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The reaction steps are reversible reactions and the reaction is driven to completion by removal of water e.g. by azeotropic distillation, molecular sieves or titanium tetrachloride. Primary amines react through an unstable hemiaminal intermediate which then splits off water.
Secondary amines do not lose water easily b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* From Small Disturbances
: (subsonic)
* From Divergence Theorem
* Let Velocity U be a twice continuously differentiable function in a region of volume V in space. This function is the stream function .
* Let P be a point in the volume V
* Let S be the surface boundary of the volume V.
* Let Q be a point on the surfac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Iron minerals can active for dechlorination. These minerals use . Particular minerals that can be used include green rust, magnetite, pyrite, and glauconite. The most reactive of the iron minerals are the iron sulfides and oxides. Pyrite, an iron sulfide, is able to dechlorinate carbon tetrachloride in suspension. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the study of the structure of mercury b- , lead- and organotin derivatives of nitrosophenols, Nesmeyanov discovered the phenomenon of metallotropy, that is, a special tautomerism in which a reversible transfer of an organometallic group occurs. Joint studies by A. N. Nesmeyanov and I. F. Lutsenko discovered heteroat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Emeléus was born in Poplar, London on 22 June 1903, the son of Karl Henry Emeléus (1869–1948), a pharmacist who was born in Vaasa, Finland. The family moved to the Old Pharmacy in Battle, Sussex shortly after Emeléus was born. His elder brother Karl George Emeléus (1901–1989) went on to become professor of physics at t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The VICARTE – Vidro e Cerâmica para as Artes (Glass and Ceramic for the Arts) is a research unit composed of the Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the Universidade Nova de Lisboa and the Faculty of Fine Arts of the Universidade de Lisboa which works to further the research of glass and ceramics. In partnership with... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Like its counterpart, RB-E2F, the DREAM complex is also affected by similar growth stimuli and subsequent cyclin-CDK activity. Increasing cyclin D-CDK4 and cyclin E-CDK2 activity dissociates the DREAM complex from the promoter by phosphorylation of p130. Hyper-phosphorylated p130 is subsequently degraded and E2F4 expo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thiolactones can be prepared by dehydration of thiol-containing carboxylic acids. Thiolactones can be hydrolyzed back to the thiol acids under basic conditions. β-Thiolactones can be opened by reaction at the 4-position via S2 nucleophilic reactions. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The availability of phosphorus in an ecosystem is restricted by the rate of release of this element during weathering. The release of phosphorus from apatite dissolution is a key control on ecosystem productivity. The primary mineral with significant phosphorus content, apatite [Ca(PO)OH] undergoes carbonation.
Little ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
PTEN is a tumor suppressor that inhibits the PI3K/AKT pathway. PTEN inhibitors, such as bisperoxovanadium, can enhance the PI3K/AKT pathway to promote cell migration, survival and proliferation. While there are some concerns over possible cell cycle dysregulation and tumorigenesis, temporary and moderate PTEN inhibitio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Modafinil is generally well-tolerated but can have potential risks and side effects. Common adverse effects of modafinil, experienced by less than 10% of users, include headaches, nausea, and reduced appetite. Anxiety, insomnia, dizziness, diarrhea, and rhinitis are also reported in 5% to 10% of users. Psychiatric reac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lactic acid fermentation is used in many areas of the world to produce foods that cannot be produced through other methods. The most commercially important genus of lactic acid-fermenting bacteria is Lactobacillus, though other bacteria and even yeast are sometimes used. Two of the most common applications of lactic ac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The non-dimensional energy equation for fluid flow in a boundary layer can simplify to the following, when heating from viscous dissipation and heat generation can be neglected:
Where and are the velocities in the x and y directions respectively normalized by the free stream velocity, and are the x and y coordinate... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dendrimers have been prepared via click chemistry, employing Diels-Alder reactions, thiol-ene and thiol-yne reactions and azide-alkyne reactions.
