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By the turn of the 20th century, the science of forensics had become largely established in the sphere of criminal investigation. Scientific and surgical investigation was widely employed by the Metropolitan Police during their pursuit of the mysterious Jack the Ripper, who had killed a number of women in the 1880s. Th... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
For the analysis of volatile compounds, a purge and trap (P&T) concentrator system may be used to introduce samples. The target analytes are extracted by mixing the sample with water and purge with inert gas (e.g. Nitrogen gas) into an airtight chamber, this is known as purging or sparging. The volatile compounds move ... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Friedel's law, named after Georges Friedel, is a property of Fourier transforms of real functions.
Given a real function , its Fourier transform
has the following properties.
where is the complex conjugate of .
Centrosymmetric points are called Friedel's pairs.
The squared amplitude () is centrosymmetric:
The phase ... | 1 | Crystallography |
In geometry, close-packing of equal spheres is a dense arrangement of congruent spheres in an infinite, regular arrangement (or lattice). Carl Friedrich Gauss proved that the highest average density – that is, the greatest fraction of space occupied by spheres – that can be achieved by a lattice packing is
The same pac... | 1 | Crystallography |
A crystal is a solid material whose constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are arranged in an orderly repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions. Crystal growth is a major stage of a crystallization process, and consists of the addition of new atoms, ions, or polymer strings into the characteristic arra... | 1 | Crystallography |
The unit sphere in three-dimensional space is the set of points such that . Let be the "north pole", and let be the rest of the sphere. The plane runs through the center of the sphere; the "equator" is the intersection of the sphere with this plane.
For any point on , there is a unique line through and , and th... | 1 | Crystallography |
Electron crystallographic studies on inorganic crystals using high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) images were first performed by Aaron Klug in 1978 and by Sven Hovmöller and coworkers in 1984. HREM images were used because they allow to select (by computer software) only the very thin regions close to the edge o... | 1 | Crystallography |
The use of micelles in high performance liquid chromatography was first introduced by Armstrong and Henry in 1980. The technique is used mainly to enhance retention and selectivity of various solutes that would otherwise be inseparable or poorly resolved. Micellar liquid chromatography (MLC) has been used in a variet... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Prior to these studies, HPLC analyses were tuned by modifying the mobile and stationary phases only. Gradient elution for HPLC merely meant changing the ratio of solvents to improve column efficiency, and this requires the use of sophisticated solvent pumping mechanisms along with extra steps and precautions in the chr... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Packings where all spheres are constrained by their neighbours to stay in one location are called rigid or jammed. The strictly jammed (mechanically stable even as a finite system) sphere packing with the lowest known density is a diluted ("tunneled") fcc crystal with a density of only . The loosest known jammed packin... | 1 | Crystallography |
In 1975, John H. Beynon was appointed the Royal Society Research Professor and established the Mass Spectrometry Research Unit at Swansea University (at that time known as the University College of Swansea). In 1986, Dai Games moved from Cardiff University to become the Units new Director.
In 1984, the first observatio... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Neutral red (toluylene red, Basic Red 5, or C.I. 50040) is a eurhodin dye used for staining in histology. It stains lysosomes red. It is used as a general stain in histology, as a counterstain in combination with other dyes, and for many staining methods. Together with Janus Green B, it is used to stain embryonal tissu... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Cesium chloride is a simple cubic crystal lattice with a basis of Cs at (0,0,0) and Cl at (1/2, 1/2, 1/2) (or the other way around, it makes no difference). Equation () becomes
We then arrive at the following result for the structure factor for scattering from a plane :
and for scattered intensity, | 1 | Crystallography |
Gels are used as stationary phase for GPC. The pore size of a gel must be carefully controlled in order to be able to apply the gel to a given separation. Other desirable properties of the gel forming agent are the absence of ionizing groups and, in a given solvent, low affinity for the substances to be separated. Comm... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
For each uniform structure, there also exists a related but different structure, called a line-slip arrangement.
