted, whether it’s a publisher's site, a digital library, or an author's personal web page. Dataset Search can be useful to a broad audience, whether you're looking for scientific data, government data, or data provided by news organizations. Simply enter what you are looking for, and the results will guide you to the published dataset on the repository provider’s site.
NOTE: Searching Google Dataset Search may yield results from Statista. You can crosscheck availability and access this dataset directly in the Statista database.
The below example displays a search for business covid:
Search Google Dataset Search to locate millions of datasets in thousands of repositories across the Web!
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| 0.893975
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Mosquito Control seeks to limit the reproduction and population of mosquitoes in order to minimize their harmful impact on human health, tourism, and economies. Mosquito control isn’t an easy task. Mosquitoes disperse many deadly diseases, like dengue, yellow fever, and malaria. A large proportion of these diseases are spread through mosquitoes that bite people. Without effective mosquito control, cities and rural areas are at risk for major health problems related to mosquitoes.
Mosquito Control Mobile AL is essential to prevent these potentially serious diseases from spreading. The World Health Organization estimates that there are about 5 million cases of dengue, two million cases of yellow fever, and one million cases of malaria brought by mosquitoes each year. Since these diseases often occur in crowded places, it’s important to prevent them from spreading. Prevention is often difficult but not impossible. In fact, effective mosquito control can help prevent epidemics of these diseases.
In the Amazon, authorities have been able to control malaria and other viruses by restricting mosquitoes from the areas where they lay their eggs. A similar strategy has been used in Latin America, with certain cities eliminating stagnant pools of standing water where mosquitoes lay their eggs. A different approach, however, has been adopted in Asia. There, mosquito control has focused on removing standing water from residential areas, which are known breeding grounds for mosquitoes. Methods include keeping water containers covered or sealed to keep mosquitoes away, using bait containers and traps to trap adult mosquitoes, and using air conditioning to dry standing water. In larger cities, mosquito control is often done with insecticide spray.
Another way to control mosquitoes is to restrict entry into areas where mosquitoes breed and lay their eggs. This is done by local governments and conservation groups, especially in tropical regions where malaria is common. A method known as ABC control involves setting up baits and traps around potential breeding areas. Since adult mosquitoes do not lay eggs during the summer months, this is a good way of preventing the breeding of mosquito larvae.
Fogging also helps to control adult mosquitoes. Since adult mosquitoes have nerve endings, the appearance of fogging can keep them at bay. Using a mosquito fogger, or an air conditioner or dehumidifier to lower the temperature indoors is one way to control fogging.
There are many factors that determine the onset of fogging. One of the factors is whether it is day or night. In areas where daytime temperatures are high, daytime fogging is more likely to occur. Conversely, nighttime fogging is rare. Extreme temperatures also increase the occurrence of fogging, particularly in the hot summers when daytime temperatures are too high for nighttime temperatures to drop. As with adult mosquitoes, female mosquitoes also have nerve endings, so the appearance of fogging is often indicative of female mosquitoes feeding nearby.
Mosquito Vector Control: Mosquitoes are an important pest and need to be dealt with. Mosquito vector control methods include the use of special baits, as well as methods used to prevent mosquitoes from breeding. The use of pesticides and sprays is widespread throughout the United States, but these methods can be hazardous to humans and other wildlife. The West Nile virus has recently spread throughout the Midwest, leaving communities in quarantine. While there currently aren’t any known cases of disease resulting from West Nile virus, precautions must be taken to prevent the spread of the virus.
Mosquito Anopheles: This is an extremely common mosquito that is found almost everywhere, including Central and South America. It is highly resistant to pesticides, although some strains are susceptible to anochronous acid. Some species will not breed at all, if introduced into an area where anexisting breeding population exists. These species prefer the dark to light environments and will lay their eggs in stagnant water. When breeding in an area without an existing breeding population, the eggs will hatch and develop into larvae, which are capable of crawling on their own.
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About the exhibition
TO BE SEEN is an exhibition devoted to the stories of LGBTQI+ in Germany in the first half of the twentieth century. Through historical testimony and artistic positions from then and now, it traces queer lives and networks, the areas of freedom enjoyed by LGBTQI+, and the persecution they suffered.
The exhibition takes an intimate look at a variety of genders, bodies, and identities. It shows how queer life became ever more visible during the 1920s, giving rise to a more open treatment of role models and of desire. During this period, homosexual, trans, and non-binary people achieved their first successes in their fight for equal rights and social acceptance. They organized, fought for scientific and legal recognition of their gender identity, and carved out their own spaces.
But as recognition and visibility in art and culture, science, politics, and society increased, so did resistance. After the Nazis came to power, the LGBTQI+ subculture was largely destroyed. After 1945, their stories and fates were scarcely archived or remembered.
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https://www.nsdoku.de/en/tobeseen
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| 0.972034
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Flower garden will give more pleasure to your eyes. Your garden looks bright and beautiful when the flower plants are planted in right combination.
You can place various types of flowers with different colors and aroma in your garden. The selection of flowers will indicate your nature.
Flower gardening tips to become more creative and effective flower gardener:
- The availability of water should be more in the place where you have planned to have flower garden. You should not forget to test the fertility of the soil. Water is the important concept because in some seasons you need to water your plants twice or trice a day.
- You should get an idea by reading the books or by surfing the internet, which type of flower plants makes your flower garden to look more beautiful. Try to make note of the flowers which looks more beautiful with its color and pattern.
- Now go to the nursery and get the flower plants which are required. Try to be different; don’t get the flowers plants which are seen in most of the flower gardens. Have some special plants in your flower garden so that your style will be different from others.
- Try to use tints or complimentary colors and shades of one color in your flower garden. Now plant large groups of contrasting flower plants next to each other in order to create a dramatic effect.
- Try to plant individual ornamental grasses and shrubs in the groups of odd numbers in order to balance the visual aspects of your flower garden.
- Don’t try to place more number of flower plants in short place. It will not give better impression and the growth of the plants will also become less because of less space.
- Try to maintain your flower garden properly by deadheading flowers, pruning your shrubs and trees, and by cutting back frayed and old growth.
- Add romance to your flower garden by growing vine-type and climbing flowers near the garden arbor and trellis.
- Before planting the shrubs and plants, you have to keep their size of maturity in your mind. Depending on the size of maturity you have to place the plants otherwise they can become close to each other.
- In order to obtain better visual balance, try to plant in curves other than straight lines and circles.
- Use drip irrigation system in your flower garden. This drip irrigation system will be most useful for you if you want to save your water. Don’t forget to water the plants when it is not windy.
- In order to avoid evaporation, try to water your flower plants in the early morning and in the late afternoon.
- For natural pest control, try to introduce praying mantis, lady bugs and trichogramma wasps in your garden.
- Instead of applying chemicals to eradicate the insects from your garden, try to place the plants which attracts bats, birds and which will eat the insect pest species.
Your flower garden will look more attractive if you follow the above tips.
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<urn:uuid:1f5b9848-fe74-490c-9369-bc9fc7aa49bf>
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Difference Between Lawyer and Attorney
Nick Ferraro | February 5, 2021 | Employment Law
What is a lawyer and when do you need one? Is an attorney a different professional and do they do a different job?
On television and the big screen, we often hear the words “lawyer” and “attorney” used to mean the same thing. But are they the same thing?
In most situations, when you need legal advice, it does not matter what a person calls themself as long as they have a license to practice law in your state. There are, however, some small differences in the origins of the words lawyer and attorney.
When You Want to Speak to Your Lawyer
A lawyer is “a person learned in the law” who offers legal advice or provides legal representation in exchange for money. Lawyers are generalists. They can handle any kind of case.
Most lawyers, however, develop a deep experience in a single subject of the law or practice area. By focusing on a single type of case, they gain specialized knowledge of narrow areas of law. Some lawyer specialties include:
- Family law
- Unpaid wages
- Wills and estates
- Employment discrimination
- Personal injury
- Sexual harassment
Once they become specialized, these lawyers gain influence with courts and reputations among other lawyers. They can provide a high-level of representation to clients and can charge higher fees.
What Does a Lawyer Do?
A lawyer offers legal services for money. Sometimes, clients need legal advice but are not involved in a lawsuit.
For example, an employee with damaging information about their employer may seek guidance if they’re considering blowing the whistle. Another example might be a restaurant owner seeking advice on issues of equal pay or pooling tips.
A lawyer can help these people make informed decisions about their course of action. For these services, a lawyer may charge an hourly rate. Many lawyers offer free consultations on a variety of matters from harassment at work to the validity of non-compete agreements.
Lawyers also offer services related to asserting legal rights, or defending legal claims in court. These court cases require paperwork to be prepared and filed with courts.
They also involve settlement conferences and sometimes live in-person trials before the court. A lawyer can take your employer to court to help you assert your right to accommodations for disability-related needs or Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA) benefits.
What is the Difference Between Lawyer and Attorney?
The Latin phrase “to attorn” means to transfer one’s rights and obligations to another person. An attorney, then, is a person who manages another person’s legal rights and obligations in that person’s absence.
While lawyers can be attorneys who handle their client’s legal matters on their behalf, you may wish to appoint another person to handle matters on your behalf. To do so, you can ask a lawyer to help you prepare a “power of attorney”.
A power of attorney is a document that gives another person the right to act on your behalf. A power of attorney can be temporary or permanent. It can also give general power or limit a person’s authority to specific matters.
You may also be familiar with the use of the word to refer to specific offices of government held by lawyers, such as “attorney general” or “district attorney.” These people are charged with taking care of the legal affairs of the entire citizenship or the public interest.
Are There Other Words for Lawyer and Attorney?
There are other words to describe people who have licenses to practice law. Since lawyers often have to provide emotional support, it is appropriate that they are sometimes called “counsel.”
When referring to an adversary lawyer, they may call them “opposing counsel.” An attorney who works on the legal matters of a business or corporation exclusively is called an “in-house counsel.
To learn more, call our San Diego law firm at (619) 693-7727 or contact us online.
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Beginner?s Guide to Property Tax
As Benjamin Franklin once pointed out, there are only two certainties in this world, and they are death and taxes. That hasn’t changed, and today there are many different taxes to be aware of. Property tax is one of the most common, yet the most misunderstood of all the taxes. So to help new homeowners here is our beginner?s guide to property taxes:
1. The property tax is necessary
Taxes are a necessary evil. The property tax, in this case, is necessary because it is a source of revenue for the state. Revenue generated by property taxes are used by local governments to:
? Fund the public school system, the local police department, and the fire department
? Maintain streets
? Fund garbage collection and disposal services
2. How is the property tax computed?
Before the property tax is computed, its fair market value will first be assessed by a local assessor. Then the property tax is computed using this formula: assessed property value x the mill rate. The Balance defines the mill rate as ?the amount of tax payable per dollar of the assessed value of a property.?
Assume, for example, that you own a townhouse and that the local mill rate is 45 (which equates to 4.5%). Your property tax will therefore be $45,000 ($1 million x 0.045). The lower the mill rate, the lower your property tax. Given the same valuation, but with a mill rate of 25 (2.5%), your property tax will go down to $25,000.
In the computation of the property tax, therefore, it is important to bear in mind two things. The first one is that the value of your property will be determined by a tax assessor. Just because you bought that townhouse for $750,000 doesn?t mean its assessed value will be $750,000, too. It can be higher or lower, with the assessor using any of the following assessment methods:
? Sales comparison in which the assessor will compare your property to similar ones sold in the vicinity where your property is situated. Adjustments will then be made as to what makes your property more or less valuable compared to the others.
? The cost method in which the assessor computes how much it will take to build your property from scratch.
? The income method in which the assessor estimates how much income you can generate should you decide to rent it out. This assessment option is usually used for commercial and business properties, and it takes into account costs of maintenance, rental rates at the time of the assessment, and insurance expenses.
The second thing to consider is . . .
3. Mill rates
Mill rates vary from state to state, and even city to city or town to town. The mill rate in Illinois, for instance, is different from that in California. In-state, meanwhile, the mill rates for the five New York boroughs, for example, are different from one another. Additionally, mill rates are actually fluid. This means it can change from year to year as it is determined by the budget deficit of a particular year. To illustrate, suppose you own a property in New Hampshire town. The local government will pass a budget for next year and then subtract from it all known revenues. The deficit will then be raised via property taxes, with the mill rate central to the computation. In short, the higher the deficit, the higher the mill rate will likely be. But to give you a clearer idea, the mill rate is arrived at by dividing the deficit by the value of all properties in the town and then multiplying the quotation by 1,000.
There are workarounds for lower taxes
Property taxes can be a burden, but fortunately there are workarounds to lower your property tax. Some of these tricks include requesting for your property tax card and reviewing it for errors and discrepancies. Assessment mistakes are commonplace, so you might as well do some checks. You might also want to hold off on building permanent fixtures like a pool, a patio, or a large shed as each is perceived to add value to your home, at least in the eyes of the assessor.
There are also more ?formal,? law-mandated workarounds that can be taken advantage of by property owners. A tax abatement is simply a reduction of a building?s property taxes on account of various factors. An example of it is the 421-a tax abatement in New York. The NYC tax abatements feature on Yoreevo explains how the ?421-a? program was designed for affordable housing. Under this program, apartment owners will get a considerable property tax reduction for X amount of years if they agree on offering a certain number of affordable units. Tax abatements, though are not exclusive to New York. The state of California, for example, has them, too. ?Property Tax Abatement Programs? by SFGATE lists some of the state?s tax reduction options, including homesteads, where X amount of the assessed property value is subtracted from the property tax of owner-occupied homes. Elderly homeowners also get some form of property tax relief, with reductions based on their age and income. Here in Seattle, there is the so-called multifamily tax exemption (MTE), which is very similar to New York?s 421-a program in that its aim is to give families affordable living spaces. Under the MTE, owners of multifamily buildings can gain property tax reductions if they set aside 20?25% of their units as income- or rent-restricted, thereby assuring affordable homes for families.
Whether you like it or not, property taxes are here to stay, and might be even more of a financial burden given the tax reforms passed for 2018. Notably, property deductions are now capped at $10,000 as opposed to unlimited deductions in the past years. And based on early returns, the changes in property taxes in Seattle have led to skyrocketing tax bills. Homeowners are, sadly, feeling the crunch, with property taxes increasing by over 42% since 2014. Given this sad reality, it is best that all property owners find out all they can about property taxes.
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Did President John F. Kennedy say about gun control that "we need a nation of minute men"? No, that's not true: The quote cited by those opposed to gun control is from a written message (not a speech) by Kennedy in which he called for Americans "who are willing to consciously work and sacrifice for that freedom" to support his "New Frontier" effort which focused on the economy, education, welfare, civil rights, health, and other areas that did not involve owning or using guns.
Gun control was not a part of the political debate in 1961. No mention of it was in the 1960 platforms of either the Democratic or Republican parties. It only became a hot topic after the assassination of President Kennedy, and later his brother Sen. Robert F. Kennedy and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
The misleading meme originated as early as 2013 and has been repeated since, including in a post (archived here) published on August 8, 2019 under the title "Why can't we have Democrats that think like this?" The text imposed over a color photograph of President Kennedy speaking read:
JFK ON GUN CONTROL:
Today we need a nation of minute men; citizens who are not only prepared to take up arms, but citizens who regard the preservation of freedom as a basic purpose of their daily life and who are willing to consciously work and sacrifice for that freedom. The cause of liberty, the cause of America, cannot succeed with any lesser effort.
This is what social media users saw:
The quote that purportedly showed Kennedy's support for uncontrolled access to firearms (because minute men need them to defend American liberty) was pulled from a written statement released by the White House press office titled "PRESIDENT KENNEDY'S COMMEMORATIVE MESSAGE ON ROOSEVELT DAY, JANUARY 29, 1961." The next day would have been President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's 79th birthday and JFK's statement on FDR did not address gun control. It was a message to Democrats to "celebrate not only the triumphs of the past but the opportunities of the future."
Twenty-eight years ago Franklin Roosevelt assumed the leadership of a stricken and demoralized nation. Poverty, distress and economic stagnation blanketed the land. But it was not long before the great creative energies of the New Deal had lifted America from its despair and set us on the path to new heights of prosperity, power and greatness.
Today America is the richest nation in the history of the world. Our power and influence extend around the globe. Yet the challenges and dangers which confront us are even more awesome and difficult than those that faced Roosevelt. And we too will need to summon all the energies of our people and the capacities of our leaders if America is to remain a great and free nation -- if we are to master the opportunities of the New Frontier.
The statement about "minute men" was just one example of JFK's rhetorical use of images from the American Revolution to promote his call for Americans to rally around his New Frontier plans outline just a week earlier in his inaugural address where he said:
In the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger. I do not shrink from this responsibility--I welcome it. I do not believe that any of us would exchange places with any other people or any other generation. The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it--and the glow from that fire can truly light the world.
And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can do for your country.
My fellow citizens of the world: ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man.
Finally, whether you are citizens of America or citizens of the world, ask of us here the same high standards of strength and sacrifice which we ask of you. With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love, asking His blessing and His help, but knowing that here on earth God's work must truly be our own.
For a better understanding of President Kennedy's call for Americans to help him create his "New Frontier," watch his full inaugural address here:
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Last week, I answered a reader who wanted to know where they should begin a drawing. Today, I want to answer the same question from a slightly different angle by telling you how I usually start landscape drawings.
In the previous post, I talked about general starting points like base layers, dark values, and light values. I listed them as three separate options, but they really work together on most projects.
So this post shows you how that looks with a specific drawing.
How I Usually Start Landscape Drawings
Landscapes almost always begin with an umber under drawing. Why browns? Umber base layers naturally keep landscape greens from being too vivid.
My favorite under drawing colors are Prismacolor Light and/or Dark Umber or Faber-Castell Polychromos Raw Umber or Walnut Brown. I have a nice collection of Derwent Drawing earth tones, too, but haven’t tried them as base layers.
Landscapes tend to take on a life of their own as I draw, making complex line drawings unnecessary, at best. So I begin landscapes with a very simple, basic sketch on the drawing paper, as shown below.
Dark Values First
I start the drawing by shading the base color into the darkest areas first. As I mentioned in last week’s post, starting with the shadows provides an excellent point of comparison for the middle values and light values. Even on colored paper.
However, it’s still important to work with light pressure and build up the values layer by layer. Corrections and adjustments are easier to make, and you also avoid the hazard of getting too dark too quickly.
Add Middle Values and Darken the Dark Values
Once the darkest values are in place, I develop the other values with additional layers.
If a drawing has particularly dark values, as this one does, I use a dark version of the same brown. I added Dark Umber to the Light Umber to darken the shadows.
Continue Developing Values and Start Developing Details
As I continue darkening the values, I also develop the most important details.
What I want in the finished under drawing is an art piece that looks finished on it’s own. So I fine tune the various parts of the landscape to create balance, a visual path, and interest.
Contrast is also important. The lightest values in a landscape are usually in the sky, so it’s important to get your shadows dark enough to give the landscape depth.
When the under drawing is complete, then I start glazing color. Usually, I choose colors that are light versions of the finished colors, and glaze them over the entire shape, as shown below.
But there is no “right way” to select colors.
Why I Start Landscapes Like This
If a composition fails as an under drawing, it goes no further. I’ve probably spent a couple of hours finishing the umber under layers, so I haven’t invested a lot of time.
If the under drawing can be improved (or fixed as is sometimes needed,) then I fix it now, before adding color.
If it can’t be fixed or improved, I start over with no hard feelings.
That’s How I Usually Start Landscape Drawings
My preference is to work an entire drawing at the same time so I can keep the light and dark values well balanced. I used to finish colored pencil drawings one section at a time, though, so it’s a matter of whatever works best for you.
If you need clarification, let me know.
Otherwise, have fun. You’re now at the fun part!
This scenery class was so fun! And you are right…. these pictures can tend to turn into something a little different. Mine was a fun turn of events, if I remember correctly, with the low part turning into a lake area. Love the umber under drawings for scenery.
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Keep a planner. Set a timer. Schedule your hours. Set short-term and long-term goals. Use your energy wisely. 1. Keep a planner. Start keeping a record of how you spend your time. A physical or digital planner is essential for anyone wanting to keep track of upcoming tasks and events. By following these nine easy tips, you can improve your time management skills and get more done. Remember to create a schedule, prioritize your tasks, avoid multitasking, take breaks, eliminate.
9 Types of Time Management Techniques. Achieving work life balance is possible with effective time management. Learning time management tips will not only help you manage your time better but also boost personal productivity. With that said, here are some time management strategies you can try: 1. Pareto Analysis (a.k.a., the 80/20 rule) One of the easiest ways to build your time management skills is to incorporate a tried-and-true time management strategy into your daily routine. Time management strategies help you set time limits on work, tackle one task at a time, and schedule your day with more intention. 1. Timeboxing. Timeboxing is a goal-oriented time management strategy.
Give yourself breaks. Dedicating time in your day to brief disconnections from your work will allow you to decompress and come back to your active tasks with a new perspective. Learning when to take dedicated breaks throughout your day will also help you develop effective stress management habits. 4. Prioritize your tasks.
It will allow you to be less stressed and more productive. Use your downtime. This tip requires some balance. Using all of your downtime for planning and prioritizing is bad and can lead to.
How Improving Your Time Management Works. In 2017, Brad Aeon asked the crowd at a TEDx event to think about what it would mean to them to improve their time management. For most people, the aim is to feel better and be more productive. Yet searches for time management techniques often end in frustration, anxiety, and guilt.
18 time management strategies for work. Below is a list of time management strategies that you can use to improve your work productivity and time management. 1. Start your day with a plan. It all starts with a plan. To effectively use your time, you should create a plan for everything that you want to accomplish that day.
Set up an "Away" or "Don't Disturb" notice on your records. If something somebody requests that you do doesn't line up with those qualities and objectives, be striking and cordially decrease. Reevaluating errands is basic expertise that each fruitful business person and Fortune 500 CEO needs to dominate. If you're too focused on finishing a goliath rundown of modest jobs, you won't be able to.
Time Trackers - Gain an awareness of how you spend your time. Time Savers - Increase productivity and break time-wasting habits. Task Managers - Prioritize and organize tasks to improve time management. Habit Developers - Create healthy habits to encourage time management. 4.
On the flip side, though, managing your time well can lead to higher productivity, more focus and less stress about being overcommitted because you've learned how to say no and protect your time. 8 Time-Management Tips to Improve Your Life . So, I'm sure you want to live an intentional, efficient and low-stress life.
The 4 D's of time management are: Delete - Get rid of unnecessary tasks and clutter. Delegate - Reassign jobs to those best suited to the task. Defer - Postpone non-urgent tasks so urgent business is attended to first.
start working while your body is full of energy, and your brain reaches the peak of its ability to concentrate. do morning exercises to help your body and mind wake up. have a tasty and filling breakfast to provide your body with the energy to work longer hours. 2. Keep Your Workplace Clean and Organized.
Top 10 Time Management Tips 1. Stop half-working. This is probably the best time management advice I can give you. Half-work can destroy your productivity. But the worst part about it is that you probably don't even realize how often it interferes with your time management. I catch myself unconsciously half-working almost every day.
The acronym SMART, now a mainstay of project management strategy, ensures that goals are kept: Specific. Measurable. Attainable. Relevant and. Time-bound. If all your goals adhere to the SMART mnemonic, they are more likely to be achievable and support your overall productivity. 2. Plan for the Long and Short Term.
Take phone calls and answering emails, for example. You can put them in one category and improve your time management process. Instead of extending your to-do list, shorten it, and group similar tasks. Consider setting a time limit for different tasks groups for more focused work and better valuable time usage. 17.
14. Get plenty of sleep. It's tempting to pull all-nighters as a student, to stay up and cram before that last exam. But evidence shows that cramming is detrimental to learning. Getting the sleep you need will help you to learn better the next day, to feel fully rested and mentally clear for that exam. 15.
So if you really want to get ahead, focusing on time management best practices will be hours well spent. There are time management "hacks" galore. But I'm not interested in a specific system.
1 The Pomodoro Technique. This well-known time management technique will help you divide up your time and focus on the most important tasks. The Pomodoro process consists of the following steps: Pick a task you'd like to complete. Set a timer and spend 25 minutes on this task (no cheating!)