There are ample avenues that can be opened by exploring this chemistry in dendrimer synthesis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The set of strategies that comprise biosorption, bioaccumulation and biomineralization are closely related to each other, because one way or another have a direct contact between the cell and radionuclide. These mechanisms are evaluated accurately using advanced analysis technologies such as electron microscopy, X-ray ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Contributors to the field of fluid dynamics in turn come from a wide array of fields, and in addition to their other titles, each is also a fluid dynamicist. Following is a list of notable fluid dynamicists: | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ion-exchange chromatography separates molecules based on their respective charged groups. Ion-exchange chromatography retains analyte molecules on the column based on coulombic (ionic) interactions. The ion exchange chromatography matrix consists of positively and negatively charged ions. Essentially, molecules underg... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chromatographic peak resolution is given by
where t is the retention time and w is the peak width at baseline. Here compound 1 elutes before compound 2.
If the peaks have the same width | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Buddhist atomism is a school of atomistic Buddhist philosophy that flourished on the Indian subcontinent during two major periods. During the first phase, which began to develop prior to the 6th century CE, Buddhist atomism had a very qualitative, Aristotelian-style atomic theory. This form of atomism identifies four k... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
CeCoIn ("Cerium-Cobalt-Indium 5") is a heavy-fermion superconductor with a layered crystal structure, with somewhat two-dimensional electronic transport properties. The critical temperature of 2.3 K is the highest among all of the Ce-based heavy-fermion superconductors. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Esmirtazapine (ORG-50,081) is a tetracyclic antidepressant drug that was under development by Organon for the treatment of insomnia and vasomotor symptoms (e.g., hot flashes) associated with menopause. Esmirtazapine is the (S)-(+)-enantiomer of mirtazapine and possesses similar overall pharmacology, including inverse a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Radionuclides are incorporated either into compounds normally used by the body such as glucose (or glucose analogues), water, or ammonia, or into molecules that bind to receptors or other sites of drug action. Such labelled compounds are known as radiotracers. PET technology can be used to trace the biologic pathway of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ionic micelles are typically very affected by the salt concentration. In ionic micelles the monomers are typically fully ionized, but the high electric field strength at the surface of the micelles will cause adsorption of some proportion of the free counter-ions. In this case a chemical equilibrium process can be assu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Salvinia effect defines surfaces which are able to permanently keep relatively thick air layers as a result of their hydrophobic chemistry, in combination with a complex architecture in nano- and microscopic dimensions.
This phenomenon was discovered during a systematic research on aquatic plants and animals by Wi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fat suppression is useful for example to distinguish active inflammation in the intestines from fat deposition such as can be caused by long-standing (but possibly inactive) inflammatory bowel disease, but also obesity, chemotherapy and celiac disease. Without fat suppression techniques, fat and fluid will have similar... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
was a Japanese organic chemist and marine biologist, and professor emeritus at Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) in Woods Hole, Massachusetts and Boston University School of Medicine. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2008 for the discovery and development of green fluorescent protein (GFP) with two Ameri... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A plasmid is a double stranded circular DNA molecule commonly used for molecular cloning. Plasmids are generally 2 to 4 kilobase-pairs (kb) in length and are capable of carrying inserts up to 15kb. Plasmids contain an origin of replication allowing them to replicate inside a bacterium independently of the host chromoso... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The expression of tides as a bounded Kelvin wave is well observable in enclosed shelf seas around the world (e.g. the English channel, the North Sea or the Yellow sea). Animation 1 shows the behaviour of a simplified case of a Kelvin wave in an enclosed shelf sea for the case with (lower panel) and without friction (up... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
PCR works readily with a DNA template of up to two to three thousand base pairs in length. However, above this size, product yields often decrease, as with increasing length stochastic effects such as premature termination by the polymerase begin to affect the efficiency of the PCR. It is possible to amplify larger pie... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A blank value in analytical chemistry is a measurement of a blank. The reading does not originate from a sample, but the matrix effects, reagents and other residues. These contribute to the sample value in the analytical measurement and therefore have to be subtracted.
