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Habeas Corpus Act
An act for the better securing the liberty of the subject, and for prevention of imprisonments beyond the seas.
WHEREAS great delays have been used by sheriffs, gaolers and other officers, to whose custody, any of the King's subjects have been committed for criminal or supposed criminal matters, in making returns of writs of habeas corpus to them directed, by standing out an alias and pluries habeas corpus, and sometimes more, and by other shifts to avoid their yielding obedience to such writs, contrary to their duty and the known laws of the land, whereby many of the King's subjects have been and hereafter may be long detained in prison, in such cases where by law they are bailable, to their great charges and vexation.
II. For the prevention whereof, and the more speedy relief of all persons imprisoned for any such criminal or supposed criminal matters; (2) be it enacted by the King's most excellent majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the lords spiritual and temporal, and commons, in this present parliament assembled, and by the authority thereof. That whensoever any person or persons shall bring any habeas corpus directed unto any sheriff or sheriffs, gaoler, minister or other person whatsoever, for any person in his or their custody, and the said writ shall be served upon the said officer, or left at the gaol or prison with any of the under-officers, under-keepers or deputy of the said officers or keepers, that the said officer or officers, his or their under-officers, under-keepers or deputies, shall within three days after the service thereof as aforesaid (unless the commitment aforesaid were for treason or felony, plainly and specially expressed in the warrant of commitment) upon payment or tender of the charges of bringing the said prisoner, to be ascertained by the judge or court that awarded the same, and endorsed upon the said writ, not exceeding twelve pence per mile, and upon security given by his own bond to pay the charges of carrying back the prisoner, if he shall be remanded by the court or judge to which he shall be brought according to the true intent of this present act, and that he will not make any escape by the way, make return of such writ; (3) and bring or cause to be brought the body of the party so committed or restrained, unto or before the lord chancellor, or lord keeper of the great seal of England for the time being, or the judges or barons of the said court from which the said writ shall issue, or unto and before such other person or persons before whom the said writ is made returnable, according to the command thereof; (4) and shall then likewise certify the true causes of his detainer or imprisonment, unless the commitment of the said party be in any place beyond the distance of twenty miles from the place or places where such court or person is or shall be residing; and if beyond the distance of twenty miles, and not above one hundred miles, then within the space of ten days, and if beyond the distance of one hundred miles, then within the space of twenty days, after such delivery aforesaid, and not longer.
III. And to the intent that no sheriff, gaoler or other officer may pretend ignorance of the import of such writ. (2) be it enacted by the authority aforesaid, That all such writs shall be marked in this manner, Per statutum tricesimo primo Caroli secundi Regis, and shall be signed by the person that awards the same; (3) and if any person or persons shall be or stand committed or detained as aforesaid, for any crime, unless for felony or treason plainly expressed in the warrant of commitment, in the vacation-time, and out of term, it shall and may be lawful to and for the person or persons so committed or detained (other than persons convict or in execution of legal process) or any one on his or their behalf, to appeal or complain to the lord chancellor or lord keeper, or any one of his Majesty's justices, either of the one bench or of the other, or the barons of the exchequer of the degree of the coif; (4) and the said lord chancellor, lord keeper, justices or barons or any of them, upon view of the copy or copies of the warrant or warrants of commitment and detainer, or otherwise upon oath made that such copy or copies were denied to be given by such person or persons in whose custody the prisoner or prisoners is or are detained, are hereby authorized and required, upon request made in writing by such person or persons, or any on his, her, or their behalf, attested and subscribed by two witnesses who were present at the delivery of the same, to award and grant an habeas corpus under the seal of such court whereof he shall then be one of the judges, (5) to be directed to the officer or officers in whose custody the party so committed or detained shall be, returnable immediate before the said lord chancellor or lord keeper or such justice, baron or any other justice or baron of the degree of the coif of any of the said courts; (6) and upon service thereof as aforesaid, the officer or officers, his or their under-officer or under-officers, under-keeper or under-keepers, or their deputy in whose custody the party is so committed or detained, shall within the times respectively before limited, bring such prisoner or prisoners before the said lord chancellor or lord keeper, or such justices, barons or one of them, before whom the said writ is made returnable, and in case of his absence before any other of them, with the return of such writ, and the true causes of the commitment and detainer; (7) and thereupon within two days after the party shall be brought before them, the said lord chancellor or lord keeper, or such justice or baron before whom the prisoner shall be brought as aforesaid, shall discharge the said prisoner from his imprisonment, taking his or their recognizance, with one or more surety or sureties, in any sum according to their discretions, having regard to the quality of the prisoner and nature of the offense, for his or their appearance in the court of the King's bench the term following, or at the next assizes, sessions or general gaol-delivery of and for such county, city or place where the commitment was, or where the offense was committed, or in such other court where the said offense is properly cognizable, as the case shall require, and then shall certify the said writ with the return thereof, and the said recognizance or recognizances unto the said court where such appearance is to be made; (8) unless it shall appear unto the said lord chancellor or lord keeper or justice or justices, or baron or barons, that the party so committed is detained upon a legal process, order or warrant, out of some court that hath jurisdiction of criminal matters, or by some warrant signed and sealed with the hand and seal of any of the said justices or barons, or some justice or justices of the peace, for such matters or offenses for the which by the law the prisoner is not bailable.
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Ann BancroftArticle Free Pass
Ann Bancroft, (born September 29, 1955, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.), American explorer who was the first woman to participate in and successfully finish several arduous expeditions to the Arctic and Antarctic.
Bancroft grew up in rural Minnesota in what she described as a family of risk takers. Although she struggled with a learning disability, she graduated from St. Paul Academy and Summit School and became a physical education teacher, coach, and wilderness instructor in the St. Paul area.
When an opportunity arose to participate in the 1986 Steger International Polar Expedition, Bancroft resigned her teaching position. The group departed from Ellesmere Island on March 6, and after 56 days she and five other team members arrived at the North Pole by dogsled without benefit of resupply. She thus became the first woman to reach the North Pole by sled and on foot. In 1992 she was the leader of the first team of women to ski across Greenland. In November 1992 she led three other women on the grassroots-funded American Women’s Expedition to Antarctica. After successfully completing their 67-day, 660-mile (1,060-km) journey in early 1993, they became the first women’s team to reach the South Pole on skis, and Bancroft was the first woman to have stood at both poles. Bancroft returned to Antarctica in 2001, when she and Norwegian polar explorer Liv Arensen became the first women to complete a transcontinental crossing there. Their roughly 1,700-mile (2,750-km) journey skiing and sailing took 94 days. In recognition of her achievements, she was inducted into the National Women’s Hall of Fame in 1995, and she also received several additional awards and honours.
What made you want to look up "Ann Bancroft"? Please share what surprised you most...
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Drain with decorated cover, Roman, 100-400 CE
The Roman civilisation is renowned for developing advanced systems that influenced the community’s health. These included the establishment of street cleaning, waste disposal and fresh water supplies in a large number of Roman towns and cities. This limestone drain with a colourful cover would have prevented material such as mud and rocks falling into the drain and blocking pipes. Drains were inspected for damage and blockages and were regularly cleaned by slaves or criminals as part of their punishment. The cover also prevented people getting their foot stuck. The drain belonged to the private collection of the Italian tenor Evangelista Gennaro Gorga (1865-1957). He sold part of his collection in 1924 to Henry Wellcome for the significant price of £8,000. A second part was offered and bought in 1936 after Gorga was experiencing financial difficulties.
Related Themes and Topics
There are 501 related objects. View all related objects
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This Moment In History
Excerpted from The Grand Experience by Toni Young:
“Despite the fact that the theater was called an Opera House, opera played a relatively minor role. During the initial season (1871-72) there was only one full scale opera, Martha, by Perepa Rosa Grand English Opera Company. Labeled the musical event of the season, Martha was attended by a large audience. One operatic concert was held in May.
The initial season at the Opera House would not have been complete without a performance of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, the play based on Harriet Beecher Stowe’s novel. The most popular American play of the 19th Century, it was performed twice in April. Before the first performance, the Every Evening reported: ‘Uncle Tom’s Cabin has been received with enthusiasm for years, but it has never been presented in this city so it is presumable many of our people have not seen it…’
Concerts played a small role in the Opera House. Of the four concerts given during 1871-72 (Grand Concert Handel & Hayden, Rossini Quintet & Sextet (twice), and Theodore Thomas Concert), none were well attended. By the time the Opera House closed for the summer of 1872, it had hosted more than 70 performances. Never had the cultural life of Wilmington been so active.”
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It can happen to anyone! Identity theft occurs when someone uses another person's personal information to obtain credit cards or loans or gain access to their savings. Below are a few tips on protecting yourself.
- How does someone steal your identity? It's actually pretty simple. Identity thieves can use anything from your credit card to your SIN number, bank card, bank statement, pre-approved credit card application or health insurance card to access and exploit your personal financial information.
- How do thieves get their hands on your identity? They could steal your wallet, look through your garbage (a.k.a. dumpster diving), place scanning devices on Automatic Teller Machines, go through your mail, intercept your e-mail or online transactions, or trick you into telling them what they need to know.
- Protect yourself by keeping your information private. Don't tell anyone or write down your credit card numbers, bank account numbers, or passwords for banking and Internet.
- You have a legal right to have your personal information protected. Those who require it for commercial transactions have a legal obligation to protect your information from misuse.
- Before throwing away documents containing your personal information (e.g. credit card receipts, financial statements, old credit cards, tax forms, computer storage devices, etc.), destroy them (cut up, shred, erase).
- Be aware of the typical scams used to cheat people, and don't reply to e-mails or phone messages that ask you for personal information.
- Keep your Social Insurance Number to yourself. The only time you should reveal this information is when asked by the government or your employer, or when applying for credit.
- Before sending your personal information (address, phone number, credit card number) over the Internet, always make sure that the site you're providing information to uses encryption to keep your data secure. There should be a padlock symbol in the bottom right corner of your Web browser.
- Last, but not least, check your bank and credit card statements regularly. If you notice something unusual, call your financial institution immediately.
Helpful Web Sites:
- Public Safety Canada has put together a list of identity theft facts and advice on how to avoid it.
- Get informed on what to do if you are a victim of identity theft with information from the Consumer Measures Committee.
- Know your privacy rights by reviewing the Web site of the Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada.
- The Competition Bureau offers information on how to protect yourself against fraud.
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Me, Myself and Math, a six-part series by Steven Strogatz, looks at us through the lens of math.
I don’t know much about camels, having ridden one only once (and that was enough). But from what I’ve been told, you can usually add another piece of straw to a camel’s burden without ill effect.
Except, of course, when it’s the last straw.
The ancient proverb about the straw that broke the camel’s back is meant as a lesson about the nature of precipitous change. It reminds us that big changes don’t necessarily require big forces. If the conditions are just right (or wrong), a tap can push a system over the brink.
In the mid-20th century, mathematicians updated this proverb by turning it into a picture, a graph of the interplay between input and output, force and response. A field known as catastrophe theory explores how slow continuous changes in the force applied to a system (like the gradually increasing load on a camel’s back) can trigger rapid discontinuous jumps in its response.
Here we’ll take a look at the simplest picture from catastrophe theory. It’ll help you make sense of the economy we’ve been stuck in, and — bringing it back to you — the sleep you’ve been losing as a result.
The idea is that the stage is set for catastrophe whenever a line intersects a folded curve tangentially.
This kind of intersection is said to be “tangential” because the line is tangent to the curve: they touch at one point without crossing and they have the same slope there. It’s the gentlest possible contact. They barely graze each other.
You saw similar pictures in high school geometry when you studied tangent lines to a circle:
But back then your teacher never said anything about an impending catastrophe, and even now these pictures may strike you as harmless.
To see the potential for calamity within them, imagine that the line pulls away from the curve or the circle.
Poof! Goodbye, intersection.
Why does this matter? Because intersections often represent answers. Solutions. States of equilibrium. In mathematical models of economies, or ecosystems, or other kinds of dynamical systems, intersections are where variables come to rest and settle down. In economic models, for example, the equilibrium price of an item is set by the intersection of supply and demand curves. If that intersection suddenly vanishes, the price has to jump.
What’s especially worrisome is that the jump occurs without warning. An intersection, by its very nature, doesn’t fade away. It exists until it doesn’t.
An animation of a tangential intersection reveals its inner violence. Look at what happens as we slide a line across a circle:
Little by little the two points of intersection approach each other. At the moment of tangency they smash head on. After impact, the line no longer crosses the circle at all. It’s as if the intersections annihilated each other, like a particle and anti-particle.
This is the “fold catastrophe,” the most basic scenario in catastrophe theory. It’s important because in its aftermath there are no other intersections in sight. Whatever the system is going to do next, it’s going to be something radically different. It has to leap to a different state.
A leap like this occurs in our own bodies — specifically, in how long we tend to sleep after being awake for many hours. Imagine that you’ve just stayed up very late. Maybe you’ve even pulled an all-nighter. When you finally get to bed, will you sleep more than usual, the same, or less? Assume that you can sleep undisturbed until you wake up naturally.
It turns out that the longer you stay up, the less sleep you’ll get afterward. If you haven’t experienced this, it sounds unbelievable, but it’s been confirmed in several experiments and field studies (see the endnotes for references). Every extra hour awake will cost you about 20 or 30 minutes of sleep — assuming you go to bed before noon the next day. The leap occurs if you stay up even longer. Suppose you don’t get to bed till around 3 the following afternoon, having been awake for something like 32 straight hours. How long do you think you’ll sleep now? A 1996 study found that half the subjects woke up after only a lousy little three-hour nap, while the other half corked off for 11 hours!
Let me repeat this since it’s so strange. If you’ve been awake long enough and you fall asleep when your body thinks it’s siesta time, the amount of sleep you’ll get can be either very short or very long. At that time of day, sleep duration jumps abruptly.
To help us understand these results, consider a simple pictorial model. The sloping line represents the rise in your restedness as you accumulate sleep. When restedness reaches a threshold level shown by the wavy curve, it becomes hard to sleep any more and you wake up spontaneously.
The threshold in the model bobs down and up periodically like a wave to mimic the action of your internal circadian clock. Anyone who’s ever had jet lag or worked the night shift has felt these waves. For example, have you ever noticed that when you pull an all-nighter, you feel more and more tired but then get a second wind? That’s your internal alarm clock kicking in. This same circadian clock also affects how long you can sleep. When the internal alarm is ringing loudest, the threshold drops almost to its lowest point and cuts off sleep prematurely. (Such truncation of sleep caused by a misaligned circadian clock is a chronic frustration for police officers, nurses, nuclear power plant operators, train drivers and many other shift workers.)
The experimental results fall into place when viewed through this model. The picture correctly predicts that the later you fall asleep, the less sleep you’ll get …
… but only up to a point. At a critical phase of bedtime, sleep duration lengthens suddenly. The leap occurs at a fold catastrophe where the sloping line intersects the wave tangentially.
Animating the model makes these effects seem obvious.
In economics, a similar mechanism underlies the jumps predicted by a model of the business cycle. The idea goes back to Nicholas Kaldor, a disciple of Keynes, in the 1940s, and was recast in the framework of catastrophe theory in 1979 by Hal Varian, currently the chief economist at Google. The assumptions behind the model — and their limitations — are explained in detail here and in Varian’s elegant paper, so let me focus on the model’s tangential intersections and what they suggest about the economy.
In these diagrams of the economy, the horizontal axis shows the level of economic activity, as reflected by the national income. Values on the far right mean a booming economy, while values on the left mean a sluggish economy like the one we’ve been in for the past few years. The model says that the economy will be in equilibrium when the supply of funds available for investment matches the demand for such funds. On the graph, equilibrium occurs where the “savings line” crosses the “investment curve.”
Depending on how the line and curve are situated, one, two or three intersections can occur. The upper intersection (the green dot) represents a strong economy with high levels of national income. The lower equilibrium (solid red dot) depicts an economy stuck in the doldrums. The middle equilibrium (open red circle) turns out to be unstable and acts like a watershed; when economic conditions are near it, they drift away toward one of the other two equilibriums.
Now comes the crucial idea. The amount of investment doesn’t depend only on national income but also on how much investment has already been accumulated. At some point enough is enough. During the housing boom, for example, increases in income fueled the demand for housing investment. But as the stock of housing rose, the demand for investment dropped. In the model this drags the S-shaped investment curve down. It’s like the straw being added to the camel’s back.
As the next animation shows, that little straw — that gradual lowering of the demand for investment — can suddenly tip a strong economy into recession:
The national income level crashes from the green dot at the upper right to the red dot at the lower left. The triggering event was a tangent intersection as the curve pulled away from the line. When that upper equilibrium disappeared, the economy had no place to go but down.
Remarkably, scientists in disparate fields have uncovered this same general picture, again and again. It’s there in the thermodynamics of water heated past the boiling point; in the optical focusing that creates intense webs of light at the bottom of a swimming pool; in sociological models of mobs and mass movements like the sudden revolts that became the Arab Spring; and in ecological models for the collapse of a forest from an outbreak of insects.
In some of these cases (boiling water, optical patterns), the picture from catastrophe theory agrees rigorously with observations. But when applied to economics, sleep, ecology or sociology, it’s more like the camel story — a stylized scenario that shouldn’t be taken for more than it is: a speculation, a hint of something deeper, a glimpse into the darkness.
1. The expression “the straw that broke the camel’s back” may have originated in an Arabic proverb. Charles Dickens refers specifically to the “last straw” in his novel “Dombey and Son” (1848): “As the last straw breaks the laden camel’s back, this piece of underground information crushed the sinking spirits of Mr. Dombey.”
2. For a readable and wide-ranging introduction to catastrophe theory, I’d recommend Tim Poston and Ian Stewart, “Catastrophe Theory and Its Applications” (Dover Publications, 2012). The pioneers of the theory on the pure mathematical side were René Thom and Vladimir Arnold, while the more applied aspects of the subject were enthusiastically developed and popularized by E.C. Zeeman.
3. Contrary to its ordinary meaning, a “catastrophe” in the mathematical sense is value-neutral. A discontinuous jump can be good or bad, depending on context.
4. Catastrophe theory has been controversial ever since its emergence as a pop sensation in the 1970s. Zeeman’s article “Catastrophe Theory,” Scientific American, Vol. 234 (April 1976), pp. 65–70, 75–83, showcased the theory’s exciting promise but was seen by many as overreaching. Predictably, the backlash it provoked also went too far, as exemplified by the screed of R.S. Zahler and H.J. Sussman, “Claims and Accomplishments of Applied Catastrophe Theory,” Nature, Vol. 269 (1977), pp. 759-763. For a more measured assessment, see J. Guckenheimer, “The Catastrophe Controversy,” The Mathematical Intelligencer, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1978), pp. 15–20.
5. For experimental evidence that sleep duration shortens as bedtime is delayed, but then jumps up at a critical circadian phase in the following afternoon, see T. Akerstedt and S. Folkard, “Predicting Duration of Sleep From the Three Process Model of Regulation of Alertness,” Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Vol. 53 (1996), pp. 136–141.
A similar shortening of sleep with later bedtime was reported in a field study of train drivers working irregular schedules; see J. Foret and G. Lantin, “The Sleep of Train Drivers: An Example of the Effects of Irregular Work Schedules on Sleep,” in “Aspects of Human Efficiency,” edited by W.P. Colquhoun (English University Press, 1972), pp. 272–282.
This counterintuitive trend in sleep duration was also observed in “time-isolation” studies, in which brave subjects volunteered to live alone for months in underground caves or soundproofed, windowless apartments. For the story of these remarkable experiments — and the surprises they revealed about human sleep and circadian rhythms — see Chapter 3 of S. Strogatz, “Sync” (Hyperion, 2003). The experimental data are analyzed in S.H. Strogatz, R.E. Kronauer and C.A. Czeisler, “Circadian Regulation Dominates Homeostatic Control of Sleep Length and Prior Wake Length in Humans,” Sleep, Vol. 9, No. 2 (June 1986), 353–364.
6. Art Winfree proposed the deliberately simplified model of sleep duration discussed above, in “Impact of a Circadian Clock on the Timing of Human Sleep,” American Journal of Physiology, Vol. 245, No. 4 (Oct. 1983), pp. R497–R504. He linked the model to catastrophe theory in A.T. Winfree, “Exploratory Data Analysis: Published Records of Uncued Human Sleep-Wake Cycles,” in “Mathematical Models of the Circadian Sleep-Wake Cycle,” edited by M.C. Moore-Ede and C.A. Czeisler (Raven Press, 1984), pp. 187–199. The Akerstedt and Folkard paper cited above in Note 5 presents a more refined model that matches experimental data quantitatively.
7. Hal Varian explored the application of catastrophe theory to Kaldor’s model of recessions and depressions in H.R. Varian, “Catastrophe Theory and the Business Cycle,” Economic Inquiry, Vol. 17, Issue 1 (Jan. 1979), pp. 14–28. The paper is careful and intellectually honest, and clarifies which parts of the model are speculative. Kaldor’s original paper is N. Kaldor, “A Model of the Trade Cycle,” The Economic Journal, Vol. 50, No. 197 (Mar., 1940), pp. 78–92.
I have glossed over the economic reasoning behind the model. For readers who are wondering, for example, why the investment demand curve should flatten out at both low and high levels of economic activity, Varian quotes Kaldor: the marginal propensity to invest
“will be small for low levels of activity because when there is a great deal of surplus capacity, an increase in activity will not induce entrepreneurs to undertake additional construction: the rise in profits will not stimulate investment.… But it will also be small for unusually high levels of activity because rising costs of construction, increasing costs and increasing difficulty of borrowing will dissuade entrepreneurs from expanding still faster — at a time when they already have large commitments.” p. 81, Kaldor
For further information, see “Kaldor’s Non-Linear Cycle.” And for a comprehensive survey of how catastrophe theory has been applied in other parts of economics and social science, see J.B. Rosser, “From Catastrophe to Chaos”, 2nd edition (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000).
8. The connections between catastrophe theory and phase transitions are discussed in Chapter 14 of Poston and Stewart’s book, mentioned above in Note 2.
9. The webs of light at the bottom of a swimming pool have been studied by the physicist Michael Berry and his colleagues in their work on “catastrophe optics.” See, for example, M.V. Berry and J.F. Nye, “Fine Structure in Caustic Junctions,” Nature, Vol. 267, No. 5606 (1977), pp. 34-36, and the papers and posters available at Berry’s Web page.
10. The sociologist Mark Granovetter didn’t explicitly refer to catastrophe theory in his classic paper on riots and mobs, “Threshold Models of Collective Behavior,” American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 83, No. 6 (1978), pp. 1420–1443. But tangent intersections underlie the discontinuities in crowd behavior that the model predicts.
11. For a lucid application of catastrophe theory to an important problem in ecology and forest management, see D. Ludwig, D.D. Jones and C.S. Holling, “Qualitative Analysis of Insect Outbreak Systems: The Spruce Budworm and Forest,” Journal of Animal Ecology, Vol. 47, No. 1 (Feb. 1978), pp. 315–332.
Thanks to Diarmuid Cahalane for creating the animations; Margaret Nelson for preparing the illustrations; and Bob Frank, Paul Ginsparg, Bobby Kleinberg, Tim Novikoff, Barkley Rosser, Andy Ruina, Carole Schiffman and Hal Varian for their comments and suggestions.
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Have you ever fancied yourself as the David Bailey of the science world? Sponsored by Novartis and the Daily Telegraph, Visions of Science is a new competition that aims to stimulate widespread interest and fascination in science through the use of photographs. With entry categories for science/healthcare workers and the under 25s as well as professional and amateur photographers, the competition is an opportunity to stimulate an interest in any area of science, from planetary movements to cellular signalling or more general topics such as physics or the environment, as well as demonstrating artistic flair. The only requirement is that pictures should show how science affects our everyday lives.
David Derbyshire, science editor of the Daily Telegraph says, "There is a real opportunity for aspiring photographers to show their skills and bring science alive, and we are looking forward to seeing some original work." The prizes on offer include a Kodak digital DC290 camera and six runners-up prizes of Advantix T550 cameras, and the winning photographs will be exhibited at the Royal Society in London.
An amateur interest in photography could be combined with a career in science to provide a novel step toward work in the field of the public understanding of science or scientific photography. Scientific images and photographs are needed to spark the imagination and inspire wonder in the general public. Dawn Hillier, commercial sales executive of Science Photo Library, says that they obtain many of their photographs from professional photographers or scientific institutions such as NASA. The photographs have a wide variety of uses from billboards to annual newsletters and advertisements. Images are also used for editorial purposes in newspapers and magazines to illustrate features and articles.
According to Victoria Lush, of the communications department at Novartis, the use of scientific images can "show science from a different point of view and can increase our understanding of it through the crossover of science and art."
The Wellcome Trust already has in place schemes to combine the two "exclusive" domains of science and art. The sciart initiative funds projects which sees scientists collaborating with artists to produce a unique perspective on the natural world. "Art makes the public think for themselves and can therefore make them question science with confidence," maintains Dr. Cristina De Matteis, lecturer in pharmaceutical chemistry at the University of Nottingham. She produced the Sense-ational! exhibition with financial support from the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council. This exhibition of photographs focused on the molecules that we detect through our senses, for example, capsaicin, the molecule which make chilies taste hot.
The closing date for the competition is 31 July. More details and an entry form can be obtained from the competition Web site or by calling 020 7613 5577.
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It only takes a few seconds for the heads-up — if you know what you’re feeling. And in an airplane, those few seconds spell the difference between getting back safely — or not.
We’re talking decompression — one of the things the flight attendants or video tell you about when they’re demonstrating the deployment and use of those bright yellow oxygen masks.
“It can happen real fast,” said Dr. Warren Jensen (pictured above), a flight surgeon and Chester Fritz Distinguished Professor of Aviation in the John D. Odegard School of Aerospace Sciences. Jensen also runs the school’s altitude chamber, where students learn how to deal with decompression and hypoxia, a condition that occurs when the body is deprived of oxygen, such as when an airplane loses cabin pressure.
“You want to deal with it before the hypoxia impairs you,” said Jensen, who in 2012 ran more than 200 altitude chamber classes with a total of about 850 students. “The goal of our altitude chamber training here is to teach students to recognize the symptoms of hypoxia — and they’re different for each person — and to deal with them immediately.”
Decompression in an aircraft at altitude — and the resulting hypoxia for anyone aboard — can be fatal, as was likely the case the Lear 35 that crashed in South Dakota with famed golfer Payne Steward, friends, and crew aboard. As experts such as Jensen attest, hypoxia can quickly lead to confusion and blackout, but not if the crew has been trained to recognize what’s going on and takes appropriate action immediately.
The altitude chamber — a unique asset at the university — is used for both aviator training and research, including Fortune 500 corporate pilots. It’s capable of simulating altitudes in excess of 80,000 feet and is used to teach flight crews the physiological effects of high altitude flight in a safe training environment. Subjects presented in the Aerospace Physiology courses include hypoxia, hyperventilation, cabin decompression issues, visual and spatial disorientation and several other related topics.
Altitude chamber training works. Ask Dan Fluke.
Fluke, an airline pilot and 2009 graduate of UND Aeospace, always knew he wanted to fly. He also knew he wanted the best training available and all the safety courses available. Which is why he enrolled at UND and, as part of his training, took Dr. Jensen’s altitude chamber course.
Recently, while flying a Canadair CRJ commuter jet with 40 passengers aboard, Fluke noticed a familiar and ominous sensation — a numbing feeling, a kind of tingling, that he recognized only because of his UND altitude chamber training and also had trained in UND’s CRJ simulator.
“I knew what it was right away,” said Fluke, who also runs a business in Florida, writing and publishing aeronautical training guides. “That sensation is what triggered me to look at the indicates, which told me that the aircraft, in fact, was depressurizing. It all rung a lot of bells for me, back to my training at UND. I went for my (oxygen) mask. We had to make a quick decision to make a descent to the closest airport.”
“Basically what you get is a sensation, happening at your core and progressing outward toward you arms,” said Fluke. “You know to go for the mask first rather than fumble with the instrumentation or worry about other things. You want to get ahead of the situation.”
Jensen, himself a UND alum and an Air Force veteran, earned a master’s in aerospace medicine from Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio, in 1993. Today, he serves as UND Aerospace director of aeromedical research and as its flight surgeon.
Jensen’s research areas include human flight performance, decision-making in emergency settings and oxygen delivery systems. He also teaches courses in human factors in aviation and aerospace physiology.
Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) – for which the aerospace program at UND has become a world leader – is another research area in which Jensen has begun to collaborate with others on campus.
Jensen also serves in the same capacity for the North Dakota Air National Guard. This means he determines whether a pilot is fit to fly. As a pilot, a doctor and a diabetic, Jensen knows all too well that pilots don’t like to be grounded, even if there’s a good medical reason they should be.
The UND altitude chamber is run by a team that includes Jensen, Joe Schalk — who has 47 years of chamber experience — and Steve Martin, both Air Force attitude chamber training veterans. Additionally, Janelle Johnson, a finance associate for the UND Aerospace Foundation, works part-time as part of the altitude chamber crew.
Fluke notes that among his most valued experiences at UND were those critical minutes of instruction with a flight surgeon and crew in a big steel box in Odegard Hall.
“I called Doc a couple of days after the decompression incident in the CRJ and thanked him,” Fluke said “The first signal if felt in that airplane was what I’d felt in Dr. Jensen’s class.”
For more information: UND.edu
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It seems paradoxical, but many early Puerto Rican traditional recordings were actually made in New York. Responding to labor demands, Puerto Ricans began migrating north soon after gaining citizenship in 1917, bringing their music to immigrant enclaves in Brooklyn, Harlem and the Lower East Side. Los Jardineros, often cited as the era’s standout ensemble, first recorded in 1929, fronting singers Heriberto Torres, Manolo Jiménez “Canario” and José Vilár. Backing the group was Arturo Catalá, the New York-based Okeh label’s Puerto Rican representative and owner of the highly successful “Jardin Del Arte” record chain (hence the group’s name). This recording gathers 23 of over 100 recorded tracks done between 1929-32, in various styles: bolero, son, guaracha, rumba, tango, vals, pasodoble, danza, seis, bomba, plena and aguinaldo (with several of the latter in the complex décima verse form). Historical photos and extensive English- and Spanish-language notes and lyrics round out an extraordinary documentary package.
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|Skip Navigation Links|
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|man pages section 3: Curses Library Functions Oracle Solaris 11 Express 11/10|
- get character strings from curses terminal keyboard
cc [ flag ... ] file ... -lcurses [ library ... ] #include <curses.h> int getstr(char *str);
int wgetstr(WINDOW *win, char *str);
int mvgetstr(int y, int x, char *str);
int mvwgetstr(WINDOW *win, int y, int x, char *str);
int wgetnstr(WINDOW *win, char *str, int n);
The effect of getstr() is as though a series of calls to getch() were made, until a newline or carriage return is received. The resulting value is placed in the area pointed to by the character pointer str. wgetnstr() reads at most n characters, thus preventing a possible overflow of the input buffer. The user's erase and kill characters are interpreted, as well as any special keys (such as function keys, HOME key, and CLEAR key.)
All routines return the integer ERR upon failure and an integer value other than ERR upon successful completion.
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:
The header <curses.h> automatically includes the headers <stdio.h> and <unctrl.h>.
Note that getstr(), mvgetstr(), and mvwgetstr() may be macros.
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October 14, 2010
Three Things Government Cannot DoBy Larrey Anderson
"Government" is an abstract and amorphous word. It means nothing until it is put into some frame of reference (state government, municipal government, central government, etc.). The addition of these adjectives merely narrows the sphere of legal and constitutional powers of a particular institution.
Governments can provide certain services -- like protection of private property or defense from foreign enemies. Governments can also, through taxes, fees, and regulations, redistribute wealth and control some aspects of the goods and services that come to the market. (E.g., governments mandate, either through tax credits or by direct regulation, how much energy certain appliances can consume.) These are the only things that any government can do.
Everything else that we are told that governments can do for us is fanciful fiction. This is emphatically true in the United States. Our federal government does not, and cannot, (1) produce products, (2) create wealth, or (3) provide jobs that pay for themselves.
The interconnectedness of these economic truths is not well-understood (especially by the political classes). Let's review them in the order presented above.
1) Government produces...anything
As I have shown in detail elsewhere, the myth that governments can successfully produce manufactured items is easily proven false. Take a look around you. Try to find one thing in your house that was manufactured by a government [i].
Governments regulate many of the products we use -- from the chairs we sit in to computer monitors to the light bulbs we use. But the government does not produce any of those items. The Department of Energy, for example, has a "Products and Services" tab on its website. Click on the link. See your tax dollars at work. The DOE offers neither products nor any (useful) services. It regulates, and it offers "advice" [ii].
All past efforts of governments to enter the realm of production have failed. The explanation is simple: there is no financial incentive for the inventor, the manufacturer, or the laborer to create commodities in a socialist system. As the proletarians in the former Soviet Union used to say, "The government pretends to pay us -- and we pretend to work." (I explore the failure of the manufacturing sector of the communist system and the rise of the black market under communism in my memoir, Underground: Life and Survival in the Russian Black Market.)
The reason the government does not produce anything but limited services, regulations, and wealth redistribution is directly tied to a second fantasy:
2) Government creates wealth
A state's inability to create wealth is directly connected to its incapability to provide desired goods and services. This point is best illustrated with the example of the production of a specific product. Let's use a "widget" as an example.
A "widget," as defined for this discussion, is anything small and formed of plastic: bottle lids, the sliders on the bottoms of chairs, pads on the underside of a computer, knobs on electronic equipment, doorstops, etc. I counted over a hundred discrete widgets in less than ten minutes looking around one room -- my office. Widgets come in different shapes, sizes, colors, pliability, etc. Widgets are ubiquitous -- and they quintessentially represent modern life.
Widget manufacturers must be able to respond with amazing alacrity to the ever-changing and elastic demands of the market. One order may be a million gray bottle caps for a half-inch opening. The next order may be two million three-quarter-inch blue caps. The products must be delivered on time, meet exacting specifications, and be sold for the amount of the contract.
Governments are not capable of dealing with these kinds of pressures. Nor, except in the case of failed socialist regimes, have they even attempted to manufacture, as in this example, widgets.
Tragically, America is becoming less and less competitive in our lightning-fast world economy. Take our example of widgets. Most widgets are no longer made in America. Those that are do not add significant revenue to our economy. Here is why.
Plastic is made of a string of molecules known as "monomers." Monomers are extracted from petrochemicals. The United States imports about two-thirds of the oil it uses. So the raw material used to manufacture most of our widgets is imported.
The steel used to make the machines that molded the widgets was probably not made in America. The U.S. produces less than 20% of the world's output of steel. The microchips used to run the machines that made the widgets were likely made outside the USA.
To make this clear, there are two economic realities at play in our example: First, the government did not (and could not) fabricate a single widget that exists in my office. Second, because of America's overly stringent regulations, high taxes, and exorbitant costs of labor (due, in part, to overregulation and overtaxation), most of the widgets in my home are now made in foreign countries [iii].
Because it creates no goods or (voluntarily purchased) services, the government creates no wealth. In fact, the federal government is actively discouraging the production of new wealth in America.
3) Government provides jobs
This third and final step into economic insanity is the most perplexing for me. I have never understood how any rational human being can believe that a government can provide a job that pays for itself.
For the sake of this argument, let's ignore the embarrassing fact that the average "public servant" makes more money, and has far better benefits, than the average private-sector worker in America. Let's pretend that the wages and benefits are exactly the same.
Jane Doe works for "American Widgets." She grosses $50,000 a year. (Remember, this is "Let's pretend...") John Smith is one of the 1.43 million civilian employees of the federal government. He also makes $50,000 dollars a year. For simplicity's sake, let's stipulate that Jane and John each pay $5,000 in federal income taxes per year.
Jane needs to produce substantially over $50,000 dollars worth of widgets each year. She must make a usable and salable product. She is compelled to add something of value to the economy in order to keep her job. The customers who buy Jane's widgets pay all of Jane's salary. This includes, in our example, the $5,000 in tax revenue the federal government collects. The customers do this voluntarily because they want and/or need widgets. Jane's taxes are withheld from her paycheck -- she has no option but to pay her taxes.
John Smith works for the Department of Energy. Perhaps he helps write the misleading "Energy Star" ratings. Maybe John Smith toils at the "Products and Services" division, where he crafts website one-liners like this. Or perhaps John provides some sort of real public service. (Nuclear energy research?)
Whatever work John does, it does not and cannot pay for itself (as Jane's labor must). John is also obligated for $5,000 in federal taxes. This leaves us with $45,000 of John's salary that is paid...by whom? Not by John's customers -- he doesn't have any. John creates no products -- so John has nothing to sell. No one voluntarily buys John's services -- whatever those might be.
The government does not pay John because, as we have seen, the government, including John, doesn't make or provide anything to sell. Jane pays John's salary -- or rather, in our example, nine "Janes" do.
Every time a politician claims that the government is going to increase production, create wealth, or provide jobs...grab your wallet.
Larrey Anderson is a writer, a philosopher, and submissions editor for American Thinker. He is the author of The Order of the Beloved and the memoir Underground. His next book, The Idea of the Family, will examine the role of procreation in human self-awareness.
[ii] Sometimes. See this link to nowhere on the "Products and Services" website.
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Math and Reading SOL Clubs Ms. Sonn -firstname.lastname@example.org Six teachers are leading after school Standards of Learning (SOL) review groups
in either math or reading to help students feel confident about taking the SOL
tests in May. In these groups, curricular content is presented in unique and
engaging ways, with particular emphasis on the strands that are the most
challenging for each specific group of students. Instruction takes many forms,
including the use of computers, picture books, manipulatives and other
tools to teach mathematical and Literary concepts. Sessions are meant to support the
daily instruction in the classroom.
The after school reading club at Abingdon (Spell Read) is a
research based reading program.It uses
high-interest reading materials with small groups of students to focus on
phonics, phonemic awareness, fluency, writing, and reading comprehension.Spell Read is a program that has demonstrated success across the country with
students. It is designed as a one year reading program.The students in this club meet three days a
week after school and are required to meet certain criteria to insure the
program will meet their needs.
Arlington Public Schools prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, national origin, age, disability, pregnancy or marital status. This policy provides equal access to courses and programs, counseling services, physical education and athletics, vocational education, instructional materials and extra-curricular activities. Report violations of this policy to the Assistant Superintendent for Administrative Services, 703-228-6008, or the Assistant Superintendent for Personnel, 703-228-6110.
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A large memorial, a small museum and a remodelled cemetery in the south Albanian mountain village of Borovë commemorate the 107 village residents who were murdered by the members of the German Wehrmacht as part of »reprisal measures« carried out on July 6, 1943.
In the late afternoon of July 6, 1943, communist partisans opened fire on German troops, at the time stationed in Italian-occupied Albania, in the area of Borovë, close to the Greek border. 4 soldiers were lightly wounded. In a »reprisal action«, members of the 1st Mountain Division of the Wehrmacht attacked Borovë - which had been founded in 1912 and comprised 100 stone houses, an orthodox church and a school - and almost completely burned it down using flame throwers. Some of the village residents died in their houses; those trying to escape were chased back into the flames. The majority of those killed were small children, women and elderly people. This massacre is at times referred to as the »Albanian Lidice«, referring to the annihilation of the Czech village in 1942. It is considered the gravest crime of the Wehrmacht against Albanian civilians.
The memorial and museum are dedicated to the 64 female and 43 male residents of Borovë, aged between four months and 80 years, who were murdered by Wehrmacht soldiers on July 6, 1943.
After the liberation of Albania in 1945, the victims were buried on the village cemetery. A small museum and a monumental Stalinist memorial were set up in Borovë. The memorial plaque states that the first Albanian resistance against the National Socialist regime came about in the village. Albanian composer Thoma Gaqi wrote the »Poema Simfonike Borova« symphony in honour of the victims. In the 1990s, the local authorities erected a perimeter wall for the cemetery using rubble from the burned down houses. In the meantime, individual gravestones were installed for the victims. In August 1999, the memorial complex was restored by Bundeswehr soldiers who were part of the KFOR peacekeeping force and reopened with a commemorative ceremony.
- Përkujtimore për viktimat e masakrës së Wehrmacht
- The complex is always accessible.
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7430 Heritage Village Plaza
Gainesville, VA 20155
Dr. Bhakta and staff believe that informed patients are better equipped to make decisions regarding their health and well being. For your personal use, we have created an extensive patient library covering an array of educational topics. Browse through these diagnoses and treatments to learn more about topics of interest to you. Or, for a more comprehensive search of our entire Web site, enter your term(s) in the search bar provided.
Chilblains are caused by the skin's abnormal reaction to cold. Circulation is a determining factor for chilblains; people with poor circulation in the feet are more susceptible.
Chilblains are characterized by small itchy, red swellings on the skin, which become increasingly painful, swell, and dry out, leaving cracks in the skin and exposing the foot to the risk of infection. They occur on the extremities—the toes (particularly the smaller ones), fingers, the face (especially the nose), and the ear lobes. They can also occur on areas of the feet exposed to pressure, such as on a bunion or where the second toe is squeezed by tight shoes. Symptoms include burning and itching, swelling or redness, breaks in the skin, and ulcers.
Treatment includes keeping the body, legs, and feet warm, especially for individuals who have poor circulation and/or limited mobility.
Calamine lotion will take away most of the skin discomfort. If chilblains become ulcerated, application of an antiseptic dressing is the recommended form of treatment.
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Inside ATI & NVIDIA: How they make frames flyby Anand Lal Shimpi on September 23, 2002 2:14 AM EST
- Posted in
Inside ATI - Designing a Chip
We've often been asked how exactly these graphics giants go about doing what they do, and that's exactly what we asked an ASIC engineer at ATI to help us explain.
The first step in GPU design is of course, marketing; a spot will be defined in the market, where the product will end up being aimed at. A document describing this gets served to a lead architect where details such as costs, schedules and resources required are discussed.
The cost limitations also help determine figures like transistor counts; at this stage the target manufacturing process is also chosen depending on a number of factors. As you can expect the manufacturing process (e.g. 0.15-micron, 0.13-micron, 90nm, etc ) contributes to the cost structure of the chip and imposes die sizes/transistor count limitations as well. What's important to note is that the target manufacturing process is decided upon at the very start of the design cycle based on estimates of where the foundry (the people that actually manufacture the chip - e.g. TSMC) will be at by the completion date. If this estimate is off, which was the case with NVIDIA's NV30 design, then the GPU will be inevitably delayed. Once a manufacturing process is decided upon, it is extremely difficult to, months later, go back and attempt to revise the design for a different process.
Discussions will continue between the designers and the marketing team for a matter of weeks. The process works much like a loop, with the designers revising documents sent to them by the marketing folks and so on and so forth.
Once a product cost and schedule is decided upon, it's time to start building the architecture. A team of engineers is roundup up and they start defining the features of the GPU, who will be working on them as well as defining the design schedule (e.g. Team 1 - have antialiasing unit completed in three weeks). Before we get to the actual designing you have to understand a bit of how you actually make a chip.
These days, chip architecting has been made infinitely easier through the advent of Hardware Description Languages (HDLs). A HDL, as the name implies, is a type of programming language that effectively describes hardware. Using a HDL such as Verilog or VHDL (two common HDLs), a designer would write code that is translated by a synthesizer into a netlist or schematic that can be used to produce a chip from. Thus when designing actually begins, there's a bit of circuit diagramming but mostly a lot of code-writing. Keep in mind that programming in these HDLs is absolutely nothing like programming in C or C++. While the code may look very similar to C, the actual functionality is very different. Let's take a very basic example from Verilog:
Q <= D;
The above code executes whenever there's a rising edge on the clock; when it does execute, the input signal 'D' is stored in 'Q'. We've effectively designed a very basic form of memory using a storage element known as a flip-flop. A synthesizer would take this code and produce a circuit based on the hardware that this code describes; in this case it would produce a storage element that would retain the value of its input.
Using their skills, the team of engineers would then code and design the chip and all of its units in a HDL, like Verilog, for around 3 to 4 months (depending on the scale of the project). During these months of coding, all of the features decided upon earlier are now implemented into the actual chip itself.
After the design is completed the next few months are spent in verification. The process of verification is critical to meeting production schedules because it helps get rid of problems before the chip is actually sent to the foundry for production. If a chip comes back from the foundry and it turns out that the design doesn't work as planned, then you've not only wasted a good deal of time but also an incredible amount of money.
Part of the verification process entails basic functionality tests to make sure that all of the gates within the chip work properly. Workloads are also simulated to make sure that the gates not only work but they also work as expected. Some of these tests are also conducted through the HDL itself by writing programs to test the hardware (sort of simulating a tester as well as the chip itself).
At this point one team will branch off and begin some static timing analysis to make sure that the chip will be able to meet clock speed goals. Remember that even at this point there is no physical "chip" just a simulation. While all of this is happening, a team of analog engineers is working on the memories, power circuitry, etc Analog design and engineering is a very complex and dramatically different beast from the digital logic that we've been talking about until this point, there's a strong focus on understanding the elements of complex numbers, differential equations and signal analysis. The analog portion of the equation cannot be ignored as it's a very important part of the GPU design and manufacturing process; luckily the digital designers don't have to mess with it too much.
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Ecological and Urban Resilience
Natural disasters such as Hurricane Katrina and the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami and man-made catastrophes such as the Bhopal Gas tragedy in India and the Chernobyl nuclear explosion in Ukraine all concern fundamentals of ecological resilience.
Consider the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, one of the worst technological failures and environmental disasters. While the impact has been compared to the devastation of other major events such as hurricanes or war, it is increasingly evident that an oil spill of this type and magnitude is unique in its challenges and necessary response.
BP’s Macondo well spewed 4.9 million barrels of highly toxic oil, destroying marine and terrestrial habitats that serve as local fisheries and are vital to wetlands and other connected ecosystems. As the oil slick and dispersants moved from ecological fragile environment to another, members of vulnerable species such as sharks, dolphins, sea turtles, and pelicans died. Phytoplankton populations plummeted, and as zooplankton feasted on the biomass, dead zones of limited oxygen formed. The effects in the short-term have become more overwhelming and those in the long-term have yet to be fully understood – has the tipping point already been passed?
Scientists aren’t sure. But concerted efforts are underway to reach a more sustainable existence, to balance our demand for environmental goods and services and the needs of our ecosystems. The sustainability of the habitats we depend on heavily involve the preservation and enhancement of ecological resilience.
As described in an informative article in Seed Magazine, resilience science has been evolving over the past decade, expanding beyond ecology to reflect systems of thinking in fields such as economics and political science. And, as more and more people move into densely populated cities, using massive amounts of water, energy, and other resources, the need to combine these disciplines to consider the resilience of urban ecosystems and cities is of paramount importance.
Many public and private sector investment decision makers are focusing on an economy in which the connections between actions and social, environmental and economic outcomes become clearly relevant (“Eco-Economy”). These decision makers are concerned about extreme environmental and social events and the resiliency of their communities, business operations and customer buying power. However, practical realities such as budget considerations and shareholder demands are placing constraints on the option of pursuing “green” alternatives.
CERC offers a course that examines the connections between environmental sustainability, resilience, and the need and ability to compete in a global marketplace. It begins by defining “urban resilience” and the “eco-economy,” exploring the competitive realities that exist in human driven systems. The course also analyses the need for “orgware” developers and “future system integrators” – those professionals who connect the dots between data, intelligent design, resilience, and sustainable communities to achieve a distinct competitive advantage in the 21st century.
This course is part of CERC’s Certificate Program in Conservation and Environmental Sustainability. It meets Tue., Nov. 29 (6-8PM), Sat., Dec. 3 (9AM-4PM), and Tue., Dec. 6 (6-8PM) – 3 sessions. The first session is free and open to the public. To attend the full 10-hour course registration is required. Courses may be taken on an individual basis or you may pursue the full 12-course Certificate. Interested in learning more? Visit our website or contact CERC for more information: email@example.com or 212-854-0149.
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Drug Endangered Children
Safe home environments are critical for a child’s health. Drug-endangered children are
Growing up in a home where adult(s) have severe addiction or substance abuse problems can cause short- and long-term consequences for children. Children who live in homes where drugs are made are at risk of harm due to environmental hazards associated with drug labs (e.g., explosions, fires, harmful chemicals and precursor drugs, filthy homes, and lack of hygiene.) Drug-endangered children are also at risk of physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect; including failure to nurture, supervise, provide meals, and provide sanitary and safe living conditions, schooling, and medical care.
Children of addicted parents have the highest risk to become alcohol and drug abusers‹due to both genetic and family environment factors.
Children from families of addiction often live with a great deal of stress and unpredictability in their daily lives. They respond to their experiences in deeply personal ways. For example, they may
Below are some of the possible outcomes of drug-endangered children. It is important to note, however, that these effects can be caused by other reasons than just substance abuse, and the presence of one or more of these concerns is not in itself sufficient reason to suspect substance abuse in the home.
Educational challenges for drug-endangered children may include learning disabilities, preoccupation, tiredness, poor school attendance, frequent change of schools, and retention in grade. These challenges may result in consequences such as truancy, delinquency, pregnancy, dropping out, expulsion, and involvement with the criminal justice system.
For more information on Substance Abuse issues:
Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Admin., US DOHHS- Treatment Facility Locator
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Diabetes (Hepatopathy) in Dogs
Diabetic Hepatopathy in Dogs
Diabetic hepatopathy is a disease of the liver which causes lesions to develop on the liver. It is associated with diabetes mellitus, and for unknown reasons, this type of liver disease is also associated with lesions on the skin. One of the possibilities may be a link to metabolic system and a change in the organ systems.
This is a relatively uncommon disease and there is no breed that is more disposed than others, but it does tend to affect predominantly male dogs that are middle-aged to older.
Symptoms and Types
You will need to give a thorough history of your dog's health and onset of symptoms. Standard tests will include a chemical blood profile, complete blood count, urinalysis and electrolyte panel. A skin biopsy will be taken for laboratory analysis.
Using the results from the bloodwork, your veterinarian will be able to determine how advanced the disease is. The complete blood count (CBC) may show a mild regenerative anemia, and the biochemistry profile may show high liver enzymes and low amino acids.
If the liver is severely compromised, characteristic crystals will be seen in the urine (crystalluria). Abdominal X-rays can be used to look for enlargement of the liver, and in some cases, may show effusion (an escape of fluid from the organ). An abdominal ultrasound is ideal for visualizing the liver in more detail and for searching for a possible pancreatic mass. Ultrasound may show nodular lesions, a swiss cheese appearance, or an uneven shape along the edge of the liver. Your doctor may decide to take a liver biopsy, but this procedure may further complicate the diagnosis or condition, as affected dogs do not heal well from the procedure.
