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G protein can refer to two distinct families of proteins. Heterotrimeric G proteins, sometimes referred to as the "large" G proteins, are activated by G protein-coupled receptors and are made up of alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ) subunits. "Small" G proteins (20-25kDa) belong to the Ras superfamily of small GTPases.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Metal complexes are known to catalyze alkyne trimerization to give arenes. These reactions have been used to prepare arene complexes. Illustrative is the reaction of [Co(mesitylene)] with 2-butyne to give [Co(CMe)]. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Water Sanitation and Hygiene Institute of India has developed a truck based mobile treatment unit that is able to treat fecal sludge on site. The MTUs were evaluated in a technical paper authored by Aaron Forbis-Stokes. The system was evaluated for operational and treatment performance while processing septage in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Soluble uranium salts are toxic, though less so than those of other heavy metals such as lead or mercury. The organ which is most affected is the kidney. Soluble uranium salts are readily excreted in the urine, although some accumulation in the kidneys does occur in the case of chronic exposure. The World Health Organi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the past, heterogeneous gold catalysts have found preliminary commercial applications for the industrial production of vinyl chloride (precursor to polyvinyl chloride or PVC) and methyl methacrylate. Traditionally, PVC production uses mercury catalysts and leads to serious environmental concerns. China accounts for ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
T characterizes the rate at which the longitudinal M component of the magnetization vector recovers exponentially towards its thermodynamic equilibrium, according to equation
Or, for the specific case that
It is thus the time it takes for the longitudinal magnetization to recover approximately 63% [1-(1/e)] of its ini... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
According to a 2015 report published by EvaluatePharma, the economics of orphan drugs mirrors the economics of the pharmaceutical market as a whole but has a few very large differences. The market for orphan drugs is by definition very small, but while the customer base is drastically smaller the cost of research and d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Additive interaction or additive effect can be found in the treatment of the majority of common diseases. The combination of drugs with different effects has the benefit of using each drug at its optimal dose. This decreases the possibility of using a higher dose of a single medication if the previous dose is ineffecti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The direct cost of electric energy produced by a thermal power station is the result of cost of fuel, capital cost for the plant, operator labour, maintenance, and such factors as ash handling and disposal. Indirect social or environmental costs, such as the economic value of environmental impacts, or environmental and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This first strategy involves locally depositing self-assembled monolayers on the surface only where the nanostructure will later be located. This strategy is advantageous because it involves high throughput methods that generally involve fewer steps than the other two strategies. The major techniques that use this stra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Filamentous fungi, especially Aspergillus and Trichoderma, have long been used to produce diverse industrial enzymes from their own genomes ("native", "homologous") and from recombinant DNA ("heterologous").
More recently, Myceliophthora thermophila C1 has been developed into an expression platform for screening and pr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The quantitative response of neutron tool to gas or light hydrocarbon depends primarily on hydrogen index and "excavation effect". The hydrogen index can be estimated from the composition and density of the hydrocarbons
Given a fixed volume, gas has considerably lower hydrogen concentration. When pore spaces in the roc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hemodynamic stress overrides fatty acid inhibition of glucose metabolism. During this time there is a decrease in substrate supply and an increase in the substrate demand. This leads to an activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) as the AMP concentration rises in intracellular fluids and the ATP concentration ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As a background to this change of ownership, the general climate for science and technology was becoming less favourable. Faith in scientific and technological solutions was diminished by some spectacular failures: the de Havilland Comet suffered catastrophic in-flight failures; thalidomide caused tragic birth defects... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Rietti began studying chemistry in 1948 after she had finished her secondary education, graduating in 1954 with her degree in nuclear chemistry. She took her last course at the National Atomic Energy Commission in 1953, a fact that by chance allowed her to be the first nuclear chemist in Argentina. Her thesis was title... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Squalene is biosynthesised by coupling two molecules of farnesyl pyrophosphate. The condensation requires NADPH and the enzyme squalene synthase. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While at Harvard, Woodward took on the directorship of the
Woodward Research Institute, based at Basel, Switzerland, in 1963. He also became a trustee of his alma mater, MIT, from 1966 to 1971, and of the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel.