The differences between uniform and line-slip structures are marginal and difficult to spot from images of the sphere packings. However, by comparing their rolled-out contact networks, one can spot that cert... | 1 | Crystallography |
Alkalimetry and acidimetry are types of volumetric analyses in which the fundamental reaction is a neutralization reaction. They involve the controlled addition of either an acid or a base (titrant) of known concentration to the solution of the unknown concentration (titrate) until the reaction reaches its stoichiometr... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
QR is synthesized by a condensation reaction between the methyl group of 1-ethyl-2-methylquinolinium iodide and the carbonyl of para-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde. | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
We can recognize which of these isometries we have according to whether it preserves hands or swaps them, and whether it has at least one fixed point or not, as shown in the following table (omitting the identity). | 1 | Crystallography |
This technique brings together protein and precipitation solutions without premixing them, but instead, injecting them through either sides of a channel, allowing equilibrium through diffusion. The two solutions come into contact in a reagent chamber, both at their maximum concentrations, initiating spontaneous nucleat... | 1 | Crystallography |
Here the solvent travels up the chromatographic paper. Both descending and ascending paper chromatography are used for the separation of organic and inorganic substances.
The sample and solvent move upward. | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Countercurrent chromatography and related liquid-liquid separation techniques have been used on both industrial and laboratory scale to purify a wide variety of chemical substances. Separation realizations include proteins, DNA, Cannabidiol (CBD) from Cannabis Sativa antibiotics, vitamins, natural products, pharmaceuti... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
It is used to determine the ability of an organism to produce mixed acids by fermentation of glucose and to overcome the buffering capacity of the medium. | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
The trihexagonal tiling has Schläfli symbol of r{6,3}, or Coxeter diagram, , symbolizing the fact that it is a rectified hexagonal tiling, {6,3}. Its symmetries can be described by the wallpaper group p6mm, (*632), and the tiling can be derived as a Wythoff construction within the reflectional fundamental domains of th... | 1 | Crystallography |
Crystal formation requires two steps: nucleation and growth. Nucleation is the initiation step for crystallization. At the nucleation phase, protein molecules in solution come together as aggregates to form a stable solid nucleus. As the nucleus forms, the crystal grows bigger and bigger by molecules attaching to this ... | 1 | Crystallography |
If the superspots are located at simple fractions of the vectors of the reciprocal lattice of the substructure, e.g., at q=(½,0,0), the resulting broken symmetry is a multiple of the unit cell along that axis. Such a modulation is called a commensurate superstructure. | 1 | Crystallography |
DCCC has been employed to separate a wide variety of phytochemicals from their crude extracts. The long list of natural product separations includes: saponins, alkaloids, senna glycosides, monosaccarides, triterpene glycosides, flavone glycosides, xanthones, iridoid glycosides, vitamin B, lignans, imbricatolic acid, ga... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
The Avrami equation describes how solids transform from one phase to another at constant temperature. It can specifically describe the kinetics of crystallisation, can be applied generally to other changes of phase in materials, like chemical reaction rates, and can even be meaningful in analyses of ecological systems... | 1 | Crystallography |
Crystal violet is used as a textile and paper dye, and is a component of navy blue and black inks for printing, ball-point pens, and inkjet printers. It is sometimes used to colourize diverse products such as fertilizer, antifreeze, detergent, and leather.
The dye is used as a histological stain, particularly in Gram s... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Since 1975 ion chromatography has been widely used in many branches of industry. The main beneficial advantages are reliability, very good accuracy and precision, high selectivity, high speed, high separation efficiency, and low cost of consumables. The most significant development related to ion chromatography are new... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
A crystallization adjutant is a material used to promote crystallization, normally in a context where a material does not crystallize naturally from a pure solution. | 1 | Crystallography |
In three-dimensional Euclidean space, the densest packing of equal spheres is achieved by a family of structures called close-packed structures. One method for generating such a structure is as follows. Consider a plane with a compact arrangement of spheres on it. Call it A. For any three neighbouring spheres, a fourth... | 1 | Crystallography |
