ChemTEB Classification Datasets
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Chemical Classification Datasets for Evaluating Text Embedding Models • 19 items • Updated
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Some inorganic selenide sulfide compounds are also known. Simplest is the material selenium sulfide, which has medicinal properties. It adopt the diverse structures of elemental sulfur but with some S atoms replaced by Se.
Other inorganic selenide sulfide compounds occur as minerals and as pigments. One example is an... | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
In Korean folk medicine, trace elements in the yellow clay and bamboo are thought to make this form of salt more healthy. Historically, has been used as a digestive aid, styptic, disinfectant or dentifrice.
Oriental medicinalist Insan Kim Il-hoon (1909–1992), was (according to his institution) the first to claim that... | 0 | Salts |
Viologens, in their dicationic form, typically undergo two one-electron reductions. The first reduction affords the deeply colored radical cation:
: [V] + e [V]
The radical cations are blue for 4,4-viologens and green for 2,2-derivatives. The second reduction yields a yellow quinoid compounds:
: [V] + e [V... | 0 | Salts |
Brine (or briny water) is water with a high-concentration solution of salt (typically sodium chloride or calcium chloride). In diverse contexts, brine may refer to the salt solutions ranging from about 3.5% (a typical concentration of seawater, on the lower end of that of solutions used for brining foods) up to about ... | 0 | Salts |
Cerebos is a brand of salt and, more recently, of other flavourings and nutritional supplements. Ownership of Cerebos brand is divided between Kraft Heinz in Asia Pacific, Australia and New Zealand, Premier Foods in UK, K+S in Western Europe, and Bud Group in South Africa. The product was developed by George Weddell, a... | 0 | Salts |
Mercury(II) iodide displays thermochromism; when heated above 126 °C (400 K) it undergoes a phase transition, from the red alpha crystalline form to a pale yellow beta form. As the sample cools, it gradually reacquires its original colour. It has often been used for thermochromism demonstrations. A third form, which is... | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
Copper(I) oxide or cuprous oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula CuO. It is one of the principal oxides of copper, the other being copper(II) oxide or cupric oxide (CuO). Cuprous oxide is a red-coloured solid and is a component of some antifouling paints. The compound can appear either yellow or red, depen... | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
Soapmakers in Naples were members of a guild in the late sixth century (then under the control of the Eastern Roman Empire), and in the eighth century, soap-making was well known in Italy and Spain. The Carolingian capitulary De Villis, dating to around 800, representing the royal will of Charlemagne, mentions soap as ... | 0 | Salts |
All forms of have a layered structure, in which a plane of molybdenum atoms is sandwiched by planes of sulfide ions. These three strata form a monolayer of MoS. Bulk MoS consists of stacked monolayers, which are held together by weak van der Waals interactions.
Crystalline MoS exists in one of two phases, 2H-MoS and 3... | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
The band gap of uranium dioxide is comparable to those of silicon and gallium arsenide, near the optimum for efficiency vs band gap curve for absorption of solar radiation, suggesting its possible use for very efficient solar cells based on Schottky diode structure; it also absorbs at five different wavelengths, includ... | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
Dead Sea salt refers to salt and other mineral deposits extracted or taken from the Dead Sea. The composition of this material differs significantly from oceanic salt. | 0 | Salts |
Electron mobility is one important parameter describing semiconductors because it describes the rate at which electrons can travel through the semiconductor. At 40 K, electron mobility ranged from at an antimony concentration of 0 to at an antimony concentration of 7.2%. This is much greater than the electron mobilit... | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
Caliche beds can cause problems for agriculture. First, an impermeable caliche layer prevents water from draining properly, which can keep roots from getting enough oxygen. Salts can also build up in the soil due to the lack of drainage. Both of these situations are detrimental to plant growth. Second, the impermeable ... | 0 | Salts |
Gallium(III) selenide (GaSe) is a chemical compound. It has a defect sphalerite (cubic form of ZnS) structure. It is a p-type semiconductor
It can be formed by union of the elements. It hydrolyses slowly in water and quickly in mineral acids to form toxic hydrogen selenide gas. The reducing capabilities of the selenid... | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
In 1913 the structure of sodium chloride was determined by William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg. This revealed that there were six equidistant nearest-neighbours for each atom, demonstrating that the constituents were not arranged in molecules or finite aggregates, but instead as a network with long-range cry... | 0 | Salts |
In combination with 1,2- or 1,3-diamine ligands, CuI catalyzes the conversion of aryl, heteroaryl, and vinyl bromides into the corresponding iodides. NaI is the typical iodide source and dioxane is a typical solvent (see aromatic Finkelstein reaction).