Woodward died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, from a heart attack in his slee... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Members of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) protein family are intracellular transcription factors that mediate many aspects of cellular immunity, proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation. They are primarily activated by membrane receptor-associated Janus kinases (JAK). Dysregulation of t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Raychelle Burks is an associate professor of analytical chemistry at American University in Washington, D.C., and science communicator, who has regularly appeared on the Science Channel. In 2020, the American Chemical Society awarded her the Grady-Stack award for her public engagement excellence. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chemaxon was founded in 1998 by two brothers, Ferenc and Péter-Csizmadia. The company name was created by combining the words chem, indicating chemistry, and axon referring to a vast network of connections between the scientific and informatic domains. Initially, Chemaxon offered consultancy services and later moved in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Insulin affects ACC in a similar way to PDH. It leads to its dephosphorylation via activation of PP2A phosphatase whose activity results in the activation of the enzyme. Glucagon has an antagonistic effect and increases phosphorylation, deactivation, thereby inhibiting ACC and slowing fat synthesis.
Affecting ACC affec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In volatilization methods, removal of the analyte involves separation by heating or chemically decomposing a volatile sample at a suitable temperature. In other words, thermal or chemical energy is used to precipitate a volatile species. For example, the water content of a compound can be determined by vaporizing the w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Epoxide hydrolases (EHs), also known as epoxide hydratases, are enzymes that metabolize compounds that contain an epoxide residue; they convert this residue to two hydroxyl residues through an epoxide hydrolysis reaction to form diol products. Several enzymes possess EH activity. Microsomal epoxide hydrolase (epoxide h... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Christopher Alexander Hunter, FRS (born 19 February 1965) is a British chemist and academic. Since 2014, he has been Herchel Smith Professor of Organic Chemistry in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Cambridge. His research is currently focused on molecular recognition. He was previously a lecturer at the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The omni processor initiative for processing fecal sludge is being complemented by an effort to develop new technologies for improved pit latrine emptying (called by the Gates Foundation the "omni ingestor") and by the Reinvent the Toilet Challenge. The latter is a long-term research and development effort to develop a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nanofluidic devices have been built for application in chemistry, molecular biology and medicine. The main purposes to use nanofluidic devices are separation and measurement of solutions containing nanoparticles for drug delivery, gene therapy and nanoparticle toxicology on a micro-total-analysis system. An important a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Peatlands store an enormous amount of carbon. Covering only 3% of the land surface, they store more than 450 gigatonnes of carbon - more than stored by forests (which cover 30% of the land surface). Drained peatlands cause numerous negative environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas emission, nutrient leaching, subsi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Air Movement and Control Association, International was founded in 1955 when the National Association of Fan Manufacturers (NAFM) combined with the Power Fan Manufacturers Association (PFMA) and the Industrial Unit Heater Association (IUHA). Originally known as the Air Moving and Conditioning Association, AMCA was ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The limiting current in electrochemistry is the limiting value of a faradaic current that is approached as the rate of charge transfer to an electrode is increased. The limiting current can be approached, for example, by increasing the electric potential or decreasing the rate of mass transfer to the electrode. It is i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, hexol is a cation with formula {[Co(NH)(OH)]Co} — a coordination complex consisting of four cobalt cations in oxidation state +3, twelve ammonia molecules , and six hydroxy anions , with a net charge of +6. The hydroxy groups act as bridges between the central cobalt atom and the other three, which carry... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Prior to the introduction of diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST) in 1970 for the replacement of hydroxyl groups with fluoride, sulfur tetrafluoride was the reagent most commonly used to accomplish this transformation. However, sulfur tetrafluoride only reacts with the most acidic hydroxyl groups (its substrate scope ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The initial use of racemic dopa for the treatment of Parkinson's disease resulted in a number of adverse effects viz. nausea, vomiting, anorexia, involuntary movements and granulocytopenia. The use of L-dopa [the (S)-enantiomer] resulted in reducing the required dose, and adverse effects. The granulocytopenia was not o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Molecular oxygen is a good terminal electron acceptor because it is a strong oxidizing agent. The reduction of oxygen does involve potentially harmful intermediates. Although the transfer of four electrons and four protons reduces oxygen to water, which is harmless, transfer of one or two electrons produces superoxide ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In this example we will use the five liquids in the Table 2 (Liquid Data) to find the critical wetting surface tension needed to effectively wet PC (polycarbonate) using the Zisman Plot.
