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Colorless fluorescent dyes that emit blue light under UV are added as optical brighteners to paper and fabrics. The blue light emitted by these agents counteracts yellow tints that may be present and causes the colors and whites to appear whiter or more brightly colored.
UV fluorescent dyes that glow in the primary col... | 4 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Areas that have limited surface water or groundwater may choose to desalinate. RO is an increasingly common method, because of its relatively low energy consumption.
Energy consumption is around , with the development of more efficient energy recovery devices and improved membrane materials. According to the Internatio... | 1 | Separation Processes |
Sperm banks make information available about the sperm donors whose donations they hold to enable customers to select the donor whose sperm they wish to use. This information is often available by way of an online catalog. Subscription fees to be able to view the sperm donor through California Cryobank, for example, st... | 0 | Cryobiology |
A thermodynamic system is ergodic when, given any (equilibrium) instance of the system, it eventually visits every other possible (equilibrium) state (of the same energy). One characteristic of spin glass systems is that, below the freezing temperature , instances are trapped in a "non-ergodic" set of states: the syste... | 3 | Magnetic Ordering |
Nanoscience and nanotechnology have been emerging as a technology for the development of various hybrid and composite materials for biomedical applications. When nanomaterials are used for the development of the composites in biology, they are called bionanocomposites. Bionanocomposites have been used in tissue enginee... | 2 | Carbohydrates |
Red blood cells have a consistent lifespan of 120 days and are accessible for measurement of glycated hemoglobin. Measurement of HbA1c—the predominant form of glycated hemoglobin—enables medium-term blood sugar control to be monitored in diabetes.
Some glycation products are implicated in many age-related chronic disea... | 2 | Carbohydrates |
There is currently no evidence supporting targeted temperature management use in humans and clinical trials have not been completed. Most of the data concerning hypothermia's effectiveness in treating stroke is limited to animal studies. These studies have focused primarily on ischemic stroke as opposed to hemorrhagic ... | 0 | Cryobiology |
Galactogen has been reported in the albumen gland of pulmonate snails such as Helix pomatia, Limnaea stagnalis, Oxychilus cellarius, Achatina fulica, Aplexa nitens and Otala lactea, Bulimnaea megasoma, Ariolimax columbianis, Ariophanta, Biomphalaria glabrata, and Strophochelius oblongus. This polysaccharide was also id... | 2 | Carbohydrates |
In solid-state physics, the Landau–Lifshitz equation (LLE), named for Lev Landau and Evgeny Lifshitz, is a partial differential equation describing time evolution of magnetism in solids, depending on 1 time variable and 1, 2, or 3 space variables. | 3 | Magnetic Ordering |
Blacklights are a common tool for rock-hunting and identification of minerals by their fluorescence. The most common minerals and rocks that glow under UV light are fluorite, calcite, aragonite, opal, apatite, chalcedony, corundum (ruby and sapphire), scheelite, selenite, smithsonite, sphalerite, sodalite. The first pe... | 4 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
The demagnetizing field is the magnetic field created by the magnetic sample upon itself. The associated energy is:
where H is the demagnetizing field. This field depends on the magnetic configuration itself, and it can be found by solving:
where −∇·M is sometimes called magnetic charge density. The solution of these e... | 3 | Magnetic Ordering |
In condensed matter physics, an Arrott plot is a plot of the square of the magnetization of a substance, against the ratio of the applied magnetic field to magnetization at one (or several) fixed temperature(s). Arrott plots are an easy way of determining the presence of ferromagnetic order in a material. They are na... | 3 | Magnetic Ordering |
Mostly, SIRs have been investigated and used for the recovery of heavy metals. Applications include the removal of cadmium, vanadium, copper, chrome, iridium, etc. | 1 | Separation Processes |
In Australia, the average age of women undergoing ART treatment is 35.5 years among those using their own eggs (one in four being 40 or older) and 40.5 years among those using donated eggs. While IVF is available in Australia, Australians using IVF are unable to choose their baby's gender. | 0 | Cryobiology |
The phenomenon of hysteresis in ferromagnetic materials is the result of two effects: rotation of magnetization and changes in size or number of magnetic domains. In general, the magnetization varies (in direction but not magnitude) across a magnet, but in sufficiently small magnets, it does not. In these single-domain... | 3 | Magnetic Ordering |
The reaction mechanism is that of the related Hofmann degradation.