Volume Bragg gratings (VBG) or volume holographic gratings (VHG) consist of a volume where there is a periodic change in the refractive index. Depending on the orientation of the refractive index modulation, VBG can be used either to transmit or reflect a small bandwidth of wavelengths. Bragg's law (adapted for volume ... | 1 | Crystallography |
Cleavage, in mineralogy and materials science, is the tendency of crystalline materials to split along definite crystallographic structural planes. These planes of relative weakness are a result of the regular locations of atoms and ions in the crystal, which create smooth repeating surfaces that are visible both in th... | 1 | Crystallography |
Epitaxy is used in nanotechnology and in semiconductor fabrication. Indeed, epitaxy is the only affordable method of high quality crystal growth for many semiconductor materials. In surface science, epitaxy is used to create and study monolayer and multilayer films of adsorbed organic molecules on single crystalline su... | 1 | Crystallography |
The instrumentation needed to perform capillary electrophoresis is relatively simple. A basic schematic of a capillary electrophoresis system is shown in figure 1. The systems main components are a sample vial, source and destination vials, a capillary, electrodes, a high voltage power supply, a detector, and a data... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
A powerful solution is the multi-wavelength anomalous dispersion (MAD) method. In this technique, atoms inner electrons absorb X-rays of particular wavelengths, and reemit the X-rays after a delay, inducing a phase shift in all of the reflections, known as the anomalous dispersion effect'. Analysis of this phase shift ... | 1 | Crystallography |
In some materials, superspots will occur at positions that do not represent a simple fraction, say q=(0.5234,0,0). In this case the structure strictly speaking has lost all translational symmetry in a particular direction. This is called an incommensurate structure. | 1 | Crystallography |
While the above techniques use a spatially extended, wide incident beam, section topography is based on a narrow beam on the order of some 10 micrometers (in one or, in the case of pinhole topography with a pencil beam, in both lateral dimensions). Section topographs therefore investigate only a restricted volume of th... | 1 | Crystallography |
The idea of rigid unit modes was developed for crystalline materials to enable an understanding of the origin of displacive phase transitions in materials such as silicates, which can be described as infinite three-dimensional networks of corner-lined SiO and AlO tetrahedra. The idea was that rigid unit modes could act... | 1 | Crystallography |
Silica gel particles are commonly used as a stationary phase in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for several reasons, including:
# High surface area: Silica gel particles have a high surface area, allowing direct interactions with solutes or after bonding of variety of ligands for versatile interactions wi... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
A subset X of a metric space is relatively dense if there exists a number r such that all points of X are within distance r of X, and it is uniformly discrete if there exists a number ε such that no two points of X are within distance ε of each other. A set that is both relatively dense and uniformly di... | 1 | Crystallography |
Redox reactions are normally strongly exothermic, and can make excellent candidates for thermometric titrations. In the classical determination of ferrous ion with permanganate, the reaction enthalpy is more than double that of a strong acid/strong base titration:ΔH =
−123.9 kJ/mol of Fe. The determination of hydrogen ... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
For the special case of simple cubic crystals, the lattice vectors are orthogonal and of equal length (usually denoted a); similarly for the reciprocal lattice. So, in this common case, the Miller indices (ℓmn) and [ℓmn] both simply denote normals/directions in Cartesian coordinates. For cubic crystals with lattice con... | 1 | Crystallography |
CellViewer allows to visualize the sample material in four modes widely used in material research:
* 3D model of atomic structure (direct space),
* simulated diffraction pattern (reciprocal space),
* stereographic projection (projection of 3D space of crystallographic planes and directions to 2D),
* inverse pole figure... | 1 | Crystallography |
The drawbacks of the SMB are higher investment cost compared to single column operations, a higher complexity, as well as higher maintenance costs. But these drawbacks are effectively compensated by the better yield and a much lower solvent consumption as well as a much higher productivity compared to simple batch sepa... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Bromocresol green (BCG) is a dye of the triphenylmethane family (triarylmethane dyes). It belongs to a class of dyes called sulfonephthaleins. It is used as a pH indicator in applications such as growth mediums for microorganisms and titrations. In clinical practise, it is commonly used as a diagnostic technique. The m... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
For any 3-dimensional lattice, the conventional unit cells are parallelepipeds, which in special cases may have orthogonal angles, or equal lengths, or both. Seven of the fourteen three-dimensional Bravais lattices are represented using conventional primitive cells, as shown below.