CuI is used as a co-catalyst with palladium catalyst in the Sonogas... | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
Dead Sea salt was used by the peoples of Ancient Egypt and it has been utilized in various unguents, skin creams, and soaps since then. | 0 | Salts |
A xanthate is a salt or ester of a xanthic acid. The formula of the salt of xanthic acid is (where R is organyl group and M is usually Na or K). Xanthate also refers to the anion . The formula of a xanthic acid is , such as ethyl xanthic acid, while the formula of an ester of a xanthic acid is , where R and R are orga... | 0 | Salts |
A hyclate () is a pharmaceutical term for hydrochloride hemiethanolate hemihydrate (·HCl·EtOH·HO), e.g. doxycycline hyclate. | 0 | Salts |
In addition to its use as a fertilizer, potassium chloride is important in many industrialized economies, where it is used in aluminium recycling, by the chloralkali industry to produce potassium hydroxide, in metal electroplating, oil-well drilling fluid, snow and ice melting, steel heat-treating, in medicine as a tre... | 0 | Salts |
At least two polymorphs have been characterized by X-ray crystallography. They both feature copper(I) in a characteristic tetrahedral coordination geometry. The sulfur end of the SCN- ligand is triply bridging so that the coordination sphere for copper is CuS3N. | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
From 1767, potash from wood ashes was exported from Canada. By 1811, 70% of the total 19.6 million lbs of potash imports to Britain came from Canada. Exports of potash and pearl ash reached 43,958 barrels in 1865. There were 519 asheries in operation in 1871. | 0 | Salts |
Brine discharge might lead to an increase in salinity above certain threshold levels that has the potential to affect benthic communities, especially those more sensitive to osmotic pressure, finally having an effect on their abundance and diversity.
However, if appropriate mitigation measures are applied, the potentia... | 0 | Salts |
The figures, in high relief form a circle around the shaft of the elephant tusk, supporting the bowl at top used to hold the salt. The amount and type of decoration indicates that this piece was created in a Benin court. Two of the four male figures are from clearly of a higher rank, probably from a higher class. They... | 0 | Salts |
Although SnO is insoluble in water, it is amphoteric, dissolving in base and acid. "Stannic acid" refers to hydrated tin (IV) oxide, SnO, which is also called "stannic oxide."
Tin oxides dissolve in acids. Halogen acids attack SnO to give hexahalostannates, such as [SnI]. One report describes reacting a sample in reflu... | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
These species are classified as both organosulfur and organoselenium compounds. They are hybrids of organic disulfides and organic diselenides. | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
Caliche () is a sedimentary rock, a hardened natural cement of calcium carbonate that binds other materials—such as gravel, sand, clay, and silt. It occurs worldwide, in aridisol and mollisol soil orders—generally in arid or semiarid regions, including in central and western Australia, in the Kalahari Desert, in the Hi... | 0 | Salts |
The lattice energy is the summation of the interaction of all sites with all other sites. For unpolarizable spherical ions, only the charges and distances are required to determine the electrostatic interaction energy. For any particular ideal crystal structure, all distances are geometrically related to the smallest i... | 0 | Salts |
Alkaline salts are often the major component of alkaline dishwasher detergent powders.
These salts may include:
*alkali metasilicates
*alkali metal hydroxides
*Sodium carbonate
*Sodium Bicarbonate
Examples of other strongly alkaline salts, include:
*Sodium percarbonate
*Sodium persilicate (?)