At first the carbonic acid amide (1) reacts with the sodium hypochlorite. After separate water and chloride an amine with a free bond is built 2. The intermediate (3) is generated by rearrangement. At this point two different mechanisms are possible. I... | 2 | Carbohydrates |
Psychrophiles are protected from freezing and the expansion of ice by ice-induced desiccation and vitrification (glass transition), as long as they cool slowly. Free living cells desiccate and vitrify between −10 °C and −26 °C. Cells of multicellular organisms may vitrify at temperatures below −50 °C. The cells may con... | 0 | Cryobiology |
Wayne Campbell at Massey University, New Zealand, has experimented with a wide variety of organic dyes based on porphyrin. In nature, porphyrin is the basic building block of the hemoproteins, which include chlorophyll in plants and hemoglobin in animals. He reports efficiency on the order of 5.6% using these low-cost ... | 4 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
To cope with high volume mass flows and for application, where a changing physical location of the sensor-based sorting process is of no benefit for the financial feasibility of the operation, stationary installations are applied. Another reason for applying stationary installations are multistage (Rougher, Scavenger, ... | 1 | Separation Processes |
The microscope setup is based on an inverted microscope design. An automated stage is used to record larger areas by mosaicing a series of single adjacent frames. The LED light is focused using a ball lens with a short focal length onto the sample surface in an oblique-angle cis-illumination scheme since standard micro... | 4 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Both the formation and degradation of amylopectin is important to the metabolic processes of organisms. Amylopectin is one of the two dominant components of starch, and starch is a successful storage molecule for energy. Because of this, it is synthesized and broken down in most plants and cyanobacteria. In fact, amylo... | 2 | Carbohydrates |
An endotransglucosylase is an enzyme which is able to transfer a saccharide unit from one saccharide to another. | 2 | Carbohydrates |
Researchers at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and at the Université du Québec à Montréal claim to have overcome two of the DSC's major issues:
* "New molecules" have been created for the electrolyte, resulting in a liquid or gel that is transparent and non-corrosive, which can increase the photovoltage an... | 4 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
To help mitigate inbreeding depression for two endangered species, the Black-footed ferret(Mustela nigripes), Revive & Restore facilitates on-going efforts to clone individuals from historic cell lines stored at the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance Frozen Zoo. The program seeks to restore genetic variation lost from the... | 0 | Cryobiology |
Some hepatitis C viral glycoproteins may attach to C-type lectins on the host cell surface (liver cells) to initiate infection. To avoid clearance from the body by the innate immune system, pathogens (e.g., virus particles and bacteria that infect human cells) often express surface lectins known as adhesins and hemaggl... | 2 | Carbohydrates |
Tissue engineering aims to generate functional constructs which could replace or improve damaged or infected tissues or whole organs. Many of these constructs lead to infected tissue around the implant area. Coating these materials in amylopectin allows reduction in this infectious reaction. Since amylopectin is mainly... | 2 | Carbohydrates |
Stripping is commonly used in industrial applications to remove harmful contaminants from waste streams. One example would be the removal of TBT and PAH contaminants from harbor soils. The soils are dredged from the bottom of contaminated harbors, mixed with water to make a slurry and then stripped with steam. The clea... | 1 | Separation Processes |
The "upper phase" is formed by the more hydrophobic polyethylene glycol (PEG), which is of lower density than the "lower phase," consisting of the more hydrophilic and denser dextran solution.
Although PEG is inherently denser than water, it occupies the upper layer. This is believed to be due to its solvent ordering p... | 1 | Separation Processes |
AFPs work through an interaction with small ice crystals that is similar to an enzyme-ligand binding mechanism which inhibits recrystallization of ice. This explanation of the interruption of the ice crystal structure by the AFP has come to be known as the adsorption-inhibition hypothesis.