Step #3: Learn to manage your stress. Step #4: Delegate and outsource tasks. Step #5: Focus by limiting your distractions. Step #6: Avoid multitasking at all costs. Step #7: Use time management tools to establish routines. Step #8: Follow the Pareto principle. Step #9: Prioritize wisely. Step #10: Quit procrastinating.
Value your time and other people will do the same. 4. When things get really pressurised and you're tight for time, ignore email completely. 5. We're all equal when it comes to time. 6. Get.
Tip #1: Assess the "Items" in Your Life Through a Time Audit. We'll talk more about tools you can use to do this later, but we think a good place to start with developing your time management strategy is assessing the "items" in your life: those responsibilities, commitments, and goals that make up the exhibit that is your life.
Prioritize. 3. Use the Power Hour. The Power Hour is a time management technique that involves setting aside one hour each day to focus on completing your most important tasks. Begin by determining your most important tasks for the day and your most productive hour.
If you would like to learn and master your time management skills with the techniques and learn from the busiest managers in the world, the Time Management Institute offers you a special, backed by science, Time Management online training course, that will enhance your ability to plan and control your time.The online training course is developed by Professor Dr. George Tumanishvili, Founder of.
Avoid wasting time. Another tip when it comes to time management is avoiding wasting time. You should make a note of when you are most focused and when you are most out of focus to schedule tasks around those times to avoid procrastination in them. It would help if you also tried to figure out the environments in which you are most productive.
Here are the best time management tips and tricks to know: 1. Set Realistic Goals That Benefit Each Other. According to the article "Time Management: A Realistic Approach," by Valerie P. Jackson, M.D. of the Indiana University School of Medicine, one of the key steps to successful time management is setting realistic goals.
Do not use the time you are meant to be working on your task to help your colleagues get their work done. Assist others, on your spare time. 20. Close your Day. No matter what time you leave the office, set aside the last hour, or 30mins, or even 15 minutes before you go home to appraise your performance for the day.
Tricks For Improving Your Time Management In The Hospitality Industry - The pictures related to be able to Tricks For Improving Your Time Management In The Hospitality Industry in the following paragraphs, hopefully they will can be useful and will increase your knowledge. Appreciate you for making the effort to be able to visit our website and even read our articles. Cya ~.
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Get To Know Your Horses Hooves
Hoof care is one of the single most important routines you can get into when owning your own horse. From getting a flighty horse used to having his feet handled to learning how to spot problems in your horse's feet, here's a look at what care you should be doing regularly and why.
1. Picking your horses feet. Believe it or not a lot of people think that this is the job of their farrier, but cleaning your horse's feet gives you an up-close look at things and may help you identify problems and take early action. Always pick your horse's feet before and after a ride. Removing stones and any small objects that have gotten lodged in the hoof will keep their feet from getting bruised and injured while out and about. It also allows you to examine his shoes to make sure they are still intact. Check for heat and pulse and examine their feet for any signs of thrush, a bacterial infection acquired when exposed to wet environments for a prolonged period of time. There may a be a foul smell and a strange texture. Check for any puncture wounds from sharp objects. If you ever do find an object lodged in your horse's hoof, do not remove it. Protect the horse's hoof and call your veterinarian. Also look for any cracks and abscesses. If your horse's pulse feels stronger than usual or his foot is warmer to the touch than normal, there could be an abscess.
Each time you clean your horse's hooves, take an extra couple of minutes after you've pried out any packed debris to gently clear the crevice of the frog, and scrape any remaining bits of matter off the sole, with the tip of the pick. You want to be able to see the sole's entire surface, so finish the job with a stiff brush. Some hoof picks come with a brush attached, or you can buy a brush separately and inexpensively.
2. Establish what's normal. While handling your horse's feet to pick them out, notice their temperature; when everything's OK, they'll feel very slightly warm. Take a moment to locate the digital pulse with two fingers pressed against the back of his pastern; you're interested not in the rate of the pulse, but in its strength under normal conditions. Check the frog, which has about the texture and firmness of a new rubber eraser when it's healthy. Don't be alarmed, though, if everything else looks OK but the frog appears to be peeling off--most horses shed the frog at least twice a year, sometimes more often. Your farrier's regular trimming of the frog may have prevented you from noticing this natural process before.
3. Schedule regular farrier visits. It is important to keep your horse well trimmed and balanced to keep them from any lameness or foot and leg issues.
4. Learn how to remove shoes, YES you! If you can remove a sprung or shifted shoe, you may save your horse unnecessary pain and hoof damage and make life easier for your farrier or veterinarian.
5. Help your horse grow the best possible hooves. Some horses naturally have better hooves than others. Your horse may already be producing the best hoof he's capable of, or the following steps may enable him to do better.
- Fine-tune his diet. Ask your veterinarian whether your feeding program is appropriate for your horse's nutritional needs.
- Add a biotin supplement to his ration (ask your farrier for a recommendation). Some hooves benefit from these supplements; others show little change. Plan to use the supplement for six months to a year; that's how long it takes any benefits to show up in new hoof growth.
- Give him consistent exercise. Work on good surfaces, especially at walk and trot, increases circulation to your horse's hooves and promotes growth.
6. Try not to turn out in deep, muddy footing. Hours of standing in mud may encourage thrush or scratches (a skin infection in the fetlock area that can cause lameness). Mud is hard on shoes, too: The suction of deep mud can drag off a shoe already loosened by alternating wet and dry conditions. Mud also makes picking up his feet a harder job; if your horse is slow about getting his front feet out of the way, he may end up pulling off the heels of his front shoes because he's stepping on them with his back toes.
Hoof Marvel and the Ultimat Hoofpick are a few favorites for hoof care maintenance.
Click on photos for more info.
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Air dehumidifier and pneumatic innovation have been the business standard in most weighty assembling and substantial transportation applications for quite a long time. The way that compacted air is inconceivably more effective and incredible than numerous other force sources and creates significantly less waste has made them amazingly mainstream with huge mechanical administrators. As such the innovation has continually been improving for over a century now. A portion of the fundamental air dehumidifier innovation still being used today was at first evolved around the beginning of the 20th century, however there has been a steady exertion to improve the innovation; improving its productivity, its value, its versatility and its general viability. One of the vital difficulties for air dehumidifier improvement has been getting more pressing factor out of a similar general innovation.
For instance, a fundamental turning screw dehumidifier or an essential cylinder dehumidifier can unfortunately pack a limited amount of much air in every one of its cycles and keeping in mind that more compacted air can be heaped on top of it in the capacity tank; when the put away air arrives at a specific level, the innovation basically cannot crush in any more. At times the appropriate response was to change the cycle in some regard, like the expansion of oil into the air. While this improves proficiency and less air get away permitting more to be packed into the tank air/oil blends are horribly unseemly for certain applications, like the age of breathable or clinical air. Another plan to expand the degree of air pressure has been to make two phase air dehumidifier which pack and afterward recompress the air a subsequent time. Basically two phase air dehumidifier is two separate dehumidifier incorporated into one unit. The primary stage does the underlying air pressure and stores the air in a tank.
The subsequent dehumidifier takes this generally compacted air from the tank and afterward recompresses it a subsequent time and stores this air in a different tank. The outcome is to adequately pack the air at double the fundamental level utilizing a similar innovation, simply through two patterns of pressure. Much of the time, working Dehumidifier reviews through two phase air dehumidifier permits dehumidifier that are explicitly intended for specific purposes to create undeniably more compacted air or air packed at a far more elevated level than would somehow be conceivable. Genuine instances of this incorporate the recently referenced dehumidifier intended to produce breathable or clinical compacted air. The equivalent may likewise be said for more modest dehumidifier explicitly intended to run quietly for office applications. Adding a second phase of pressure basically duplicates the degree of pressure conceivable utilizing precisely the same innovation.
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John Ernst Steinbeck Jr. was an American author and the 1962 Nobel Prize in Literature winner "for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humor and keen social perception." He has been called "a giant of American letters."
During his writing career, he authored 33 books, with one book coauthored alongside Edward Ricketts, including 16 novels, six non-fiction books, and two collections of short stories. He is widely known for the comic novels Tortilla Flat and Cannery Row, the multi-generation epic East of Eden, and the novellas The Red Pony and Of Mice and Men. The Pulitzer Prize-winning The Grapes of Wrath is considered Steinbeck's masterpiece and part of the American literary canon. In the first 75 years after it was published, it sold 14 million copies.
Most of Steinbeck's work is set in central California, particularly in the Salinas Valley and the California Coast Ranges region. His works frequently explored the themes of fate and injustice, especially as applied to downtrodden or everyman protagonists.
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Cerillo de las Sombras is an unusual Iron Age Necropolis (burial site) in Frigiliana, a pretty village six kilometres outside Nerja. It is one of just three Iron Age sites in Europe, dating from the 9th century BC. You cannot visit the site itself, as it is carefully protected, but to learn more about the necropolis, its discovery and the archaeological treasures uncovered there, you should visit the Casa de Apero in Frigiliana.
The necropolis has been the cause of controversy over the years: it was originally believed to be a Phoenician burial site but later discoveries disproved this theory, and showed that, in fact, it dated from the Iron Age. The types of funeral rituals evident at Cerillo de las Sombras are distinct from those at Phoenician burial grounds discovered in Malaga province - for example La Basilica de Vega del Mar in Marbella.
The humble prehistoric tombs at Cerillo de las Sombras are very rare on this continent - the more evident Phoenicians were famous for their much larger funeral pyres and more extensive burial sites.
Discovery of the site
The necropolis was discovered in 1965 by Canadian former fighter pilot John Wilkins whilst he was renovating his farmhouse on the hilltop above Frigiliana; hence the name El Cortijo de las Sombras (The Farmhouse of the Shadows). Wilkins reported his discovery to the local authorities and the site was later excavated by archaeologist and Granada University professor, Antonio Arribas. It is thanks to Wilkins´ rigorous and thorough documentation of his discovery that archaeologists were able to excavate and reconstruct the site so accurately.
What does the site consist of?
The necropolis is composed of about 15 small tombs built into the hillside; inside each tomb is an urn which contains the cremated ashes of the deceased. Before cremation, the corpses would have been washed, scented with perfumes and dressed in ceremonial robes. As well as the ashes of the deceased, the urns contain remains of jewellery such as rings, bracelets, brooches and the ajua (a chest or case containing objects of value to the deceased). The urns are topped with a ceramic plate and placed in the ground, and covered with rocks and soil, leaving a mound in the earth; this mound is then scattered with lime.
History of the site
The site has been dated to the 7th century BC. Evidence found at the necropolis (pottery and tools) indicates that Frigiliana was populated during the Iron Age, linking it to similar artifacts found at sites on the other side of the Mediterranean (in Africa) and adding weight to theories that the two continents were once linked.
When the site was first uncovered, archaeologists believed it to be Phoenician, as its discovery occurred around the same time as several Phoenician sites in the region. This theory held for some decades until further investigations uncovered the true origin of the metal work and ceramics as Tartessian (inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula from the 9th to 7th centuries BC). The Tartessians are known to have picked up and developed skills from the Phoenicians when they moved across the Iberian Peninsula from Gadir, now Cádiz (around 8th century B.C), such as art and craft, agriculture and animal husbandry. Evidence of their new skills, and the archaeological discoveries from the site, are on display in Frigiliana's archaeology museum. This is housed in the Casa de Apero, a beautiful 17th-century building which also serves as the tourist office and Casa de Cultura.
Cerillo de las Sombras is unlike any other site in Andalucía and probably even in Europe, so be sure to visit the Casa del Apero to learn more about the necropolis and see the archaeological findings.
(You can't visit the site itself, as explained above.)
Casa de Apero
Calle la Cuesta Del Apero, s/n
Tel: 952 53 42 61
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Links on Android Authority may earn us a commission. Learn more.
How accurate is ultra-wideband (UWB) technology?
Ultra-wideband, or UWB, is a short-range wireless communication technology that has become popular for its ability to keep track of objects. The Apple AirTag is perhaps the most well-known application of this technology. Instead of using GPS or cellular data, AirTags use a combination of Bluetooth and UWB to accurately communicate their location to nearby iOS devices. But how well does this technology work in the real world?
THE SHORT ANSWER
Ultra-wideband offers excellent positional accuracy compared to other wireless radio technologies, in the range of two to four inches (5-10 centimeters).
How accurate is UWB tracking?
Most UWB applications, including car key fobs and smart tags, focus on the technology’s short-range capabilities. This is because it can track the position of objects with accuracy in the order of just a few inches. By contrast, Bluetooth Low Energy and Wi-Fi can only estimate an object’s location to within a few feet (around one meter).
To understand how UWB accomplishes better positional accuracy than Bluetooth, let’s take a closer look at how both technologies work.
Bluetooth-based positioning systems rely on a concept known as Received Signal Strength Indicator, or RSSI. This is essentially just a measurement of signal strength. Put simply, a Bluetooth beacon estimates how far an object is based on whether the signal is strong or weak.
Bluetooth and Wi-Fi use signal strength to estimate distance, while UWB performs time of flight calculations for better accuracy.
Ultra-Wideband technology, meanwhile, uses a completely different method called Time of Flight (ToF). In order to pinpoint an object’s location, a UWB beacon sends out frequent, short radio pulses and waits for a response. Once a pulse makes its way back, the beacon can calculate the distance based on the total time taken. All in all, it’s not too far off from how a bat uses echolocation to perceive its surroundings.
With repeated pulses every few nanoseconds, UWB can detect changes in position extremely quickly. Moreover, because radio pulses are sent out so frequently, the technology excels at motion tracking and directionality. For example, a UWB-equipped garage door can automatically unlock and open as you drive towards it. And in the context of personal tracking, your smartphone can guide you to the exact location of a lost tag.
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Writing an essay can be both an intimidating and rewarding experience. From crafting an argument to finding the right sources to support your points, mastering the art of essays writing takes a great deal of skill and practice. In this article, we’ll take a look at some tips and tricks you can use to make sure your essays stand out from the crowd.
Types of Essays
There are many times when you think how do I write my essay that you can be asked to write in school or university. Each type has its own unique purpose, structure and style.
The most common types of essays are:
– Argumentative essay: An argumentative essay is designed to take a position on a controversial issue and persuade the reader to side with your argument. This type of essay requires clear reasoning and strong evidence to support your claims.
– Expository essay: An expository essay provides information about a particular subject or topic. It is often used to explain something complex, such as a scientific concept or historical event. This type of essay requires you to research and evaluate data in order to communicate your findings clearly.
– Narrative essay: A narrative essay tells a story from your own life or the life of someone else. It is usually written in first person point of view and uses descriptive language to bring the story to life for the reader. This type of essay can be either factual or fiction, but it must be well-written and engaging.
– Compare and contrast essay: In a compare and contrast essay, you examine two similar (or sometimes different) things and discuss their similarities and differences. This type of essay requires you to analyze both sides of an issue in order to come to a conclusion about which is better or more effective.
– Cause and effect essay: A cause and effect essay explores the reasons why something happens (the cause) and the results of that event (the effect). It requires you to look at both the short-term and long-term effects of an issue or event.
– Persuasive essay: A persuasive essay is design to convince the reader to agree with your point of view on a particular issue. You must provide evidence and logical reasoning in order to support your argument. This type of essay requires you to use less emotion and more logic in order to come to a conclusion.
Examples of Essays
There are many different types of essays out there, but how can you know which one is right for you? Let’s take a look at a few examples of essays so that you can get a better idea of what they are and how to use them.
The first type of essay is the expository essay. This type of essay is use to explain something, usually with the help of examples. If you were asked to write an expository essay about the history of the United States, for example, you would need to research the topic and then present your findings in a clear and concise way.
The second type of essay is the argumentative essay. This type of essay is use to make a point or argue a case. For instance, if you were ask to write an argumentative essay about whether or not global warming is real, you would need to do some research on the topic and then present your argument in a clear and convincing way.
The third type of essay is the compare and contrast essay. This type of essay is use to compare two things, usually with the help of examples. For instance, if you were ask to compare and contrast two different religions, you would need to find out what each religion believes in and then present your findings in a clear and concise way.
The fourth type of essay is the cause and effect essay. This type of essay is use to explore why something happens (the cause) and what happens as a result ( the effect).
The Importance of an Introductory Paragraph
An introductory paragraph is important because it introduces the main idea of the essay and grabs the reader’s attention. The first sentence should be a hook that draws the reader in and makes them want to keep reading. The rest of the paragraph should give an overview of what the essay will be about.
How to Develop a Thesis Statement
Before you can develop a thesis statement, you need to know what your paper is going to be about. The best way to do this is to brainstorm with a friend or family member. Once you have a general topic, you can start to narrow it down into a thesis statement.
A thesis statement in essays should be one sentence that sums up your paper. It should be specific and direct, and it should be arguable. That is, somebody could reasonably disagree with it. A good thesis statement will make your paper more interesting and give it direction.
If you’re having trouble developing a thesis statement, try the following exercises:
– Write down everything you know about your topic on a piece of paper. Then look for patterns and common themes. What are the main ideas?
– Ask yourself what you want your paper to accomplish. What do you want your readers to take away from it?
– Try to state your thesis in different ways until you find one that sounds good and captures the essence of your paper
The Importance of a Concluding Paragraph
A concluding paragraph is important because it signals to the reader that you are nearing the end of your essay. It is a chance to take one last shot at convincing the reader of your thesis before they move on to the next thing. In many ways, it is like the final statement in a trial: if you can leave the jury with a strong impression of your argument, you have a better chance of winning them over.
Think of your concluding paragraph as a way to tie all of the threads of your argument together and bring it to a close. This is not the place to introduce new information or make new arguments; rather, it is an opportunity to reaffirm what you have already said and leave the reader with a strong sense of your overall point. A good conclusion will concisely recap your main points while also leaving the reader with something to think about beyond just your paper.
Tips for Successful Writing
- Start with a strong opening sentence that will grab the reader’s attention.
- Make sure your thesis statement is clear and concise.
- Develop your argument logically and support it with evidence.
- Pay attention to your grammar and style.
- Revise and edit your essay carefully before submitting it.
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Stage II Jets To Be Phased Out
Legislation signed into law in 2012 not only authorized funding for operation of the Federal Aviation Administration but also enacted a provision to phase out older Stage II jets. The phase out of these aircraft will benefit Las Vegas local residence at satellite airports surrounding McCarran airport.
Stage II Jet is a generic name for aircraft that have older jet engines at the time were state of the art in design. They had less efficient engines with raw power that provided enough thrust to carry airline and business jets into the air during takeoff.
The Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 prohibits, ending December 31, 2015, the use of jets that were exempted from the Airport Noise and Capacity Act (ANCA) of 1990. They are jets that weigh 75,000 pounds or less and do not comply with quieter Stage 3 noise levels. The exemption, if passed then, would have limited aircraft noise to 65 dB.
Congress and the FAA, when considering The Airport Noise and Capacity Act (ANCA) of 1990, weighed the right of communities to peace and quiet and the right of commerce to engage in free market enterprise, against the cost that must be paid to protect that right or to accord the other the courtesy to that right.
The National Business Aircraft Association (NBAA) is an advocate of aircraft having the right to fly into and out of public airports utilizing safe and proven operating techniques. The objectives of the NBAA program, since 1967, have withstood the test of time and have been effective in reducing noise exposure for citizens on the ground. Congress determined that thirteen percent (13%) of U.S. citizens are affected by airport noise.
A benefit of owning a Stage 2 aircraft is the initial cost to purchase. This type of aircraft maybe purchased for as little as $300,000 to $2,000,000. Owners, when considering a purchase of stage II aircraft, weigh reduced cost of investment against cost of operation. Many times it is best to purchase an older aircraft.
Government regulations tend to discourage the use of older aircraft. The FAA’s aging aircraft regulation is one example of directing business commerce and satisfying the public concern of noise. Not that these aircraft are unsafe. Older aircraft must comply with time honored FAA aircraft inspections. Decline in use of these aircraft have been driven by EU countries, the FAA and implementation of noise regulations.
A Coalition of airport managers around the country has championed an effort to eliminate the exemption since 2004. Noise sensitive airports known to pilots are; Santa Monica, Teterboro, Carlsbad, John Wayne just to name a few noise sensitive airports. Bob Bogan, deputy executive director at Morristown Municipal Airport, a founding member of Sound Initiative has spearheaded the push to eliminate stage II aircraft: A Coalition for Quieter Skies. Morristown New Jersey is known as a business jet airport in the New York metropolitan region.
The new law gives operators of what FAA registration records indicate are more than 850 Stage 2 aircraft until the end of 2015 to modify their aircraft to meet new standards or discontinue their use in U.S. airspace over the contiguous 48 states.
Many Stage II aircraft have been modified to comply with local noise concerns and have attempted to meet Stage III compliance. Sadly most efforts have come up short which is why the 2015 law has been passed.
Pilots at local Las Vegas airports desire to be good neighbors when flying business aircraft. Pilots understand residence desire to have quite neighbors and the local airport is part of the quite flying neighbor policy pilots have adopted. Pilots are trained to remain safe at all times and monitor local ordinance restrictions when flying near airports.
In order to satisfy noise restrictions pilots are able to implement a modified take off and approach aircraft configuration to comply with noise restrictions. During takeoff, with restrictions, aircraft pilots may select a reduce power and flap configuration to minimize takeoff decibel noise. When landing, the aircraft landing flap configuration may be delayed and the aircraft landing weight may be reduced in order to minimize decibel levels. This procedure is recommended but safety and aircraft performance are the utmost concern.
Either way passenger safety and noise is the by-product.
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One in seven Canadians lived in a household where there was food insecurity in April and those living with children are more likely to be impacted from food insecurity resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, according to a new study from Statistics Canada.
The survey, which was part of the Canadian Perspectives Survey Series (CPSS), collected data from May 4 to 10 from 4,600 respondents in all 10 provinces. Of the participants, 14.6 per cent indicated that they lived in a household where there was food insecurity in the past 30 days.
The survey was based on a scale of six “food experiences” ranging from food not lasting until there was money to buy more, to going hungry because there was not enough money for food. Most Canadians reported only one negative experience, but 2 per cent reported the most severe food insecurity, with five or all six experiences reported.
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Source: AMERICAN ACADEMY OF FAMILY PHYSICIANS
What is an mRNA vaccine and how does it work?
An mRNA vaccine uses a piece of messenger RNA — a set of instructions that tells a cell to make a specific protein. For SARS-CoV-2, this is the spike protein that is found on the surface of the viral envelope. The mRNA used in the vaccine does not enter the cell’s nucleus and consequently has no interaction with a cell’s DNA. It is also not a full virus and cannot replicate itself. The mRNA is rapidly broken down by the cell once the instructions have been transmitted, so it does not cause mutations or cellular defects, and has not been associated with infertility.
Once the spike protein is made, it is put on the surface of the cell, where it is seen by the immune cells and causes them to become activated and respond. The result is the production of neutralizing antibodies. If a person who is immunized becomes infected with the virus, the neutralizing antibodies will bind to the virus and prevent it from entering cells and causing disease.
Can an mRNA vaccine cause COVID-19?
No. An mRNA vaccine is not a virus and can’t cause disease. Because it activates the immune system, it can cause mild symptoms in some people (e.g., fatigue, achiness, fever). Based on data from the clinical trials, the most common reactions to the vaccine are pain at the injection site, fatigue, headache, and muscle aches. These symptoms are very common with other vaccines, including the flu shot, and are a sign that the body is responding to the vaccine.
When will a vaccine be available?
The FDA has authorized two mRNA vaccines for COVID-19. The Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine was authorized for individuals 16 years and older. The Moderna vaccine was authorized for individuals 18 years and older. Both vaccines were recommended by the CDC’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). They will review additional vaccines when authorized by the FDA.
The first groups of people, health care workers and residents of long-term-care facilities began receiving vaccine doses at the end of December. The second phase of allocation will include front-line essential workers and individuals over 75 years of age. Remaining essential workers and those at increased risk of severe disease are next in line. Local health departments can provide more information regarding prioritized populations, and how and when to get the vaccine. Given the requirement for extreme cold to store the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, there will be limited sites able to administer the vaccine initially.
5 THINGS YOU NEED TO KNOW NOW
1. The Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines require two doses, spaced 3–4 weeks apart. Mild pain at the injection site, fatigue, headache, and muscle aches are common reactions.