*Potassium metabisulfite | 0 | Salts |
Thin films of chromium-doped indium oxide (InCrO) are a magnetic semiconductor displaying high-temperature ferromagnetism, single-phase crystal structure, and semiconductor behavior with high concentration of charge carriers. It has possible applications in spintronics as a material for spin injectors.
Thin polycrystal... | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
A preparation of indium sulfide made with the radioactive In can be used as a lung scanning agent for medical imaging. It is taken up well by lung tissues, but does not accumulate there. | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
In order to achieve high ionic conductivity, electrochemical measurements are conducted in the presence of excess electrolyte. In water the electrolyte is often a simple salt such as potassium chloride. For measurements in nonaqueous solutions, salts composed of both lipophilic cations and anions are employed, e.g., ... | 0 | Salts |
Reduction of magnetite ore by CO in a blast furnace is used to produce iron as part of steel production process:
Controlled oxidation of FeO is used to produce brown pigment quality γ-FeO (maghemite):
More vigorous calcining (roasting in air) gives red pigment quality α-FeO (hematite): | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
This oxide of tin has been utilized as a mordant in the dyeing process since ancient Egypt. A German by the name of Kuster first introduced its use to London in 1533 and by means of it alone, the color scarlet was produced there. | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
While bulk MoS in the 2H-phase is known to be an indirect-band gap semiconductor, monolayer MoS has a direct band gap. The layer-dependent optoelectronic properties of MoS have promoted much research in 2-dimensional MoS-based devices. 2D MoS can be produced by exfoliating bulk crystals to produce single-layer to few-l... | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
In chemistry, a hydrochloride is an acid salt resulting, or regarded as resulting, from the reaction of hydrochloric acid with an organic base (e.g. an amine). An alternative name is chlorhydrate, which comes from French. An archaic alternative name is muriate, derived from hydrochloric acid's ancient name: muriatic ac... | 0 | Salts |
Aluminium soaps are used as thickening agents, in the production of cosmetics. Other examples include mixed calcium/zinc soaps which are used as heat stabilizer for polyvinyl chloride. Soaps of iron, cobalt and manganese are used as drying agents in paints and varnishes and work by promoting the oxidation and crosslin... | 0 | Salts |
Active tectonics will increase the likelihood of salt structures developing. In the case of extensional tectonics, faulting will both reduce the strength of the overburden and thin it. In an area affected by thrust tectonics, buckling of the overburden layer will allow the salt to rise into the cores of anticlines, as... | 0 | Salts |
Copper(I) thiocyanate (or cuprous thiocyanate) is a coordination polymer with formula CuSCN. It is an air-stable, white solid used as a precursor for the preparation of other thiocyanate salts. | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
As a significant product of copper mining, copper(II) oxide is the starting point for the production of other copper salts. For example, many wood preservatives are produced from copper oxide.
Cupric oxide is used as a pigment in ceramics to produce blue, red, and green, and sometimes gray, pink, or black glazes.
It is... | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
Iron phosphide is a chemical compound of iron and phosphorus, with a formula of FeP. Its physical appearance is grey, hexagonal needles.
Manufacturing of iron phosphide takes place at elevated temperatures, where the elements combine directly. Iron phosphide reacts with moisture and acids producing phosphine (PH), a to... | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
The Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah, where many land speed records have been set, are a well-known salt pan in the arid regions of the western United States.
The Etosha pan, in the Etosha National Park in Namibia, is another prominent example of a salt pan.
The Salar de Uyuni in Bolivia is the largest salt pan in the wor... | 0 | Salts |
Magnetite has been found as nano-crystals in magnetotactic bacteria (42–45 nm) and in the beak tissue of homing pigeons. | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
The mineral pyrite ( ), or iron pyrite, also known as fool's gold, is an iron sulfide with the chemical formula FeS (iron (II) disulfide). Pyrite is the most abundant sulfide mineral.