A gland that aids in both digestive and insulin functions
Any type of pain or tenderness or lack of soundness in the feet or legs of animals
The disappearance of the signs and symptoms of a particular disease; this is often used in association with cancer
A medical condition; the contamination of a living thing by a harmful type of bacteria
An in-depth examination of the properties of urine; used to determine the presence or absence of illness
A hormone created by the pancreas that helps to regulate the flow of glucose
Inducing death on an animal or putting them to sleep
Term used to refer to any substance or drug that stops seizures.
A condition of the blood in which normal red blood cell counts or hemoglobin are lacking.
The process of removing tissue to examine it, usually for medical reasons.
The escape of fluid or blood into tissues or body spaces or cavities
Organic substances that aid in the creation of proteins; also the end product of the decomposition of certain proteins.
A hormone that increases the amount of glucose in the blood; secreted by the pancreas
Diabetes in Dogs
Diabetes mellitus is a diseased state by which the body suffers from either an absolute...
Liver Tumors in Older Dogs
Hepatic nodular hyperplasia is a seemingly benign lesion found in the liver of middle-aged...
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Does My Senior Dog Need Special Dog Food?
Whether or not your senior dog needs special dog food depends, to a large extent,...
The Role of Exercise in Pet Weight Loss
Exercise is beneficial for our pets in so many ways. It helps decrease stress, improve...
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A Cambridge, Ontario metal fabrication company, VeriForm, has become an ecological leader in a field notorious for neglecting the effects of their business and product on the environment. A capital investment of $78000 has allowed VeriForm to implement many small changes (i.e. a centralized programmable thermostat, high-efficiency lighting systems, etc.) which saves the company $120000 annually!
The eco-changes shrank VeriForm’s greenhouse gas emissions to 126 tonnes in 2009, down from 234 tonnes in 2006. That figure is even more impressive given that in 2009 the company’s sales were 28 per cent higher and the plant’s physical size was 145 per cent larger than in 2006.
The inspiration for going green was altruistic. “We were just trying to reduce our carbon footprint,” Mr. Rak says. But the financial rewards quickly became evident “once we started doing spreadsheets and payback analysis,” the 46-year-old says.
This is great proof that, contrary to popular belief, going green doesn’t mean losing money – VeriForm has shown that making smart upgrades that benefit the planet can also benefit profits.
Read the rest of the article at The Globe and Mail.
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STORIES OF STANISLAUS
A Collection of Stories on the History and Achievements of Stanislaus County
Sol P. Elias
The La Grange Dam
Though each district possesses an independent organization and though separated by the Tuolumne river, the Modesto and the Turlock Irrigation Districts may be considered as one, forming one tract of nearly 260,000 acres of land, each acre of which is as nearly like every other acre as can be found in any extended system of irrigation in the world. They both have a common source of water supply. The water for the canals of each district is diverted on different sides of the Tuolumne river form the same dam. It is distributed by works similar in nature to lands similarly situated with reference to the common source. What may be said of one district can, generally speaking, be applied to the other. Both were organized in 1887 under the Wright Law adopted by the legislature of that year – under a law that provided a method of irrigation then new and untried in California.
This law, as has been previously shown, was the evolution of fifteen years of effort on part of the farmers of Paradise Valley. It was the result of the hard fought battle between progress and reaction. The passage of this law and the organization of the districts did not complete the victory of the irrigationists. Fifteen more years of effort, of litigation, of depression, and of suspense were yet necessary for the full realization of the hopes of the first advocates of communal irrigation. The most distinctive features of this new system were: the districts are public corporations managed and controlled by officers elected by the voters; the works are constructed with money raised by the sale of bonds which are paid by the taxation of the land in proportion to value and the water is distributed to the tax payer in proportion to the tax paid.
Under this plan the irrigation of the soil becomes a public service, and there is a joint ownership of the water and the land. This plan for distribution of the water has been more or less modified as the result of experience.
The districts were organized and the first bonds voted by phenomenal majorities. There were delays that prevented the consummation of the plan, the details of which will be dwelt upon in following chapters. Water came to the Turlock District as early as 1900 and to Modesto District in 1903. In these years all difficulties have been overcome. The entire works were accomplished facts. The districts possessed as complete and as satisfactory a system of irrigation as could be found in any locality in the United States. The jubilee which signalized the completion was celebrated in Modesto in 1904.
The Turlock District, after planning its works, discovered that its bonds could not be sold until the validity of the law had been established by judicial decision. This was done. Thereafter $300,000 of its bonds found a ready market. The money was expended in canals and works. Modesto District ascertained that a part of its district could not be irrigated advantageously. That portion was thereupon excluded and the original acreage of the district was reduced from 108,000 to 80,500 acres. A portion of the canals was completed during the first few years of the existence of the districts from money derived from the sale of the bonds.
While theses canals and works were building the directorates of both districts devoted themselves assiduously to the joint erection of the La Grange dam on the site of the old Wheaton franchise which had been acquired jointly by the districts from its owner, M. A. Wheaton. At its completion, the La Grange Dam, as it became known in irrigation literature, was one of the most notable structures of its kind in the world. Water was taken from it on the Turlock side through a 600 foot tunnel cut through solid rock, to supply a canal having a capacity of 1500 second feet, and on the Modesto side to a canal having about half that capacity. In 1905 each main canal was about twenty-five miles long, the Turlock canal dividing into two main branches about thirty-five miles long and each system having seven laterals aggregating over 100 miles in length, carrying water to the 176,210 acres of land in the Turlock District and to the 80,500 acres of the Modesto District.
After completion of these works no engineering volume on the subject and no governmental report regarding irrigation was complete without a description of these systems. They immediately took rank among the best of their kind. The government engineers referred to them as “the best example of American irrigation practise (sic)” and as a “typical American alignment.” Outside of the dam, the canals would indeed be notable for the variety and the extent of the work. There were four rock tunnels aggregating one-half mile in length, one flume over one-quarter of a mile in length and containing 200,000 feet of lumber, and numerous others less in magnitude. There was a concrete dam and waste way 350 feet long and 30 feet high. There was one cut three-quarters of a mile long, and 80 feet deep, and containing nearly 250,000 yards of excavation. Other cuts, fills, rock walls, flumes, bridges, trestles, drops, gates, waste ways, etc., required millions of yards of work and millions of feet of lumber. To describe these works as they appeared at their completion in 1903 on the eve of the renaissance of the prosperity of these districts would require a full sized volume. To recount the history of the legal and business problems encountered and solved would require many volumes.
The following is the description of the construction of the La Grange Dam, written by one of the engineers who built it. It is reprinted because of its accuracy of detail and because this information is common to both districts:
“The dam which raises the waters of the Tuolumne river and diverts them into canals of the two districts about one and one-half miles above the town of La Grange, was built during the years 1891, '92 and '93. It is of solid masonry and is one of the highest, if not the very highest overflow dam in America. The correct measurements of the dam are as follows:
“Extreme height, 128 feet, 6 inches; length on top, 336 feet; thickness at bottom, 91 feet and 6 inches; thickness 17 feet, 6 inches from top, 26 feet; thickness at extreme top, 12 feet.
“The upper face has a batter or backward slope of one foot in twenty feet, up to within fifty-seven feet of the top, the balance being plumb. The lower face sweeps in a batter from the curved top to the top of the apron.
This apron top is ninety-eight feet below the top of the entire structure. The total contents of the dam is 40,085 cubic feet of masonry.
“The history of this great undertaking is more or less familiar to local readers, but will no doubt be of interest to others. It was built by the two districts, Modesto and Turlock, jointly and the contract for the work was awarded in the early part of 1891. The contractors began the work in May, 1891, by the shipment of their plant, and June 29th of that year, their superintendent with his crops of foremen and assistants left Modesto for La Grange and the actual work was begun. The months of July and August of that year were spent in construction of commodious camp buildings and storage houses for cement and the installation of the mixing and operating plant, which was a most complete one. For operating the crusher, washer and mixer, a sixty horse-power engine was used and there were no less than seven huge derricks employed in the excavation, quarrying and placing of the materials.
“After the 'snow raise' of that year had subsided, the water of the river was carried above the bottom and through the site in four flumes, the largest of which was fourteen feet wide; these flumes discharged over the natural rock barrier just below the new dam site on which the old Wheaton dam had been. The river was very low that year and there was no especial difficulty encountered in its control, but from seepage and back water there was so much water in the bottom that it was necessary to run a six-inch centrifugal pump continuously both night and day during the time that the excavation was being made and the first masonry was being placed.
“Work was stopped in December because of extreme high water and was not resumed on the dam proper until the following July. To provide for the passage of the water through the site at ordinary stages of the river, two tunnels, each four feet wide by five feet high, were built through the dam below the apron, and a third and similar tunnel was located some ten feet above the apron on the Modesto side. These tunnels were provided with facings and gates, which were closed after the dam was completed and the tunnels were then filled up with concrete.
“Good progress was made in 1892, the structure reaching the height of seventy feet. There were some very rough rises in the river which forced the contractors to change their system to an overhead cable system. This was done in the winter of 1892-1893 and a most efficient cable system, consisting of three cables, was placed over the site. These cables were spaced twenty feet apart and were operated by hoists on a line shaft located on the hill on the south on the Turlock side of the river. They were run by a forty horse-power steam plant which was erected. Loads of ten tons' weight were handled by this system and it was most convenient and economical.
“The main center section was built of cyclopean rubble. This is a mass of great rocks set in and surrounded with cement concrete. The outer faces were made of roughly dressed stones set in concrete mortar. Rock for the concrete was quarried out of the bluff on the Modesto or north side and was moved by gravity down to the crusher, washer and mixer, thence, after the addition of the necessary sand, cement and water, it was dropped into the 'skips'. These 'skips' were then deposited wherever required.
“Quarries for large rock were opened both above and below the site. The rock used was granite trap and a very hard blue diorite. Inclined roads were used over which to convey the rock to the top of the work, the cars being hauled up by steam and the materials taken therefrom by cable hoists.
“The contractors took advantage of the low water season of 1893 in which to close the tunnels, the two lower ones being filled with solid masonry and a gate being placed in the upper one. This latter tunnel was closed in 1894 under the direction of Roger M. Williams and the entire work was finished on December 12th of that year. It is worthy of note that within three days after the dam was completed, the river raised so that there was a depth of over six feet over the entire crest and that during the whole ensuing winter the water never got less than three feet deep there.
“The part the district officials had to handle of this work was no sinecure, inasmuch as they furnished and delivered to the contractors all the required cement, which was over 31,000 barrels. All this cement was hauled by team from the cars at Waterford to the site, a distance of seventeen miles.
Storage houses of a capacity of 3,000 barrels were built on the high hill just at the north end of the dam. The barrels were broken up there and the cement in a dry state was sent down to the work through a six-inch slip pipe. We all remember the first fire which destroyed the original houses and the futile attempt of the directors and the insurance companies to save the wrecked mass of cement still there.
“As many as two hundred men were employed during most of the time the work was being done and but few accidents or delays were encountered. Three men lost their lives and four or five were seriously injured. The work throughout was thoroughly done and the great structure is a lasting credit and monument to its promoters and builders. The cost of the dam was $550.000.
“The contract for the construction of the dam was awarded to R. W. Gorrill & Co. of San Francisco of which firm C. F. McCarthy, F. A. Koetitz and F. M. Butler – who were then principals of the Pacific Construction Company – were members. The actual building of the dam was under the management of F. A. Koetitz as engineer and F. M. Butler as superintendent of construction. The districts were represented by a committee consisting of F. A. Cressey from the Modesto Irrigation District, and their engineer, E. H. Barton. Mr. Barton held office during the first two years when he retired in favor of W. D. Rhodes. Wm. McKay was their inspector.”
Representing the districts, F. A. Cressey and Roger M. Williams were steadily in the field superintending the construction of the dam. In this capacity they performed herculean work. The stability and successful workmanship of the dam are due largely to their labor of constant superintendence. No more faithful, indefatigable and conscientious officials served the districts during these critical days.
Transcribed by: Jeanne Sturgis Taylor.
Source: Elias, Sol P., Stories of Stanislaus – A Collection of Stories on the History & Achievements of Stanislaus County. Modesto, CA. 1924.
© 2012 Jeanne Sturgis Taylor.
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Seventy-one years ago, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt uttered these oft-quoted words: "Yesterday, December 7th, 1941 - a date which will live in infamy - the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan."
That, of course, was the date the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, sending the United States into the thick of World War II. Some 2,402 Americans died in the attack and another 1,282 were wounded.
As we remember Pearl Harbor today, the 71st anniversary of the surprise attack, we salute the remaining veterans who survived the unprovoked Japanese bombing - their number grows smaller every day - and we remember all of those Pearl Harbor vets who have passed on.
The number of WWII veterans in this country is dwindling, so it's crucial the generations that came after remember the bravery of these men and women and the sacrifices those back home made to contribute to the war effort.
Sure, our country may be going through a rough patch now, but compared to what the Second World War era was like, we are indeed fortunate.
We are blessed because our predecessors, the Greatest Generation, answered the call when this country - and all it stands for - most needed them.
As Roosevelt said in his famous speech, which was made to Congress on Dec. 8, 1941: "No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people in their righteous might will win through to absolute victory. I believe that I interpret the will of the Congress and of the people when I assert that we will not only defend ourselves to the uttermost, but will make it very certain that this form of treachery shall never again endanger us. Hostilities exist. There is no blinking at the fact that our people, our territory, and our interests are in grave danger. With confidence in our armed forces, with the unbounding determination of our people, we will gain the inevitable triumph - so help us God."
And indeed, as a country united, America emerged stronger after World War II.
That unity is what today's politicians should aspire to, despite their differences, rather than to tussle and fight over the smallest issues, creating a virtual deadlock in our nation.
In remembering the example of the World War II generation, our country's modern-day leaders should come away with a resolve to do that generation of heroes proud by finding ways to resolve the unnecessary in-fighting that could irreparably damage the way of life so many made the ultimate sacrifice to protect.
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Snowmass fossil site continues to be ‘treasure trove’
Day by day, an Ice Age fossil site discovered last fall near Snowmass Village is continuing to grow in stature and scientific importance as excavators retrieve bones by the boxes full.
The Denver Museum of Nature & Science resumed digging at the site this spring, and by Thursday night had racked up 864 fossils, even more than the 600 or so found last fall.
“We’re pulling out about a hundred bones a day now,” said paleontologist Kirk Johnson, who is leading the excavation for the museum.
He said the success of the excavation and its discoveries are exceeding expectations.
“It’s really a treasure trove. It’s amazing,” he said.
The first discovery of fossils occurred Oct. 14, when a contractor unearthed bones from a Columbian mammoth during expansion of a reservoir for the town of Snowmass Village. Within a month, excavators unearthed bones from another mammoth, and from mastodons, an Ice Age bison, a Jefferson’s ground sloth, an Ice Age deer and other animals.
Previously, only three mastodons had been discovered in Colorado. The Jefferson’s ground sloth discovery was a first for Colorado, and Snowmass was the only place in Colorado, and one of few places in North America, where mammoths and mastodons have been found in the same location.
This spring’s discoveries include an Ice Age camel and parts of other animals that have yet to be identified. But, Johnson said, “It’s really turning into a mastodon story this year. Boy, we’re going to have a smashing collection of mastodons in Denver.”
The museum had trademarked a name — the Snowmastodon Project — that has become particularly fitting in light of this spring’s findings. Johnson said crews this year have discovered the bottom of an ancient lake bed covered with skulls, tusks, limb bones and other mastodon fossils, from infant to adult. They’ve found a 7-inch thigh bone believed to have come from a fetal mastodon, which compares with the 4-foot thighs of adults.
With as many as 27 tusks discovered to date, that means a minimum of 14 mastodon discoveries, which compares with a record of 31 at any one site. But researchers won’t know how many individual animals they’ve discovered until they’ve had a closer look at the fossils, Johnson said.
Also being discovered at the same level are fossils of trees and an abundance of pollen that suggest the mastodons lived in a warmer, interglacial period of probably more than 100,000 years ago.
“It looks … like the animals just lived and died along the shores of this lake, and the lake was very efficient in accumulating and preserving the bones,” Johnson said.
That contrasts with a higher layer of peat where mammoths, bison and deer were found, in some cases apparently because they became stuck in the peat and couldn’t escape.
When they first resumed digging at the site, excavation crews this spring could relate to those animals’ fates. For the first 11 days, heavy snow and other precipitation resulted in about one-third of those working on-site each day finding themselves stuck in mud, Johnson said.
“It was a total quagmire,” he said.
This is the museum’s largest fossil-excavation project. By Friday, the resumption of digging was in its 21st day.
“We’ve pulled together a great team of 36 scientists from 17 universities in four countries, and they’re really deeply engaged,” Johnson said.
Also on-site are 107 trained volunteers, 35 staff members and nine interns. Another dozen or so people will join the crew this weekend, and a group of local educators also has been selected to help out this month and share their experiences with students and their communities.
Johnson said a few “expert dinosaur diggers” have been recruited to help protect the numerous big bones being discovered by encasing them in plaster.
The crews have until July 1 to finish work on what is considered the best Ice Age fossil site in Colorado and best high-elevation Ice Age site in North America. After that, the Snowmass Water & Sanitation District needs to resume enlargement of the reservoir in order to help meet the town’s water needs.
Johnson said an observer or two will remain on-site during construction work this summer to keep an eye out for any other fossils that might surface.
The reservoir will be lined with impermeable clay, and any fossils not yet uncovered will remain protected and in place, awaiting possible excavation in some future generation after the reservoir is decommissioned.
Because of the hurry to keep digging this spring, no public access is being provided to the dig site. A staffed, interpretative display can be found at the Snowmass Mall in Snowmass Village all summer, and on June 18–19, the Snowmass Ice Age Spectacular is planned, featuring unearthed bones and live broadcasts from the dig site.
Johnson said there will be a public talk June 15 at Colorado Mountain College in Glenwood Springs and two public events June 23 at the Aspen Institute.
The water district, town and museum have set a $1 million fundraising goal to help cover excavation, preservation, public outreach and other aspects of the project. With a recent $100,000 donation by the Crown family, which owns the Aspen Skiing Co., $460,000 has been raised to date.
As excited as Johnson is about the discoveries at the site to date, he said one thing noticeably lacking is any carnivore fossils. Scientists still hope to find signs of predators such as wolves, bears or saber-toothed tigers.
“There’s some cool animals that ought to be here that we haven’t seen yet,” he said.
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ASADĀBĀD (Asadābāḏ and Asadāvād in medieval Islamic sources).
1. A town in the medieval Islamic province of Jebāl, now in the ostān of Kermānšāhān (Bāḵtarān) of modern Iran. It is situated at an altitude of 5,575 ft/1,699 m, some 33.5 miles/54 km west-southwest of Hamadān on the historic Baghdad-Hamadān-Ray or Tehran highway, separated from Hamadān itself by a pass over the intervening Kūh-e Alvand, the innermost chain of the Zagros mountain system.
The strategic position of Asadābād in the ancient kingdom of Media must have given it a significance coeval with that of the more important Ecbatana-Hamadān, though we know little of its pre-Islamic history. Tomaschek identified it with the Adrapana of Isidore of Charax (see Pauly-Wissowa, III/1, col. 264, s.v. “Beltra”). The area around Asadābād was certainly very important in Sasanian times, and the Arab geographers mention the town as being three farsakhs from the so-called “Kitchen(s) of Chosroes” (maṭbāk/maṭābeḵ Kesrā) or “Portico of the cymbal” (Ayvān al-Ṣanǰ). According to the 4th/10th-century traveler Abū Dolaf Ḵazraǰī, the son of Ḵosrow II Parvēz and Šīrīn, Šāh Mardān, used to stay at Asadābād (Abū-Dulaf Misʿar ibn Muhalhil’s travels in Iran (circa A.D. 950), ed. and tr. V. Minorsky, Cairo, 1955, sec. 40, tr. p. 47), and another authority, Ebn al-Faqīh, says that the Sasanian emperors resided at the place Āzarmīḏdoḵt near Asadābād (p. 229, tr. H. Massé, Abrégé du livre des pays, Damascus, 1973, p. 277).
The Islamic Asadābād (for whose name Yāqūt, I, p. 245, gives a fanciful etymology, from the Himyarite king Asad b. Ḏi’l-Sarw, who allegedly campaigned in the district with the Tobbaʿ rulers of Yemen) was clearly very close to a settlement named by certain Islamic geographers as Ḵondāḏ (Ḵonvāḏ), identified by Herzfeld with the Onoadas of the Tabula Peutingeriana; cf. Ebn Rosta, p. 167, tr. G. Wiet, pp. 193-94, and Abū Dolaf, op. cit., commentary, p. 96).
It was a small, but flourishing town in the early Islamic centuries, apparently till Il-khanid times and perhaps beyond. Its market was busy, according to Maqdesī/Moqaddasī (p. 393), and it had a fertile agricultural hinterland which produced cereals, cotton, fruit, and especially honey, these lands being irrigated by waters from the Kuh-e Alvand brought by qanāts. In Ḥamdallāh Mostawfī’s time (8th/14th century) there were 35 villages dependent on Asadābād, yielding 15,000 dinars’ revenue (Nozhat al-qolūb, pp. 72-73, tr. p. 75). It was a center of some culture and learning, and Samʿānī names several traditionists and scholars who stemmed from it (Hyderabad, I, pp. 210-13). In later times it sank to the status of a largish village, and in 1877 H. W. Bellew counted 200 houses there, with a Jewish element among the inhabitants (From the Indus to the Tigris, London, 1874, p. 431). In 1951 it had 7,000 inhabitants, primarily Persian-speaking but with Kurdish and Turkish also known, and in recent years it has been administratively the center of a baḵš of the same name in the šahrestān of Hamadān (see Razmārā, Farhang V, p. 11; L. W. Adamec, Historical Gazetteer of Iran. I. Tehran and Northwestern Iran, Graz, 1976, p. 50).
Asadābād’s role in history has been a modest one. In 195/810-11, during the civil war between the two sons of the caliph Hārūn al-Rašīd, it was the scene of an important battle between al-Amīn’s general ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān b. Jabala Abnāwī and al-Maʾmūm’s one Ṭāher Ḏu’l-yamīnayn, the founder of the Taherid dynasty in Khorasan, in which the former was defeated and killed, so that all the province of Jebāl fell into al-Maʾmūn’s hands (Ṭabarī, III, pp. 831-32). In the opening years of the 5th/11th century, possession of it was contested by rival factions of the Kurdish Ḥasanūya dynasty (Ebn al-Aṯīr, Beirut, 1385-87/1965-67, IX, pp. 214, 249), but in 414/1023-24 it came into the possession of the Daylami Kakuyid ruler ʿAlāʾ-al-dawla Moḥammad b. Došmanzīār, who minted coins there in 415/1024-25 and 416/1025-26 (see G. C. Miles, “The Coinage of the Kākwayhid Dynasty,” Iraq 5, 1938, pp. 90, 97, 102; idem, “A Hoard of Kākwayhid Dirhems,” American Numismatic Society Museum Notes 12, 1966, pp. 166-67, 185). Soon afterwards, however, in 420/1029, the region of Asadābād was plundered by Oghuz and Daylami marauders after Hamadān had fallen to the incoming Turkmen hordes (Ebn al-Aṯīr, IX, p. 384). Another important battle took place there in 514/1120, when Masʿūd b. Moḥammad, governor of Mosul, Jazīra, and Azerbaijan, and his Atabeg Joyūš Beg rebelled against the Saljuq Sultan Maḥmūd b. Moḥammad, but were defeated by the latter’s general Aqsonqor Borsoqī (see C. E. Bosworth, in Camb. Hist. Iran V, p. 121). In recent decades Asadābād has gained new significance as the birthplace of the Muslim reformist Sayyed Jamāl-al-dīn Asadābādī “Afḡānī” (q.v.).
On Asadābād see also Abu’l-Fedā, Taqwīm, pp. 416, 417. Ebn Ḥawqal, pp. 358, 359; tr. Kramers, pp. 350, 351. Ebn Ḵordāḏbeh, pp. 21, 41. Qodāma b. Jaʿfar, BGA 6, p. 226. E. Ehlers, Iran: Grundzüge einer geographischen Landeskunde, Darmstadt, 1980, pp. 92, 382. Kayhān, Joḡrafīā II, p. 383. Le Strange, Lands, pp. 195-96. J. de Morgan, Mission scientifique en Perse. Ētude géographique, Paris, 1894, II, pp. 124, 127-28, 138. Schwarz, Iran, pp. 492-93.
2. A village or settlement in medieval Khorasan on the high road linking Ray and Nīšāpūr, and accounted the first place on the administrative region of Nīšāpūr after leaving Qūmes; according to Ebn Rosta (p. 170, tr. p. 198) it was constituted as a waqf by ʿAbdallāh b. Ṭāher, governor of Khorasan in the middle years of the 3rd/9th century, for the maintenance of the rebāṭ of Farāva (q.v., modern Qizil Arvat in Soviet Turkmenistan). See also Yāqūt, (I, p. 245) and Schwarz (Iran, pp. 809, 825).
3. According to Nozhat al-qolūb (p. 179, tr. 172), there was further an Asadābād on the route connecting Marv and Marv-al-rūḏ in eastern Khorasan, at a point roughly half way along.
Bibliography: Given in the text.
(C. E. Bosworth)
Originally Published: December 15, 1987
Last Updated: August 16, 2011
This article is available in print.
Vol. II, Fasc. 7, pp. 697-698
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Cultural tradition celebrates the life of the dead
Published: Friday, November 2, 2012
Updated: Friday, November 2, 2012 01:11
A cultural tradition that commemorates the life of a deceased loved one has become a part of the culture in mainstream America today, and with the rising number of Mexican Americans living in the U.S., it’s apparent Americans have become more familiar with what many call “Day of the Dead” or “Día de los Muertos.”
In the U.S., the life of a deceased friend or family member isn’t always celebrated, but it is sometimes mourned. While life on earth may seem short, the spirits of the deceased will always return to Earth during Día de los Muertos to visit their living relatives. In the Mexican culture, the fear of death isn’t something of concern but instead is recognized as a part of life itself.
“People remember the death of a loved one, but Día de los Muertos is meant to honor the death and celebrate their life,” said junior construction science major and president of the Mexican Student Association Lauro Ramirez.
Originally, this tradition was celebrated for a month long by the indigenous people of Mexico such as the Aztecs and Mayans. After Hernán Cortés invaded Mexico, he tried to eliminate this month long tradition but had no success. Instead, the Spaniards embraced the holiday and merged it with the Catholic All Saints’ Day and All Souls Day in order to add spirituality. Thus, Día de los Muertos is now celebrated every Nov. 1 and 2.
Many Mexican families first celebrate by building an altar at their homes and surrounding it with ofrendas (“offerings”) such as flowers, incense, pictures, painted calaveras (“skulls”) and even their loved one’s favorite food. Another popular tradition that takes place during these two days consists of decorating graves of the family members who have passed away.
“My grandpa passed away in 2000, and every Nov. 1 my family and I would go to his grave and decorate it with flowers and painted skulls,” Ramirez said.
For students who may not be able to celebrate this tradition, the J. Wayne Stark Galleries on the first floor of the Memorial Student Center will be building an altar beginning Tuesday, and it will be on display until Friday if students would like to take part in the celebration.
“The altar will be there, and students or faculty who would like to pay a tribute to a loved one can bring photos, skulls, flowers and different kinds of non- perishable food items,” said curator of education for the Stark Galleries Greg Phillipy.
“We will also be using small LED lights instead of candles to illuminate the galleries so there can be more of a traditional feeling, but our big event will be on Thursday with the Hispanic Presidents’ Council,” Phillipy said.
On Thursday, from 4 p.m. to 6 p.m., the Hispanic Presidents’ Council will be celebrating the holiday by painting sugar skulls, crafting papel picado (“perforated paper”) and eating cultural Mexican food.
With bright colors and eccentric patterns, painted skulls have become symbolic during Halloween in America. In the Mexican culture, they are symbols of birth and rebirth and are considered as an ofrenda for the altar of the deceased family member.
“We would like to bring this tradition to Texas A&M University and to have students familiarize themselves with the celebration as well as honor those who passed as it pertains to our Hispanic culture,” said Hilda Campos, senior bioenvironmental sciences major and executive director of the Hispanic Presidents’ Council.
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The use of Ultrasound in small animal veterinary medicine has grown rapidly in Village Vet practice in the past 5 years. This has allowed early diagnosis and better management of diseases which previously went undetected for months or years.
What is Ultrasound?
An ultrasound examination is an imaging technique in which deep structures of the body can be visualised by recording echoes of ultrasonic waves which are directed into the tissues. Unlike x-rays which are potentially dangerous, ultrasound waves are considered to be entirely safe.
What is the difference between ultrasound and other types of scan?
Because you get a moving image with ultrasound – as opposed to a static one that you get with an x-ray or brain scan – you can see precisely how the body is functioning in a non-invasive way.
We can check the size, structure and appearance of internal organs to see how each one is working in action.
Which parts of the body do you use ultrasound for?
With the heart, we can use it to watch how it beats, look at its size and see if there is an enlargement. With the intestines, we can assess if muscles are contracting properly as part of the body’s mechanisms for processing food. It is ideal for getting a close look at small organs (kidneys, liver and spleen) and to check for foreign structures in the chest. Images can be frozen and then printed from the computer to provide a positive record of the examination.
Do you choose to use either ultrasound or x-ray?
No, it depends on the condition or what we are trying to find out. When it is appropriate, we may use it as the first line of investigation, such as with a urinary tract problem. Ultrasound may be used in conjunction with x-ray to give a full picture of what might be wrong.
What are the benefits to a pet?
There is no need for sedation or anaesthetic, and it is often okay for the pet to eat beforehand – which makes owners and pets feel happier! Importantly, it is well tolerated by pets, there is no pain, nor is there any exposure to rays. One of the greatest benefits is that it can help us identify problems, like an adrenal gland tumor, which one might not see on x-ray.
Does the technique have any drawbacks?
Ultrasound examinations are of little value in the examination of organs that contain air. Ultrasound waves will not pass through air and therefore it cannot be used to examine the lungs.
Do you need to be specially trained to use ultrasound?
Yes, the machine is totally operator dependent. Our expert has spent ten years developing skills, including one to one training with a top US radiologist, and a specialisation in internal veterinary medicine.
Is the technique affordable?
Ultrasound has become more affordable of late. It is proving its value, particularly in respect of cases such as pregnancy diagnosis, evaluation of the size and normality of internal organs, evaluation of heart function, blood flow and examination of structures within the eye, which make its cost very well worthwhile.
Please contact your local Village Vet practice for more information.
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Tamil National Party
Articles related to
Tamil National Party was a short-lived political party formed in 1962 in Tamil Nadu, India. The party finds its roots with the split in Dravidar Kazhagam after which Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) was formed. E. V. K. Sampath, a founding member of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, left the party following differences with the party leadership. The differences arose due to the DMK's stance on achieving an independent nation out of Indian Union called Dravida Nadu. Nevertheless, within years the Tamil National Party was merged with Indian National Congress.
E. V. K. Sampath and DMK
E. V. K. Sampath was nephew of Periyar E. V. Ramasamy and for a long time considered his political heir. He entered into a feud with Periyar after the latter married a woman much younger to him. Periyar soon after the marriage declared his new wife as his political heir and thus upseting Sampath's aspirations. The marriage itself had caused opposition within the Dravidar Kazhagam, the social organisation that Periyar was heading. E. V. K. Sampath along with C. N. Annadurai broke away from Dravidar Kazhagam and formed their own party Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.
Differences on using movie media
Tamil cinema has been used extensively for popaganda for Dravidian politics. Although the Indian National Congress in the region did use movies and stars for propaganda, it was shunned upon by major Congress leaders. DMK to the contrary used the Tamil film industry as a major political organ. Thus movie stars held high ranks in the party. Sampath vehemently opposed the importance given to film stars in the party.
Birth of Tamil National Party
The differences between E. V. K. Sampath and Annadurai finally gave way on their stands on Dravida Nadu. Dravida Nadu was envisaged by Periyar E. V. Ramasami as an independent nation that included South India. Periyar and later Annadurai considered that remaining in the Indian Union meant accepting linguistic domination of the North and backwardness of the South. Nevertheless, after touring the Soviet Union, E. V. K. Sampath opposed the call for Dravida Nadu and declared that the idea of independent Dravida Nadu was an impossible task to achieve. With this difference E. V. K. Sampath and his supporters left DMK and formed their own party. Thus Tamil National Party was born in 1962. Some of the well known members of the party included Kannadasan, M. P. Subramaiam, Pazha Nedumaran and Shivaji Ganesan.
Policies of the party
The policies of the party were:
- Autonomous National linguistic regions with the freedom to secede from the federation based on the free will of the peoples.
- Establishing a society sans inequalities by Industrialisation of Tamil Nadu.
- Eradication of superstitions, castes, religions and all atrocities against humanity to usher in a just society based on rationalism.
Merger with Congress
Soon after the departure from DMK Tamil National Party members closely associated with that of the Congress party. At that time Periyar and his Dravidar Kazhagam was close with Kamaraj the leader of the Congress party. Thus when Kamaraj invited Sampath to join the Congress, Sampath merged Tamil National Party with the Congress party in 1964.
- Sampath, Iniyan. "Famil background". Retrieved 2008-01-20.
- Kumar, Vinoj (2004-06-08). "Priest-less weddings in TN VIP families". Sify News. Retrieved 2009-01-20.
- Subramaniam, V (1998-10-09). "Celebrating a half century". Frontline. Retrieved 2009-01-20.
- Velayutham, Selvaraj (2008). Tamil Cinema: The Cultural Politics of India's Other Film Industry. Routledge. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-415-39680-6.
- Rajagopalan, Swarna (2001). State and Nation in South Asia. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 152–154. ISBN 1-55587-967-5.
- Bukowski, Jeanie J; Swarna Rajagopalan (2000). Re-distribution of Authority. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 19–21. ISBN 0-275-96377-2.
- Hardgrave, Robert. L (1979). Essays in the Political Sociology of South India. Usha, 1979 (Originally published by University of Michigan. p. 70. ISBN 978-81-7304-052-8.
- "Sivaji Ganesan". Upperstall. Retrieved 2009-01-20.
- Jayakanthan, Dandapani (2006). A Literary Man's Political Experiences. Read Books. pp. 111–113. ISBN 978-1-4067-3569-7.
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Manipulating typography to make its form reflect its meaning is a great technique. In this weeks assigned reading the words zoom, jump, spin, blur and even outline were mentioned. The key is to find verbs that indicate action and implying that action in the type design.
Some other great examples I have seen are “topple”,
I have even used this technique myself on a paper sample. I used the phrase “ The perfect paper for an imperfect world” and flipped the “e’s ” around in Imperfect. (See Link)
As the chapter mention “the possibilities are endless.” There is even a childrens show on PBS called word world that does exactly this.
Graphic Design School 3rd edition pages 92, 93
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Following a few, simple fire safety tips can keep electric lights, candles and the ever popular Christmas tree from creating a tragedy, states U.S. Fire Administration officials. USFA is an entity of the Department of Homeland Security's Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).
- Don’t put your live Christmas tree up too early, or leave it up for longer than two weeks.
- Place trees away from heat sources, including fireplaces or heat vents. The heat will dry out the tree, causing it to be more easily ignited by heat, flame or sparks.
- Keep the live tree stand filled with water at all times.
- Use only nonflammable decorations.
- Don’t link more than three light strands, unless the directions indicate it’s safe. Connect strings of lights to an extension cord before plugging the cord into the outlet.
- Avoid using lit candles; consider using battery-operated flameless candles, which can look, smell and feel like real candles.
- Ensure Christmas trees and other holiday decorations don’t block an exit way.
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Poetry in Wartime
illustration from wpshoppe.com
It is recommended that the documentary Voices of Wartime be shown initially as a lead-in to working with the material in the module. If this module is to be used in conjunction with other thematic modules, then it is appropriate to view the documentary at the beginning of the course of study and refer back to portions of the documentary that support the topics being engaged.
Poetry offered in this module is chronologically arranged beginning with Enheduanna, thought to be history’s earliest recorded writer, and ending with an excerpt from the work of Seamus Heaney, 1995 Nobel Literature Prize winner. All of the poems, with the exception of the two works by young persons towards the end of the module, are followed by questions for reflection or discussion, activities or suggested work for research or further investigation. Poetry of a significant number of poets, for example: Enheduanna, Homer, Emily Dickinson, Walt Whitman, Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Langston Hughes, Chris Abani, and Antonieta Villamil are linked to historical activities and research. A special series of suggested activities is provided on British Poets and Writers.
- Selected writing by those individuals interviewed or featured in the film,
- Books about the poets who are included in the film, and
- Selected bibliography of writers who are referred to in the film or through interview segments in the module. This bibliography can prove to be extremely valuable when conducting research, working on expanding a topic, or just for the joy of finding additional material to read.
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OTTAWA, ONTARIO -- (Marketwire) -- 08/27/12 -- The Arctic sea ice extent has hit its lowest extent since satellite records began, according to data from the IARC-JAXA Information System and the U.S.-based National Snow and Ice Data Center. More melting this year is likely, as the lowest sea ice extent has typically been recorded near the end of September, a month away from now. The shrinking sea ice is one of the most visible early impacts of global climate change.
'Record-breaking ice minimums are becoming the new normal', says Clive Tesar of WWF's Global Arctic Programme. 'We're breaking records on a regular basis as the sea ice continues its decline. A week ago in Grise Fiord, Canada's northernmost community, we saw an ice-free horizon that astonished local people. This ice-loss is affecting Arctic life, and the lives of people around the world. As this new record shows, we have little time left to take effective action to help Arctic life adapt.'
Ice loss has been shown to have negative effects on southern populations of polar bears. It has been linked to the deaths of walrus, and has led to new species moving into the Arctic. For Arctic peoples, the shrinking ice cover has made some traditional cross-ice travel routes more treacherous, and has led to increased erosion threatening coastal villages. The ice loss also has global impacts, warping weather patterns across the northern hemisphere.
The ice loss is also attracting the attention of industrial interests such as oil and gas development and shipping. WWF is concerned that new developments in the region should take into account the ability of already stressed Arctic systems to absorb more change.
This summer, researchers and WWF staff are taking part in the 'Sailing to Siku' expedition to the Last Ice Area between northern Greenland and Canada where the last summer sea ice is projected to remain longest. Scientists on the expedition are assessing climate-related changes to this little-studied, but increasingly important region. This in one of several WWF projects to encourage resilience to climate change in the Arctic. WWF is also working of projects to reduce global carbon emissions.
-- The Arctic sea ice minimum extent is generally reached at the end of September. -- In the summer of 2007, Arctic sea ice extent set a record low in early August-more than a month before the end of the melt season. That September, the preferred northern navigation route through the Northwest Passage opened. According to the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), on September 16, 2007, sea ice extent dropped to 4.13 million square kilometers (1.59 million square miles) - 38 percent below average and 24 percent below the 2005 record. -- 'Sailing to Siku' is a Canon Europe sponsored expedition to research and assess future management options for the Last Ice Area - the region in Greenland and Canada where sea ice is projected to persist in 2040. Expedition members are visiting communities along the route to introduce the Last Ice Area project to local people, and invite their guidance and expertise. -- More information on WWF's climate change mitigation work can be accessed at: http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/footprint/climate_carbon_energy/ -- IARC-JAXA Information System is a collaboration between the International Arctic Research Center (University of Alaska Fairbanks) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). It conducts satellite image analysis and computer modeling. -- The national Snow and Ice Data centre is a US government organization that collects and analyzes data relating to snow and ice, particularly in polar regions.
About the Last Ice Area
The Last Ice Area is a new WWF project designed to assess the best future management options for the area of Arctic summer sea ice projected to remain the longest. WWF is helping collate and conduct research in this area, and connecting this research to the question of how this area may best be managed in the future to the benefit of both species and people.
About WWF's Global Arctic Programme
WWF is working with its many partners - governments, business and communities - across the Arctic to combat these threats and preserve the region's rich biodiversity. The WWF Global Arctic Programme has coordinated WWF's work in the Arctic since 1992. We work through offices in six Arctic countries, with experts in circumpolar issues like governance, climate change, fisheries, oil and gas and polar bears.
WWF is creating solutions to the most serious conservation challenges facing our planet, helping people and nature thrive.
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What is Curcumin
What is Curcumin and its useful benefits
By Veena Deo
What is Curcumin? This article talks about Curcumin the rhizome extract of Turmeric, its composition and some of the benefits offered by this well know herb.
What is Curcumin and why is this herb so popular? Why are the world and the medical community going gaga behind this Yellow powder? Why the US National Institute of health (NIH.Gov) is conducting so many studies on this herb? What can this herb really do for people? In this article one will find many answers for the above questions.
Curcumin is the active ingredient or extract of a ginger looking rhizome, called Turmeric or Curcuma longa, many times referred at Turmeric Curcumin. It belongs to ginger family and it is one of the latest discoveries in organic cures for many health conditions. Turmeric contains several coloring matters, known as Curcuminoids which are natural phenols responsible for its yellow color. The principal Curcuminoid among these phenols is Curcumin.
See more information on Turmeric Curcumin
Curcumin is a bi-phenolic compound with one hydroxyl group at the ortho position on each of the two aromatic rings that are connected by a B-diketone bridge, containing two double bonds (Dionne). The chemical formula is (HOC6H3 (OCH3) CH:CHCO)2 CH2. The Compound Formula is C21H20O6.
Curcumin is the main biologically active Phytochemicals compound of Turmeric. Its structure as diferuloylmethane was determined in 1910. As per the immunobiology, Curcumin contains more than one phenol group, each of which consists of a ring of six carbon atoms with a hydroxyl (OH) group attached. Curcumin contains two phenol groups and each phenol is resonant. A chain of seven carbon atoms pin the two phenols together. On each phenol, the point of attachment is opposite the hydroxyl group. An OCH3 group unites with each phenol on a carbon adjacent to the hydroxyl attachment site. In the chain, the third and fifth carbon each unites with an oxygen atom. Each carbon oxygen group may form either a keto, or an enol. Ref: e-HOW.com.
What is extraction process of Curcumin from Turmeric?
Extract about 5gms of Turmeric powder with 95% of alcohol in a soxhlet assembly until all the coloring matter is extracted; Distill the alcoholic extract to a semi-solid brown colored mass (about 4.5%); Dissolve the crude extract in 50 ml of benzene and extract twice with equal volume of 0.1% sodium hydroxide solution; Combine the alkaline extracts and acidify with dilute hydrochloric acid. A yellow colored precipitate is formed. Allow it to settle for about fifteen minutes; after settling off the precipitate, concentrate the extract by boiling on a water bath and at the same time dissolving precipitate in boiling water. During this process of boiling, the resinous material would agglomerate and form a lumpy mass. Filter the solution in hot condition and concentrate filtrate to very small volume and finally cool to get Curcumin (1.5%). Curcumin is an orange crystalline powder it is insoluble in cold water, it is soluble in alcohol and glacial acetic acid. It dissolves in concentrated Sulphuric acid and gives a yellow red coloration. Ref: Extraction of phytopharmaceuticals .
Read also these articles- Natural sleep aid.
What are some documented benefits of Curcumin?
Turmeric Curcumin can act in various ways in the body like anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-cholesterol agent. The biosynthetic route of Curcumin has proven difficult to establish. The active compound, Curcumin, has been isolated from the yellow coloring matter and its pharmacology has been worked out by Srimal and Dhanwan (1973). The presence of Curcumin in alcoholic and water extract of rhizome of Turmeric may also be responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity. Lutomski etal. In 1974 reported that the alcohol extract and essential oil from Curcuma longa showed bactericidal activity whereas Curcumin reacted as a bacteriostatic agent with respect to staphylococci. Ref: Pharmacognosy of Indigenous Drugs Vol I. Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha. India
Recent research at university of California Los Angeles has demonstrated possible role of Curcumin in treating Alzheimer’s disease and lowering person’s risk of developing the disease.
Turmeric and Curcumin fed hens on an experimental diet for 8 weeks, in presence or absence of dietary cholesterol, were observed for egg production as well as weight of eggs. No reduction of fat was observed but the cholesterol level declined showing hypocholestermic effect of the fractions. Ref: Keshavar Z, K: Influence of Turmeric and Curcumin on cholesterol concentration of eggs and tissues. Poult Sci. 55 (3) : 1077 – 1083, 1976 (Chem abstr. 85: 61834 b, 1976)
Study on the anticancer activity of ethanolic Curcumin extract. Ref: Jasim Hilo Naama, Ali Al – Temini and Ahmed A. Husain A1 Amiery; Biotechnology Division, Department of Applied science University of Technology Kerala, India. This study concluded based on the reported results, that pure Curcumin and the crude ethanolic extract have great potential in the prevention and cure of certain type of cancers.
So, what is Curcumin? In conclusion one can say that this is a golden herb that can do wonders for the human body. As mentioned above the NIH of USA is conducting many studies on the benefits of Curcumin. For more details one may visit that site.
Dr. Veena Deo is an Ayurvedic Doctor in India. All the information provided and on herbal supplements above and opinions expressed above are her own and should not be construed as medical advice. This information is provided for educational purposes only. For questions or to consult Dr. Veena Deo, please send an email to email@example.com.
This article written by Dr. Deo was originally published in International. To, a Google news site.
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Cluster munitions contamination
- DownloadPDF 895 KB
Where are cluster munitions? What is their legacy? Which States and areas are most affected by cluster munitions? What challenges arise in areas affected by cluster munitions?
At least 21 States and four areas of Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and Europe are affected by cluster munitions or have been in the last five decades. In some countries, cluster munitions were used extensively, such as in Laos where the weapons were dropped over a period of nine years (1964 to 1973), creating a widespread lethal hazard for the population (GICHD, February 2007). In other contexts, their use has been more limited but the impact has also been severe. In Kos ovo, for instance, the conflict lasted only 11 weeks, but it is estimated that between 230,000 and 290,000 submunitions were dropped (Landmine Action/ICRC) and that approximately 30,000 remained unexploded on the ground when the fighting ended (ICRC, 2001).
Which States and areas are most affected by cluster munitions?
What challenges arise in areas affected by cluster munitions?
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The study, published in the December 2007 issue of Biological Psychiatry, analyzes information drawn from the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development, one of the longest-running cohort studies in the world. The survey tracked more than 4,600 people born in Great Britain in 1946 for symptoms of anxiety and depression over a 40-year period.
The results represent an important chapter in the "nature versus nurture" debate, supporting the theory that conditions in the womb do indeed have an effect on our future development.
The connection between birth weight and mental health isn't the only fascinating find made by Colman and colleagues at the University of Cambridge and University College London in England. "One of the surprising findings from our research was that people who had worse mental health throughout their lives had also reached developmental milestones -- like standing and walking for the first time -- later in life than those who had better mental health," said Colman.
The researchers emphasize they are not saying all small babies will experience poor mental health in the future. They also say this study is not about babies born full-term versus babies born premature, since the data collected back in 1946 made no mention of gestational age at birth.
"Being born small isn't necessarily a problem. It is a problem if you were born small because of adverse conditions in the womb -- and low birth weight is what we looked at in this study because it is considered a marker of stress in the womb. When a mother is really stressed, blood flow to the uterus is restricted and the fetus gets fewer nutrients, which tends to lead to lower birth weight," explained Colman.
At the same time, because the mother is stressed, stress hormones are passing through the placenta to the fetus and may affect the fetus's neurodevelopment and stress response. "Under these conditions, the part of the child's brain that deals with stress could be programmed incorrectly in utero -- the brain doesn't develop as it would under ideal circumstances. If this theory is correct, you would find that when stressful events occur, the people who were smaller babies would be more likely to become depressed or anxious," said Colman.
Notable strengths of this study include the nationally representative sample, the sample size, and the long follow-up with the members of the 1946 cohort, whose anxious and depressive symptoms were measured at 13, 15, 36, 43 and 53 years of age.
"The idea that things that are happening in the womb might predict your health much later on in life is absolutely fascinating. And the public health implications of that are huge," said Colman. "I have been asked by many people what the ‘take-home message' of this study is, and I would say that, in the simplest terms, it is 'We should take better care of pregnant women.' The kind of stress that pregnant mothers are under has a significant long-term effect on the developing fetus."
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Predicting happiness is a bit like herding cats. Smarter (but not necessarily wiser) people than me have been trying to make such predictions for years. One who attempted it in the mid-1970s was the economist Richard Easterlin, who came up with the Easterlin Paradox. This was, of course, an era in which some people sought happiness through brightly coloured acrylic clothing with lapels the size and shape of Concorde wings, and which they were wise to keep well away from open flames.
But Easterlin did not deal with clothing of that kind, at least not directly. Instead, his theory dealt with the psychology of keeping up with the neighbours. He found that while rich people tended to be much happier than poor people - a discovery that would surely earn an Ig Nobel Prize today - rich societies tended not to be any happier than poor societies. As countries get richer, he found, their citizens do not get correspondingly happier.
At the time, the US economy was still emerging from the 1973 oil crisis, but even so, it was deemed a heretical challenge to the consumerist ideal. Others dubbed the process the "hedonic treadmill" in which people had to buy more and better things to retain the same level of happiness, a Sisyphean quest that was destined to end badly. As if having a wardrobe full of brightly coloured acrylic clothing was not already enough of a disaster.
The theory was, of course, quickly adopted by the nascent anti-consumerist movement and it has been taken as a kind of fact for the thick end of 35 years. Supporters will point out that although music lovers can now have their lifetime collection of music in a player not much bigger than a matchbox instead of thousands of LPs arranged in milk crates, they are not necessarily happier because, instead of marvelling at this technological advance, they now covet an iPad instead of their now inadequate iPod touch.
But now it seems the Easterlin Paradox is under serious attack. According to the economists Justin Wolfers and Betsey Stevenson, while it is true that rich people still tend to be much happier than poor people (I dub this the "well, duh" principle), better analysis of comparisons shows that wealthier countries are happier than poorer ones, and that as countries get richer, they tend to get happier.
This sits a little uneasily with data about the rate at which drugs such as Prozac are used in wealthier nations, but the more interesting factor is that a much better predictor for happiness is comparative: those who are richer than their peers and neighbours are happier regardless of how much money they have. All this is deeply troubling. I live next door to a wealthy family. I thought I was happy. Clearly I'm not. So I'm going to move to Musaffah. I hear there are some cats I can herd there.
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One of the most fearsome developments of the twentieth century was the concept of total war - the belief that the most effective way of winning wars was through the obliteration, or the threat of obliteration, of entire civilian populations. The first, and in some ways still the most striking illustration of this theory, occurred in April 1937 during the Spanish Civil War, when the ancient Basque hilltop town of Guernica was almost completely destroyed by the German Condor Legion. Since then, civilians have increasingly been targeted during wartime, as mass casualties, destruction and demoralisation have become an accepted military tactic. The US Government's strategy of shock and awe in their attack on Baghdad in the Spring of 2003 clearly shows that the same approach is still around in the twenty-first century.