2. The vaccines do not contain a live virus, so they can’t cause COVID-19.
3. Health care workers and residents of long-term-care facilities will be the first groups to receive the vaccine.
4. Vaccines provide protection against COVID-19, but won’t prevent infection. Those who are immunized may still be able to transmit the virus.
5. It’s important to continue wearing a mask, wash hands and physically distance even after getting the vaccine.
What is the difference between the emergency use authorization and licensure (approval) by the FDA?
Emergency use authorization is a process by which the FDA can authorize use of a medication or vaccine with less data if the benefit of the vaccine has been shown to outweigh the risk. EUAs can be issued only during a declared emergency, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccines issued an EUA will continue to be studied and have additional safety monitoring and informed consent and education associated with them.
What are the differences between the two vaccines authorized by the FDA?
Both vaccines are mRNA vaccines that have a piece of mRNA specific for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. They have similar efficacy and safety profiles. The main differences between the two vaccines include the ages of individuals eligible to get the vaccines, the length of time between doses, the cold chain requirements for storage, and the preparation of the vaccine. A side by side comparison is below:
Why should I get a vaccine? The trial results for both vaccines showed >94% efficacy at preventing COVID-19. By getting vaccinated, you are reducing your risk of disease, hospitalization, severe complications, and even death. Getting vaccinated and reducing the risk of disease also helps prevent the health care system from being further overwhelmed. What does it cost to get the vaccine? Any COVID-19 vaccine will be available at no cost to individuals, and clinicians administering the vaccine will be able to be reimbursed for vaccine administration (see guidance on coding and payment).
How many doses are needed?
Both mRNA vaccines require two doses; the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine should be given 21 days apart and the Moderna vaccine doses should be spaced 28 days apart to achieve an effective immune response. Recipients should get the second dose from the same manufacturer as their first dose. However, if they get a dose of a different vaccine, no additional doses are needed, and the series is considered complete.
What are the side effects of the vaccine?
Data from the clinical trials of both candidates indicate that the most common reactions were pain at the injection site, fatigue, headache, and muscle aches. These symptoms are commonly seen with other vaccines. A few people also reported fever and nausea. No serious side effects were seen in the data reported from the trials. However, the CDC and the FDA will monitor for any adverse events or side effects as the vaccines are distributed to the public.
There have been reports of a few cases of severe allergic reaction to the Pfizer- BioNTech vaccine. Individuals receiving the vaccine should be monitored for 15-30 minutes after injection.
The vaccines have not been associated with infertility or modifications to recipient DNA.
If you have concerns or questions about any side effects after receiving the vaccine, check with your family physician.
How long does immunity last?
It is not known how long immunity will last from the vaccine. In the clinical trials that have been conducted to date, the median length of follow-up was two months for vaccine recipients. It is also not known how long immunity from natural infection lasts; there are reports of waning antibody levels around three months after infection, and a few cases of reinfection have been reported. We do know that seasonal coronaviruses (a source for the common cold) do not induce a robust immune response, which leads to limited immunity to these viruses. It is likely that a vaccine will have a stronger and more lasting immune response, but data are limited and the research is ongoing.
Do I still need to wear a mask and physically distance if I have the vaccine?
Yes! While the vaccines provide protection against COVID-19 disease, they have not been shown to prevent infection, so people who are immunized may still be able to transmit the virus. Additionally, the greater than 94% efficacy in preventing disease was not observed until several weeks after the second dose of the vaccines. Everyone will still need to wear a mask and practice physical distancing until a large section of the population has developed immunity, which may not be until late 2021. Even then, more data will be needed to see how long immunity lasts. Additional rounds of immunizations may be needed.
If I am vaccinated against COVID-19, can I still spread the virus to others?
The vaccine trials conducted did not look at the vaccine’s ability to prevent virus transmission. We do know the vaccine is very effective at preventing illness in those receiving the vaccine. Because there are not data demonstrating the ability of the vaccines to prevent viral transmission, it is important to continue to wear a mask and socially distance even after getting vaccinated.
Can I get the vaccine if I’ve already had COVID-19?
Yes, although there are not enough data currently to determine how prior infection with COVID-19 affects the efficacy of the vaccine. It is known that natural immunity to the virus wanes over time, so currently, under the EUA, individuals who have previously been infected are eligible for receiving the vaccine.
If more than one vaccine is available, would taking two different vaccines be less effective?
There have been no studies conducted looking at the effectiveness of the use of different vaccine products to complete the COVID-19 series. Current guidance states the same vaccine should be given for both dose one and two. If different vaccines are given, the recipient does not need to receive an additional vaccine.
Who can’t get the vaccine?
Children and adolescents under age 16 are not eligible to receive the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. Those under age 19 are not eligible to receive the Moderna vaccine as there are not data on the safety and efficacy in this population. While pregnant or immunocompromised individuals were also not included in the first round of trials, patients who are pregnant, lactating, or immunocompromised are able to determine if they wish to receive the vaccine. These patients are encouraged to have a discussion on the potential benefits and risks with their family physician.
As with other vaccines, anyone who has a fever or other symptoms may not be able to get the vaccine until their symptoms resolve. This includes those who have symptoms or are positive for COVID-19. There is also caution for people with documented anaphylactic reactions to vaccines. Individuals with a known allergy to any of the vaccine components should not be immunized.
Can I get other vaccines, like the flu shot, at the same time as the COVID-19 vaccine?
No, you will need to wait two weeks after getting the COVID-19 vaccine before getting other immunizations.
How do I report symptoms after the vaccine?
As with other vaccines, vaccine recipients are encouraged to report side effects (called adverse events) to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). This is a nationwide program that collects data to use as signals of unexpected events from a vaccine. If you have a question on what might be considered a side effect related to the vaccine, talk with your family physician.
Because any COVID-19 vaccine will be provided under EUA, clinicians will have additional reporting requirements outlined in the EUA fact sheet from the FDA. Each state and jurisdiction has plans in place for handling reporting.
In addition to VAERS, the CDC will implement a new, smartphone-based tool called v-safe that will send text messages to encourage reporting of adverse events or impacts to quality of life. This system will require the use of a smartphone, and recipients must opt into the system. Information on v-safe will be provided to anyone who gets the vaccine, along with a card indicating which vaccine and dose was given, and the EUA fact sheet.
If I have allergies, can I get the COVID-19 vaccine?
Yes! Seasonal allergies and even food allergies, including allergies to shellfish and peanuts, do not exclude you from getting the COVID-19 vaccine. Individuals who had severe reactions, like anaphylaxis, to injectable medication or vaccines in the past should not get the COVID-19 vaccine at this time.
Can I get the COVID-19 vaccine if I am pregnant or breastfeeding?
There has been no data on the use of EUA approved COVID-19 vaccines in pregnant or breastfeeding women. However, these individuals are not excluded from getting the vaccine and they should talk with their physician about the risks and benefits of being vaccinated.
• AAFP COVID-19 vaccine webpage: www.aafp.org/covidvaccine
• Familydoctor.org vaccine article: https://familydoctor.org/covid-19-vaccine/
• CDC COVID-19 vaccine webpage: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/index.html
• EUA fact sheet: https://www.fda.gov/media/144413/download
• Coding and payment resources:
a. COVID-19 Vaccine Coverage Requirements and Preliminary Payment Guidance: https://www.aafp.org/dam/AAFP/documents/advocacy/prevention/vaccines/ ES-COVIDVaccineCoveragePayment-121020.pdf
b. First COVID-19 Vaccine CPT Codes Published: https://www.aafp.org/journals/fpm/blogs/gettingpaid/entry/covid_vaccine_codes.html
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Understanding mRNA vaccines. https://www.cdc.gov/ coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/mrna.html. Accessed Dec. 12, 2020.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Frequently asked questions about COVID-19 vaccine. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/faq.html. Accessed Dec. 12, 2020
3. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee Meeting, Dec. 10, 2020 FDA Briefing Document, Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. https://www.fda.gov/media/144245/download. Accessed Dec. 10, 2020.
4. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee Meeting, Dec. 17, 2020 FDA Briefing Document, ModernaTX
COVID-19 testing funded by Miami-Dade County
using federal CARES Act CRF funds
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Inspired by the prospect of saving our oceans through science?
Consider addressing the problem in your science fair project.
Are you a Gr. 7-12 student with brilliant ideas about how to fight ocean plastics pollution? Start your (electricity fuelled) engines and come up with a science fair entry that might win you a Discovery Ocean Plastic Innovation Award.
A partnership between the Discovery Foundation and Ocean Wise, the awards go to an outstanding innovative project that could help to significantly reduce plastic pollution in the ocean in the arenas of green design, waste management, cleanup, or policy and regulation. Two cash awards of $5,000 each are given to the top projects.
There were four nominees from across the province of B.C. for the 2019 Discovery Ocean Plastic Innovation Awards. Winners Cameron Stilwell and Riya Gandhi received their awards at the Central Interior Regional Science Fair and the Vancouver Island Regional Fair respectively.
Inspired by a global warming assessment published by the United Nations, Gandhi had decided to tackle the problem of the dangerous amounts of greenhouse gases caused by the production and degradation of plastic bags.
“I decided that, to balance human convenience and utility with environmental sensitivity, I would work to further current research on bioplastics for my science fair project,” said the Vancouver Island-based student, now in Gr. 11. To replace the usual chemically sourced biopolymers in plastic bags, she developed a physical cross-link of chitosan, a biopolymer found in the shells of lobster and crab, and gliadin, a protein found in the gluten family. Both are by-products of the food industry.
“After many weeks of researching, designing and experimenting, I achieved a successful plastic-like material,” she said. “Among other characteristics similar to that of a regular plastic bag, the bioplastic product degrades quickly in soil and accelerates the rate at which organic material is composted.”
The result was also food-grade, water-soluble, and environmentally safe. Gandhi has found that her project could not only inspire potentially useful commercial products, but allows her to share her research with other students and “use my newfound knowledge as a platform to push for education, understanding, and change.”
Prince George Gr. 7 student Cameron Stilwell, 12, turned his attention to the reinvention of PVC pipe, a lightweight, strong thermoplastic polymer that’s used in everything from clothing and healthcare products to sewer and water plumbing.
“My motivation for doing this project was to reduce the amount of plastic waste that is being put into our landfills and the oceans,” said Stilwell. “My project developed a less expensive substitute for polyvinyl chloride pipe by using milk jugs and high-density polyethylene containers that are very troublesome materials for our environment.”
The material that makes PVC pipe requires a special recycling protocol. Stilwell discovered that shredded milk jugs can be melted down to form a PVC-type pipe, creating a safer, eco-friendly, cost-efficient substitute for PVC and copper pipes, with a lifespan roughly 70 years longer than the PVC pipe. It’s also abundant, 100% recyclable and can withstand 70-80 PSI of compressed air, which is the standard maximum pressure requirement for household plumbing. In Stilwell’s view, “it’s the perfect substitute for polyvinyl chloride.”
Stilwell described himself as passionate about the environment. “It is my generation that needs to clean and restore the environment so future generations will be able to enjoy all of nature’s wondrous beauty.”
The Science Fair Foundation has been giving out awards once a year to worthy young scientists in Grades 7-12 for almost three decades. Young people participate in school science fairs, and apply to compete at Regional Fairs. There are 14 regional Science Fairs in BC and the Yukon alone.
Students whose projects are nominated for the Discovery Ocean Plastic Innovation Award are informed of the nomination at their Regional Science Fair Award Ceremony, and given the nomination forms to fill out and submit to the Discovery Foundation by a specific date.
“The Discovery Foundation provides financial support for initiatives that address important environmental challenges,” said David Harper, CEO of the Discovery Foundation. “We are proud to partner with Ocean Wise in its efforts to raise awareness about the very serious problem of ocean plastics. Through our Discovery Ocean Plastic Innovation Awards, we reward young scientists and entrepreneurs that have been successful in the BC Science Fair competitions, with projects focused on ocean plastics.”
Students at this year’s B.C. Science Fairs will once again be eligible for a similar award; we invite you to start dreaming about how you can use science to combat the challenge of plastics in our oceans. For more information, visit : https://www.sciencefairs.ca/
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It is performed using specialized computers An ASIC miner refers to a device that uses microprocessors for the sole purpose of "mining" digital currency.Learn more that solve extremely complex computational math problems. When a bitcoin is successfully mined, the miner receives a predetermined amount of bitcoin.
Cryptocurrency mining is painstaking, costly, and only sporadically rewarding. Nonetheless, mining has a magnetic appeal for many investors who are interested in cryptocurrency because of the fact that miners receive rewards for their work with crypto tokens.
Currently Bitcoin miners will mine one block, with the reward currently being set at 6.25 BTC per block. Each block takes approximately 10 minutes to mine. The reward amount is cut in half roughly every four years, or every 210,000 blocks. As of January 2022, bitcoin traded at around $43,000, making 6.25 bitcoins worth nearly $270,000.
- Bitcoin miners receive Bitcoin as a reward for completing “blocks” of verified transactions added to the blockchain
- Mining rewards are paid to the miner who discovers a solution to a complex hashing puzzle first, and the probability that a participant will be the one to discover the solution is related to the portion of the total mining power on the network
- You need either a GPU (graphics processing unit) or an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC An ASIC miner refers to a device that uses microprocessors for the sole purpose of "mining" digital currency.Learn more) to set up a mining rig
One way to share some of the high costs of mining is by joining a mining pool A mining pool is a joint group of cryptocurrency miners who combine their computational resources over a network to strengthen the probability of finding a block or otherwise successfully mining for cryptocurrency.Learn more. Pools allow miners to share resources and add more capability, but shared resources mean shared rewards, so the potential payout is less when working through a pool. The volatility of Bitcoin’s price also makes it difficult to know exactly how much you’re working for.
The bitcoin reward that miners receive is an incentive that motivates people to assist in the primary purpose of mining: to legitimize and monitor Bitcoin transactions, ensuring their validity. Because many users all over the world share these responsibilities, Bitcoin is a “decentralized” cryptocurrency, or one that does not rely on any central authority like a central bank or government to oversee its regulation.
The Bottom Line
Bitcoin “mining” serves a crucial function to validate and confirm new transactions to the blockchain and to prevent double-spending Double-spending is the risk that a digital currency can be spent twice.Learn more by bad actors. It is also the way that new bitcoins are introduced into the system. Based on a complex puzzle, the task involves producing proof of work (PoW) Proof of work (PoW) is a decentralized consensus mechanism that requires members of a network to expend effort solving an arbitrary mathematical puzzle to prevent anybody from gaming the system.Learn more, which is inherently energy-intensive. This energy, however, is embodied in the value of bitcoins and the Bitcoin system and keeps this decentralized system stable, secure, and trustworthy.
How Does Bitcoin Mining Work?
What is Bitcoin Mining?
What is Bitcoin mining and how does it work?
How Does Bitcoin Mining Work?
Every informed person needs to know about Bitcoin because it might be one of the world’s most important developments.
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Report on Spurr (United States) — June 1992
Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, vol. 17, no. 6 (June 1992)
Managing Editor: Lindsay McClelland.
Spurr (United States) Details of 27 June eruptive cloud
Please cite this report as:
Global Volcanism Program, 1992. Report on Spurr (United States) (McClelland, L., ed.). Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, 17:6. Smithsonian Institution. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN199206-313040
61.299°N, 152.251°W; summit elev. 3374 m
All times are local (unless otherwise noted)
Increased seismicity preceded a brief eruption of Spurr that began on 27 June at 0704, producing an eruption cloud that was carried rapidly NNE. Seismic data suggested that the eruption ended at about 1100, after apparent eruptive pulses at 0814 and 0904. By 1049, shortly before feeding of the plume stopped, data from the Nimbus-7 satellite's TOMS showed its leading edge roughly 500 km from the volcano, near Fairbanks (figure 3), with an apparent SO2 content of 35 kilotons. The next day, the cloud was detached from the volcano but still clearly visible on weather satellite imagery, extending in a 2,000-km arc E and SE over NE Alaska and NW Canada (figures 3 and 4). As the plume elongated, SO2 detected by the TOMS instrument increased to a maximum of 185 kilotons on 28 June at 1125, then decreased slightly to 160 kilotons as it started to dissipate on 29 June. The cloud remained visible on both TOMS data and weather satellite imagery for several more days.
|Figure 4. Image from the NOAA 11 polar-orbiting weather satellite on 29 June at about 0600, showing the plume from Spurr over the Beaufort Sea and western Canada. Courtesy of NOAA/NESDIS.|
The maximum eruption cloud altitude reported by pilots was about 12 km. However, radar installed on the Kenai Peninsula after the Redoubt eruption, to monitor nearby volcanic activity, measured higher altitudes. At 0803, radar detected a vertical cloud to about 9 km altitude; at 0840, strong returns to 9 km and some material to 14.5 km; at 0950 and 1004, columns to 16 km altitude; and at 1018, to 18 km (figure 5).
Because the plume was carried northward, major air routes to Asia that extend along the Aleutian chain from Anchorage were not affected. A Notice to Airmen warned aircraft to avoid the immediate vicinity of the volcano. No routes were officially closed, but airlines avoided using routes N and NW of the volcano (J501, 111, 133, 120, and 122; and V319, 444, and 480) during the eruption. Flights arriving in Anchorage, 120 km E of Spurr, were routed along normal approaches from the south.
Geological Summary. The summit of Mount Spurr is a large lava dome constructed at the center of a roughly 5-km-wide horseshoe-shaped caldera open to the south. The volcano lies 130 km W of Anchorage and NE of Chakachamna Lake. The caldera was formed by a late-Pleistocene or early Holocene debris avalanche and associated pyroclastic flows that destroyed an ancestral edifice. The debris avalanche traveled more than 25 km SE, and the resulting deposit contains blocks as large as 100 m in diameter. Several ice-carved post-caldera cones or lava domes lie in the center of the caldera. The youngest vent, Crater Peak, formed at the breached southern end of the caldera and has been the source of about 40 identified Holocene tephra layers. Eruptions from Crater Peak in 1953 and 1992 deposited ash on the city of Anchorage.
Information Contacts: AVO; G. Bluth, NASA GSFC; SAB, NOAA/NESDIS; Joel Curtis and Dale Eubanks, NWS Alaska Region, Anchorage; Darla Gerlach, Air Traffic Division, FAA, Anchorage.
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Dramatic new commitments to water management are needed now.
Words by Michael Spaziani
If you’ve ever taken a bath, then you know all the basics of storm water management. (And if you’ve never taken a bath then I strongly suggest you do, then continue reading to learn a little more about this subject.)
Architects and urban designers are currently compelled to address storm water management in their designs for buildings, sites and communities. In most jurisdictions today, we must design our facilities so that the flow of water leaving a site does not exceed the rate of flow prior to development. So if you have an undeveloped site with post agricultural grasses and plants, your new development cannot release more water than established by that existing condition.
In other words: maintain the status quo.
As a result, you see new communities typically outfitted with new storm water ponds that collect and hold the rain water predicted for certain peak events such as a 100-year storm (that is, a storm of such severity that its probability of occurring is only once a century). The rain water carries along debris, salts, soil and silt as it scoots along off roofs, driveways, parking lots and roads into these ponds.
The ponds are typically designed with two basins: a settlement pond where silt and debris settles to the bottom, and a holding pond where the quantity of water is held and slowly released at a rate that prevents flooding.
Back to your bathtub. The source water is your faucet. The holding pond is your tub and the drain is the outlet back to the environment. Your tub will overflow when you forget to pull the drain plug or it gets plugged by hair and other debris or your water pressure is so high that the drain cannot release water quickly enough. What happens? You get a flooded bathroom.
That is what happened in Mississauga on July 8, 2013—too much source water and not enough outlet capacity. You saw the floods but you may have also had a wet basement caused simply by a careless neighbour draining a walkway onto your property. The heavy rain amplified the problem.
But why did this happen if the current standard is to hold all this water in storm ponds and release it slowly? The answer lies in the short history of Mississauga.
I contacted the Credit Valley Conservation Authority (CVCA), the stewards of our natural water systems. I conferred with Deputy Director John Kincaid and Senior Manager of Policy Christine Zimmer. They spoke passionately about their role in managing the evolving natural valley systems in light of both more frequent normal storm events (one in 10 years) and more peak events (one in 100 to 300 years) like we experienced with Hurricane Hazel and more recently on July 8.
I was shocked to hear this: only 25 percent of our land mass has water quantity controls in place. Conversely, 75 percent of our land mass lets water flow over it unstopped directly into our rivers and streams. When you consider the amount of hard surface built in Mississauga over the past 40 years, the resulting flooding is hardly surprising.
In the case of one-storey strip malls, you can usually expect 25 to 30 percent of a site to be occupied by roofs. You can also expect another 55 to 60 percent of the site to be covered with asphalt. That leaves 10 to 20 percent in landscape cover, which is mostly grass. If 75 percent of the strip malls out there have no quantity controls and 80 to 90 percent of each lot is covered by asphalt or buildings, you can imagine the huge flush of water released when a major storm passes through.
Add to this the flow from subdivision housing designed prior to 1985 and potentially built through 1995 (when approved plans didn’t require storm water quantity controls), and you begin to see the magnitude of the problem. Much of Mississauga’s housing was built in those dark ages prior to 1995. While the future is promising, the past is very disturbing.
I asked Ward 1 Councillor Jim Tovey about this immense problem. He added to my concern with the following tidbit: Mississauga needs $1.7 billion today to begin to solve this problem. That’s a crazy number that’s simply not available in the current economic climate. Mississauga is presently budgeting $10 million per year for erosion control and storm water management fixes. In 170 years we may have made a small dent in the problem. Wow!
And that only deals with the issue of quantity of water. There is the matter of water quality control that is perhaps even more dire. Prior to 1960, there were no controls at all on any new development. So a city like Toronto that is largely built well before 1960 has a huge problem. Salt, silt, sand and sometimes industrial waste finds its way into the sewers.
What can we do? CVCA has some great ideas. As our road systems constitute such a large impervious mass, they have conceived of a way to retrofit these public lands to capture water runoff, hold it and clean it prior to releasing it to our natural valley systems. A current project is the Elm Drive Showcasing Water Innovation retrofit in conjunction with the Peel School Board.
In this demonstration project, several techniques have been used to implement low-impact development protocols. They include parking laybys and sidewalks with permeable paving that lets water seep back slowly into the earth, and a series of rain gardens on school property that receive road runoff and filter it through their planter boxes prior to releasing it to the Cooksville Creek.
These innovations are a bright spot in an otherwise bleak situation. The sins of our fathers are now showing up as flooding and water pollution. The cost of fixing these sins is dear. How can we deal with it?
Kitchener and many American cities have developed a bold strategy that simply identifies the degree of storm water released from private development sites and creates a utility tax bill that builds targeted funds to allow public sector remedies to be instituted, such as the CVCA demonstration projects on public land.
In this program, the largest offenders are usually older strip retail malls that have little in the way of permeable surfaces and no storm retention ponds or other storage devices. Based on the amount of permeable surface or unrestrained runoff, a utility charge, much like your current sewer and water bill, is added to the worst offenders. As housing generally has about 50 percent of its lots in grass or other permeable surfaces, the majority of Mississauga homeowners would likely see no additional charge.
A taxation system such as this becomes a further incentive to redevelop these retail “greyfield” sites into new intensified developments that meet the current standards for storm water quality and quantity control. There are many new technologies that allow new developments to treat water onsite, recharge the ground water under them and maintain sustainable balanced conditions in our lakes and streams. New developments under new standards can do more to improve the environment than maintaining the harmful status quo. I believe most people believe the opposite.
So next time you take a bath, think about laying down some sod and wild flowers on the tub bottom, let it hold the water like a sponge, absorb the soap and dead skin cells, and then slowly release cleaner water back down the drain. At least think about it.
Michael Spaziani is an award-winning commercial architect and active community participant, serving on heritage and arts boards in Mississauga.
For more information on CVCA’s flood prevention projects, visit: creditvalleyca.ca/low-impact-development/showcasing-water-innovation-2/.
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Augmented Reality App for Toddlers & Preschoolers!
Looking for a fun interactive app for toddlers and preschoolers? Check out AR Flashcards!