Pyrites metallic luster and pale brass-yellow hue give it a superficial resemblance to gold, hence the well-known nickname of fools gold... | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
In chemistry, a selenosulfide refers to distinct classes of inorganic and organic compounds containing sulfur and selenium. The organic derivatives contain Se-S bonds, whereas the inorganic derivatives are more variable. | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
An acid with higher Acid dissociation constant| value dominates the chemical reaction. It serves as a better contributor of protons (). A comparison between the and Base dissociation constant| indicates the acid–base property of the resulting solution by which:
# The solution is acidic if . It contains a greater conce... | 0 | Salts |
SnO coatings can be applied using chemical vapor deposition, vapour deposition techniques that employ SnCl or organotin trihalides e.g. butyltin trichloride as the volatile agent. This technique is used to coat glass bottles with a thin (, which helps to adhere a subsequent, protective polymer coating such as polyethyl... | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
Counterion condensation is a phenomenon described by Manning's
theory (Manning 1969), which assumes that counterions can condense
onto polyions until the charged density between neighboring monomer charges
along the polyion chain is reduced below a certain critical value. In the model the
real polyion chain is repla... | 0 | Salts |
Estropipate is used to:
* Alleviate symptoms of menopause as menopausal hormone therapy
* Treat some types of infertility
* Treat some conditions leading to underdevelopment of female sexual characteristics
* Treat vaginal atrophy
* Treat some types of breast cancer (particularly in men and postmenopausal women)
* Trea... | 0 | Salts |
By nonlinear optical spectroscopy using ultrafast laser pulses with durations on the order of ten to hundreds of femtoseconds, several coherent effects have been observed and interpreted.
Such studies and their proper theoretical analysis have revealed a wealth of information on the nature of the photoexcited quantum s... | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
Caliche forms where annual precipitation is less than per year and the mean annual temperature exceeds . Higher rainfall leaches excess calcium completely from the soil, while in very arid climates, rainfall is inadequate to leach calcium at all and only thin surface layers of calcite are formed. Plant roots play an ... | 0 | Salts |
Caesium auride is the inorganic compound with the formula CsAu. It is the Cs salt of the unusual Au anion.
__TOC__ | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
Samarium(III) arsenide is a binary inorganic compound of samarium and arsenic with the chemical formula SmAs. | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
The Jackson–Meisenheimer complex was named after the American organic chemist, Charles Loring Jackson (1847–1935) and the German organic chemist, Jakob Meisenheimer (1876–1934).
The Janovski reaction was named for the Czech chemist, Jaroslav Janovski (1850–1907).
The Zimmermann reaction was named after the German chemi... | 0 | Salts |
The carbides of the group 4, 5 and 6 transition metals (with the exception of chromium) are often described as interstitial compounds. These carbides have metallic properties and are refractory. Some exhibit a range of stoichiometries, being a non-stoichiometric mixture of various carbides arising due to crystal defect... | 0 | Salts |
Uranium dioxide is carbonized in contact with carbon, forming uranium carbide and carbon monoxide.
This process must be done under an inert gas as uranium carbide is easily oxidized back into uranium oxide. | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
Copper(II) chloride, also known as cupric chloride, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . The monoclinic yellowish-brown anhydrous form slowly absorbs moisture to form the orthorhombic blue-green dihydrate , with two water molecules of hydration. It is industrially produced for use as a co-catalyst in th... | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
Tungsten disilicide (WSi) is an inorganic compound, a silicide of tungsten. It is an electrically conductive ceramic material. | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
Within any crystal, there will usually be some defects. To maintain electroneutrality of the crystals, defects that involve loss of a cation will be associated with loss of an anion, i.e. these defects come in pairs. Frenkel defects consist of a cation vacancy paired with a cation interstitial and can be generated anyw... | 0 | Salts |
PtSi is a semiconductor and a Schottky barrier with high stability and good sensitivity, and can be used in infrared detection, thermal imaging, or ohmic and Schottky contacts. Platinum silicide was most widely studied and used in the 1980s and 90s, but has become less commonly used, due to its low quantum efficiency. ... | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
Sodium perxenate, NaXeO, can be used for the analytic separation of trace amounts of americium from curium. The separation involves the oxidation of Am to Am by sodium perxenate in acidic solution in the presence of La, followed by treatment with calcium fluoride, which forms insoluble fluorides with Cm and La, but ret... | 0 | Salts |
Hard toilet soap with a pleasant smell was produced in the Middle East during the Islamic Golden Age, when soap-making became an established industry. Recipes for soap-making are described by Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (c. 865–925), who also gave a recipe for producing glycerine from olive oil. In the Middle East, s... | 0 | Salts |
The few examples given above represent only a small subset of several further phenomena which demonstrate that the coherent optical response of semiconductors and semiconductor nanostructures is strongly influenced by many-body effects.
