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Although the sulfide content in sample can be determined straight forwardly as described for sulfites, the results are often poor and inaccurate. A better, alternative method with higher accuracy is available, which involves the addition of excess but known volume of standard sodium arsenite solution to the sample, dur... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
For an adsorption column, the column resin (the stationary phase) is composed of microbeads. Even smaller particles such as proteins, carbohydrates, metal ions, or other chemical compounds are conjugated onto the microbeads. Each binding particle that is attached to the microbead can be assumed to bind in a 1:1 ratio w... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
The theory of high performance liquid chromatography-HPLC is basically the same as general chromatography theory. who received Nobel prize for it. The theory of chromatography has been used as the basis for system-suitability tests, as can be seen in the USP Phamacopaeia, which are a set of quantitative criteria, which... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
A set of structure utilities has been included for various applications such as: the transformation of unit cells ([http://www.cryst.ehu.es/cryst/celltran.html CELLTRAN]) or complete structures ([http://www.cryst.ehu.es/cryst/transtru.html TRANSTRU]); strain tensor calculation ([http://www.cryst.ehu.es/cryst/strain.ht... | 1 | Crystallography |
The theoretical plate height is given by
where L is the column length and N the number of theoretical plates. The relation between plate number and peak width at the base is given by | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Focusing on crystallographic data and applications of the group theory in solid state physics, the server is built on a core of databases and contains different shells. | 1 | Crystallography |
If half of the tetrahedral sites of the parent HCP lattice are filled by ions of opposite charge, the structure formed is the wurtzite crystal structure. If all the octahedral sites of the anion HCP lattice are filled by cations, the structure formed is the nickel arsenide structure. | 1 | Crystallography |
Radial chromatography is a form of chromatography, a preparatory technique for separating chemical mixtures. It can also be referred to as centrifugal thin-layer chromatography. It is a common technique for isolating compounds and can be compared to column chromatography as a similar process. A common device used for t... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
]In terms of thermodynamics, two types of polymorphic behaviour are recognized. For a monotropic system, plots of the free energies of the various polymorphs against temperature do not cross before all polymorphs melt. As a result, any transition from one polymorph to another below the melting point will be irreversibl... | 1 | Crystallography |
In the Fajans method, named after Kazimierz Fajans, typically dichlorofluorescein is used as an indicator; the end-point is marked by the green suspension turning pink. Prior to the end-point of the titration, chloride ions remain in excess. They adsorb on the AgCl surface, imparting a negative charge to the particles.... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
The liquid chromatography marketplace is incredibly diverse. Five to ten firms are consistently market leaders, yet nearly half of the market is made up of small, fragmented companies. This section of the report will focus on the roles that a few companies have had in bringing monolith column technologies to the commer... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Blue MX-R or Reactive Blue 4 has a formula of CHClNOS and a molecular weight of 637.4 g/mol. It contains dichlorotriazine ring to the chromophore unlike Cibacron Blue F3GA. For a large scale protein purification, Blue MX-R can be used to purify protein such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). In fast-protein liquid chroma... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Other plasma processing methods exist, but generally do not provide the resolution or purity of chromatographic methods.