The data of the liquids given from the table above is then graphed on the Zisman Plot (Figure 2) with the independent variable as the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A mass analysis is done by representing the purity and flowrate for each stream from the hydrogen consumers (sinks), such as hydrotreaters, hydrocrackers, isomerization units and lubricant plants and the hydrogen producers (sources), such as hydrogen plants and naphtha reformers, streams from hydrogen purifiers, membra... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Andrés Manuel del Río y Fernández (10 November 1764 – 23 March 1849) was a Spanish scientist, naturalist and engineer, nationalized Mexican, who discovered compounds of vanadium in 1801. He proposed that the element be given the name panchromium, or later, erythronium, but his discovery was not credited at the time, an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In geochemistry, the primitive mantle (also known as the bulk silicate Earth) is the chemical composition of the Earth's mantle during the developmental stage between core-mantle differentiation and the formation of early continental crust. The chemical composition of the primitive mantle contains characteristics of bo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although the SI unit of total cross sections is m, smaller units are usually used in practice.
In nuclear and particle physics, the conventional unit is the barn b, where 1 b = 10 m = 100 fm. Smaller prefixed units such as mb and μb are also widely used. Correspondingly, the differential cross section can be measured i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When the soil is saturated and the depression storage filled, and rain continues to fall, the rainfall will immediately produce surface runoff. The level of antecedent soil moisture is one factor affecting the time until soil becomes saturated. This runoff is called saturation excess overland flow, saturated overland f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A tarball is a blob of crude oil (not to be confused with tar, which is a human-made product derived from pine trees or refined from petroleum) which has been weathered after floating in the ocean. Tarballs are an aquatic pollutant in most environments, although they can occur naturally, for example in the Santa Barbar... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In theoretical chemistry, Marcus theory is a theory originally developed by Rudolph A. Marcus, starting in 1956, to explain the rates of electron transfer reactions – the rate at which an electron can move or jump from one chemical species (called the electron donor) to another (called the electron acceptor). It ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Earths night sky is illuminated by diffuse light, called airglow, that is produced by radiative transitions of atoms and molecules. Among the most intense such features observed in the Earths night sky is a group of infrared transitions at wavelengths between 700 nanometers and 900 nanometers. In 1950, Aden Meinel ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A check dam is a small, sometimes temporary, dam constructed across a swale, drainage ditch, or waterway to counteract erosion by reducing water flow velocity. Check dams themselves are not a type of new technology; rather, they are an ancient technique dating from the second century AD. Check dams are typically, thoug... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hot (> 300 °C) hydrothermal fluids from mid ocean ridges are isotopically light, with δFe between -0.2 and -0.8‰. Particles in hydrothermal plumes are isotopically heavy relative to the hydrothermal fluids, with δFe between 0.1 and 1.1‰. Hydrothermal deposits have average δFe between -1.6 and 0.3‰. The sulfide minerals... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Collision in diluted gas or liquid solution is regulated by diffusion instead of direct collisions, which can be calculated from Fick's laws of diffusion. Theoretical models to calculate the collision frequency in solutions have been proposed by Marian Smoluchowski in a seminal 1916 publication at the infinite time lim... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During quiescence, the DREAM complex represses G1/S and G2/M gene expression. In mammalian systems, chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP) studies have revealed that DREAM components are found together at promoters of genes that peak in G1/S or G2/M phase. Abrogation of the DREAM complex on the other hand, led to increas... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Adolf Hitler was sworn in as the Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933, as his Nazi Party (NSDAP) was now the largest party in the Reichstag (Weimar Republic). The 7 April 1933 Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service removed Jews from the civil service, which included academia. Meitner never tried ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When two miscible liquids are brought into contact, and diffusion takes place, the macroscopic (or average) concentration evolves following Ficks law. On a mesoscopic scale, that is, between the macroscopic scale described by Ficks law and molecular scale, where molecular random walks take place, fluctuations cannot be... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the history of chemistry, the chemical revolution, also called the first chemical revolution, was the reformulation of chemistry during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, which culminated in the law of conservation of mass and the oxygen theory of combustion.