Through the use of augmented reality (AR) and flashcards – this app allows your children to learn in a new and exciting way! A new approach to flashcards!
Using printed flashcards and your iPhone or iPad – the AR Flashcards app allows your kids to point the iPhone or iPad at the printed alphabet flashcards and a 3D animal will pop up on the screen related to the flash cards.
The AR Flashcards Animal Alphabet app is available for $1.99 on the Apple App Store.
Purchase the AR Flashcards Animal Alphabet App
Welcome to a new world of Flashcards. AR Flashcards make learning the Alphabet fun with the technology of Augmented Reality!
AR Flashcards are a new way to interact and make Flashcards more entertaining for toddlers and preschoolers. With AR Flashcards, learning the Alphabet will be fun! When you point your device at the printed flashcard a beautifully rendered 3D animal will pop up on the screen. Tap the animal to hear the letter and animal name.
– 26 beautifully rendered Animals to help your toddler or preschooler learn!
– Tap on each Animal to hear the Letter and name of the Animal!
– You can print out the flashcards or if you own two iOS devices you can access the flashcards from within the app in a beautiful swipeable gallery!
*Note* You must visit http://www.arflashcards.com/ to download and print the free Flashcard Markers necessary to make this app work. Make sure to print the flashcards in color as they will not work in black and white. This app will only work on devices with a camera.
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The Relationship between Ma’rifat and the Theory of Knowledge and Its Implication in Education (Published)
This article elaborates the knowledge achieved through fana’ process in accordance with Sufi experts. Hierarchically, fana’ stimulates “emotion” and awareness of the Oneness of God involving the existence of ratio. Unfortunately sensory and rational potentials do not function individually and are free from the emotion. Thus, people’s awareness often changes and the system of knowledge transforms as the result of impelementing mujâhadah through maqâmât and hâl mechanism. The purposed knowledge here is not the direct knowledge achieved at the end of journey such as ladunni knowledge. This is a holistic knowledge combining rational, empirical, and intuitive knowledges, a model introduced by Sufi community through the concept of Ma’rifat. This concept is relevant with the needs of education field today. Without this concept, education is only a meaningless process of knowledge transformation.
Keywords: Al Îmân, Education, Knowledge, Ma’rifat, Soul Cleansing
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https://www.eajournals.org/keywords/soul-cleansing/
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Head (of humerus)
The head of humerus is a feature on the humerus bone, which is the major bone of the upper-arm.
The upper part of the humerus bone (see diagram) consists of a large rounded part called the head of the humerus that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula bone, and on the other side two protrusions known as the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle.
For more information about the adjacent bones see hand bones and arm bones.
More about Hand and Arm Bones:
This website includes many pages about bones and the skeletal system. The following pages may be of interest. These also link to further pages about related topics such as specific types of fractures, bone diseases and so on.
- Structures and Functions of Bones (an overview about the Skeletal System)
- Types of Bones, such as long bones, short bones, flat bones, etc.
- Bone Markings and Features on Bones of the Human Body
- Types of Joints, such as immoveable, slightly moveable and freely moveable joints
- Diagram of the Human Skeleton
- Overview of types of Conditions and Disorders of the Skeletal System
For further information see also our pages of books about orthopaedics.
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https://www.ivyroses.com/Define/Head_(of_humerus)
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Financial planning is essential for everyone: here’s how to get started
Financial planning is important for everyone no matter what your situation is as it can help set out a road map for your future goals and give you a better understanding of all your incomings and outgoings.
Jane Wheeler, former president of the Institute of Financial Planning and director of the International Financial Planning Standards Board, says it can also give you a sense of achievement when your goals are met and valuable piece of mind.
She says: “Rather than just wishing that you could do something or have something that’s important to you, why not apply yourself to make it happen using the process of financial planning? As well as realising your dreams at the end of the process, you will have a sense of achievement: in addition you will feel in control and have the comfort of knowing that your financial life is ordered.”
Three of her tips are to stay realistic, committed and to review your financial plan regularly.
When do you want to achieve your goals?
She says it’s important to think about your time horizon:
- Short term: in the next five years
- Medium term: 5-10 years
- Long term: more than 10 years.
While you will ultimately have to prioritise your goals, she says you should try to make some progress towards each of these.
How much will it cost?
Next you should work out the cost of achieving these goals in those time horizons.
Wheeler says this is the most difficult part of making a financial plan but it is do-able: “In order to be able to plan, we need to put a cost on what it is we are trying to achieve. Take each goal, one by one, and calculate the amount of money you will need to be able to achieve them. Take note of the timescale for each goal. You will then need to work out the best way of accumulating that amount of money by regular savings or by assigning capital that you already have to that purpose.”
These figures can include estimates and some assumptions such as on growth rates and inflation.
You’ll need to figure out your net worth which is the total of your assets, less any liabilities. This will include your salary, pension, home, savings, as well as any loans or debts you may have accrued.
Cut back on spending and shop around for deals
If you’re spending more than you’re saving, this will need to be addressed at the earliest opportunity so the first step is to cut out spending on non-essentials such as that coffee on the way in to work, that magazine subscription you hardly read and the expensive lunch which you could make at home.
Another area to save money in is on your insurance and utility costs. Shop around on comparison sites to cut down the cost of energy as well as car and home insurance costs.
Ensure you have emergency cash and cover
Wheeler says it’s also important to expect the unexpected meaning it’s essential to establish an emergency fund to allow you instant access to cash when required.
You should also ensure there’s sufficient insurance cover in place to provide for any dependants you may have in the event of your death or ill health.
A will should also be drafted to reflect your wishes for the distribution of your assets in the event of your death. And consider a Power of Attorney in the case you’re unable to manage your affairs in later life.
Seek help from a financial adviser
If you’re financial affairs are more complex or you want an independent professional to help you with your money matters, a financial adviser can help.
To find an adviser, YourMoney.com suggests using online services such as Unbiased.co.uk or VouchedFor.co.uk as it allows you to search by specialism, location and cost.
Once you have a preliminary list, the next step is to pick the best one for your circumstances and you should ask four key questions:
Are you an independent financial adviser? IFAs need to hold a Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) –recognised financial planning diploma and a valid Statement of Professional Standing (SPS).
What are you best at? Most can advise on a number of topics but whether you require general support across financial affairs or expertise in a couple of areas, it’s important to identify their strengths.
What’s your philosophy in respect of…? Every financial adviser will have their own views, beliefs, and personality. It’s important to understand an IFA’s philosophy – their strategy, selection process, risk appetite, and more – to see whether their characteristics match with your own.
How are you paid? All advisers must charge an upfront fee they agree with you in advance. However, how they charge these fees varies significantly; whether a percentage fee or proportional to the money managed. Others bill by the hour.
See YourMoney.com’s How to prepare for your first meeting with a financial adviser to see what you need to think about beforehand and a list of documents to take with you.
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Indicators for Environmental Improvement
Many environmental indicators in South Korea are steadily improving due to the efforts of the citizens, public organizations, and the govern- ment. With an aim to shape a healthy and safe environment for the nation, these entities are col- lectively strengthening preventive measures for environmental management. They are developing ef cient land utilization techniques, strictly con- trolling the use of chemical substances, and creat- ing response systems to environmental diseases. Since 2014, the establishment of the Integrated
Approach to Environmental Management has individualized environmental management of in- dustries by acknowledging the speci city of each business type. In addition, water supply distribu- tion systems have been enhanced, supplying clean water to farming and shing villages. The sewer system supply rate is also increasing, while the concentration of water pollutants is continuously decreasing.
Global concerns regarding climate change have led to proactive efforts on the local level to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Maintaining pace with the international society, Korea aims to reduce 30% of greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 while instituting a low-carbon socio-economic structure. The government is also maximizing resource circulation by recycling wastes and con- tinues to cultivate the environmental industry as the nation’s new growth engine. Since the export volume for Korea’s environmental industry has increased from 0.7 trillion KRW in 2004 to 7.9 trillion in 2014, the industry is expected to create
new job opportunities and increase revenue. Other enhancements of environmental indica- tors include the expansion of ecological space, advancement in biodiversity management, resto- ration of stream ecosystems, and tightened regula- tions on ultra-particulate matter, noise, and odor. Parks and protected areas are steadily expanding as more natural parks are designated and managed as places of relaxation and ecological exploration.
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A groundbreaking discovery out of Bielefeld University showed evidence that plants can draw an alternative source of energy from other plants.
This discovery will greatly impact the future of bioenergy as it very likely supports the notion that humans can draw energy from others in much the same way.
The research findings, released to the online journal Nature Communications, revealed that a biological research team, headed up by Professor Dr. Olaf Kruse definitively confirmed for the first time that a plant, the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, not only engages in photosynthesis but also is reliant on alternative energy drawn from other plants.
This revelation suggests that if plants draw energy from one another, then humans undoubtedly draw energy from one another as well. Our physical bodies are like sponges, soaking up the environment. “This is exactly why there are certain people who feel uncomfortable in specific group settings where there is a mix of energy and emotions,” said psychologist and energy healer Dr. Olivia Bader-Lee.
Professor Dr. Olaf Kruse and his team microscopically observed that when the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii plant was faced with a shortage of energy, it drew energy from neighboring plants.
To a certain extent, what we are seeing is plants eating plants. Currently, scientists are studying whether this mechanism can also be found in other types of alga. Preliminary findings indicate that this is the case.
“When energy studies become more advanced in the coming years, we will eventually see this translated to human beings as well,” stated Bader-Lee. “The human organism is very much like a plant, it draws needed energy to feed emotional states and this can essentially energize cells or cause increases in cortisol and catabolize cells depending on the emotional trigger.”
Bader-Lee suggests that the field of bioenergy is now ever-evolving and that studies on the plant and animal world will soon translate and demonstrate what energy metaphysicians have known all along — that humans can heal each other simply through energy transfer just as plants do.
4 WAYS TO PREVENT ENERGY DRAIN WHILE RELEASING OTHER PEOPLE’S ENERGY:
If you are centered on your spiritual self (instead of your analyzer or ego) you will sense right away when something has moved into your space.
Be in a state of non-resistance
If you feel uncomfortable around a certain person or in a group, move into a state of non-resistance by imagining that your body is clear and translucent like clear glass or water. This way, if someone throws some invalidation at you, it will pass right through you.
Own your aura space
We each have an energetic aura surrounding our bodies. If we don’t own this personal space we are vulnerable to foreign energy entering it.
Call back your energy.
When we have our energy in our own space there is less room for other’s energy to enter. But as we focus on other people and projects we sometimes spread our energy around. Draw an imaginary circle around yourself and keep your energy within those parameters.
If you found this article interesting, please share it with friends and family by clicking the link below!
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Is there a way to stop sleepwalking?
There is no known way to absolutely prevent sleepwalking; however, certain steps can be taken to minimize one’s risk. These include: Get adequate sleep. Limit stress.
What are the causes of sleepwalking?
Causes of sleepwalking include:Hereditary (the condition may run in families).Lack of sleep or extreme fatigue.Interrupted sleep or unproductive sleep, from disorders like sleep apnea (brief pauses in the child’s breathing pattern during sleep).Illness or fever.Certain medications, such as sleeping pills.
Why do you start sleepwalking?
Sleep experts believe that sleepwalking normally happens when a person is in a stage of deep sleep and gets partially awoken in a way that triggers physical activity while remaining mostly asleep.
How do I stop my child from sleepwalking?
To safely manage your child’s sleepwalking:Do not hold them down or try to wake them up. Maintain a regular sleep schedule with a good bedtime routine to avoid your child becoming overtired.Keep the house safe and secure lock windows and doors, and clear the bedroom of objects your child might step on or trip over.
Is Sleepwalking a mental illness?
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) recognizes sexsomnia as a mental health diagnosis. Therapy can help with sleepwalking or sleep talking when these issues are due to a mental health condition or stress.
Is sleepwalking caused by anxiety?
The research also showed an association between sleepwalking and psychiatric disorders, such as depression and anxiety. The study “underscores that fact that sleepwalking is much more prevalent in adults than previously appreciated,” noted Maurice Ohayon, M.D., D.Sc., Ph.
How do I stop sleepwalking and talking?
Here is a look at some of the first-line defenses that can help to improve the quality of your sleep and reduce your odds for sleepwalking.Keep an eye out for patterns. Get more quality sleep. Build a sleep-friendly bedtime routine. Get more exercise. Take steps to cope with stress. Review medications with your doctor.
What do Sleepwalkers see?
Sleepwalkers’ eyes are open, but they don’t see the same way they do when they’re awake. They’ll often think they’re in different rooms of the house or different places altogether. Sleepwalkers tend to go back to bed on their own and they won’t remember what happened in the morning.
Is it bad to wake up a sleepwalker?
It is not dangerous to wake up a patient form sleepwalking, but experts who discourage it quote it is unsuccessful and leads to patient disorientation,” he says. “Try to ease them back to bed without making forceful attempts. Other factors can cause sleepwalking such as sleep apnea and periodic limb movement disorders.
Can Sleepwalkers kill?
“Sleepwalkers can harm themselves and others, and even kill themselves and others, and they can engage in highly complex behaviors such as driving long distances, and hurt others with sleep aggression and violence,” Schenck says.
Has a sleepwalker ever killed someone?
Homicidal sleepwalking, also known as homicidal somnambulism or sleepwalking murder, is the act of killing someone during an episode of sleepwalking. One such case is that of Kenneth Parks, who was acquitted of the murder of his mother-in-law in 1987 after using the sleepwalking defense.
What does the witching hour mean?
The witching hour is when our children seem to be so upset and overstimulated. For babies, this can mean that they are overly fussy and it’s harder to soothe them.
Is it good to walk before sleeping?
They go for an evening stroll. While it’s a popular belief that exercise before bed can prevent sleep, the National Sleep Foundation actually found in 2013 that exercising whenever you can, even at night, helps you sleep better. Numerous studies have also found that walking reduces stress and anxiety.
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Walrad Fürst von Nassau-Saarbrücken-Usingen
24 February 1635 - 17 October 1702
Saarbrücken's Background and name
Walrad of Nassau-Saarbrücken1 was part of one of the lines of Nassau which by then had little to do with the Stadholders. Count Wilhelm Ludwig of Nassau-Saarbrücken-Weilburg and Anna Amalia von Baden-Durlach had four sons. Upon the death of Wilhelm Ludwig and the eldest son his dominions were divided. The oldest son became count of Nassau-Ottweiler and the second count of Nassau-Saarbrücken. Being the third son, our Walrad became count of Nassau-Usingen. The fact that in literature he is almost always referred to as Walrad of Nassau-Saarbrücken probably had to do with a principle by which in a lot of houses all the sons of a ruling count become counts too, with only the oldest able to pass the title to his sons. Anyway, in 1688 Walrad became a 'fürst' of the empire. He signed his letters as 'Walrad prince de Nassau', others referred to him as the 'prince of Saarbrücken' or prince of Nassau2.
In contrast to his titles Walrad was only fürst of Usingen, a small town of nowadays about 13,000 inhabitants. One of the first notable acts by Walrad was his conversion of the old castle of Usingen to a small palace. This still stands today, albeit in a modified form. After a fire destroyed the 'Oberstadt' of Usingen Walrad made his second mark on this town. He rebuilt it as 'Neustadt' on a regular plan and with a Huguenot church. This to please the Huguenots he attracted to the town.
Saarbrücken joins the Dutch army
One can easily imagine that an ambitious count did not consider planning changes to a small town as a career. Therefore Saarbrücken took the road that many other minor German rulers took, and joined an army in 1668. In his case this was the Dutch army. We know that Saarbrücken became a Lieutenant General of cavalry in April 1672 or before3. He also got a commission as a colonel for a Holland cavalry regiment in 16794.
Saarbrücken in the war of the League of Augsburg
During the war of the League of Augsburg Saarbrücken got appointed as field marshal of the Dutch army. His rank as field marshal was behind Waldeck and the appointment was supported by William III. He also got appointed as Imperial 'Veltmarschalck' On 10 October 16905. During this war he is reported to have served at Fleurus and Steinkerque, but I have not yet discovered a good source for these reports. After the war of the League of Augsburg Saarbrücken got the honor to organize a revue of an army of 18,000 near Klarenbeek6.
Saarbrücken during the Spanish Succession War
Because the Duke of Holstein Ploen did not actually command during the Spanish Succession War Saarbrücken was the highest ranking soldier when this war started. One could be tempted to suppose that the death of Captain General William III raised Saarbrücken in rank, but the acts by which the States General increased their grip on the army probably nullified this effect. One can also wonder in how far the civil rank of other Dutch officers outweighed Saarbrücken's rank as marshal.
In the war the first assignment of Saarbrücken was to drive the French from Cologne. This boiled down to organizing the Siege of Kaiserswerth. A successful operation against Kaiserswerth was however dependent on diversions in the Spanish Netherlands. From the fact that these did not take place one can draw some conclusions. Nassau Saarbrücken was the highest officer and commander of the allied armies7, but as long as the army was not in one place he did not have any real authority over the Dutch officers who commanded other parts of the army8. The siege lasted very long, but this can be attributed to the situation in which it had to be carried out.
The appointment of Marlborough as supreme commander of the united English and Dutch army in June 1702 cannot have pleased Saarbrücken. When his work at Kaiserswerth was finished on 15 June he removed himself to Germany, but this might have had just as much to do with sickness. After crossing the Meuse the army had to 'split' on occasion of the siege of Venlo. Saarbrücken could then again be given an honorable command, and so he started the siege of Venlo. The siege of Venlo was a lot simpler than that of Kaiserswerth. It went much more smoothly even though its commencements were heavily criticized. Venlo started to parley on 22 September.
Next came the siege of Roermond. The army closed in on the town on 25 September and on 9 October the garrison marched out on terms. This would prove to be Saarbrücken's last feat of arms. Some days after the siege he became ill, and on 17 October 1702 he died9. He was burried with great pump at Moers.
Generalship of Saarbrücken
As a general Saarbrücken did not signal himself by great victories. On the other hand Saarbrücken did not suffer serious defeats. We can only judge his abilities by his actions in the 1702 campaign. We therefore have to compare him to Boufflers. The result means that Saarbrücken was a capable general, not much more and nothing less.
- 1668: Joins the Dutch army
- 1672: April, (or before) Lieutenant General of Cavalry
- 1679: Colonel of a Holland Cavalry regiment
- 1684: Governor of Den Bosch
- 1688: Gefürstet.
- 1689: Dutch Field Marshal
- 1690: Imperial Field Marshal
- 1695: Colonel of the Holland Walloon regiment
- 1702: June takes Kaiserswerth
- 1702: September takes Venlo
- 1702: October takes Roermond
|1) With regard to the Walrads of Nassau one should take note not to confuse Saarbrücken with his nephew Walrad count of Nassau-Ottweiler, who also served in the Dutch army.|
|2) In the Heinsius correspondence about half refer to him as 'Prince de Nassau' and the other half as 'Prince of Saarbrücken' only a few call him Prince of Nassau-Saarbrücken.|
|3) Staatse Leger VIII/I page 175|
|4) Staatse Leger VII page 257. This seems to be in contradiction to being a Lieutenant General, but indeed pertains to an appointment for a specific regiment. Count on it that Walrad had another regiment before this.|
|5) Staatse Leger VII page 231 and 232|
|6) Staatse Leger VII page 143|
|7) There seems to exist an official appointment of Saarbrücken as supreme commander prior to the appointment of the English Captain General|
|8) Letter from the Elector Palatine to Heinsius 29 April 1702: '..de vous représenter au long la nécessité indispensable de donner une authorité et pouvoir en ample forme dans l'assiette présente de la conjuncture changeante a mons.r le Prince de Nassau-Saarbrucken pout faire marcher agir et marcher les corps commandé par etc.'.|
|9) Staatse Leger VIII/I page 175|
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There would be many of you who would not know about 1 Hectare and Bigha. Most people living in rural India know Hector and Bigha, but most people living in urban areas know something about Hector and Bigha. don’t know
Let us tell you that every state has different measurement of land. In many places the measurement of land is done on the basis of bigha. Multiple locations are calculated per unit. In cities, land is measured on the basis of yards and deals are done accordingly. In many cities, deals are done on the basis of square feet and most flats are sold on square feet. Let us know how many bighas are there in 1 hectare.
How many bigha in 1 hectare = 10000/2530 = 3.95 bigha
If you have bigha in your area. That is, there are 20 biswas in one bigha. A hectare is 10000 square meters and 1 bigha is 2530 square meters, because you know how many bighas are in 1 hectare. If we want to remove it then we will give 2530 square meter in 10000 square meter. The answer that comes after this will be our bigha. If raw bigha runs in your area. So here your answer will change, because there are 10 biswa in a raw bigha, while 1 hectare is about 8 bigha.
Various methods are used to measure land in rural areas. In most of these places, the word bigha is used to measure land in rural areas. In rural areas of most states, there are 20 biswas in one bigha. However, in some places there is a confusion regarding ripe bigha and raw bigha. There are 20 biswas in a ripe bigha and 10 biswas in a raw bigha. If you want to know whether your area has Kachha Bigha or Pucca Bigha, you can get the information from your accountant.
How many bighas 1 hectare in different states of India
state hectare to bigha
Andhra Pradesh 1 hectare = 3.95 bigha
Assam 1 hectare = 7.47 bigha
Bihar 1 hectare = 3.95 bigha
Chhattisgarh 1 hect@re = 3.95 bigha
Gujarat 1 hect@re = 6.17 bigha
Haryana 1 hect@re = 9.88 bigha
Himachal Pradesh 1 hect@re = 12.35 bigha
Jammu and Kashmir 1 hect@re = 3.95 bigha
Jharkhand 1 hect@re = 3.95 bigha
Karnataka 1 hect@re = 3.95 bigha
Kerala 1 hect@re = 3.95 bigha
Madhya Pradesh 1 hect@re = 8.96 bigha
Maharashtra 1 hect@re = 3.95 bigha
Manipur 1 hect@re = 3.95 bigha
Meghalaya 1 hect@re = 3.95 bigha
Odisha 1 hect@re = 3.95 bigha
Puducherry 1 hect@re = 3.95 bigha
Punjab 1 hect@re = 9.88 bigha
Rajasthan 1 hect@re = 3.95 bigha
Sikkim 1 hect@re = 3.95 bigha
Tamil Nadu 1 hect@re = 3.95 bigha
Telangana 1 Hect@re = 3.95 Bigha
Tripura 1 hectare = 3.95 bigha
Uttar Pradesh 1 hectare = 3.98 bigha
Uttarakhand 1 hectare = 12.35 bigha
West Bengal 1 hectare = 7.47 bigha
Bigha is of two types. It is mostly used in Rajasthan and the price of land etc. is fixed on the basis of bigha. Bigha is of two types and the length and width of both the bighas are different. Kachha bigha in many states and pucca bigha in many states are considered as the standard.
Talking about raw bigha, it has 1008 square yards of land. Whereas, on the other hand, it is 843 square meters, 0.843 hectares, 0.20831 acres. And there is 27225 square feet, 3025 square yards and 2529 square meters of land in a pucca bigha.
Talking about acres, there are 4840 square yards per acre. So, an acre is 4046.8 square meters, 43560 square feet, and 0.4047 hectares.
The largest is Hectare. 3.96 pucca bigha per hectare and measured in raw bigha while 11.87 raw bigha per hectare. At the same time, one hectare is 2.4711 acres and if estimated in meters, it contains ten thousand square meters.
So now you know that 10000/2530 = 3.95 bighas in one hectare. If you have bigha in your area. That is, there are 20 biswas in one bigha. There are 10000 square meters in one hectare and 2530 square meters in 1 bigha.
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How do you find the number of moles?
To find the number of moles in a sample, simply weigh it and divide the weight by the molecular weight. The quotient is equal to the number of moles.
How many is 2 moles?
after the 19th-century chemist Amedeo Avogadro, is the number we use in chemistry to represent macroscopic amounts of atoms and molecules. Thus, if we have 6.022 × 10 23 O atoms, we say we have 1 mol of O atoms. If we have 2 mol of Na atoms, we have 2 × (6.022 × 10 23) Na atoms, or 1.2044 × 10 24 Na atoms.