Other interesting research directions which similarly require an adequate theoretic... | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
Perxenic acid is the unstable conjugate acid of the perxenate anion, formed by the solution of xenon tetroxide in water. It has not been isolated as a free acid, because under acidic conditions it rapidly decomposes into xenon trioxide and oxygen gas:
Its extrapolated formula, HXeO, is inferred from the octahedral geom... | 0 | Salts |
Solubility of salts in organic solvents is a function of both the cation and the anion. The solubility of cations in organic solvents can be enhanced when the anion is lipophilic. Similarly, the solubility of anions in organic solvents is enhanced with lipophilic cations. The most common lipophilic cations are quater... | 0 | Salts |
CIGS is a tetrahedrally bonded semiconductor, with the chalcopyrite crystal structure. Upon heating it transforms to the zincblende form and the transition temperature decreases from 1045 °C for x = 0 to 805 °C for x = 1. | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
Beginning in the 14th century potash was mined in Ethiopia. One of the world's largest deposits, 140 to 150 million tons, is located in the Dallol area of the Afar Region. | 0 | Salts |
Bittern has been extracted for a long time, at least several centuries. The Dutch chemist Petrus Jacobus Kipp (1808–1864) experimented with saturated solutions of bittern. The term for the solution is a modification of "bitter". | 0 | Salts |
The desalination process consists of the separation of salts from an aqueous solution to obtain fresh water from a source of seawater or brackish water; and in turn, a discharge is generated, commonly called brine. | 0 | Salts |
A Meisenheimer complex or Jackson–Meisenheimer complex in organic chemistry is a 1:1 reaction adduct between an arene carrying electron withdrawing groups and a nucleophile. These complexes are found as reactive intermediates in nucleophilic aromatic substitution but stable and isolated Meisenheimer salts are also know... | 0 | Salts |
Used as moderate blue coloring agent in blue flame compositions with additional chlorine donors and oxidizers such as chlorates and perchlorates. Providing oxygen it can be used as flash powder oxidizer with metal fuels such as magnesium, aluminium, or magnalium powder. Sometimes it is used in strobe effects and thermi... | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
Living coral reefs are endangered and cannot be harvested without significant damage to the ecosystem, and because of this, coral calcium is harvested by grinding up above-ground limestone deposits that were once part of a coral reef. Calcium from coral sources needs to be refined to remove pollutants of the source env... | 0 | Salts |
Europium(II) oxide can be prepared by the reduction of europium(III) oxide with elemental europium at 800 °C and subsequent vacuum distillation at 1150 °C.
:EuO + Eu → 3 EuO
It is also possible to synthesize from the reaction of europium oxychloride and lithium hydride.
:2 EuOCl + 2 LiH → 2 EuO + 2 LiCl + H
In modern r... | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
Measurement and definition difficulties arise because natural waters contain a complex mixture of many different elements from different sources (not all from dissolved salts) in different molecular forms. The chemical properties of some of these forms depend on temperature and pressure. Many of these forms are difficu... | 0 | Salts |
Eye drops are saline-containing drops used on the eye. Depending on the condition being treated, they may contain steroids, antihistamines, sympathomimetics, beta receptor blockers, parasympathomimetics, parasympatholytics, prostaglandins, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antibiotics or topical anestheti... | 0 | Salts |
Addition of a complexant like crown ether or [[2.2.2-Cryptand|[2.2.2-cryptand]] to a solution of [Na(NH)]e affords [Na (crown ether)]e or [Na(2,2,2-crypt)]e. Evaporation of these solutions yields a blue-black paramagnetic solid with the formula [Na(2,2,2-crypt)]e.