The limit of blank is defined by the Clinical And ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the region known as the viscous sublayer, below 5 wall units, the variation of to is approximately 1:1, such that:
:For
where,
This approximation can be used farther than 5 wall units, but by the error is more than 25%. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The dehydration theory explains why mucoadhesion can arise rapidly. When two gels capable of rapid gelation in an aqueous environment are brought into contact, movement occurs between the two gels until a state of equilibrium is reached. Gels associated with a strong affinity for water will have high osmotic pressures ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
By the historical periods of the Pharaohs in Egypt, the Vedic Kings in India, the Tribes of Israel, and the Maya civilization in North America, among other ancient populations, precious metals began to have value attached to them. In some cases rules for ownership, distribution, and trade were created, enforced, and ag... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Photobiology is the scientific study of the beneficial and harmful interactions of non-ionizing radiation in living organisms, conventionally demarcated around 10 eV, the first ionization energy of oxygen. UV ranges roughly from 3 to 30 eV in energy. Hence photobiology entertains some, but not all, of the UV spectrum. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2020, the FDA granted orphan drug designation RT001 for the treatment of patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). PSP is a disease involving modification and dysfunction of tau protein; RT001's mechanism of action both lowers lipid peroxidation and prevents mitochondrial cell death of neurons which is ass... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The contact stage is the initial wetting that occurs between the adhesive and membrane. This can occur mechanically by bringing together the two surfaces, or through the bodily systems, like when particles are deposited in the nasal cavity by inhalation. The principles of initial adsorption of small molecule adsorbates... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One can characterise a surface that has undergone certain finishing operations by three main properties of: roughness, waviness, and fractal dimension. Among these, roughness and fractality are of most importance, with roughness often indicated in terms of a rms value, and surface fractality denoted generally by D. T... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In addition to being manipulated for medical and energy applications, capillary pressure is the cause behind various natural phenomena as well. For example, needle ice, seen in cold soil, occurs via capillary action. The first major contributions to the study of needle ice, or simply, frost heaving were made by Stephen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The major steps in the Sulfo-TK pathway are:
* isomerization of sulfoquinovose to sulfofructose (catalyzed by sulfoquinovose isomerase);
* transketol reaction of sulfofructose to release erythrose (catalyzed by sulfofructose transketolase, a thiamine diphosphate dependent enzyme), and transfer of the C2-moiety to glyce... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alpha-cleavage (α-cleavage) in organic chemistry refers to the act of breaking the carbon-carbon bond adjacent to the carbon bearing a specified functional group. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Technically, Hammonds postulate only describes the geometric structure of a chemical reaction. However, Hammonds postulate indirectly gives information about the rate, kinetics, and activation energy of reactions. Hence, it gives a theoretical basis for the understanding the Bell-Evans-Polanyi principle, which describ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many S-N compounds are prepared from . Reaction with piperidine generates :
A related cation is also known, i.e. .
Treatment with tetramethylammonium azide produces the heterocycle :
Cyclo- has 10 pi-electrons.
In a related reaction, the use of the bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium azide gives a salt containing the blue ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Histone code hypothesis suggests the idea that patterns of post-translational modifications on histones, collectively, can direct specific cellular functions. Chemical modifications of histone proteins often occur on particular amino acids. This specific addition of single or multiple modifications on histone cores... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The dominant luminous component in a cluster of galaxies is the 10 to 10 kelvin intracluster medium. The emission from the intracluster medium is characterized by thermal bremsstrahlung. This radiation is in the energy range of X-rays and can be easily observed with space-based telescopes such as Chandra X-ray Observat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Different blocking agents for isocyanates have different unblocking temperatures.