Two-phase liquid extraction may be performed using polyethylene glycol (PEG)-phosphate Aqueous two-phase systems, with a PEG-rich top layer and a phosphate-rich bottom layer. Although this method is... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Dual-flow, also known as dual, countercurrent chromatography occurs when both phases are flowing in opposite directions inside the column. Instruments are available for dual-flow operation for both Hydrodynamic and hydrostatic CCC. Dual-flow countercurrent chromatography was first described by Yoichiro Ito in 1985 for ... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
The main limitation in the use of MLC is the reduction in efficiency (peak broadening) that is observed when purely aqueous micellar mobile phases are used. Several explanations for the poor efficiency have been theorized. Poor wetting of the stationary phase by the micellar aqueous mobile phase, slow mass transfer b... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Microdialysis takes advantage of a semi-permeable membrane, across which small molecules and ions can pass, while proteins and large polymers cannot cross. By establishing a gradient of solute concentration across the membrane and allowing the system to progress toward equilibrium, the system can slowly move toward sup... | 1 | Crystallography |
The set of translations and rotations together form the rigid motions or rigid displacements. This set forms a group under composition, the group of rigid motions, a subgroup of the full group of Euclidean isometries. | 1 | Crystallography |
Selected area (electron) diffraction (abbreviated as SAD or SAED) is a crystallographic experimental technique typically performed using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). It is a specific case of electron diffraction used primarily in material science and solid state physics as one of the most common experiment... | 1 | Crystallography |
Polymorphism is the occurrence of multiple crystalline forms of a material. It is found in many crystalline materials including polymers, minerals, and metals. According to Gibbs' rules of phase equilibria, these unique crystalline phases are dependent on intensive variables such as pressure and temperature. Polymorp... | 1 | Crystallography |
The measurement of the angles can be used to determine crystal structure, see x-ray crystallography for more details. As a simple example, Bragg's law, as stated above, can be used to obtain the lattice spacing of a particular cubic system through the following relation:
where is the lattice spacing of the cubic cryst... | 1 | Crystallography |
The dyes used in this type of chromatography are inexpensive and generally available as they are from textile industries called reactive dye. It contains chromophores that are often attached to a triazine ring. In textile industries, reactive dyes are used to dye material like cotton which is cellulose.
Commonly used ... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Pumps vary in pressure capacity, but their performance is measured on their ability to yield a consistent and reproducible volumetric flow rate. Pressure may reach as high as 60 MPa (6000 lbf/in), or about 600 atmospheres. Modern HPLC systems have been improved to work at much higher pressures, and therefore are able t... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Simple twinned crystals may be contact twins or penetration twins. Contact twins meet on a single composition plane, often appearing as mirror images across the boundary. Plagioclase, quartz, gypsum, and spinel often exhibit contact twinning. Merohedral twinning occurs when the lattices of the contact twins superimpose... | 1 | Crystallography |
Metanil Yellow (Acid Yellow 36) is a dye of the azo class. In analytical chemistry, it is used as a pH indicator and it has a color change from red to yellow between pH 1.2 and 3.2.
Although it is an unpermitted food dye, because of its bright yellow color, Metanil Yellow has been used as an adulterant in turmeric pow... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Unresolved complex mixture (UCM), or hump, is a feature frequently observed in gas chromatographic (GC) data of crude oils and extracts from organisms exposed to oil.
The reason for the UCM hump appearance is that GC cannot resolve and identify a significant part of the hydrocarbons in crude oils. The resolved componen... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
:The symmetry of a crystalline material has profound impacts on its emergent properties, including electronic band structure, electromagnetic behavior, and mechanical properties . Crystal symmetry is described and categorized by the crystal system, lattice, and space group of the material. Determination of these attrib... | 1 | Crystallography |
Prior to entering politics, Jones was a high pressure liquid chromatographer. She worked at the Washington University School of Medicine and KV Pharmaceutical before becoming a sales director with Mary Kay. In April 2015, Jones was the first African-American elected to the Ferguson City Council, where she represented t... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Anthocyanins generally are degraded at higher pH. However, some anthocyanins, such as petanin (petunidin 3-[6-O-(4-O-(E)-p-coumaroyl-O-α--rhamnopyranosyl)-β--glucopyranoside]-5-O-β--glucopyranoside), are resistant to degradation at pH 8 and may be used effectively as a food colorant. | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