The other seven Bravais lattices (kn... | 1 | Crystallography |
GC–MS can analyze the particles from a human body in order to help link a criminal to a crime. The analysis of fire debris using GC–MS is well established, and there is even an established American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard for fire debris analysis. GCMS/MS is especially useful here as samples o... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) is a chromatography technique used in analytical chemistry. It is a modification of capillary electrophoresis (CE), extending its functionality to neutral analytes, where the samples are separated by differential partitioning between micelles (pseudo-stationary phase) and a... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Anthocyanins have been used in organic solar cells because of their ability to convert light energy into electrical energy. The many benefits to using dye-sensitized solar cells instead of traditional p-n junction silicon cells, include lower purity requirements and abundance of component materials, as well as the fact... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
A Biomolecular Analysis Mass Spectrometry (BAMS) facility was officially opened in 2003, headed by Professor Newton and Dr Dudley. It was a collaborative entity between the Department of Biological Sciences and the Medical School. It focused on the study of nucleosides, nucleotides and cyclic nucleotides. | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
A relatively recent analytical tool that has been used for the separation of UCMs is comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GCxGC). This powerful technique, introduced by Liu and Phillips combines two GC columns with different separation mechanisms: typically a primary column that separates compounds based on volatility co... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Binding to the solid phase may be achieved by column chromatography whereby the solid medium is packed onto a column, the initial mixture run through the column to allow settling, a wash buffer run through the column and the elution buffer subsequently applied to the column and collected. These steps are usually done a... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
While relatively unstable and requiring frequent standardization, sodium hypochlorite has been used in a very rapid thermometric titration method for the determination of ammonium ion. This is an alternative to the classical approach of ammonia distillation from basic solution and consequent acid–base titration. The th... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
A rotation symmetry in dimension 2 or 3 must move a lattice point to a succession of other lattice points in the same plane, generating a regular polygon of coplanar lattice points. We now confine our attention to the plane in which the symmetry acts , illustrated with lattice vectors in the figure.
Now consider an 8-f... | 1 | Crystallography |
Large numbers of samples can be automatically injected onto an HPLC system, by the use of HPLC autosamplers. In addition, HPLC autosamplers have an injection volume and technique which is exactly the same for each injection, consequently they provide a high degree of injection volume precision.
It is possible to enab... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
A chromatography detector is a device that detects and quantifies separated compounds as they elute from the chromatographic column. These detectors are integral to various chromatographic techniques, such as gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography, and supercritical fluid ... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
The "elution time" of a solute is the time between the start of the separation (the time at which the solute enters the column) and the time at which the solute elutes. In the same way, the elution volume is the volume of eluent required to cause elution. Under standard conditions for a known mix of solutes in a cert... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
The sphere packing problem is the three-dimensional version of a class of ball-packing problems in arbitrary dimensions. In two dimensions, the equivalent problem is packing circles on a plane. In one dimension it is packing line segments into a linear universe.
In dimensions higher than three, the densest lattice pack... | 1 | Crystallography |
An orbifold can be viewed as a polygon with face, edges, and vertices which can be unfolded to form a possibly infinite set of polygons which tile either the sphere, the plane or the hyperbolic plane. When it tiles the plane it will give a wallpaper group and when it tiles the sphere or hyperbolic plane it gives either... | 1 | Crystallography |
Rietveld refinement is a technique described by Hugo Rietveld for use in the characterisation of crystalline materials. The neutron and X-ray diffraction of powder samples results in a pattern characterised by reflections (peaks in intensity) at certain positions. The height, width and position of these reflections can... | 1 | Crystallography |
A packing that can be described as the orbit of a body under the action of a double lattice is called a double lattice packing. In many cases the highest known packing density for a body is achieved by a double lattice. Examples include the regular pentagon, heptagon, and nonagon and the equilateral triangular bipyrami... | 1 | Crystallography |
Conductive measurements began as early as the 18th century, when Andreas Baumgartner noticed that salt and mineral waters from Bad Gastein in Austria conducted electricity. As such, using conductometry to determine water purity, which is often used today to test the effectiveness of water purification systems, began in... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
o-Cresolphthalein is not produced industrially, rather, it is commercially available. To be produced, the method generally used to synthesize phthalein dyes is effective. This method is used to synthesize phenolphthalein and thymolphthalein. To begin, a 2M equivalent of a phenol or a substituted phenol should be combin... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
In Cartesian coordinates the basis vectors are represented by a cell tensor :
The hypervolume of the unit cell, , is given by the determinant of the cell tensor: | 1 | Crystallography |
Size exclusion chromatography applications for separating macromolecules based on subtle differences in size typically use resins with large and varied pore sizes in long chromatography columns. However, for buffer exchange and desalting applications, it is mainly the maximum effective pore size (exclusion limit or mol... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
In mineralogy, epitaxy is the overgrowth of one mineral on another in an orderly way, such that certain crystal directions of the two minerals are aligned. This occurs when some planes in the lattices of the overgrowth and the substrate have similar spacings between atoms.