Most solid electride salts decompose above 240 K, altho... | 0 | Salts |
Acidic salts are often used in foods as part of leavening agents. In this context, the acid salts are referred to as "leavening acids." Common leavening acids include cream of tartar and monocalcium phosphate.
An acidic salt can be mixed with an alkali salt (such as sodium bicarbonate or baking soda) to create baking p... | 0 | Salts |
Examples of halide compounds are:
* Sodium chloride (NaCl)
* Potassium chloride (KCl)
* Potassium iodide (KI)
* Lithium chloride (LiCl)
* Copper(II) chloride ()
* Silver chloride (AgCl)
* Calcium chloride ()
* Chlorine fluoride (ClF)
* Organohalides
** Bromomethane ()
** Iodoform ()
* Hydrogen chloride (HCl)
*Hydrogen ... | 0 | Salts |
UO is used mainly as nuclear fuel, specifically as UO or as a mixture of UO and PuO (plutonium dioxide) called a mixed oxide (MOX fuel), in the form of fuel rods in nuclear reactors.
The thermal conductivity of uranium dioxide is very low when compared with uranium, uranium nitride, uranium carbide and zirconium claddi... | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
Researchers have fabricated transistors of phosphorene to examine its performance in actual devices. Phosphorene-based transistor consists of a channel of 1.0 μm and uses few layered phosphorene with a thickness varying from 2.1 to over 20 nm. Reduction of the total resistance with decreasing gate voltage is observed, ... | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
Other methods include dissolution mining and evaporation methods from brines. In the evaporation method, hot water is injected into the potash, which is dissolved and then pumped to the surface where it is concentrated by solar induced evaporation. Amine reagents are then added to either the mined or evaporated solutio... | 0 | Salts |
Soaps are key components of most lubricating greases and thickeners. Greases are usually emulsions of calcium soap or lithium soap and mineral oil. Many other metallic soaps are also useful, including those of aluminium, sodium, and mixtures thereof. Such soaps are also used as thickeners to increase the viscosity of o... | 0 | Salts |
Potash was one of the most important industrial chemicals. It was refined from the ashes of broadleaved trees and produced primarily in the forested areas of Europe, Russia, and North America. Although methods for producing artificial alkalis were invented in the late 18th century, these did not become economical until... | 0 | Salts |
Their tendency to form host–guest complexes is key to the molecular machines recognized by the 2016 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Viologens are used in the negative electrolytes of some experimental flow batteries. Viologens have been modified to optimize their performance in such batteries, e.g. by incorporating them into... | 0 | Salts |
On the Orkney islands, kelp ash provided potash and soda ash, production starting "possibly as early as 1719" and lasting for a century. The products were "eagerly sought after by the glass and soap industries of the time." | 0 | Salts |
Polyvinylcarbazole is soluble in aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons and ketones. It is resistant to acids, alkalis, polar solvents and aliphatic hydrocarbons. The addition of PVK to other plastic masses increases their temperature resistance. | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
The interaction of matter with light, i.e., electromagnetic fields, is able to generate a coherent superposition of excited quantum states in the material. Coherent denotes the fact that the material excitations have a well defined phase relation which originates from the phase of the incident electromagnetic wave. Mac... | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
The carbides of silicon and boron are described as "covalent carbides", although virtually all compounds of carbon exhibit some covalent character. Silicon carbide has two similar crystalline forms, which are both related to the diamond structure. Boron carbide, BC, on the other hand, has an unusual structure which inc... | 0 | Salts |
A metallic soap is a metallic salt of a fatty acid. Theoretically, soaps can be made of any metal, although not all enjoy practical uses. Varying the metal can strongly affect the properties of the compound, particularly its solubility. | 0 | Salts |
Brines are produced in multiple ways in nature. Modification of seawater via evaporation results in the concentration of salts in the residual fluid, a characteristic geologic deposit called an evaporite is formed as different dissolved ions reach the saturation states of minerals, typically gypsum and halite. Dissolut... | 0 | Salts |
Saline lakes are declining worldwide on every continent except Antarctica, mainly due to human causes, such as damming, diversions, and withdrawals. One of the largest factors causing this decline is agricultural irrigation. Among the most commonly cited examples is the Aral Sea, which has shrunk 90% in volume and 74% ... | 0 | Salts |
According to the nomenclature recommended by IUPAC, ionic compounds are named according to their composition, not their structure. In the most simple case of a binary ionic compound with no possible ambiguity about the charges and thus the stoichiometry, the common name is written using two words. The name of the catio... | 0 | Salts |
NaH is colorless, although samples generally appear grey. NaH is around 40% denser than Na (0.968 g/cm).