GUERNICA is not a work of military history, it's a book about how modern men and women have responded to living with a new kind power and a new focus of fear. Fear of death itself is hard-wired into all of us and always has been, but the way we imagine death changes, and therefore its role and presence in our culture changes too. Fear of death has its counterpart in aggression, too, so our capacities for imagining and enacting aggression equally shape, and are shaped by, this new and developing culture. This book enables anybody interested in culture and its survival to follow the birth of the locationless terror that so many people feel today.
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Earths Amazing Facts -
07-26-2006, 08:30 AM
Amazing Earth Facts
We live on a sphere of extremes and oddities. In fact it's not really a sphere, but it is a wild planet, mottled with deadly volcanoes, rattled by killer earthquakes, drenched in disastrous deluges. But do you know which were the worst?
Some of Earth's valleys dip below sea level. Mountains soar into thin air. Can you name the lowest spot? The tallest peak? Do you know how far it is to the center of the planet or what's there?
Where are the planet's hottest, coldest, driest and windiest places?
The following list of Earth's extremes and other amazing facts is presented in Q&A format, so you can cover the answers to test your knowledge of the home planet. Sources include the U.S. Geological Survey and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, with other SPACE.com reporting.
1. What is the hottest place on Earth?
Count one wrong if you guessed Death Valley in California. True enough on many days. But El Azizia in Libya recorded a temperature of 136 degrees Fahrenheit (57.8 Celsius) on Sept. 13, 1922 -- the hottest ever measured. In Death Valley, it got up to 134 Fahrenheit on July 10, 1913.
2. And the coldest place around here?
Far and away, the coldest temperature ever measured on Earth was -129 Fahrenheit (-89 Celsius) at Vostok, Antarctica, on July 21, 1983.
3. What makes thunder?
If you thought, "Lightning!" then hats off to you. But I had a more illuminating answer in mind. The air around a lightning bolt is superheated to about five times the temperature of the Sun. This sudden heating causes the air to expand faster than the speed of sound, which compresses the air and forms a shock wave; we hear it as thunder.
4. Can rocks float?
In a volcanic eruption, the violent separation of gas from lava produces a "frothy" rock called pumice, loaded with gas bubbles. Some of it can float, geologists say. I've never seen this happen, and I'm thankful for that.
5. Can rocks grow?
Yes, but observing the process is less interesting than watching paint dry. Rocks called iron-manganese crusts grow on mountains under the sea. The crusts precipitate material slowly from seawater, growing about 1 millimeter every million years. Your fingernails grow about the same amount every two weeks.
6. How much space dust falls to Earth each year?
Estimates vary, but the USGS says at least 1,000 million grams, or roughly 1,000 tons of material enters the atmosphere every year and makes its way to Earths surface. One group of scientists claims microbes rain down from space, too, and that extraterrestrial organisms are responsible for flu epidemics . There's been no proof of this, and I'm not holding my breath.
7. How far does regular dust blow in the wind?
A 1999 study showed that African dust finds its way to Florida and can help push parts of the state over the prescribed air quality limit for particulate matter set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The dust is kicked up by high winds in North Africa and carried as high as 20,000 feet (6,100 meters), where it's caught up in the trade winds and carried across the sea. Dust from China makes its way to North America, too.
8. Where is the worlds highest waterfall?
The water of Angel Falls in Venezuela drops 3,212 feet (979 meters).
9. What two great American cities are destined to merge?
The San Andreas fault, which runs north-south, is slipping at a rate of about 2 inches (5 centimeters) per year, causing Los Angeles to move towards San Francisco. Scientists forecast LA will be a suburb of the City by the Bay in about 15 million years.
10. Is Earth a sphere?
Because the planet rotates and is more flexible than you might imagine, it bulges at the midsection, creating a sort of pumpkin shape. The bulge was lessening for centuries but now, suddenly, it is growing, a recent study showed. Accelerated melting of Earth's glaciers is taking the blame for the gain in equatorial girth.
11. What would a 100-pound person weigh on Mars?
The gravity on Mars is 38 percent of that found on Earth at sea level. So a 100-pound person on Earth would weigh 38 pounds on Mars. Based on NASA's present plans, it'll be decades before this assumption can be observationally proved, however.
12. How long is a Martian year?
It's a year long, if you're from Mars. To an earthling, it's nearly twice as long. The red planet takes 687 Earth-days to go around the Sun -- compared to 365 days for Earth. Taking into account Mars' different rotational time (see #13 below) calendars on Mars would be about 670 days long with some leap days needed to keep things square. If you find one, please mail it to me. I'm curious how they worked out the months, given they have two moons. [The initial publication of this fact mistakenly said a Mars calendar would have 687 days.]
13. How long is the average Martian day?
A Martian can sleep (or work) and extra half-hour every day compared to you. Mars days are 24 hours and 37 minutes long, compared to 23 hours, 56 minutes on Earth. A day on any planet in our solar system is determined by how long it takes the world to spin once on its axis, making the Sun appear to rise in the morning and sending it down in the evening.
14. What is the largest volcano?
The Mauna Loa volcano in Hawaii holds the title here on Earth. It rises more than 50,000 feet (9.5 miles or 15.2 kilometers) above its base, which sits under the surface of the sea. But that's all volcanic chump change. Olympus Mons on Mars rises 16 miles (26 kilometers) into the Martian sky. Its base would almost cover the entire state of Arizona.
15. What was the deadliest known earthquake?
The world's deadliest recorded earthquake occurred in 1557 in central China. It struck a region where most people lived in caves carved from soft rock. The dwellings collapsed, killing an estimated 830,000 people. In 1976 another deadly
temblor struck Tangshan, China. More than 250,000 people were killed.
16. What was the strongest earthquake in recent times?
A 1960 Chilean earthquake, which occurred off the coast, had a magnitude of 9.6 and broke a fault more than 1,000 miles (1,600 kilometers) long. An earthquake like that under a major city would challenge the best construction techniques.
17. Which earthquake was more catastrophic: Kobe, Japan or Northridge,
The 1994 Northridge earthquake had a magnitude of 6.7 was responsible for approximately 60 deaths, 9,000 injuries, and more than $40 billion in damage. The Kobe earthquake of 1995 was magnitude 6.8 and killed 5,530 people. There were some 37,000 injuries and more than $100 billion in economic loss.
18. How far is it to the center of the Earth?
The distance from the surface of Earth to the center is about 3,963 miles (6,378 kilometers). Much of Earth is fluid. The mostly solid skin of the planet is only 41 miles (66 kilometers) thick -- thinner than the skin of an apple, relatively speaking.
19. What is the highest mountain?
Climbers who brave Mt. Everest in the Nepal-Tibet section of the Himalayas reach 29,035 feet (nearly 9 kilometers) above sea level. Its height was revised upward by 7 feet based on measurements made in 1999 using the satellite-based Global Positioning System.
20. Has the Moon always been so close?
It used to be much closer! A billion years ago, the Moon was in a tighter orbit, taking just 20 days to go around us and make a month. A day on Earth back then was only 18 hours long. The Moon is still moving away -- about 1.6 inches (4 centimeters) a year. Meanwhile, Earth's rotation is slowing down, lengthening our days. In the distant future, a day will be 960 hours long! [ Find out why]
21. Where is the lowest dry point on Earth?
The shore of the Dead Sea in the Middle East is about 1,300 feet (400 meters) below sea level. Not even a close second is Bad Water in Death Valley, California, at a mere 282 feet below sea level.
22. Good thing California isn't sinking further, right?
Actually parts of it are, which is so interesting that I snuck this non-question onto the list. In a problem repeated elsewhere in the country, the pumping of natural underground water reservoirs in California is causing the ground to sink up to 4 inches (11 centimeters) per year in places. Water and sewage systems may soon be threatened.
23. What is the longest river?
The Nile River in Africa is 4,160 miles (6,695 kilometers) long.
24. What is the most earthquake-prone state in the United States?
Alaska experiences a magnitude 7 earthquake almost every year, and a magnitude 8 or greater earthquake on average every 14 years. Florida and North Dakota get the fewest earthquakes in the states, even fewer than New York .
25. What's the driest place on Earth?
A place called Arica, in Chile, gets just 0.03 inches (0.76 millimeters) of rain per year. At that rate, it would take a century to fill a coffee cup.
26. What causes a landslide?
Intense rainfall over a short period of time can trigger shallow, fast-moving mud and debris flows. Slow, steady rainfall over a long period of time may trigger deeper, slow-moving landslides. Different materials behave differently, too. Every year as much as $2 billion in landslide damage occurs in the United States. In a record-breaking storm in the San Francisco area in January 1982, some 18,000 debris flows were triggered during a single night! Property damage was over $66 million, and 25 people died.
27. How fast can mud flow?
Debris flows are like mud avalanches that can move at speeds in excess of 100 mph (160 kph).
28. Do things inside Earth flow?
You bet. In fact, scientists found in 1999 that molten material in and around Earth's core moves in vortices, swirling pockets whose dynamics are similar to tornadoes and hurricanes. And as you'll learn later in this list, the planet's core moves in other strange ways, too.
29. What is the wettest place on Earth?
Lloro, Colombia averages 523.6 inches of rainfall a year, or more than 40 feet (13 meters). That's about 10 times more than fairly wet major cities in Europe or the United States.
30. Does Earth go through phases, like the Moon?
From Mars, Earth would be seen to go through distinct phases (just as we see Venus change phases). Earth is inside the orbit of Mars, and as the two planets travel around the Sun, sunlight would strike our home planet from different angles during the year. Earth phases can be seen in recent photographs taken by Mars Global Surveyor and the European Mars Express
31. What is the largest canyon?
The Grand Canyon is billed as the world's largest canyon system. Its main branch is 277 miles (446 kilometers) long. But let's compare. Valles Marineris on Mars extends for about 3,000 miles (4,800 kilometers). If added it to a U.S. map, it would stretch from New York City to Los Angeles. In places this vast scar on the Martian surface is 5 miles (8 kilometers) deep.
32. What is the deepest canyon in the United States?
Over the eons, the Snake River dug Hell's Canyon along the Oregon-Idaho border. It is more than 8,000 feet (2.4 kilometers) deep. In contrast, the Grand Canyon is less than 6,000 feet deep -- a bit more than a mile.
33. Is Earth the largest rocky planet in the solar system?
Just barely! Earth's diameter at the equator is 7,926 miles (12,756 kilometers). Venus is 7,521 miles (12,104 kilometers) wide. Mercury and Mars, the other two inner rocky planets, are much smaller. Pluto is rocky, too, but it's comparatively tiny (and some say it is not a planet at all).
34. How many of Earth's volcanoes are known to have erupted in historic time?
About 540 volcanoes on land are known. No one knows how many undersea volcanoes have erupted through history.
35. Is air mostly oxygen?
Earth's atmosphere is actually about 80 percent nitrogen. Most of the rest is oxygen, with tiny amounts of other stuff thrown in. ]
Venus is almost as big as Earth. Despite sweltering heat at the surface, its clouds might support life, some scientists say.
36. What is the highest waterfall in the United States?
Yosemite Falls in California is 2,425 feet (739 meters).
37. What percentage of the world's water is in the oceans?
About 97 percent. Oceans make up about two-thirds of Earth's surface, which means that when the next asteroid hits the planet, odds are good it will splash down.
38. Which two landmasses contain the vast majority of the Earth's fresh water
Nearly 70 percent of the Earth's fresh-water supply is locked up in the icecaps of Antarctica and Greenland. The remaining fresh-water supply exists in the atmosphere, streams, lakes, or groundwater and accounts for a mere 1 percent of the Earth's total.
39. Which of the Earth's oceans is the largest?
The Pacific Ocean covers 64 million square miles (165 million square kilometers). It is more than two times the size of the Atlantic. It has an average depth of 2.4 miles (3.9 kilometers).
40. Why is Earth mostly crater-free compared to the pockmarked Moon?
Earth is more active, in terms of both geology and weather. Much of our planet's geologic history was long ago folded back inside. Some of that is regurgitated by volcanoes, but the results are pretty hard to study. Even more recent events evident on the surface -- craters that can by millions of years old -- get overgrown by vegetation, weathered by wind and rain, and modified by earthquakes and landslides. The Moon, meanwhile, is geologically quiet and has almost no weather; its craters tell a billions-year-long tale of catastrophic collisions. Interestingly, some of the oldest Earth rocks might be awaiting discovery on the Moon, having been blasted there billions of years ago by the very asteroid impacts that rattle both worlds.
41. How much surface area does Earth contain?
There are 196,950,711 square miles (510,100,000 square kilometers).
42. What is the largest lake in the world?
By size and volume it is the Caspian Sea, located between southeast Europe and west Asia.
43. Where do most earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur on Earth?
The majority occur along boundaries of the dozen or so major plates that more or less float on the surface of Earth. One of the most active plate boundaries where earthquakes and eruptions are frequent, for example, is around the massive Pacific Plate commonly referred to as the Pacific Ring of Fire. It fuels shaking and baking from Japan to Alaska to South America.
44. How hot are the planet's innards?
The temperature of Earth increases about 36 degrees Fahrenheit (20 degrees Celsius) for every kilometer (about 0.62 miles) you go down. Near the center, its thought to be at least 7,000 degrees Fahrenheit (3,870 Celsius).
45. What three countries have the greatest number of historically active
The top three countries are Indonesia, Japan, and the United States in descending order of activity.
46. How many people worldwide are at risk from volcanoes?
As of the year 2000, USGS scientists estimated that volcanoes posed a tangible risk to at least 500 million people. This is comparable to the entire population of the world at the beginning of the seventeenth century!
47. Which of the following sources stores the greatest volume of fresh water
worldwide: lakes, streams or ground water?
Groundwater comprises a 30 times greater volume than all freshwater lakes, and more than 3,000 times what's in the world's streams and rivers at any given time. Groundwater is housed in natural underground aquifers, in which the water typically runs around and through the stone and other material.
48. Which earthquake was larger, the 1906 San Francisco earthquake or the
1964 Anchorage, Alaska, temblor?
The Anchorage earthquake had a magnitude of 9.2, whereas the San Francisco earthquake was a magnitude 7.8. This difference in magnitude equates to 125 times more energy being released in the 1964 quake and accounts for why the Anchorage earthquake was felt over an area of almost 500,000 square miles (1,295,000 square kilometers).
49. Which earthquake was more destructive in terms of loss of life and relative
damage costs, the 1906 San Francisco earthquake or the 1964 Anchorage earthquake?
The 1906 San Francisco earthquake tops this category. It was responsible for 700 deaths versus 114 from the Anchorage earthquake. Property damage in San Francisco was also greater in relative terms due to the destructive fires that destroyed mostly wooden structures of the time.
50. Is Earth's core solid?
The inner portion of the core is thought to be solid. But the outer portion of the core appears molten. We've never been there though, so scientists aren't sure of the exact composition. A radical Hollywood-like idea was recently put forth to blow a crack in the planet and send a probe down there to learn more. An interesting bit of recent evidence shows Mars' core may be similarly squishy. Scientists figured this out by studying tides on Mars ( tides on Mars? ).
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Treatment of tomatoes with the essential oils of three herbs reduces salmonella contamination, and one — oregano — even enhances quality, according to a recent study.
The Journal of Food Science published a study by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and China’s Tianjin University of Science and Technology in March. An abstract is online.
“Previous papers on gaseous essential oils dealt mostly only with reduction of human pathogens, not about effects on quality,” said Xuetong Fan, research food technologist with the USDA’s Agricultural Research Service and one of the study’s three authors.
They looked separately at oregano, cinnamon bark and mustard and confirmed the pathogen-reducing properties of some herbs noted in prior research. But the oils have more commonly been applied in liquid than gas form, and most trials have been in vitro rather than on fresh produce.
It’s a potential alternative to traditional chlorine rinses for some commodities, Fan said.
“Gas has some advantages over washes because gas can diffuse into small crevices on the surface of produce where bacteria hide and chlorine can’t penetrate,” he said.
The researchers tested cherry tomatoes in jars for effects on quality over 21 days of storage, and salmonella reduction for shorter periods. They also ran in vitro tests.
“These oils may be beneficial in terms of microbial reduction, but some may have an adverse effect on the quality of fruit,” Fan said. “Mustard caused discoloration, loss of firmness and loss of lycopene and vitamin C.”
Oregano was a different story.
“The fruit was firmer after a treatment with oregano oil and had a higher vitamin C and lycopene content,” he said. “Oregano not only benefits against bacteria, it can also preserve the quality of tomato fruit.”
Cinnamon caused no damage at the tested levels.
The results seem promising but the prospect of commercial applications would depend on a much larger scale of trials outside the lab setting, Fan said. Moreover, essential oils can damage some commodities, including lettuce and spinach.
Fan's coauthors are Juan Yun and Xihong Li of Tianjin University.
Other researchers in the field are considering alternative food safety uses,including applying the oils through packaging materials or as coatings.
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But that's because the region was wetter than it had been just four years earlier, thus the bison and deer and other animals needed for the explorers to survive were more available than they would have been during a drought. Even at that, the expedition had to struggle to come up with enough food.
Food became so scarce at times that they had to eat some of their horses, and even dogs belonging to Native Americans. Their diet "alternated between periods of feasting and starvation," historian R. D. Burroughs contends.
The expedition's log notes that in September of 1805 "the men are becoming lean and debilitated, on account of the scarcity and poor quality of provisions on which we exist." Some were clearly in the early stages of starvation.
Knapp stops short of saying the expedition would have failed if it had been attempted during a drought, but he has no doubt that the weather played a key role in its success.
What would have happened if they had turned back, or encountered conditions that were hopelessly inhospitable? They might have reported back to the president that it wasn't worth it. Literally, don't go there.
And if they had starved to death because the green hills that attracted wildlife had remained brown and lifeless? Would the westward expansion have continued?
Maybe, but probably at a different pace. The Lewis and Clark journey is widely considered the most important expedition in the history of the nation, because it did help set the country on a new expansionist course.
If they had failed, perhaps the United States would have been less fierce in claiming those lands, and more of us would be speaking Spanish today.
Lewis and Clark succeeded, forever carving their names in the history books. Sometimes, you just can't beat being lucky.
Lee Dye’s column appears weekly on ABCNEWS.com. A former science writer for the Los Angeles Times, he now lives in Juneau, Alaska.
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Peter Linebaugh's overview of the historical roots of the traditional workers' day.
Once upon a time, long before Weinberger bombed north Africans, before the Bank of Boston laundered money, or Reagan honored the Nazi war dead, the earth was blanketed by a broad mantle of forests. As late as Caesar's time a person might travel through the woods for two months without gaining an unobstructed view of the sky. The immense forests of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America provided the atmosphere with oxygen and the earth with nutrients. Within the woodland ecology our ancestors did not have to work the graveyard shift, or to deal with flextime, or work from Nine to Five. Indeed, the native Americans whom Captain John Smith encountered in 1606 only worked four hours a week. The origin of May Day is to be found in the Woodland Epoch of History.
In Europe, as in Africa, people honored the woods in many ways. With the leafing of the trees in spring, people celebrated "the fructifying spirit of vegetation," to use the phrase of J.G. Frazer, the anthropologist. They did this in May, a month named after Maia, the mother of all the gods according to the ancient Greeks, giving birth even to Zeus.
The Greeks had their sacred groves, the Druids their oak worship, the Romans their games in honor of Floralia. In Scotland the herdsman formed circles and danced around fires. The Celts lit bonfires in hilltops to honor their god, Beltane. In the Tyrol people let their dogs bark and made music with pots and pans. In Scandinavia fires were lit and the witches came out.
Everywhere people "went a-Maying" by going into the woods and bringing back leaf, bough, and blossom to decorate their persons, homes, and loved ones with green garlands. Outside theater was performed with characters like "Jack-in-the-Green" and the "Queen of the May." Trees were planted. Maypoles were erected. Dances were danced. Music was played. Drinks were drunk, and love was made. Winter was over, spring had sprung.
The history of these customs is complex and affords the student of the past with many interesting insights into the history of religion, gender, reproduction, and village ecology. Take Joan of Arc who was burned in May 1431. Her inquisitors believed she was a witch. Not far from her birthplace, she told the judges, "there is a tree that they call 'The Ladies Tree' - others call it 'The Fairies Tree.' It is a beautiful tree, from which comes the Maypole. I have sometimes been to play with the young girls to make garlands for Our Lady of Domremy. Often I have heard the old folk say that the fairies haunt this tree...." In the general indictment against Joan, one of the particulars against her was dressing like a man. The paganism of Joan's heresy originated in the Old Stone Age when religion was animistic and hamans were women and men.
Monotheism arose with the Mediterranean empires. Even the most powerful Roman Empire had to make deals with its conquered and enslaved peoples (syncretism). As it destroyed some customs, it had to accept or transform others. Thus, we have Christmas Trees. May Day became a day to honor the saints, Philip and James, who were unwilling slaves to Empire. James the Less neither drank nor shaved. He spent so much time praying that he developed huge callouses on his knees, likening them to camel legs. Philip was a lazy guy. When Jesus said "Follow me" Philip tried to get out of it by saying he had to tend to his father's funeral, and it was to this excuse that the Carpenter's son made his famous reply, "Let the dead bury the dead." James was stoned to death, and Philip was crucified head downwards. Their martyrdom introduces the Red side of the story, even still the Green side is preserved because, according to the Floral Directory, the tulip is dedicated to Philip and bachelor buttons to James.
The farmers, workers, and child-bearers (laborers) of the Middle Ages had hundreds of holy days which preserved the May Green, despite the attack on peasants and witches. Despite the complexities, whether May Day was observed by sacred or profane ritual, by pagan or Christian, by magic or not, by straights or gays, by gentle or calloused hands, it was always a celebration of all that is free and life-giving in the world. That is the Green side of the story. Whatever else it was, it was not a time to work.
Therefore, it was attacked by the authorities. The repression had begun with the burning of women and it continued in the 16th century when America was "discovered," the slave trade was begun, and nation-states and capitalism were formed. In 1550 an Act of Parliament demanded that Maypoles be destroyed, and it outlawed games. In 1644 the Puritans in England abolished May Day altogether. To these work-ethicists the festival was obnoxious for paganism and worldliness. Philip Stubs, for example, in Anatomy of Abuses (1585) wrote of the Maypole, "and then fall they to banquet and feast, to leape and daunce about it, as the Heathen people did at the dedication of their Idolles." When a Puritan mentioned "heathen" we know genocide was not far away. According to the excellent slide show at the Quincy Historical Society, 90% of the Massachusetts people, including chief Chicatabat, died from chicken pox or small pox a few years after the Puritans landed in 1619. The Puritans also objected to the unrepressed sexuality of the day. Stubs said, "of fourtie, threescore, or an hundred maides going to the wood, there have scarcely the third part of them returned home again as they went."
The people resisted the repressions. Thenceforth, they called their May sports, the "Robin Hood Games." Capering about with sprigs of hawthorn in their hair and bells jangling from their knees, the ancient charaders of May were transformed into an outlaw community, Maid Marions and Little Johns. The May feast was presided over by the "Lord of Misrule," "the King of Unreason," or the "Abbot of Inobedience." Washington Irving was later to write that the feeling for May "has become chilled by habits of gain and traffic." As the gainers and traffickers sought to impose the regimen of monotonous work, the people responded to preserve their holyday. Thus began in earnest the Red side of the story of May Day. The struggle was brought to Massachusetts in 1626.
Thomas Moreton of Merry Mount
In 1625 Captain Wollaston, Thomas Morton, and thirty others sailed from England and months later, taking their bearings from a red cedar tree, they disembarked in Quincy Bay. A year later Wollaston, impatient for lucre and gain, left for good to Virginia. Thomas Morton settled in Passonaggessit which he named Merry Mount. The land seemed a "Paradise" to him. He wrote, there are "fowls in abundance, fish in multitudes, and I discovered besides, millions of turtle doves on the green boughs, which sat pecking of the full, ripe, pleasant grapes that were supported by the lusty trees, whose fruitful load did cause the arms to bend."
On May Day, 1627, he and his Indian friends, stirred by the sound of drums, erected a Maypole eighty feet high, decorated it with garlands, wrapped it in ribbons, and nailed to its top the antlers of a buck. Later he wrote that he "sett up a Maypole upon the festival day of Philip and James, and therefore brewed a barrell of excellent beare." A ganymede sang a Bacchanalian song. Morton attached to the pole the first lyric verses penned in America which concluded.
With the proclamation that the first of May
At Merry Mount shall be kept holly day
The Puritans at Plymouth were opposed to the May Day. they called the Maypole "an Idoll" and named Merry Mount "Mount Dagon" after the god of the first ocean-going imperialists, the Phoenicians. More likely, though the Puritans were the imperialist, not Morton, who worked with slaves, servants, and native Americans, person to person. Everyone was equal in his "social contract." Governor Bradford wrote, "they allso set up a Maypole, drinking and dancing aboute it many days together, inviting the Indean women for thier consorts, dancing and frisking together (like so many faires, or furies rather) and worse practise."
Merry Mount became a refuge for Indians, the discontented, gay people, runaway servants, and what the governor called "all the scume of the countrie." When the authorities reminded him that his actions violated the King's Proclamation, Morton replied that it was "no law." Miles Standish, whom Morton called "Mr. Shrimp," attacked. The Maypole was cut down. The settlement was burned. Morton's goods were confiscated, he was chained in the bilboes, and ostracized to England aboard the ship "The Gift," at a cost the Puritans complained of twelve pounds seven shillings. The rainbow coalition of Merry Mount was thus destroyed for the time being. That Merry Mount later (1636) became associated with Anne Hutchinson, the famous mid-wife, spiritualist, and feminist, surely was more than coincidental. Her brother-in-law ran the Chapel of Ease. She thought that god loved everybody, regardless of their sins. She doubted the Puritans' authority to make law. A statue of Robert Burns in Quincy near to Merry Mount, quotes the poet's lines,
A fig for those by law protected!
Liberty's a glorious feast!
Courts for cowards were erected,
Churches built to please the priest.
Thomas Morton was a thorn in the side of the Boston and Plymouth Puritans, because he had an alternate vision of Massachusetts. He was impressed by its fertility; they by its scarcity. He befriended the Indians; they shuddered at the thought. He was egalitarian; they proclaimed themselves the "Elect". He freed servants; they lived off them. He armed the Indians; they used arms against Indians. To Nathaniel Hawthorne, the destiny of American settlement was decided at Merry Mount. Casting the struggle as mirth vs. gloom, grizzly saints vs. gay sinners, green vs. iron, it was the Puritans who won, and the fate of America was determined in favor of psalm-singing, Indian-scalpers whose notion of the Maypole was a whipping post.
Parts of the past live, parts die. The red cedar that drew Morton first to Merry Mount blew down in the gale of 1898. A section of it, about eight feet of its trunk became a power fetish in 1919, placed as it was next to the President's chair of the Quincy City Council. Interested parties may now view it in the Quincy Historical Museum. Living trees, however, have since grown, despite the closure of the ship-yards.
On Both Sides of the Atlantic
In England the attacks on May Day were a necessary part of the wearisome, unending attempt to establish industrial work discipline. The attempt was led by the Puritans with their belief that toil was godly and less toil wicked. Absolute surplus value could be increased only by increasing the hours of labor and abolishing holydays. A parson wrote a piece of work propaganda called Funebria Florae, Or the Downfall of the May Games. He attacked, "ignorants, atheists, papists, drunkards, swearers, swashbucklers, maid-marians, morrice-dancers, maskers, mummers, Maypole stealers, health-drinkers, together with a rapscallion rout of fiddlers, fools fighters, gamesters, lewd-women, light-women, contemmers of magistracy, affronters of ministry, disobedients to parents, misspenders of time, and abusers of the creature, &c."
At about this time, Isaac Newton, the gravitationist and machinist of time, said work was a law of planets and apples alike. Thus work ceased to be merely the ideology of the Puritans, it became a law of the universe. In 1717 Newton purchased London's hundred foot Maypole and used it to prop up his telescope.
Chimney sweeps and dairy maids led the resistance. The sweeps dressed up as women on May Day, or put on aristocratic perriwigs. They sang songs and collected money. When the Earl of Bute in 1763 refused to pay, the opprobrium was so great that he was forced to resign. Milk maids used to go a-Maying by dressing in floral garlands, dancing and getting the dairymen to distribute their milk-yield freely. Soot and milk workers thus helped to retain the holyday right into the industrial revolution.
The ruling class used the day for its own purposes. Thus, when Parliament was forced to abolish slavery in the British dominions, it did so on May Day 1807. In 1820 the Cato Street conspirators plotted to destroy the British cabinet while it was having dinner. Irish, Jamaican, and Cockney were hanged for the attempt on May Day 1820. A conspirator wrote his wife saying "justice and liberty have taken their flight... to other distant shores." He meant America, where Boston Brahmin, Robber Baron, and Southern Plantocrat divided and ruled an arching rainbow of people.
Two bands of that rainbow came from English and Irish islands. One was Green. Robert Owen, union leader, socialist, and founder of utopian communities in America, announced the beginning of the millennium after May Day 1833. The other was Red. On May Day 1830, a founder of the Knights of Labor, the United Mine Workers of America, and the Wobblies was born in Ireland, Mary Harris Jones, a.k.a., "Mother Jones." She was a Maia of the American working class.
May Day continued to be commemorated in America, one way or another, despite the victory of the Puritans at Merry Mount. On May Day 1779 the revolutionaries of Boston confiscated the estates of "enemies of Liberty." On May Day 1808 "twenty different dancing groups of the wretched Africans" in New Orleans danced to the tunes of their own drums until sunset when the slave patrols showed themselves with their cutlasses. "The principal dancers or leaders are dressed in a variety of wild and savage fashions, always ornamented with a number of tails of the small wild beasts," observed a strolling white man.
The Red: Haymarket Centennial
The history of the modern May Day originates in the center of the North American plains, at Haymarket, in Chicago - "the city on the make" - in May 1886. The Red side of that story is more well-known than the Green, because it was bloody. But there was also a Green side to the tale, though the green was not so much that of pretty grass garlands, as it was of greenbacks, for in Chicago, it was said, the dollar is king.
Of course the prairies are green in May. Virgin soil, dark, brown, crumbling, shot with fine black sand, it was the produce of thousands of years of humus and organic decomposition. For many centuries this earth was husbanded by the native Americans of the plains. As Black Elk said theirs is "the story of all life that is holy and is good to tell, and of us two-leggeds sharing in it with the four- leggeds and the wings of the air and all green things; for these are children of one mother and their father is one Spirit." From such a green perspective, the white men appeared as pharaohs, and indeed, as Abe Lincoln put it, these prairies were the "Egypt of the West".
The land was mechanized. Relative surplus value could only be obtained by reducing the price of food. The proteins and vitamins of this fertile earth spread through the whole world. Chicago was the jugular vein. Cyrus McCormick wielded the surgeon's knife. His mechanical reapers harvested the grasses and grains. McCormick produced 1,500 reapers in 1849; by 1884 he was producing 80,000. Not that McCormick actually made reapers, members of the Molders Union Local 23 did that, and on May Day 1867 they went on strike, starting the Eight Hour Movement.
A staggering transformation was wrought. It was: "Farewell" to the hammer and sickle. "Goodby" to the cradle scythe. "So long" to Emerson's man with the hoe. These now became the artifacts of nostalgia and romance. It became "Hello" to the hobo. "Move on" to the harvest stiffs. "Line up" the proletarians. Such were the new commands of civilization.
Thousands of immigrants, many from Germany, poured into Chicago after the Civil War. Class war was advanced, technically and logistically. In 1855 the Chicago police used Gatling guns against the workers who protested the closing of the beer gardens. In the Bread Riot of 1872 the police clubbed hungry people in a tunnel under the river. In the 1877 railway strike, Federal troops fought workers at "The Battle of the Viaduct." These troops were recently seasoned from fighting the Sioux who had killed Custer. Henceforth, the defeated Sioux could only "Go to a mountain top and cry for a vision." The Pinkerton Detective Agency put visions into practice by teaching the city police how to spy and to form fighting columns for deployment in city streets. A hundred years ago during the street car strike, the police issued a shoot-to-kill order.
McCormick cut wages 15%. His profit rate was 71%. In May 1886 four molders whom McCormick locked-out was shot dead by the police. Thus, did this 'grim reaper' maintain his profits.
Nationally, May First 1886 was important because a couple of years earlier the Federation of Organized Trade and Labor Unions of the United States and Canada, "RESOLVED... that eight hours shall constitute a legal day's labor, from and after May 1, 1886.
On 4 May 1886 several thousand people gathered near Haymarket Square to hear what August Spies, a newspaperman, had to say about the shootings at the McCormick works. Albert Parsons, a typographer and labor leader spoke net. Later, at his trial, he said, "What is Socialism or Anarchism? Briefly stated it is the right of the toilers to the free and equal use of the tools of production and the right of the producers to their product." He was followed by "Good-Natured Sam" Fielden who as a child had worked in the textile factories of Lancashire, England. He was a Methodist preacher and labor organizer. He got done speaking at 10:30 PM. At that time 176 policemen charged the crowd that had dwindled to about 200. An unknown hand threw a stick of dynamite, the first time that Alfred Nobel's invention was used in class battle.
All hell broke lose, many were killed, and the rest is history.
"Make the raids first and look up the law afterwards," was the Sheriff's dictum. It was followed religiously across the country. Newspaper screamed for blood, homes were ransacked, and suspects were subjected to the "third degree." Eight men were railroaded in Chicago at a farcical trial. Four men hanged on "Black Friday," 11 November 1887.
"There will come a time when our silence will be more powerful than the voices you strangle today," said Spies before he choked.
May Day Since 1886
Lucy Parsons, widowed by Chicago's "just-us," was born in Teas. She was partly Afro-American, partly native American, and partly Hispanic. She set out to tell the world the true story "of one whose only crime was that he lived in advance of his time." She went to England and encouraged English workers to make May Day an international holiday for shortening the hours of work. Her friend, William Morris, wrote a poem called "May Day."
They are few, we are many: and yet, O our Mother,
Many years were wordless and nought was our deed,
But now the word flitteth from brother to brother:
We have furrowed the acres and scattered the seed.
Win on then unyielding, through fair and foul weather,
And pass not a day that your deed shall avail.
And in hope every spring-tide come gather together
That unto the Earth ye may tell all your tale.
Her work was not in vain. May Day, or "The Day of the Chicago Martyrs" as it is still called in Mexico "belongs to the working class and is dedicated to the revolution," as Eugene Debs put it in his May Day editorial of 1907. The A. F. of L. declared it a holiday. Sam Gompers sent an emissary to Europe to have it proclaimed an international labor day. Both the Knights of Labor and the Second International officially adopted the day. Bismarck, on the other hand, outlawed May Day. President Grover Cleveland announced that the first Monday in September would be Labor Day in America, as he tried to divide the international working class. Huge numbers were out of work, and they began marching. Under the generalship of Jacob Coey they descended on Washington D. C. on May Day 1894, the first big march on Washington. Two years later across the world Lenin wrote an important May Day pamphlet for the Russian factory workers in 1896. The Russian Revolution of 1905 began on May Day.
With the success of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution the Red side of May Day became scarlet, crimson, for ten million people were slaughtered in World War I. The end of the war brought work stoppings, general strikes, and insurrections all over the world, from Mexico to Kenya, from China to France. In Boston on May Day 1919 the young telephone workers threatened to strike, and 20,000 workers in Lawrence went on strike again for the 8-hour day. There were fierce clashes between working people and police in Cleveland as well as in other cities on May Day of that year. A lot of socialists, anarchists, bolsheviks, wobblies and other "I-Won't- Workers," ended up in jail as a result.
This didn't get them down. At "Wire City," as they called the federal pen at Fort Leavenworth, there was a grand parade and no work on May Day 1919. Pictures of Lenin and Lincoln were tied to the end of broom sticks and held afloat. There speeches and songs. The Liberator supplies us with an account of the day, but it does not tell us who won the Wobbly-Socialist horseshoe throwing contest. Nor does it tell us what happened to the soldier caught waving a red ribbon from the guards' barracks. Meanwhile, one mile underground in the copper mines of Bisbee where there are no national boundaries, Spanish-speaking Americans were singing "The International" on May Day.
In the 1920s and 1930s the day was celebrated by union organizers, the unemployed, and determined workers. In New York City the big May Day celebration was held in Union Square. In the 1930s Lucy Parsons marched in Chicago at May Day with her young friend, Studs Terkel. May Day 1946 the Arabs began a general strike in Palestine, and the Jews of the Displaced Persons Camps in Landsberg, Germany, went on hunger strike. On May Day 1947 auto workers in Paris downed tools, an insurrection in Paraguay broke out, the Mafia killed six May Day marchers in Sicily, and the Boston Parks Commissioner said that this was the first year in living memory when neither Communist nor Socialist had applied for a permit to rally on the Common.
1968 was a good year for May Day. Allen Ginsberg was made the "Lord of Misrule" in Prague before the Russians got there. In London hundreds of students lobbied Parliament against a bill to stop Third World immigration into England. In Mississippi police could not prevent 350 Black students from supporting their jailed friends. At Columbia University thousands of students petitioned against armed police on campus. In Detroit with the help of the Dodge Revolutionary Union Movement, the first wildcat strike in fifteen years took place at the Hamtramck Assembly plant (Dodge Main), against speed-up. In Cambridge, Mass., Black leaders advocated police reforms while in New York the Mayor signed a bill providing the police with the most sweeping "emergency" powers known in American history. The climax to the '68 Mai was reached in France where there was a gigantic General Strike under strange slogans such as
Parlez a vos voisins!
L'Imagination prend le pouvoir!
Dessous les paves c'est la plage!
On May Day in 1971 President Nixon couldn't sleep. He order 10,000 paratroopers and marines to Washington D.C. because he was afraid that some people calling themselves the May Day Tribe might succeed in their goal of blocking access to the Department of Justice. In the Philippines four students were shot to death protesting the dictatorship. In Boston Mayor White argued against the right of municipal workers, including the police, to withdraw their services, or stop working. In May 1980 we may see Green themes in Mozambique where the workers lamented the absence of beer, or in Germany where three hundred women witches rampaged through Hamburg. Red themes may be seen in the 30,000 Brazilian auto workers who struck, or in the 5.8 million Japanese who struck against inflation.
On May Day 1980 the Green and Red themes were combined when a former Buick auto-maker from Detroit, one "Mr. Toad," sat at a picnic table and penned the following lines,
The eight hour day is not enough;
We are thinking of more and better stuff.
So here is our prayer and here is our plan,
We want what we want and we'll take what we can.
Down with wars both small and large,
Except for the ones where we're in charge:
Those are the wars of class against class,
Where we get a chance to kick some ass..
For air to breathe and water to drink,
And no more poison from the kitchen sink.
For land that's green and life that's saved
And less and less of the earth that's paved.
No more women who are less than free,
Or men who cannot learn to see
Their power steals their humanity
And makes us all less than we can be.
For teachers who learn and students who teach
And schools that are kept beyond the reach
Of provosts and deans and chancellors and such
And Xerox and Kodak and Shell, Royal Dutch.
An end to shops that are dark and dingy,
An end to Bosses whether good or stingy,
An end to work that produces junk,
An end to junk that produces work,
And an end to all in charge - the jerks.
For all who dance and sing, loud cheers,
To the prophets of doom we send some jeers,
To our friends and lovers we give free beers,
And to all who are here, a day without fears.
So, on this first of May we all should say
That we will either make it or break it.
Or, to put this thought another way,
Let's take it easy, but let's take it.
Yet, May Day was always a troubling day in America; some wished to forget it. In 1939 Pennsylvania declared it "Americanism Day." In 1947 Congress declared it to be "Loyalty Day." Yet, these attempts to hide the meaning of the day have never succeeded. As the Wobblies say, "We Never Forget."
Like in 1958, at the urging of Charles Rhyne, proclaimed May First "Law Day/U.S.A." As a result the politicians had another opportunity for bombast about the Cold War and to tout their own virtues. Senator Javits, for instance, took a deep historical breath in May 1960 by saying American ideas were the highest "ever espoused since the dawn of civilization. Governor Rockefeller of New York got right to his point by saying that the traditional May Day "bordered on treason." As an activity for the day Senator Wiley recommended that people read Statute Books. In preaching on "Obedience to Authority" on May Day 1960, the Chaplain of the Senate believed it was the first time in the 20th century that the subject had been addressed. He reminded people of the words carved on the courthouse in Worcester, Massachusetts: "Obedience to Law is Liberty." He said God is "all law" and suggested we sing the hymn, "Make Me a Captive, Lord, and Then I shall be Free." He complained that TV shows made fun of cops and husbands. He said God had become too maternal.
Beneath the hypocrisy of such talk (at the time the Senate was rejecting the jurisdiction of the World Court), there were indications of the revolt in the kitchens. In addition to the trumpeting Cold War overtones, frightened patriarchal undertones were essential to the Law Day music. Indeed, it attempted to drown out both the Red and the Green. Those who have to face the law and order music on a daily basis, the lawyers and the orderers, also have to make their own deals.
Among the lawyers there are conservatives and liberals; they are generally ideologues. On Law Day 1964 the President of the Connecticut Bar wrote against civil rights demonstrators, "corrupt" labor unions, "juvenile delinquency," and Liz Taylor! William O. Douglas, on the other hand on Law Day 1962 warned against mimicking British imperialism and favored independence movements and the Peace Corps by saying "We need Michigan-in- Nigeria, California-in-the-Congo, Columbia-in-Iran" which has come true, at least judging by what's written on sweat shirts around the world. Neither the conservative nor the liberal, however, said it should be a holiday for the lawyers, nor did they advocate the 8- hour day for the workers of the legal apparatus. In Boston only the New England School of Law, the Law and Justice Program at UMass., and the College of Public and Community Service celebrate the Green and the Red.
Among the orderers (the police) Law Day isn't much of a holiday either. Yet, police, men and women, all over the United States owe a lot to May Day and the Boston police. It is true that more than 1,000 Boston men of blue lost their jobs owing to Calvin Coolidge's suppression of the Boston police strike of 1919. They had been busy earlier in the summer during May Day. At the same time there were lasting gains: a small pay increase ($300 a year), shorter hours (73-90 a week had been the norm), and most important, free uniforms!
Where is the Red and Green today? Is it in Mao's Red Book? or in Col. Khadafy's Green Book? Some perhaps. Leigh Hunt, the English essayist of the 19th century, wrote that May Day is "the union of the two best things in the world, the love of nature, and the love of each other." Certainly, such green union is possible, because we all can imagine it, and we know that what is real now was once only imagined. Just as certainly, that union can be realized only by red struggle, because there is no gain without pain, as the aerobiticians say, or no dreams without responsibility, no birth without labor, no green without red.
The children used to celebrate May Day. I think schools stopped encouraging them sometime around when "Law Day" was created, but I'm not sure. A correspondent from East Arlington, Mass., writes that in the late 1940s, "On any given Saturday in May, anywhere from 10-30 children would dress up in crepe paper costumes (hats, shirts, &c.); we would pick baskets of flowers and parade up and down several streets (until the flowers ran out!) The whole time we would be chanting, 'May Party, May Party, rah, rah, rah!'. A leader would be chosen, but I don't remember how. (Probably by throwing fingers out). Then, we would parade up to Spy Pond at the edge of the Center off Lake Street and have a picnic lunch." This correspondent now teaches kindergarten. "In recent years," she continues, "I have always decorated a May Pole for my kindergarten class (they do the decorations actually), and we would dance around it. It would always attract attention from the older children."
The best way to learn more is to participate in May Day activities and to talk to your neighbours. Using your library's newspaper collection, talking to school teachers, and getting people to talk about their childhood, their strikes, and their working conditions are good ways too. For those who wish to read more, here are a few suggestions.
William Adelman, HAYMARKET REVISITED (Illinois Labor History Society, 1976);
Charles Francis Adams, THREE EPISODES IN MASSACHUSETTS HISTORY (1894);
William Bradford, HISTORY OF PLYMOUTH PLANTATION 1620-1647;
Jeremy Brecher, Strike! (1972);
R. Chambers, THE BOOK OF DAYS: A MISCELLANY OF POPULAR ANTIQUITIES (1864);
Henry David, THE HISTORY OF THE HAYMARKET AFFAIR (1936);
J.G. Frazer, THE GOLDEN BOUGH: A STUDY OF COMPARATIVE RELIGION (1890);
James R. Green and Hugh Donahue, BOSTON'S WORKERS: A LABOR HISTORY (The Public Library, 1979);
Jane Hatch, THE AMERICAN BOOK OF DAYS (1976);
William Hone, THE EVERY-DAY BOOK (1824);
Thomas Morton, THE NEW ENGLISH CANAAN (1637);
Edward Thompson, THE MAKING OF THE ENGLISH WORKING CLASS (1963);
Aleander Trachtenberg, THE HISTORY OF MAY DAY (1947);
Midnight Notes, THE WORK/ENERGY CRISIS AND THE APOCALYPSE (1981).
Republished from www.midnightnotes.org
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Virtual Reality Is Addictive and Unhealthy
Interactive technologies give us a quick fix, and that's not a good thing
In my days as an engineer, I ran the microprocessor division at Intel Corp. I then became a venture capitalist, investing in companies that built semiconductors, computers, networking systems, and Internet-related services. I focused on products that helped businesses run more effectively and gave little thought to how they might affect our minds, social interactions, and governance.
That lapse now comes home to me as I see people walking down the street, eyes fixed on the screens of their mobile phones, ears plugged into their iPods, oblivious to their surroundings…to reality itself. They are not managing their tools; their tools are managing them. Tools now make the rules, and we struggle to keep up.
I’ve spent my career developing and financing the companies that supply these profoundly powerful tools. For the most part, I thought of them as harmless, and I believed my job was simply to make the tools better so that others would use them to improve the world. Only in recent years have I become aware of and concerned about their serious side effects. And so I have decided to study them and do my best to explain those effects to the world. Here’s what I’ve learned.
First, it wasn’t always this way. Our relationship with tools dates back millions of years, and anthropologists still debate whether it was the intelligence of human-apes that enabled them to create tools or the creation of tools that enabled them to become intelligent. In any case, everyone agrees that after those first tools had been created, our ancestors’ intelligence coevolved with the tools. In the process our forebears’ jaws became weaker, their digestive systems slighter, and their brains heavier. Chimpanzees, genetically close to us though they are, have bodies two to five times as strong as ours on a relative basis and brains about a quarter as big. In humans, energy that would have gone into other organs instead is used to run energy-hungry brains. And those brains, augmented by tools, more than make up for any diminishment in guts and muscle. Indeed, it’s been a great evolutionary trade‑off: There are 7 billion people but only a few hundred thousand chimpanzees.
In the distant past our tools improved slowly enough to allow our minds, our bodies, our family structures, and our political organizations to keep up. The earliest stone tools are about 2.6 million years old. As those and other tools became more refined and sophisticated, our bodies and minds changed to take advantage of their power. This adaptation was spread over more than a hundred thousand generations.
Our social structures evolved along with the tools. Some 10 000 years ago, tribes of roaming hunter-gatherers began to stay in one place to raise crops. Agriculture made cities possible, and with cities came the arts and commerce. As transportation improved and cities grew, it became important to control distant places that supplied food and raw materials. About 6000 years ago, ancient city-states such as Uruk emerged in Mesopotamia and governed the surrounding countryside. Millennia later, Athens, the largest of the Greek city-states, controlled about 2500 square kilometers and most of the Aegean Sea. So far, so good.
But with the invention of movable type in medieval times, followed by other improved ways of connecting—better ships and roads, trains, planes, automobiles, and the Internet—technology raced ahead of us. In our own time the most striking example of the acceleration of technology has been Moore’s Law, under which the density of transistors on chips has doubled every 18 months. The performance of single processors long rose in tandem with the transistor count, and even after that relationship stalled in the mid-2000s, the switch to devices using many processors kept the performance curve pointing upward.
This exponential rise in capability has greatly augmented the pooling of knowledge from different sources to achieve the creative synthesis described by the 19th‑century mathematician and philosopher Henri Poincaré: “To create consists precisely in not making useless combinations, and in making those which are useful and which are only in a small minority…. Among chosen combinations, the most fertile will often be those formed of elements drawn from domains which are far apart.”
Drawn in part from the Internet, the newly created knowledge gets deposited back on the Internet, increasing its scope and accelerating the development of technology. Burgeoning knowledge in turn drives rapid change—it advances technology, transforms business institutions, and changes how markets work and how people interact. Governments, social institutions, and our brains struggle to keep up.
Even the nature of change itself has changed. Living creatures started out evolving in one dimension defined by the physical world and another defined by the biological world. Then came humans, who added a third dimension—the artificial one engendered by tools and technology. Now, with the widespread use of the Internet, a fourth dimension has been added—that of virtual reality, or cyberspace. It is indeed appropriate to consider this last dimension as real and distinct from the tools and technologies of the past, because however fast those things may have changed, the rate of change in the virtual space is much faster. It took a lot of time to build physical infrastructure—railroads, highways, bridges, skyscrapers, and so forth. But in virtual space, entire new infrastructures can arise overnight, as Google and Facebook have proved.
I now believe that our minds, bodies, businesses, governments, and social institutions are no longer capable of coping with the rapid rate of change. And it is obvious that this change is indeed more rapid than any comparable change that came before.
Think of the many years it took Barnes & Noble to build its retail chain of U.S. bookstores. The company set up its first bookstore in 1917, and by 2010 it was operating 717 stores. It took time for the company to find the proper locations, lease them, and stock them with inventory, and still more time to build them into viable businesses. The company was limited in what it could do because only certain physical locations were suitable for retail stores. Compare that long history to the rise of Amazon.com, which started in 1994 and was operating in virtual space throughout the United States by the next year, putting a bookstore in every home that had an Internet connection.
Barnes & Noble responded with an online strategy of its own, one that now gives pride of place to sales of e-books, and the company continues to fight on; meanwhile, competitor Borders was liquidated. Both constitute sterling examples of the “creative destruction” of capitalism, as the economist Joseph Schumpeter put it. But the fact that entire business models can come and go that fast is extraordinary. It also indicates the challenges that rapid change presents to other institutions.
An example is our financial institutions, transformed in the past 20 years by radical innovations, such as the introduction of high-speed trading—in which computers trade securities with other computers—and the immensely complex new investment vehicles known as derivatives. These innovations, enabled by improvements in computing power and telecommunications, have made markets more volatile and played leading roles in the recent worldwide economic meltdown. And our regulatory framework has failed to keep up.