* Sodium bisulfite
* Diethyl malonate =
* 3,5-Dimethylpyrazole =
* MEKO =
* Phenol =
* Caprolactam = | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tollmien (1931) and Schlichting (1929) theorized that viscosity-induced grabbing and releasing of laminae created long-crested simple harmonic (SH) oscillations (vibrations) along a smooth flat boundary, at a flow rate approaching the onset of turbulence. These T-S waves would gradually increase in amplitude until they... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
″There was once a time when sawmill operators could barely give away their sawdust. They dumped it in the woods or incinerated it just to get rid of the stuff. These days, they have ready markets for sawdust…″, according to a report in 2008. For example, sawdust is used by biomass power plants as fuel or is sold to dai... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Iron is an essential bioelement for most forms of life, from bacteria to mammals. Its importance lies in its ability to mediate electron transfer. In the ferrous state (Fe), iron acts as an electron donor, while in the ferric state (Fe) it acts as an acceptor. Thus, iron plays a vital role in the catalysis of enzymatic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The main subprocesses of sensor-based sorting are material conditioning, material presentation, detection, data processing and separation.
* Material conditioning includes all operations which prepare the particles for being detected by the sensor. All optical sensors need clean material to be able to detect optical c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) is used to measure the quantity of a PCR product (preferably real-time, QRT-PCR). It is the method of choice to quantitatively measure amounts of transgene DNA in a food or feed sample. Q-PCR is commonly used to determine whether a DNA sequence is present in a sample and the number of its copie... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the 1960s and 1970s various groups reported the ring-opening polymerization of norbornene catalyzed by hydrated trichlorides of ruthenium and other late transition metals in polar, protic solvents. This prompted Robert H. Grubbs and coworkers to search for well-defined, functional group tolerant catalysts based on r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Wide varieties of aromatic compounds are enzymatically reduced to form free radicals that contain one more electron than their parent compounds. In general, the electron donor is any of a wide variety of flavoenzymes and their coenzymes. Once formed, these anion free radicals reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide and r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since 2011, the MOSE control centre and management functions for the lagoon system have been located in the Venice Arsenal, symbol of the former trading and military might of the historic Serenissima or "Serene Republic". Numerous historical buildings, in a state of decay and abandonment for decades, have already been ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, a blast wave is the increased pressure and flow resulting from the deposition of a large amount of energy in a small, very localised volume. The flow field can be approximated as a lead shock wave, followed by a self-similar subsonic flow field. In simpler terms, a blast wave is an area of pressure e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gene symbols are italicised and all letters are in lowercase (shh). Protein designations are the same as the gene symbol, but are not italicised; the first letter is in uppercase and the remaining letters are in lowercase (Shh). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A half-life often describes the decay of discrete entities, such as radioactive atoms. In that case, it does not work to use the definition that states "half-life is the time required for exactly half of the entities to decay". For example, if there is just one radioactive atom, and its half-life is one second, there w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Surface or ground water abstracted for the supply of drinking water must be capable of meeting rigorous chemical standards following treatment. This requires a detailed knowledge of the water entering the treatment plant. In addition to the normal suite of environmental chemical parameters, other parameters such as har... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The clinical use of most antibiotics result in a mutation of the pathogen organism leading to their resistance against the drug. Therefore, development of new drugs is always needed. A potential first step in developing new drugs against currently threatening diseases (e.g. tuberculosis) is to find new drug targets in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Materials Performance magazine
*CoatingsPro magazine
*CORROSION journal
*technical and reference books
*podcasts and webcasts | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term agostic, derived from the Ancient Greek word for "to hold close to oneself", was coined by Maurice Brookhart and Malcolm Green, on the suggestion of the classicist Jasper Griffin, to describe this and many other interactions between a transition metal and a C−H bond. Often such agostic interactions involve al... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The outbreak of hostilities in eastern Ukraine in 2014 complicated the activities of the enterprise. As a result, the plant ended 2014 with a net loss of UAH 4,871.533 million. In the first nine months of 2015, the plant produced 426 thousand tons of pig iron and 1.664 million tons of grade K coal concentrate, but loss... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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