According to this hypothesis,... | 0 | Cryobiology |
Species containing AFPs may be classified as
Freeze avoidant: These species are able to prevent their body fluids from freezing altogether. Generally, the AFP function may be overcome at extremely cold temperatures, leading to rapid ice growth and death.
Freeze tolerant: These species are able to survive body fluid fr... | 0 | Cryobiology |
The first step in the metabolism of fructose is the phosphorylation of fructose to fructose 1-phosphate by fructokinase (Km = 0.5 mM, ≈ 9 mg/100 ml), thus trapping fructose for metabolism in the liver. Hexokinase IV (Glucokinase), also occurs in the liver and would be capable of phosphorylating fructose to fructose 6-p... | 2 | Carbohydrates |
There is a market for vials of processed sperm and for various reasons a sperm bank may sell-on stocks of vials which it holds known as onselling. The costs of screening of donors and storage of frozen donor sperm vials are not insignificant and in practice most sperm banks will try to dispose of all samples from an in... | 0 | Cryobiology |
Filtrate is the waste that has been discharge in vacuum ceramic filters through the waste stream. During cake washing, a wash liquid is sprayed on the cake solids to remove impurities or additional filtrate. The filtrate goes into filtrate tank and is drained through a discharge system. However, the filtrate is recycl... | 1 | Separation Processes |
Allison Hubel is an American mechanical engineer and cryobiologist who applies her expertise in heat transfer to study the cryopreservation of biological tissue. She is a professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Minnesota, where she directs the Biopreservation Core Resource and the Technological Leaders... | 0 | Cryobiology |
Glycogen synthase catalyzes the conversion of the glucosyl (Glc) moiety of uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-Glc) into glucose to be incorporated into glycogen via an α(1→4) glycosidic bond. However, since glycogen synthase requires an oligosaccharide primer as a glucose acceptor, it relies on glycogenin to initiate de ... | 2 | Carbohydrates |
Typically, the mixture of "compound A" and "impurity B" is dissolved in the smallest amount of hot solvent to fully dissolve the mixture, thus making a saturated solution. The solution is then allowed to cool. As the solution cools the solubility of compounds in the solution drops. This results in the desired compound ... | 1 | Separation Processes |
Superparamagnetism sets a limit on the storage density of hard disk drives due to the minimum size of particles that can be used. This limit on areal-density is known as the superparamagnetic limit.
* Older hard disk technology uses longitudinal recording. It has an estimated limit of 100 to 200 Gbit/in.
* Current hard... | 3 | Magnetic Ordering |
Single-crystal alloys exhibit superior microstrain, but are vulnerable to yielding due to the anisotropic mechanical properties of most metals. It has been observed that for polycrystalline alloys with a high area coverage of preferential grains for microstrain, the mechanical properties (ductility) of magnetostrictive... | 3 | Magnetic Ordering |
Kenneth Storey studied biochemistry at the University of Calgary (B.Sc. 71) and zoology at the University of British Columbia (Ph.D. 74). Storey is a Professor of Biochemistry, cross-appointed in the Departments of Biology, Chemistry and Neuroscience and holds the Canada Research Chair in Molecular Physiology at Carlet... | 0 | Cryobiology |
According to the Landau theory applied to the mean field picture for magnetism, the free energy of a ferromagnetic material close to a phase transition can be written as:
where , the magnetization, is the order parameter, is the applied magnetic field, is the critical temperature, and are material constants.
Close t... | 3 | Magnetic Ordering |
Carbohydrate consumed in food yields 3.87 kilocalories of energy per gram for simple sugars, and 3.57 to 4.12 kilocalories per gram for complex carbohydrate in most other foods. Relatively high levels of carbohydrate are associated with processed foods or refined foods made from plants, including sweets, cookies and ca... | 2 | Carbohydrates |
In Saxon settlements such as one identified in Northumberland as Bedes Ad Gefrin (now called Yeavering) the buildings were shown by an excavators reconstruction to have opposed entries. In barns a draught created by the use of these opposed doorways was used in winnowing.
The technique developed by the Chinese was not... | 1 | Separation Processes |
Speromagnetism is the equivalent of antiferromagnetism for a disordered system with random magnetic moments. It is defined by short range correlations of locked magnetic moments within small noncrystalline regions, without average long range correlations. Speromagnets do not have a net magnetic moment.