NaH, like LiH, KH, RbH, and CsH, adopts the NaCl crystal structure. In this motif, each Na ion is surrounded by six H centers in an octahedral geometry. The ionic radii of H (146 pm in NaH) and F (133 pm) are compar... | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
Natural salt pans or salt flats are flat expanses of ground covered with salt and other minerals, usually shining white under the sun. They are found in deserts and are natural formations (unlike salt evaporation ponds, which are artificial).
A salt pan forms by evaporation of a water pool, such as a lake or pond. Thi... | 0 | Salts |
Common material characterization techniques such as electron microscopy can damage samples of lead (II) iodide. Thin films of lead (II) iodide are unstable in ambient air. Ambient air oxygen oxidizes iodide into elemental iodine: | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
Copper(I) iodide, like most binary (containing only two elements) metal halides, is an inorganic polymer. It has a rich phase diagram, meaning that it exists in several crystalline forms. It adopts a zinc blende structure below 390 °C (γ-CuI), a wurtzite structure between 390 and 440 °C (β-CuI), and a rock salt struct... | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
It is used in microelectronics as a contact material, with resistivity 60–80 μΩ cm; it forms at 1000 °C. It is often used as a shunt over polysilicon lines to increase their conductivity and increase signal speed. Tungsten disilicide layers can be prepared by chemical vapor deposition, e.g. using monosilane or d... | 1 | Semiconductor Materials |
When one or more salt layers are present during extensional tectonics, a characteristic set of structures is formed. Extensional faults propagate up from the middle part of the crust until they encounter the salt layer. The weakness of the salt prevents the fault from propagating through. However, continuing displaceme... | 0 | Salts |
Hypertonic saline—7% NaCl solutions are considered mucoactive agents and thus are used to hydrate thick secretions (mucus) in order to make it easier to cough up and out (expectorate). 3% hypertonic saline solutions are also used in critical care settings, acutely increased intracranial pressure, or severe hyponatremia... | 0 | Salts |
Sodium ethyl xanthate has moderate oral and dermal toxicity in animals and is irritating to eyes and skin. It is especially toxic to aquatic life and therefore its disposal is strictly controlled. Median lethal dose for (male albino mice, oral, 10% solution at pH~11) is 730 mg/kg of body weight, with most deaths occurr... | 0 | Salts |
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Wikipedia Salts vs Semiconductor Materials Binary Classification
This dataset is derived from the English Wikipedia articles and is designed for binary text classification tasks in the fields of chemistry and materials science. The dataset is divided into two classes based on the thematic content of the articles:
- Salts: This class includes articles that focus on salts, which are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions. Topics may cover the properties, types, synthesis, and applications of various salts in different fields such as chemistry, biology, and industry.
- Semiconductor Materials: This class comprises articles related to semiconductor materials, which have electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator. Topics may include the properties, types, synthesis, and applications of semiconductor materials in electronics, photovoltaics, and other technologies.
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