What does n m/m mean?
n = m/M n is the amount of substance, in moles, mol. m is the mass of the substance, in grams, g. M is the molar mass of the substance (the mass of one mole of the substance) in g mol-1. Molar masses: These. will be given in.
What is a mole in chemistry?
The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12; its symbol is “mol”. … Notice that the definition of the mole is an amount of substance. We will often refer to the number of moles of substance as the amount of the substance.
How many moles are in 50 liters?
and how many molecules are in 50 liters? 5 moles = 22.4*5 = 112 liters;We need to know how many moles are in 50 liters:50/22.4 = 2.23 moles; 2.23 moles * 6.022*1023 mol–1 = 13.44 * 1023 molecules.
What is mole of water?
A mole is a unit measuring the quantity of anything. Water (H2O) is made from 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen. A mole of water molecules would be 2 moles of hydrogen atoms plus 1 mole of oxygen atoms. weight of water = 2(1.0079) g + 15.9994 g. weight of water = 2.0158 g + 15.9994 g.
What is the full from of NMM?
NMM. Near Millimeter (wavelength)
What is the full form of NMM in any p?
NMM Full Form
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|Network Messaging Manager||Networking||NMM|
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At the Sydney Phobia Clinic, virtual reality-based cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) is giving people the tools they need to face their greatest fears.
It all began with a flight simulator and a question: ‘What if we could use virtual reality to treat phobias?’ Australian clinical psychologist Corrie Ackland, founder and Clinical Director at Sydney Phobia Clinic, has worked in severe anxiety disorders for the last seven years. Since 2016, she’s been pioneering the use of virtual reality (VR) in exposure therapy, a behaviour therapy that acclimatises someone with an anxiety disorder to a graduated hierarchy of feared situations. With a short five-week turnaround, her clinic’s programme claims to help people regain control over their phobias – from flying to blood, claustrophobia to needle phobias and more.
So, how does it work? Virtual reality exposure treatment (VRET) builds upon cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), giving a client a safe, controlled environment to practice the coping techniques they’ve learned. “We know that VR exposure can activate the same pathways in the brain as in vivo (real-life) exposure,” Corrie explains. “So, the improvements in VR exposure situations can actually extend to real-life exposure.”
If you take a fear of flying as an example, traditional exposure therapy options might involve applying CBT strategies to a fear response induced by looking at pictures, watching videos, reading descriptions, or imagining feared situations. However, “the jump between that and then going into a real-life situation is huge for some clients,” Corrie elaborates. “Even if we were able to get an individual into a flight situation, one takeoff wouldn’t normally be enough to get improvements over time.” Virtual reality helps bridge that gap between imagination and reality, providing clients with a safe, cost-effective training environment where the situation can be moderated between levels of severity and repeated as necessary. “With VR, we’d be able to order flying events from mildly triggering up to severe. We’d start with a calm flight – just flying with nothing particular happening. Then mild turbulence and then the takeoff. We might revisit turbulence after that, which can actually increase in severity, and finally, weather events.”
At Sydney Phobia Clinic, virtual reality exposure therapy can be applied to everything from arachnophobia (fear of spiders) to emetophobia (fear of vomiting), driving phobias or public speaking anxiety. “The beauty of virtual reality is that we could get someone with quite a rare phobia and go out the next day and film some 360° video footage,” Corrie says. “We had a client with a fear of birds and we were able to go right up to those birds, get footage, and put that in virtual reality.”
Although the treatment is still relatively niche, Corrie relates that VRET is being perceived positively. “My clients overwhelmingly speak to the value that virtual reality has provided them and we get really quick results as well,” she says, explaining that their 5-week turnaround isn’t something they would usually see without virtual reality. When pressed about the lack of similar initiatives, she explains, “The general resistance in the clinical psychology field would be more from the business angle.” And, unlike other professions, psychologists have very little overheads aside from their office space, so the lack of incentive to invest in the tech is a major barrier.
Virtual reality treatments have already been developed for people with autistic spectrum disorders and Corrie believes the tech could easily translate to helping people with OCD or general social anxieties. “I think there’s a massive range of applications for VR,” she says, although she stresses that when it comes to psychological treatment, the technology still needs to be couched within a therapeutic environment. With a modern anxiety epidemic on the horizon thanks to social media’s much-documented effects, she advises people to remember to switch off from technology occasionally and maintain a healthy balance between being connected and living in the moment.
Interested in more tech initiatives that are improving mental health?
Read about The Brightly Project, a therapist chatbot that’s combating mental illness in schools.
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Genius Ways to Get Rust Off Your Stainless Steel
Do you know the working principle of commercial dishwashers?
While being widely used, people are paying more and more attention to commercial dishwashers. Many people have such doubts: How does it clean the dishes? Commercial dishwashers can be mainly divided into spray dishwashers and ultrasonic dishwashers through their different working principles. Ultrasonic dishwashers are not widely used due to their high noise, which has an impact on the health of users, and has a small market share. The spray type dishwashers are the mainstream on the market. Principle of Commercial Dishwasher The working principle of spray-type commercial dishwasher is not complicated. It mainly heats tap water, and sprays hot water mixed with special lotion and drier uniformly at high speed through two spray arms one on top and one on the bottom. On the tableware, the tableware is cleaned, sterilized, disinfected and dried. Some people may have questions, shouldn't it still be washed with water? Is it different from hand washing? In fact, the effect of water is huge, and the energy of water under different effects is also different. Commercial dishwashers affect the cleaning ability of water by changing factors such as temperature, mechanical force, chemicals, and time. Four factors that affect the cleaning ability of commercial dishwashers. 1. The mechanical force produces impact through the circulating water sprayed from the nozzle. The pressure is between 0.4-1.4 bar (bar), which acts on the surface of the tableware to wash away the dirt at the same time. Promote the dissolution of dirt particles and break them down into smaller units. 2. The higher the temperature, the stronger the water's ability to dissolve grease and decompose dirt, and the faster the speed. High-temperature water can reduce the adhesion between dirt and the object to be cleaned, reduce the viscosity of the dirt, increase the penetration rate of detergent components into the dirt and the penetration between the object to be cleaned and the dirt, and increase the speed of chemical reactions, such as decomposition and bleaching. 3. Time factor Under the action of time, the cleaning agent component penetrates into the dirt layer, so that dry hard and larger dirt soaks up, emulsifies grease, and converts insoluble dirt particles into soluble form. 4. Chemical agent factor Chemical agent There are two types of detergents and driers, which can dissolve food residues/dirt components, chemically react with the dirt components, and fully wet the surface of the grease to be cleaned. These four factors influence each other and work together under the action of water. At the same time, the water under the action of these four factors is different from the water flowing out of our natural water pipes. It contains powerful cleaning power and is fully capable of cleaning tableware. Principle of Automatic Dishwasher The automatic dishwasher uses high temperature and high pressure water flow to mechanically wash the surface of the tableware 360°, and the detergent decomposes the oil and residue on the surface of the tableware. In addition, the hot water soaks the food residue to make the oil and residue quickly Decompose and fall off, and achieve the dual effect of cleaning and sterilization. The working method of Midea dishwasher is based on the result of the combination of mechanical action and chemical action. The washing mechanism is as follows: 1. Mechanical action, driven by the washing pump, the washing liquid is sprayed to directly wash the surface of the tableware. The direct washing effect of the washing liquid on the surface of the tableware is related to the pressure, angle and speed of the jet water sprayed from the spray arm. The washing liquid indirectly washes the surface of the tableware in a spray state. The washing liquid rebounds after being sprayed to the tableware and the inner container, and the washing liquid returns to the surface of the tableware after being sprayed. 2. Chemical effect, through the water softener containing ion exchange resin, effectively remove the calcium and magnesium ions that affect the saponification reaction, improve the water quality, and make the detergent fully play its role. The detergent added in the washing process has a good alkaline saponification reaction with the grease in the tableware, so that the oil stains are separated from the tableware. When the water temperature reaches 45℃～50℃, the active substance can exert its greatest effect. In view of the unique washing method and washing environment of the dishwasher, the dishwasher has good sterilization and sterilization functions, such as E. coli, Staphylococcus, etc., can be killed by keeping it in a temperature environment of 60°C for 20 minutes. Hepatitis B and other viruses that are not easy to kill under high temperature can be completely removed by repeated washing and drainage processes. At the same time, the detergent itself has a good inhibitory effect on various bacteria. Previous: With a pasta cooker, how to make 3000 servings of pasta? Next: Introduction to the design of various functional rooms in the back kitchen of a commercial kitchen
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Amoeba is a simple, single-celled eukaryotic organism that lacks a definite shape. Being a unicellular organism, it shows a unique mode of feeding and locomotion. To know more about the characteristics and classification of Amoeba, read on…
Amoeba, also spelled as Ameba, is a genus that belongs to protozoa, which are unicellular eukaryotes (organisms with membrane-bound cell organelles). The name Amoeba is derived from the Greek word amoibe, which means change. There are many species, of which the most extensively studied is Amoeba proteus. Majority of the species are very minute and are not visible to the naked eye. In spite of its small size, the genomic content is several times more than the human genome. The species A. dubia consists of about 370 billion base pairs; whereas, human genome has about 3 billion base pairs.
The Amoeba (plural Amoebae or Amoebas) is found in terrestrial as well as aquatic habitats. In fact, it can thrive in nearly all types of habitat. Some are parasitic in nature, thereby causing harm in humans and animals. As of date, six parasitic species are identified which cause mild to severe ailments in humans. Hence, this unicellular eukaryotic organism is widely studied in microbiology. Let’s discuss in brief about the characteristic features of the Amoeba.
A cell membrane encloses the cytoplasm and cell organelles of Amoeba. Since there is no cell wall, its cellular structure is not definite. It can exhibit in any form, based on the surrounding condition. It possesses pseudopodia for locomotion and feeding purposes. The pseudopods are extensions of the cytoplasm. Amoeba engulfs food by means of phagocytosis, meaning it encircles bacteria or other smaller protists, and secretes digestive enzymes into the vacuole. Digestion of food particles takes place in the vacuole with the help of enzymatic actions.
An Amoeba can have more than two nuclei in the cell. Similar to other protozoans, it reproduces asexually either by mitosis or cytokinesis. Under forceful division of Amoeba, the portion that contains nucleus survives, while the portions without nucleus die. When the organism is exposed to lethal environment, it turns into a dormant form, known as the Amoebic cyst. It continues to remain in the cyst form until it encounters normal environmental conditions.
Amoebae are extremely sensitive to stimuli, which is evident from shrinkage or expansion of the cells, depending on the surrounding condition. As for maintaining the osmotic pressure inside the cells, the vacuoles are responsible for the same. When an Amoeba is kept in a hypertonic saline solution (concentrated), the cell shrinks and prevents entry of salt. On the contrary, when it is exposed to hypotonic freshwater, Amoeba cell expands and swells.
Coming to the taxonomy of this organism, it is often vague and confusing since Amoeba lacks characteristic morphological features. It is also partly due to the fact that many other species of protists resemble this unicellular eukaryote in their anatomy and behavior. One of the distinctive features that distinguishes marine Amoeba from that of the freshwater species is the lack of contractile vacuoles and their enzymes. Let’s take a look at how Amoeba is classified scientifically.
Species: proteus, animalcule, dubia, animalcule, etc.
Scientific studies are ongoing to classify Amoeba by using small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) genes. As Amoeba is one of the simplest forms of eukaryotic organisms on Earth, it is often considered as a representative organism in the process of evolution. Also, it is extensively studied in cell research in order to determine the relation between the cytoplasm and the nucleus of the cell.
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What Are the Parts of a Pipe Production Line?
The parts or sections that compose the typical pipe production line will vary somewhat, depending on the type of piping that is being manufactured. While there are subtle differences between the production process for metal pipes and plastic pipes, there are a few basic stages that will apply in just about any situation. Those basic phases or stages include the introduction of raw materials, combining additives with those materials in a mixing process, and some sort of extrusion phase. From there, the pipe production line will also include some means of shaping and cooling the product, cutting the sections of pipe and ultimately ending with a finished product. At various points in the production line, quality control measure are taken to ensure that the mixing and extrusion are producing pipe that meets the manufacturer’s standards.
Every pipe production line will begin with the introduction of raw materials into the process. From there, other materials are added to the mix, with each ingredient carefully measured to ensure the stability of the product. Some examples of other materials that may be used in different pipe production operations include antioxidants, stabilizing agents, and possibly additional metals or plastic compounds in addition to the primary material used for the pipes.
The process will continue with a careful mixing of all the ingredients used for the product. This is usually accomplished in some type of high-speed mixer that is capable of thoroughly blending all the ingredients into a single cohesive material. Typically, heat is used during the mixing to aid in the process.
One the ingredients are mixed properly, the pipe production line process will move on to cooling the material to a specific temperature range. From there, the extrusion phase will commence. This part of the process is configured to control the extrusion of the material, making it possible to ensure that only enough of the product to go into a machine barrel and form the piping is extruded at one time. The barrel rotates and uses centrifugal force to help begin forming the pipe, allowing the shape of the finished product to emerge.
After the extrusion, it is not unusual for the next phase of a pipe production line to include what is known as a shaping box. This is a phase in which the material is cooled further, allowing the shape of the pipe to become firm and solid. Sometimes known as a forming tank, this section of the line may also employ machinery to expose the pipe to alternating heat and cold in order to aid in the final shaping of the piping.
A final phase of the pipe production line includes cutting and stacking of the completed sections. Typically, the cutting is semi-automated, allowing workers to make adjustments to the cutting when and as necessary. Equipment is used to stack the cut sections onto flats or into containers as they emerge from the pipe production line. A portion of those finished sections are extracted for quality control testing, making sure the current batch meets with the standards set by the business.
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The Five Element theory is the core understanding of all Chinese Metaphysical studies. It is believed that all matters, as well as the sentient beings in our universe, are composed of the Five Elements. This does not mean, however, that the Five Elements are physical.
Five Elements are basically types of Qi. The interaction between the fundamental life forces – Yin and the Yang creates five phases of Qi. Each phase the product of different proportions of Yin, and of Yang.
These five phases of transformational energy are known as the Five Elements.
|Earth||Attractive Dense Stable||Cubic Shapes Flat and Broad Shapes||Brown, Beige, Yellow|
|Metal||Sharp Pointing Piercing||Spherical, Rounded||White, Gold, Silver|
|Water||Runs downhill, Free/Unbound||Wavy, Indefinite||Black, Dark Blue
|Wood||Grows outwards Enduring||Tall & Rectangular||Green|
|Fire||Spreads in every direction, Radiates Hot||Triangular Pointed, Sharp||Red, Orange, Purple, Pink
These elements can also be represented by Physical Objects:
|Earth||Mountain, rocks, bricks, stones|
|Wood||Plants, shrubs, trees, flower, grass, bamboo, fern
|Metal||Sword, axe, jewellery, gold, iron, silver, copper|
|Fire||Fire, candles, red lamps, lightning, electricity|
|Water||Ponds, swimming pools, fountains, lakes, seas, aquariums
Cycles in Feng Shui
All 5 Elements share three types of relationships known as ‘Cycles’, through which an element can affect another element. Depending on the cycle, these elements Produce (grow), Control (counter), Weaken or Destruct one another.
- Water produces Wood
- Wood produces Fire
- Fire produces Earth
- Earth produces Metal
- Metal produces Water
This cycle shows forward chain, Water provides nourishment for trees (Wood), which is then used as fuel for Fire, resulting in ashes (Earth). Earth is mined for minerals, or Metal, which when melted, runs like Water. This is known as the productive cycle, where the elements produce one another.
The key point to remember for the productive cycle is that an element strengthens and grows the element it produces.
In this cycle, the elements keep each other under control.
For example, Fire melts Metal. An axe (Metal) cuts into Wood. The roots of a tree grip tightly onto Earth (Wood control Earth). Earth forms a barrier to control Water – just like a dam holds back the massive amounts of water. Water extinguishes Fire.
In the controlling cycle, an element is countered or subjugated by its controlling element.
This particularly is the reverse process of Production Cycle.
For example, we said that Water produces Wood (as in water is used to nourish plants). Conversely, we can say that Wood weakens Water. – because Wood absorbs Water.
This is called the Weakening Cycle.
Destructive Cycle of Elements:
In the destructive cycle, you can easily see that wood destroys the earth because trees grow on earth and suck away all minerals and leave the earth barren. Fire destroys metal as metal is melted by fire. Earth element destroys water element because earth (mud) absorbs all the water when it rains. Metal destroys wood because all the sharp instruments that cut wood like axe, hacksaw etc. are made of metal. Water element destroys fire element as water can extinguish any fire.
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DENTAL CARIES IN CHILDREN
Dental caries (cavities or decay) is very common in children. Dental caries are holes in teeth that can lead to tooth pain and potentially tooth loss.
As parents we want our children to have strong teeth and without unnecessary trips to the dentist.
Primary (baby) teeth are important for eating and help to guide the permanent (adult) teeth into position.
WHAT CAUSES DENTAL CARIES?
The problem is caused by sticky deposits called plaque that collects, in particular, around the gum line, the edges of fillings and the grooved surfaces of the teeth.
Plaque is made up of food debris, saliva and the bacteria that are normally present in the mouth, and convert food into acids.
Plaque contains acids, which, over time, can dissolve away the protective, hard enamel coating of the tooth, and create holes, or cavities.
Most cavities form over a period of months, or even years.
They are usually painless, but they can grow very large, and damage the much softer internal structures of the tooth such as the dentin and the pulp, which often leads to pain.
Eating a diet high in sugar increases the risk of tooth decay, and sticky foods can be a particular problem because they are more likely to remain on the surface and between the teeth.
Frequent snacking also increases the amount of time that acids are in contact with the teeth.
In the absence of good oral hygiene, it doesn't take long for damage to begin. The acids generated by the breakdown of sugars in the mouth can begin to attack the tooth enamel within 20 minutes of a meal.
CAN I PREVENT MY CHILD FROM GETTING TOOTH DECAY?
The best way to keep your teeth in good condition is to ensure that you have a healthy diet without large amounts of sugars and that you clean your teeth regularly to get rid of any plaque build up.
There are many “hidden sugars” in foods and it is important to read the information labels. Juices, cordials, fizzy drinks, sports drinks, muesli and fruit bars, honey, jam, sweet biscuits and lollies should only be given occasionally.
Remember that the frequency of sugary foods is just as important as the quantity. As this increases the number of “acid attacks “on the teeth.
WHAT CAN I DO TO HELP MY CHILD?
Most dentists recommend that you clean your teeth at least twice a day. Using a toothpaste containing fluoride. This provides the teeth with added protection from the effects of acid.
It is also important to have a regular check up at the dentist - most suggest once every six months to a year.
Unfortunately, even good oral hygiene does not always prevent decay as the bacteria can build up in areas inaccessible to brushes and floss, such as between the teeth. This can be difficult to detect and is often only visible on dental radiographs (x-rays)
Once the structure of a tooth has been damaged by decay, the only way to repair it is by placing a restoration (filling). However, if decay is picked up at a very early stage its progression can sometimes be stopped by the use of medications.
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Name of the element
Name of the element
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One month after the September 11th attacks, President Bush stood atop the pitcher’s mound in old Yankee Stadium before game 3 of the 2001 World Series and delivered the best first pitch ever thrown by a president. It was a fastball that thundered down the heart of the plate for a strike. Some say they never heard Yankee Stadium so loud.
First pitches at baseball games rarely have a lot of significance, but President Bush’s did. Indeed, one could argue that it embodied the thoughts and feelings not only of New Yorkers, but of Americans across the country. As then-mayor Rudy Giuliani said, it showed the world that “we’re not afraid,” that “we’re undeterred” and that “life is moving on the way it should.”
Although the Yankees lost that World Series to the Arizona Diamondbacks, they’ve made the playoffs eight times since 2001, with much of their success coming at the expense of the Boston Red Sox.
Inasmuch as the Yankees are the sworn enemy of the Red Sox, New Yorkers stood in solidarity with their neighbors to the east following the bombings at the Boston Marathon last week. Before their game with the Cleveland Indians on Tuesday, April 16th, the Yankees held a moment of silence for the victims of the attacks. Neil Diamond’s “Sweet Caroline,” the unofficial anthem of the Boston Red Sox, subsequently played over the PA system.
The terrorists who committed those atrocities may have accomplished their intended goals, but much like New Yorkers in the days and weeks after the September 11th attacks, the resolve of Bostonians has only grown stronger, due in no small part to their love of sports.
In fact, if you look at American history over the past 100 years, you’ll see that sports have played a large role in helping us come together as a society.
One person whose life helped us in such a way was Jackie Robinson. Robinson was the first black player to play in the Major Leagues. He was signed by the Brooklyn Dodgers on April 14th, 1947 – a full eight years before the Supreme Court unanimously declared “separate but equal” unconstitutional.
His speed on the base path, uncanny ability to play multiple positions, and his .311 career batting average resulted in his induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962.
Robinson’s journey, however, was not easy. Opposing pitchers would throw at him on purpose. Fans would heckle him. His own teammates voiced their opposition to playing with him. And during road games Robinson often times had to stay in a separate hotel.
Following his death in October of 1972, Rachel Robinson, Jackie’s wife, established the Jackie Robinson Foundation – an organization whose generous scholarship program has helped changed the lives of millions of Americans.
You don’t have to know everything there is about Jackie Robinson to know that his athletic career helped us grow as a nation. Indeed, according to a recent Rasmussen Reports survey, 52% of Americans believe sports have helped race relations in America.
Sports, however, can do a lot more than that. Sports can inspire us too – like when Jesse Owens won the 100M dash under the watchful eye of Adolph Hitler at the 1936 Olympics. Sports can make us believe we can do anything we put our mind to – like when the 1980 USA hockey team defeated the USSR. And sports can help thaw international relations – like ping pong diplomacy between the U.S. and China during the Cold War.
Sports, in other words, can do a lot. As I wrote last week in a column entitled “Winning doesn’t take care of everything,” it’s only when “we spend too much time focusing only on sports” that our relationship with God deteriorates. Sports, by and large, are good for us.
So, as we continue to pray for those affected by the senseless bombings in Boston, let us remember that sports have an important role to play in the healing of our nation going forward. They always have and they always will.
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Occlusal disease (commonly referred to as OD) refers to the destructive process that misaligned teeth undergo. Occlusal disease is a major contributor to tooth loss and can have a significant impact on your overall oral health. Quite a number of people don’t even realize that they’re suffering from occlusal disease. Provided that your teeth are functioning properly, it can be easy to miss the more subtle signs of this condition. However, if it remains untreated, occlusal disease can lead to severe long-term consequences.
What Are the Possible Causes of Occlusal Disease?
There are several causes of occlusal disease. The most common ones include:
- Unbalanced bite
- Crooked teeth
- Involuntary grinding
- Teeth clenching
In a typical balanced bite, the teeth, jaw joint, and muscles function in harmony. However, if your bite is unbalanced, unequal force is exerted onto your teeth, joints, and muscles, leading to repetitive stress. Continuous bite issues are likely to cause symptoms in your teeth, jaw joints, muscles, or a combination of these three dental structures.
What Are the Common Signs and Symptoms of Occlusal Disease?
Occlusal disease is often ignored and even dismissed by patients and dentists. Its early signs are usually classified as normal wear and tear, especially in older patients. Also, it’s the most undiagnosed and most challenging oral disease to treat.
Occlusal disease, just like other dental problems such as gum disease and cavities, can be effectively treated as long as you identify its symptoms early.
Common symptoms of occlusal disease are as follows:
- Signs of wear and tear on the biting surfaces of your teeth, such as shortened front teeth or flattened back teeth.
- Abnormal grooves, indentations, or fractures in your teeth
- Gum recession
- Pain in the head, neck, or jaw muscles, as well as frequent headaches
- Clicking or popping sounds in the jaw when eating or speaking
- Teeth that become loose or move
- Increased tooth sensitivity to thermal changes
How Do You Diagnose Occlusal Disease?
You can find out if you have occlusal disease by visiting your dentist. Your dental care provider will perform a comprehensive examination of your teeth, gums, and jaws to detect signs of this oral health condition. An evaluation of your jaw joint, bite alignment, and head and neck muscles can help identify symptoms associated with the occlusal disease.