An example of a... | 3 | Magnetic Ordering |
Hysteretic models are mathematical models capable of simulating complex nonlinear behavior (hysteresis) characterizing mechanical systems and materials used in different fields of engineering, such as aerospace, civil, and mechanical engineering. Some examples of mechanical systems and materials having hysteretic behav... | 3 | Magnetic Ordering |
Although most previous and current research on frustration focuses on spin systems, the phenomenon was first studied in ordinary ice. In 1936 Giauque and Stout published The Entropy of Water and the Third Law of Thermodynamics. Heat Capacity of Ice from 15 K to 273 K, reporting calorimeter measurements on water through... | 3 | Magnetic Ordering |
Ultraviolet light can be generated by some light-emitting diodes, but wavelengths shorter than 380 nm are uncommon, and the emission peaks are broad, so only the very lowest energy UV photons are emitted, within predominant not visible light. | 4 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
There are a great variety of applications of the hysteresis in ferromagnets. Many of these make use of their ability to retain a memory, for example magnetic tape, hard disks, and credit cards. In these applications, hard magnets (high coercivity) like iron are desirable, such that as much energy is absorbed as possibl... | 3 | Magnetic Ordering |
Radical Polymerization is used in the curing of acrylic resins in the presence of UV in the industry. Light energy from UV breaks apart photoinitiaters, forming radicals. The radical then react with the polymers, forming polymers with radical groups that then react with additional monomers. The monomer chain extends un... | 4 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
In Gaucher's disease, the enzyme glucocerebrosidase is nonfunctional and cannot break down glucocerebroside into glucose and ceramide in the lysosome. Affected macrophages, called Gaucher cells, have a distinct appearance similar to "wrinkled tissue paper" under light microscopy, because the substrates build-up within ... | 2 | Carbohydrates |
Glycogen synthase (UDP-glucose-glycogen glucosyltransferase) is a key enzyme in glycogenesis, the conversion of glucose into glycogen. It is a glycosyltransferase () that catalyses the reaction of UDP-glucose and (1,4---glucosyl) to yield UDP and (1,4---glucosyl). | 2 | Carbohydrates |
As the concentration of particles in a suspension is increased, a point is reached where particles are so close together that they no longer settle independently of one another and the velocity fields of the fluid displaced by adjacent particles, overlap. There is also a net upward flow of liquid displaced by the sett... | 1 | Separation Processes |
In chemistry, recrystallization is a procedure for purifying compounds. The most typical situation is that a desired "compound A" is contaminated by a small amount of "impurity B". There are various methods of purification that may be attempted (see Separation process), recrystallization being one of them. There are al... | 1 | Separation Processes |
The most known empirical models in hysteresis are Preisach and Jiles-Atherton models. These models allow an accurate modeling of the hysteresis loop and are widely used in the industry. However, these models lose the connection with thermodynamics and the energy consistency is not ensured. A more recent model, with a m... | 3 | Magnetic Ordering |
Thomson's experiments are an example of AMR, a property of a material in which a dependence of electrical resistance on the angle between the direction of electric current and direction of magnetization is observed. The effect arises in most cases from the simultaneous action of magnetization and spin-orbit interactio... | 3 | Magnetic Ordering |
Tanning booths (also known as stand-up sunbeds) are vertical enclosures; the tanner stands during exposure, hanging onto straps or handrails, and is surrounded by tanning bulbs. In most models, the tanner closes a door, but there are open designs too. Some booths use the same electronics and lamps as tanning beds, but ... | 4 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
The Frozen Zoo at the San Diego Zoo's Institute for Conservation Research currently stores a collection of 8,400 samples from over 800 species and subspecies. Frozen Zoo at San Diego Zoo Conservation Research has acted as a forebear to similar projects at other zoos in the United States and Europe. However, there are s... | 0 | Cryobiology |
Pure organochlorides like polyvinyl chloride (PVC) do not absorb any light above 220 nm. The initiation of photo-oxidation is instead caused by various irregularities in the polymer chain, such as structural defects as well as hydroperoxides, carbonyl groups, and double bonds.