In 2005 about 80 percent of the shares of companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange were traded on its floor or on its proprietary digital system; today only 20 percent are traded there. Most of the other shares are traded on alternative systems that have cropped up, systems in which many of the old rules and regulations no longer apply. High-frequency traders have exploited these lightly regulated trading systems. In the United States, computer-driven algorithms now execute 60 percent of all stock trades. One result was the Flash Crash on 6 May 2010, when the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 1000 points in a matter of minutes. Although it recovered 600 points of the loss minutes later, the episode shows us just how little we understand about high finance and how vulnerable we are to its vagaries.
European stock exchanges have become vulnerable as well. The Better Alternative Trading System, for example, has taken market share away from the London Stock Exchange. Xavier Rolet, CEO of the London Stock Exchange, has tried to counter this threat by diversifying the exchange’s business. Whether this strategy can slow the decline of the London exchange is unclear.
The Internet has also made it easier to participate in the over-the-counter market in derivatives—which are essentially side bets on the value of assets. In 2000, the notional value of these OTC derivatives was US $60 trillion; by 2007 it had risen to $600 trillion. Losses on these derivatives played a major role in the 2008 financial crisis and are still causing problems today. In late 2009, a little-known company called Markit Group created the iTraxx SovX index, which made it easier to use derivatives to place bets on the possibility of a Greek default. As the cost of insuring Greek debt based on the iTraxx SovX rose, investors shunned Greek bonds, making it harder for the country to borrow. Of course, the Greek economy was in dire straits anyway, but those problems were aggravated by the new strategies of speculation that technology has made possible.
Regulatory reform has been a case of too little, too late. Basel III, an agreement concluded in 2011 by the banking supervisors of 10 major industrialized countries, is too weak. And in the United States, the 2319‑page Dodd-Frank legislation will probably prove to be too complex to achieve its goal of averting another meltdown. Ultimately, the only way to deal with financial innovation in a virtual world is through international regulatory systems based on commonly accepted principles. But as a former head of the Bank for International Settlements told me, good luck with that. The tools are making the rules.
Evidence is also beginning to pile up that our brains can’t deal effectively with virtual environments. This makes perfect sense: The challenge they pose is barely half a generation old, yet our minds have been shaped by other challenges that date back thousands of generations.
And as we take bodies and brains adapted to physical space and immerse them in virtual worlds, they are not only unable to cope, they respond in unanticipated ways. As Nora Volkow, the director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse, has observed, “the technology is rewiring our brains.”
We already know that physical stimuli can cause profound changes in the brain. Studies of combat veterans afflicted with post-traumatic stress disorder, for example, reveal that it produces a persistent and worrying increase in levels of cortisol, a hormone associated with stress. Increasingly we are seeing evidence of similar changes from the stress we experience when moving from the real to virtual worlds.
Linda Stone, formerly a developer of interactive media for Microsoft, has studied the multitasking of those of us who sit in front of computer screens for long stretches of time. She finds some of the cortisol-triggered responses seen in combat veterans, including elevations in heart rate and blood pressure. And in a 2010 paper for the National Bureau of Economic Research, Decio Coviello of HEC Montréal and his colleagues concluded that multitasking, by spreading attention among many functions, hurts overall performance. Russell A. Poldrack, a neurobiologist at the University of Texas at Austin, has similarly shown that multitasking retards learning.
Worse, though, is that our brains seem to crave the virtual world, with repeated exposure producing changes that resemble drug addiction. According to Gary Small, a professor of psychiatry at the University of California, Los Angeles, the excitement of getting an e-mail alert causes a release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that reinforces the behavior and thus drives us to crave more such stimulation. Before long, it becomes impossible for people to put down their iPhones and BlackBerries. Dopamine’s effects were shaped by natural selection: It helped to focus our attention so that we wouldn’t be eaten by tigers. These days, it is facilitating our consumption by e-mail and text messages.
Many experts believe our Internet addiction is similar to that associated with gambling. In both cases, people find it difficult to function normally, have stable family lives, or be effective at work.
It will be years before we fully understand the lasting effects of living in virtual worlds. But until we do, it is best to approach the situation with caution. The main challenge we face is to recognize that we are designed to reside in a slower-paced physical world. This is extremely difficult to accept. We want our news instantaneously. We want to be in touch with everyone at all times. Our careers depend on our being constantly available.
But we have to make a choice: We can design our lives so that we stay in control, or we can cede the control of our lives to our tools.
If we choose the former path, then we are going to have to rethink the way we regulate financial markets, and in this and many other areas, we are going to need new and stronger laws. For example, we will need to guarantee property rights in virtual space to protect our privacy. And we will need to recognize that the nature of our institutions has changed. For many of us, a single corporation—Apple—now dominates our virtual existence: Our virtual lives are bounded by MacBook Airs to the north, iPads to the south, iPhones to the west, and iPods to the east. This company has more power over me than the regulated telephone companies ever did. Should companies like Apple be regulated?
We also have decisions to make. For my part, I have decided to stay in control. I use the miraculous tools of the information age to augment my life in physical space, rather than live in the virtual space and use the physical world to supplement it.
I’m reminded of an observation made to me a while back by John M. Staudenmaier, a historian of technology who is also a Jesuit priest. He pointed out that the quickest way to end a deep and meaningful conversation was to glance at your watch. What would he say today about our ever more tempting smartphones?
I have shut off most alerts and reminders on my computer and smartphone. I check for e-mail on my own schedule, just a few times a day. At home, I have built a physical wall around the virtual world. I let myself read news on my iPad anywhere in my home, but I answer e-mails and conduct business only in my office. I heed Staudenmaier’s advice and never end important conversations by glancing at my smartphone. My iPhone is never present when I am out with my wife, listening to the challenges my kids are facing, or playing and laughing with my grandchildren.
My advice to you is to take control of your tools. I promise your life will be better if you aren’t constantly checking to see if you’ve got mail.
This article originally appeared in print as "Our Tools Are Using Us."
About the Author
William H. Davidow is a cofounder of Mohr Davidow Ventures. He has written widely about how technology influences social institutions, most recently in Overconnected: The Promise and Threat of the Internet, which came out in 2011.
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Significance and Use
This method directly determines the concentration of metal cyanide complexes in environmental waters. The method is important from an environmental regulatory perspective because it differentiates metal cyanide complexes of lesser toxicity from metal cyanide complexes of greater toxicity. Previous determinations of strong metal cyanide complexes assumed that the concentration of strong metal cyanide complexes is equivalent to the difference between the total cyanide and the free cyanide. This approach is subject to error because different methods used to determine free cyanide often provide widely varying results, thus impacting the strong metal cyanide complex concentration that is determined by difference. The direct analysis using anion exchange chromatography avoids these method biases and provides for a more accurate and precise determination of metal cyanide complexes.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the metal cyanide complexes of iron, cobalt, silver, gold, copper and nickel in waters including groundwaters, surface waters, drinking waters and wastewaters by anion exchange chromatography and UV detection. The use of alkaline sample preservation conditions (see 10.3) ensures that all metal cyanide complexes are solubilized and recovered in the analysis (1-3).
1.2 Metal cyanide complex concentrations between 0.20 to 200 mg/L may be determined by direct injection of the sample. This range will differ depending on the specific metal cyanide complex analyte, with some exhibiting greater or lesser detection sensitivity than others. Approximate concentration ranges are provided in 12.1. Concentrations greater than the specific analyte range may be determined after appropriate dilution. This test method is not applicable for matrices with high ionic strength (conductivity greater than 500 meq/L as Cl) and TDS (greater than 30 000 mg/L), such as ocean water.
1.3 Metal cyanide complex concentrations less than 0.200 mg/L may be determined by on-line sample preconcentration coupled with anion exchange chromatography as described in 11.3. This range will differ depending on the specific metal cyanide complex analyte, with some exhibiting greater or lesser detection sensitivity than others. Approximate concentration ranges are provided in 12.1. The preconcentration method is not applicable for silver and copper cyanide complexes in matrices with high TDS (greater than 1000 mg/L).
1.4 The test method may also be applied to the determination of additional metal cyanide complexes, such as those of platinum and palladium. However, it is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish the validity of the test method for the determination of cyanide complexes of metals other than those in 1.1.
1.5 The presence of metal complexes within a sample may be converted to Metal CN complexes and as such, are altered with the use of this method. This method is not applicable to samples that contain anionic complexes of metals that are weaker than cyanide complexes of those metals.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, refer to Section 9.
2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard.
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D2777 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias of Applicable Test Methods of Committee D19 on Water
D3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Closed Conduits
D3856 Guide for Management Systems in Laboratories Engaged in Analysis of Water
D5810 Guide for Spiking into Aqueous Samples
D5847 Practice for Writing Quality Control Specifications for Standard Test Methods for Water Analysis
D6696 Guide for Understanding Cyanide Species
anion exchange chromatography; cobalt cyanide; copper cyanide; cyanide; drinking water; ferricyanide; ferrocyanide; free cyanide; gold cyanide; groundwater; iron cyanide; metal cyanide complexes; nickel cyanide; silver cyanide; surface water; total cyanide; wastewater; Anion exchange; Cyanides; Drinking water; Environmental water; Free cyanide; Ground water; Metal cyanide complexes; Surface water; Total cyanide ;
ICS Number Code 13.060.50 (Examination of water for chemical substances)
ASTM International is a member of CrossRef.
Citing ASTM Standards
[Back to Top]
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Respiratory Problems, Age 11 and Younger (cont.)
Check Your Symptoms
Most children have 7 to 10 mild upper respiratory infections each year. Your child may feel uncomfortable and have a stuffy nose. The infection is usually better within a week and is usually gone within 14 days.
Home treatment is appropriate for mild symptoms and can help your child feel better.
- Keep the room temperature comfortable for you and your child. A hot, dry environment will increase nasal congestion.
- Raise the head of your baby's bed about 1 in. (2.5 cm) to 2 in. (5 cm) by placing blocks under the crib. Do not raise just the mattress because it may leave a gap for your baby to roll into. Do not raise the head of the bed if your baby is younger than 6 months.
- Prevent dehydration.
- Let your baby breast-feed more often or give your baby extra bottles. Liquids may help thin the mucus and also reduce fever (if present).
- Do not awaken your child during naps or at night to take fluids.
- Do not force your child to take fluids, which may cause your child to vomit.
- Give your child extra cuddling and distraction.
- Let your child get extra rest to fight the infection.
- Do not give your child leftover antibiotics or antibiotics or other medicines prescribed for someone else.
- Put a vaporizer or humidifier in your child's room if he or she is breathing through the mouth.
- Lukewarm mist may help your child feel more comfortable by soothing the swollen air passages. It may also help with your child's hoarseness. But do not let your child's room get uncomfortably cold or very damp.
- Use a shallow pan of water to provide moisture in the air through evaporation if you don't have a humidifier. Place the pan where no one will trip on it or fall into it.
- If your child has a stuffy nose:
- Use saline nose drops to help with nasal congestion.
- Use a rubber bulb to suction the nose sparingly. It will help reduce nasal drainage if your baby is having difficulty breast-feeding or bottle-feeding or seems to be short of breath. Babies often do not like having their noses suctioned with a rubber bulb.
- Do not give your child oral antihistamines or decongestants unless directed to do so by your child's doctor. Antihistamines and decongestants can cause your child to behave differently, making it harder to tell how sick he or she really is. Studies show that over-the-counter cough medicines do not work very well. And some of these medicines can cause problems if you use too much of them. It is important to use medicines correctly and to keep them out of the reach of children to prevent accidental use.
- If your child's doctor prescribes decongestant nose drops for your child's stuffy nose, put 1 or 2 drops in one side of the nose only.
- Use only when needed, such as before feeding or sleep.
- Alternate the side of the nose that you put the drops in.
- Don't use nose drops for longer than 3 days.
- Don't share the nose drops with other members of the family.
- If your child has a cough:
- Honey or lemon juice in hot water or tea may help a dry cough. Do not give honey to a child younger than 1 year old. It may have bacteria that are harmful to babies.
- Be careful with cough and cold medicines, including any products with menthol. They may not be safe for young children, so check the label first. If you do give these medicines to a child, always follow the directions about how much to give based on the child's age and weight. For more information, see Quick Tips: Giving Over-the-Counter Medicines to Children.
- If your child has a barking cough during the night, you can help him or her breathe better by following the home treatment for a barking cough.
Medicine you can buy without a prescription
| Try a nonprescription medicine to help treat your child's fever or pain:|
Talk to your child's doctor before switching back and forth between doses of acetaminophen and ibuprofen. When you switch between two medicines, there is a chance your child will get too much medicine.
| Be sure to follow these safety tips when you use a nonprescription medicine:|
- Carefully read and follow all labels on the medicine bottle and box.
- Give, but do not exceed, the maximum recommended doses.
- Do not give your child a medicine if he or she has had an allergic reaction to it in the past.
- Do not give aspirin to anyone younger than age 20 unless directed to do so by your child's doctor.
- Do not give naproxen (such as Aleve) to children younger than age 12 unless your child's doctor tells you to.
Symptoms to watch for during home treatment
Call your child's doctor if any of the following occur during home treatment:
- Difficulty breathing develops.
- Increased drooling develops.
- Cough gets worse or a persistent cough develops.
- Symptoms become more severe or frequent.
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It is agreed by everyone (except the nuclear industry) that nuclear power is the most expensive form of electricity – more expensive than wind energy, solar photovoltaic (PV) and more expensive that concentrated solar power (CSP) with six hours of energy storage.
The South African government has researched this during the Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) process, and come to the same conclusion. This graph, extracted from the final IRP report, clearly shows that if the 40% cost overruns (which are inevitable in nuclear power) are included, then all the other forms of power generation are cheaper to build. Note, however, that these are the construction costs per kW peak only. Calculating the cost per kWh is complex, and requires many assumptions around capital costs and repayment terms, load factor, plant life time and in the case of nuclear, decommissioning costs, long term waste management, fuel costs and insurance premiums.
The reason for the costs of renewable energy falling over time, is that as the technology and volume of sales improves for renewable technologies, the cost will fall. Every year, nuclear power looks like a more and more stupid option. This is why the nuclear industry is pushing so hard for an order to be signed now.
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Lincoln Playing the Banjo
This cartoon shows Lincoln playing the banjo. Lincoln's friend Ward Hill Lamon sang a few of Lincoln's favorite songs to him as they traveled to the troops at Antietam, and the incident was blown out of proportion to suggest Lincoln's indifference to the casualties of the Battle of Antietam.
- October, 1862 circa 5 years
- Original Format:
- download hi-res watermarked image
All Licensed images are available for download as jpeg files at 300 dpi of original size.
If your project requires an image at higher resolution, please contact us (be sure to include item number). Custom requests may require an additional charge.
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Record Number of Aquariums, Zoos, and Museums to Host Celebrations for World Oceans Day on June 8th
PROVIDENCE, R.I., June 1, 2012 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ — On June 8th communities around the globe will celebrate World Oceans Day as an opportunity to learn more about our ocean and take action to help conserve it. This year the celebration is bigger than ever with hundreds of family-friendly events at aquariums, zoos, museums, exciting online events, and strong prospects for a new youth movement to protect the ocean!
“A record number of aquariums, zoos, and museums are providing ways on World Oceans Day for their visitors to get inspired and take personal action to help our world’s ocean,” said Bill Mott, director of The Ocean Project. World Oceans Day provides an opportunity for people across the country and around the world to celebrate our ocean connections, do more for ocean conservation, and learn more about our ocean!”
World Oceans Day coordinator, Alyssa Isakower, commented, “The worldwide response has been more enthusiastic than ever. June 8th provides a chance for the world to rally for a generation of ocean advocates who go beyond raising awareness and take real action for ocean protection.”
Under the theme, “Youth: the Next Wave for Change,” many events will focus on inspiring the younger generations. Public opinion research by The Ocean Project supports this emphasis, finding that youth and young adults:
- Express more interest and concern about the health of the ocean, and the problems of pollution, overfishing and climate change
- Look to aquariums, zoos, and science centers for ways they can be part of the solution
- Have a higher belief in their own ability to make a difference
- Are recognized by their parents as better informed on ocean and environmental issues
New and exciting happenings:
- Hundreds of events planned: Already over 250 events are listed from dozens of countries, with several hundred more expected.
- Dr. Seuss teams up with World Oceans Day: More than 100 institutions are planning Dr. Seuss-themed events!
People taking action around our blue planet:
- Youth in action in Arcata, CA: Friends of the Dunes celebrates their 8th straight WOD! 1,000 students will conduct a beach cleanup and invasive plant removal and then will create an aerial art design, with a plane capturing the image.
For free images of the ocean or other related materials, please contact Alyssa Isakower, WOD Coordinator. The World Oceans Day website has downloadable logos, posters, and other graphics, a continually updated events list, and more:
The Ocean Project advances ocean conservation in partnership with informal science education centers around the world. Its global network includes over 1,500 partner aquariums, zoos, science museums, and other educational organizations that serve hundreds of millions of visitors each year. The Ocean Project is the lead entity for promoting World Oceans Day. More about The Ocean Project can be found at: www.TheOceanProject.org.
SOURCE The Ocean Project
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http://www.redorbit.com/news/business/1112546447/record_number_of_aquariums_zoos_and_museums_to_host_celebrations/
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Center for Remote Sensing
Earth & Marine Science Bldg.
Santa Cruz, CA 95064
Maps & Directions
Other UCSC Links:
©2005 UC Santa Cruz. Last reviewed
by the CRS webmaster.
FOCUS ON RESEARCH
Remote sensing of the Earth and other Planetary surfaces is a rapidly growing science that cuts across a wide range of disciplines, including volcanic, tectonic, biologic, oceanographic and environmental studies of the Earth’s surface, as well as the search for past and present life on other planetary surfaces. It involves multispectral, hyperspectral and thermal imaging, RADAR and LiDAR imaging, and the engineering development of new remote sensing tools. The close interaction between scientists and engineers at UCSC distinguishes this program from many others and leads to exciting interdisciplinary ventures not possible without such interactions.
Above Image: 3D visualization and temperature
measurement within the crater of Mt. St. Helens, Washington. Topography
from LiDAR and temperature values from MASTER thermal observations.
Flown by the Airborne Sensor Facility on October 14, 2004. Image
processed by JPL.
UCSC takes over operation of NASA Ames Airborne Sensor Facility
The University of California, Santa Cruz, has taken over the operation of NASA's Airborne Sensor Facility, a major program for observation and monitoring of Earth's environment based at NASA Ames Research Center in Moffett Field. [More]
UC Santa Cruz engineering students develop a coral reef monitoring system
Five senior engineering students at the University of California, Santa Cruz, are trying to push the limits of low-power wireless transmission to facilitate the monitoring of remote natural environments. [More]
UCSC to lead ambitious multidisciplinary research project on wireless communication networks
Researchers at the University of California, Santa Cruz, are leading a major collaborative effort to develop the technology for complex wireless communication networks that can be set up in rapidly changing environments such as battlefields and emergency situations. [More]
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Just Keep Swimming…
In Disney/Pixar’s “Finding Nemo,” Marlin and Dory are swimming through murky waters en route to Sydney Harbor. Marlin suddenly exclaims, “Wait, I have definitely seen this floating speck before. That means we’ve passed it before and that means we’re going in circles and that means we’re not going straight!” – and he is probably right.
Is it really possible that when we cannot see where we are going, we actually travel in circles? Souman et al. tested this belief through a variety of experiments. They found in all cases that when deprived of a visual stimulus, it is actually impossible to travel in a straight line.
The first set of experiments had participants travel through a wood without visual impediments (such as blindfolds). One set of subjects traveled through the woods when it was cloudy, the second set when it was sunny. All of the cloudy group walked in circles and walked in areas that they had previously been, without noticing they had crossed a previous path. In contrast, all of the subjects who could see the sun were able to maintain a course that was relatively straight and had no circles.
The experiment was also performed on blindfolded subjects in an open field.
The blue paths correspond to the subjects that walked on cloudy days. Their paths are mostly curved with many circles. The small straight areas of walking are most likely caused by the setup of the trial – participants walked for a period of time, then were unblindfolded and allowed to walk to the starting point of the next walking block. Even so, when blindfolded, lack of a visual stimulus when blindfolded always resulted in walking in curved motions or in circles. This contrasts the yellow path; this subject walked on a sunny day, and maintained a straight course for a long distance.
What causes this strange phenomenon? Could it perhaps be subtle differences in leg length that introduce a bias to walk in one direction, thus accounting for the circular motion? Nope – the circle directions were still random. Adding shoe soles to add a more than subtle difference in leg length didn’t make a difference: the participants continued to walk in random circles.
Perhaps the only explanation is that our vision is so necessary for our daily lives that our body randomizes without it. This idea is demonstrated in studies in which subjects are kept in a room with constant lighting: their biological clocks become completely randomized with no night and day inputs. More studies should be performed to truly understand the importance of the visual system. Since we rely so heavily on vision, is it natural for movements to become randomized without it? Do those who are blind from birth experience the same walking in circles phenomenon? For now, the conclusion here is that the sensory systems are complex and there is still much work to be done in understanding this strange phenomenon. So, if you ever find yourself lost in murky Australian waters, you probably should not just keep swimming, but rather, ask a friendly passing whale for directions.
Walking Straight into Circles – Current Biology
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Sociopathic personality; Sociopathy; Personality disorder – antisocial
Definition of Antisocial personality disorder
Antisocial personality disorder is a mental health condition in which a person has a long-term pattern of manipulating, exploiting, or violating the rights of others. This behavior is often criminal.
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
The causes of antisocial personality disorder are unknown. Genetic factors and child abuse are believed to contribute to the development of this condition. People with an antisocial or alcoholic parent are at increased risk. Far more men than women are affected. The condition is common in people who are in prison.
A person with antisocial personality disorder may:
Signs and tests
Like other personality disorders, antisocial personality disorder is diagnosed based on a psychological evaluation and the history and severity of symptoms. To be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder, a person must have had conduct disorder during childhood.
Antisocial personality disorder is one of the most difficult personality disorders to treat. People with this condition rarely seek treatment on their own. They may only start therapy when required to by a court.
Symptoms tend to peak during the late teenage years and early 20s. They sometimes improve on their own by a person’s 40s.
Linda Vorvick, MD, Medical Director, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, University of Washington School of Medicine; and David B. Merrill, MD, Assistant Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc. – 11/14/2010
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CSIRO use 3D mapping to explore Koonalda Cave in South Australia
- From: adelaidenow
- December 25, 2012
WORLD-FIRST 3D mapping technology is creating a new wave of cave exploration, giving researchers and the public unprecedented access to sites of global significance.
CSIRO researchers used the new 3D mapping technology to explore the Koonalda Cave in South Australia, near the western border, for the SA Museum earlier this month.
The delicate site in the Nullarbor Regional Reserve, closed to the public, was used as a flint mine by Aboriginal people between about 30,000 and 10,000 years ago.
They left strange markings, called finger flutings, in the soft limestone walls by dragging their hands along established grooves.
Archaeologist Dr Keryn Walshe from the SA Museum says she wants to work out who made the finger flutings - men, women or children - but they are so fragile they crumble at the slightest touch.
"It is really tempting; it is really hard, actually, not to touch this soft surface because it's so inviting," she said.
"It's this beautiful pure white colour, it's like snow. It looks so lovely and soft you just want to touch it to see what it's like, but you mustn't."
Now researchers can analyse the 3D model from the comfort of their laboratory in Adelaide, using computer software or physical reconstructions of the cave created using 3D printers.
"It's a fantastic research tool, the fact that we can use the models in the lab when we have really good light and good conditions to work under, whereas in the cave, because it's in complete darkness, it's really hard to do the research," Dr Walshe said.
CSIRO scientists invented the technology, called Zebedee. It is licensed to UK start-up company GeoSLAM and global distributor 3D Laser Mapping.
The Zebedee system consists of a lightweight laser scanner mounted on a simple spring mechanism.
It bobs around as the operator moves through the area under investigation, converting 2D measurements into 3D fields of view.
It's thought to be the world's first truly mobile, hand-held, rapid laser mapping system.
The project is featured in the current issue of New Scientist magazine.
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Southern California water managers have long recognized the importance of groundwater supplies as insurance against dry times, and now federal and state regulators realize it’s key to coping with climate change, officials said Friday.
Nearly 100 scientists and water industry representatives gathered at UC Riverside to explore efforts to measure groundwater levels in the face of climate change.
Experts from the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, state Department of Water Resources, Metropolitan Water District, Santa Ana Watershed Project Authority and San Bernardino Valley Municipal Water District talked about their efforts and needs.
"Climate changes in those large watersheds will affect the water supply and reliability picture in Southern California," said Kathy Kunysz, a Metropolitan program manager.
Groundwater supplies about a third of the state’s water. Models show a 25 percent to 40 percent drop in storage in the Sierra Nevada snowpack over the next four decades and a northward movement of the snowline, said Andrew Schwarz, a state engineer.
Tom Evans, a board member of Western Municipal Water District in Riverside, said the predictions are for more periods with large amounts of runoff.
"That makes the case for why storage is important. You have to capture it or it will go into the ocean," he said.
The workshop was part of the university’s quest for a multi-million dollar award from the National Science Foundation, said James Sickman, an associate professor of hydrology.
The money might fund research into water trading systems, how dust on snow accelerates melting or data collection on groundwater levels, he said.
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Click on the language to view common names.
Common Names in Arabic:
Sha´r El ´agûz
Common Names in Chinese:
Ou Qian Ma
Common Names in Danish:
Brænde-Nælde, Lidennælde, Lille Brænde-Nælde, Lille Nælde
Common Names in Dutch:
Broeinetel, Kleine Brandnetel
Common Names in English:
Burning Nettle, Annual Nettle, Dog Nettle, Dwarf Nettle, Lesser Nettle, Small Nettle, Stinging Nettle
Common Names in Finnish:
Common Names in French:
Ortie, Ortiebrûlante, Petite Ortie
Common Names in German:
Common Names in Greek:
Knidi I Kanstira
Common Names in Hungarian:
árvacsalán, Apró Csalán, Kis Csalán
Common Names in Italian:
Ortica Ardente, Ortica Minore, Ortica Piccola, Ortica Pungente, Ortica Pungentissima, Piccola Ortica
Common Names in Japanese:
Common Names in Norwegian:
Common Names in Polish:
Common Names in Portuguese:
Urtiga-Branca, Urtiga-Menor, Urtiga-Queimadeira
Common Names in Romanian:
Common Names in Russian:
Krapiva žgučaja, крапива жгучая
Common Names in Spanish:
Ortiga, Ortiga Menor, Ortiga Romana
Common Names in Swedish:
, or shrubs
, rarely trees
, very rarely climbing
, stems often fibrous
, sometimes succulent. sometimes armed
; epidermal cells
of leaves, sometimes stems, perianths mostly with prominent
; Leaves alternate or opposite, stipules present, rarely absent; leaf blade
. Inflorescences cymose
, racemose, spicate
, or cluster-capitate, usually formed from glomerules
, sometimes crowded on common enlarged cuplike or discoid
receptacle, rarely reduced into a single flower. Flowers unisexual
monoecious or dioecious), rarely bisexual
in partial flowers; actinomorphic
, very small, (1-) 4- or 5-merous, rarely perianth absent in female flowers. Calyx absent. Perianth lobes imbricate or valvate
. Male flowers: stamens as many as and opposite to perianth lobes, filaments
in bud; anthers
2-locular, opening lengthwise, rudimentary
ovary often present. Female flowers: perianth lobes free
, usually enlarged in fruit and persistent
, occasionally absent; staminodes scarious
, opposite to the perianth lobes, or absent. Ovary rudimentary in male flowers, sessile or shortly stipitate
, free or adnate
to the perianth; 1-locular, ovule solitary, erect
from the base
; style simple, or absent; stigma diverse
, capitate, penicillate-capitate (brushlike), subulate
, or peltate. Fruit usually a dry achene, sometimes a fleshy
drupe, often enclosed by the persistent perianth. Seed solitary, endosperm usually present; embryo straight; cotyledons ovate
About 47 genera and 1300 species: most numerous in wet tropical regions , extending into temperate regions ; 25 genera and 341 species (163 endemic, one introduced ) in China.
Plants in this family have numerous uses. The stem fiber of some genera and species is of high quality and used to make cloth, fishing nets , and ropes and for some industrial materials . In central and southern China,
Boehmeria nivea is widely cultivated for ramie fiber and Girardinia diversifolia subsp. triloba is widely cultivated for red huo ma fiber. Boiled young shoots of Girardinia, Laportea, and Urtica are eaten as vegetables. Some species are used in local Chinese medicine. Pellionia repens, Pilea cadierei, P. microphylla, and P. peperomioides, among other species, are widely cultivated as ornamentals in China and elsewhere. Some genera, such as Elatostema, Pellionia, and Pilea, occur frequently in shady, moist habitats of subtropical forests and become dominant elements of the forest floor vegetation. Plants of the first five genera belong to tribe Urticeae, which is usually characterized by the distinctive stinging hairs.
, with stinging
and nonstinging hairs
on same plant. Stems simple
or branched, erect
, or sprawling
. Leaves opposite; stipules present. Leaf blades
, lanceolate, ovate
, or orbiculate, margins
to serrate; cystoliths
or ± elongate
. Inflorescences axillary
, of cymes arranged in racemes
or panicles. Flowers unisexual
flowers in loose
to tight clusters
in separate inflorescences or intermixed in same inflorescence on same or different plants
; bracts narrowly triangular to lanceolate, lacking hooked
hairs. Staminate flowers
: tepals 4, distinct
, equal; stamens 4; pistillode
cuplike. Pistillate flowers: tepals 4, distinct, inner 2 equal to achene, outer 2 smaller, without hooked hairs; staminodes absent; style absent; stigma tufted
or deciduous. Achenes sessile, laterally compressed
or deltoid, loosely enclosed by inner tepals. x
= 12, 13.
Species 45: nearly worldwide.
Species Urtica urens
Herbs, annual , with taproot , 1-8 dm. Stems simple or branched, erect . Leaf blades elliptic to broadly elliptic, widest near middle , 1.8-9 × 1.2-4.5 cm, base cuneate, margins coarsely serrate, serrations often with lateral lobes , apex acute; cystoliths rounded . Inflorescences spikelike or paniculate . Flowers unisexual , staminate and pistillate in same inflorescence, subsessile to short-pedunculate. Pistillate flowers: outer tepals ovate , 0.5-0.7 mm, inner tepals broadly ovate, 0.6-0.9 × 1.2-1.4 mm. Achenes ovoid , 1.5-1.8 × 1.1-1.3 mm. 2 n = 24, 26. [source]
Flowers: Bloom Period: February, March, April, May, June, July. • Flower Color: cream, pale green, tan
Size: 6-12" tall.
Waste places, roadsides, pastures, barnyards, cultivated fields , rich woodlands; 0-700 m .
Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,936 meters (0 to 16,194 feet).
Culture: Space 6-9" apart.
Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full sun to partial shade.
- Whittaker & Margulis,1978
- Haeckel, 1866
- Cavalier-Smith, 1981
- Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998
- Vascular Plants
- Kenrick & Crane, 1997
- Brongniart, 1843
- Takhtajan, 1967
- Superorder: Urticanae () - Takhtajan Ex Reveal, 1992
- Subclass: Rosidae () - Takhtajan, 1967
- Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
- Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
- Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
- Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
- Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
Status: Accepted Name
Last scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000
Members of the genus Urtica
ZipcodeZoo has pages for 18 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:
U. angustifolia (Narrow-Leaved Nettles) · U. ballotifolia (Nettle) · U. cannabina (Hemp Nettle) · U. chamaedryoides (Heartleaf Nettle) · U. dioica (California Nettle) · U. dioica dioica (California Nettle) · U. dioica holoserica (California Nettle) · U. dioica holosericea (California Nettle) · U. dioica subsp. gracilis (California Nettle) · U. dioica subsp. holosericea (Hoary Stinging Nettle) · U. ferox (Nettle Tree) · U. galeopsifolia (Narrow-Leaved Nettle) · U. gracilenta (Mountain Nettle) · U. hyperborea (Himalayan Nettle) · U. incisa (Scrub Nettle) · U. moluccana (Hawai'i Lopleaf) · U. pilulifera (Roman Nettle) · U. urens (Burning Nettle)
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- A Flora of Berwick-upon-Tweed. By George Johnston, M.D. Edinburgh, J. Carfrae & Son; [etc., etc., ]1829-31. url p. 204.
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- A compendium of the Cybele britannica; or British plants in their geographical relations. London, Longmans, Green, Reader & Dyer, 1870. url .
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- A dictionary of American plant names / compiled by Willard N. Clute. Joliet, Ill.: W.N. Clute, 1923. url p. 165.
- A flora of California, by Willis Linn Jepson. San Francisco, Calif., Cunningham, Curtis & Welch, 1909- url p. 367, p. 368, p. 368.
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- A flora of western middle California, Berkeley, Cal., Encina Publishing Company, 1901. url .
- A general history of the dichlamydeous plants, comprising complete descriptions of the different orders; together with the characters of the genera and species, and an enumeration of the cultivated varieties. .. the scientific names accentuated, t By George Don. London, J.G. and F. Rivington [etc.]1831-38. url p. 844.
- A general system of botany, descriptive and analytical in two parts; tr. from the original by Mrs. Hooker. .. with additions, an appendix on the natural method, and a synopsis of the orders by J.D. Hooker. London, Longmans, 1876. url p. 669.
- A general system of gardening and botany. Founded upon Miller's Gardener's dictionary, and arranged according to the natural system. By George Don. London, Printed for C. J. G. and F. Rivington, 1831-38. url p. 844.
- A grammar of botany, illustrative of artificial, as well as natural, classification with an explanation of Jussieu's system. London, Longman, 1821. url p. xx.
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- A guide to the poisonous plants and weed seeds of Canada and the northern United States / by R.B. Thomson and H.B. Sifton. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1922. url p. 121, p. 13.
- A manual flora of Egypt / by Reno Muschler. With a preface by Paul Ascherson and Georg Schweinfurth. Berlin, R. Friedlaender, 1912. url p. 1245, p. 1257, p. 1264.
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- A manual of forestry. LondonBradbury, Agnew1906-25 url p. 402.
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- A manual of scientific terms, pronouncing, etymological, and explanatory, chiefly comprising terms in botany, natural history, anatomy, medicine, and veterinary science, with an appendix of specific names. Designed for the use of by Rev. James Stormonth Edinburgh, Maclachlan and Stewart, 1885 url p. 432.
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- A new London flora; or, Handbook to the botanical localities of the metropolitan districts. Compiled from the latest authorities, and from personal observations. London, Hardwick and Bogue, 1877. url p. 74.
- A preliminary catalogue of the flora of Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands. Victoria, B.C., Printed by W. H. Cullin, 1921. url p. 32.
- A sketch of Madeira: containing information for the traveller, or invalid visitor / by Edward Vernon Harcourt. London: John Murray, 1851. url p. 142.
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- The botany of the Eastern Borders: with the popular names and uses of the plants, and of the customs and beliefs which have been associated with them / by George Johnston. London: J. Van Voorst, 1853. url p. 325.
- The chemistry of wine by G.J. Mulder; edited by H. Bence Jones. London: J. Churchill, 1857. url p. 333.
- The coleoptera of the British Islands, a descriptive account of the families, genera, and species indigenous to Great Britain and Ireland, with notes as to localities, habitats, etc. London, Reeve, 1887-91. url p. 142.
- The complete grazier and farmers' and cattlebreeders' assistant. .. originally written by William Youatt. .. considerably enlarged and mainly rewritten in 1893 and 1900 by William Fream. .. London, C. Lockwood and son, 1908. url p. 857.
- The cyclopdia; or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown [etc.], 1819. url p. 660.
- The ethnobotany of Chinchero, an Andean community in southern Peru / Christine Franquemont. .. [et al.]. 24 1990 Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, c1990. url p. 105.
- The feeding of crops and stock: an introduction to the science of the nutrition of plants and animals / by A.D. Hall. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1911. url p. 165.
- The field botanist's companion: comprising a familiar account, in the four seasons, of the most common of the wild flowering plants of the British Isles / by Thomas Moore. London: L. Reeve, 1862. url p. 311.
- The flora of Berkshire; being a topographical and historical account of the flowering plants and ferns found in the county, with short biographical notices of the botanists who have contributed to Berkshire botany during the Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1897. url p. 169, p. 443.
- The flora of Dumfriesshire, including part of the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, by G.F. Scott-Elliot. Assisted by J. M'Andrew [and others] DumfriesJ. Maxwell, 1896. url p. 153.
- The flora of Dumfriesshire: including part of the stewartry of Kirkcudbright / by G.F. Scott-Elliot; assisted by J. M'Andrew. .. [et al.] Dumfries: J. Maxwell, 1896. url p. 153.
- The flora of Harrow: by J. Cosmo Melvill. Harrow, Green and Co.;1876. url p. 91.
- The flora of Oxfordshire and its contiguous counties: (comprising the flowering plants only;) arranged in easy and familiar language according to the Linnaean and natural systems; preceded by an introduction to botany / Oxford: H. Slatter, 1833. url p. 277, p. 277.
- The flora of Tennessee and a philosophy of botany: respectfully dedicated to the citizens of Tennessee / by Augustin Gattinger. Nashville: Press of Gospel Advocate Pub. Co., 1901. url p. 70.
- The flora of the parish of Halifax, by William B. Crump, & Charles Crossland. [Halifax]Halifax Scientific Society, 1904. url p. 95.
- The flora of the town of Southold, Long Island, and Gardiner's Island / New York: Torrey Botanical Club, 1914? url p. 121.
- The garden... London, 1872- url p. 59.
- The geology of New Hampshire A report comprising the results of explorations ordered by the legislature. C. H. Hitchcock, state geologist Concord, E. A. Jenks, state printer, 1874-1878 url p. 406, p. 406.
- The geology of New Hampshire. A report comprising the results of explorations ordered by the legislature. Concord, E.A. Jenks, state printer, 1874-78. url .
- The geology of New Hampshire: a report comprising the results of explorations ordered by the legislature / C. H. Hitchcock, state geologist. Concord: E. A. Jenks, state printer, 1874-1878. url p. 406.
- The history of Harting, by the Rev. H.D. Gordon. With a chapter on the geology of the district, by the late Sir Roderick Impey Murchison, and some notice of its fauna and flora, by J. Weaver. London: Printed for the authors by W. Davy, 1877. url p. 482.
- The homopathic veterinary doctor, giving the history, means of prevention, and symptoms of all diseases of the horse, ox, sheep, hog, dog, cat, poultry and birds, and the most approved methods of treatment, Chicago, Gross & Delbridge, 1890. url p. 338.
- The homopathic veterinary doctor, giving the history, means of prevention, and symptoms of all diseases of the horse, ox, sheep, hog, dog, cat, poultry and birds, and the most approved methods of treatment, Chicago, Gross & Delbridge, 1890. url .
- The island of Nantucket: what it was and what it is: being a complete index and guide to this noted resort: containing descriptions of everything on or about the island in regard to which the visitor or resident may desire Boston: C.T. Dillingham, c1882. url p. 45.
- The journal of the Horticultural Society of London. London, [England]: Published for the Society, by Longman and Co., 1846-1855. url p. 252.
- The language of flowers, or, Floral emblems of thoughts, feelings, and sentiments / by Robert Tyas; with twelve coloured groups of flowers. London; G. Routledge, 1869. url p. 146.
- The language of flowers: or, Floral emblems of thoughts, feelings, and sentiments. .. London, G. Routledge and sons, 1869. url .
- The life of John Duncan Scotch weaver and botanist: with sketches of his friends and notices of the times / by William Jolly. London: Kegan Paul, Trench and Co., 1883. url p. 494, p. 511.
- The lipids, their chemistry and biochemistry. New York, Interscience Publishers, 1951-57. url p. 905.
- The micrographic dictionary; a guide to the examination and investigation of the structure and nature of microscopic objects, by J. W. Griffith and Arthur Henfrey. London, J. Van Voorst, 1883. url p. 380, p. 940.
- The mutation theory; experiments and observations on the origin of species in the vegetable kingdom, by Hugo de Vries. .. tr. by Prof. J. B. Farmer and A. D. Darbishire. .. Chicago, Open Court Publishing Company; [etc., etc.]1909-10. url , , p. 543, p. 547.
- The natural history of Chautauqua. New York: B. W. Huebsch, 1917. url p. 54.
- The natural history of Pliny. London, H. G. Bohn, 1855-57. url p. 351, p. 402.
- The natural history of Pliny. Tr., with copious notes and illustrations, by the late John Bostock and H. T. Riley. London, H. G. Bohn, 1855-57. url p. 290, p. 351, p. 402.
- The natural history of plants, their forms, growth, reproduction, and distribution; Dublin, Blackie & son, limited, 1902. url , , .
- The natural history of plants. Translated by Marcus M. Hartog. LondonL. Reeve1871- url p. 514.
- The natural history of plants; their forms, growth, reproduction, and distribution. From the German of Anton Kerner von Marilaun, by F.W. Oliver, with the assistance of Marian Busk and Mary F. Ewart. with about 2000 original woodcut illustrations and sixteen plates in colours. London, Blackie, 1896-1897. url p. 980.
- The naturalisation of animals & plants in New Zealand, Cambridge [Eng.]University Press, 1922. url .
- The naturalised flora of South Australia / by J.M. Black. Adelaide: J.M. Black, 1909. url p. 138.
- The naturalist in Norway: or, Notes on the wild animals, birds, fishes, and plants of that country. .. / by Rev. J. Bowden. London: L. Reeve & Co., 1869. url p. 250.
- The naturalist. London: Simpkin, Marshall, 1865- url p. 21, p. 321, p. 339, p. 355, p. 368, p. 91.
- The ontogeny of insects; [papers]. London, Academic Press url p. 333, p. 336, p. 338.
- The organic constituents of plants and vegetable substances and their chemical analysis / by G.C. Wittstein; authorized translation from the German original, enlarged with numerous additions by Baron Ferd. von Mueller. Melbourne: MCarron, Bird & Co., 1878. url p. 258, p. 265, p. 83.
- The physiology of plants. a treatise upon the metabolism and sources of energy in plants, ed. by A.J. Ewart. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1900-6. url , p. 230, p. 258, p. 292.
- The physiology of plants; a treatise upon the metabolism and sources of energy in plants, Oxford, Clarendon press, 1900-06. url p. 232, p. 294.
- The plant cell, its modifications and vital processes; a manual for students. London, C. Griffin and Company, Ltd., 1910. url .
- The plants of Prince Edward Island / Ottawa: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, 1985. url p. 134.
- The principles of botany, as exemplified in the phanerogamia. Philadelphia: King & Baird, 1854. url .
- The principles of botany: as exemplified in the phanerogamia / by Harland Coultas. Philadelphia: King & Baird, printers, 1854. url p. 24.
- The principles of practical gardening. London: R. Baldwin, 1845. url p. 117, p. 343.
- The romance of plant life, interesting descriptions of the strange and curious in the plant world, by G. F. Scott Elliot. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott, 1907. url p. 190.
- The story of plant life in the British Isles; types of the common natural orders, by A.R. Horwood. London, J. & A. Churchill, 1914-15. url .
- The succession of forest trees, and Wild apples, by Henry D. Thoreau. With a biographical sketch by Ralph Waldo Emerson. Boston [etc.]Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1887. url p. 50.
- The survey of western Palestine. The fauna and flora of Palestine, by H. B. Tristram. London, The Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund, 1884. url p. 410.
- The tourist's flora: a descriptive catalogue of the flowering plants and ferns of the British Islands, France, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, and the Italian islands / London: Reeve and Benham, 1850. url p. 295.
- The transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists' Union. Leeds [etc.] url p. 163, p. 242, p. 367.
- The vegetation of the Siberian-Mongolian frontiers (the Sayansk region) [Trondhjem]K. Norske Videnskabers Selskab url , , , , .
- The weed flora of Iowa. .. Des Moines, Iowa Geological Survey, 1913. url p. 736.
- The weeds of New South Wales, pt. I- Sydney, W.A. Gullick, Gov't. printer, 1920- url , , p. 21, p. 41.
- The weeds, poison plants, and naturalized aliens of Victoria. Melbourne, J. Kemp, Government Printer1909. url .
- Topographical botany: being local and personal records towards shewing the distribution of British plants traced through the 112 counties and vice-counties of England, Wales, and Scotland. London, B. Quaritch, 1883. url .
- Torrey, J. Report on the United States and Mexican boundary survey: made under the direction of the secretary of the Interior /by William H. Emory, major First Cavalry, and United States commissioner. 2(1) 1859 Washington: C. Wendell, printer, 1857-59. url p. 202, p. 202.
- Torreya. Burlington, Vt., Torrey Botanical Club, 1901-1945. url p. 121, p. 198, p. 5.
- Tracts relative to botany, tr. from different languages. Illustrated by nine copper plates, and occasional remarks. London, Printed by Phillips and Fardon [etc.]1805. url p. 29, p. 36.
- Transactions and proceedings and report of the Royal Society of South Australia. Adelaide, Australia: The Society, 1880-1889. url p. 144.
- Transactions and proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh. [Edinburgh]: The Society, 1891-1970. url p. 121, p. 168, p. 185, p. 19, p. 227, p. 90.
- Transactions of the Botanical Society. Edinburgh: Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 1841-1891. url p. 198, p. 457, p. 493.
- Transactions of the Edinburgh Field Naturalists' and Microscopical Society. [Edinburgh]: The Club, 1891- url p. 300, p. 306, p. 91.
- Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. Topeka, Kan.: W.Y. Morgan, 1903- url p. 206.
- Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 2nd series: Botany 5 1896 London. url p. 205.
- Transactions of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. [S.l.: s.n.], 1843-1920. url p. 138.
- Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Newcastle-upon-Tyne [et al.]F. & W. Dodsworth [et al.]1865/67-1973. url p. 245.
- Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. Adelaide, Australia: The Society, 1890-1903. url p. 283, p. 5.
- Transactions of the Scottish Arboricultural Society. Edinburgh: The Society, -1887. url p. 206.
- Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society. 18 1907 Cape Town, : The Society. url p. 224.
- Transactions of the Tyneside Naturalists' Field Club. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: F. & W. Dodsworth, 1850-1864. url p. 202.
- Transactions of the. .. annual meetings of the Kansas Academy of Science. Topeka, Kan.: Kansas Pub. House, 1883-1901. url p. 104, p. 153.
- Travels in Brazil, in the years 1817-1820, : undertaken by command of His majesty the King of Bavaria by Dr. Joh.Babt. von Spix and Dr. C. F. Phil. von Martius / London, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green;1824. url p. 127.
- Vascular plants of the Sangamon River basin; annotated checklist and ecological summary [by] Almut G. Jones and David T. Bell. [Urbana], University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, College of Agriculture, url p. 70.
- Veterinary homoeopathy in its application to the horse; including a code of common suggestive symptoms, Philadelphia, Boericke & Tafel, 1896. url p. 314.
- Veterinary homopathy in its application to the horse: including a code of common suggestive symptoms / by John Sutcliffe Hurndall. Philadelphia: Boericke & Tafel, 1910. url p. 314.
- Vorlesungen ber Pflanzenphysiologie. Jena, G. Fischer, 1904. url p. 62.
- Weeds of farm land, by Winifred E. Brenchley. New York, Longmans, Green and co., 1920. url p. 143, p. 153, p. 179, p. 225, p. 238.
- Weeds of farm land. London, Longmans, 1920. url p. 143, p. 179, p. 225, p. 238.
- Weeds of the farm and garden, by L.H. Pammel. .. New York, Orange Judd, 1912. url .
- Works on forestry [by] J.C. Brown. Edinburgh, Oliver and Boyd; [etc., etc.]1883-87. url p. 188.
- Zambezia: a general description of the valley of the Zambezi River, from its delta to the River Aroangwa, with its history, agriculture, flora, fauna, and ethnography / London: J. Murray, 1910. url .
- Zoe:a biological journal. 1 1890 San Diego, Calif. [etc.]Zoe Publishing Co. url p. 125, p. 145, p. 30, p. 373.
- Zoologische Jahrbcher. Jena [Germany]: G. Fischer, 1910-1993. url p. 135, p. 34.
- Chen Chiajui & Wang Wentsai. 1995. Urticaceae. In: Wang Wentsai & Chen Chiajui, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 23(2): 1404.
- Woodland, D. W., I. J. Bassett, and C. W. Crompton. 1976. The annual species of stinging nettle (Hesperocnide and Urtica) in North America. Canad. J. Bot. 54: 374-383.
- Woodland, D. W. 1982. Biosystematics of the perennial North American taxa of Urtica. II. Taxonomy. Syst. Bot. 7: 282-290.
- Woodland, D. W., I. J. Bassett, L. Crompton, and S. Forget. 1982. Biosystematics of the perennial North American taxa of Urtica. I. Chromosome number, hybridization, and palynology. Syst. Bot. 7: 269-281.
- Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 15, 2012.
Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 18, 2007:
- Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, GEO Biodiversity Day
- Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Herbarium Willing
- Forest Research Institute, Department of Natural Forests, Herbarium
- Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
- Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
- Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
- Museum of Natural History, Wroclaw University, Museum of Natural History, Wroclaw University, Flora of the Stołowe Mts.
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plants, Field notes, Oslo
- Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
- The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Botany registration database by Danish botanists
- The Swedish Museum of Natural History
- , Herbarium of Oskarshamn
- The Swedish Museum of Natural History
- , Lund Botanical Museum
- The Swedish Museum of Natural History
- , Plants
- Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum
- UK National Biodiversity Network, Scottish Borders Biological Records Centre - SWT Scottish Borders Local Wildlife Site Survey data 1996-2000 - species information
- University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
- Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2645859
- Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-19158
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4462689
- Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:857987-1
- GRIN Nomen Number: 101585
- Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 19158
- U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: URUR
- Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 65605
- Jiarui Chen, Prof. Qi Lin, Ib Friis, C. Melanie Wilmot-Dear & Alex K. Monro "Urticaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 76. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
- "Urtica". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
- "Urtica urens". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
- Mean = 132.030 meters (433.169 feet), Standard Deviation = 248.950 based on 10,176 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
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Computed Axial Tomography
Learn More About Cancer Treatment Centers of America: Chat with Us | Email Us
Computed Axial Tomography - Also known as a CAT scan or CT scan, computed axial tomography, or computed tomography, is an x-ray procedure that uses a computer to create three-dimensional pictures of the inside of the body. By producing cross-sectional images, CAT scans can sometimes reveal items that conventional x-rays can not.
Computed axial tomography is frequently used in both cancer diagnosis and treatment to isolate the location of cancerous cells in the body.
Previous: Complete Blood Count
Back to the Cancer Glossary
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Scanning Around With Gene: The Speedball Pen
A speedball is a pen you dip in ink and use primarily for lettering. It was invented by Ross F. George, of Seattle, who also wrote and illustrated the booklet I scanned for today's column. The booklet is titled "Elementary Alphabets and Their Construction."