If the crystals of both minerals are well form... | 1 | Crystallography |
It is not always possible to eliminate ion suppression by sample preparation and/or chromatographic resolution. In such cases it may be possible to compensate for the effects of ion suppression on accuracy and precision (although not for analytical sensitivity) by adopting complex calibration strategies. | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
A typical titration begins with a beaker or Erlenmeyer flask containing a very precise amount of the analyte and a small amount of indicator (such as phenolphthalein) placed underneath a calibrated burette or chemistry pipetting syringe containing the titrant. Small volumes of the titrant are then added to the analyte ... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
The screw axis is noted by a number, n, where the angle of rotation is . The degree of translation is then added as a subscript showing how far along the axis the translation is, as a portion of the parallel lattice vector. For example, 2 is a 180° (twofold) rotation followed by a translation of of the lattice vector... | 1 | Crystallography |
With the development of native chemical ligation in 1994, total chemical synthesis of pairs of D-protein and L-protein enantiomers became feasible. In the first practical application to solving an unknown structure, racemic and quasi-racemic X-ray crystallography were used to determine the structure of snow flea anti-f... | 1 | Crystallography |
Miller indices form a notation system in crystallography for lattice planes in crystal (Bravais) lattices.
In particular, a family of lattice planes of a given (direct) Bravais lattice is determined by three integers h, k, and ℓ, the Miller indices. They are written (hkℓ), and denote the family of (parallel) lattice pl... | 1 | Crystallography |
A further dynamic method to assemble such structures was introduced by Lee et al. Here, polymeric beads are placed together with a fluid of higher density inside a rotating lathe.
When the lathe is static, the beads float on top of the liquid. With increasing rotational speed, the centripetal force then pushes the flui... | 1 | Crystallography |
Complexometric titrations rely on the formation of a complex between the analyte and the titrant. In general, they require specialized complexometric indicators that form weak complexes with the analyte. The most common example is the use of starch indicator to increase the sensitivity of iodometric titration, the dar... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Crystallographic features of HCP systems, such as vectors and atomic plane families, can be described using a four-value Miller index notation ( hkil ) in which the third index i denotes a convenient but degenerate component which is equal to −h − k. The h, i and k index directions are separated by 120°, and are thus n... | 1 | Crystallography |
Compounds elute in the carrier gas phase only. Compounds solved in the stationary phase stay put. The ratio of gas time and residence time in the stationary liquid polymer phase is called the capacity factor :
where the variables used are:
* gas constant (8.314J/mole/k)
* temperature [k]
* solubility of compound ... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Silica monoliths have only been commercially available since 2001, when Merck began their Chromolith campaign. The Chromolith technology was licensed from Soga and Nakanishi's group at Kyoto University. The new product won the PittCon Editors’ Gold Award for Best New Product, as well as an R&D 100 Award, both in 2001.
... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
An eluotropic series is listing of various compounds in order of eluting power for a given adsorbent. The "eluting power" of a solvent is largely a measure of how well the solvent can "pull" an analyte off the adsorbent to which it is attached. This often happens when the eluent adsorbs onto the stationary phase, disp... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Rotation axes are denoted by a number n – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, ... (angle of rotation ). For improper rotations, Hermann–Mauguin symbols show rotoinversion axes, unlike Schoenflies and Shubnikov notations, that shows rotation-reflection axes. The rotoinversion axes are represented by the corresponding number with a ... | 1 | Crystallography |
Light detectors, such as photographic plates or CCDs, measure only the intensity of the light that hits them. This measurement is incomplete (even when neglecting other degrees of freedom such as polarization and angle of incidence) because a light wave has not only an amplitude (related to the intensity), but also a p... | 1 | Crystallography |
In terms of complex numbers, the isometries of the plane are either of the form
or of the form
for some complex numbers and with |ω| = 1. This is easy to prove: if and and if one defines
then is an isometry, , and . It is then easy to see that g is either the identity or the conjugation, and the statement being pr... | 1 | Crystallography |
Enterics that subsequently metabolize pyruvic acid to other acids lower the pH of the medium to 4.2. At this pH, methyl red turns red, a positive test. Enterics that subsequently metabolize pyruvic acid to neutral end products lower the pH of the medium to only 6.0. At this pH, methyl red is yellow, a negative test. | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
A crystal net is an infinite molecular model of a crystal. Similar models existed in Antiquity, notably the atomic theory associated with Democritus, which was criticized by Aristotle because such a theory entails a vacuum, which Aristotle believed nature abhors. Modern atomic theory traces back to Johannes Kepler and ... | 1 | Crystallography |
A: α-naphthol – 5 g
*Absolute ethyl alcohol – 100 mL – 0.6 mL – 3 parts
*B: KOH – 40 g
*Distilled water – 100 mL – 0.2 mL – 1 part | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
An abbreviated form of the Hermann–Mauguin notation commonly used for space groups also serves to describe crystallographic point groups. Group names are | 1 | Crystallography |
To work out which wallpaper group corresponds to a given design, one may use the following table.