Hydroperoxides formed during processing a... | 4 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Ultraviolet sterilizers are often used to help control unwanted microorganisms in aquaria and ponds. UV irradiation ensures that pathogens cannot reproduce, thus decreasing the likelihood of a disease outbreak in an aquarium.
Aquarium and pond sterilizers are typically small, with fittings for tubing that allows the wa... | 4 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
For actuator applications, maximum rotation of magnetic moments leads to the highest possible magnetostriction output. This can be achieved by processing techniques such as stress annealing and field annealing. However, mechanical pre-stresses can also be applied to thin sheets to induce alignment perpendicular to actu... | 3 | Magnetic Ordering |
The stability of metals is a longstanding question of solid state physics, which can only be understood in the quantum mechanical framework by properly taking into account the interaction between the positively charged ions and the valence and conduction electrons. It is nevertheless possible to use a very simplified p... | 3 | Magnetic Ordering |
Moving parts within machines, such as the components of a gear train, normally have a small gap between them, to allow movement and lubrication. As a consequence of this gap, any reversal in direction of a drive part will not be passed on immediately to the driven part. This unwanted delay is normally kept as small as... | 3 | Magnetic Ordering |
Freezing is a phase transition where a liquid turns into a solid when its temperature is lowered below its freezing point. In accordance with the internationally established definition, freezing means the solidification phase change of a liquid or the liquid content of a substance, usually due to cooling.
For most subs... | 0 | Cryobiology |
All skimmers have key features in common: water flows through a chamber and is brought into contact with a column of fine bubbles. The bubbles collect proteins and other substances and carry them to the top of the device where the foam, but not the water, collects in a cup. Here the foam condenses to a liquid, which ca... | 1 | Separation Processes |
Because of its ability to cause chemical reactions and excite fluorescence in materials, ultraviolet radiation has a number of applications. The following table gives some uses of specific wavelength bands in the UV spectrum.
* 13.5 nm: Extreme ultraviolet lithography
* 30–200 nm: Photoionization, ultraviolet photoelec... | 4 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
The magnetic space groups can be placed into three categories. First, the 230 colorless groups contain only spatial symmetry, and correspond to the crystallographic space groups. Then there are 230 grey groups, which are invariant under antisymmetry. Finally are the 1191 black-white groups, which contain the more compl... | 3 | Magnetic Ordering |
In a ferromagnet, the magnitude of the magnetization at each spacetime point is approximated by the saturation magnetization (although it can be smaller when averaged over a chunk of volume). The Landau-Lifshitz equation, a precursor of the LLG equation, phenomenologically describes the rotation of the magnetization ... | 3 | Magnetic Ordering |
In sedimentology, winnowing is the natural removal of fine material from a coarser sediment by wind or flowing water. Once a sediment has been deposited, subsequent changes in the speed or direction of wind or water flowing over it can agitate the grains in the sediment and allow the preferential removal of the finer g... | 1 | Separation Processes |
An excimer lamp (or excilamp) is a source of ultraviolet light based on spontaneous emission of excimer (exciplex) molecules. | 4 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
The aldehyde or ketone group of a straight-chain monosaccharide will react reversibly with a hydroxyl group on a different carbon atom to form a hemiacetal or hemiketal, forming a heterocyclic ring with an oxygen bridge between two carbon atoms. Rings with five and six atoms are called furanose and pyranose forms, resp... | 2 | Carbohydrates |
Most commonly used post treatment, where chlorine is dissolved in water to form and hydrochloric acid hypochlorous acid. The latter act as a disinfectant that is able to eliminate pathogens such as bacteria, viruses and protozoa by penetrating the cell walls. | 1 | Separation Processes |
For small spots of vitiligo, it is possible to use psoralen as drops, applied only on the spots. This method does not have side effects since the amount is very low.