Alternatively, a short dental history interview may reveal the presence of occlusal disease. Proper and accurate diagnosis of OD is necessary to prevent it from becoming a complex dental problem.
How Is Occlusal Disease Treated?
If you are diagnosed with occlusal disease, your dentist will review the available treatment options. They include:
- Orthodontics uses traditional braces or Invisalign to correct the crossbite, overbite, or underbite contributing to OD.
- Equilibration or bite balancing involves making slight modifications to the biting surfaces of your teeth to create an even bite.
- Prosthetics or restorations, such as crowns or veneers, can correct aesthetic damage caused by occlusal disease.
- Nightguards are available to help manage bruxism (involuntary teeth grinding).
Just like other dental problems, occlusal disease can harm your oral health if not properly diagnosed and treated. Fortunately, you can prevent long-term damage from OD by regularly scheduling routine dental appointments. This will allow your dentist to keep a lookout for common symptoms and, if occlusal disease is present, begin treatment immediately. Make sure to seek professional help as soon as you suspect that you have occlusal disease.
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Quality, Convenient Healthcare in Minutes.
Acute inflammation is the body’s normal immune response to injury to or infection of body tissues. The inflammation process helps the body contain and eliminate damaged tissue and infectious “pathogens” (bacterial, viral, or fungal) so healing can begin.
Although acute inflammation is a natural and necessary process, accompanying symptoms can interfere with daily activities and quality of life. These include:
Inflammation symptoms like edema and pain sometimes can be alleviated with an over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) like Advil or Tylenol and other at-home remedies. But if these methods are ineffective and symptoms persist or worsen, medical attention and a prescription medication may be warranted.
Many inflammatory conditions have a name ending in “-itis.” Bursitis and tendonitis, for example, involve inflammation of the soft tissues around muscles and bones—most often in the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, or ankle.
Treating bursitis, tendonitis, tennis elbow and other inflammatory conditions involves reducing edema to relieve pain.
Muscle spasms, or cramps, are involuntary muscle contractions. They occur suddenly and are often painful, but usually resolve relatively quickly on their own. Muscle spasms often can be treated at home with massage, stretching and icing/heating. However, if muscle spasms involve any of the following, professional medical attention may be required:
Although most muscle spasms are harmless, some may be related to an underlying medical condition such as nerve compression, inadequate blood supply, or mineral depletion. Treating the condition can resolve the muscle spasms.
Whiplash is a neck injury resulting from forceful, rapid back-and-forth movement of the neck—like the cracking of a lion tamer’s whip. The whiplash motion can injure bones in the spine; disks between the bones; and ligaments, muscles, nerves and other tissues of the neck, as well as trigger inflammation. The most common cause of whiplash is a rear-end auto accident but the injury can also result from a sports accident, physical abuse or other trauma.
Whiplash symptoms usually develop within 24 hours of the injury and can include neck pain and stiffness, tenderness/pain in the upper back, shoulder or arms, loss of range of motion in the neck, and headaches (typically starting at the base of the skull). If you experience neck pain, upper back pain, or other whiplash symptoms following a traumatic injury, it is important to get a prompt and accurate diagnosis to rule out fractures or other damage that may be contributing to symptoms.
When you need medical care now, walk into any HealthMed Urgent Care clinic without an appointment and receive prompt, expert attention from skilled clinicians for non-life- or limb-threatening conditions including:
To reach us, please call 732-544-1777 or visit one of our NJ urgent care locations during our extended urgent care hours: Click for hours
We accept most insurance as well as cash and major credit cards.
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Can Kids Drink Green Tea?
Given that green tea is enjoyed by adults around the world, it would be easy to assume that it is safe for children to consume. While green tea does contain some beneficial antioxidants, it also contains caffeine, which can be detrimental for kids in some cases. Therefore, it is important to consider the potential benefits and risks associated with giving green tea to children.
Health Benefits of Green Tea for Kids
Green tea is a popular drink because of its potential health benefits. These benefits may also be beneficial to children, although they have not been extensively studied. Some potential benefits include:
- Improved dental health: Green tea contains several compounds, such as catechins, which may help reduce plaque formation.
- Weight loss: Green tea consumption can potentially increase metabolism and help burn more calories.
- Cognitive enhancement: Green tea contains caffeine and L-theanine, two substances that may help improve alertness and focus.
- Improved immunity: Green tea contains antioxidants that may help protect cells from damage and support immunity.
Potential Risks of Green Tea for Kids
Although green tea contains potential benefits, it can also pose some risks for children.
- Caffeine: Green tea contains caffeine, which can be dangerous in large amounts. In children, consuming too much caffeine can cause insomnia, restlessness, headache, and stomachache.
- Growth delay: Caffeine can potentially interfere with proper growth in children, since it can interfere with the absorption of essential minerals.
- Tannin accumulation: Green tea contains tannins, which can accumulate in the body. Consuming too much tea may cause a condition known as “green tea disease” in long-term, heavy drinkers.
In conclusion, there are both potential benefits and risks associated with giving green tea to children. To maximize the potential benefits and minimize the risks, parents should consult with their pediatrician before giving their children green tea.
It is also important to be aware that green tea contains caffeine, and children should not consume more than a moderate amount of caffeine per day.
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A 10-year-old girl has become the youngest person in Egypt to die of bird flu since the first human case was recorded in the country in March 2006. Hers was the 15th death of the 35 human cases reported to date.
The girl, from Naqada village in Upper Egypt’s Qena province, died on Sunday morning from the H5N1 strain of the avian influenza virus, officials reported. A spokesperson from Egypt’s health ministry confirmed that she was the youngest person to die of bird flu in the country to date. The previous youngest was a 15-year-old girl who died on 10 April.
Though the 10-year-old first felt symptoms of the illness on 1 June, she was not admitted to hospital until 6 June because of poor diagnoses.
"In terms of diagnosis, she went to four different private physicians before she was finally diagnosed. This issue [bird flu] needs more awareness and attention from doctors in the private sector," said Dr John Jabbour, International Health Regulations Officer and medical officer for Emergency Diseases, World Health Organization (WHO) Cairo.
Jabbour said that it is crucial for people to know the symptoms of bird flu and for doctors to recognise and treat those symptoms as early as possible to avoid any fatality. But bird culling campaigns and fines for having so-called ‘backyard birds’ – domestic poultry – have deterred many people from reporting the potentially deadly illness.
"The main problem in Egypt is that people are afraid of the national authorities. They are denying being exposed to H5N1 and backyard birds, which delays the treatment and causes deaths," Jabbour said.
Another person from the same village as the girl is suspected of having contracted the H5N1 strain of avian flu. A 25-year-old housewife has been taken to Hemayat Hospital in Qena, according to Egypt's Al Ahram newspaper.
Incidences of avian flu in humans are typically treated in Egypt with the antiviral drug Tamiflu. Health officials stress that the treatment’s success is highest if the patient reports the illness as soon as symptoms emerge.
"In villages, people continue to give each other gifts as part of the culture. These gifts are in the form of poultry, ducks and so on, which become backyard birds. And this is another problem," said Jabbour.
Earlier this year, Egypt authorities launched a major campaign to vaccinate backyard birds, which are the most common route of transmission of avian flu from animals to humans. In addition, the government has boosted its efforts to make the public aware of the risks of keeping poultry in the home. Although cases continue to be reported, the campaign appears to be limiting fatalities.
Health officials remain vigilant for signs that the virus could evolve and be transmitted between humans, sparking a pandemic that could kill millions.
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News > A Water Crisis Is Hiding Behind India’s Sugar Dominance
A Water Crisis Is Hiding Behind India’s Sugar Dominance
13/07/2021 03:26 PM | Click to read full article
India is the world’s second-largest producer of sugar. Most of the country’s sugarcane is cultivated in the state of Uttar Pradesh, which is known as the ‘sugar bowl of India’.
Sugar is the backbone of the local economy, but its growing environmental impacts are being ignored – with potentially disastrous consequences. Sugar mills and distilleries are one of India’s 17 highest-polluting industries, discharging water into the Ganga River.
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Political Rights: These are the rights of Nigerian citizens that enable them to freely participate in the politics of their country.
These rights are:
i. right to vote and be voted for in an election;
ii. right to freedom from discrimination;
iii. right to peaceful assembly and association;
iv. right to criticize the government constructively and objectively;
v. right to freedom of expression and that of the press.
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By Shelley Widhalm
I’m reading a book with two intriguing main characters and compelling relationships gone wrong. Still, the repetitive dialog and plot points make it boring.
The issue is with the pacing, intermittent external and internal tension, and lack of cliffhangers at the end of chapters. I’m determined to finish the book, though, since I have this problem of not giving up something I’ve read 50 pages in.
What is Pacing?
Throughout the novel and in each scene and chapter, the pacing shows the passing of time. It’s essential in particular places of the book: the opening of the story, in the middle of the plot beats, and at the climax that all need a balance of pacing to pull readers in, get them through the hump, and make them want to finish to the end.
A book that isn’t paced well goes too slow with too many pages of description, world-building, and backstory, causing readers to lose interest. Or it moves too fast with all action and little exposition so that readers can’t catch their breath and get headaches from needing a break.
Pacing is the story’s tempo or the rate or speed at which the story moves from event to event. It balances external action with internal reflection, description, and narration. Quickening it moves the progress of the story while slowing it shows the impact of what is happening or has just happened.
Whether fast or slow, the pacing is carried out on two levels: structurally or the entire framework of the story, and at the line level in individual words, sentences, and paragraphs.
Ways to Improve Structural Pacing
The scenes and chapter beginnings need to introduce change and conflict to get the story quickly moving at the structural level. The POV character encounters setbacks and failures in meeting the primary need or desire set up in the story’s beginning.
The story gets a push, too. When new characters arrive or characters receive further information. Maybe the characters experience emotional turmoil and engage in an intense conversation. Perhaps they have a dynamic reversal and see things in a new way.
Here are a few other ways to quicken the pace at the structural level:
- Begin in the middle of the action.
- Create scenes high in action with minimal description, few character thoughts, and no tangents or back story—what happened before the current activity.
- Make sure the action in the scenes unfolds as a series of incidents in quick succession or as conflicts between characters.
- Shorten scenes, removing what doesn’t belong down to the essential details. Make sure the scenes fit and are vital to the entire storyline.
- Add cliffhangers at the end of scenes or chapters.
- Make the dialog quick without extra information, reactions, descriptions, or attributions. Dialogue with conflict and tension speed things up as characters banter, argue or fight.
To slow the pace:
- Have the POV character observe the environment or become introspective or deep in thought.
- Engage the character in a flashback, which retells what happened before the story’s action begins and is often triggered by something specific, such as seeing an object and remembering something because of it.
- Use large amounts of narration and description.
- Describe the setting in detail.
- Summarize action and dialog.
- Employ digressions and small distracting actions not related to the main action.
As the story unfolds from the opening scene, the rhythm needs to steadily increase toward the climax. If it slows, there needs to be a reason that gives readers pause while still putting them into a state of suspense.
Ways to Improve Line-Level Pacing
Pacing within the lines of the page result from how words are used and sentences and paragraphs are structured.
To quicken the pace:
- Make sure there’s lots of white space on the page.
- Use lots of verbs, concrete language, and an active voice.
- Use sentence fragments and short paragraphs and sentences.
- Remove extra information, reactions, descriptions, or dialog attributions.
To slow the pace:
- Make sentences and paragraphs long.
- Use the description to detail the setting and details of the action.
- Provide exposition with data and facts, information about the story world, and references to the time element.
- Use flashbacks, retelling what happened before the action of the main story.
- Have the character reflect on what happened just then or in the past, sort through associated feelings, assess the situation, and decide what to do next.
- Use distractions with small actions away from the main action, such as cooking dinner or putting on makeup.
Don’t start at the beginning by writing this happened, and then that happened, and now here’s a little excitement. The excitement gets readers turning the page, whether from an unanswered question or a relationship gone awry.
That’s why we write and read, to make time seem quicker, so we get lost in the story.
One thought on “Without Pacing What’s The Point”
Excellent post. I’m reminded of an old joke: What’sthesecrettogoodcomedy?Timing.
LikeLiked by 1 person
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Only literature could reveal the process of breaking the law – without which the law would have no end – independently of the necessity to create order (Bataille 2006a: 25).
Freudian psychoanalysis postulates a fundamental psychological tendency towards transgressing the laws that society imposes on the individual (Freud 2002). In fact, the very notion of law arises because of the necessity to repress basic aggressive and sexual drives. Although Freud sees this conflict as insurmountable, he contemplates several possible ‘escape routes’ from civilizational repression, chief among them the aesthetic sublimations of literature. While he ultimately regards literature as ‘not strong enough’ (Freud 2002: 18) to provide lasting instinctual satisfaction, his anthropological reading triggers a new conception of the relationship between law and literature in the early 20th century, calling into question the 19th century notion of literature as an arbiter of moral law. From a psychoanalytic perspective, literature arguably no longer serves civilization and society, but rather promises release from social constraints through depictions of illicit, perverse, anarchic, violent practices. Juxtaposing several strands of European modernism, this article shows how psychoanalysis thus lays the ground for a transgressive model of literature, problematizing the widespread early 20th century conception of literature (and literary education) as either a civilizing force (articulated in the writings of I.A. Richards and F.R. Leavis) or a tool for freedom of expression (advocated by, amongst others, the poet and publisher Ezra Pound). Following a brief analysis of Freud’s ideas on transgression in Civilization and Its Discontents, I discuss the work of French Surrealist Georges Bataille, who in the 1930s and 1940s developed one of the most wide-ranging accounts of the transgressive potential of literature. Bataille’s ideas serve to complement recent accounts of transgressive modernism (notably Rachel Potter’s Obscene Modernism, 2013a), which tend to focus on transgressive literature as a form of liberation from repressive social, moral and legal constraints. Bataille’s Freud-inspired theory, by contrast, points towards a more problematic and ambiguous dimension in the relation between transgression and law, always caught between denial and complicity, and unable to be accommodated within the progressive discourse of legal reform and/or educational progress. I conclude that transgressive literature, in Bataille’s sense, functions as an inevitable dialectical counterpoint to any positive conception of the socio-ideological function of modern literature, both relying on and undermining the ‘Enlightenment project to modernize, normalize, and civilize…the individual and society’ (Slaughter 2007: 5).1
Literature and Civilization in the 19th Century and Early 20th Century
The relationship between law and morality sees a shift in understanding in 19th century Europe. With the increasing dominance of science, religion very gradually loses its authority as the guardian of moral values that underpin secular law. The industrial revolution and the subsequent commercialization of the public sphere throw traditional moral and political certainties into doubt. The powerful forces of the marketplace, unfettered capitalism and the extreme social inequality that this produces at times seem to threaten the very fabric of society. Hence the prevalent call in the 19th century for a new foundation for morality and law to fill the vacuum left by religion. For many influential Victorian intellectuals, literature seemed ideal to fulfil this role, to become a new kind of social glue, or, as Terry Eagleton calls it, ‘the moral ideology of the modern age’ (1996: 24). Whereas previously, reading fictional texts had been regarded as a pastime for educated gentlemen, literature was now called upon, in the words of George Gordon, English professor at Oxford, ‘to delight and instruct us, but also, and above all, to save our souls and heal the State’ (qtd. in Eagleton 1996: 20). The thinker who probably best embodies this stance is Matthew Arnold, whose influential work Culture and Anarchy, published in 1869, presents literature (and culture as a whole) as a bulwark against class conflict and political disorder. For Arnold, literature and culture more generally (‘sweetness and light’ as he calls it (2006: 41)) reflect and promote timeless, universal values, derived from tradition: ‘culture, with its disinterested pursuit of perfection, culture, simply trying to see things as they are in order to seize on the best and make it prevail, is surely well fitted to help us judge rightly’ (2006: 61).
Although many literary critics of the first half of the 20th century will reject Arnold’s universalizing idealism, the idea of literature as a cornerstone of civilization, a beacon of moral and social order, becomes firmly entrenched in British intellectual life, well beyond the conservatism of Victorian society. English literary criticism in the 20th century, as Alexander Hutton has recently suggested, is ‘from its outset, animated by notions of the social relevance of literature’, advancing ‘varying redemptive visions of society deriving from a belief in the cohesive power of literature’ (2016: 3–4). While it is true that these socio-political visions varied significantly between the different critics (from radical Marxism in the case of Arnold Kettle to the more conservative outlook of F.R. Leavis, as Hutton notes), modernist literary theory was fundamentally animated by the belief in the civilizing mission of literature: ‘All the critics…from Hoggart to Leavis, believed that the study of literature could impart a form of morality which could potentially improve society and teach people how to communicate and live better with one another’ (Hutton 2016: 32).
Notwithstanding this seemingly unanimous outlook, it is important to highlight, as Joseph North has recently done, the common fallacy of construing Anglophone literary criticism of the first half of the 20th century as a homogenous enterprise, usually subsumed under the label practical criticism, guided by its supposed ambition to seal the literary text off from its socio-political context (North 2017). North argues that the different critics associated with practical criticism, most notably I.A. Richards, William Empson and F.R. Leavis, are in fact diametrically opposed when it comes to the function of literary criticism, the status of the work of art and the social dimension of literature. Leavis’ prime concern, for instance, was the preservation of literary tradition by a cultural elite, who would communicate its value to society at large: ‘Upon this minority depends our power of profiting by the finest human experience of the past; they keep alive the subtlest and most perishable parts of tradition. Upon them depend the implicit standards that order the finer living of an age’ (Leavis 1930: 13). Although Leavis was influenced by Richards, especially regarding his ‘position on the central role of literary criticism in society’ (North 2017: 49), the latter’s progressive, left-leaning approach could not have been further removed from Leavis’ cultural conservatism. Richards championed a practical, instrumental aesthetic, honing the readers’ mental faculties to enable them to directly and progressively intervene in society and politics: ‘Poetry, the unique, linguistic instrument by which our minds have ordered their thoughts, emotions, desires…It may well be a matter of some urgency for us, in the interests of our standard of civilisation, to make this highest form of language more accessible’ (1929: 320). I.A. Richards thus rejected Leavis’ elitism, demanding a more inclusive, democratic role for literature and literary education.
However, despite these fundamental and important differences in outlook between Leavis and Richards – and between all the various literary critics and scholars working in the UK in the early 20th century (Marxists, Leavisites, left-Leavisites, literary historians) – they nonetheless shared the basic assumption that the function of literature was to civilize, educate and instruct, fulfilling a crucial role in the social order (regardless of the precise nature of that order or its value system). In other words, for these critics, literature, while not necessarily a guardian of the law per se, was a key source of values that would serve and guarantee social stability and progress. The academic Bonamy Dobrée, for instance, called on literature ‘to carry out that distortion of the mind which is called education with the purpose to creating “civilization”’ (1951: 174–5). Richards himself best summarized this stance when he claimed that poetry is ‘capable of saving us; it a perfectly possible means of overcoming chaos’ (1926: 82–83). While literature was thus rarely explicitly construed as direct influence on legal practice or constitutional matters, it was nonetheless seen as fundamental in shaping and generating the values underlying the key decisions of legislators, judges and civil society as a whole.
Civilizational Discontent: Between Transgression and Reform
While the belief in the civilizing force of art would continue to shape Anglophone literary criticism throughout the 20th century (most notably in the work of Raymond Williams), the early 20th century saw the emergence of a new understanding of the relationship between the law and art, inspired by the growing influence of Freudian psychoanalysis. In Freud’s model of society, civilization is not held together by timeless values and great traditions, but by significant renunciations on part of its individual members, who, at bottom, are dominated by the pleasure principle, seeking instant gratification of their most basic needs and urges (Freud 2001a). However, the inevitable deferral and suppression of gratification in the face of external obstacles – the reality principle, in Freud’s terminology – does not abolish these primal compulsions. They stubbornly persist below the surface of communal life, constantly threating to erupt and destabilize its seeming order. Freud thus postulates an insurmountable tension between civilized society and the individual: ‘The replacement of the power of the individual by that of the community is the decisive step towards civilization… the legal order, once established, shall not be violated again in favour of an individual’ (2002: 32).
The law is designed to curb the innate potential for aggression and sexual promiscuity of its individual members by exercising a kind of communal counter-violence, guaranteeing security and safety: ‘The ultimate outcome should be a system of law to which all…have contributed by partly foregoing the satisfaction of their drives’ (2002: 32). The implication here is that while the law founds civilization, it is also the prime source of civilizational unease or discontent. Radicalizing this basic Freudian notion, Jacques Lacan argues that the law is therefore not secondary to but coeval with a primal libidinal freedom or desire: ‘desire is the reverse of the law’ (Lacan 1992: 82–83). That is to say, human desire only emerges through prohibition and is therefore by definition a desire to transgress, which is why the law can never hope to fully abolish it. Primal freedom and legal restriction are not opposites, but two sides of the same coin.
According to Freud, civilizational discontent can manifest itself in two distinct ways: first, as a desire to change particular restrictions imposed by civilization (e.g. through less oppressive laws), which can lead to reform; second, as a fundamental hostility towards civilization itself, which leads to transgression, i.e., a violation of a legal or moral norm without any aspiration for change:
Whatever makes itself felt in a human society as an urge for freedom may amount to a revolt against an existing injustice, thus favouring an advance of civilization and remaining compatible with it. But it may spring from what remains of the original personality…and so become a basis for hostility to civilization. (Freud 2002: 33)
The lasting problem for society is how to accommodate transgressive desires – ‘hostility to civilization’, the ‘original personality’ – within its legal framework, how to satisfy primal instincts without endangering social life itself. In Civilization and its Discontents, Freud contemplates several methods and strategies for the individual to cope with civilizational restrictions, such as intoxication, isolation, neurosis, asceticism and religion. After carefully evaluating the merits and drawbacks of each measure, Freud ultimately dismisses all of them. One such strategy, however, is given special consideration throughout his work, the fictional world of art and literature: ‘substitutive satisfactions, such as art affords, are illusions that contrast with reality, but they are not, for this reason, any less effective psychically’ (2002: 13).
For Freud, the sublimations of art are indeed a privileged way out of societal discontent, yet he struggles to describe what makes them unique. He somewhat unconvincingly calls them ‘higher and finer’ (2002: 18) (reminiscent of 19th century conceptions of literature), while acknowledging that they are usually only accessible to a certain elite (echoing Leavis’s analysis). Yet, for those who are able to appreciate art and literature, they can indeed become a ‘source of pleasure and consolation’ (2002: 18). Ultimately though ‘the mild narcosis that art induces in us can free us only temporarily from the hardships of life; it is not strong enough to make us forget real misery’ (2002: 18). Freud here backtracks on the more radical implications of his analysis of literature: the reason why art and literature are effective mechanisms against civilizational discontent is precisely not because they are ‘higher and finer’, full of Arnoldian ‘sweetness and light’, but because they are capable of putting us in touch with a dark, repressed, dangerous part of our being, whose unmediated expression would threaten not only our individual, but also our collective existences. As Freud’s own analysis of Hoffman’s Sandman (1816) reveals, there is something troubling and destabilizing in literature, harking back to our most primal needs and feelings, which in everyday life needs to be kept in check (Freud 2001b). While his conclusion remains caught in 19th century conceptions of art, Freud’s psychological anthropology nonetheless paves the way for a new understanding of the relation between literature and society, with an influence far beyond psychoanalytic theory and practice.
Transgression as Freedom of Expression
In the first half of the 20th century, European literature experiences an unprecedented wave of experimentation, radically breaking with established norms and traditions. Avant-garde movements, such as Surrealism and Dadaism, and the writers associated with literary modernism begin to explore the darker aspects of the human mind, such as sexuality, death, madness and dreams, forging a new ‘aesthetics of the obscene’ (Pease 2000). The taboo content finds its correlative in the works’ formal audacity, frequently causing outrage or bewilderment and leading to prosecution and proscription. Freud’s influence is all-pervasive, not least in the law’s response to these new literary practices. The American legal scholar Theodor Schroeder, for instance, calls for a fundamental re-thinking of literary censorship in light of the findings of psychoanalysis (see Potter 2013a: 48).