George's idea for a new type of pen nib grew out of frustration with his lettering efforts. He took his design to the C. Howard Hunt Pen Company in 1915 and that firm released six different Speedball nibs. Click on any image for a larger version.
The pen is named for the speed at which it allows for precision lettering, both thick and thin lines. It holds a reservoir of ink.
The C. Howard Hunt Pen Company was already a pioneer in United States pen making, so the match worked out and the Speedball became a huge success; in fact, the company is now named Speedball after the iconic product.
Ross F. George was a type designer, as well; you can find a handful of his typefaces at MyFonts.com.
A good deal of lettering success, we learn, comes when you "sit erect and do not lean into your pen." And you need your hand and wrist to make three points of contact on the desk. That's obviously my problem.
The worst grade I ever received was for penmanship, back in the days when they taught penmanship. I never learned how to hold a pen or pencil properly, just like I never learned to type properly. So I'm envious of the examples shown here.
I suppose it's never too late to learn how to letter properly, though I doubt I'll get very far—it's just too easy to fall back on the illegible handwriting I'm used to.
I know one thing for sure. If I ever do take up hand lettering, the first thing I'm going to do is buy myself a genuine Speedball pen.
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HIV/AIDS has become a common subject for the mainstream media since it possesses a tremendous impact on public opinion. The media fraternity looks into HIV AIDS for sensationalism and quite a broad area on the epidemic. This is a common concept when you are working to combat a disastrous and growing emergency like HIV/AIDS and to use every tool that is available at your disposal.
HIV/AIDS is the worst epidemic humanity has ever faced. It has spread further faster and with more catastrophic long term effects than any other diseases. Department of HIV/AIDS prevention and care possesses a health relationship with the media.
The media being radio, television and newspapers all wrap stories both pessimistic and affirmative on the issues of HIV as well as promoting prevention programmes and strategies on HIV AIDS. In the course of advertising, the department has expanded an enduring affiliation with the media and they have a radio program with a call in slot at Yarona FM and RB2 and offer interviews on various health issues.
Advocacy of HIV/AIDS scenario by and in various forms of media has become a vital part of implanting knowledge, understanding and acting as an institution of oversight, restraint and collaborative efforts. With all that need be said, the media association offers the DHAPC satisfactory media coverage and in strengthening the relationship, there is an annual media workshop held to sensitize media practitioners on developments and experiences in the prevention of HIV AIDS.
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The Underwater Landscape
Ninepin Point gets its name from a series
of large boulders, 2-3 metres in diameter, which are visible from the shore
during low tides. These form part of a large, spectacular rocky reef that extends
offshore 150 metres to the sandy seafloor at depths of 7 to 10 metres. The reef
is dissected by numerous gutters 1-2 metres deep.
Flora - the Seaweeds and Sea-grasses
The reserve contains a highly localised algal flora, including a number of species not recorded outside the region, such as the red algae Schizoseris tasmanica.
Brown kelps such as bull kelp (Durvillaea potatorum)
, strap weed (Philospora comosa)
and common kelp (Ecklonia radiata)
dominate in exposed areas, while in more sheltered waters, neptune's necklace (Hormosira banksii)
, green sea-lettuce (Ulva spp.)
and sticky weed (Sargassum spp.)
are common. The red seaweeds dominate on the reefs and Sonderopelta coriaceae
and Thamnoclonium dichotomum
are two particularly abundant species.
Fauna - Invertebrates and Fish
In the absence of light-loving seaweeds, invertebrate animal and fish communities that would normally be found below 20 metres proliferate in the shallow waters. Fish species commonly encountered in the reserve
include the blue-throated wrasse (Notolabrus tetricus)
, butterfly perch (Caesioperca lepidoptera)
, barber perch (Caesioperca razor)
, little rock whiting (Neoodax balteatus)
, toothbrush leatherjacket (Acanthaluteres vittiger)
, jackass morwong (Nemadactylus macropterus)
and southern hula fish (Trachinops caudimaculatus)
. The red-velvet fish (Gnathancanthus goetzii)
, a rare and unusual creature with venomous spines, is also known to inhabit the reef.
A vast array of invertebrates inhabit the reserve including a diversity of colourful sponges, delicate lacework bryozoans, feather-like hydroids, ascidians, anemones, octopus, squid, crabs, shrimps, sea-snails, southern rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii) and blacklip abalone (Haliotis rubra). Common urchins (Heliocidaris erythrogramma), common featherstars (Commanthus trichoptera), pencil urchins (Goniocidaris tubaria) and colourful and brightly patterned seastars, such as the firebrick star (Petricia vernicina) and biscuit star (Pentagonaster duebeni), are also abundant on the reef.
The reserve area contains potential habitat for several threatened species including the seastar Smilasterias tasmaniae, the live-bearing seastar (Patiriella vivipara), gunns screw shell (Gazameda gunnii) and spotted handfish (Brachionichthys hirsutus). The reserve also supports breeding populations of little penguins (Eudyptula minor) and contains a small forest of giant string kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) and a shark refuge area.
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"We were trying to figure out how to do it in a way that would recreate a bunch of different environments in an immersive experience and cover it all," says John Sparks, AMNH curator of ichthyology, "[to] expose people to the diversity of bioluminescence across the tree of life." Just as a variety of creatures use bioluminescence, they use it for a variety of reasons. Some use it to lure prey, or to signal potential mates. Other strategies are a bit cleverer. Sparks says some species, such as the dragonfish and hatchetfish, use "counterillumination" to hide. That is, the light they generate on their undersides is fine-tuned to match the amount of sunlight that pierces down to a particular depth, camouflaging them. The cookiecutter shark, which Sparks wasnt able to include in the exhibit, uses bioluminescence to appear smaller than it is, luring in unsuspecting life forms who think theyre going to get an easy meal and that promptly become the meal.
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Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina (Spanish: Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina); or colloquially San Andrés y Providencia is one of the departments of Colombia. It consists of two island groups about 775 km (482 mi) northwest of Colombia and 220 km (140 mi) from the coast of Nicaragua, and eight outlying banks and reefs. The largest island of the archipelago is called San Andrés (island) and its capital is San Andrés.... In 1630, Providence Island was settled by English Puritans, under the aegis of the Providence Island Company. These Puritans decided to settle this promising tropical island rather than cold, rocky New England, but the Providence Island colony did not succeed in the same way as the Massachusetts Bay Colony. They established slave-worked plantations and engaged in privateering, which led to the capture of the colony by the Spanish in 1641. In the 1640s, the Puritan-controlled Commonwealth government of England tried to regain the island, but without success. In 1670, English buccaneers led by Henry Morgan took over the islands. The buccaneers controlled the islands until 1689... In 1803, Spain assigned the islands and the province of Veraguas (western Panama and the east coast of Nicaragua) to the Viceroyalty of New Granada. The territory was administered from the province of Cartagena. On July 4, 1818, French Corsair Louis-Michel Aury, flying the Argentine flag, captured Old Providence and St. Catherine islands with the help of 400 men and 14 ships. He found the island populated by white English-speaking Protestants and their slaves. Aury and his team used the islands as his new base from which to pursue Central American independence. His efforts to also support Bolivar in his fight for Venezuelan and Colombian independence were repeatedly turned down. After the Spanish colonies became independent, the inhabitants of San Andrés, Providence and St. Catherine voluntarily adhered to the Republic of Gran Colombia in 1822, who placed them under the administration of the Magdalena Department. The United Provinces of Central America (UPCA) also claimed the islands. Gran Colombia in turn protested the UPCA's occupation of the eastern coast of Nicaragua. The UPCA broke up in 1838–1840, but Nicaragua carried on the dispute, as did Gran Colombia's successors, New Granada and Colombia. Colombia established a local administration (intendencia) in the islands in 1912. In 1928, Colombia and Nicaragua signed the Esguerra-Bárcenas Treaty, which gave control of the islands to Colombia. However, when the Sandinista government assumed power in the 1980s, Nicaragua repudiated the treaty. Nicaragua claims that the treaty was signed under United States pressure and military occupation and thus does not constitute a sovereign decision. Colombia argues that the treaty's final ratification in 1930 (when U.S. forces were already on their way out) confirms its validity. Colombia and Honduras signed a maritime boundary treaty in 1999 which implicitly accepts Colombian sovereignty over the islands. In 2001 Nicaragua filed claims with the International Court of Justice (ICJ) over the disputed maritime boundary, claiming 50,000 km² in the Caribbean, including the San Andrés and Providencia archipelagoes. Colombia responded that the ICJ has no jurisdiction over the matter, and increased its naval and police presence in the islands. Colombia also defended its claim in the ICJ. On December 13, 2007 the ICJ ruled that the islands were Colombian territory, but left the maritime border dispute unresolved. Colombia and Nicaragua will go through another trial to resolve these claims. On November 19, 2012, the International Court of Justice decided that Colombia had sovereignty over the islands. However, the Court granted Nicaragua control of the surrounding sea and seabed, which include lucrative fishing grounds and what are thought to be substantial oil deposits. The island of Providencia was hit by Hurricane Beta on October 29, 2005, inflicting minor to moderate damage.
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After years of attending seminars and reading articles you have been brow-beaten into believing client/server design has advantages over the monoliths companies typically create. Now what? How do you design a server? How do you design its interface and how do clients communicate with it?
Client/server systems are not just for databases. Client/server design has real and immediate benefits to software developers, regardless the size of your system. This paper's purpose is to demystify client/server by examining the design and technological considerations of building your own client/server systems. This paper is not theory based, but instead is the result of the development and implementation of over 20 multipurpose client/server systems.
First, it's important to realize client/server is not a new software paradigm, as much as consultants and trade magazines would like you to believe it is. It is one step on an evolutionary path to distributed computing. Understanding where it came from will explain its purpose and increase your ability to exploit it.
To see why it exists, let's tour its ancestry first: structured programming, modular design, static libraries, runtime libraries, and inter-process communications and networks.
Structured programming, thought by many to be the sole providence of PASCAL, was one of the first steps to organize programs into discrete blocks of code that flowed from one to another, eliminating what is still referred to as spaghetti code (a single noodle winding itself around an algorithm for which debugging is analogous to sucking one end of the noodle until the other is liberated, but not nearly as gourmet). To encourage structured programming, many third-generation languages like BASIC included control-of-flow statements into the language itself, making constructs like loops, ifs, and if-elses part of the language grammar. Even so, computer programs were still written as self-contained entities responsible for all their own services, basically everything between the user's monitor and the computer hardware.
It wasn't long (read: hours) that programmers discovered many of the functions required in one program were needed in many, and rather than re-code the function each time, it was easier to include the templates of the function in the source code. It made more sense to use Joe's code for calculating SINs and ARCs, because Joe's code worked, than it did to write your own.
Eventually, computer hardware manufacturers added instructions to computer chips to simplify jumping from one code segment to another and returning where you started; functions invoked this way are often called subroutines. Fortran, another computer language, includes many mathematical functions into the language itself-these are called intrinsic functions.
The whole modularization of code continued by leaving each function in its own file and letting another program link them all into the final program. This process is called linking or binding.
Static libraries are collections of functions with a similar theme, like math or screen IO, in a single file called a library. This made linking faster and easier. For developers, distributing (publishing) and controlling libraries was easier than distributing and controlling hundreds of subroutines. Unfortunately, fixing or improving a library started a chain reaction:
- fix/improve the module
- rebuild the library
- relink all programs that used the function with the new library
- re-test all programs linked with the new library
- re-distribute the new programs
Although libraries improved the process, there was still much to be desired.
Static libraries were linked with the program before the program was executed (run) by the user. Dynamic libraries, also called runtime libraries, are linked with the program immediately after (or simultaneous with) the program being executed. Now, the code in the library may be independently modified from the application as long as the interface between them remains unchanged. This means libraries can be repaired or improved without modifying or relinking (statically) the application. In fact, once they were separated from the application, major changes could be made.
Although there was still a chain reaction, it was smaller and included fewer files:
- fix/improve the module
- rebuild the library
- re-test the programs
- distribute the new library
When modules are linked together, either statically or dynamically, they share the same logical address space. The logical address space is the memory programs use to store code and data. For one module to call another, only the address of the next piece of code needs to be changed. Interprocess communications (IPCs) and Remote procedure calls (RPCs) are mechanisms that allow a program in one address space to invoke functions from another in a separate address space. Since IPCs and RPCs are messages (similar to e-mail) and messages can travel over networks, the second program doesn't even need to be on the same computer as the first-it only has to be on the same network. This is the corner-stone of client/server computing. Client/Server is the natural, evolutionary maturation of dynamic libraries.
The exciting potential of Client/Server programming is just now being realized as businesses begin to install networks. Libraries, running as processes (servers) anywhere on the network have become specialized into database, transaction, and output services, to name a few. Now, instead of simply reusing code we reuse entire processes.
Windows and OS/2 both use the filename extensions .LIB and .DLL to denote static and dynamic libraries respectively. Both also have several flavors of IPCs. The main limitation of Windows (prior to '95 and NT) is the absence of truly separate address spaces for programs (DOS limitation). This allows an errant word processor or spreadsheet to pollute the entire machine, forcing the user to reboot Windows and sometimes the whole computer. Because OS/2, 95, and NT actually uses true logical address spaces, a program's attempt to address memory it doesn't own (memory outside its logical address space) causes a trap that is handled by the operating system and the offending program is the only one terminated. The rest of the machine remains uninfected.
UNIX has several IPC mechanisms as well as protected logical address spaces for programs. It is difficult for an unprivileged program to crash the operating system. Because of these features, client/server systems are typically more reliable on OS/2, Windows NT, and UNIX, than Windows. Another advantage UNIX (and other more robust operating systems) has is its maturity. Flavors of UNIX have been around since the early '70s and have been steadily improved since.
The benefits of client/server design to end-users have been trumpeted for years. But the benefits aren't lopsided in end-users' favor. There are benefits to developers as well.
Because server routines are separated (physically) from application code, there is a reduced chance of one corrupting the other. This is not the case with static or runtime libraries. Libraries eventually share the same logical address space with the application, risking the traumas of wayward pointer manipulation. Servers, however, are insulated-running as their own process in their own address space and, quite frequently, on their own machine. In the case of machine failure, redundant servers elsewhere on the network (along with the necessary error-recovery code in the RPC library) can continue processing client requests, all transparent to end-users.
In many software projects, bugs are found at a rate proportional to their use. The more a function is used the more likely each of its logic branches will be taken. Additionally, the longer a process runs the more likely memory leaks and other wear-items are likely to be discovered. Server processes epitomize both scenarios: they are frequently used and run for a long time. Both of these features commonly yield more bugs in the development and testing phase than typical, library-only systems-saving developers grief and agony by finding bugs early before customers do.
RPCs provide as much protection to servers as they do clients. More so, in fact, if access security is implemented. Logon security is an important firewall to database, transaction, and mail servers.
Instead of porting your entire system, you can port just the client software or the server software. To get into new markets or new platforms your whole application doesn't have to move, just the part you want to move. This is where the concept of software plumbing originates.
To penetrate markets typically inaccessible to you because of incompatible hardware, it's much easier to introduce a small, self-contained, black box than it is to convert their accounting system to your technology or your software to theirs. Making the leap onto your software is now far less a financial risk (in terms of time and money) than would normally be the case.
Server software also allows aggressive software companies to develop interfaces that resemble their competitors' interfaces, but use their own back-end.
Organizations are typically less opposed to new hardware being introduced into their shops than they are to converting their database.
Once a standard interface is created, any number of client applications can be connected to it. If the developer wanted, and if the interface was designed well-enough, the interface could be published-inviting third parties to develop front-ends for your server. A thriving third party market will give your system the staying power and momentum your competitors don't have.
If you develop multiple servers with identical interfaces, (ex. ASCII-based) a single front-end application could attach to each of them providing an immediate, interactive test harness.
Easier Software Distribution
If your company distributes both client and server software to networked environments, imagine the ease of upgrading customers systems by simply loading the server onto a single machine. This isn't unlike the benefits of using runtime libraries; except runtimes must be loaded onto each machine where software that uses them will run.
Easier to Debug
Servers are incredibly easy to debug. Because they are independent from applications, they can be started under a debugger (or attached to by a debugger) without changing the client's environment.
Because of the way servers are traditionally designed, a breakpoint can be set at the entry to the server to catch all requests from all clients. This is also a great place to put logging routines.
Easier to Support
Because the server is separated from applications, support personnel don't have to be as concerned about the applications. They can focus on the server and the diagnostics available and ignore the application (until the process of elimination proves the problem is not the server's).
Because servers are typically an end-point to multiple clients, they are also the best place to collect statistical information about the system. How many clients have been on? How many are on now? What is the average response time? What's been the slowest response time? What are the clients doing now? Since you can't tune what you can't measure, servers are a great place to start measuring since it can all be collected at one spot.
Real business reasons are needed to fund new development. There are more than a few economic reasons to begin implementing client/server designs, and they are more than superficial.
Two main financial reasons to develop client/server systems follow a similar theme: first, for new systems, lowering the cost of entry-level client systems and then to preserve investments in equipment already purchased.
Desktop Workstations-By moving much of the heavier processing to servers that have the capacity to support it, client machines don't require as powerful a CPU, as much memory, the disk space, or even special hardware that is available on the server. It is also quite possible that the client machines may be dumb terminals or PC- like devices on which developers don't care to or cannot develop sophisticated software.
If there already exists a large inventory of older PCs (either yours or your client's), for the cost of a network card these boxes may benefit from the processing power/functionality of the server.
Alternatively, if they're still too cheap to invest in network cards, some software for communicating over the serial or parallel ports could do the trick. Even at the falling prices of newer hardware, some controllers may still be reluctant to give-up the old. A cost justification for developing serial communications vs. installing network cards would be prudent.
According to most publications (technical and non-technical) the number of client/server success stories is far out-numbered by client/server failures. This is not surprising considering two things: the common belief client/server applies strictly to database and GUIs, and when it does work it provides a decided advantage to the succeeding company who is not about to share their strategy with competitors. This also accounts for many consulting organization's announcements of client/server's low-acceptance and premature death. Interestingly, the second point accounts for the myth that client/server is new-companies employing it back in the '70s weren't running ads or writing articles about their designs for fear they'd lose the advantage they'd just created.
Consider a typical scenario: a company is trying to downsize by porting applications from the mainframe to "client/server." However they go about it and whatever tools they end up using (CASE or otherwise), two tasks are initiated: converting the database into a relational model and developing user-friendly front- ends for end-users. If they're assisted by an "experienced" consultant, they may even have used separate hardware architectures for the two sides-thereby implementing textbook client/server at both the hardware and software levels. Right?
When it's boiled down to that, it's easy to see why the expected benefits were rarely achieved. They basically re-created the same programs, but now they constructed them on two machines often using two operating systems and with new database technology. Even if these aren't the only reasons, they certainly contribute to potential failures.
Clearly, client/server programming is not rocket science. Reports of its sophistication and complexity have been exaggerated. Considering where client/server came from, it's easy to understand what it is and how it's used.
The next step to client/server's demystification is the realization that client-server relationships and interfaces exist all around you. The more easily you recognize these relationships in your everyday life the easier it is to recognize them in software.
- A man goes to a local diner and sits at his favorite booth. He picks up the menu and selects his lunch choice. The waiter writes-down his order and retreats to the kitchen, leaving the order with the cook. The cook prepares the meal, the waiter picks it up and delivers it to the man. After completing his meal he leaves a tip, pays the cashier, and exits the diner.
In this simple and ubiquitous example, there are multiple clients, multiple servers, and multiple interfaces. Some so obvious we overlook them:
Client Server Interface man waiter menu waiter cook order man cashier bill
It is interesting to note the waiter was both a server and a client. Below are some things to consider along with the computer/OS/network features that facilitate them:
- Does the diner host one person at a time or many? Multiprocessing operating systems (like UNIX or OS/2) allow several programs to run simultaneously. DOS attempts to simulate this behavior (with TSRs and Windows) but with less success.
- Does the waiter wait on one person or many? Using RPCs, a single program can satisfy the requests of many other programs (clients). If the waiter was dedicated to only a single client he may as well be a dynamic library. Of course, if the customer took the waiter with him to the next diner he would be a static library (static waiter?).
- Does the cook serve one waiter or many? Same as the above example.
- Does the cook prepare one meal at a time or many? If the cook can do more than one thing at a time, even if he does them sequentially, he could be called multi-tasking. Many computer programs use multi-tasking to do many things at once within the same address space.
- Must the waiter always use the same cook or whoever is ready? When a waiter is unconcerned with which cook picks-up his order, and as long as the food is prepared the same, a form of distributed processing is achieved. The kitchen is no longer only as fast as its cook, but as fast as as many cooks as can work in the kitchen. This is also known as scalability-the ability to scale-up or scale-down depending on demand.
What might a non-client server example look like?
- The man would enter the diner and bring his own raw food. He'd bring his own database utilities, date functions, text-functions, screen-functions, maybe even some application code
- He'd find his own table (there's probably only one anyway). If this is the DOS diner, his is the only table. At the Windows diner there may be more tables, but there's still only one waiter-and he can only switch tables when his current table lets him.
- He'd cook and serve his own food. After reading how the database, date, text, and screen functions work, he'd start connecting them to the application. Because he's new at this, his first attempts are unappetizing. Hopefully, his users won't get food poisoning.
- With charge-back, he'd still have to leave a tip and pay the cashier. After all, the diner did supply a table, silverware, and some appliances. What more could a programmer ask for than a terminal, editor, compiler, linker and some disk space?
Extra Credit question:
- Which diner will still be around 20 years from now?
Copyright © 1993, 1997, Isect
For more information, contact Isect.
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“…the ability to monitor one’s own and others’ feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them and to use this information to guide one’s thinking and actions (Salovey & Mayer 189).”
This definition shows that emotions can be used to guide logical thinking and goal-oriented actions. That emotions can actually enhance rationality.
Salovey and Mayer conceptualize emotional intelligence
In the article, they also present a diagram that conceptualizes emotional intelligence, showing that it has three main branches:
1) Appraisal and Expression of Emotion
2) Regulation of Emotion
3) Utilization of Emotion
Under the third main branch they list four more categories. Each of these categories encompasses one way that we can utilize our emotions. The four categories, or skills are:
1) Flexible Planning
2) Creative Thinking
3) Redirected Attention
They list several studies that show how working with emotions can enhance each of these skills. Because their paper was published in 1990, there have no doubt been several more studies since then to further illustrate this point. And we will continue to see a surge of this type of research as we as a society begin to realize our need for greater emotional intelligence in all of our endeavors.
Salovey and Mayer address the complexity emotional intelligence
“The emotionally intelligent person…attends to emotion in the path toward growth. Emotional intelligence involves self-regulation appreciative of the fact that temporarily hurt feelings or emotional restraint is often necessary in the service of a greater objective (Salovey & Mayer 201).”
Thus, negative or painful emotions are not seen as being inherently flawed or useless, but as a necessary component of personal growth. And philosophically speaking, we may only be able to feel joy and happiness to the extent that we are likewise able to feel pain and sadness.
Salovey and Mayer provide one example of how sometimes feelings need be temporarily hurt in the name of personal growth. They refer to a case where a person helps others in the long-term, which may require self sacrifice and even emotional endurance in the short-term.
In the short-term it may not be pleasant or rewarding for that person to go through the sacrifices or emotional challenges, but the end result of successfully helping another may transmute the negative aspects of the experience into positive ones, or at least transmute the experience as a whole into one of value and personal meaning.
“Thus, emotionally intelligent individuals accurately perceive their emotions and use integrated, sophisticated approaches to regulate them as they proceed toward important goals (Salovey & Mayer 201).”
Emotionally intelligent individuals realize that there is a bigger picture at work, that dwarfs the limited perspective that we all too easily confine ourselves by.
Emotional intelligence means utilizing all emotions intelligently
Nearly twenty years ago, Salovey and Mayer touched on a most important aspect of emotional intelligence: utilizing all emotions, even the painful ones, to realize a greater goal.
According to this perspective where all emotions can be useful and instrumental in personal development and self growth, we need to adopt a mindset of working with, rather than against our emotions.
Those of us who do adopt this mindset may find it awkward, or even lonesome at first, pulling against the mainstream of thinking, where emotions are still viewed as “disorganized interruptions of mental activity, so potentially disruptive that they must be controlled (Salovey & Mayer 185).”
But together, we can learn how to befriend, rather than ostracize our emotional self, no matter how seemingly irrational-at-times that emotional self and all of its emotional baggage may be. And besides, emotions are only irrational to the extent that their underlying belief systems and assumptive networks reflect illogical thought. Sorting through all that baggage is a way to take inventory of all the cognitive processes that are driving our behaviors, and whether or not they are in our best interests.
Emotional intelligence means embarking on the path of self-actualizing
Another most important aspect of the Salovey and Mayer article is that they ask an important question about what emotional intelligence entails:
“People who have developed skills related to emotional intelligence understand and express their own emotions, recognize emotions in others, regulate affect, and use moods and emotions to motivate adaptive behaviors. Is this just another definition of a healthy, self-actualized individual?” (Salovey & Mayer 200)
The beauty of working with our emotions is that we naturally reap the benefits of getting to know ourselves more intimately. When we have a clearer sense of who we are and who we are becoming, we can make wiser choices in life by strengthening our response ability to everything that happens “to” us.
Self discovery is a lifelong process, and it can serve us for our entire lives. Self discovery is the basis for self care, and self care is the foundation for long lasting satisfaction and happiness in life, which are intricately linked to mental, emotional, and physical health.
Want to learn more about how to cultivate emotional intelligence? Sign up for the free e-class, Your Life is Your Construct.
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A report this week in the journal Reproductive Health describes what researchers call “a strong association” between the teenage birth rate of a particular state and its “level of religiosity.”
The correlation is not what you might expect. The more religious the state, the higher the rates of teen pregnancy.
Joseph Strayhorn, an adjunct faculty member with Drexel University and the University of Pittsburgh, and Jillian Strayhorn reached their conclusions by analyzing data from the Pew Forum’s US Religious Landscapes Survey and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The first asks respondents to agree or disagree with such statements as ‘There is only one way to interpret the teachings of my religion’ or ‘Scripture should be taken literally, word for word’. The second tracks the rate of teen pregnancy in every state from year to year.
How to explain the disconnect? It could be that more religious teens are having sex than less religious teens, hence more of them become pregnant. It could also be that the percentage of teens who become pregnant in each state is similar, but the percentage who terminate in the less religious states is higher, leading to more reported pregnancies and births (although the authors did take some steps to adjust for that.) Or it could be, Strayhorn suggests, “that religious communities in the US are more successful in discouraging the use of contraception among their teenagers than they are in discouraging sexual intercourse itself”.
What do you think?
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Thursday, November 08, 2012
Recognizing Your Biases
In Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court held that segregation in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause. Brown was a major blow to the separate but equal regime ratified by the Supreme Court’s decision in Plessy v. Ferguson. Brown is (rightfully) one of the most important constitutional cases ever decided, but it is still contested to this day whether Brown is consistent with the original understanding of the Fourteenth Amendment. Nonetheless, any legitimate theory of constitutional interpretation has to justify Brown, or it will not be taken seriously.
This is true for many of the decisions that we often view as "progressive" or that significantly changed the way in which society operates. In the years after Brown, various minorities groups turned to
the Court to effectuate broad changes in society. Civil rights, women’s rights, fairness in the
criminal justice system – the Warren Court, in particular, remade the landscape of America in a series of decisions in the 1950s and 1960s. As an African-American and a woman, I am especially proud of what they accomplished, but for constitutional law theorists, it is often difficult to justify many of these decisions as consistent with the "original" understanding of the Constitution or the Court's decision to intervene as consistent with the constitutional text and structure. Some scholars have been successful (in my view), but we still argue over these issues in the legal scholarship.
Despite my pride in certain Warren Court decisions, I have to be honest and admit that when I teach cases like Plessy v. Ferguson or the Civil Rights Cases or Parents Involved or Washington v. Davis, I question whether it is wise to give courts the ability to "remake" the landscape of America. Talk about outcome oriented expedient, right? Not surprisingly, like most people (though they won’t admit it), I only like the Court to intervene when it furthers something I believe in. But I find this view to be problematic for a legal scholar, and as a result, I go to great lengths when I am writing to try to neutralize this bias.
Indeed, my scholarship is my attempt to overcome this weakness and be as intellectual honest as I can. Sometimes, the result is that I make "liberal" and "conservative" arguments, but at the end of the day, it is my honest assessment of what I think the constitutional text and structure require rather than advocating for judicial intervention to achieve my desired outcome. Plessy and cases like it make me realize that the Court does not always get it right, and sometimes, because of the limitations of its power, cannot get it “right” (see Giles v. Harris as a particularly egregious example). The problem for me and my particular bias is that, if one is intellectually honest, you have to take the good with the bad. Take the Plessy with the Brown, so to speak. This does not mean that I have to believe Plessy was decided correctly; rather, in advocating for judicial intervention, one has to recognize that sometimes you might get a Plessy. Other times, you might get a Brown but you have to believe that judicial intervention is justified in both instances (Lochner and Roe is another tough one).
But the risk of a Plessy makes me wonder why we, as a society, are comfortable with the idea of the Supreme Court as being the change agent and in the process, promoting judicial intervention in lieu of the political process. I am always taken back by how pro-Court my students are. After teaching constitutional law for almost four years, it is not immediately obvious to me that this is right - that the Court, rather than the political process, should be the one to effectuate change. And that is why, in my scholarship, I focus on the constitutional text and the structure so I won’t have to decide if this is right (because I fear that my answer might be “yes, it is right if I like the outcome”). I recognize that the text and structure will only get us so far in deciding tough questions, but I leave it to others braver than I to formulate theories of constitutional interpretation to fill in the gaps.
Posted by Franita Tolson on November 8, 2012 at 12:52 PM | Permalink
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Justice Souter in his Harvard speech had a realistic take of Plessy being a not overly egregious ruling in respect to the times. By now, we accept the courts to have a role in public policy matters up to a point, and it is a fact of life. It is best more of a "nudge" with certain moments when it is more. I respect your attempt at neutrality. As to Lochner, note even Justice Harlan -- who wrote or joined some "Lochner-like" opinions such as to yellow dog contracts -- dissented. There is a reason why it is seen as a symbolic bridge too far.
Posted by: Joe | Nov 8, 2012 3:35:17 PM
"[I]f one is intellectually honest, you have to take the good with the bad." This sums up my approach to my own scholarship ... and the conflicting feelings that I experience when my intellectual honesty butts up against my lived experience. Thank you for your thoughtful post, Franita.
Posted by: Nadia N. Sawicki | Nov 8, 2012 7:16:27 PM
Bias is various forms is with all of us. Bias is not evil most of the time. Hans Georg Gadamer's "Truth and Method" impressed me very much, especially with discussion of the Hermeneutical Circle that some, perhaps many, of us use in the process of decision making. The Hermeneutical approach to interpretation/construction of ancient texts can be applied to our not so ancient Constitution.
I recently read and was impressed with Stephen M. Griffin's "Book Review Colloquy: How Do We Redeem the Time?" reviewing Jack Balkin's two recent (2011) books "Constitutional Redemption: Political Faith In An Unjust World" and "Living Originalism." It is available at SSRN:
The Holy Grail of Constitutional Interpretation/Construction remains to be discovered, assuming it exists. In the meantime, I take comfort in the "Horseshoes Theory": close enough counts, as least for the time being. But the word "Justice" serves as conscience.
Posted by: Shag from Brookline | Nov 9, 2012 7:35:02 AM
Talking about bias, I just skimmed "The Oath," the recent book on the Supreme Court and the chapter on Sotomayor's nomination comes to mind. In effect, it suggests Sotomayor's infamous "wise Latina" speech addressed the reality that everyone has some sort of "bias" though it not a comfortable thing to accept (the critics had their own biases all the same). Humans have biases, they are 'partial,' though they are cabined in various ways, including when interpreting law. It also helps to have multimember courts (or academies) where things hopefully balance out some.
Posted by: Joe | Nov 9, 2012 9:55:28 AM
I agree with you Franita. The problem is that the legislature has passed laws that are biased and invidiously discriminatory on their face.
Would you support a Constitutional Amendment that strictly prohibited the mention of sex, age, race, national origin, marital status, breeding status, etc., in any law of the land?
As it is, our laws are rife with sex preferences that generally favor women. With age preferences that deny the vote or choice of sex partner to minors. With marital- and family-status preferences that severely punish folks for being non-married or non-breeders. With funding rules for national parks and forests that Amerikans of color don't visit and for public schools that can't begin to educate them.
If the country were run by Walmart, apart from equal access to great products, low prices and full employment, we'd have a place where gays and straights, marrieds and singles, Blacks and Whites, breeders and non-breeders, young and old, citizens and non-citizens, atheists and Romanists, would be treated equally once inside the door.
Posted by: Jimbino | Nov 9, 2012 1:10:06 PM
The comments to this entry are closed.
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“Climatologists are pessimistic that political leaders will take any positive action to compensate for the climatic change, or even to allay its effects.”
With the meeting going on in Copenhagen, one might think that the headline above was from current media. But, it’s not. It’s actually a quote from an article in Newsweek from April 28, 1975. The topic was climate change but at that time, the concern was global cooling. The concern then was from aerosols being emitted by humans, as this article partly explains. In 1974, articles began appearing, like this one in the New York Times, that say that climate change could threaten global food production. Another New York Times article from May 21, 1975 says that the scientific community was concerned about climate change. It says that many thought that the earth was getting colder and we were heading toward another ice age. But, in an interesting side note, it also mentioned that some scientists felt like man made pollution would hold off another ice age. It then goes on to say that just about everyone agrees that global cooling was inevitable and even cited cooling northern hemispheric temperatures since 1950 that had shortened Britain’s growing season.
“There seem little doubt that the present period of unusual warmth will eventually give way to a time of colder climate, but there is no consensus with regard to either the magnitude or rapidity of the transition.”
Again, some might think that is a quote from a recent global warming study that would seem to fit some folk’s world view. But, it’s not. This quote if from a January 19, 1975 article in the New York Times. The Times is quoting a National Academy of Sciences report. Now, people may jump on the parts of the article that state that says there is the potential for an abrupt end to the warmth of the interglacial period. But, instead, I would focus attention on another quote from the article which says: “A far greater understanding of these changes is required than we now possess.” While the article talks about the prospects of possible increasing global temperatures due to man’s activities, it also says that northern hemisphere temperatures rose steadily from the 1880′s to the 1940′s but then fell consistently from the 1940′s to the mid 1970′s. Huh? We’ve been led to believe that temperatures have been steadily increasing all through the 20th century.
The Copenhagen talks have come and gone and nothing much happened. We are in the middle of a global recession and all of the remedies proposed seem to have one thing in common: Money. There is the cost of taxes designed to discourage fossil fuel use and encourage the development of “green” technology. There is some sort of “cap and trade” effort which doesn’t seem to stop carbon emissions but instead shifts money around in a shell game. And then there was the proposal that rich nations give hundreds of billions of dollars to poor countries. Some say these proposals are nothing more than a transfer or wealth and no one can tell me who gets the tax money and what it is to be used for. Also, what assurances are there that the poorer countries that get the money from the rich ones will actually use the funding for what it was intended? Ask yourself if you believe a third world government that is given hundreds of billions of dollars will do what they are supposed to do with all that money.
All of this is, of course, framed in the current “climategate” scandal in which thousands of emails from a leading climate institute came to light in which the scientists involved appear to be acknowledging cooking the books to make data fit their hypothesis. Now, apparently Russian scientists confirm that UK scientists manipulated climate data to fit their opinions. Some people say that all of this new evidence proves that the whole Global Warming scare is all wrong. But, that is not necessarily true. Peter Gwynne, who authored the famous Global Cooling article in the April 28 1975 Newsweek issue says that his story was not wrong in the journalistic sense. He reported accuratetly what was being reported. What the difference is that scientists in the 1970′s were looking at the situation with an open mind. They suspected that man’s activities were altering the climate but were unsure of just how it was happening. They let the facts lead them to reach conclusions. NASA explains that they use the term Climate Change instead of Global Warming because the latter term is suggestive of a terminal conclusion instead of merely an alteration of the climate.
Have global temperatures risen? Yes. Has the Arctic Ice Cap receded? Yes over 20 years but over the past two years, there has been modest ice growth at the North Pole, but most news articles use verbiage to try and obfuscate that fact. That is the word…obfuscation instead it should be transparency. The world should take the view of the scientists in the 1970′s that more understanding was required. The truth is, we just don’t know for sure what is going on. We have no idea if the proposals at the Copenhagen Summit would change the environment one bit. We have no idea what the truth is regarding anthropogenic global warming because so many politicians, political world bodies, people who have a monetary stake in the process and countries who stand to gain politically have gotten involved. Everyone should step aside. Former Vice-Presidents should leave their private jets in the hanger and let the grown ups do their work. The UN should look at the question of whether or not, if anthropogenic global warming is a certainty, if there is anything that can or should be done. Thomas Friedman raised the question in one of his books if they money used to try and re-alter the earth’s climate could not be better used to fight disease, hunger and poverty.
Global Cooling? Yeah…everyone just chill out and allow for a transparent, academic process to move forth that leads to a rational, precise conclusion. The politicians can remain spectators. The thing that gets overlooked in the January 1975 New York Times article is the subheadline: “Scientists Warn Predictions Must Be Made Precise to Avoid Catastrophe.” That holds true today and those at Copenhagen should paste that sub-headline to their foreheads. So, those who act like facists and call anyone who even raises a question a “global warming denier” and attacks them with closed ears and no answers, pipe down. For those who run around saying that global warming is a “hoax” recognize that while some methodology may be corrupt, the conclusion may in fact have veracity and the fears well founded. At the same time, everyone should realize that developing alternative forms of energy is a good thing. Any time you can create energy in a cleaner, more efficient manner it is nothing but positive provided it can be economically feasible. If the United States had renewable, home grown energy independence, that would not only potentially be a long term economic benefit, but must certainly an addition to national security.
Weather Bottom Line: As for the big snow storm…its not going to be a big snow storm for Louisville. First off, the ground is not cold enough. The models are still in great disagreement regarding rain or snow though it will in all liklihood start as rain before turning to snow on Saturday. The GFS keeps on claiming over 2 inches but much of that falls when the layers just above the surface are above freezing. The NAM continues to have more rain than snow. It’s really tough. Remember, the difference between one and two inches of snow would be .10″ of liquid .20″ of liquid. That’s not much wiggle room. Guess here is that we have rain that washes away the brine solution put on the roads (thus wasting taxpayer money again) and that we get about an inch or so on grassy areas.
This whole pattern is typical of an El Nino year with a low coming out of the Gulf of Mexico and moving up into the Lower 48. This can be a good pattern for Ohio Vally Snow if a low moves northeast out of SE Texas. In this case though, it’s a low moving through the base of the trof along the Central Gulf Coast and moving up through Georgia and then exploding off the East Coast as it moves north. The Appalacian mountains may get as much as two feet of snow. I know that Apple Hill Farm the llamas and Alpacas are prepared, and Knox will love it…but Chi Chi will no doubt cower in fear. As the low deepens while moving up the coast the cold front that moves through here on Saturday will catch up and there will be plenty of cold air in the Northeast Corridor to allow for the moisture tossed ashore by the low to create quite a snow storm.
Now, its tough for moisture to come all the way from the Atlantic, across the mountains and to the Ohio Valley in much amounts. But, there is expected to be about a half a foot in eastern Kentucky. The next system that comes out of the Gulf for Christmas Eve has more promise, but its also possible that we get rain and maybe freezing rain. Could be a mess…could be a White Christmas or could be just wet. We’ll see. Needless to say, it will not be getting warm anytime soon.
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A multifunctional approach of integrating agriculture and forestry will be far more effective in reducing greenhouse gas emission and increasing food production than the practice of instensifying agriculture and sparing forests, reports Malawi’s The Nation this week.
The article quotes World Agroforestry Centre’s Peter Minang at a side-event for the UNFCCC conference in Bonn, Germany earlier this month. It points out that evidence from benchmark sites across the tropics is proving that an integrated, multifunctional approach that allows for land-use sharing in agriculture, forests and other functions can achieve good results in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and raising food production levels.
This approach provides more realistic solutions than the popular view on sparing land for forests through agricultural intensification. Agroforestry enriches the soil, provides the right conditions for high-qulairty food production, and trees act as carbon stocks helping top mitigate climate change.
“Relying on the sparing theory without active forest protection may even cause further deforestation,” said Dr Minang, Coordinator of the Centre’s Alternatives to Slash Burn programme. “In an open economy, demand is not constant and farmers will clear more land to meet increased demand for food products and to make greater profit.”
Read the full The Nation article here.Tweet
Spenden für die Agroforst Bürgerstiftung
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Researchers are finding more and more evidence that children's psychological well-being is associated, in part, with what they eat. However, this research topic is still relatively new and unchartered.
Here's a summary of the links that scientists are finding between nutrition and kids' mental health.
Like the rest of the body, the brain needs nutrients in order to function properly. If the body doesn't get enough food, the brain doesn't get enough nutrients.
Multiple studies have shown that malnourishment causes psychological disturbances in children. Researchers have found, for example, that hungry children were more likely to have emotional and behavioral problems; were more likely to be apathetic, disinterested, irritable or hyperactive; have lower self-esteem or poorer social skills than their peers. Hungry teens were more likely to have difficulty getting along with other children and not have friends.
Too Much of a Bad Thing
Eating foods high in "bad" carbohydrates-those found in refined white grains and sugar-can contribute to depression, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and aggressive behavior, according to Healthy Mind Concepts. A recent study by Telethon Institute for Child Health found an association between higher levels of teens' behavior and emotional problems with a diet high in white bread and unrefined cereals as well as take-out foods, red meat, sugar and soft drinks. Compounding the problem is that people frequently crave and overeat "bad carbs" because the sugar high from these foods makes them feel temporarily better.
Some Mayo Clinic studies also suggest that certain food colorings and preservatives may cause or worsen hyperactive behavior in some children.
Getting Enough of the Good Things
Studies reported by the Mental Health Foundation (of the United Kingdom) linked attention deficit disorder (ADHD), depression, and schizophrenia to junk food and the absence of essential fats, vitamins and minerals in industrialized diets. For example, researchers found a significant improvement in the behavior of children with ADHD who received a mix of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.
The following foods may help reduce symptoms of certain psychological disorders:
Whole grains, peppers, cabbage, broccoli, spinach, peas, Brussels sprouts, calf liver, poultry, lamb, tuna, salmon, halibut, cod, cottage cheese, yogurt, bananas, strawberries, Kiwi fruit, eggs, nuts and seeds.
See the Mental Health Foundation's website for the entire list and for more information about nutrition and mental health.
Additional Sources: Department of Health and Social Services, Food and Research Action Center.
"Minding" What Your Kid Eats
How nutrition affects your child's mental health.
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What is in this article?:
- Blow Your Cover | Homemade Seeder Gives Cover Crops a Head Start
- Agronomic benefits
Beyond the engineering marvels of this machine, it offers the solid agronomic benefits of earlier cover-crop establishment.
“The challenge in corn and soybeans is establishing cover crops before frost, especially the legumes,” says David Wilson, King’s Agriseeds agronomist. “You want to establish cover crop earlier in the growing season when the crop is still metabolizing nitrogen,” Wilson says. “Otherwise, by the time corn hits black-layer stage, that’s not happening, and the mineralized soil nitrates leach below the root zone where it’s wasted.
“If we wait to seed cover crops until corn is harvested, the only option that late in the fall is annual winter rye for cold soil temperatures. This type of seeder should fit better with crops’ nutrient cycling.
“Previous generations knew this. Some of them
seeded medium red-clover cover crops by hand from horseback among midseason corn,” Wilson says.
To see a video and more information on this Skyboy, see http://tinyurl.com/CSDcover.
Late November 2010
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Beagles are known as good hunters. So why not send them in search of deadly bacteria?
That’s what Dutch doctors are hoping to do by training the dogs’ famously sensitive sense of smell to sniff out deadly pathogens that plague hospitals and put patients at risk.
Doctors spent two months training a 2-year-old beagle named Cliff to learn to lie down or sit whenever he smelled the presence of Clostridium difficile, stubborn bacteria that cause severe, hard-to-treat diarrhea and sometimes life-threatening colitis. Cases of C. difficile have reached historical highs in recent years, claiming 14,000 lives in the U.S. each year, primarily in hospital or long-term care settings. Reporting in the BMJ, the researchers say the hound accurately detected C. difficile in nearly all of 50 stool samples and accurately did not respond to another 50 samples that were negative for the bacteria.
That success justified testing Cliff’s sense of smell around patients in a hospital, and indeed he correctly identified 25 of 30 people who were sick with the infection and also identified 265 of 270 people who were not sick — a remarkable rate of accuracy for a diagnostic tool that’s almost instantaneous and completely noninvasive. It’s also encouraging since Cliff was trained to detect even the slightest presence of C. difficile, wafting in the air from a wooden stick, piece of fabric or plastic vial carrying the bacteria.
“It would be very interesting to see whether you can use a dog like Cliff to actually reduce C. difficile incidence,” says lead study author Dr. Marije Bomers in an e-mail to TIME. Bomers, an internal-medicine doctor at the VU University Medical Center in Amsterdam, says that dogs could potentially conduct a “pet scan” of hospitals or health-care facilities where C. difficile is a particular problem. Early detection, she hopes, could lead to stricter hygiene and containment strategies that could ultimately lead to reduced transmission. “The idea holds great potential,” Bomers says, “but more research has to be done first to see whether this concept actually works.”
There’s good precedent for exploiting canines’ refined sense of smell: dogs routinely sniff out explosives and other chemicals used to make bombs, and they have even been tested as a potential cancer screener, to pick out the scent of lung and colon tumors in patients’ breath.
Needless to say, Cliff isn’t the only option for sussing out C. difficile. Assays that detect the bacteria are pretty reliable but require culturing cells that nurture the pathogen, which can take one to two days. By that time, patients may have passed on the infection to others. And while newer and quicker enzymes tests can also pick out the bug, those screens are more expensive and require specialized equipment that not many hospitals or public-health facilities would have.
The recent rise in C. difficile infections is concerning because most occur among frail and immune-suppressed patients who are receiving care in close quarters, such as hospital wards or nursing homes, where infections can spread quickly. Most have received antibiotics, which may make them more susceptible to C. difficile since the drugs can also kill off some of the healthy bacteria that reside in a person’s gut, allowing C. difficile to run rampant. Treatment is not always effective and, ironically, usually requires more antibiotics.
(MORE: How to Stop the Superbugs)
Bringing in dogs for rapid detection was an idea born after Bomers and colleagues heard a nurse remark on the distinctive smell of diarrhea coming from patients with C. difficile.
“We thought, Hey, if a human nose can recognize C. difficile with reasonable accuracy, a dog should be able to do it easily, since they have such an amazing sense of smell,” Bomers says. It’s not clear whether Cliff is smelling the bacteria itself in high concentrations or the toxins that the bacteria produce. Either way, Bomers’ study shows that Cliff is smelling the pathogen with admirable accuracy.
So far, in fact, there’s only one barrier in bringing in sniffer dogs to detect C. difficile. Not every patient loves having a dog around — while some may love it too much. For their research study, Bomers and colleagues tried to take Cliff to do his work in a pediatrics ward. But alas, the researchers write in their journal article, the kids soon “became excitable by having an animal on the ward” and they “distracted the dog,” who couldn’t perform his duties. Even dogs, it seems, will use any excuse to put off work.
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By Florence Barrett-Hill
"Acid mantle microflora" symbiosis, the first line of "skin barrier defence"
The surface of the skin itself comprises several distinct environments. Areas such as the axilla (armpit), the perineum (groin) and the toe webs provide typically moister regions for bacterial growth. These "tropical forest" environments often harbor the largest diversity amongst the skin flora. Typical organisms include Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium and some Gram-negative bacteria.
The bulk of the human skin surface, however, is much drier and is predominantly inhabited by Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionobacterium. Proprionibacterium granulosum and Malassezia furfur will also be found.
The microflora of the acid mantle is an important part of human skin contributing to its function and activities. The various resident species are of an advantage in most cases but under some circumstances and with some groups of people the skin microflora is involved in minor to major pathological processes, e.g. acne and nosocomial infections in compromised hosts.
Human skin surface lipid is composed of secretions from both the epidermis and the sebaceous glands. Sebum is a holocrine secretion formed from the disintegration of the sebaceous gland cells, and at the point of secretion is composed primarily of triglycerides (56%), wax esters (26%) and squalene (15%). In combination with a complex mixture of other lipid species from the epidermis, primarily ceramides 40% triglycerides 25% Neutral lipids 78% and free fatty acids 22%.
The skin surface and the pilosebaceous follicles are generally colonised by a stable mixed population of Propionibacteria, coagulase-negative staphylococci, micrococci, aerobic coryneforms and the yeast Malassezia furfur. The degree of colonisation varies widely between different individuals and different sites on the same individual.
Normal skin flora are microbes, mostly bacteria, that live symbiotically in and on the body with, usually, no harmful effects to us. Normal microflora may be harmless, beneficial or disease causing.
The spectrum of microorganisms changes with growth and development of the individual. The womb provides a sterile environment for the developing foetus. Upon birth, the newborn is colonised with numerous different bacteria and fungi. During growth and maturation, different microorganisms predominate at various sites on the body.
Most human skin is populated with Staphylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium acnes and other microorganisms. These bacteria are normal microflora and are beneficial to skin. They help maintain the low pH of skin; which inhibits the growth of more harmful bacteria. They also consume the limited amount of nutrients available on skin; making it hard for other bacteria to establish themselves.
We have about 1013 cells in our bodies and 1014 bacteria, most of which live in the large intestine. There are 103104 microbes per cm2 on the skin (Staphylococcus aureus, Staph. epidermidis, diphtheroids, streptococci, Candida, etc.). Various bacteria live in the nose and mouth. Lactobacilli live in the stomach and small intestine.
The upper intestine has about 104 bacteria per gram; the large bowel has 1011 per gram, of which 9599% are anaerobes (An anaerobe is a microorganism that can live without oxygen, while an aerobe requires oxygen.) or bacteroides. Various bacteria and diphtheroids lightly colonize the urogenitary tract. After puberty, the vagina is colonised by Lactobacillus aerophilus that ferment glycogen to maintain an acid pH.
Normal flora fill almost all of the available ecological niches in the body and produce bacteriocidins, defensins, cationic proteins, and lactoferrin all of which work to destroy other bacteria that compete for their niche in the body. The normal flora has already colonised all available sites and has evolved to survive in its particular niche. It is very difficult for another organism to come in and take hold.
However, if the environment changes (antibiotic treatment, eating lots of processed sugar, defects in immunity) bacteria that are normally minor components of the flora can overgrow the site.