For larger area, the psoralen is taken as a pill, and the amount is high (10 mg); some patients experience nausea and itching after ingesting the psoralen... | 4 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
The isothiocyanates formed from glucosinolates are under laboratory research to assess the expression and activation of enzymes that metabolize xenobiotics, such as carcinogens. Observational studies have been conducted to determine if consumption of cruciferous vegetables affects cancer risk in humans, but there is in... | 2 | Carbohydrates |
Dye-sub printing is a digital printing technology using full color artwork that works with polyester and polymer-coated substrates. Also referred to as digital sublimation, the process is commonly used for decorating apparel, signs and banners, as well as novelty items such as cell phone covers, plaques, coffee mugs, a... | 1 | Separation Processes |
Between 1995 and 2004 in the United States, an average of 1560 cold-related emergency department visits occurred per year and in the years 1999 to 2004, an average of 647 people died per year due to hypothermia. Of deaths reported between 1999 and 2002 in the US, 49% of those affected were 65 years or older and two-thi... | 0 | Cryobiology |
In ancient alchemy, a protoscience that contributed to the development of modern chemistry and medicine, alchemists developed a structure of basic laboratory techniques, theory, terminology, and experimental methods. Sublimation was used to refer to the process in which a substance is heated to a vapor, then immediatel... | 1 | Separation Processes |
A mathematically analogous situation to the degeneracy in water ice is found in the spin ices. A common spin ice structure is shown in Figure 6 in the cubic pyrochlore structure with one magnetic atom or ion residing on each of the four corners. Due to the strong crystal field in the material, each of the magnetic ions... | 3 | Magnetic Ordering |
The evolution of early reproductive proteins and enzymes is attributed in modern models of evolutionary theory to ultraviolet radiation. UVB causes thymine base pairs next to each other in genetic sequences to bond together into thymine dimers, a disruption in the strand that reproductive enzymes cannot copy. This lead... | 4 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Naphthalene, an organic compound commonly found in pesticides such as mothballs, sublimes easily because it is made of non-polar molecules that are held together only by van der Waals intermolecular forces. Naphthalene is a solid that sublimes gradually at standard temperature and pressure, at a high rate, with the cri... | 1 | Separation Processes |
Low-carbohydrate diets may miss the health advantages – such as increased intake of dietary fiber – afforded by high-quality carbohydrates found in legumes and pulses, whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. A "meta-analysis, of moderate quality," included as adverse effects of the diet halitosis, headache and constipati... | 2 | Carbohydrates |
The embryo transfer procedure starts by placing a speculum in the vagina to visualize the cervix, which is cleansed with saline solution or culture media. A transfer catheter is loaded with the embryos and handed to the clinician after confirmation of the patient's identity. The catheter is inserted through the cervic... | 0 | Cryobiology |
Ultraviolet radiation can aggravate several skin conditions and diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögrens syndrome, Sinear Usher syndrome, rosacea, dermatomyositis, Dariers disease, Kindler–Weary syndrome and Porokeratosis. | 4 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
The principle of Solvent Impregnated Resins was first shown in 1971 by Abraham Warshawsky. This first venture was aimed at the extraction of metals. Ever since then, SIRs have been mainly used for metal extraction, be it heavy metals or specifically radioactive metals. Much research on SIRs has been done by J.L Cortina... | 1 | Separation Processes |
The time of the NP decaying magnetic field for bound particles in SPMR measurements is on the order of seconds. Unbound particles of similar size decay on the order of milliseconds, contributing very little to the results.