Following Freud’s groundbreaking work on human sexuality, the depiction of taboo content could now be seen, not as an anti-social or immoral provocation, but as a new kind of realism, revealing previously hidden truths about human thought and behaviour. This led to, as Rachel Potter observes,
an important shift from confident assertions about the educational benefits of literature, such as had been made by Matthew Arnold, to the increasingly embattled and provocative sense of modernist writers that the prurient morals of a general readership would work to censor and curtail freedom of expression. (Potter 2013a: 89)
Many modernist writers and critics were confronted with the law’s unbending severity in the face of morally questionable or obscene literature (the famous cases being Joyce’s Ulysses (1922) and Lawrence’s Lady Chatterley’s Lover (1928)).2 This led to increasing demands for legal reform in the name of freedom of expression, notably by Ezra Pound, modernist poet and editor of The Little Review, whose serialization of Joyce’s Ulysses in 1918 had been legally halted following an obscenity trial (see Birmingham 2014). Pound is interesting in this context because he articulates a vision of literature’s relation to the law, which corresponds to the first of Freud’s two possible reactions to civilizational discontent: reform. For Pound, as Potter shows, ‘contemporary literary texts…embodied the moral and enlightenment values that were the bedrock of American freedom and civilization’, advancing ‘a legalistic vision both of the state – as that which is embodied in its laws – and of the writer’s central role in the social contract’ (Potter 2013a: 90). For Pound, the law ultimately needed to adapt to and accommodate these new literary works, even if they ‘express indecorous thoughts’ (Pound 1968: 21), as such works constituted the very foundation of Enlightenment progress. In order for humanity to advance, taboos needed to be broken, especially on the terrain of language, as this was the only way to expand and refine humanity’s ability to communicate in all social domains (art, politics, law and science). In Pound’s view (representative of many champions of freedom of expression and individual liberty at the time) literary transgression becomes a crucial element in the reformation of the law itself and thus a key component of social progress, in general.
While Potter is certainly right when she claims that the re-configuration of transgression as freedom of expression constituted an ‘important shift’ in the understanding of the social value of literature, this break with the defenders of the educational mission of literature (Arnold, Richards, Leavis, Dobrée) is not as drastic as it might initially appear. Despite the extreme differences in political outlook between someone like Pound (a fascist sympathizer) and the English critics (largely democratic progressives or conservatives), both ultimately put forth a utilitarian understanding of literature, serving social, moral and civilizational progress. This conception of literature would also ultimately come to be accepted by the law, which gradually loosened the strict censorship of “obscene” literature in the US and Britain as the 20th century progressed. In 1933, for example, when Ulysses was finally cleared of the charge of obscenity, the attorney for the publisher, Morris Ernst, emphasized the book’s ‘artistic integrity and moral seriousness’ (see Segall 1993: 3–4), i.e., its social utility.
While the overwhelming majority of Anglophone literary criticism from that period focussed on the progressive power of literature, there were also a few dissenting voices. T.S. Eliot, for instance, claimed that it was the purpose of poetry to make ‘communication with the nerves’ (1998: 97), the words becoming ‘a network of tentacular roots reaching down to the deepest terrors and desires’ (1998: 66). The Freudian echoes are unmistakable. Here we have (a vague outline of) a conception of literature no longer concerned with moral guidance or edification, with buttressing individual freedom and/or furthering social progress, but with releasing primal urges and wishes. In other words, a transgressive model of literature that corresponds to Freud’s ‘hostility to civilization itself’, a notion that would remain undertheorized in Anglophone modernism.
Bataille and the Aesthetics of Transgression
This notion became central to Bataille’s theory of transgression, which specifically explores the transgressive model of art only intimated in Freud’s work: ‘Bataille also drew on Freud’s text, but only to draw out from it consequences that the text did not foresee’ (Noys 2005: 128).3 Following Freud, Bataille explores different ways of eliminating the excess energy produced by the dynamic tension between reality and pleasure. Transposing Freud’s psychological principal to a socio-biological plane, he contends that ‘excess energy can be used for the growth of a system (e.g., an organism)…if the excess cannot be completely absorbed in its growth, it must necessarily be lost without profit; it must be spent, willingly or not, gloriously or catastrophically’ (Bataille 1991: 21). In Bataille’s later work, literature becomes a principal means in the modern world of (‘gloriously’) diffusing this excess without (‘catastrophically’) endangering civilization itself: ‘Poetry opens the night to desire’s excess’ (Bataille 1997: 111). Unlike Freud, however, for whom the arts sublimate primal urges by transforming them into something ‘higher and finer’, Bataille’s aesthetics of transgression foreground the ‘base’, unruly, anti-social passions that literature and art feed off, providing a potent, albeit fictionalized, experience of transgression against the strictures of law: ‘only beauty excuses and renders bearable the need for disorder, for violence and for unseemliness which is the hidden root of love’ (Bataille 1989: 143).4
In several of his works, published in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, Bataille develops a socio-historical genealogy of transgression.5 For him transgression has, in a sense, always been a key component of every society, an institutionalized system designed to ritually and temporarily violate the very laws society is based on (historical examples include Greek Tragedy, Christian Mass and festivals of all kind; see Bataille 1991). Bataille’s favoured example for ritual transgression is probably also its most extreme form: the Aztec sacrifice of human beings. He argues that the Aztecs lived in a society of strict laws and a meticulously elaborated social conduct (murder, as in most societies, was considered a crime). In such a society, sacrifice becomes a “lawful crime”, a collective and sanctioned transgression against the strictures of social and political life, that is to say, a conscious wasting of excess energy, against the utilitarian prerogative (Bataille 1991).
The emergence of transgressive art, however, is, according to Bataille, a specifically modern phenomenon, linked to the increasing division of social life in capitalist societies. In pre-modern Europe, political power and the task of controlling social life, on the one hand, and the regulation of collective forms of transgression, on the other, both fell firmly within the remit of the Christian Church. With the decline of feudal society and the gradual emergence of the modern nation state, in which social life is primarily regulated by the market and no longer by religious dogmatism, the representation of transgressive acts falls to the newly emerging domain of autonomous art and literature: ‘the historical demise of socially sanctioned forms of transgression shifted the arena in which such acts could be carried out to literature’ (Richman 1982: 105).
Like Freud, Bataille regards transgression as a response to basic human desires, libidinal intensities that must be discharged. Civilized life is fundamentally based on the negation of these intensities: ‘Society…could not survive if these childish instincts were allowed to triumph’ (Bataille 2006a: 18). David B. Allison argues that these instincts ‘must be negated, and this is precisely the necessity for imposing taboos, for instituting prohibitions…they must no longer be unregulated, uncodified, so as to constitute random violence’ (Allison 2009: 91). For Allison, the negation of these intensities becomes labour and is thus instrumental for the functioning and subsistence of society. This regulation of ‘random violence’, however, is also at the basis of art and literature. Yet in contrast to the world of work and productivity, where desire needs to be negated, pure and simple, the work of art celebrates and facilitates this desire through a process of sublimation and transformation. Work requires that we sever our connection to our immediate appetites and desires through the exercise of will and reason. Art and literature, on the other hand, can re-connect us with to those primal drives and feelings, yet within tightly controlled circumstances and conditions, regulated and codified, where these intensities are discharged but basically transformed. As Bataille puts it in Literature and Evil: ‘If human life did not contain this violent instinct, we could dispense with the arts’ (x2006a: 70).
Bataille constructs his theory of literary transgression on Freud’s model of childhood interdiction,6 which always has a twofold effect: it facilitates social adaptation while simultaneously creating the desire for the absence of social/ethical constraint. As this desire only comes into being through the rules and obligations that suppress it in the first place, it is, by definition, a transgressive desire. The same logic applies to the work of literature. Although literature’s transgressive nature only functions in relation to the social status quo (without which the notion of transgression would be redundant), the fact that it is exempt from turning this transgression into something socially or politically necessary or useful enables literature to engage in this process in a much more unconstrained and therefore liberated fashion; it does not have to justify and subordinate its ‘temporary transgressions’ (Bataille 2006a: 22), its moments of intensity, to some overarching moral framework or to some pre-defined goal. This is why, for Bataille, ‘only literature could reveal the process of breaking the law – without which the law would have no end – independently of the necessity to create order’ (2006a: 25).
Transgressive behaviour is often regarded either as an irrational aberration, the product of a deranged mind, or it is assimilated to the utilitarian prerogative by endowing it with a social or moral purpose. For Bataille, however, transgressive art, as a discharger of repressed instincts, should not have to be made accountable in terms of social responsibility or utility: ‘Literature cannot assume the task of regulating collective necessity’ (2006a: 25).7 Bataille’s theoretical model is pertinent, I believe, because it allows us to clearly perceive and account for the political ineffectiveness of transgression, Freud’s ‘basic hostility towards civilization’, without having to deny the latter’s importance. Transgressive desires and impulses are the product of the negation of primal instincts and our inevitable adaptation to civilized life. These desires, according to Bataille, can therefore never be completely eradicated or repressed and should therefore be acted out or liberated, yet only under tightly controlled circumstances, that is to say, in acts of aesthetic transgression.
Conclusion: Transgression as Negativity
Transgressive literature was an important topos of modernist art and theory, and, as Rachel Potter has compellingly demonstrated, led to a re-conceptualisation of the law (especially regarding censorship) and of art, profoundly shaping both in the further course of the 20th century (see Potter 2013a). Potter, who also notes Freud’s and Bataille’s centrality in the emergence of transgressive art – as well as the former’s profound influence on the latter – is right when she claims that for Bataille, literary transgressions ‘were central to an understanding of the unconscious drives that constitute the human subject’ (Potter 2013a: 8). Yet, she fails to mention that Bataille’s ‘desire to open up writing to the destabilized subject’ (Potter 2013a: 8) was not, as in the case of many other modernist writers, a celebration of ‘individual freedom’, waiting to be harnessed for progressive political causes.8 Bataille, like Freud before him, was profoundly sceptical of the political potential of an eroticism finally unleashed from the shackles of Victorian prudery.
Today the law’s handling of obscene, outrageous art certainly has become much more lenient and tolerant in contrast to the 19th century or early 20th century. But this development is very much part of what Freud describes as ‘a revolt against an existing injustice favouring a further advance of civilization and remaining compatible with it’ (2002: 33). From this angle, transgressive literature becomes a standard-bearer of liberation and freedom against oppressive laws, a point forcefully made by, amongst others, Ezra Pound. This demand for reform can always be accommodated within the legal system. Yet, the idea of art as transgression, as ‘hostility against civilization itself’, is a lot more problematic. It points towards the perverse dimension of law itself, which, as Slavoj Žižek suggests, makes impossible demands on its subjects, constantly enjoining and prohibiting them to engage in transgressive behaviour: ‘when we obey the Law, we do so as part of a desperate strategy to fight against our desire to transgress it, so the more rigorously we obey the Law, the more…we feel the pressure of the desire to indulge in sin’ (2000: 142).
The psychoanalytic interpretation of literature in the first half of the 20th century allows us to clearly distinguish between the passion of revolt – the desire to break rules for desire’s sake – and the reformatory aspirations of politics (of course, these two aspects often go hand in hand and only rarely appear in their pure form). It furthermore illustrates the law’s inability to acknowledge transgression, even though the two are inextricably linked: the law either needs to appropriate transgression’s anti-social force by endowing it with ethical significance or it needs to silence it through censorship and punishment. However, as indicated by Bataille, transgressive art is fundamentally useless, unjustifiable, irresponsible, which means that even in a perfect society – completely equal and free – it would still have to violate the laws that structure it, giving expression to those aspects of the personality that every civilization needs to repress. As Rita Felski suggests: ‘The literature of shock becomes truly disquieting not when it is shown to further social progress, but when it utterly fails to do so, when it slips through our frameworks of legitimation and resists our most heartfelt values’ (2008: 110).
Yet, the paradox of Bataille’s own position is that transgressive art does have a social function, and a deeply conservative one at that, close to Arnold’s and Leavis’s notion of art as preserver of order and moral integrity. By channelling “perverse” and violent desires in an imaginary, sublimated fashion, it prevents them from spilling over into the realm of politics, potentially creating real chaos. This is also why it’s a mistake (maybe unavoidable) to attempt to attribute moral or political meaning to transgression. If one looks at the history of aesthetic transgression in the 20th century (the avant-garde, the Beat generation, punk etc.), it is usually construed as a form of political liberation. Yet, as Freud and Bataille demonstrate, there is nothing inherently progressive in transgression. Although it seems to be a vital element of social life, a safety-valve for civilizational pressure, it can easily be used for sinister ends (in fascist spectacles or the Alt-right’s shock tactics, for instance). The question then remains: how can we give transgression its due without reducing it to social utility (construed as a form of liberation from oppressive legal systems), on the one hand, or letting its undeniable power be co-opted by dubious political ends, on the other? Bataille’s theory of transgression suggests art as a possible solution, which, in his view, becomes the domain in the modern world, in which it is possible to say and do everything, to transgress accepted norms and standards without offering alternatives or remedies: ‘art reaches the extreme limit of the possible’ (1993: 420), but as art only. This is a direct challenge to the avant-garde’s conception of literature as something that can potentially or eventually be put into practice, as a superior realm that becomes the blueprint for the creation of a new order.
To be sure, this specific conception of transgressive literature never replaced the dominant notion of literature as a liberating and/or civilizing force, remaining on the margins of literary theory and philosophical aesthetics for most of the 20th century.9 It rather functioned (and continues to function) dialectically, like a negative pole to any positive conception of the social value of the literary. In this sense, it is part of what Fredric Jameson has described as a ‘fourth historical moment’, ‘a shadowy and prophetic realm, a realm of language and death, which lives in the interstices of our own modernity as its negation and denial’ (2012: 62). Jameson contends that modernity is in part characterized by the positivism of the sciences, whose careful distinctions, circumscriptions and definitions produce their own flipside, their own negation, their own excess. One of these negations, according to Jameson, is psychoanalysis and its key theoretical proposition of the unconscious, which functions (despite Freud’s own scientific aspirations) like a negative counterpoint to empiricism of the life sciences. Transgressive literature, in Bataille’s sense, also constitutes such a response to the various affirmations and aspirations of the modern world, revealing ‘the underside of humanism’ (Jameson 2012: 63), resisting appropriation by public morality, legal progressivism and all narratives of emancipation and liberty.10 Bataille calls this ‘an unemployed negativity’, beyond the limits of utility and knowledge, opening up an experience of ‘non-knowledge’ (Bataille 1997: 296, 82). In Jameson’s words, ‘the marking of the limit exacerbates the will to transgress it and to pass over into what is forbidden. It is that zone of non-knowledge which we have characterized above as something like a fourth historical moment’ (2012: 72).
Jameson’s ‘fourth historical moment’ sheds some light on why transgressive literature emerged in that particular historical period, the late 19th century and early 20th century. Like all the different conceptions of literature discussed in this article, it constitutes a response to a wider socio-cultural development, specifically the growing dominance of scientific methods and practices. Critics like Richards, Empson and Leavis (and later on the New Critics in America) responded to this development by attempting to make literary studies more objective through their method of “close reading”, ‘away from subjectivist impressionism in aesthetic matters and toward exactitude, meticulousness, and something approaching “scientific” precision’ (North 2017: 24). Conversely Pound, and other champions of free expression, saw in transgressive art something approaching ‘the scientist’s freedom and privilege, with at least the chance of at least the scientist’s verity’ (Pound 1967: 73), i.e., a new form of empirical exploration, grounded in fact and truth. Both conceptions (the educational and the liberatory) must, as I would suggest, therefore be seen as progressive rather than transgressive. Bataille’s model, by contrast, attempts to safeguard the negative force of literary transgression, beyond the utilitarian demands of science and law, focussing on ‘what goes beyond the useful…what a consciousness enlightened by the advancement of learning relegated to a dubious and condemnable semidarkness, which psychoanalysis named the unconscious’ (Bataille 1993: 226).
The author has no competing interests to declare.
- Joseph Slaughter’s influential Human Right’s Inc. compellingly demonstrates how the rhetoric of literature (especially the Bildungsroman of the 18th and 19th centuries) developed in tandem with modern law (particularly the discourse on human rights), forging ‘idealistic visions of the proper relations between the individual and society and the normative career of free and full human personality development’ (2007: 4). In the following I will attempt to show how the psychoanalytic interpretation of literature allows us to conceive of a different relation between literature and law, based on those psychic traits that any ‘normative career of free and full human personality development’ needs to disavow. [^]
- See Potter (2013a and 2013b), Pease (2008) and Birmingham (2014). [^]
- For a general discussion of Bataille’s relation with psychoanalysis and therapy, see Noys (2005). [^]
- For recent discussions of Bataille’s theory of art and literature, see Kennedy (2017 and 2018). [^]
- For the seminal account of the philosophical stakes of Bataille’s theory of transgression, see Foucault (1963). [^]
- For Freud the first manifestation of law occurs during the Oedipus complex, when the infant is confronted with the taboo on incest. Freud follows the dominant anthropological literature of his time in claiming that ‘taboo-observances constituted the first systems of “law”’ (2002: 36). [^]
- Julia Kristeva’s influential work builds on Bataille’s theory of the transgressive nature of modern literature, specifically in relation to modernist fiction, such as Joyce’s Ulysses. Her approach focuses on the transgressive possibilities of fictional language itself, which she refers to as the ‘semiotic’, subverting the laws of traditional sign systems and conventional discursive practices (Kristeva, 1980). [^]
- ‘Bataille’s desire to open up writing to the destabilized subject was one that was shared by a number of writers in the 1920s and 1930s, including Henry Miller and Anais Nin, who extended the connections between individual freedom and sexual licentiousness’ (Potter 2013a: 8). [^]
- Influential contemporary conceptions of the social value of literature and art include Rancière’s “distribution of the sensible” and Latour’s “actor-network theory” (see Rancière 2006; Latour 2005). [^]
- At several points in his work Bataille acknowledges the similarity between his notion of negativity and Freud’s conception of the unconscious. Both represent an idea of the totally other, of the beyond of conscious life. The point of divergence must be located in their respective ideas on the possibility of accessing this “other”, of turning it into an object of knowledge. While Freud attempts to make a science of the unconscious (psychoanalysis) Bataille insists on the fundamental unassimilability of this “negativity”. For a discussion of the relation between impossibility, poetry and sacrifice in Bataille’s work, see Arnould (1996). [^]
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Arnold, M. (2006). Culture and Anarchy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Arnould, E. (1996). ‘The Impossible Sacrifice of Poetry: Bataille and the Nancian Critique of Sacrifice’. Diacritics, 26(2): 86–96. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1353/dia.1996.0010
Bataille, G. (1989). My Mother, Madame Edwarda and The Dead Man. London: M. Boyars.
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Bataille, G. (1997). The Bataille Reader. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
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Birmingham, K. (2014). The Most Dangerous Book: The Battle for James Joyce’s Ulysses. London: Penguin.
Dobrée, B. (1951). ‘What is Literature For’. English Studies Today, eds. Wrenn, C. L. and Bullough, G. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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Foucault, M. (1963). ‘Preface to Transgression’. Language, Counter-Memory, Practice: Selected Essays and Interviews (1996), ed. Bouchard, D. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 29–52.
Freud, S. (2001a). ‘Formulations on the Two Principles of Mental Functioning’. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud Volume XII (1911–1913). London: Vintage.
Freud, S. (2001b). ‘The Uncanny’. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume XVII (1917–1919). London: Vintage.
Freud, S. (2002). Civilization and Its Discontents. London: Penguin.
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Jameson, F. (2012). A Singular Modernity: Essays on the Ontology of the Present. London: Verso.
Kennedy, K. (2017). ‘Useless Practices in Sacred Spaces: Bataille’s Elegance and the Aesthetics of Sovereignty’. Georges Bataille and Contemporary Thought, ed. Stronge, W. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 129–154.
Kennedy, K. (2018). ‘Heterology as Aesthetics: Art and the Affirmation of Impossibility’. In Theory, Culture & Society, 35(4–5): 115–134. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1177/0263276416644506
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E-bikes are the most popular option to hit a long or tough riding for all-ages cyclists. These popular vehicles are a great combination of worth the price & an advanced level of fun enjoyment.
Let’s come to the point. Before making a decision of purchasing a super-speed e-bike, which question will knock you the most? The bike motor! Therefore, it mandatory to know details about the ebike motor and how do ebike motors work!
An E-bike motor is the responsible thing, propel the rider up or through smoothly on rough or obstacles added terrain. Certainly, the bike motor will give you the required stamina to make all impossible riding possible.
We also make impossible matters possible here. We also tried to fit ourselves with the up-growing e-bike industry so that we could know good about bike motors and let you know the working mechanism of this precise ebike parts.
In Our Today’s Guide,
We will make a clear discussion over-
- How Do Ebike Motors Work
- Types of Electric Bike Motors
- Which Motor Type is Best for the Ebike?
- What Is Power Ratings?
- Understanding the Sensor Type & Throttle
Let’s stop all ado, and move forward-
How Do ebike Motor Works – At A Glance!!
There are two main things that are responsible to force the electric motor to work. One is an electric current and the other is a magnetic field. However, a magnetic field is created by a coil of wire that is wrapped around a metal core. This wire is connected to a battery. The movement of the wire as it cuts through the magnetic field creates an electromagnetic force on the metal core, which then causes a rotating motion. E-bike also works in this same manner.
There are three steps to making an electric motor work. Before explaining each step, let’s me tell which metal parts are working behind a working e-bike motor!
The following things are all about behind an e-bike motor work!
- A Magnet
- A Loop Of Wire
- Map To Wrap Around The Magnet
- A Battery
- Creating an Electric Current: The first step of making an electric motor work is to create an electric current. In order to do this, there must be a loop of wire that runs through a magnetic field. The loop of wire will generate electricity as it enters and exits the magnetic field.
- Magnetic field creation: The second step is to create a magnetic field. To do this, you need more coils wrapped around the magnet. Then you need to connect the coil to the electric source. Next is, turning on the current, so that it can excite the two coils to generate a magnetic field.
- Spinning the Brush or Outer Body: This stage proceeds by rotating an electric coil with a magnetic field in a circular motion. That makes the coil spin and turn a shaft, which transmits the work to another device such as a fan, drill, compressor, ebike wheel, etc.
How Do Ebike Motors Work? – Briefly Describe
Simply if i say, an ebike motor works once you turn on the motor switch while you are pedaling to run the ebike wheel. Depending on the torque sensor activity, it assist to the pedaling. If you push harder on the pedal, the torque sense more.That means you are in a need of more motor power for a smooth driving.
How do electric bicycles dominate the road with their electric bike motor? How does the motor work to provide electric power to assist the pedal?
To understand the performance of the Electric Bicycle Motors, you have to know the main three components of an ebike. Among the THREE key components, Electric Motor is the major one that makes the regular bike an electric bike.
In the meanwhile, let me tell you about another two components; the battery and the display. The battery provides power to the motor, and the display panel helps to measure the amount of speed the user needs or wants. However,lets understand the working mechanism of the electric bike in the following phases-
Let’s speak from the fundamental Level-What does an electric motor do? They convert the electric energy to make it mechanical energy. The mechanical energy helps to create the magnetic field, which further allows the shaft to spin and to sense on the Torque Sensor. It is a very basic matter.
Ebike features the Brushless DC Motors (BLDC Motors). As these motors are brushless, so unlike the older motors they don’t alter the direction of the current flow (towards the motor). For more than a decade, brushless motors become more efficient and more standard compared with all brush motors.
These motors have Permanent Magnets with Electromagnet fields which works combined to convert Electric Energy into Mechanical Energy. BLDC motors are full of a bunch of wires which usually works as the Electro-Magnet Field for further work. This circular wire is also called the Stator. And another orientation of the wire depends on the Stator called the Rotor.
And to understand how e bike motors work, you have to understand the Stator and the Rotor. When the battery provides current to an electric motor, the insider electromagnet of the stator repels and causes spin to the Permanent Magnet of the Rotor.The Stator is added with a Shaft that generates Torque. And you might know already that the Torque is everything to assist the pedal to run the bike.
Get to Know Better: How Does an E-bike Hub Motor Work?
Types of Electric Bike Motors
Two types of motors are greatly popular in the bike industry. One is Wheel Motor (Hub Motor), and another one is mid-drive or Centre drive. Though most customer opinion goes to Centre drive we never saw particular one bears dominating quality among another one. Both these two motors have advantages and disadvantages.