The resident bacteria can become problematic when they invade spaces in which they were not meant to be. As examples:
Staphylococcus living on the skin can gain entry to the body through small cuts/nicks.
Some antibiotics, in particular clindamycin, kill some of the bacteria in our intestinal tract. This causes an overgrowth of Clostridium difficile, which results in pseudomembranous colitis, a rather painful condition wherein the inner lining of the intestine cracks and bleeds.
At puberty, the number of bacteria on the skin surface increases. These include:
Proprionibacterium acnes (P. acnes)
Proprionibacterium granulosum Staphylococcus epidermidis The yeast, Malassezia furfur also increases.
The number and activity of P. acnes bacteria varies according to oxygen supply, nutrient supply and pH. Propionibacterium acnes is the most common gram-positive, non-spore forming, anaerobic rod encountered. P. acnes typically grows as an obligate anaerobe, however, some strains are aero-tolerant, but still show better growth as an anaerobe.
P. acnes can produce active enzymes and inflammatory mediators which contribute to the activity of acne. These include:
Smooth-muscle contracting substances
The lipases can convert triglyceride in sebum to free fatty acids. The free fatty acids increase clumping of the bacteria and thus colonisation of duct by more of them. The inflammatory mediators penetrate surrounding skin and are a cause of inflammation.
Skin microbiology As has been mentioned, the skin has its own ecology, with an abundance of microorganisms living on our surfaces. Typically these are harmless provided the skin is unbroken,
The organisms found on the skin are quite characteristic species and do not represent just a random selection of the organisms we encounter in our daily lives. These microbes respond in some way to factors produced by the skin that allow them to colonise this habitat. Primary interest is in P. acnes because of its potential importance in acne.
Acid Mantle and Acne
Few people go through their teenage years without experiencing some acne to a greater or lesser extent. It usually comes at a time when adolescents are undergoing considerable psychological change too, and is a serious problem in up to 15 per cent of people at this time in their lives. If the acne is inadequately treated, permanent scaring may result.
During puberty, we do know that it is often associated with excessive production of sebum. This occurs because of hormonal changes in adolescence and can result in obstruction of the tiny ducts through which the sebum passes on to the surface of the skin. This promotes colonisation at that site with a normally harmless bacterium called Propionibacterium acnes leading to the production of material that diffuses into the surrounding skin and causes the inflammation usually associated with acne.
A number of treatments are aimed at reducing the sebum excretion, and for severe cases some of the drugs used, such as isotretinoin, are given orally. Other treatments try to reduce the P. acnes colonisation and associated inflammation, and here antibiotics are used. Regrettably, we are now seeing a high incidence of antibiotic resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Androgen inhibitors are rarely used for adolescent acne but have proven to be very effective with adult acne.
Researchers in Microbiology are investigating the factors that influence the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance in acne patients and in untreated individuals.
At the immunological level research has shown that the immuno-pathology of inflamed acne lesions is consistent with a classical type IV cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction. (Rosacea grade 5)
This may be caused by the leakage of a substance called interleukin-1alpha from the inflamed region around the 'spot' into the dermis. However, it has to be said that evidence for a direct role for microorganisms in acne is still lacking, the bacteria may simply exacerbate the inflammatory response.
Certainly, P. acnes are resistant to killing by phagocytes, the white cells whose role is to destroy invading organisms, and can induce a chronic inflammatory response.
Impaired Acid Mantle
Removal of the acid mantle on a daily basis through harsh alkaline washes and toners will lead to an imbalance of the micro flora. As has been mentioned, the skin has its own ecology, with an abundance of microorganisms living on the surface. Typically these are harmless provided the skin is unbroken, and the acid mantle remains intact. Many skin care lines that are designed for active, oily or acne skin are over used by the sufferer, leading to an underlying sensitivity and an impaired acid mantle. The associated dryness that comes from this action exacerbates the blocking of the pilosebaceous duct, thus accelerating the micro-comedone problem that leads to the papule, pustule inflammatory action.
To maintain the delicate "micro flora", the use of cleansers with a more acidic and balanced pH would maintain the first line of "skin barrier defence" the acid mantle.
© 2004 Virtual Beauty Corp
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Book Description: Folklore. Washington Irving and Mark Twain used it in their fiction; Sigmund Freud and William James incorporated it into their work; Henry Ford and Franklin Roosevelt promoted it. Their efforts were set against the background of folklorists who brought collections of traditional tales, songs, and crafts to the attention of a modernizing society. The ideas of these folklorists influenced how Americans thought about the character of their society and the directions it was taking. Here for the first time is a history of American folkloristic ideas and the figures who shaped them. Simon Bronner puts these ideas in cultural context, showing the interconnection of folklore studies with historical events, social changes, and intellectual movements. He follows the beginnings of American folklore studies in the antiquarian literature of the 1830s through the rise of folklore societies in the 1880s to the emergence of an independent discipline in the 1950s. In this progression, Bronner identifies several major themes tying folklore studies to intellectual history: first, the unearthing of a hidden, usable past; second, the charting of time and space; and third, the structuring of communication. More than a chronological or biographical history, this book is an interpretation of folkloristic ideas and their relationship to American society.
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Scientists have identified a new type of stem cell in blood vessel walls that initial studies suggest gives rise to the proliferative cells that result in the vascular remodeling and neointimal hyperplasia characteristic of vascular diseases. Until now it has been widely accepted that these features are caused by proliferative and synthetic cells derived from dedifferentiated vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). However, researchers at the University of California, Berkeley and Stanford University have identified previously unknown stem cells known as mutipotent vascular stem cells (MVSCs) in the tunica media of both rodent and human blood vessel walls, which they claim are the real source of the proliferative/synthetic SMCs and chondrogenic cells responsible for vascular remodeling and scar tissue formation.
Reporting in Nature Communications, Berkeley Department of Bioengineering professor Song Li, Ph.D., and colleagues say their discovery provides a completely new perspective on the cellular changes that lead to vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, and may springboard the development of new, more effective treatments that specifically target MVSCs. “For the first time, we are showing evidence that vascular diseases are actually a kind of stem cell disease,” professor Li claims. “This work should revolutionize therapies for vascular diseases because we now know that stem cells rather than smooth muscle cells are the correct therapeutic target.” The investigators describe their findings in a paper titled “Differentiation of multipotent vascular stem cells contributes to vascular diseases".
The first indication that blood vessel walls might contain a new type of cell came when professor Li et al immunostained rat carotid arteries to look for cells that expressed smooth muscle alpha-actin (SMA) and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SM-MHC), a marker of contractile SMCs. They found that while 90% of the cells were mature, contractile SMCs (i.e., SMA+/SM-MHC+), 10% of cells, located in the tunica media, were negative for SM-MHC.
Initial culturing experiments showed that in comparison with the mature SMCs that expressed SM-MHC, the SM-MHC- cells were smaller, expressed low levels of SMA, and were highly proliferative under suitable conditions. The SM-MHC- cells could be isolated from a number of different rat blood vessels in addition to carotid arteries. In each case the isolated SM-MHC- cells expressed stem cell markers, were cloneable, and demonstrated telomerase activity. Transplantation experiments demonstrated that Schwann cells derived from the SM-MHC- cells could even contribute to nerve axon myelination in vivo.
It seemed that the multipotent SM-MHC- cells—which the authors termed MVSCs—and not dedifferentiated SMCs might therefore be the source of synthetic and proliferative SMCs implicated in vascular diseases. Lineage tracing negated the possibility that the MVSCs were actually derived from the dedifferentiation of mature SMCs. Rather, immunostaining, differentiation, and co-culturing experiments showed that MVSCs could differentiate into mature MVSCs. Moreover, while the MVSCs remained quiescent in undamaged blood vessels, they rapidly started proliferating in response to blood vessel injury, and differentiated into cells with a synthetic phenotype, as well as chondrogenic cells that are found in the hardened walls of diseased arteries.
Importantly, the researchers subsequently identified the same MVSC cell type in human carotid arteries. These human MVSCs expressed the same set of markers as their rat equivalents, including Sox10, Sox17, Pax-3/7, vimentin, NFM, and S100β. As with the rat MVSCs, the human cells could be induced to differentiate into Schwann cells, neuronal cells, SMCs, chondrocytes, and adipocytes.
“This study supports a new hypothesis that MVSC activation and differentiation, instead of SMC de-differentiation, results in the proliferative and synthetic cells in the vascular wall, and that the aberrant activation and differentiation of MVSCs may play an important role in the development of vascular diseases,” professor Li et al conclude. “The multipotential of MVSC differentiation into SMCs, chondrogenic cells, and other lineages offers a novel and reasonable explanation for the complex phenotypes of cells in the diseased vessel ... These findings may have transformative impact on vascular biology and diseases, and may lead to new therapies using MVSCs as a therapeutic target.”
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STORY OF THE RED FOX.
THE Indians, of whatever tribe, are exceedingly fond of narrating or listening to tales and stories, whether historical or fictitious. They have their professed story-tellers, like the oriental nations, and these go about, from village to village, collecting an admiring and attentive audience, however oft-told and familiar the matter they recite.
It is in this way that their traditions are preserved and handed down unimpaired from generation to generation. Their knowledge of the geography of their country is wonderfully exact. I have seen an Indian sit in his lodge, and draw a map in the ashes, of the North-Western states, not of its statistical but its geographical features, lakes, rivers, and mountains, with the greatest accuracy, giving their relative distances, by day's journeys, without hesitation, and even extending his drawings and explanations as far as Kentucky and Tennessee.
Of biography they preserve not only the leading events in the life of the person, but his features, appearance and bearing, his manners, and whatever little trait or peculiarity characterized him.
The women are more fond of fiction, and some of their stories have a strange mingling of humor and pathos. I give the two which follow as specimens. The Indian names contained in them are in the Ottawa or "Courte Oreilles" language, but the same tales are current in all the different tongues and dialects.
STORY OF THE RED FOX.
This is an animal to which many peculiarities are attributed. He is said to resemble the jackal in his habit of molesting the graves of the dead, and the Indians have a superstitious dread of hearing his bark at night, believing that it forebodes calamity and death. They say, too, that he was originally of one uniform reddish brown color, but that his legs became black in the manner related in the story.
There was a chief of a certain village who had a beautiful daughter. He resolved upon one occasion to make a feast, and invite all the animals. When the invitation was brought to the red fox he inquired, "What are you going to have for supper?"
"Mee-dau-mee-nau-bo," was the reply.
This is a porridge made of parched corn, slightly cracked. The fox turned up his little sharp nose. "No, I thank you," said he, "I can get plenty of that at home."
The messenger returned to the chief, and reported the contemptuous refusal of the fox.
"Go back to him," said the chief, "and tell him we are going to have a nice fresh body,1 and we will have it cooked in the most delicate manner possible."
Pleased with the prospect of such a treat, the fox gave a very hearty assent to the second invitation.
The hour arrived, and he sat off for the lodge of the chief to attend the feast. The company were all prepared for him, for they made common cause with their friend who had been insulted. As the fox entered, the guest next the door with great courtesy rose from his place, and begged the new comer to be seated. Immediately the person next him also rose, and insisted that the fox should occupy his place, as it was still nearer the fire -- the post of honor. Then the third, with many expressions of civility, pressed him to exchange with him, and thus, with many ceremonious flourishes, he was passed along the circle, always approaching the fire, where a huge cauldron stood, in which the good cheer was still cooking. The fox was by no means unwilling to occupy the highest place in the assembly, and besides, he was anxious to take a peep into the kettle, for he had his suspicions that he might be disappointed of the delicacies he had been expecting.
So, by degrees, he was ushered nearer and nearer the great blazing fire, until by a dexterous push and shove he was hoisted into the seething kettle.
His feet were dreadfully scalded, but he leaped out, and ran home to his lodge, howling and crying with pain. His grandmother, with whom, according to the custom of animals, he lived, demanded of him an account of the affair. When he had faithfully related all the circumstances (for, unlike the civilized animals, he did not think of telling his grandmother a story), she reproved him very strongly.
"You have committed two great faults," said she. "In the first place you were very rude to the chief who was so kind as to invite you, and by returning insult for civility, you made yourself enemies who were determined to punish you. In the next place, it was very unbecoming in you to be so forward to take the place of honor. Had you been contented modestly to keep your seat near the door, you would have escaped the misfortune that has befallen you."
All this was not very consolatory to the poor fox, who continued to whine and cry most piteously, while his grandmother, having finished her lecture, proceeded to bind up his wounds. Great virtue is supposed to be added to all medical prescriptions and applications by a little dancing, so, the dressing having been applied, the grandmother fell to dancing with all her might, round and round in the lodge.
When she was nearly exhausted, the fox said, "Grandmother, take off the bandages and see if my legs are healed."
She did as he requested, but no -- the burns were still fresh. She danced and danced again. Now and then, as he grew impatient, she would remove the coverings to observe the effect of the remedies. At length, towards morning, she looked, and, to be sure, the burns were quite healed. "But oh!" cried she, your legs are as black as a coal! They were so badly burned that they will never return to their color!"
The poor fox, who, like many another brave, was vain of his legs, fell into a transport of lamentation.
"Oh! my legs! My pretty red legs! What shall I do? The young girls will all despise me. I shall never dare to show myself among them again!"
He cried and sobbed until his grandmother, fatigued with her exercise, fell asleep. By this time he had decided upon his plan of revenge.
He rose and stole softly out of his lodge, and pursuing his way rapidly towards the village of the chief he turned his face in the direction of the principal lodge and barked. When the inhabitants heard this sound in the stillness of the night, their hearts trembled. They knew that it foreboded. sorrow and trouble to some one of their number.
A very short time elapsed before the beautiful daughter of the chief fell sick, and she grew rapidly worse and worse, spite of medicines, charms, and dances. At length she died. The fox had not intended to bring misfortune on the village in this shape, for he loved the beautiful daughter of the chief, so he kept in his lodge and mourned and fretted for her death.
Preparations were made for a magnificent funeral, but the friends of the deceased were in great perplexity. "If we bury her in the earth," said they, "the fox will come and disturb her remains. He has barked her to death, and he will be glad to come and finish his work of revenge."
They took counsel together, and determined to hang her body high in a tree as a place of sepulture. They thought the fox would go groping about in the earth, and not lift up his eyes to the branches above his head.
But the grandmother had been at the funeral, and she returned and told the fox all that had been done.
"Now, my son," said she, "listen to me. Do not meddle with the remains of the Chief's daughter. You have done mischief enough already -- leave her in peace."
As soon as the grandmother was asleep at night, the fox rambled forth. He soon found the place he sought, and came and sat under the tree where the young girl had been placed. He gazed and gazed at her, all the live-long night, and she appeared as beautiful as when in life. But when the day dawned, and the light enabled him to see more clearly, then he observed that decay was doing its work -- that instead of a beautiful, she presented only a loathsome appearance.
He went home sad and afflicted, and passed all the day mourning in his lodge.
"Have you disturbed the remains of the Chief's beautiful daughter?" was his parent's anxious question.
"No, grandmother," -- and he uttered not another word.
Thus it went on for many days and nights. The fox always took care to quit his watch at the early dawn of day, for he knew that her friends would suspect him, and come betimes to see if all was right.
At length he perceived that, gradually, she looked less and less hideous in the morning light, and that she by degrees, resumed the appearance she had presented in life, so that in process of time, her beauty and look of health quite returned to her.
One day he said, "Grandmother, give me my pipe, that I may take a smoke."
"Ah!" cried she, "you begin to be comforted. You have never smoked since the death of the chief's beautiful daughter. Have you heard some good news?"
"Never you mind," said he, "bring the pipe."
He sat down and smoked, and smoked. After a time he said, "Grandmother, sweep your lodge and put it all in order, for this day you will receive a visit from your daughter-in-law."
The grandmother did as she was desired. She swept her lodge, and arranged it with all the taste she possessed, and then both sat down to await the visit.
"When you hear a sound at the door," said the Fox, "you must give the salutation, and say, Come in."
When they had been thus seated for a time, the grandmother heard a faint, rustling sound. She looked towards the door. To her surprise, the mat which usually hung as a curtain was rolled up, and the door was open.
"Peen-tee-geen n'dau-nis!"2 cried she.
Something like a faint, faint shadow appeared to glide in. It took gradually a more distinct outline. As she looked and looked, she began to discern the form and features of the Chief's beautiful daughter, but it was long before she appeared like a reality, and took her place in the lodge like a thing of flesh and blood.
They kept the matter hid very close, for they would not for the world that the father or friends of the bride should know what had happened. Soon, however, it began to be rumored about that the chief's beautiful daughter had returned to life, and was living in the Red Fox's lodge. How it ever became known was a mystery, for, of course, the grandmother never spoke of it.
Be that as it may, the news created great excitement in the village. "This must never be," said they all. "He barked her to death once, and who knows what he may do next time."
The father took at once a decided part. "The Red Fox is not worthy of my daughter," he said. "I had promised her to the Hart, the finest and most elegant among the animals. Now that she has returned to life, I shall keep my word."
So the friends all went in a body to the lodge of the Red Fox. The bridegroom, the bride and the grandmother, made all the resistance possible, but they were overpowered by numbers, and the Hart having remained conveniently, waiting on the outside where there was no danger, the beautiful daughter of the chief was placed upon his back, and he coursed away through the forest to carry her to his own home. When he arrived at the door of his lodge, however, he turned his head, but no bride was in the place where he expected to see her. He had thought his burden very light from the beginning, but that he supposed was natural to spirits returned from the dead. He never imagined she had at the outset glided from her seat, and in the midst of the tumult slipped back, unobserved, to her chosen husband.
One or two attempts were made by the friends, after this, to repossess themselves of the young creature, but all without success. Then they said, "Let her remain where she is. It is true the Red Fox occasioned her death, but by his watchfulness and care he caressed her into life again; therefore she righifully belongs to him." So the Red Fox and his beautiful bride lived long together in great peace and happiness
1 The Indians in relating a story like this, apologize for alluding to a revolting subject. "You will think this unpleasant," they say.
2 Come in, my daughter.
Mrs. John H. Kenzie, Wau-Bun, the "Early Day" in the Northwest. Chicago : D. B. Cooke & Co., 1857. p. 367-376.
From the Memorial Library Department of Special Collections, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
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Sagarmatha National Park
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Hey friend, could you provide us a wikipedia URL with a good description of this protected area?
Please, be sure that you are suggesting an english language wikipedia URL (http://en.wiki....)mark it as wrong
Sagarmāthā National Park is a protected area in the Himalayas of eastern Nepal containing the southern half of Mount Everest. The park was created on July 19, 1976 and was inscribed as a Natural World Heritage Site in 1979. Sagarmāthā is a Sanskrit word, from sagar = "sky" (not to be confused with "sea/ocean") and māthā = "forehead" or "head", and is the modern Nepali name for Mount Everest.
The park encompasses an area of 1,148 km2 in the Solukhumbu District and ranges in elevation from 2,845 metres (9,334 ft) at Jorsalle to 8,848 metres (29,029 ft) at the summit of Mount Everest. Barren land above 5,000 m (16,400 ft) comprises 69% of the park while 28% is grazing land and the remaining 3% is forested. Most of the park area is very rugged and steep, with its terrain cut by deep rivers and glaciers. Unlike other parks, this park can be divided into four climate zones because of the rising altitude. The climatic zones include a forested lower zone, a zone of alpine scrub, the upper alpine zone which includes upper limit of vegetation growth, and the Arctic zone where no plants can grow. The types of plants and animals that are found in the park depend on the altitude. The park contains the upper watershed of the Dudh Kosi river basin system.
The park's visitor centre is located at the top of a hill in Namche Bazaar, also where a company of the Nepal Army is stationed for protecting the park. The park's southern entrance is a few hundred metres north of Monzo at 2,835 m (9,300 ft), a one day hike from Lukla.
In the lower forested zone, birch, juniper, blue pines, firs, bamboo and rhododendron grow. Above this zone all vegetation are found to be dwarf or shrubs. As the altitude increases, plant life is restricted to lichens and mosses. Plants cease to grow at about 5,750 metres (18,860 ft), because this is the permanent snow line in the Himalayas.
Forests of pine and hemlock cover the lower elevations of the national park. At elevations of around 3.500 meters and above, forests of silver fir, birch, rhododendron and juniper trees are found. The forests provide habitat to at least 118 species of birds, including Himalayan Monal, Blood pheasant, Red-billed chough, and yellow-billed chough. Sagarmāthā National Park is also home to a number of rare mammal species, including musk deer, snow leopard, Himalayan black bear and red panda. Himalayan thars, langur monkeys, martens and Himalayan wolves are also found in the park.
The partial pressure of oxygen falls with altitude. Therefore, the animals that are found here are adapted to living on less oxygen and cold temperatures. They have thick coats to retain body heat. Some of them have shortened limbs to prevent loss of body heat. The Himalayan bears go into hibernation in caves during the winter when there is no food available.
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Thanks friend, Could you tell us where you got this information?
Sorry, it is not possible to edit this geometry online. In the next few months we will be adding tools to edit complicated boundaries. Please try again soon!
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Antitrust law is a form of economic regulation. And like all economic regulation, it transfers wealth, often in response to special-interest urging. Partly in recognition of such shortcomings, many economic sectors, such as transportation and telecommunications, have been partially deregulated. But antitrust regulation is typically praised. Even in the new economy, this hundred-year-old smokestack era law is used to justify constraints imposed on companies like Microsoft and AOL Time Warner. Antitrust law is almost universally seen as being in the public interest and having a role to play in policing markets.
Yet in antitrust cases, the targeted companies’ rivals have a direct financial, as opposed to ethical, interest in the outcome. Assertions that antitrust law is in the public interest do not change the fact that the private motives of rivals, and even ambitious enforcers, are always lurking in the background. The idea that antitrust law helps consumers and that it has a role to play in the new economy deserves close examination.
Under antitrust law, a laundry list of business practices is regarded with suspicion, and other practices are outlawed altogether. But business transactions are fundamentally voluntary, non-coercive dealings—unlike antitrust interventions. From this fresh perspective, one finds that even the most “despised” business behavior—such as collusion and megamergers—can be pro-competitive and pro-consumer. To the extent that antitrust regulations strike down practices that have efficiency justifications that are misunderstood or ignored, those regulations make individuals and society needlessly poorer.
The list of vilified business practices is long, but it needn’t be. A list of vilified trustbuster practices might be more helpful to consumers.
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http://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/antitrust-terrible-10-why-most-reviled-anticompetitive-business-practices-can-benefit-consumers-new-economy
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|Science & Fun | Home | Introduction into the 1H NMR Spectroscopy|
3. Chemical shifts - Positions of the resonance signals in the spectraFor the prediction of the NMR spectrum of a given molecule it is necessary to know the number of resonance signals. But it is obviously also necessary to know the position of these signals in the spectrum, that is, their chemical shift. Just as in case of the number of signals, it is also possible to make predictions about their position:
Equivalent protons give rise - due to their identical electronic environment - to chemical shifts.
If two protons have similar electronical environments, then their chemical shifts in an NMR spectrum will be .
For example, the signals of the protons in the two methyl groups -CH2-CH3 and >CH-CH3 will show chemical shifts.
The analysis of a large number of spectra showed that the signals of aliphatic methyl protons typically have a chemical shift d = 0,6 ... 1,9 ppm.
In contrast to this leads the completely different electronic environment of a carbonyl group -CHO als to a different value for the typical chemical shift. In that case d = 9,l ... l0 ppm for the proton of the aldehyde group.
An overview of the typical chemical shifts for the proton of important chemical groups is posted here.
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The proof, as they say, is in the pudding. A first-of-its-kind national study of the toxic chemical "body burden" in health professionals found an array of hazardous chemicals in twenty doctors and nurses across the country, highlighting the need for state lawmakers to enact strong legislation that would alleviate the devastating impacts of these chemicals.
As part of a national study, Clean Water Action served as a liaison to the national biomonitoring report released by the Physicians for Social Responsibility.
Twenty health professionals from ten states -- including state Representative Jimmy Womack, MD and the founder of MSU's Department of Pediatrics, Dr. William Weil --were tested for selected hazardous chemicals stored in their bodies.
The participants were tested for 62 different chemicals through a process known as biomonitoring. Each participant had at least 24 individual chemicals in their body, and two participants had a high of 39 chemicals detected.
These chemicals are emerging or known chemicals of concern, are known or suspected of causing hormone problems, reproductive problems, neurological problems (including developmental, memory, learning, or behavioral issues), thyroid problems, cancer, diabetes and hypertension.
Strong state legislation that would address the affects of these chemicals has already been proposed. HB 4699 would phase out several uses of deca-BDE, the toxic flame retardant which is the only commercial formulation of PBDEs not yet banned in Michigan. HB 4522 would limit children's exposure to BPA.
The Michigan House has already passed 11 bills related to these chemicals, but they've stalled in the Senate. HB 4763-69, the Children's Safe Products Act, would provide consumers with a right-to-know about the presence of the most toxic chemicals in children's products. This commonsense legislative package - which enjoys strong support from parents, health professionals and Michigan independent toy store owners and passed overwhelmingly in the House - is pending before the Senate Health Policy Committee. Similarly, HB 4277-81, which would limit mercury in products are pending before the Senate Committee on Natural Resources & Environmental Affairs.
Send a message to the Senate, and tell them to protect Michiganders from these toxic chemicals by enacting strong legislation.
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How people connect to the Internet
Golman Sachs produced a great graphic showing how the Internet is accessed and how this impacts Microsoft.
For five years at the start of the century Microsoft had a virtual monopoly on internet connected devices. Since 2005 Microsoft’s share of connected devices has slowly eroded and today stands at about 20% while Apple has risen from 5% to 24%.
Of course the strength of Windows Phone and the Windows tablets may change this, but not many think so.
Microsoft’s inability to make a smartphone people really love could be a deadly mistake. As people became comfortable with the Apple iPhone, they became open to the idea of the iPad. And as the iPad takes off, with sales passing 100 million, it is eroding PC sales. As people become comfortable with the iPad, they’re going to be more inclined to buy a Mac to stay in Apple’s ecosystem.
But what about corporations, you might say. Well, Goldman says that in 2000, 60% of computing purchases were from corporations. Today, it’s only 15%. That means Microsoft has to fight for consumer sales, which is not its strength.
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Simply begin typing or use the editing tools above to add to this article.
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...states until an observation, or measurement, “collapses” their various possible states into one actual state. This means that if a system of particles—known as quantum bits, or qubits—can be “entangled” together, all the possible combinations of their states can be simultaneously used to perform a computation, at least in theory.
...binary digits, or bits, that can be in one of two states, represented as 0 and 1; thus, for example, a 4-bit computer register can hold any one of 16 (24) possible numbers. In contrast, a quantum bit ( qubit) exists in a wavelike superposition of values from 0 to 1; thus, for example, a 4- qubit computer register can hold 16 different numbers simultaneously. In theory, a quantum...
Quantum computers based on semiconductor technology are yet another possibility. In a common approach a discrete number of free electrons ( qubits) reside within extremely small regions, known as quantum dots, and in one of two spin states, interpreted as 0 and 1. Although prone to decoherence, such quantum computers build on well-established, solid-state techniques and offer the prospect of...
work of Glauber
...role in efforts to develop a new generation of computers, so-called quantum computers, which would be extraordinarily fast and powerful and use quantum-mechanical phenomena to process data as qubits, or quantum bits, of information.
What made you want to look up "qubit"? Please share what surprised you most...
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The liturgy of the Catholic Church is the action by which Jesus Christ unites the members of the Church in glorifying God. It makes people holy through words, music, action and signs. The Eucharist is intended to be the most powerful means of union with our God, with the saints in heaven and with each other, and is to be a foretaste of the praise of God given in joy by the saints in heaven. As we move through the whole of the year, the Church is united with the mysteries of Christ's earthly life so as to come closer to her Lord and Saviour.
Monsignor Peter Elliott provides scholarship and many years’ experience and love of the liturgy. His previous work Ceremonies of the Modern Roman Rite has helped many people to celebrate our liturgy with attention and devotion. This present work is a guide to the most important moments of the Church year from Advent and Christmas to Holy Week, Corpus Christi and to the Solemnity of Christ the King. His book has been a long-awaited guide to those who wish to celebrate the events of the Church year with dignity, devotion, and deep faith.
“Monsignor Elliot is one of the most insightful and reliable liturgists writing today. The rubrics of the Roman Rite are not self-explaining, but with Elliot's work safely in reach, a generation of liturgists raised without a rich training in tradition can confidently approach the Ritual and be more respectful of the faithful's fundamental right to sound worship.”
—Dr. Edward Peters
Institute for Pastoral Theology, Ave Maria University
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(Image: Vanessa Woods)
In the 1920s Robert Yerkes acquired an unusual ape that he named Prince Chim. Chim was more intelligent, fun-loving, cooperative, emotionally positive and full of life than his chimpanzee companion, Panzee. Chim's vocal behaviour was so prolific and reminiscent of language that Yerkes transcribed it using musical notation. Yerkes had discovered the bonobo.
In the 80s and 90s researchers conducted a study comparing a chimp and a bonobo. The aim was to determine if Yerkes's observations were accurate and if either animal, or both, could learn a human language through cultural immersion rather than instruction. The answer for both apes was yes.
Vanessa Woods writes engagingly of her husband, primatologist Brian Hare, struggling to tackle these questions again. Seemingly ignorant of the earlier work, in 2005 Hare embarked on a mission to find out what differentiates bonobos from chimps. With the Democratic Republic of Congo still mired in the aftermath of war, he travelled to the Lola Ya sanctuary in Kinshasa to study bonobos.
Hare found that bonobos do all kinds of things that chimps are not reported to do: they experience constant genital arousal, become attached to individual humans, think up new ways to engage in sexual, altruistic or cooperative behaviour on an essentially non-stop basis, and they die of broken hearts. In short they are a lot like people, even uncomfortably so - a fact that, ironically, has caused many scientists to ignore them.
At the sanctuary, local women are hired to raise baby bonobos during the day. As Hare replicated Yerkes's experiments to test bonobos' ability to cooperate, the women were unimpressed. At times they were the only ones who could get the bonobos - who were busy cooperating with each other - to cooperate with the researchers.
The bonobos insisted on establishing a rapport with the experimenter before every trial. As Woods explains, this often involved some form genital touching - a "bonobo handshake" as she calls it. The researchers failed nearly every test of bonobo socio-sexual etiquette. Worse, they failed to grasp the reality of their own situation: that they are dealing with cultural, not genetic, variables.
In Hare's mind, if a bonobo does something, it must be genetically motivated. He did not see how the force of culture shapes both behaviour and biology across generations. Culture has been confused with genes because behavioural studies are short-term, while culture operates on the scale of generations with a kind of tyranny and force that has not been widely recognised.
Readers can be grateful that a journalist, not bound by unspoken conventions regarding what scientists must never say about non-human primates, married a primatologist. Hare may be the scientist, but Woods conveys the real significance of bonobo culture. She thinks that bonobos have a secret: they can tell us how to avoid war.
The question of whether humans are genetically more like chimpanzees or bonobos pops up throughout the book, but as the book also makes clear, whatever the genetic similarities, bonobo culture is not human culture, and nor is chimpanzee culture human culture. Humans are doomed to war, genocide, environmental degradation and eventually self-destruction only if we fail to grasp the processes of culture and continue to take a short-sighted view of what it can mean to be bonobo, chimpanzee or human.
To read Woods's elegant and entertaining book is to share the experience of a soul realising there is something more - something mankind must learn. In that self-realisation is the secret of the bonobos.
Bonobo Handshake: A memoir of love and adventure in the Congo by Vanessa Woods
Published by Gotham
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Researchers at the Corrosion and Environmental Effects Laboratory of (CEEL) USC Viterbi School have been working on analyzing the ability of an organism called Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 (hereinafter MR-1) to protect a number of metals.
The director of CEEL Prof. Florian Mansfeld and PhD candidate Esra Kus have been collaborating with Prof. Ken Nealson of Department of Earth Sciences. The team made a preliminary presentation at a Denver conference last month, and will make a more detailed one in Mexico in October.
The concept of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion Inhibition has been discussed in the scientific literature since 1997. Researchers at the University of Connecticut, University of Southern California and the University of California at Irvine had reported corrosion inhibition in their earlier studies by means other organisms and regenerative biofilms.
In a study in 2001 Mansfeld and Nagiub reported microbiologically influenced corrosion inhibition for Al2024, mild steel, cartridge brass and stainless steel when bacteria contaminated an artificial seawater solution containing growth medium. They also showed that a bacterium of the same genus as MR-1, S. algae, prevented pitting of aluminum and some steel.
The protector: electron microscope image of MR-1 bacteria
MR-1, first discovered by USC Professor Ken Nealson of the USC department of Earth Sciences, who is a co-author on the study is a remarkable organism that can incorporate metal into its metabolism, "inhaling certain metal oxides and compounds in one form, exhaling them in another," according to Denver presentation. MR-1 has previously been used to precipitate uranium out of contaminated water. And "it can grow almost anywhere and does not cause disease in humans or animals," they note.
And it can protect metal.
The experiment performed at CEEL was simple. Matched pairs of samples of five metals — aluminum 2024, zinc, mild steel, copper, and brass — were prepared. One sample set of each pair was incubated in a growth medium containing MR-1; the other in a sterile bath of the same growth medium, containing neither MR-1 nor any other organism.
After a week, corrosion was monitored, both visually and by measuring electrochemical impedance (resistance to conducting alternating current.) Because electrical effects play a role in many forms of corrosion, higher AC impedance is associated with increased corrosion resistance.
The results were clear-cut. For all the materials, impedance increased with exposure to bacteria, and the longer the metals were exposed, the more resistant they became. The increase was particularly marked in the aluminum samples. By the end of the week the control samples showed obvious visual pitting, while the ones with MR-1 colonies were unscathed.
The pattern of impedance varied from metal to metal. Aluminum showed drastic reduction in resistance to electrical currents in all frequencies. Brass and, particularly copper showed nearly as dramatic an effect — readings indicated active corrosion in the control samples, but a large reduction in the MR-1 samples. The copper MR-1 samples, in fact, showed a profile similar to that demonstrated by copper covered with a protective polymer plastic film.
The patterns for steel and zinc were much less marked, but still significant, as was the difference in the metals' appearance (see photo, below)
Protection: brass, mild steel (MS) and copper (Cu) samples compared after incubation with (+MR1) and without the presence of the bacteria.
The next step, according to Mansfeld, is to figure out exactly what is going on and determine where and how the presence of bacteria is altering the corrosion equation. To do this, the group will be making molecular scale analysis of bacteria/metal interfaces, and looking to determine what the properties of MR-1 biofilm are, as well as why the pattern of interaction differs from metal to metal.
While MR-1 itself may not be the metal protector of the future, it may well suggest an agent that can be, Mansfeld says. The research will be presented at the 210th Meeting of the Electrochemical Society in Cancun, Mexico | October 29-November 3, 2006
Last reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 21 Feb 2009
Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved.
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Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage
- Publication date:March 2006
- 25 tables
- Dimensions: 276 x 216 mm
- Weight: 1.025kg
- Unavailable - out of print December 2011
This IPCC Special Report describes sources, capture, transport, and storage of CO2. It discusses the costs, economic potential, and societal issues of the technology, including public perception and regulatory aspects. Storage options evaluated include geological storage, ocean storage, and mineral carbonation. The report places CO2 capture and storage in the context of other climate change mitigation options. The volume includes a Summary for Policymakers approved by governments represented in the IPCC, and a Technical Summary. It provides invaluable information for researchers in environmental science, geology, engineering and the oil and gas sector, policy-makers in governments and environmental organizations, and scientists and engineers in industry.
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Scanned text contains errors.
defeat of Xerxes, Cadmus returned to Sicity with the treasures, though he might easily have appropriated them to his own use. (Herod, vii. 163, 164.) Herodotus calls Cadmus a Coan, and states further, that he received the tyranny of Cos from his father, but gave the state its liberty of his own accord, merely from a sense of justice; and that after this he went over to Sicily and dwelt along
with the Samians at Zancle, afterwards called Messene. M'uller (Dor. i. 8. § 4, note q.) thinks that this Cadmus was the son of the Scythes, tyrant of Zancle, who was driven out by the Samians (b. c. 497), and who fled to the court of Persia, where he died. (Herod, vi. 23.) In reply to the objection, that Herodotus speaks of Cadmus having inherited the tyranny from his father, but of Scythes having died in Persia, Mliller remarks that the government of Cos was probably given to his father by the Persians, but that he notwithstanding continued to reside in Persia, as we know was the case with Histiaeus. If this conjecture is correct, Cadmus probably resigned the tyranny of Cos through desire of returning to his native town, Zancle. He was accompanied to Sicily by the poet Epicharmus. (Suidas, s. v. 'eth^c^o?.)
CADMUS (KdS/J.os}. 1. Of Miletus, a son of Pandion, and in all probability the earliest Greek historian or logographer. He lived, according to the vague statement of Josephus (c. Apion. i. 2; comp. Clem. Alex. Strom. vi. p. 267), very shortly
before the Persian invasion of Greece; and Suidas
makes the singular statement, that Cadmus was only a little younger than the mythical poet Orpheus, which arises from the thorough confusion of the mythical Cadmus of Phoenicia and the historian Cadmus. But there is every probability that Cadmus lived about b.c. 540. Strabo (i. p. 18) places Cadmus first among the three authors whom he calls the earliest prose writers among the Greeks : viz. Cadmus, Pherecydes, and Hecataeus; and from this circumstance we may infer, that Cadmus was the most ancient of the three—an inference which is also confirmed by the statement of Pliny (//. N. v. 31), who calls Cadmus the first that ever wrote (Greek) prose. When, therefore, in another passage (vii. 56) Pliny calls Pherecydes the most ancient prose writer, and Cadmus of Miletus simply the earliest historian, we have probably to regard this as one of those numerous inconsistencies into which Pliny fell by following different authorities at different times, and forgetting what he had said on former occasions. All, therefore, we can infer from his contradicting himself in this case is, that there were some ancient authorities who made Pherecydes the earliest Greek prose writer, and not Cadmus; but that the latter was the earliest Greek historian, seems to be an undisputed fact. Cadmus wrote a work on the foundation of Miletus and the earliest history of Ionia generally, in four books (kticti? Mi\^rov Kal rrjs oA.Tjs'Icoytas). This work appears to have been lost at a very early period, for Dionysius of Halicarnassus (Jud. de Thucyd. 23) expressly mentions, that the work known in his time under the name of Cadmus was considered a forgery. When Suidas and others (Bekker's Anecd. p. 781), call Cadmus of Miletus the inventor of the alphabet, this statement must be regarded as the result of a confusion between the mythical Cadmus, who emigrated from Phoenicia into Greece; and Suidas is, in fact, obviously guilty of this confusion, since he says, that Cad-
mils of Miletus introduced into Greece the alphabet which the Phoenicians had invented. (Comp. Clinton, Fast. Hell. ii. p. 454, 3rd edition.)
2. Of Miletus, the Younger, is mentioned only by Suidas, according to whom he was a son of Ar-chelaus, and a Greek historian, concerning whose time nothing is said. Suidas ascribes to him two works, one on the history of Attica, in sixteen books, and the second on the deliverance from the sufferings of love, in fourteen books. [L. S.]
CAECILIA, GALA, is said to have been the genuine Roman name for Tanaquil, the wife of Tarquinius Priscus. (Plin. H.N. viii. 74; Val. Max. Epit. de Praen. in fin.; Festus, s. v. Gaia; Plut. Quaest. Rom. p. 271, e.) Both her names, Caia and Caecilia,, are of the same root as Caeculus, and the Roman Caecilii are supposed to have derived their origin from the Praenestine Caeculus. (Fest. s. v. Caeculus.) The story of Caia Caecilia is related under tanaquil ; and it is sufficient to say here, that she appears in the early legends of Rome as a woman endowed with prophetic powers, and closely connected with the worship of the god of the hearth. That she was, at the same time, looked upon as a model of domestic life, may be inferred from the fact, that a newly married woman, before entering the house of her husband, on being asked what her name was, answered, " My name is Caia." (VaL Max. L c.; Pint. Quaest. Rom. p. 271, e.) [L, S.]
CAECILIA or METELLA, Land 2. Daughters of Q. Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus, consul b. c. 143, one of whom married C. Servilius Vatia, and was by him the mother of P. Servilius Vatia Isauricus, consul in 79, and the other P. Corneliua Scipio Nasica, consul in 111, and was the grandmother of Q. Metellus Pius Scipio, consul in 52. (Cic. pro Dom. 47, post Red. ad Quir. 3, Brut. 58.)
3. The daughter of L. Caeciiius Metellus Calvus, consul in b. c. 142, and the brother of Metellus Nu-midicus, consul in 109, was married to L. Licinius Lucullus, praetor in 103, and was by him the mother of the celebrated Lucullus, the conqueror of Mithridates. Her moral character was in bad repute. (Plut. Lucull. 1; Cic. inVer. iv. 66; Aurel. Vict. de Vir. III. 62.)
4. Daughter of Q. Caecilius Metellus Balearicus, consul in b. c. 123, was the wife of Ap. Claudius Pul-cher, consul in 79, and the mother of Ap. Claudius Pulcher, consul in 54, and of P. Clodius Pulcher, tribune of the plebs in 58. (Cic. de Div. i. 2, 44, pro Rose. Am. 10, 50 : in the former of the two latter passages she is erroneously called Nepotis film instead of Nepotis soror.J Her brother was Q. Metellus Nepos, consul in 98, and we accordingly find his two sons, Metellus Celer and Metellus Nepos, called the fratres (cousins) of her sons Ap. Claudius and P. Clodius. (Cic. ad Att. iv. 3, ad Fain. v. 3, pro Gael. 24.)
Cicero relates (de Div. II. cc.\ that in consequence of a dream of Caecilia's in the Marsic war, the temple of Juno Sospita was restored.
5. Daughter of L. Metellus Dalmaticus, consul in b.c. 119, and not of Q. Metellus Pius, the pontifex maximus, consul in 80, as has been inferred from Plutarch. (Sull. 6.) Her father's praenomen is Lucius, and he is said to have rebuilt the templo of
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This page highlights some resources to help you to ensure your pages are accessible to all users and devices.
Links to W3C Web Accesibility (WAI) Initiative documents for creating accessible sites:
WAI offers a wide range of resources on other aspects of web accessibility, such as:
- Accessibility – W3C – Introduces web accessibility to web developers.
- Essential Components of Web Accessibility – Shows how web accessibility depends on several components of Web development and interaction working together and shows the relationship between the WAI guidelines: Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines (ATAG), and User Agent Accessibility Guidelines (UAAG).
- Involving Users in Web Accessibility Evaluation – Provides guidance on including people with disabilities ("users") in accessibility evaluation throughout Web development.
- and many, many more available from the WAI website.
Books, articles and tutorials from around the Web:
- Just Ask: Integrating Accessibility Throughout Design helps developers and designers create websites, software, hardware, and consumer products that are accessible to people with disabilities, provide a better user experience for all, and realize the additional benefits of accessibility.
- Learn to design Accessible Forms. [Published May 2004 | Author: Ian Lloyd]
- Making your blog accessible – not just for blogs! A really good introduction to accessibility explaining some simple steps that can be made.
- Transcripts on the Web: Getting people to your podcasts and videos and list of Transcription Services
Sites devoted to accessibility issues and education:
- Accessify – a site dedicated to furthering the cause of web accessibility by offering free tools and other useful resources.
- Juicy Studio – Gez Lemon’s site devoted to promoting best practice for web developers
- uiAccess – a resource for universal interface design and usable accessibility information
Section 508 (of the Americans with Disabilities Act) Guidelines information can be found in the Standards, Guidelines, and Style Guides section.
The Web Standards Project is a grassroots coalition fighting for standards which ensure simple, affordable access to web technologies for all.
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Cellulose acetate film
Cellulose acetate film, or safety film, is used in photography as a base material for photographic emulsions. It was introduced in the early 20th century by film manufacturers as a safe film base replacement for unstable and highly flammable nitrate film.
Beginning with cellulose diacetate in 1909, this innovation continued with cellulose acetate propionate and cellulose acetate butyrate in the 1930s, and finally in the late 1940s, cellulose triacetate was introduced, alongside polyester bases. These less flammable substitutes for nitrate film were called safety film.
The motion picture industry continued to use cellulose nitrate supports until the introduction of cellulose triacetate in 1948, which met the rigorous safety and performance standards set by the cinematographic industry. The chemical instability of cellulose nitrate material, unrecognized at the time of its introduction, has since become a major threat for film collections.
Decay and the "vinegar syndrome"
The first instance of cellulose triacetate degradation was reported to the Eastman Kodak Company within a decade of its introduction in 1948. The first report came from the Government of India, whose film was stored in hot, humid conditions. It was followed by further reports of degradation from collections stored in similar conditions. These observations resulted in continuing studies in the Kodak laboratories during the 1960s.
Beginning in the 1980s, there was a great deal of focus upon film stability following frequent reports of cellulose triacetate degradation. This material releases acetic acid, the key ingredient in vinegar and responsible for its acidic smell. The problem became known as the "vinegar syndrome."
The progression of degradation
In acetate film, acetyl (CH3CO) groups are attached to long molecular chains of cellulose. With exposure to moisture, heat, or acids, these acetyl groups break from their molecular bonds and acetic acid is released. While the acid is initially released inside the plastic, it gradually diffuses to the surface, causing a characteristic vinegary smell.
The decay process follows this pattern:
- Acetic acid is released during the initial acetate base deterioration, leading to the characteristic vinegar odor. This signal marks the progression of deterioration.
- The plastic film base becomes brittle. This occurs in the advanced stages of deterioration, weakening the film and causing it to shatter with the slightest tension. These physical changes happen because cellulose acetate consists of long chains of repeating units, or polymers. When the acetic acid is released as these groups break off, the acidic environment helps to break the links between units, shortening the polymer chains and leading to brittleness.
- Shrinkage also occurs during this process. With the cellulose acetate polymer chains breaking into smaller pieces, and with their side groups splitting off, the plastic film begins to shrink. In advanced stages of deterioration, shrinkage can be as much as 10%.
- As the acetate base shrinks, the gelatin emulsion of the film does not shrink, because it is not undergoing deterioration. The emulsion and film base separate, causing buckling, referred to by archivists as 'channelling.' Sheet films are often severely channelled in the later stages of degradation.
- Crystalline deposits or liquid-filled bubbles appear on the emulsion. These are evidence of plasticizers, additives to the plastic base, becoming incompatible with the film base and oozing out on the surface. This discharge of plasticizers is a sign of advanced degradation.
- In some cases, pink or blue colors appear in some sheet films. This is caused by antihalation dyes, which are normally colorless and incorporated into the gelatin layer. When acetic acid is formed during deterioration, the acidic environment causes the dyes to return to their original pink or blue color.
Testing for degradation
A testing product developed by the Image Permanence Institute, A-D, or "acid-detection" indicator strips change color from blue through shades of green to yellow with increasing exposure to acid. According to the test User's Guide, they were "...created to aid in the preservation of collections of photographic film, including sheet and roll films, cinema film, and microfilm. They provide a nondestructive method of determining the extent of vinegar syndrome in film collections." These tools can be used to determine the extent of damage to a film collection and which steps should be taken to prolong their usability.
Preservation and storage
Currently there is no practical way of halting or reversing the course of degradation. While there has been significant research regarding various methods of slowing degradation, such as storage in molecular sieves, temperature and moisture are the two key factors affecting the rate of deterioration. According to the Image Permanence Institute, fresh acetate film stored at a temperature of 65°F (18°C) and 50% relative humidity will last approximately 50 years before the onset of vinegar syndrome. Reducing the temperature 15°, while maintaining the same level of humidity, delays the process by 150 years. A combination of low temperature and low relative humidity represents the optimum storage condition for cellulose acetate base films, however, in practice temperatures of 55°F (12°C) and a relative humidity of 35% are now being used.
Microenvironments—the conditions inside an enclosure—can also have an impact on the condition of cellulose acetate film. Enclosures that are breathable or that contain an acid absorbent are instrumental in reducing the rate of decay due to vinegar syndrome. Sealed metal containers can trap the decay products released by the film, promoting the spread of vinegar syndrome.
Rescuing damaged film
During early stages of decay, the film content can be rescued by transferring it to new film stock. Once the film becomes brittle it cannot be copied in its entirety. Because the gelatin emulsion usually stays intact during the degradation process, it is possible to save the image on sheet film using solvents to dissolve the base off the emulsion. Once the emulsion has been freed from the shrunken support, it can be photographed or transferred to a new support. Because of the solvents used, this is a delicate and potentially hazardous procedure and is an expensive process for a large collection. Degraded motion picture film cannot be restored in this way, but sheet films often can.
While digitization would be an ideal way to preserve the contents of cellulose acetate film, current standards do not allow for scanning at sufficient resolutions to produce a copy of the same picture and sound quality as the original. Currently, the National Film Preservation Institute advocates film-to-film transfer as the best method for film preservation, with the copies stored in proper environmental conditions.
Other uses
Cellulose acetate film is also used to make replicates of materials and biological samples for microscopy. The techniques were developed for metallographic needs to examine the grain structure of polished metals. Replication can be used to understand the distribution, for example, of different types of iron in carbon steel samples, or the fine distribution of damage to a sample subject to mechanical wear.
- National Film Preservation Foundation (2004). The Film Preservation Guide: The Basics for Archives, Libraries, and Museums. San Francisco: National Film Preservation Foundation. p. 9. ISBN 9780974709901. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
- Ram, A. Tulsi (1990). "Archival Preservation of Photographic Film-A Perspective". Polymer Degradation and Stability 29 (1): 4. doi:10.1016/0141-3910(90)90019-4. ISSN 0141-3910.
- Adelstein, P.Z.; Reilly, J.M.; Nishimura, D.W. & Erbland, C.J. (May 1992). "Stability of Cellulose Ester Base Photographic Film: Part I-Laboratory Testing Procedures". SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal 101 (5): 336. doi:10.5594/J02284. ISSN 1545-0279.
- Reilly, James M. (November 2007). "Basic Strategy for Acetate Film Preservation". Microform and Imaging Review 31 (4): 117. doi:10.1515/MFIR.2002.117. ISSN 0949-5770.
- Image Permanence Institute (2001). User's Guide for A-D Strips: Film Base Deterioration Monitor. Rochester, NY: Image Permanence Institute.
- Allen, N.S.; Edge, M.; Horie, C.V.; Jewitt & Appleyard, J.H. (1998). "Degradation of Historic Cellulose Triacetate Cinematograph Film: Influence of Various Film Parameters and Prediction of Archival Life". The Journal of Photographic Science 36 (6): 194. ISSN 0022-3638. Text "first4- T.S. " ignored (help)
- Reilly, James M. (1993). IPI Storage Guide for Acetate Film; Instructions of Using the Wheel, Graphs, and Table; Basic Strategy for Film Preservation. Rochester: Image Permanence Institute. OCLC 28283222.