See also this overview with diagrams. | 1 | Crystallography |
Mikhail Tsvet was born on 14 May 1872 in Asti, Italy. His mother was Italian, and his father was a Russian official. His mother died soon after his birth, and he was raised in Geneva, Switzerland. He received his BS degree from the Department of Physics and Mathematics at the University of Geneva in 1893. However, he d... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Questions about certain areas of forensic science, such as fingerprint evidence and the assumptions behind these disciplines have been brought to light in some publications including the New York Post. The article stated that "No one has proved even the basic assumption: That everyone's fingerprint is unique." The arti... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
The known cases up to 2015 are discussed in a review article by Bučar, Lancaster, and Bernstein.
Dibenzoxazepines
Multidisciplinary studies involving experimental and computational approaches were applied to pharmaceutical molecules to facilitate the comparison of their solid-state structures. Specifically, this study ... | 1 | Crystallography |
In the pump-probe method the reaction is first triggered (pump) by photolysis (most often laser light) and then a diffraction pattern is collected by an X-ray pulse (probe) at a specific time delay. This makes it possible to obtain many images at different time delays after reaction triggering, and thereby building up ... | 1 | Crystallography |
A colloidal crystal is a highly ordered array of particles that forms over a long range (from a few millimeters to one centimeter in length); colloidal crystals have appearance and properties roughly analogous to their atomic or molecular counterparts. It has been known for many years that, due to repulsive Coulombic i... | 1 | Crystallography |
In crystallography, a periodic graph or crystal net is a three-dimensional periodic graph, i.e., a three-dimensional Euclidean graph whose vertices or nodes are points in three-dimensional Euclidean space, and whose edges (or bonds or spacers) are line segments connecting pairs of vertices, periodic in three linearly i... | 1 | Crystallography |
Ella Jones (born 1955) is an American chromatographer, pastor, and politician who serves as the 12th mayor of Ferguson, Missouri. A former member of the Ferguson City Council, Jones is the first African-American and woman elected mayor of the city. | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Transitions between scales are always fluent. There is no sharp cut that defines the end of small- and the beginning of medium/pilot scale. However, chromatography columns with an inner diameter (ID) of up to 5 cm are generally considered small scale or laboratory scale columns.
Small scale chromatography columns are m... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
The first precession electron diffraction system was developed by Vincent and Midgley in Bristol, UK and published in 1994. Preliminary investigation into the ErGeO crystal structure demonstrated the feasibility of the technique at reducing dynamical effects and providing quasi-kinematical patterns that could be solved... | 1 | Crystallography |
* [http://www.anilaggrawal.com/ij/indexpapers.html Anil Aggrawal's Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology] .
* Forensic Magazine – [http://www.forensicmag.com Forensicmag.com].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110222013558/http://www2.fbi.gov/hq/lab/fsc/current/index.htm Forensic Science Communications], ... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Minerals that have the same composition but different structures (polymorphic minerals) may also have epitaxic relations. Examples are pyrite and marcasite, both FeS, and sphalerite and wurtzite, both ZnS. | 1 | Crystallography |
The principal steps for solving a structure of an inorganic crystal from HREM images by CIP are as follows (for a detailed discussion see ).
# Selecting the area of interest and calculation of the Fourier transform (= power spectrum consisting of a 2D periodic array of complex numbers)
# Determining the defocus value a... | 1 | Crystallography |
*For biodiesel fuel: waste vegetable oil (WVO) must be neutralized before a batch may be processed. A portion of WVO is titrated with a base to determine acidity, so the rest of the batch may be neutralized properly. This removes free fatty acids from the WVO that would normally react to make soap instead of biodiese... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
In mathematics, a stereographic projection is a perspective projection of the sphere, through a specific point on the sphere (the pole or center of projection), onto a plane (the projection plane) perpendicular to the diameter through the point. It is a smooth, bijective function from the entire sphere except the cente... | 1 | Crystallography |
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