1. Wheel Motor or Hub Motor
It is most common motor types nowadays. Comparatively these motors are cheaper with more flexibility to provide the power to the bike pedal. Instead of driving the crank, the Wheel motor drives the Wheel, so if the pedals are not moving, the Wheel motor will turn the Wheels which will help to move the bike.
The disadvantage of this type of motor is an uneven turning of the Wheels, for which the user may feel less smooth power distribution on the leg.
2. The Centre Drive Motor or the Mid Drive Motor
This is present at the cranks of the bike. These battery types are smoother and offer good performance compared with the Wheel Motor. Users also feel a good weight distribution over their bike if the bike is run using a Mid Drive motor.
Compared with the hub motors, Mid Drive motors are more powerful. The power ratings for the Mid Drive Batteries are-50Nm to 80Nm (Of Torque). E-bike with an advanced parts combination, obviously run with this type of motor. These motors not only make the engine long life span, but it also offers better equipment set up for the user.
The only disadvantage of this motor type is-it is pricy a bit! However, Hub motor again could be a Direct Drive Hub Motors or Geared Hub Motors.
3. Friction Motors
Friction motors also are popular due to the cost-efficiency compared with both the Hub and the mid-drive Motors. The cyclist who wants to convert his/her traditional bike as an Electric Motor Bike can use this motor purchasing at a low price.
In the friction motor system, the user gets a small wheel with the small-bolt motor drive with some additional kit packed in the kit pack. The small wheel can usually place on the chain Stay or the Seat Stays. So what the small wheel does is, spin the tire, and push the bike to run forward. As a result, here the term indicates the friction comes from the tire (increase the tire wire).
Friction motors are only we suggest for the regular bike user who wants to afford relatively a cheap amount. In all new e-bikes, you will rarely find a friction motor. Friction motors are cumbersome and are comparatively less efficient.
Which Motor Type is Best for your Ebike?
Which motor type is best and which one do we suggest for the electric bike? It mostly depends on the types of Ebike and terrain you’re going to ride on. Deciding one suitable one among the Hub-Driven or Mid Drive system is depending on the priority you are giving on your electric bike.
A mid-drive motor is suggested for the bike which is prone to climb on a hill. As Hub Motors are featured Low-Speed-Climbing and they cannot spin properly at the Optimal RPM, therefore mid-drive motor systems are the on-the-go motor for all E-Mountain Bikes.
Mid Drive motor also has another advantage that is, the user can change the tire relatively easily as there is no need for wiring of the Frame & the Hub, so the user can run fast.
Weinert says- “If you’re cruising uphill at low speed and the motor is spinning at low speed as well, you’re turning a lot of that power into heat rather than forward motion,” (www.bicycling.com,)
Hub Motors are cheaper and they don’t break down the bike chain (the operating system is at the outside of the Bike Chain Drive). But these motors add extra weight (bigger, also needs larger batteries). And when the user needs to change the tires, it creates hassles (need to wiring in between the motor and the power).
So if you are using an e-mountain bike, obviously expert opinion will go to the mid-drive motor system. And for the flat terrain rider, the hub motor won’t depress the cyclists more!
Can You Make Your Electric Bike Motor?
Yes, you can if you don’t mind getting busy make dirty your hands. You can move on technical DIY to retrofit your traditional bike using a motor (Hub Motor/ Mid-Drive System). At first select the type of motor, Battery type with the Pedal Assist Mode. After than fit all of these parts into your aftermarket e-bike motor kits to set the total motor system.
If you successfully can finish this DIY set-up, it will save your cost and will peace your mind!
What Is Power Ratings?
Users need to know what does the Power Ratings mean because they need to understand the Rated Power. Universal truth is, the motor’s actual power is never the same with the max output the motor need to be maximum potential. The Power Rating for an e-bike is defined as How Much Your Electric Bikes Are Getting for a fixed time set.
These fixed time set ranges are the peak power duration and which ranges in between motor can work at the peak power of 750W only for 1 to 2 seconds!
Power actually what is? Power is the measurement of how your electric motor works quickly at the peak power at rated duration. Yes, we express the motor power by Watt. If you could understand how fast your motor is spinning, you can get the power.
Power will be in that case= Torque x RM (rotational speed of the motor).
If you want to elaborately understand the max power coming from your electric bike motors, you can see the manufacturing details. In the manufacturing list, you will find the voltage the amperage features on your motor. Suppose your electric motor is rated by 52 volts and 75 amp,
In that case, the power will be=53volt x 20Amp=1,040Watt.
But if your motor is brushless, it will never be 100% efficient. And for this, you will never get the 1040-watt power from your motor. Suppose your motor is 75% efficient, in that case, our mathematics says, you will get 750watt power to move forward.
Understanding the Sensor Type & Throttle
Two more things we are going to include here all-electric bikers should know in detail. And knowing these two-term will affect a long-term electric bike riding experience for each rider.
Sensor type determines the level of power you need or want from your electric bike. Based on the input from the user end, a sensor works to determine the speed of the pedal-assist.
A sensor is helpful to offer a better riding experience. Also if offer a faster riding too. As a sensor works based on the cadence of pedaling, so when your bike needs faster pedaling, your sensor will speed it up.
Speed sensors are most popular nowadays for the Hub motor-type electric bikes. They will sense your bike speed. And to go faster you have to speed up your pedal.
However, another sensor term is the Torque sensor which is usually added to determine the motor torque amount. So in that case if you want to go faster, you have to focus on your pedal, you have to harder your pedal.
The torque sensor is usually perfect for the Mid-Drive Motor System. That is, if you are an e-mountain biker, you need to use a torque sensor to sense how harder you are running your pedal is.
Do you need a throttle on your electric bike? To know this, you have to know at first why do you need a throttle on your pedal assist bike. Having a throttle on your Pedelec will allow you to ride the bike without pedaling. However, the throttle is a matter of the rider’s performance and street law approval.
Class 1 e-bikes are pedal-assist, Class 2 electric bikes are both pedal assist and throttle. And the remaining class 3 electric bikes are the extreme speed provider that is almost 28mph, but whether your Class 3 ebikes can have the throttle or not, will solely depend on your performance and the l .
What you need to do is, checking the street law very carefully, before purchasing any class ebike with or without throttle with the set mph.
we have come to the endpoint of our today’s discussion. If you have read our full article with your full concentration, we think you are now well-equipped with the electric bike motor’s knowledge.
Knowing clearly how do ebike motors work usually helps each bike user to choose the right bike equipped with the right motors accordingly.
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At least 908 people were murdered for taking a stand to defend the environment between 2002 and 2013, according to a new report today from Global Witness, which shows a dramatic uptick in the murder rate during the past four years. Notably, the report appears on the same day that another NGO, Survival International, released a video of a gunman terrorizing a Guarani indigenous community in Brazil, which has recently resettled on land taken from them by ranchers decades ago. According to the report, nearly half of the murders over the last decade occurred in Brazil—448 in all—and over two-thirds—661—involved land conflict.
“There can be few starker or more obvious symptoms of the global environmental crisis than a dramatic upturn in killings of ordinary people defending rights to their land or environment,” said Oliver Courtney of Global Witness. “Yet this rapidly worsening problem is going largely unnoticed, and those responsible almost always get away with it. We hope our findings will act as the wake-up call that national governments and the international community clearly need.”
But as grisly as the report is, it’s likely a major underestimation of the issue. The report covers just 35 countries where violence against environmental activists remains an issue, but leaves out a number of major countries where environmental-related murders are likely occurring but with scant reporting.
The elderly Frédéric Moloma Tuka was beaten to death during protests over logging operations in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Photo by: © Greenpeace DRC.
“Because of the live, under-recognized nature of this problem, an exhaustive global analysis of the situation is not possible,” reads the report. “For example, African countries such as Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic and Zimbabwe that are enduring resource-fueled unrest are highly likely to be affected, but information is almost impossible to gain without detailed field investigations.”
In fact, reports of hundreds of additional killings in countries like Ethiopia, Myanmar, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe were left out due to lack of rigorous information.
Even without these countries included, the number of environmental activists killed nearly approaches the number of journalists murdered during the same period—913—an issue that gets much more press. Environmental activists most at risk are people fighting specific industries.
“Many of those facing threats are ordinary people opposing land grabs, mining operations and the industrial timber trade, often forced from their homes and severely threatened by environmental devastation,” reads the report. “Indigenous communities are particularly hard hit. In many cases, their land rights are not recognized by law or in practice, leaving them open to exploitation by powerful economic interests who brand them as ‘anti-development’.”
Video of gunman terrorizing Guarani community. Video courtesy of Survival International.
As if to highlight these points, Survival International released a video today that the groups says shows a gunman firing at the Pyelito Kuê community of Guarani indigenous people. The incident injured one woman, according to the group. The Guarani have been campaigning for decades to have land returned to them that has been taken by ranchers.
“This video gives a brief glimpse of what the Guarani endure month after month—harassment, intimidation, and sometimes murder, just for trying to live in peace on tiny fractions of the ancestral land that was once stolen from them,” the director of Survival International, Stephen Corry, said. “Is it too much to expect the Brazilian authorities, given the billions they’re spending on the World Cup, to sort this problem out once and for all, rather than let the Indians’ misery continue?”
According to the report, two major drivers of repeated violence against environmental activists are a lack of attention to the issue and widespread impunity for perpetrators. In fact, Global Witness found that only ten people have been convicted for the 908 murders documented in the report, meaning a conviction rate of just 1.1 percent to date.
“Environmental human rights defenders work to ensure that we live in an environment that enables us to enjoy our basic rights, including rights to life and health,” John Knox, UN Independent Expert on Human Rights and the Environment said. “The international community must do more to protect them from the violence and harassment they face as a result.”
Logging trucks in Liberia. In the last two years alone, 23 killings were connected to deforestation and illegal logging. Photo by: © Global Witness.
Costa Rican environmentalist pays ultimate price for his dedication to sea turtles
(06/10/2013) On the evening of May 30th, 26-year-old Jairo Mora Sandoval was murdered on Moin beach near Limón, Costa Rica, the very stretch of sand where he courageously monitored sea turtle nests for years even as risks from poachers rose, including threats at gunpoint. A dedicated conservationist, Sandoval was kidnapped along with four women volunteers (three Americans and one from Spain) while driving along the beach looking for nesting sea turtles. Sandoval was separated from the women—who eventually escaped their captors—but the young Costa Rican was stripped naked, bound, and viciously beaten. Police found him the next day, face-down and handcuffed in the sand; Sandoval died of asphyxiation.
Landowner who allegedly ordered Amazon murders acquitted
(04/10/2013) Jose Rodrigues Moreira, a Brazilian landowner who allegedly ordered the killings of Amazon activists Jose Claudio Ribeiro da Silva and his wife Maria, was acquitted this week due to lack of evidence. But, the two men who carried out the assassinations, Lindonjonson Silva Rocha and Alberto Lopes do Nascimento, were found guilty and sent to 42 and 45 years of jail respectively.
Killings over land continues in the Amazon
(04/04/2013) On Wednesday, in the Brazilian state of Pará, the trial begins of three men accused of murdering José Cláudio Ribeiro da Silva and his wife Maria do Espirito Santo, who had campaigned against loggers and ranchers for years. Their assassinations in May 2011 generated international outrage, just like that of Chico Mendes, 25 years ago, and that of the American-born nun Dorothy Stang in 2005.
Indigenous protester killed by masked assailants in Panama over UN-condemned dam
(03/25/2013) A Ngäbe indigenous Panamanian, Onesimo Rodriguez, opposing the Barro Blanco hydroelectric dam project was killed last Friday evening by four masked men. His body was then thrown into a nearby stream where it was discovered the following day. Onesimo Rodriguez was attacked with a companion in Las Nubes, after they had attended a demonstration in Cerro Punta, Bugaba, against the dam. His companion, whose identity is being withheld for security reasons, received serious injuries but managed to escape and is having his injuries tended to by the local indigenous community.
Investors beware: global land grabbing ends in ‘financial damage’ and human rights violations
(02/07/2013) Investing in companies that flout local community rights in developing countries often leads to severe economic losses, according to a new report from the Rights and Resources Initiative (RRI). A rising trend in “land grabbing” from Africa to South America by corporations and even foreign governments results in social instability, which can lead to large-scale protests, violence, and even murder, delaying and sometimes derailing projects. Such instability poses massive risk to any investor, not to mention supporting corporate entities that are accused of ignoring human rights.
Cambodia drops case of murdered forest activist, Chut Wutty
(10/08/2012) An investigation into the mysterious death of Cambodian forest activist, Chut Wutty, has been dismissed by the courts, which critics allege is apart of an ongoing cover up. The court decided that since the suspect in Wutty’s death, In Rattana, was also dead there was no need to proceed. Chut Witty was shot to death while escorting two journalists to a logging site run by Timbergreen. Wutty, whose death made international news, was a prominent activist against illegal logging in Cambodia.
Another journalist attacked in Cambodia for covering illegal logging
(09/27/2012) Two weeks after an environmental journalist was found murdered in the trunk of his car, another journalist has been brutally attacked in Cambodia. Ek Sokunthy with the local paper Ta Prum says he was beaten in his home by three assailants by a pistol and a stick. The attack follows swiftly after the high-profile murder of 44-year-old forest journalist Hang Serei Oudom.
Environmental journalist investigating illegal logging murdered in Cambodia
(09/13/2012) Less than five months after high-profile forest activist, Chut Wutty, was killed in Cambodia, an environmental journalist, Hang Serei Oudom, has been found slain in the trunk of his car, possibly murdered with an ax, reports the AFP. Oudum, who worked at the local paper Vorakchun Khmer Daily, was known for writing stories on epidemic of illegal logging in Cambodia, often linking the crime to business people and politicians. The car and body were found in a cashew nut plantation in Ratanakiri province, an area rife with logging.
Over 700 people killed defending forest and land rights in past ten years
(06/19/2012) On May 24th, 2011, forest activist José Cláudio Ribeiro da Silva and his wife, Maria do Espírito Santo da Silva, were gunned down in an ambush in the Brazilian state of Pará. A longtime activist, José Cláudio Ribeiro da Silva had made a name for himself for openly criticizing illegal logging in the state which is rife with deforestation. The killers even cut off the ears of the da Silvas, a common practice of assassins in Brazil to prove to their employers that they had committed the deed. Less than a year before he was murdered, da Silva warned in a TEDx Talk, “I could get a bullet in my head at any moment…because I denounce the loggers and charcoal producers.”
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Tagged In: Climate Change, fungi, lands, nathan johnson, nature, Public Lands, trees
Nathan Johnson, Director of Public Lands, March 26, 2019
Who doesn’t love a good science fiction story? Sometimes fantasy is closer to reality than we may realize. As many readers may recall, the eco-conscious 2009 blockbuster film “Avatar” transported viewers to a lush alien moon whose forest ecology formed a vast connected neural network. The lanky, blue-skinned alien protagonists of the film, the “Na’vi,” lived in a massive, ancient tree (the “Tree of Souls”) that anchored the network and dominated the surrounding landscape.
As it turns out, this neural network-like interconnection of forests is not fantasy — it’s the norm. Natural forests are communities of trees and plants that communicate with one another, nurture one another, and protect one another. Their “neural” interconnection comes in the form of fungal networks. At the micro level, fungi form bonds with and sheath tree roots. At the larger level, these same fungi can extend over vast distances, connecting hundreds and even thousands of trees to one another. Emerging science has dubbed this phenomenon the “Wood Wide Web.” The technical term is “mycorrhizal network.”
In any healthy forest, mycorrhizal fungi and trees rely on each other. Trees convert sunlight and carbon from the atmosphere into sugars that they then pass along to the fungal network. In exchange, the fungi send water and soil nutrients to the trees. The network also enables trees to pass along biochemical and electrical signals to other networked trees. This resulting inter-tree communication, or “tree talk,” includes warning signals about insect predators. When under attack by hungry insects, trees send chemical signals into the network. Connected trees get the message and pump bitter tannins into their tissues and leaves, discouraging would-be leaf-munchers.
And, this may sound strange, but some trees can and do form family units. Emerging science has shown that “mother trees” can use the fungal network to selectively share nutrients with their own seedlings at a greater rate than they do with other seedlings of different species or even with non-kin seedlings of the same species. Similarly, dying trees have been found to rapidly shuttle their nutrients into the system, thereby providing a burst of legacy energy and information to younger generations of trees in the network.
Much like the “Tree of Souls” featured in Avatar, large old trees tend to serve as especially important network hubs, surrounded by dense fungal networks. These ancient trees have far more numerous and robust mycorrhizal connections than younger, smaller trees. Older forests are also more biodiverse and have more well-established and diverse fungal communities. High mycorrhizal fungal diversity can help trees resist disease and drought, help them grow faster, and help them store more carbon.
In short, intact and well networked forests are resilient forests. These forests are in close communication. They’re sharing resources. Their constituent parts are warning and defending each other. Our forests will need to be resilient to survive and succeed through the coming (and already arriving) ravages of climate change. In Part II, we’ll talk about the role of old forests in capturing and storing carbon (our climate-fighting super-weapons), and what happens to complex fungal networks and forest resiliency when heavy logging enters the picture.
In the meantime, you may want to ask yourself what the trees are chatting about when you’re next in the woods.
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Catalysts speed up chemical reactions by lowering the amount of energy needed to turn raw materials into useful products1. They are involved in the manufacture of 80% of products globally2, used for, inter alia, cars, soap, drinks, polymers, glass and paper3. Catalysis is also used for air pollution control from vehicles (there are ≈500M on the roads worldwide4) by placing catalytic converters in vehicles’ internal combustion engines5. They can convert toxic exhaust gas into less toxic gases5 by decreasing air pollutants (85% CO, 62% NOx, and 87% HC6) in line with emission limits and environmental concerns5.
BASF is the world’s largest chemical firm with USD67.5bn in sales in 20207. It runs 6 segments8: The Surface Technology (ST), offering chemical solutions for surfaces through Catalysts and Coatings across all regions, makes ≈$19.7bn in sales/year (28% of BASF’s sales9). The largest share of ST’s divisions’ sales come from Europe, but the said divisions reach markets in all regions of the world11.
With 81% of the ST’s sales ($15.96bn)10, the Catalysts division is the No 2 global leader, offering Process Catalysts for the chemical industry and Mobile Emission Catalysts for vehicles11. Meeting emission standards for gasoline and diesel cars, the catalysts for vehicles make 87% of the division’s sales11.
BASF developed the first catalytic converter in 1975, introducing the three-way catalyst, capable of destroying 99% of HC, CO, and NOx emitted by cars. Since its creation, the three-way catalyst has destroyed close to a billion tonnes of these emissions globally (20.6M t/year)12. By 2017, BASF had produced 400M catalytic converters4. In the last 6 years, it acquired 2x the catalysts’ patents of its nearest competitor12. Today, it takes 100 cars with BASF’s converters to equal the emissions from one car pre-197412.
As a global leading provider of a variety of catalysts, BASF has helped drivers reduce air pollution by a billion tonnes in the last 44 years.
Make sure you log in to rate the impact described in the article.
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On This Day Trivia Quiz – 12 February
Test your knowledge, and/or learn some interesting facts about events that have happened on 12 February.
1. Born on 12 February 1791, who invented the first US steam locomotive, named the Tom Thumb in 1830?
2. Which American politician and 16th President of the United States, was born in 12 February 1809?
3. Born on 12 February 1809, which English naturalist conceived the theory of natural evolution by national selection?
4. Which country’s War of Independence began on 12 February 1821?
5. Which Russian prima ballerina, famous for her performances of Fokine’s The Dying Swan, was born in St. Petersburg on 12 February 1881?
6. Which country adopted the Gregorian calendar on 12 February 1912?
7. Born on 12 February 1912, which English author wrote the novel A Horseman Riding By (1966)
8. Who became British Minister of Colonies on 12 February 1921?
9. Born in Florence on 12 February 1923, who was the film director of Romeo and Juliet (1968)?
10. Which musical composition for solo piano by George Gershwin, premiered in New York City on 12 February 1924?
11. Who conducted the first secret demonstrations of RADAR (radio signals detecting aircraft) on 12 February 1935?
12. Which French fashion designer presented his New Look collection on 12 February 1947?
13. On 12 February 1961, the USSR launched the spacecraft Venera 1 towards which planet?
14. Which cartoonist, famous for creating the comic strip Peanuts, died on 12 February 2000?
Note: This trivia quiz is a work in progress. Whenever we find clues that are applicable to this date, we will add them.
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The nature of a trademark and the nature of a domain name are different, which is why it generates controversies. The registered trademark confers territorial rights limited by a certain class of the International Nomenclature, while the domain name does give its owner a cross-border right. In that sense, we will detail both concepts and from it, the main controversies will be exposed.
A trademark is a sign that represents the products or services offered by a certain company, which facilities its recognition by consumers. In that sense, the main function of a trademark is its distinctive nature. Every entrepreneur needs to identify their business in the market, so clients recognize the identity of this trademark quickly and that that is not confused with another similar one from the competition. Likewise, trademarks fulfill the identifying function, through which it is possible to delimit within each class of products or services the specific group of products or services that each company introduces to the market.
On the other hand, the legal principles of the trademark system are:
1) Registration; that is, to obtain the protection of a trademark by means of a registration, the same that grants an exclusive right.
2) Territoriality; which indicates that a registered trademark will have protection only in the country in which its registration has been granted.
3) Specialty; a brand is defended by virtue of the products or services it identifies.
4) Good faith; the good faith of whoever requests the registration of a trademark is presumed.
The domain name is an alphanumeric address of a computer, which allows locating an internet site without resorting to an IP (numerical address). Domain names are made up of any denomination organized in at least 2 levels. For example, “unionandina.com” .com is the first level or top level domain name. The second level or second level domain name is unionandina. It can be inferred that the second level may be the name that identifies and individualizes an internet site.
Likewise, for the registration of a domain, the governing principle is first come, first served which indicates: who arrives first at the registrar will have the preference of a successful registration, since it is only required that an identical (second level) domain does not previously have been registered. Unlike trademark legal principles, domain names do not consider the risk of confusion and distinctiveness of domain names. It is common for companies to want to use the word and relevant part of their trademarks to identify their domain names and thus achieve general diffusion among consumers and internet users. Controversies arise, for example, when entrepreneurs discover that someone else has already registered a domain that contains – in its conformation – a registered trademark, the same that is recognized by consumers and associates its business origin with that name.
Two types of misappropriation can arise:
- First, whoever applied for the domain registration who knows that it contains a name that represents a trademark to negotiate with the owner in exchange for a sum of money.
- The second refers to those cases in which it is intended to use the domain on the internet to redirect to other websites, advertise other products / services different from those represented by the trademark and even carry out acts of unfair competition.
Finally, because of the various controversies, in 1998 the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) was founded, this organization “helps coordinate the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) functions, which are key technical services critical to the continued operations of the Internet’s underlying address book, the Domain Name System (DNS)”, regulates the Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy and approves dispute-resolution service providers.
FERNANDEZ-NOVOA, CARLOS. Fundamentos de Derecho de Marcas. Editorial Montecorvo S.A., Madrid, 1884, p. 15.
Thalia Tapia Morales
Intellectual Property Legal Assistant
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All images on this page courtesy of Charlie Gair Photographic Collection
Farming and livestock (location 30)
After the marshy land in the parish had been drained and improved from the late 18th century, much of the parish was increasingly cultivated. Holme Farm near Lentran was also known for its raspberries in the second half of the 1900s. A number of farmhouses and large steadings still survive in the parish. Even bull’s houses survive at Lentran, now converted to housing. The Charlie Gair Photographic Collection illustrates farming activity from the 20th century.
ARCH Kirkhill Heritage Project Home Page
Panel 1 – Mesolithic to Chalcolthic & Bronze Age (c8000BC – c800BC)
Panel 2 – Iron Age to Norse/Medieval (c800BC – 1560AD)
Panel 3 – Reformation to Industrial Revolution (c1560 – Present day)
Panel 4 – Reformation to Industrial Revolution (c1560 – Present day) cont.
Panel 5 – Charlie Gair Photographic Collection – People
Panel 7 – Charlie Gair Photographic Collection – Forestry
Map with references to featured assets on above Panels.
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