- Adelstein, P.Z.; Reilly, J.M.; Nishimura, D.W. & Erbland, C.J. (May 1992). "Stability of Cellulose Ester Base Photographic Film: Part II-Practical Storage Considerations". SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal 101 (5): 353. doi:10.5594/J02285. ISSN 1545-0279.
- "Film and Media Storage". Bonded Services Group. Archived from the original on September 14, 2010.
- Bigourdan, Jean-Louis & Reilly, J. (May 2000). "Effectiveness of Storage Conditions in Controlling the Vinegar Syndrome: Preservation Strategies for Acetate Base Motion-Picture Film Collections" (PDF). In Aubert, Michelle & Billeaud, Richard. Archiver et communiquer l'image et le son: les enjeux du 3ème millenaire. Joint Technical Symposium Paris 2000. Paris: CNC. pp. 14–34. ISBN 9782910202033.
- Reilly, James M (November 2007). "Basic Strategy for Acetate Film Preservation". Microform and Imaging Review 31 (4): 118. doi:10.1515/MFIR.2002.117. ISSN 0949-5770.
- National Film Preservation Foundation (2004). The Film Preservation Guide: The Basics for Archives, Libraries, and Museums. San Francisco: National Film Preservation Foundation. ISBN 9780974709901. Retrieved January 5, 2013.[page needed]
- Vander Voort, G.F. & Roósz, A. (February 1984). "Measurement of the Interlamellar Spacing of Pearlite". Metallography 17 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1016/0026-0800(84)90002-8. ISSN 0026-0800.
- Higham, P.A.; Stott, F.H.; Bethune, B. (1978). "Mechanisms of Wear of the Metal Surface During Fretting Corrosion of Steel on Polymers". Corrosion Science 18: 3–13. doi:10.1016/S0010-938X(78)80071-7. ISSN 0010-938X. Text "issue- 1 " ignored (help); Unknown parameter
Further reading
- Adelstein, P.Z.; Reilly, J.M.; Nishimura, D.W. & Erbland, C.J. (May 1995). "Stability of Cellulose Ester Base Photographic Film: Part III-Measurement of Film Degradation". SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal 104: 281–291. doi:10.5594/J15292. ISSN 1545-0279.
- Adelstein, P.Z.; Reilly, D.W.; Nishimura; Erbland, C.J. & Bigourdan, J.L. (July 1995). "Stability of Cellulose Ester Base Photographic Film: Part V- Recent Findings". SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal 104 (7): 439–447. doi:10.5594/J17707. ISSN 1545-0279.
- Allen, N.S.; Edge, M.; Horie, C.V.; Jewitt, T.S. & Appleyard, J.H. (1988). "The Degradation and Stabilization of the Historic Cellulose acetate/ Nitrate Base Motion-picture Film". The Journal of Photographic Science 36 (3): 103–106. ISSN 0022-3638.
- Allen, N.S.; Edge, M.; Horie, C.V.; Jewitt, T.S. & Appleyard, J.H. (1998). "The Degradation Characteristics of Archival Cellulose Triacetate Base Cinematograph Film". The Journal of Photographic Science 36 (6): 199–203. ISSN 0022-3638.
- Allen, N.S.; Edge, M.; Jewitt, T.S. & Horie, C.V. (1990). "Initiation of the Degradation of Cellulose Triacetate Base Motion Picture Film". The Journal of Photographic Science 38 (2): 54–59. ISSN 0022-3638.
- Allen, N.S.; Appleyard, J.H.; Edge, E.; Francis, D.; Horie, C.V. & Jewitt, T.S. (1988). "The Nature of the Degradation of Archival Cellulose-Ester Base Motion-Picture Film: The Case for Stabilization". The Journal of Photographic Science 36 (2): 34–39. ISSN 0022-3638.
- Allen, N.S.; Edge, M.; Jewitt, T.S. & Horie, C.V. (1990). "Stabilization of Cellulose Triacetate Base Motion Picture Film". The Journal of Photographic Science 30 (1): 26–29. ISSN 0022-3638.
- Edge, M.; Allen, N.S.; Jewitt, T.S. & Horie, C.V. (1989). "Fundamental Aspects of the Degradation of Cellulose Triacetate Base Cinematograph Film". Polymer Degradation and Stability 25 (2-4): 345–362. doi:10.1016/S0141-3910(89)81016-X. ISSN 0141-3910.
- Horvath, David G. (1987). The Acetate Negative Survey Final Report. Louisville, KY: Ekstrom Library Photographic Archives, University of Louisville. OCLC 16441840.
- Meyer, Mark-Paul; Read, Paul (2000). "Restoration and Preservation of Vinegar Syndrome Decayed Acetate Film". In Aubert; Billeaud, Richard. Archiver et communiquer l'image et le son :les enjeux du 3ème millenaire : actes du Symposium Technique Mixte—JTS Paris 2000. Paris: CNC. pp. 54–65. ISBN 9782910202033. More than one of
- Ram, A.T.; Kopperl, D.F. & Sehlin, R.C. (1994). "The Effects and Prevention of Vinegar Syndrome". The Journal of Imaging Science and Technology 38 (3): 249–261. ISSN 1062-3701.
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No. 1. Used for choice roasts, the porterhouse and sirloin steaks.
No. 2. Rump, used for steaks, stews and corned beef.
No. 3. Aitch-bone, used for boiling-pieces, stews and pot roasts.
No. 4. Buttock or round, used for steaks, pot roasts, beef a la mode; also a prime boiling-piece.
No. 5. Mouse-round, used for boiling and stewing.
No. 6. Shin or leg, used for soups, hashes, etc.
No. 7. Thick flank, cut with under fat, is a prime boiling-piece, good for stews and corned beef, pressed beef.
No. 8. Veiny piece, used for corned beef, dried beef.
No. 9. Thin flank, used for corned beef and boiling-pieces.
No. 10. Five ribs called the fore-rib. This is considered the primest piece for roasting; also makes the finest steaks.No. 11. Four ribs, called the middle ribs, used for roasting.
No. 12. Chuck ribs, used for second quality of roasts and steaks.
No. 13. Brisket, used for corned beef, stews, soups and spiced beef.
No. 14. Shoulder-piece, used for stews, soups, pot-roasts, mince-meat and hashes.
Nos. 15, 16. Neck, clod or sticking-piece used for stocks, gravies, soups, mince-pie meat, hashes, bologna sausages, etc.
No. 17. Shin or shank, used mostly for soups and stewing.
No. 18. Cheek.The following is a classification of the qualities of cuts of meat, according to the several joints of beef, when cut up.
First Class — Cuts of meat include the sirloin with the kidney suet (1), the rump steak piece (2), the fore-rib (11).
Second Class — Cuts of meat include the buttock or round (4), the thick flank (7), the middle ribs (11).
Third Class — Cuts of meat include the aitch-bone (3), the mouse-round (5), the thin flank (8, 9), the chuck (12), the shoulder-piece (14), the brisket (13).
Fourth Class — Cuts of meat include the clod, neck and sticking-piece (15, 16).
Fifth Class — Cuts of meat include the shin or shank (17).
No. 2. Cuts of meat include the fillet, used for roasts and cutlets.
No. 3. Cuts of meat include the loin, chump-end used for roasts and chops.
No. 4. Cuts of meat include the hind-knuckle or hock, used for stews, pot-pies, meat-pies.
No. 6. Cuts of meat include the breast, best end used for roasting, stews and chops.
No. 7. Cuts of meat include the blade-bone, used for pot-roasts and baked dishes.
No. 8. Cuts of meat include the fore-knuckle, used for soups and stews.
No. 9. Cuts of meat include the breast, brisket-end used for baking, stews and pot-pies.
No. 10. Cuts of meat include the neck, scrag-end used for stews, broth, meat-pies, etc.
In cutting up veal, generally, the hind-quarter is divided into loin and leg, and the fore-quarter into breast, neck and shoulder.
The Several Parts of a Moderately-sized, Well-fed Calf, about eight weeks old, are nearly of the following weights:—Loin and chump, 18 lbs.; fillet, 12 lbs.; hind-knuckle, 5 lbs.; shoulder, 11 lbs.; neck, 11 lbs.; breast, 9 lbs., and fore-knuckle, 5 lbs.; making a total of 144 lbs. weight.
No. 1. Cuts of meat include the leg, used for roasts and for boiling.
No. 2. Cuts of meat include the shoulder, used for baked dishes and roasts.
No. 3. Cuts of meat include the loin, best end used for roasts, chops.
No. 4. Cuts of meat include the loin, chump-end used for roasts and chops.
No. 5. Cuts of meat include the rack, or rib chops, used for French chops, rib chops, either for frying or broiling; also used for choice stews.
No. 6. Cuts of meat include the breast, used for roast, baked dishes, stews, chops.
No. 7. Cuts of meat include neck or scrag-end, used for cutlets, stews and meat-pies.
NOTE.—A saddle of mutton or double loin is two loins cut off before the carcass is split open down the back. French chops are a small rib chop, the end of the bone trimmed off and the meat and fat cut away from the thin end, leaving the round piece of meat attached to the larger end, which leaves the small rib-bone bare. Very tender and sweet.
Mutton is prime when cut from a carcass which has been fed out of doors, and allowed to run upon the hillside; they are best when about three years old. The fat will then be abundant, white and hard, the flesh juicy and firm, and of a clear red color.
For mutton roasts, choose the shoulder, the saddle, or the loin or haunch. The leg should be boiled. Almost any part will do for broth.
Lamb born in the middle of the winter, reared under shelter, and fed in a great measure upon milk, then killed in the spring, is considered a great delicacy, though lamb is good at a year old. Like all young animals, lamb ought to be thoroughly cooked, or it is most unwholesome.
No. 1. Leg, used for smoked hams, roasts and corned pork.
No. 2. Hind-loin, used for roasts, chops and baked dishes.
No. 3. Fore-loin or ribs, used for roasts, baked dishes or chops.
No. 4. Spare-rib, used for roasts, chops, stews.
No. 5. Shoulder, used for smoked shoulder, roasts and corned pork.
No. 6. Brisket and flank, used for pickling in salt and smoked bacon.
The cheek is used for pickling in salt, also the shank or shin. The feet are usually used for souse and jelly.
For family-use the leg is the most economical, that is when fresh, and the loin the richest. The best pork is from carcasses weighing from fifty to about one hundred and twenty-five pounds. Pork is a white and close meat, and it is almost impossible to over-roast or cook it too much; when underdone it is exceedingly dangerous and you could end up with tape worm.
No. 1. Cuts of meat include the shoulder, used for roasting; it may be boned and stuffed, then afterwards baked or roasted.
No. 2. Cuts of meat include the fore-loin, used for roasts and steaks.
No. 3. Cuts of meat include the haunch or loin, used for roasts, steaks, stews. The ribs cut close may be used for soups. Good for pickling and making into smoked venison.
No. 4. Cuts of meat include the breast, used for baking dishes, stewing.
No. 5. Cuts of meat include the scrag or neck, used for soups.The choice of venison should be judged by the fat, which, when the venison is young, should be thick, clear and close, and the meat a very dark red. The flesh of a female deer about four years old, is the sweetest and best of venison.
Buck venison, which is in season from June to the end of September, is finer than doe venison, which is in season from October to December. Neither should be dressed at any other time of year, and no meat requires so much care as venison in killing, preserving and dressing.
A fillet of veal is one of the prime roasts of veal; it is taken from the leg above the knuckle; a piece weighing from ten to twelve pounds is a good size and requires about four hours for roasting. Before roasting, it is dressed with a force meat or stuffing placed in the cavity from where the bone was taken out and the flap tightly secured together with skewers; many bind it together with tape.
To carve it, cut in even thin slices off from the whole of the upper part or top, in the same manner as from a rolled roast of beef, as in the direction of the figs. 1 and 2; this gives the person served some of the dressing with each slice of meat.
Veal is very unwholesome unless it is cooked thoroughly, and when roasted should be of a rich brown color. Bacon, fried pork, sausage-balls, with greens, are among the accompaniments of roasted veal, also a cut lemon.
To attempt to carve each chop and serve it, you would not only place too large a piece upon the plate of the person you intend to serve, but you would waste much time, and should the vertebrate have not been removed by the butcher, you would be compelled to exercise such a degree of strength that would make one's appearance very ungraceful, and possibly, too, throwing gravy over your neighbor sitting next to you.
The correct way to carve this roast is to cut diagonally from fig. 1 to 2, and help in slices of moderate thickness; then it may be cut from 3 to 4, in order to separate the small bones; divide and serve them, having first inquired if they are desired.
This joint is usually sent to the table accompanied by bacon, ham, tongue, or pickled pork, on a separate dish and with a cut lemon on a plate. There are also a number of sauces that are suitable with this roast.
In carving a roasted leg, the best slices are found by cutting quite down to the bone, in the direction from 1 to 2, and slices may be taken from either side.
Some very good cuts are taken from the broad end from 5 to 6, and the fat on this ridge is very much liked by many. The cramp-bone is a delicacy, and is obtained by cutting down to the bone at 4, and running the knife under it in a semicircular direction to 3. The nearer the knuckle the drier the meat, but the under side contains the most finely grained meat, from which slices may be cut lengthwise. When sent to the table a frill of paper around the knuckle will improve its appearance.
The next process is to divide the ribs from the brisket by cutting through the meat in the line from 1 to 2; then the ribs may be carved in the direction of the line 6 to 7, and the brisket from 8 to 9. The carver should always ascertain whether the guest prefers ribs, brisket, or a piece of the shoulder.
To reach the choicer portion of the ham, the knife, which must be very sharp and thin, should be carried quite down to the bone through the thick fat in the direction of the line from 1 to 2.
The slices should be even and thin, cutting both lean and fat together, always cutting down to the bone. Some cut a circular hole in the middle of a ham gradually enlarging it outwardly. Then again many carve a ham by first cutting from 1 to 2, then across the other way from 3 to 4.
Remove the skin after the ham is cooked and send to the table with dots of dry pepper or dry mustard on the top, a tuft of fringed paper twisted about the knuckle, and plenty of fresh parsley around the dish. This will always insure an inviting appearance.
Roast Pig.—The modern way of serving a pig is not to send it to the table whole, but have it carved partially by the cook; first, by dividing the shoulder from the body; then the leg in the same manner; also separating the ribs into convenient portions. The head may be divided and placed on the same platter. To be served as hot as possible.
A Spare Rib of Pork is carved by cutting slices from the fleshy part, after which the bones should be disjointed and separated.
A leg of pork may be carved in the same manner as a ham.
The fat of this meat is like mutton, apt to cool soon, and become hard and disagreeable to the palate; it should, therefore, be served always on warm plates, and the platter kept over a hot-water dish, or spirit lamp. Many cooks dish it up with a white paper frill pinned around the knuckle bone.
A haunch of mutton is carved the same as a haunch of venison.
Next, cut downward from the breast from 2 to 3, as many even slices of the white meat as may be desired, placing the pieces neatly on one side of the platter. Now unjoint the legs and wings at the middle joint, which can be done very skillfully by a little practice. Make an opening into the cavity of the turkey for dipping out the inside dressing, by cutting a piece from the rear part 1, 1, called the apron.
Consult the tastes of the guests as to which part is preferred; if no choice is expressed, serve a portion of both light and dark meat. One of the most delicate parts of the turkey are two little muscles, lying in small dish-like cavities on each side of the back, a little behind the leg attachments; the next most delicate meat fills the cavities in the neck bone, and next to this, that on the second joints. The lower part of the leg (or drumstick, as it is called) being hard, tough and stringy, is rarely ever helped to any one, but allowed to remain on the dish.
To separate the breast from the body of the fowl, cut through the tender ribs close to the breast, quite down to the tail. Now turn the fowl over, back upwards; put the knife into the bone midway between the neck and the rump, and on raising the lower end it will separate readily.
Now turn the rump from you, and take off very neatly the two side bones, and the fowl is carved. In separating the thigh from the drumstick, the knife must be inserted exactly at the joint, for if not accurately hit, some difficulty will be experienced to get them apart; this is easily acquired by practice.
There is no difference in carving roast and boiled fowls if full grown; but in very young fowls the breast is usually served whole; the wings and breast are considered the best parts, but in young ones the legs are the most juicy.
In the case of a capon or large fowl, slices may be cut off at the breast, the same as carving a pheasant.
Some are fond of the feet, and when dressing the duck, these should be neatly skinned and never removed. Wild duck is highly esteemed by epicures; it is trussed like a tame duck, and carved in the same manner, the breast being the choicest part.
Another method of carving a roast partridge is to cut it into three pieces, by severing a wing and leg on either side from the body, by following the lines 1 to 2, thus making two servings of those parts, leaving the breast for a third plate.
The third method of carving a roast partridge is to thrust back the body from the legs, and cut through the middle of the breast, thus making four portions that may be served. Grouse and prairie-chicken are carved from the breast when they are large, and quartered or halved when of medium size.
Place your fork firmly in the center of the breast of this large game bird and cut deep slices to the bone at figs. 1 and 2; then take off the leg in the line from 3 and 4, and the wing 3 and 5, severing both sides the same. In taking off the wings, be careful not to cut too near the neck; if you do you will hit upon the neck-bone, from which the wing must be separated.
Pass the knife through the line 6, towards the neck, which will detach it. Cut the other parts as in a fowl.
The breast, wings and merry-thought of a pheasant are the most highly prized, although the legs are considered very finely flavored. Pheasants are frequently roasted with the head left on; in that case, when dressing them, bring the head round under the wing, and fix it on the point of a skewer.
A very good way of carving these birds is to insert the knife at fig. 1, and cut both ways to 2 and 3, when each portion may be divided into two pieces, then served. Pigeons, if not too large, may be cut in halves, either across or down the middle, cutting them into two equal parts; if young and small they may be served entirely whole.
Tame pigeons should be cooked as soon as possible after they are killed, as they very quickly lose their flavor. Wild pigeons, on the contrary, should hang a day or two in a cool place before they are dressed. Oranges cut into halves are used as a garnish for dishes of small birds, such as pigeons, quail, woodcock, squabs, snipe, etc. These small birds are either served whole or split down the back, making two servings.
Do you have anything that you would like to add after reading this page? We would love to hear your thoughts. If you can add additional information to what has been written here you will be adding value to the website! No need to have any special skills - just type and submit. We will do the rest!
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|Hep B infection through food?
Sep 28, 2004
Dear Doctor Dieterich.
If you can get Hep B from using toothbrushes infected with microscopic blood specks, is it also possible to become infected with Hep B through eating food contaminated by similar invisible particles (acquired from, say, dirty hands)?
Also, could you possibly explain the science as to why these self-same invisible particles, lurking on environmental and public surfaces, cannot be passed between two dry surfaces or be transferred onto people's hands.
Sorry to bother you with these concerns.
Thank you so much.
| Response from Dr. Dieterich
Tootbrushing has the possibility of passing blood to blood from cuts on the gums. Just swallowing particles of HBV is not really an issue. Hepatitis A on the other hand is virtually always passed by swallowing. The skin protects us from most viruses unless it is broken or cut. DTD
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Voter ID Laws: Necessary or More Likely to Disenfranchise Voters?
As the November election approaches, the arguments for and against strict voter identity laws heat up.
As the election season heats up, so does the debate about voter identity. One side of the issue argues that stringent voter identity laws are necessary so as not to dilute the vote of legitimate voters. The other side argues that the strict controls have the effect of disenfranchising legitimate voters.
A recent story in the Huffington Post cites examples from both sides of the argument, ultimately claiming that it appears more legitimate votes are disenfranchised than fraudulent ones prevented.
More than two dozen states have some form of ID requirements, and 11 of those passed new rules over the past two years. According to Georgia Secretary of State Brian Kemp's website, voters are required to show one of several forms of photo ID:
- Any valid state or federal government issued photo ID, including a free Voter ID Card issued by your county registrar's office or the Georgia Department of Driver Services (DDS)
- A Georgia Driver's License, even if expired.
- Valid employee photo ID from any branch, department, agency, or entity of the U.S. Government, Georgia, or any county, municipality, board, authority or other entity of this state.
- Valid U.S. Passport ID.
- Valid U.S. Military photo ID.
- Valid Tribal photo ID.
Republicans have been the driving force behind this, claiming that in previous years convicted felons and the deceased have voted. Democrats and voting rights groups claim the ID laws suppress votes, particularly among the elderly, poor and minorities. These groups tend to lean Democratic.
In each of these cases, the numbers are not particularly high when you look at the big picture. But when you take into account that the 2000 presidential race was decided by a 537-vote margin in Florida, it’s not hard to see why this is such a hot-button issue right now.
What do you think? Are voter ID laws necessary to avoid diluting a genuine vote, or are the laws more likely to disenfranchise a legitimate voter? Tell us in the comments.
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Why was the Ontario Tumour Bank Created?
Scientific and technological advances in genomics, proteomics, and bioinformatics are providing new insight into the cause and treatment of cancer. The analysis of human tumours offers academic and industry researchers a window into the molecular and genetic world of cancer. Through the analysis of tumours, researchers have learned about the molecular makeup of tumours, discovered biomarkers that are characteristic of tumours and identified genes responsible for specific cancers. This knowledge creates exciting possibilities for the creation of new diagnostic and prognostic tools and for the identification of targets for new drug therapies.
In order for the potential of the genomics revolution to be realized, research scientists and clinicians must analyze the molecular makeup of large numbers of human tumour tissues. Although researchers can use models of the disease such as cell lines and animal tumours, at some point it becomes essential to study human tissues to understand how a disease like cancer develops in humans. Thus, researchers require access to collections of well-preserved and well-characterized tumour tissue accompanied by high quality clinical data.
Recognizing the need for a provincial biorepository and data bank, the Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (OICR) has established the Ontario Tumour Bank. By making high-quality tissues and accompanying clinical data available to cancer researchers, the Ontario Tumour Bank will help accelerate cancer research.
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The field of gene expression continues to grow and evolve. Commonly used technologies such as microarrays are packing higher densities in a smaller footprint, and qPCR is becoming more accurate and reproducible with new guidelines in place.
Additionally, the introduction of next-generation sequencing has revolutionized the study of transcriptomics by promoting RNA analysis via cDNA sequencing on a massive scale (RNA-seq). The latter eliminates the limited dynamic range of detection in microarrays but adds its own challenges of reproducibility and interpretation.
GEN spoke with several researchers who shared their insights on how they are utilizing gene-expression technologies, the challenges faced, and what they expect of the field for the future.
Pathogens subvert the immune system by sensing and then responding to avert host protective responses. This is accomplished by activating and expressing the pathogen’s virulence genes. Jay Zhu, Ph.D., assistant professor of microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, suggests that pathogens may also specifically repress other sets of their genes to “outsmart” the innate immune response.
“We are studying Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera. These bacteria employ both positive and negative transcriptional regulation in order to colonize the host intestine and establish infection. Our goal is not only to better understand how the bacteria cause disease by manipulation of gene expression, but also to develop a therapeutic against its targets.”
Dr. Zhu says the organism’s entire genome has been sequenced, allowing for easier reading of gene-expression changes. To assess how V. cholerae targets and works in the target intestinal tract, they first infect mice with the organism and then monitor intestinal responses.
“Although we could isolate RNA from the intestine, it is difficult to utilize a typical microarray to analyze gene-expression changes because one cannot get high-quality bacterial RNA from such a complex tissue. Therefore, we use other genetic tools such as transposon mutagenesis, RNA-seq that allows sequencing of the entire transcriptome. We next confirm our findings using RT-PCR to confirm with a few targets for screening.
According to Dr. Zhu, these approaches established that components of flagellar biosynthesis also controlled so-called quorum sensing by regulating hapR expression.
“Quorum sensing refers to the ability of bacteria communicating with each other to determine certain cellular process in the whole population. Our studies identified components of flagellar biosynthesis that also participated in the control of quorum sensing so that V. cholerae can sense the “right environment” (i.e., intestines) to activate virulence genes. Overall this data provided a link between regulation of motility and regulation of quorum sensing by V. cholerae during infection of hosts.”
Dr. Zhu says these studies provide a clearer picture of how the bacteria can access colonization sites and at the same time allow the natural expression of virulence genes.
In Search of Biomarkers
“We are now moving into an era of individualized medicine,” reports George Vasmatzis, Ph.D., assistant professor, department of laboratory medicine and pathology, Mayo Clinic. “The clinical dilemma is to predict which subsets of patients will respond most effectively to a given treatment and to develop specific tests for that. The goals of such molecularly targeted medicine depend on the identification of specific biomarkers that could stratify patient populations.”
Dr. Vasmatzis utilizes a combination of technologies. He first captures the specific cell populations of interest using laser capture microdissection (LCM) and then amplifies the genomic DNA. The amplified DNA from these samples is analyzed using next-generation sequencing to evaluate DNA changes. Finally, he validates his findings using microarrays in which RNA levels can be correlated with genetic expression.
“We find that the use of these technologies together provides a powerful means to profile as well as stratify patient populations. We are able to separate different grades and different types of tumors and then look for genetic changes. Next-gen sequencing is capable of sequencing both sides of DNA fragments and can do so for hundreds of millions of sequences. For a couple thousand dollars, one can virtually cover an individual’s entire genome.”
Looking next at RNA expression data from microarrays can provide a global look at what is upregulated or downregulated. For example, using this methodological approach, Dr. Vasmatzis and colleagues discovered recurrent translocations in the DUSP22 phosphatase gene on 6p25.3. “DUSP22 is an important prognostic biomarker in T-cell lymphomas. We hope to utilize this same approach to also work on other cancers such as lung, endometrial, and prostate cancers.”
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Subtypes
Another example of the use of gene-expression profiling is for identifying patient subtypes in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). “We are studying gene-expression analysis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in order to identify sets of genes that may help us better understand differences within the patient population,” says Michael G. Barnes, Ph.D., research associate, division of rheumatology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, speaking on behalf of a large team of researchers involved in the project, which was supported by the NIH.
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) encompasses the majority of childhood arthritis. Although seven subtypes have been described, there is increasing evidence for heterogeneity even within these types. “Use of genome-level technologies can provide a comprehensive determination of genetic and genomic biological signatures, giving an unprecedented opportunity to define JIA on the basis of molecular phenotypes and can help us understand disease mechanisms. This may ultimately help improve therapeutic approaches,” Dr. Barnes explains.
To begin the analysis, PBMC are first isolated using Ficoll gradient centrifugation. RNA is immediately stabilized and later isolated and purified. “We assess RNA quality with standard protocols and then label it using NuGEN Ovation (NuGEN Technologies). Next we hybridize the labeled samples to Affymetrix GeneChips (Affymetrix). This array has nearly 55,000 probe sets and can measure up to 47,000 transcripts.”
Processing the monumental amount of data generated into meaningful results requires the use of bioinformatic approaches. “To begin analysis, we import the data we generate into a program called GeneSpring GX (Agilent Technologies). We then adjust batch to batch variation by a process called distance-weighted discrimination. Next we identify genes with different levels between groups. Finally, we perform a functional analysis of the data.”
Employing these approaches, Dr. Barnes and colleagues found substantial PBMC gene-expression differences in patients with early-onset JIA as compared to those with late-onset disease.
“Age of onset may be an important characteristic for classifying certain JIA patient subtypes. Today, differential diagnosis between the oligoarticular and polyarticular JIA subtypes is based, to a large extent, on how many joints are affected in patients. Utilizing molecular approaches in addition to other biologic markers like antinuclear antibodies (ANA) provides great potential to grasp pathologic mechanisms that may help explain the differences between patients with early and late disease onset. Understanding these processes ultimately may lead to better treatments for JIA.”
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The Experience of Chronic Pain and PTSD: A Guide for Health Care Providers
The Experience of Chronic Pain and PTSD: A Guide for Health Care Providers
What is chronic pain?
According to the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), chronic pain involves suffering from pain in a particular area of the body (e.g., in the back or the neck) for at least three to six months (1). Chronic pain may be as severe as, if not more severe than, acute pain but the individual's experience is ''modulated and compounded by the prolonged or recurrent nature of the chronic state, and further complicated by a multitude of economic and psychosocial factors" (2). In stark contrast to acute pain, chronic pain persists beyond the amount of time that is normal for an injury to heal.
Chronic pain can have a variety of sources including disease processes or injuries. Some chronic pain stems from a traumatic event, such as a physical or sexual assault, a motor vehicle accident, or some type of disaster. Under these circumstances the person may experience both chronic pain and posttraumatic stress disorder.
How common is chronic pain?
Approximately one in three Americans (more than twelve million people) suffer from some kind of recurring pain in their lifetimes (3), and three million of these individuals are seriously disabled from their chronic pain conditions (4). Eighty to ninety percent of Americans experience chronic cervical or lower back problems (2).
Evaluating chronic pain
Medical providers have a difficult time ascertaining the accuracy of patients' pain severity. Care providers generally assess chronic pain by administering physical examinations and having patients perform various tasks, such as exercises that help the provider evaluate the patient's strength, flexibility, and reflexes. At times, patients are asked to rate their pain on a scale from "no pain at all to "completely unbearable". Yet, because every person is different and perceives and experiences pain in different ways, it is difficult for medical providers to determine how much pain an individual is experiencing.
In addition, health care providers usually base their determination of pain severity on their own perceptions of how much pain seems appropriate for a given injury or pain condition (5-6). There is often very little consistency between providers regarding the measurement of their patients' pain. This creates obvious frustration for providers, but this can be even more exasperating for the individual who is suffering from chronic pain. It is common for patients to be disbelieved, or to have the level of their pain or disability minimized. Many times, this frustration causes patients to go from provider to provider in search of answers and relief from their pain. Additionally, this kind of experience often contributes to an increased sense of helplessness and despair, which can subsequently increase tension and pain, as well as emotional distress.
What is the experience of chronic pain like physically?
There are many forms of chronic pain, and each type of condition results in different experiences of pain and disability. As an example, chronic low back pain (CLBP), the most pervasive or common type of pain, is known to result in severe disability and limitation of movement.
Most patients with chronic pain resort to invasive assessment or treatment procedures, including surgery, to help ameliorate the pain. Individuals with chronic pain are less able to function in daily life than those who do not suffer from chronic pain. Patients with severe chronic pain and limited mobility oftentimes are unable to perform activities of daily living, such as walking, standing, sitting, lifting light objects, doing paperwork, standing in line at a grocery store, going shopping, or working. Many patients with chronic pain cannot work because of their pain or physical limitations.
What is the experience of chronic pain like psychologically?
Chronic pain and the disability that often comes with it can lead to a cognitive reevaluation and reintegration of one's belief systems, values, emotions, and feelings of self-worth (7). Numerous studies have indicated that many patients who experience chronic pain (up to 100%) tend also to be clinically depressed (8-10). In fact, depression is the most common psychiatric diagnosis in patients with chronic pain (11). The experience of progressive, consistent chronic pain and disability also translates for many individuals into having thoughts of suicide as a means of ending their pain and frustration (12).
PTSD and chronic pain
The prevalence of PTSD is substantially elevated in patients with chronic pain. A current PTSD prevalence of 35% was seen in a sample of chronic pain patients (13), compared to 3.5% in the general population (14). In a study of patients with chronic low back pain, 51% of the patients evidenced significant PTSD symptoms (15). In another study of patients who experienced chronic pain following a motor vehicle accident, researchers found that 50% of the patients developed PTSD (16).
One symptom of PTSD is that the person becomes emotionally or physically upset when reminded of the traumatic event. For people with chronic pain, the pain may actually serve as a reminder of the traumatic event, which will tend to exacerbate the PTSD.
Past experiences, present pain
It is important to recognize that certain types of chronic pain are more common in individuals who have experienced specific traumas. For example, adult survivors of physical, psychological, or sexual abuse tend to be more at risk for developing certain types of chronic pain later in their lives. The most common forms of chronic pain for survivors of these kinds of trauma involve: pain in the pelvis, lower back, face, and bladder; fibromyalgia; interstitial cystitis; and nonremitting whiplash syndromes (17).
Some of the theories as to why this relationship occurs relate to personality development, neurobiology or neurophysiology, memory, behavior, and personal coping styles (18-20). In order to increase our understanding of the relationships between certain traumas and specific kinds of chronic pain, it is essential that health care providers ask both male and female patients with chronic pain about their childhood experiences. It is particularly important to gather this information for those patients where the source or basis for their pain conditions is unknown.
Treating individuals who have chronic pain and PTSD
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a psychotherapeutic intervention that helps patients manage chronic pain (21). Other types of treatment that help patients with chronic pain include: stress inoculation training, behavior modification/operant conditioning, self-directed treatments, and adjunctive treatments such as biofeedback and relaxation training (22). There are also manualized treatments that specifically address avoidance behaviors and hypervigilance, because these behaviors tend to reinforce fear reactions.
Research suggests that providing CBT treatments to address PTSD symptoms in patients with chronic pain may lead to improvements in pain-related functioning (23). This has been seen even when the pain was not addressed specifically in the intervention. When treating patients with chronic pain, it is vital that health care providers address patients' symptoms of PTSD and depression. In so doing, they increase the likelihood that patients will have improvements in their levels of pain as well as in their physical and emotional functioning.
Recommendations for health care providers
When patients are coping with a chronic pain condition, it is difficult for them to hear from a health care provider that they will need to ''live with it" and ''manage the pain" for the rest of their lives. Being faced with the news of impending health problems, ongoing severe pain, and disability is extremely difficult. These individuals may have lost their physical abilities, and they have lost the assurance that they can fully control whatever is going on in their lives. Much like losing a loved one, these individuals will need to grieve their losses. This may take some time and will vary from person to person. Here are some suggestions for assisting these individuals:
Understand that prior to patients' being able to come to an acceptance about the permanence of their condition, they will be feeling very much out of control and helpless. Their lives essentially revolve around trying to regain their sense of control. This can sometimes be difficult, particularly when treatments don't seem to help or the patient's support system is weak. There may be times when they become outwardly angry or depressed. Restoring some sense of control and empowering the patient is a fundamental part of the treatment process.
Date Created: See last Reviewed/Updated Date below.
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Americans haven’t worried about polio for a long time; vaccines have effectively eliminated the disease in America and much of the rest of the world. However, there are three countries that are still facing polio epidemics: Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nigeria.
The Global Polio Eradication Initiative, partners with UNICEF and the World Health Organization, have been working to vaccinate children in these at risk countries. Health workers were planning to inoculate 161,000 children younger than 5 when international politics overpowered relief efforts.
Pakistani Taliban commander Hafiz Gul Bahadur has banned the polio vaccinations in North Waziristan in the tribal belt where these children live. The ban is following a 2011 U.S. vaccination campaign that also covertly collected DNA in order to try to locate Osama Bin Laden.
Before the C.I.A.’s involvement was discovered, the Taliban was in support of the vaccinations and allowed health workers to reach children in safety. Now Bahadur is refusing to allow vaccinations until the U.S. discontinues drone strikes in Pakistan.
Both the U.S. and the Pakistani Taliban are jeopardizing children’s access to necessary vaccinations in order to make political gains. While international relations between the two countries are both delicate and highly important, when access to healthcare is used for political gain, only the citizens suffer.
Both countries are allowing politics to get in the way of healthcare. Children in need of vaccinations are being used for political purposes. It is wrong to jeopardize their access to necessary, lifesaving healthcare in the name of politics. These organizations have the ability to provide lifesaving vaccinations to hundreds of thousands of children, and should not be stopped or used simply for political gains.
Thanks for reading!
Rebecca S. Busch
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Texans who have drawn there water supplies from the vast but shrinking Ogallala Aquifer are engaged in a complex process of clarifying and/or renegotiating a more exact notion of just what rights they have to access the resource. A story in the Sunday Lubbock Avalanche-Journal provides an update.
Some clever “enviropreneurs”, to invoke a term coined by PERC, have devised methods to use markets to improve the use of water. See “How the market can keep streams flowing” for an example of a program working in the Pacific Northwest. But that example deals with surface water; groundwater presents greater difficulties for measuring and monitoring resource stocks and flows.
Groundwater gets some mention in this article by Gary Libecap on “Water Woes” in the American West, but it looks like a complete groundwater rights system remains to be developed.
Metering water use will be a part of a solution. Palm Springs, California has experimented with smart metering for water use with some time-of-day pricing – partly to economize on electric power use but also to encourage conservation of water. Clearly a different kind of application than West Texas needs, but it suggests some possibilities.
Has anyone put together a groundwater rights system that works on a large scale, or is this still a grand opportunity waiting for the right enviropreneur?
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Global Warming Science - www.appinsys.com/GlobalWarming
Water Vapor / Humidity Implications for the GHG Based Global Warming Theory
[last update: 2010/05/07]
Increasing atmospheric CO2 does not by itself result in significant warming. The climate models assume a significant positive feedback of increased water vapor in order to amplify the CO2 effect and achieve the future warming reported by the IPCC.
Paltridge et al: “Water vapor feedback in climate models is large and positive (Bony et al. 2006). The various model representations and parameterizations of convection, turbulent transfer, and deposition of latent heat generally maintain a more-or-less constant relative humidity (i.e., an increasing specific humidity q) at all levels in the troposphere as the planet warms. The increasing q amplifies the response of surface temperature to increasing CO2 by a factor of 2 or more.” (Paltridge et al: “Trends in middle- and upper-level tropospheric humidity from NCEP reanalysis data”, Theoretical Applied Climatology 2009, [http://www.theclimatescam.se/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/paltridgearkingpook.pdf])
According to the models, as the Earth warms more water evaporates from the ocean, and the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases. Since water vapor is the main greenhouse gas, this leads to a further increase in the atmospheric temperature. The models assume that changes in temperature and water vapor will result in a constant relative humidity (i.e. as temperatures increase, the specific humidity increases, keeping the relative humidity constant. This is one of the most controversial aspects of the models. Studies have contradictory findings regarding this. Models that include water vapor feedback with constant relative humidity predict the Earth's surface will warm more than twice as much over the next 100 years as models that contain no water vapor feedback. The water vapor feedback issue is a crucial one since without the feedback, not only are the models wrong, there can be no significant warming.
Problems With IPCC Models
According to the IPCC [http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter3.pdf] “Water vapour is also the most important gaseous source of infrared opacity in the atmosphere, accounting for about 60% of the natural greenhouse effect for clear skies, and provides the largest positive feedback in model projections of climate change.“
A 2004 NASA study using satellite humidity data found that “The increases in water vapor with warmer temperatures are not large enough to maintain a constant relative humidity” resulting in overestimation of temperature increase. [http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2004/0315humidity.html]
Roger Pielke provides a brief summary of the issue [http://climatesci.org/2007/12/18/climate-metric-reality-check-3-evidence-for-a-lack-of-water-vapor-feedback-on-the-regional-scale/] as well as a link to a research paper that states: “atmospheric temperature and water vapor trends do not follow the conjecture of constant relative humidity”.
The following figure is from the study. “A comparison of tropical temperature trends with model predictions”, by Douglass, D.H., J.R. Christy, B.D. Pearson, and S.F. Singer, 2007 - International Journal of Climatology. [http://www.scribd.com/doc/904914/A-comparison-of-tropical-temperature-trends-with-model-predictions] comparing the climate models to observations from satellites and balloons (1979-2004).The models exhibit the CO2 theory characteristic of most warming occurring in the troposphere. However, the satellite and balloon based observations show warming only at the surface of the earth. The report stated: “Model results and observed temperature trends are in disagreement in most of the tropical troposphere, being separated by more than twice the uncertainty of the model mean. … On the whole, the evidence indicates that model trends in the troposphere are very likely inconsistent with observations that indicate that, since 1979, there is no significant long-term amplification factor relative to the surface. If these results continue to be supported, then future projections of temperature change, as depicted in the present suite of climate models, are likely too high.”
The IPCC 2007 Report Chapter 9 – Understanding and Attributing Climate Change [http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Print_Ch09.pdf] provides a climate model based simulation of the expected CO2 “spatial signature” of all forcings including anthropogenic CO2 (left-hand figure below shows degrees change per decade). However, a study of actual data from radiosonde data shows a non-CO2 based signature [http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/sap/sap1-1/finalreport/sap1-1-final-chap5.pdf]. The models predict a large tropical increase in temperature in the 300 mb range, due to increased water vapor in the troposphere. This can be seen in both the figure above and below left.
Trends in degrees per decade – left: IPCC CO2-based trend; right: actual data from radiosondes
Richard Lindzen (MIT Atmospheric Science Professor) states: “there is a much more fundamental and unambiguous check of the role of feedbacks in enhancing greenhouse warming that also shows that all models are greatly exaggerating climate sensitivity. Here, it must be noted that the greenhouse effect operates by inhibiting the cooling of the climate by reducing net outgoing radiation. However, the contribution of increasing CO2 alone does not, in fact, lead to much warming (approximately 1 deg. C for each doubling of CO2). The larger predictions from climate models are due to the fact that, within these models, the more important greenhouse substances, water vapor and clouds, act to greatly amplify whatever CO2 does. This is referred to as a positive feedback. It means that increases in surface temperature are accompanied by reductions in the net outgoing radiation – thus enhancing the greenhouse warming. ... Satellite observations of the earth’s radiation budget allow us to determine whether such a reduction does, in fact, accompany increases in surface temperature in nature. As it turns out, the satellite data from the ERBE instrument (Barkstrom, 1984, Wong et al, 2006) shows that the feedback in nature is strongly negative -- strongly reducing the direct effect of CO2 (Lindzen and Choi, 2009) in profound contrast to the model behavior.” [http://www.quadrant.org.au/blogs/doomed-planet/2009/07/resisting-climate-hysteria]
A 2006 study also based on the satellite AIRS data (Pierce, Barnett, Fetzner & Gleckler: “Three-dimensional tropospheric water vapor in coupled climate models compared with observations from the AIRS satellite system”, Geophysical Research Letters, Vol 33, 2006 [http://meteora.ucsd.edu/~pierce/papers/Pierce_et_al_AIRS_vs_models_2006GL027060.pdf]) states: “The results show the models we investigated tend to have too much moisture in the upper tropospheric regions of the tropics and extra-tropics relative to the AIRS observations, by 25–100% depending on the location, and 25–50% in the zonal average. This discrepancy is well above the uncertainty in the AIRS data, and so seems to be a model problem. … this is an important finding for model simulations of future climate change, because even small absolute changes in water vapor in the upper troposphere can have a strong effect on radiative forcing”
A 2008 study of the satellite-era temperature data (Christy & Douglass: “Limits on CO2 Climate Forcing from Recent Temperature Data of Earth” [http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/0809/0809.0581.pdf]). “The recent atmospheric global temperature anomalies of the Earth have been shown to consist of independent effects in different latitude bands. The tropical latitude band variations are strongly correlated with ENSO effects. …The effects in the northern extratropics are not consistent with CO2 forcing alone … These conclusions are contrary to the IPCC statement: “[M]ost of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations.”” They found that the underlying trend that may be due to CO2 was 0.07 degrees per decade.
The following figure shows the relationship between the precipitation and the SST (a) and the relationship between the surface solar radiative heating and the SST (b) (Interannual anomalies of these quantities averaged over the equatorial Pacific (5S-5N, 150E-250E) and for the period July 1983—June 2001
[http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/people/dezheng.sun/dspapers/Sun-Yu-Zhang-JC-revised.pdf]) These figures compare the observations (black dots) with the output from various climate models (colored dots). The study states this confirms “common bias existing in the climate models: the overestimate of the positive feedback of water vapor. … all the models have a stronger water vapor feedback than that indicated in observations.”
The following figure is from a study by Gray and Schwartz (“THE ASSOCIATION OF OUTGOING RADIATION WITH VARIATIONS OF PRECIPITATION – IMPLICATIONS FOR GLOBAL WARMING”) [http://climaterealists.com/attachments/ftp/AMS-Final5-10.pdf via http://climaterealists.com/index.php?id=5668]
The study states: “The above measurements are at odds with the Global Climate Model (GCM) simulations of precipitation increase associated with rising CO2 amounts. … We find that as rainfall increases that there is not a reduction of global net radiation to space as most of the climate models have assumed. There is a weak enhancement of radiation to space with increased rainfall. We find no positive water vapor feedback. … the new climate models are making the same false assumptions as regards to water vapor feedback that was made by the global modelers of 15-20 years ago.”
The following figure is from the same study.
A February 2010 report (“Is There a Missing Low Cloud Feedback in Current Climate Models?”, Graeme Stehens, Atmospheric Sciences, CSU [http://www.gewex.org/images/feb2010.pdf]) states: “Radiative feedbacks involving low level clouds are a primary cause of uncertainty in global climate model projections. The feedback in models is not only uncertain in magnitude, but even its sign varies across climate models. … This reflected sunlight bias has significant implications for the cloud-climate feedback problem. The consequence is that this bias artificially suppresses the low cloud optical depth feedback in models by almost a factor of four and thus its potential role as a negative feedback.”
NOAA ESRL Water Vapor Data
The NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory [http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/data/timeseries/timeseries1.pl] provides plots of trends of various data items from the NCEP / NCAR reanalysis database. The following figures show the specific humidity at 300, 600 and 1000 mb (1000 mb is near the earth’s surface, refer to the figure above to see that the approximate altitudes that 600 and 300 mb correspond to are roughly 15,000 and 30,000 feet).
The following figures show the specific humidity trends from 1948 to 2008 for the 300 mb (left), 600 mb (center) and 1000 mb (right) for the entire Earth. The general trend is decreasing specific humidity at 300 mb and increasing specific humidity near the Earth’s surface (1000 mb).
The following figures show similar data by latitude bands of the Earth.
Specific Humidity - 300 mb (upper troposphere)
The specific humidity at 300 mb (the altitude which should be showing the most warming according to the CO2 theory) has been decreasing for most of the world. In the southern hemisphere it has not been decreasing, but also has not increased since the 1970s.
Specific Humidity - 600 mb (mid troposphere)
The specific humidity at 600 mb was been decreasing for most of the world until the 1960s, then shows an increasing trend.
Specific Humidity - 1000 mb (near surface)
The specific humidity at 1000 mb (near the Earth’s surface) was been decreasing for the northern hemisphere, then shows an increasing trend starting around 1970. For the southern hemisphere there has been no trend since 1970.
The specific humidity has been increasing over the last few decades near the Earth’s surface (as shown by the 1000 mb data), while it has been decreasing in the upper troposphere (as shown by the 300mb data). The increase in specific humidity at the Earth’s surface (1000 mb) is related to surface temperatures. For all except the far southern hemisphere bands, the effect of the 1997/98 El Nino can be seen in the specific humidity graphs. The decreasing specific humidity in the upper troposphere (300 mb) indicates that the warming at the Earth’s surface does not match the CO2 based warming theory. This is especially so in the northern hemisphere, which has experienced most of the warming in recent decades.
A 2008 study of NCEP reanalysis data (Paltridge, Arking & Pook, “Trends in middle- and upper-level tropospheric humidity from NCEP reanalysis data”, Theoretical and Applied Climatology, Feb. 2009 [http://www.springerlink.com/content/m2054qq6126802g8/]) states: “35-year trend in zonal-average annual-average specific humidity q is significantly negative at all altitudes above 850 hPa (roughly the top of the convective boundary layer) in the tropics and southern midlatitudes and at altitudes above 600 hPa in the northern midlatitudes. It is significantly positive below 850 hPa in all three zones, as might be expected in a mixed layer with rising temperatures over a moist surface. ... The upper-level negative trends in q are inconsistent with climate-model calculations ... Negative trends in q as found in the NCEP data would imply that long-term water vapor feedback is negative—that it would reduce rather than amplify the response of the climate system to external forcing such as that from increasing atmospheric CO2.”
The above paper [http://www.theclimatescam.se/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/paltridgearkingpook.pdf] shows the following figure showing “(a) Southern hemisphere midlatitude monthly average specific humidity at 850 hPa as a function of time over the 35-year period 1973 to 2007. (b) Equivalent data for 400 hPa in the Northern hemisphere. The trend lines concern July/August data (square red markers) and January/February data (triangular blue markers). Green dot markers represent intermediate months”
The above paper also shows the geographic distribution of specific humidity trend at 400 hPa from 1973 – 2006.
The following figures show the average annual sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies for 1973-2007 for the two regions with strongest trends in specific humidity in the figure above. The area with strongest negative trend is shown in the red line below (5N-5Sx160-180E) and the area with the strongest positive trend is shown in the blue line (0-10Nx80-100W). There has been no net warming in the area with positive specific humidity trend, while there has been slight warming in the area with the negative specific humidity trend.
(SST data from HadCRU HadSST2 database plotted at http://www.appinsys.com/GlobalWarming/climate.aspx)
Regional Water Vapor Patterns
Regional studies of water vapor effects tend to support the negative
A 2010 study reported in ScienceNews “Crop Irrigation Could be Cooling Midwest” [http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/55527/title/Crop_irrigation_could_be__cooling_Midwest] states: “While average global temperatures rose about 0.74 degrees Celsius during the past century, the U.S. Midwest has experienced a noticeable slump in summer temperatures in recent decades … the recent cool temperatures seem to be part of a steady long-term decline in summertime highs in Chicago” … “Changnon suggested that fewer hot days and more precipitation are linked, because humid air warms more slowly than dry air does. One likely source of the extra moisture is the region’s agriculture. Plants pump vast amounts of water from surface soil into the atmosphere as they grow, and thirsty row crops such as corn and soybeans are much more prevalent in the region these days”.
Al Gore reported on his blog [http://blog.algore.com/2010/02/repower_america_reports_the_fa.html] “Fact: Climate change causes more frequent and severe snowstorms Record snowstorms need two things: temperatures below freezing, and very high humidity. On a planet warmer by a few degrees on average, the Northeast US will still have plenty of days below freezing; the big difference will be warmer seas producing higher levels of moisture in the air — and therefore more severe cold-season storms."”
The following figures show the specific humidity (i.e. the amount of water) in the atmosphere from the NOAA ESRL Physical Sciences Division [http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/cgi-bin/data/timeseries/timeseries1.pl] for the area of 35-45N x 70-80W (area indicated in the map). The plots are shown for the December – February time period for 4 atmospheric heights: 300mb, 400mb, 600mb, and 1000mb.
300mb (upper troposhpere - approx. 30,000 ft):
500mb (mid-troposphere - approx. 18,000 ft):
700mb (mid-troposphere - approx. 10,000 ft):
1000mb (approx. sea level):
It is clear from the above figures that winter moisture content in the atmosphere has not increased during the global warming era in the US eastern seaboard area.
The following figure shows the 700mb specific humidity for Dec – Feb for the expanded area of 25-50N x 60-80W, encompassing more ocean area for the formation of storms. No increase in moisture content (except in the 1998 El Nino year) and a definite declining trend over the last 60 years during the global warming era – the opposite of what Al Gore claims.