During the 19th and 20th century, this transforma... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Flow rate of the liquid phase and mole fraction of the desired compound in it are and .
Flow rate of the vapour phase and mole fraction of the desired compound in it are and . | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Seismic methods are preferred to magnetometers as the primary survey method for oil exploration although magnetic methods can give additional information about the underlying geology and in some environments evidence of leakage from traps. Magnetometers are also used in oil exploration to show locations of geologic fea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bacteriorhodopsin is a 27 kDa integral membrane protein usually found in two-dimensional crystalline patches known as "purple membrane", which can occupy almost 50% of the surface area of the archaeal cell. The repeating element of the hexagonal lattice is composed of three identical protein chains, each rotated by 120... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Maxwell-Wagner polarization processes should be taken into account during the investigation of inhomogeneous materials like suspensions or colloids, biological materials, phase separated polymers, blends, and crystalline or liquid crystalline polymers. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The isochore theory purported that the genome of "warm-blooded" vertebrates (mammals and birds) are mosaics of long isochoric regions of alternating GC-poor and GC-rich composition, as opposed to the genome of "cold-blooded" vertebrates (fishes and amphibians) that were supposed to lack GC-rich isochores.
These findin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) is a collaboration between the CDP (it was the Carbon Disclosure Project), the United Nations Global Compact, World Resources Institute (WRI) and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). Since 2015, more than 1,000 companies have joined the initiative to set a science-based clim... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If major depressive disorder symptoms fail to respond to standard treatment (such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs]), a second agent is sometimes added. A recent systematic review found some evidence of the clinical utility of adjunctive lithium, but the majority of supportive evidence is dated. The sa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Arterial damage results from white blood cell invasion and inflammation within the wall. CRP is a general marker for inflammation and infection, so it can be used as a very rough proxy for heart disease risk. Since many things can cause elevated CRP, this is not a very specific prognostic indicator. Nevertheless, a lev... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Holmes is a keen hillwalker and an enthusiastic aficionado of classical music, from baroque to romantic opera. During his time in Cambridge he was a member and regular volunteer at St Columba's United Reformed Church. He lives in Melbourne and Lorne, Victoria with his wife Jennifer. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Schilling test was a medical investigation used for patients with vitamin B (cobalamin) deficiency. The purpose of the test was to determine how well a patient is able to absorb B12 from their intestinal tract. The test is now considered obsolete and is rarely performed, and is no longer available at many medical ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The laser peening process using computer control is described in AMS 2546. Like many other surface enhancement technologies, direct measuring of the results of the process on the workpiece during processing is not practical. Therefore, the process parameters of pulse energy and duration, water and opaque overlays are c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Utako Okamoto was married to Shosuke Okamoto and at her death was survived by one daughter, Kumi Nakamura.
She had one miscarriage, which she said was not related to overworking but "coming home late from work".
Ian Roberts, Professor of Epidemiology and Public Health at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In environmental management, water analysis is frequently deployed when pollution is suspected to identify the pollutant in order to take remedial action. The analysis can often enable the polluter to be identified. Such forensic work can examine the ratios of various components and can "type" samples of oils or other ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To date, PAMPA models have been developed that exhibit a high degree of correlation with permeation across a variety of barriers, including Caco-2 cultures, the gastrointestinal tract, blood–brain barrier and skin.
The donor and/or acceptor compartments may contain solubilizing agents, or additives that bind the drugs ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, alpha elimination refers to particular types of elimination reactions. The definition of alpha elimination differs for organometallic and organic chemistry. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Volatile matter in coal refers to the components of coal, except for moisture, which are liberated at high temperature in the absence of air. This is usually a mixture of short- and long-chain hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons and some sulfur. Volatile matter also evaluate the adsorption application of an activated c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Determining chirality based on Fischer Projections is effectively the same as the standard method. The primary difference is the benefit that Fischer Projections provide in depicting the orientation of substituents with the vertical and horizontal lines. Considering that orientation of these molecules is already known,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DABCO (1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane), also known as triethylenediamine or TEDA, is a bicyclic organic compound with the formula N(CH). This colorless solid is a highly nucleophilic tertiary amine base, which is used as a catalyst and reagent in polymerization and organic synthesis.