The decay curve for bound NP is fit by an equation of the form
or
The constants are fit to the ex... | 3 | Magnetic Ordering |
The use of cold for pain relief and as an anti-inflammatory has been known since the time of Hippocrates (460–377 BC). Since then there have been numerous accounts of ice used for pain relief including from the Ancient Egyptians and Avicenna of Persia (982–1070 AD). In 1812 Napoleon's Surgeon General noted that half-fr... | 0 | Cryobiology |
In some countries where lactulose may be obtained without a prescription, lactulose is commonly used as a food additive to improve taste and promote intestinal transit. | 2 | Carbohydrates |
Dye sensitised solar cells operate as a photoanode (n-DSC), where photocurrent result from electron injection by the sensitized dye. Photocathodes (p-DSCs) operate in an inverse mode compared to the conventional n-DSC, where dye-excitation is followed by rapid electron transfer from a p-type semiconductor to the dye (d... | 4 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Although the catalytic mechanisms used by glycogen synthase are not well known, structural similarities to glycogen phosphorylase at the catalytic and substrate binding site suggest that the mechanism for synthesis is similar in glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase. | 2 | Carbohydrates |
Tanning lamps, also known as tanning bulbs or tanning tubes, produce the ultraviolet light in tanning devices. The performance (or output) varies widely between brands and styles. Most are low-pressure fluorescent tubes, but high-pressure bulbs also exist. The electronics systems and number of lamps affect performance,... | 4 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
A settling chamber where the two phases separate by static decantation. Coalescence plates facilitate the separation of the emulsion into two phases (heavy and light). The two phases then pass to continuous stages by overflowing the light phase and heavy phase weirs. The height of the heavy phase weir can be adjusted i... | 1 | Separation Processes |
Studies have indicated that IVF mothers show greater emotional involvement with their child, and they enjoy motherhood more than mothers by natural conception. Similarly, studies have indicated that IVF fathers express more warmth and emotional involvement than fathers by adoption and natural conception and enjoy fathe... | 0 | Cryobiology |
* Cryobiology, the branch of biology that studies the effects of low temperatures on living things
* Cryonics, the low-temperature preservation of people who cannot be sustained by contemporary medicine
* Cryoprecipitate, a blood-derived protein product used to treat some bleeding disorders
* Cryotherapy, medical treat... | 0 | Cryobiology |
A major step was the work of Heinrich Heesch, who first rigorously established the concept of antisymmetry as part of a series of papers in 1929 and 1930. Applying this antisymmetry operation to the 32 crystallographic point groups gives a total of 122 magnetic point groups. However, although Heesch correctly laid out ... | 3 | Magnetic Ordering |
An important application of the Néel effect is as a current sensor, measuring the magnetic field radiated by a conductor with a current; this is the principle of Néel effect current sensors. The Néel effect allows the accurate measurement of currents with very low-frequency-type sensors in a current transformer without... | 3 | Magnetic Ordering |
Glycan arrays, like that offered by the Consortium for Functional Glycomics (CFG), National Center for Functional Glycomics (NCFG) and [http://www.zbiotech.com/ Z Biotech, LLC], contain carbohydrate compounds that can be screened with lectins, antibodies or cell receptors to define carbohydrate specificity and identify... | 2 | Carbohydrates |
In some cases, laboratory mix-ups (misidentified gametes, transfer of wrong embryos) have occurred, leading to legal action against the IVF provider and complex paternity suits. An example is the case of a woman in California who received the embryo of another couple and was notified of this mistake after the birth of ... | 0 | Cryobiology |
A magnetic particle with cubic anisotropy has three or four easy axes, depending on the anisotropy parameters. The energy has the form
If the easy axes are the and axes. If there are four easy axes characterized by . | 3 | Magnetic Ordering |
Hand-counting is a cheap and easy to conduct method to estimate the liberation characteristics of a bulk sample wither originating from run-of-mine material, a waste dump or for example exploration trenching. Analysis of particles in the size range 10-100mm has been conducted on a total sample mass of 10 tonnes. By vis... | 1 | Separation Processes |
The Cells Alive System (CAS) is a line of commercial freezers manufactured by ABI Corporation, Ltd. of Chiba, Japan claimed to preserve food with greater freshness than ordinary freezing by using electromagnetic fields and mechanical vibrations to limit ice crystal formation that destroys food texture. They also are cl... | 0 | Cryobiology |
According to the Bohr–van Leeuwen theorem, when statistical mechanics and classical mechanics are applied consistently, the thermal average of the magnetization is always zero. Magnetism cannot be explained without quantum mechanics. That means that it can not be explained without taking into account that matter consis... | 3 | Magnetic Ordering |
When no external field is applied, the antiferromagnetic structure corresponds to a vanishing total magnetization. In an external magnetic field, a kind of ferrimagnetic behavior may be displayed in the antiferromagnetic phase, with the absolute value of one of the sublattice magnetizations differing from that of the o... | 3 | Magnetic Ordering |
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