Al Gore blames the snowstorms on: “warmer seas producing higher levels of moisture in the air” and yet the December 2009 – February 2010 sea surface temperatures (SST) on the eastern US seaboard were mainly below average. The following figure shows the SST anomalies for the period from the NOAA ESRL web site. [http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/map/images/sst/sst.anom.seasonal.gif]
(See: http://www.appinsys.com/globalwarming/AlGoreVapor.htm for other Al Gore “Un-Truths”)
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Today, it seems, is an appropriate day to delve into American history. Specifically, the long history of politicians' sex scandals, and the media who are always willing, ready, and eager to use them to sell newspapers.
While the subject of which American politician's sex scandal came first is a debatable one (such as: did Benjamin Franklin's dalliances in Paris count?), most agree that the sex-and-blackmail scandal of Alexander Hamilton was the first with any impact, from George Washington's time onwards.
Ironically enough for historians, America's main philosophical political battle (big versus small government -- which we continue to fight to this day) began within Washington's administration, and the two men driving this argument were both caught in their own sex scandals. Alexander Hamilton was George Washington's Secretary of the Treasury, and he was the champion of the "big government" school of thought. Opposing this was another member of Washington's cabinet, Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, who would face his own public sex scandal (the Sally Hemings story) at a later date.
But this political divide isn't germane here, and neither is Jefferson. What was extraordinary about the mess Hamilton got himself into was how he responded -- what has to be the ultimate gold standard in "getting the information out" in American politics.
There are three basic responses to a sex scandal: admit it and resign your office (or, nowadays, candidacy); stonewall and refuse to answer questions while denying everything and pointing the finger at the media and your accuser; or admit the facts and try to move on. Of course, these are broad categories which don't cover nuances such as "rolling disclosure" where you take each detail as it is made public as its own problem -- such as Bill Clinton did. But Hamilton's problem was somewhat unique because it had two aspects to it -- sex, and money. In particular, it was accused that Hamilton had mishandled public money while running the U.S. Treasury.
In the summer of 1791, Hamilton was the target of what a modern-day espionage novel would call a "honey trap," set by a blonde 23-year-old named Maria Reynolds. Hamilton then became the target of outright blackmail, by the woman's husband (who was quite likely in on the whole scheme from the beginning), while Hamilton continued to see Maria for more than a year. This information eventually found its way into the hands of his political enemies, who confronted Hamilton. Hamilton explained that he was not (as had been charged) been playing fast and loose with the nation's money; but rather he had merely been playing fast and loose with another man's wife, and paying him off for the privilege, out of his own pocket.
Astoundingly, Hamilton's political enemies accepted his explanation, and buried the scandal. However, it resurfaced in 1796 (an election year, one hastens to point out) in a very public way. Hamilton's response was the extraordinary part -- because he then published a booklet of almost 100 pages addressing the charges (seeing as how television interviews didn't exist, back then). Two-thirds of this document were reprints of letters -- including love letters (complete with atrocious spelling) to Hamilton from Maria, and demands for money from her husband. Hamilton, in essence, threw himself on the public's mercy.
Hamilton was the architect of the new country's economic, banking, and industrial policy -- which was still in its absolute infancy. He wanted this to be his legacy, and to be the foundation for the new country's growth and prosperity. The scandal, when it hit the public, accused him of misusing public funds. Hamilton, bluntly, sacrificed his own "family values" reputation, in order to preserve his economic reputation. This largely was successful, in the end.
Now, I am not going to draw any conclusions about Hamilton's pamphlet (entitled, in the long-winded fashion of the day: "Observations on Certain Documents contained in Nos. V. and VI. of The History of the United States for the Year 1796, in which the Charge of Speculation against Alexander Hamilton, late Secretary of the Treasury, is fully refuted."), in terms of today's political world and the scandal currently being obsessed over by the media. I merely thought it'd be interesting to see one extraordinary example of how the very first such scandal was handled, over two hundred years ago. For those interested, the full text of this fascinating pamphlet (complete with all the letters and other exhibits Hamilton offers up) may be found online, at the Online Library of Liberty.
Hamilton begins his defense by decrying the scandal itself, with much denouncing of "Jacobinism" (the Jacobins, in France, were fresh in everyone's mind from the disastrous end to the French Revolution -- which was only a few years in the past, when Hamilton wrote this pamphlet). A typical example from early in the script:
Relying upon this weakness of human nature, the Jacobin Scandal-Club, though often defeated, constantly return to the charge. Old calumnies are served up afresh, and every pretext is seized to add to the catalogue. The person whom they seek to blacken, by dint of repeated strokes of their brush, becomes a demon in their own eyes, though he might be pure and bright as an angel but for the daubing of those wizard painters.
But Hamilton was no "angel." He spends much time reviewing the history of previous charges against him, and how he was investigated twice by congressional committees -- and fully exonerated both times -- due to accusations of financial misdeeds. He then gets down to the heart of the matter:
The charge against me is a connection with one James Reynolds for purposes of improper pecuniary speculation. My real crime is an amorous connection with his wife for a considerable time, with his privity and connivance, if not originally brought on by a combination between the husband and wife with the design to extort money from me.
This confession is not made without a blush. I cannot be the apologist of any vice because the ardor of passion may have made it mine. I can never cease to condemn myself for the pang which it may inflict in a bosom eminently entitled to all my gratitude, fidelity, and love. But that bosom will approve, that, even at so great an expense, I should effectually wipe away a more serious stain from a name which it cherishes with no less elevation than tenderness. The public, too, will, I trust, excuse the confession. The necessity of it to my defence against a more heinous charge could alone have extorted from me so painful an indecorum.
Hamilton then engages in a few cheap shots at the husband:
It is very extraordinary, if the head of the money department of a country, being unprincipled enough to sacrifice his trust and his integrity, could not have contrived objects of profit sufficiently large to have engaged the co-operation of men of far greater importance than Reynolds, and with whom there could have been due safety, and should have been driven to the necessity of unkennelling such a reptile to be the instrument of his cupidity.
Such poetry ("unkennelling such a reptile") is sadly lacking in today's world of political and sexual scandal, it seems. Hamilton then admits the shameful details of what took place:
Some time in the summer of the year 1791, a woman called at my house in the city of Philadelphia, and asked to speak with me in private. I attended her into a room apart from my family. With a seeming air of affliction she informed me that she was a daughter of a Mr. Lewis, sister to a Mr. G. Livingston of the State of New York, and wife to a Mr. Reynolds, whose father was in the Commissary Department during the war with Great Britain; that her husband, who for a long time had treated her very cruelly, had lately left her to live with another woman, and in so destitute a condition that, though desirous of returning to her friends, she had not the means; that knowing I was a citizen of New York, she had taken the liberty to apply to my humanity for assistance.
I replied, that her situation was a very interesting one—that I was disposed to afford her assistance to convey her to her friends, but this at the moment not being convenient to me (which was the fact), I must request the place of her residence, to which I should bring or send a small supply of money. She told me the street and the number of the house where she lodged. In the evening I put a bank-bill in my pocket and went to the house. I enquired for Mrs. Reynolds and was shown up stairs, at the head of which she met me and conducted me into a bedroom. I took the bill out of my pocket and gave it to her. Some conversation ensued, from which it was quickly apparent that other than pecuniary consolation would be acceptable.
After this I had frequent meetings with her, most of them at my own house; Mrs. Hamilton with her children being absent on a visit to her father.
After pages and pages of excruciating timelines, much quoting of letters back and forth, and the most detailed explanation of every facet of how the entire affair played out, Hamilton nears his conclusion:
Thus has my desire to destroy this slander completely led me to a more copious and particular examination of it, than I am sure was necessary. The bare perusal of the letters from Reynolds and his wife is sufficient to convince my greatest enemy that there is nothing worse in the affair than an irregular and indelicate amour. For this, I bow to the just censure which it merits. I have paid pretty severely for the folly, and can never recollect it without disgust and self-condemnation. It might seem affectation to say more.
In today's plain language, Hamilton might have said: "OK, I had an affair, and yes, it was with another man's wife. But when I paid his subsequent blackmail demands off, I did so with my own money. Any charge of my using public funds, or any taint of this affair influencing my duties or my job in any way is absolutely false. Call me a horn dog if you must, but do not let this stain my legacy: charting America's financial course for the future."
-- Chris Weigant
Follow Chris on Twitter: @ChrisWeigant
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Zoo School Technology
Preparing students for success in our 21st century global society is a challenging task. Rigorous and relevant curriculum is vitally important, as are small learning communities where relationships can flourish. Equally important is a philosophy of using appropriate and integral technology to facilitate and enhance these learning opportunities.
The North Carolina Department of Public Instruction describes three levels of technology use: traditional, enhanced and infused. Traditional technology implies use of technology tools for basic functions, such a word processing and basic spreadsheet operation. Enhanced technology allows facilitation through a higher level of interaction and computer-assisted learning. The most thorough use of technology is the infusion level, where learning uses web-based application, multiple technology and multi-media tools and where technology is an inseparable component of learning.
At the AHS Zoo School, technology infusion is achieved through the use of interactive classrooms. Each classroom has its own smartboard that the teachers use on a daily basis. Students are challenged to learn in new ways that bring relevant technology to a non-traditional classroom setting.
Each classroom has its own set of laptops, in which every student is assigned a laptop for in-class use. Wireless internet access allows students to work freely around the AHS Zoo School on projects and individual learning activities. Laptops can be taken throughout the Zoo for writing, notes, data collection and real-time analysis. Also there are digital cameras and video cameras available to all Zoo School students for checkout. Students can use these for group-based projects, in which the finished project is presented before the class.
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Could it be the last Emperor?
MILLIONS fell in love with the noble creatures in hit movie March Of The Penguins as they battled to survive in the coldest weather conditions on Earth.
But now the magnificent Emperor penguins of the Antarctic are in even greater peril — because it is getting too WARM.
Numbers have crashed by up to half as their breeding ground is melting away at an alarming rate.
See our slideshow for more penguin pics
And conservation group WWF is warning we are in danger of seeing the last of the Emperors.
Scientists blame climate change, which has raised the surface temperature in their habitat from minus 17.3°C to minus 14.7°C.
The result has been a big fall in the number of shrimp-like krill, the penguins’ favourite food.
Overfishing has deprived the penguins of other grub.
At the most-monitored colony, Pointe Geologie on Terre Adelie on Antarctica’s east coast, numbers have fallen from 12,000 in the Seventies to 6,000 today.
The WWF’s Debbie Chapman said: “The Emperor penguin faces a battle to survive as a species.
“They can endure blizzards with temperatures that plummet to minus 49°C.
“They can trek for weeks to fetch food for their young. But they are struggling to overcome today’s problems in a severely threatened ecosystem.”
Emperors are the biggest of all living penguins and the only ones to breed in the Antarctic winter.
They are social birds who are so graceful at sea that they were originally classified as fish.
But on land they waddle like stiff-backed waiters or comically slide on their bellies for more than 60 miles to reach suitable breeding spots.
The female lays a 1lb egg in May or June, the equivalent of choosing December or January in the Northern Hemisphere.
She has to return to the sea immediately to avoid starvation and so carefully gives the egg to the male, who keeps it warm in a brood pouch above his flippers.
If the egg falls to the ice the unhatched chick inevitably dies as it cannot cope with the cold.
The male incubates the egg for 65 days and has to go without food for the whole time, so he lives off his fat.
He can even feed the chick on a milky substitute should it hatch before the female returns.
For two months after it hatches the chick is kept off the ice by its parents.
Then all the chicks in a colony congregate in giant creches.
A few adults take turns to look after them while the others feed.
Sea ice covers 40 per cent less of the water off parts of Antarctica than it did 25 years ago, according to the WWF report.
Warmer temperatures and stronger winds have meant increasingly thin sea ice.
This often breaks up before the summer, drowning those chicks whose parents are lucky enough to find them sufficient food.
Three further penguin species from a total of 17 are also threatened by melting ice and disappearing food.
Adelie penguin numbers on the west Antarctic peninsula fell from 15,000 in 1975 to 5,000 four years ago. Today that figure may be down to just 4,000.
Chinstrap penguins on the once aptly named Penguin Island, in the South Shetlands, fell from 5,155 in 1965 to 2,672 in 2004.
At Admiralty Bay, on King George Island, gentoo penguins fell from 5,000 to 3,000 in 13 years.
Adelies and chinstraps there have fallen to 2,000 each. In the Seventies there were 16,000 Adelies and 10,000 chinstraps.
There is some hope as changing conditions have helped some colonies to show a small rise.
But these increases may be temporary as the number of krill have dropped 80 per cent in 30 years.
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I had the pleasure of working with a group of middle school math co-teaching teams recently. We spent an afternoon reviewing online resources that could be used to help differentiate instruction and then made paperslide videos, to find out if it could be a strategy that students could benefit from.
Here are some of the websites that the teachers reviewed favorably:
- Khan Academy. Teachers thought that this would be great for use at home. Pre-algebra resources are weak at this time.
- Math TV. This resource is available in English and Spanish. Teachers like it because the videos can be embedded on teacher web sites. Extra practice worksheets are available with a $20 premium membership.
- Hippocampus. Teachers liked the fact that this is interactive and available in English and Spanish.
- Algebasics. Tutorials can be used on occasion for review purposes.
- National Library of Virtual Manipulates. The database of activities is extensive. The activities are leveled, so they challenge students where they need it.
Paperslide videos can be used in any subject area. They are modeled after CommonCraft videos. I experienced this at the Discovery Educator Network Summer Institute (facilitated by Lodge McCammon). Teachers worked in teams of three to break down math problems in sequential steps, write their scripts, and record their videos using USB videocams. The overall consensus of the group was that the process of creating the videos would be helpful for students to solidify learning by teaching others. See an example created by teachers below. All of them are posted on our SchoolTube channel.
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Mahaweli GangaArticle Free Pass
Mahaweli Ganga, (Sinhalese: “Great Sandy River”), river, central and eastern Sri Lanka. At 208 mi (335 km) in length, it is Sri Lanka’s longest river. It rises on the Hatton Plateau on the western side of the island’s hill country, flows north through a tea- and rubber-growing region, and turns east near Kandy; it then turns north across the lowlands, receives its principal tributary, the Amban Ganga, and flows past Polonnaruwa to its mouth on Koddiyar Bay, 7 mi south of Trincomalee.
With its headwaters in Sri Lanka’s wet zone, the Mahaweli Ganga flows throughout the year, providing water for agriculture in the eastern dry zone. In the early 1970s a vast development project to increase the river’s usefulness for irrigation and generation of electricity was under way, under the auspices of the World Bank. It is scheduled for completion by about 1990.
What made you want to look up "Mahaweli Ganga"? Please share what surprised you most...
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Object Oriented Programming
Everything about Object Oriented Programming
Everything in Ruby touches object oriented programming. You can't go anywhere without seeing it. These articles should get you started in OOP with Ruby.
Object Specific Behavior
All Ruby method call lookups follow the ancestor chain. However, there are invisible entries called Singleton Classes that must be considered.
Ruby is an object oriented programming language. This means code is organized into classes, and data is manipulated via objects. Since this is so essential to Ruby, it's very easy to do.
Dynamic Method Calls
If you're coming from a compiled language, it's easy to think that method calls are like native function calls. This is simply not the case in Ruby.
Instantiation and the Initialize Method
Ruby objects are instantiated using the Class.new method, and initialize using their own initialize methods.
Ruby allows you to overload operators, so expressions like a + b can work no matter what the types of a or b are.
Method visibility is an important part of object oriented programming. Not only does it hide dangerous and unnecessary methods from the user, but it communicates to them that such methods are not even worth learning.
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Interstitial lung disease
|Also listed as: ILD, Pulmonary fibrosis||Integrative Therapy Quick Links:|
- Alveoli, antifibrotics, anti-rejection medication, blood gases test, bronchoalveolar lavage, bronchoscope, bronchoscopy, chest x-ray, collapsed lung, cor pulmonale, corticosteroids, cytotoxic drugs, dyspnea, fibrosis, exercise tests, gastroesophageal reflux disease, lung biopsy, hypertension, hypoxemia, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, immunosuppressive agents, IPF, interstitium, lung disease, lung scarring, lung tissue, lung transplant, PFT, pneumonitis, pneumothorax, pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary function tests, pulmonary hypertension, respiratory failure, respiratory infection, right-sided heart failure, thoracoscopic surgery, transbronchial biopsy.
- Interstitial pulmonary lung disease (ILD), also known as interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, is a general term that describes more than 100 chronic lung disorders that damage the interstitium. The tissue located between the airs sacs of the lungs is called the interstitium.
- The disease affects the lungs in three ways. First, the lung tissue is damaged. Second, the interstitium becomes inflamed. Finally, fibrosis (scarring) begins in the alveoli (air sacs) and interstitium, and the lung becomes stiff, making it difficult to breathe.
- Lung scarring is irreversible. Corticosteroid drugs, the most common treatment, can sometimes slow the damage of interstitial lung disease. However, many patients never regain full use of their lungs.
- While most cases of interstitial lung disease develop gradually with few warning signs, it may develop suddenly in some patients. Although doctors can pinpoint why some cases of interstitial lung disease occur, most are idiopathic (have no known cause). The most common type of idiopathic ILD is called interstitial pneumonitis, which causes patches of inflammation in the lung without infection.
- More than 200,000 people have been diagnosed with ILD in the United States, and nearly five million people have been diagnosed worldwide. It is estimated that more than 40,000 patients die each year from ILD worldwide. The outlook for patients with ILD varies depending on the underlying cause of the disease.
- This information has been edited and peer-reviewed by contributors to the Natural Standard Research Collaboration (www.naturalstandard.com).
- American Lung Association. Interstitial Lung Disease and Pulmonary Fibrosis. . Accessed May 15, 2009.
- National Jewish Medical and Research Center. About Interstitial Lung Disease. . Accessed May 15, 2009.
- Natural Standard: The Authority on Integrative Medicine. . Copyright © 2009. Accessed May 15, 2009.
- Pulmonary Fibrosis Foundation. . Accessed May 15, 2009.
- Chapman, Jeffrey. Idiopathic Interstitial Lung Disease. The Cleveland Clinic. . Accessed May 15, 2009.
- Drugs: Nearly 50 drugs can damage the interstitium of the lungs, especially chemotherapeutic agents, anti-arrhythmic agents, certain psychiatric medications and some antibiotics (like ciprofloxacin).
- Infections: Pulmonary infections can lead to ILD. These include viral infections (like cytomegalovirus, which occurs most often in HIV patients), bacterial infections (like pneumonia), fungal infections (like histoplasmosis, which is present in the southern United State and caused by Histoplasma capsulatum) and parasitic infections (like lung fluke worms).
- Occupation and environmental factors: Long-term exposure to a number of toxins or pollutants can potentially cause lung damage. For instance, workers who continually inhale silica dust (silicosis), asbestos fibers (asbestosis) or hard metal dust are especially at risk of developing ILD. Exposure to certain chemical fumes (like sulfuric acid) and ammonia or chlorine gases may also cause ILD. In addition, chronic exposure to a wide range of substances, including grain dust, sugar cane and animal droppings, may also cause serious lung damage. Other substances, such as moldy hay, can damage the lungs if they cause a hypersensitivity reaction in the lungs (hypersensitivity pneumonitis). Even bacterial or fungal overgrowth in poorly maintained humidifiers and hot tubs can potentially cause lung damage.
- Radiation: A small percentage of people who undergo radiation therapy for lung or breast cancer experience symptoms of lung damage months or even years after the initial treatment. The severity of the damage depends on how much of the lung was exposed to radiation, the total amount of radiation administered, whether chemotherapy was also used and whether the individual had an underlying lung disease.
- Other medical conditions: Interstitial lung disease can occur with other disorders. In many cases those conditions do not directly attack the lungs. Instead, they involve systemic processes that affect tissue throughout the body. Among these are connective tissue disorders and hematological diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (autoimmune disorder that causes skin lesions), rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis (rheumatic disease that causes inflammation of the muscles and skin), polymyositis (autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation and weakness in the muscles), Sjogren's syndrome (autoimmune disorder that causes immune cells attack and destroy the glands that produce tears and saliva) and sarcoidosis (fibrotic disease that causes inflammation of the lymph nodes and organs).
- Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Although doctors can determine why some people develop interstitial lung disease, in most cases the cause is unknown. Disorders with no known cause are considered idiopathic. There are several different types of idiopathic ILD.
- Interstitial pneumonitis is the most common idiopathic interstitial lung disease, accounting for more than half of all cases. Interstitial pneumonitis develops in patches inside the lungs. Some parts of the lung are healthy while others are inflamed and others have scar tissue. The disease affects twice as many men as women, and usually develops between the ages of 40 and 70. Pneumonitis is not the same as pneumonia. Pneumonitis is lung inflammation without infection, while pneumonia is lung inflammation that is caused by an infection. Also, pneumonia usually affects one or two areas of the lungs, whereas pneumonitis involves all five lobes.
- Other, less common types of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis include nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis, bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (inflammation of the bronchioles and surrounding tissue in the lungs), respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease, desquamative interstitial pneumonitis (chronic lung inflammation that primarily affects smokers), lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis and acute interstitial pneumonitis.
- Certain individuals are at an increased for developing idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. For instance, people who smoke are more likely to develop the disease than people who do not. The risk appears to increase with the number of years and the amount of cigarettes smoked. Tobacco smoke temporarily paralyzes the cilia (small hairs) that line the bronchial tubes. The cilia are designed to filter irritants out of the airways. However, when the cilia are paralyzed, irritants remain in the bronchial tubes and infiltrate the alveoli, inflaming the tissue and breaking down the elastic fibers.
- Researchers are have investigated whether gastroesophageal reflux disease (when stomach acid or bile back up into the esophagus) increases the chances of developing ILD.
- Dyspnea (shortness of breath) is the most common symptom of ILD. Patients may also experience a dry cough (without sputum). When the disease is severe and prolonged, heart failure and swelling of the legs may occur.
- Less common symptoms of ILD include wheezing, weight loss, cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes caused by lack of oxygen in the blood) and clubbing of the fingers (enlarged fingertips with nails that curve over the tops of the fingertips).
- High-resolution computerized tomography (HRCT) scan:
A high-resolution computerized tomography (HRCT) scan is the most common test used to diagnose ILD. The HRCT scan produces much more detailed cross-sectional images than a traditional chest x-ray or conventional CT-scan. A qualified healthcare provider can detect abnormalities in the lung tissue with images from an HRCT scan.
- Pulmonary function tests (PFTs):
Noninvasive pulmonary function tests (PFTs) are conducted to determine how well the lungs are functioning. During the test, the patient is asked to blow into a device called a spirometer. The device measures how much air the lungs can hold, as well as the airflow in and out of the lungs. As the scarring of the lungs worsens, the patient is able to take less air in and blow less out. Full PFTs are also available. These tests measure the amount of gases exchanged across the membrane between the alveolar wall and capillary membrane.
- Exercise tests: ILD symptoms are worse when patients are physically active. A qualified healthcare provider may assess the patient's lung function during exercise (usually on a treadmill or stationary bike). The patient's blood pressure and oxygen levels may also be monitored during the physical activity.
- Bronchoscopy (transbronchial biopsy): In many cases, a biopsy is necessary to diagnose interstitial lung disease. During a transbronchial biopsy, the physician passes a flexible, fiber-optic tube (bronchoscope) through the mouth and into the lungs. One or more small tissue samples are removed and examined in the laboratory. The procedure is performed on an outpatient basis using a local anesthetic. The most common side effects include sore throat and hoarseness, which may last a few days. Serious risks include bleeding and a collapsed lung (pneumothorax).
- Bronchoalveolar lavage: During a bronchoalveolar lavage, a physician injects saline (saltwater) through a bronchoscope into part of the lung, and then immediately suctions it out. The fluid sample contains cells from the air sacs in the lungs. While this test samples a larger area of the lung than other procedures do, the results may not provide enough information to diagnose a specific ILD. This test is usually used to monitor the progress of a patient's lung disorder or to help determine the best treatment.
- Chest X-ray: A chest X-ray is typically used to help exclude conditions that cause symptoms that are similar to interstitial lung disease, including emphysema and a collapsed lung.
- Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery: If other tests do not confirm a diagnosis, a thoracic surgeon may perform a surgical lung biopsy. During this procedure, an endoscope (flexible tube with a small camera) is inserted through a small incision between the ribs. The camera sends images to a video monitor. Surgical instruments are then inserted through another incision and small tissue samples are removed from two or three sites on the lungs. Risks of the procedure include infection, bleeding, air leakage in the lung wall and pneumonia.
- Blood gases test: A blood gases test may be performed to determine the amount of oxygen present in the blood. Patients who have ILD have decreased levels of oxygen in their blood. A blood sample is taken from an artery. The sample may be taken from the radial artery in the wrist, the femoral artery in the groin or the brachial artery in the arm. In normal adults, the partial pressure of oxygen ranges from 75-100mmHg, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide ranges from 35-45mmHg and the oxygen saturation ranges from 94-100%.
- General: Treatment and prognosis vary depending on the particular lung disease. Patients who smoke tobacco are encouraged to quit. Patients should discuss treatment options with their qualified healthcare providers.
- Antifibrotics: Antifibrotics have been
used to help reduce the development of scar tissue. It has been suggested that the medication may help slow the progression of lung damage without suppressing the immune system. Colchicine and D-penicillamine have not shown positive results in clinical trials. However, pirfenidone was recently shown to have some potential benefit in a small phase II trial, and follow-up studies are ongoing. Further research is needed to determine whether antifibrotics can effectively reduce scar tissue in ILD patients.
- Corticosteroids: Patients are initially treated with corticosteroids to reduce inflammation in the lungs. However, these medications only help about 20% of ILD patients. Individuals who have a non-idiopathic disorder are most likely to benefit from anti-inflammatory treatment. Steroids rarely alleviate ILD symptoms with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and if they do, the benefits are usually temporary. In general, steroids have to be taken for several months until symptoms improve. The patient is tapered off treatment once the symptoms improve. If corticosteroids are taken for long periods of time or in large doses, side effects may include glaucoma, bone loss (which can may lead to osteoporosis), high blood sugar levels (which may lead to type 2 diabetes), poor wound healing and increased susceptibility to infection.
- Cytotoxic drugs: Cytotoxic drugs like azathioprine and cyclophosphamide have been used to treat ILD. The drugs are prescribed when steroid treatment is unsuccessful, or they are used in combination with steroids as a first-line treatment. Serious side effects, including reduced production of red blood cells, skin cancer and lymphoma, have been reported with cytotoxic drugs.
- Lung transplant: A lung transplant may be necessary for patients who have severe ILD and do not respond to other treatment options. In order to be considered for a transplant, patients must not smoke or agree to quit smoking. They must be healthy enough to undergo surgery and post-transplant treatments. In addition, they must be willing to follow the medical program outlined by the rehabilitation and transplant team.
- In most cases, single-lung transplants are more successful in people with ILD than double-lung transplants are.
- The survival rate for a lung transplant is lower than it is for other types of transplants. Organ transplant recipients must take immunosuppressive (anti-rejection) drugs (like cyclosporine) for the rest of their lives. These agents make them more susceptible to infections and diseases.
- Oxygen therapy: While oxygen therapy cannot prevent lung damage, it can make breathing and exercise easier for ILD patients. Oxygen therapy may also prevent or reduce complications associated with low oxygen levels and reduce blood pressure on the right side of the heart. Most patients receive oxygen during sleep or exercise. However, some patients may use it continually.
- Pulmonary rehabilitation: Pulmonary rehabilitation is a program for patients with chronic lung disease. It includes both medical care and support. The goal is to help patients with ILD live full, satisfying lives. Programs focus on exercise, including breathing techniques, as well as education, emotional support and nutritional counseling. In most cases, rehabilitation programs include a team of healthcare professionals, including doctors, nurses, rehabilitation specialists, dietitians and social workers. Programs vary widely.
- Good scientific evidence:
- Bromelain: Some physicians use bromelain, an enzyme derived from pineapple, to help reduce inflammation. It is sometimes recommended to be taken with turmeric (Curcuma longa), which may enhance the effects of bromelain.
- Avoid if allergic to bromelain, pineapple, honeybee, venom, latex, birch pollen, carrots, celery, fennel, cypress pollen, grass pollen, papain, rye flour, wheat flour, or members of the Bromeliaceaefamily. Use cautiously with a history of bleeding disorders, stomach ulcers, or heart, liver, or kidney disease. Use caution before dental or surgical procedures or while driving or operating machinery. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
- Probiotics: Limited evidence with day care children suggests supplementation with Lactobacillus GG may reduce number of sick days, frequency of respiratory tract infections, and frequency of related antibiotic treatments.
Fermented milk (with yogurt cultures and L. casei DN-114001) may reduce the duration of respiratory infections in elderly people. More research is needed to make a firm conclusion.
- Probiotics are generally considered to be safe and well-tolerated. Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to probiotics. Use cautiously if lactose intolerant. Caution is advised when using probiotics in neonates born prematurely or with immune deficiency.
- Yoga: Limited human study exists for yoga in the treatment of lung diseases, such as bronchitis, fluid around the lungs (pleural effusion), or airway obstruction. Better-designed research is necessary before any conclusions can be made.
- Yoga is generally considered to be safe in healthy individuals when practiced appropriately. Avoid some inverted poses with disc disease of the spine, fragile or atherosclerotic neck arteries, risk for blood clots, extremely high or low blood pressure, glaucoma, detachment of the retina, ear problems, severe osteoporosis, or cervical spondylitis. Certain yoga breathing techniques should be avoided in people with heart or lung disease. Use cautiously with a history of psychotic disorders. Yoga techniques are believed to be safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding when practiced under the guidance of expert instruction (the popular Lamaze techniques are based on yogic breathing). However, poses that put pressure on the uterus, such as abdominal twists, should be avoided in pregnancy.
- Unclear or conflicting scientific evidence:
- Arginine: Early study suggests that arginine supplements may decrease the risk of respiratory infections. Large, well-controlled studies are needed to clarify this relationship.
- Avoid if allergic to arginine, with a history of stroke, or liver or kidney disease. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. Use caution if taking blood-thinning drugs (like warfarin or Coumadin®) and blood pressure drugs or herbs or supplements with similar effects. Blood potassium levels should be monitored. L-arginine may worsen symptoms of sickle cell disease. Caution is advised in patients taking prescription drugs to control blood sugar levels.
- Cat's claw: Cat's claw may have anti-inflammatory effects, which has led to research of this herb for conditions such as allergies. Large, high-quality human studies are needed comparing effects of cat's claw alone vs. placebo.
- Avoid if allergic to cat's claw or Uncaria plants or plants in the Rubiaceae family such as gardenia, coffee, or quinine. Avoid with a history of conditions affecting the immune system (such as AIDS, HIV, some types of cancer, multiple sclerosis, tuberculosis, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus). Use cautiously with bleeding disorders or a history of stroke, or if taking drugs that may increase the risk of bleeding. Discontinue use two weeks before surgery/dental/diagnostic procedures with bleeding risk, and do not use immediately after these procedures. Cat's claw may be contaminated with other Uncaria species. Reports exist of a potentially toxic, Texan grown plant, Acacia gregii being substituted for cat's claw. Avoid if pregnant, breastfeeding, or trying to become pregnant.
- Chiropractic: There is currently not enough reliable scientific evidence to conclude the effects of chiropractic techniques for respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia. Additional study is needed in this area.
- Avoid with vertebrobasilar vascular insufficiency, aneurysms, arteritis (inflammation of the arteries), or unstable spondylolisthesis (a slippage of the vertebrae in the spine). Avoid use on post-surgical areas of para-spinal tissue. Use cautiously with acute arthritis, brittle bone disease, conditions that cause decreased bone mineralization, bleeding disorders, migraines, or if at risk of tumors or metastasis of the spine. Use extra caution during cervical adjustments.
- Chlorophyll: Chlorophyll is a chemoprotein commonly known for its contribution to the green pigmentation in plants, and is related to protoheme, the red pigment of blood. It can be obtained from green leafy vegetables (broccoli, Brussel sprouts, cabbage, lettuce, and spinach), algae (Chlorella and Spirulina), wheat grass, and numerous herbs (alfalfa, damiana, nettle, and parsley). Chlorophyll may help to regulate immunity in patients with active destructive pneumonia. Further studies are required to further elaborate on the immune-modifying effects of chlorophyll.
- Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to chlorophyll or any of its metabolites. Use cautiously with photosensitivity, compromised liver function, diabetes, or gastrointestinal conditions or obstructions. Use cautiously if taking immunosuppressants or antidiabetes agents. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
- Cordyceps: Cordyceps is a fungus found mainly in China, Nepal, and Tibet. Most studies using cordyceps for bronchitis have been low quality comparative controlled studies conducted in China. Although results are promising, more studies should be performed before recommending cordyceps for respiratory disorders.
- Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to cordyceps, mold, or fungi. Use cautiously with diabetes, bleeding disorders, or prostate conditions. Use cautiously if taking anticoagulants, immunosuppressants, hormonal replacement therapy, or birth control pills. Avoid with myelogenous types of cancers. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
- Dandelion: Research in laboratory animals suggests that dandelion root may possess anti-inflammatory properties. There is a lack of well-conducted human studies currently available in this area.
- Avoid if allergic to chamomile, feverfew, honey, yarrow, or any related plants such as aster, daisies, sunflower, chrysanthemum, mugwort, ragweed, or ragwort. Use cautiously with diabetes or bleeding disorders, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), kidney or liver diseases, or a history of stroke or electrolyte disorders. Potassium blood levels should be monitored. Stop use two weeks before surgery/dental/diagnostic procedures with bleeding risk and do not use immediately after these procedures. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
- Euphorbia: Euphorbia balsamifera has been studied in patients with acute dental pulpitis, and may be comparable to that of pulpal nerve caustics. Additional study is necessary to make a recommendation for inflammation.
- Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to pollen from Euphorbia fulgens. Use cautiously with history of Epstein Barr virus infection or stomach conditions. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
- Eyebright: Several iridoid glycosides isolated from eyebright, particularly aucubin, may possess anti-inflammatory properties comparable to those of indomethacin (a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug). However, there is currently insufficient evidence to recommend for or against eyebright as an anti-inflammatory agent.
- Avoid with a known allergy or hypersensitivity to eyebright. Hypersensitivity to members of the Scrophulariaceae family may lead to a cross-sensitivity reaction. Use cautiously as an eye treatment, particularly homemade preparations, due to the risk of infection if not sterile. Use cautiously with diabetes and drugs that are broken down by the liver. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
- Garlic: Garlic (Allium sativum) may improve the immune system's ability to fight off infection, such as a cold virus, and may reduce the severity of upper respiratory tract infections. However, this has not been demonstrated in well-designed human studies.
- Caution is advised when taking garlic supplements, as adverse effects including an increase in bleeding and drug interactions are possible. Garlic supplements should not be used if pregnant or breastfeeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor.
- Ginkgo: Based on early study, ginkgo may be effective in treating pulmonary interstitial fibrosis. Further research is needed to confirm these results.
- Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to members of the Ginkgoaceae family.
If allergic to mango rind, sumac, poison ivy or oak or cashews, then allergy to ginkgo is possible. Avoid with blood-thinners (like aspirin or warfarin) due to an increased risk of bleeding. Ginkgo should be stopped two weeks before surgical procedures. Ginkgo seeds are dangerous and should be avoided. Skin irritation and itching may also occur due to ginkgo allergies. Do not use ginkgo in supplemental doses if pregnant or breastfeeding due to insufficient scientific evidence of safety. The risk of bleeding associated with ginkgo may be dangerous during pregnancy.
- Ginseng: Several studies have looked at the effects of ginseng in a variety of lung conditions. Ginseng (CVT-E002) may be effective for preventing respiratory infections caused by the respiratory syncytial virus. More study is needed in this area.
- Avoid ginseng if known allergy to plants in the Araliaceae family. There has been a report of a serious life-threatening skin reaction, possibly caused by contaminants in ginseng formulations.
- Iodine: Based on limited available clinical study, regular oropharyngeal application of povidone-iodine may decrease the prevalence of ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients with severe head trauma. Evidence in this area is not conclusive.
- Reactions to iodine can be severe, and deaths have occurred. Avoid iodine-based products if allergic or hypersensitive to iodine. Do not use for longer than 14 days. Avoid Lugol solution and saturated solution of potassium iodide (SSKI, PIMA) with high amounts of potassium in the blood, pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs), bronchitis, or tuberculosis. Avoid sodium iodide with gastrointestinal obstruction. Use cautiously when applying to the skin because it may irritate/burn tissues. Use sodium iodide cautiously with kidney failure. Iodine is considered safe in recommended doses for pregnant or breastfeeding women. Avoid povidone-iodine for perianal preparation during delivery or postpartum antisepsis.
- Kiwi: Kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa, Actinidia chinensis) may be beneficial in lung conditions such as upper respiratory infections (including colds). However, scientific data is lacking. Limited available study suggests that kiwi, and other fruits high in vitamin C, may have a protective effect on lung conditions in children, especially wheezing. However, properly controlled studies are lacking at this time on the use of kiwi for prevention of respiratory problems.
- Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to kiwi, latex, birch pollen, banana, chestnut, fig, flour, melon, poppy seeds, rye grain, sesame seeds and related substances. Kiwi is generally considered safe when taken in amounts naturally found in foods. Use cautiously with anti-platelet drugs like aspirin, cilostazol or clopidogrel. Use cautiously with hormone therapies or serotonergic drugs. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. The amount found in foods appears to be safe in most people.
- L-carnitine: Currently there is insufficient evidence to support the use of carnitine for respiratory distress.
- Avoid with known allergy or hypersensitivity to carnitine. Use cautiously with peripheral vascular disease, hypertension (high blood pressure), alcohol-induced liver cirrhosis, or diabetes. Use cautiously in low birth weight infants and individuals on hemodialysis. Use cautiously if taking anticoagulants (blood thinners), beta-blockers, or calcium channel blockers. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
- Licorice: Many medical conditions are marked by inflammation. Because licorice can affect the metabolism of steroids, licorice is sometimes used to help decrease inflammation. Additional study is needed to make a conclusion.
- Avoid with a known allergy to licorice, any component of licorice, or any member of the Fabaceae (Leguminosae) plant family. Avoid with congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, kidney or liver disease, fluid retention, high blood pressure, hormonal abnormalities or if taking diuretics. Licorice can cause abnormally low testosterone levels in men or high prolactin or estrogen levels in women. This may make it difficult to become pregnant and may cause menstrual abnormalities.
- Lutein: Lutein is found in high levels in foods such as green vegetables, egg yolk, kiwi fruit, grapes, orange juice, zucchini, squash, and corn. For some commercially available supplements, lutein is extracted from marigold petals.There is early evidence of a role of carotenoids in lung function and severity of respiratory infections. More research is needed to make a conclusion.
- Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to lutein or zeaxanthin. Use cautiously if at risk for cardiovascular disease or cancer. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
- Physical therapy: Lung hyperinflation is a technique used by physiotherapists to mobilize and remove excess lung secretions, reinflate areas of pulmonary collapse, and improve oxygenation. Early evidence suggests that chest physiotherapy techniques such as postural drainage, external help with breathing, percussion, and vibration are not better that receiving advice of deep breathing instructions in the treatment of serious pneumonia. Additional research is needed to better understand the effectiveness of physical therapy for pulmonary conditions.
- Not all physical therapy programs are suited for everyone, and patients should discuss their medical history with their qualified healthcare professionals before beginning any treatments. Based on the available literature, physical therapy appears generally safe when practiced by a qualified physical therapist; however, complications are possible. Persistent pain and fractures of unknown origin have been reported. Physical therapy may increase the duration of pain or cause limitation of motion. Pain and anxiety may occur during the rehabilitation of patients with burns. Both morning stiffness and bone erosion have been reported in the physical therapy literature, although causality is unclear. Erectile dysfunction has also been reported. All therapies during pregnancy and breastfeeding should be discussed with a licensed obstetrician/gynecologist before initiation.
- Probiotics: Although some clinical studies support the use of probiotics for pneumonia, there is insufficient evidence to draw any firm conclusions.
- Probiotics are generally considered safe and well-tolerated. Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to probiotics. Use cautiously if lactose intolerant. Caution is advised when using probiotics in neonates born prematurely or with immune deficiency.
- Reflexology: It is unclear whether reflexology can benefit patients with lung diseases. More research is needed in this area.
- Avoid with recent or healing foot fractures, unhealed wounds, or active gout flares affecting the foot. Use cautiously and seek prior medical consultation with osteoarthritis affecting the foot or ankle, or severe vascular disease of the legs or feet. Use cautiously with diabetes, heart disease or the presence of a pacemaker, unstable blood pressure, cancer, active infections, past episodes of fainting (syncope), mental illness, gallstones, or kidney stones. Use cautiously if pregnant or breastfeeding. Reflexology should not delay diagnosis or treatment with more proven techniques or therapies.
- Rhodiola: Early study suggests that rhodiola may protect against acute lung injury. Further studies are needed before a conclusion can be made.
- Avoid if allergic or sensitive to Rhodiola. Use cautiously in people with diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or neurological or psychiatric disorders. Rhodiola is not recommended for use during pregnancy or breastfeeding.
- Sea buckthorn: Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) is found throughout Europe and Asia, particularly eastern Europe and central Asia. The plant's orange fruit and the oil from its pulp and seeds have been used traditionally for lung conditions, including coughing and phlegm reduction. Human study supports the use of sea buckthorn in pneumonia, although more clinical research is necessary.
- Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to sea buckthorn, its constituents, or members of the Elaeagnaceae family. Use cautiously in patients with cancer, high blood pressure, or bleeding disorders. Avoid doses higher than those found in foods if pregnant or breastfeeding.
- Siberian ginseng: Preliminary study of a combination product containing Siberian ginseng suggests the potential for reduced symptoms associated with respiratory tract infections. Due to the presence of other ingredients in this product, the effect of Siberian ginseng cannot be determined, and further study is required.
- Avoid in patients with a known allergy/hypersensitivity to Siberian ginseng, its constituents, related products, or members of the Araliaceae family. Use cautiously in patients with blood pressure disorders, bleeding disorders or in those using anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents, diabetes or in those using antidiabetic agents, autoimmune disorders, psychiatric disorders, or impaired gastrointestinal function. Use cautiously in patients taking digoxin, CNS depressants, or steroids. Avoid in children or pregnant and lactating women.
- Thymus extract: Preliminary evidence suggests that both intramuscular and oral thymus extract may be useful for reducing symptoms of respiratory tract infections. Additional study is needed in this area.
- Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to thymus extracts. Use bovine thymus extract supplements cautiously due to potential for exposure to the virus that causes "mad cow disease." Avoid use with an organ transplant or other forms of allografts or xenografts. Avoid if receiving immunosuppressive therapy, with thymic tumors, myasthenia gravis (neuromuscular disorder), untreated hypothyroidism, or if taking hormonal therapy. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding; thymic extract increases human sperm motility and progression.
- Turmeric: Turmeric is a perennial plant native to India and Indonesia, and it is often used as a spice in cooking. Laboratory and animal studies show activity against inflammation for turmeric and its constituent curcumin. Reliable human research is lacking.
- Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to turmeric (curcumin), yellow food colorings or plants belonging to the Curcuma or Zingiberaceae (ginger) families. Use cautiously with history of bleeding disorders, immune system deficiencies, liver disease or gallstones. Use cautiously with blood-thinners (e.g. warfarin). Use cautiously if pregnant or breastfeeding.
- Vitamin A: Limited available study did not find an effect of a moderate dose of vitamin A supplementation on the duration of uncomplicated pneumonia in underweight or normal-weight children aged younger than five years. However, a beneficial effect was seen in children with high basal serum retinol concentrations.
- Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to vitamin A. Vitamin A toxicity may occur if taken at high dosages. Use cautiously with liver disease or alcoholism. Smokers who consume alcohol and beta-carotene may be at an increased risk for lung cancer or heart disease. Vitamin A appears safe in pregnant women if taken at recommended doses; however, vitamin A excess, as well as deficiency, has been associated with birth defects. Use cautiously if breastfeeding because the benefits or dangers to nursing infants are not clearly established.
- Vitamin C: Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble vitamin that is necessary for the body form collagen in bones, cartilage, muscle, and blood vessels. It also aids in the absorption of iron. Vitamin C may play a role in pneumonia prevention. However, further research is needed.
- Avoid if allergic or sensitive to vitamin C product ingredients. Vitamin C is generally considered safe in amounts found in foods. Vitamin C supplements are also generally considered safe in most individuals if taken in recommended doses. Avoid high doses of vitamin C with glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, kidney disorders or stones, liver cirrhosis, gout, or paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (bleeding disorder). It is unclear if vitamin C supplements in doses higher than Dietary Reference Intake recommendations are safe for pregnant or breastfeeding women. Vitamin C is naturally found in breast milk.
- Vitamin E: Daily supplementation with oral vitamin E may be beneficial for respiratory infection prevention. Additional research is warranted.
- Caution is advised when taking vitamin E supplements, as adverse effects and drug interactions are possible. Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to vitamin E. Avoid with retinitis pigmentosa (loss of peripheral vision). Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. Use cautiously with bleeding disorders or if taking blood thinners.
- Wild indigo: Preliminary evidence has shown immunostimulative properties in wild indigo extracts. However, available clinical studies have been conducted using the combination called Esberitox N (Echinaceae purpureae et pallidae radix, Baptisiae tinctoriae radix and Thujae occidentalis herba). Additional study is needed using wild indigo alone to better determine effectiveness for respiratory tract infections.
- Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to wild indigo, its constituents, or members of the Fabaceae family. Use cautiously if taking immunosuppressive agents. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
- Yerba santa: Chumash Native Americans and other California tribes have used yerba santa (Eriodictyon californicum) and other related species (Eriodictyon crassifolium, Eriodictyon trichocalyx) for many centuries in the treatment of pulmonary conditions, saliva production, and to stop bleeding of minor cuts and scrapes. There is also clinical history of the use of Eriodictyon extracts in influenza, bacterial pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, and tuberculosis. However, additional study is needed.
- Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to Eriodictyon species. Use cautiously in children. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
- Zinc: Results from large clinical trials suggest that supplementation with zinc may reduce the incidence of lower respiratory infections. However, a recent study does not support the use of zinc supplementation in the management of acute lower respiratory infections requiring hospitalization in indigenous children living in remote areas. Due to conflicting results, further research is needed before a conclusion can be drawn. Future studies could examine whether these adult populations have a similar response.
- Zinc is generally considered safe when taken at the recommended dosages. Avoid zinc chloride because evidence of safety and effectiveness are currently lacking. Avoid with kidney disease. Use cautiously if pregnant or breastfeeding.
- Fair negative scientific evidence:
- Zinc: Limited available study found that zinc supplementation does not seem to lessen the duration of tachypnea, hypoxia, chest indrawing, inability to feed, lethargy, severe illness, or hospitalization for pneumonia in children.
- Zinc is generally considered safe when taken at the recommended dosages. Avoid zinc chloride because evidence of safety and effectiveness are currently lacking. Avoid with kidney disease. Use cautiously if pregnant or breastfeeding.
- Avoid routine exposure to occupational or environmental factors that may cause ILD.
- Avoid tobacco cigarettes because smoking is strongly associated with idiopathic ILD.
- Immunizations with the influenza (flu) vaccine (yearly) and pneumococcal pneumonia vaccine (every five to seven years) are recommended for individuals who are at risk for developing ILD because they may help prevent infection.
- It is best to treat underlying medical conditions, such as respiratory infections, as quickly and efficiently as possible to avoid developing ILD or secondary complications.
- Hypoxemia (low blood oxygen levels): ILD reduces the amount of oxygen the body can take in, which causes a low level of oxygen in the bloodstream. Low oxygen levels can interfere with the body's basic functioning, and severely low levels can be potentially life threatening.
- Pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure in the lungs): Pulmonary hypertension only affects the arteries in the lungs. This condition occurs when the smallest arteries and capillaries are compressed and ultimately destroyed by scar tissue. This causes increasing resistance of blood flow in the lungs, which raises pressure in the pulmonary arteries. Pulmonary blood pressure is measured by inserting a small catheter in the right side of the heart or by a noninvasive echocardiogram. Pulmonary hypertension can become progressively worse and may cause death.
- Cor pulmonale (Right-sided heart failure): The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs, and it is less muscular than the left side. Cor pulmonale occurs when the heart's right ventricle has to pump harder than usual to move blood through blocked pulmonary arteries. At first, the walls of the right chamber thicken and dilate to compensate for the increased work. However, this is a temporary fix. Eventually, the right ventricle fails from the extra strain.
- Respiratory failure: Respiratory failure is usually the final stage of chronic lung disease. This condition occurs when the oxygen levels in the blood become dangerously low or carbon dioxide levels become dangerously high. Extremely low blood oxygen levels can result in arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats) and unconsciousness. Extremely high levels of carbon dioxide can cause symptoms such as sleepiness and confusion. Respiratory failure is a serious condition that may be fatal.
Copyright © 2011 Natural Standard (www.naturalstandard.com)
The information in this monograph is intended for informational purposes only, and is meant to help users better understand health concerns. Information is based on review of scientific research data, historical practice patterns, and clinical experience. This information should not be interpreted as specific medical advice. Users should consult with a qualified healthcare provider for specific questions regarding therapies, diagnosis and/or health conditions, prior to making therapeutic decisions.
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Mountaintop removal is a form of extracting coal that uses heavy explosives to remove hundreds of vertical feet of a mountain to access thin seams of coal underneath. This “overburden” is then dumped directly into adjacent valleys, burying headwater streams.
Mountaintop removal has a devastating impact on the economy, ecology, and communities of Appalachia. To date, over 500 mountains have been leveled, and nearly 2,000 miles of precious Appalachian headwater streams have been buried and polluted by mountaintop removal.
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Appalachian Treasures is a compelling multimedia tour that brings citizens impacted by mountaintop removal to your church, rotary club, or community center to share their story, building the movement to end mountaintop removal neighborhood by neighborhood.
The Appalachian Voice
The Appalachian Voice, our free bimonthly publication, works to raise the iconic stature of the region by covering the environmental, recreational, and cultural news in the Appalachian region since 1996.
The Alliance for Appalachia
Appalachian Voices is a proud member organization of the Alliance for Appalachia, a regional alliance working together to end mountaintop removal and promote a just and sustainable future for the region.
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Appalachian Voices has partnered with Google to produce the “Appalachian Mountaintop Removal ” layer in Google Earth, bringing mountaintop removal directly to the millions of users of Google Earth. In 2009, Appalachian Voices was one of just five organizations worldwide recognized as a “Google Earth Hero.”
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