It is similar in structure to quinuc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The resorcinarenes are typically prepared by condensation of resorcinol and an aldehyde in acid solution. This reaction was first described by Adolf von Baeyer who described the condensation of resorcinol and benzaldehyde but was unable to elucidate the nature of the product(s). The methods have since been refined. Re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Histones H3 and H4 from disassembled old nucleosomes are kept in the vicinity and randomly distributed on the newly synthesized DNA. They are assembled by the chromatin assembly factor 1 (CAF-1) complex, which consists of three subunits (p150, p60, and p48). Newly synthesized H3 and H4 are assembled by the replication ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The following is a sample recipe for TBST:
*20 mM Tris
*150 mM NaCl
*0.1% Tween 20
Adjust pH with HCl to pH 7.4–7.6
The simplest way to prepare a TBS-Tween solution is to use TBS-T tablets. They are formulated to give a ready to use TBST solution upon dissolution in 500 ml of deionized water. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ischemic cell death, or oncosis, is a form of accidental cell death. The process is characterized by an ATP depletion within the cell leading to impairment of ionic pumps, cell swelling, clearing of the cytosol, dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus, mitochondrial condensation, chromatin clumping, a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sorption is a physical and chemical process by which one substance becomes attached to another. Specific cases of sorption are treated in the following articles:
; Absorption: "the incorporation of a substance in one state into another of a different state" (e.g., liquids being absorbed by a solid or gases being absorb... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Not much is known about archaeal termination. Euryarchaeal RNAPs seem to terminate on their own when poly-U stretches appear. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The earliest reference to waterproof sand is in the 1915 book The Boy Mechanic Book 2 published by Popular Mechanics. The Boy Mechanic states waterproof sand was invented by East Indian magicians. The sand was made by mixing heated sand with melted wax. The wax would repel water when the sand was exposed to water. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Antibody diversity is produced by genetic rearrangement after shuffling and rejoining one of each of the various gene segments for the heavy and light chains. Due to mixing and random recombination of the gene segments errors can occur at the sites where gene segments join with each other. These errors are one of the s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Microorganisms are the earliest form of life on earth, first evolving more than three billion years ago. Our ancestors discovered how to harness the power of microorganisms to make new foods, even if they did not know the science behind what they were doing.
Milestones
1665—Robert Hooke and Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek first... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pesticides can save farmers' money by preventing crop losses to insects and other pests; in the U.S., farmers get an estimated fourfold return on money they spend on pesticides. One study found that not using pesticides reduced crop yields by about 10%. Another study, conducted in 1999, found that a ban on pesticides i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Natural products containing acid anhydrides have been isolated from animals, bacteria and fungi. Examples include cantharidin from species of blister beetle, including the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria, and tautomycin, from the bacterium Streptomyces spiroverticillatus. The maleidride family of fungal secondary metabo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
T7 RNA polymerase - taq polymerase - TATA box - taurochenodeoxycholate 6α-hydroxylase - taxadiene 5alpha-hydroxylase - taxane 10beta-hydroxylase - TAZ zinc finger - Tbf5 protein domain - technology transfer - template - termination codon - terminator - tertiary structure - tet resistance - TGF beta Activation - thymine... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. Enzymes act on small molecules called substrates, which an enzyme converts into products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzyme catalysis in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. The study of how fa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Stanton number is a useful measure of the rate of change of the thermal energy deficit (or excess) in the boundary layer due to heat transfer from a planar surface. If the enthalpy thickness is defined as:
Then the Stanton number is equivalent to
for boundary layer flow over a flat plate with a constant surface tem... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Both families in Group VII have DNA genomes contained within the invading virus particles. The DNA genome is transcribed into both mRNA, for use as a transcript in protein synthesis, and pre-genomic RNA, for use as the template during genome replication. Virally encoded reverse transcriptase uses the pre-genomic RNA as... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Continuous dynamic recrystallization is common in materials with high stacking-fault energies. It occurs when low angle grain boundaries form and evolve into high angle boundaries, forming new grains in the process. For continuous dynamic recrystallization there is no clear distinction between nucleation and growth pha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Blood pH and concentrations of several chemicals are tested in a corpse to help determine the time of death of the victim, also known as the post-mortem interval. These chemicals include lactic acid, hypoxanthine, uric acid, ammonia, NADH and formic acid.
The decrease in the concentration of oxygen because of the lack... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The most common powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) refinement technique used today is based on the method proposed in the 1960s by Hugo Rietveld. The Rietveld method fits a calculated profile (including all structural and instrumental parameters) to experimental data. It employs the non-linear least squares method, and req... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An example demonstrating how drug combination with additive effect can cause adverse effects is the co-administration of ACEI and potassium-sparing diuretics. Despite having different mechanisms of action, the drugs are able to reduce potassium excretion from the body. Hence, both ACEI and potassium-sparing diuretics h... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Rewarming can be done with a number of methods including passive external rewarming, active external rewarming, and active internal rewarming. Passive external rewarming involves the use of a person's own ability to generate heat by providing properly insulated dry clothing and moving to a warm environment. Passive ext... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Acid–base titrations depend on the neutralization between an acid and a base when mixed in solution. In addition to the sample, an appropriate pH indicator is added to the titration chamber, representing the pH range of the equivalence point. The acid–base indicator indicates the endpoint of the titration by changing ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As aromatic compounds have been exhausted to a large extent as building blocks for life science products, N-heterocyclic structures prevail nowadays. They are found in many natural products, such as chlorophyll, hemoglobin, and the vitamins biotin, folic acid, niacin (PP), pyridoxine (vitamin B), riboflavin (vitamin B)... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus Pygerythus) are some of the most studied monkeys when it comes to vocalization and alarm calls within the nonhuman primates. They are most known for making alarm calls in the presence of their most common predators (leopards, eagles, and snakes). The alarm calls of the Vervet monkey are cons... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A slosh baffle is a device used to dampen the adverse effects of liquid slosh in a tank. Slosh baffles have been implemented in a variety of applications including tanker trucks, and liquid rockets, although any moving tank containing liquid may employ them. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In type I reactions, the photoactivated Sens* interacts with the substrate to yield a radical substrate, usually through the homolytic bond breaking of a hydrogen bond on the substrate. This substrate radical then interacts with O (ground state) to yield a substrate-O radical. Such a radical is generally quenched by... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A Phase 3 clinical trial of LMTM (TauRx0237 or LMT-X), a derivative of methylene blue, failed to show any benefit against cognitive or functional decline in people with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. Disease progression for both the drug and the placebo were practically identical. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In general the product distribution of hydrocarbons formed during the Fischer–Tropsch process follows an Anderson–Schulz–Flory distribution, which can be expressed as:
: = (1 − α)α
where W is the weight fraction of hydrocarbons containing n carbon atoms, and α is the chain growth probability or the probability that a ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The term self-siphon is used in a number of ways. Liquids that are composed of long polymers can "self-siphon" and these liquids do not depend on atmospheric pressure. Self-siphoning polymer liquids work the same as the siphon-chain model where the lower part of the chain pulls the rest of the chain up and over the cre... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Like methane itself, halomethanes are tetrahedral molecules. The halogen atoms differ greatly in size and charge from hydrogen and from each other. Consequently, most halomethanes deviate from the perfect tetrahedral symmetry of methane.
The physical properties of halomethanes depend on the number and identity of the h... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
With knowledge of substituent constants it is now possible to obtain reaction constants for a wide range of organic reactions. The archetypal reaction is the alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl benzoate (R=R'=H) in a water/ethanol mixture at 30 °C. Measurement of the reaction rate k combined with that of many substituted ethy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, mechanically interlocked molecular architectures (MIMAs) are molecules that are connected as a consequence of their topology. This connection of molecules is analogous to keys on a keychain loop. The keys are not directly connected to the keychain loop but they cannot be separated without breaking the loo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A gas network is in the steady state when the values of gas flow characteristics are independent of time and system described by the set of nonlinear equations. The goal of simple simulation of a gas network is usually that of computing the values of nodes pressures, loads and the values of flows in the individual pipe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Eukaryotic RNA must undergo a series of modifications in order to be exported from the nucleus and successfully translated into function proteins, many of which are dependent on mRNA capping, the first mRNA modification to take place. 5 capping is essential for mRNA stability, enhancing mRNA processing, mRNA export an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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