In aqueous solution, bromocresol green will ionize to give the monoanionic form (yellow), that further deprotonates at higher pH to give the dianionic form (blue), which is stabilized by resonance:
The acid dissociation constant (pK) of this reaction is 4.8. Tap water is sufficiently basic to give a solution of bromocr... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
In normal-phase chromatography, the stationary phase is polar and the mobile phase is nonpolar. In reversed phase the opposite is true; the stationary phase is nonpolar and the mobile phase is polar. Typical stationary phases for normal-phase chromatography are silica or organic moieties with cyano and amino function... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
The angles used for each facet play a crucial role in the outcome of a gem. While the general facet arrangement of a particular gemstone cut may appear the same in any given gem material, the angles of each facet must be carefully adjusted to maximize the optical performance. The angles used will vary based on the refr... | 1 | Crystallography |
The unit distance graph on the three-dimensional integer lattice has a vertex for each lattice point; each vertex has exactly six neighbors. It is possible to remove some of the points from the lattice, so that each remaining point has exactly three remaining neighbors, and so that the induced subgraph of these points ... | 1 | Crystallography |
The relationship between fractional and Cartesian coordinates can be described by the matrix transformation :
Similarly, the Cartesian coordinates can be converted back to fractional coordinates using the matrix transformation : | 1 | Crystallography |
These are the Bravais lattice types in three dimensions:
* P – Primitive
* I – Body centered (from the German "Innenzentriert")
* F – Face centered (from the German "Flächenzentriert")
* A – Base centered on A faces only
* B – Base centered on B faces only
* C – Base centered on C faces only
* R – Rhombohedral | 1 | Crystallography |
Weakly dissociated acids yield sharp thermometric endpoints when titrated with a strong base. For instance, bicarbonate can be unequivocally determined in the company of carbonate by titrating with hydroxyl (ΔH=-40.9 kJ/mol). | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
*CCP4i – CCP4 Graphical User Interface
*CCP4MG – CCP4 Molecular Graphics Project
*Coot – Graphical Model Building
*HAPPy – automated experimental phasing
*MrBUMP – automated Molecular Replacement
*PISA – Protein Interfaces, Surfaces and Assemblies
*MOSFLM GUI – building a modern interface to MOSFLM | 1 | Crystallography |
Sphere packing on the corners of a hypercube (with the spheres defined by Hamming distance) corresponds to designing error-correcting codes: if the spheres have radius t, then their centers are codewords of a (2t + 1)-error-correcting code. Lattice packings correspond to linear codes. There are other, subtler relations... | 1 | Crystallography |
In many cases, an initial set of phases are determined, and the electron density map for the diffraction pattern is calculated. Then the map is used to determine portions of the structure, which portions are used to simulate a new set of phases. This new set of phases is known as a refinement. These phases are reappl... | 1 | Crystallography |
Consider the series of delta functions given by
The Patterson function is given by the following series of delta functions and unit step functions | 1 | Crystallography |
Stereographic projection plots can be carried out by a computer using the explicit formulas given above. However, for graphing by hand these formulas are unwieldy. Instead, it is common to use graph paper designed specifically for the task. This special graph paper is called a stereonet or Wulff net, after the Russian ... | 1 | Crystallography |
Proteins can be engineered to improve the chance of successful protein crystallization by using techniques like Surface Entropy Reduction or engineering in crystal contacts. Frequently, problematic cysteine residues can be replaced by alanine to avoid disulfide-mediated aggregation, and residues such as lysine, glutam... | 1 | Crystallography |
Methyl violet 10B has six methyl groups. It is known in medicine as Gentian violet (or crystal violet or pyoctanin(e)) and is the active ingredient in a Gram stain, used to classify bacteria. It is used as a pH indicator, with a range between 0 and 1.6. The protonated form (found in acidic conditions) is yellow, turnin... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
This shell contains applications which are essential for problems involving group-subgroup relations between space groups. Given the space group types of G and H and their index, the program [http://www.cryst.ehu.es/cryst/subgroupgraph.html SUBGROUPGRAPH] provides graphs of maximal subgroups for a group-subgroup pair G... | 1 | Crystallography |
Most traditional HPLC is performed with the stationary phase attached to the outside of small spherical silica particles (very small beads). These particles come in a variety of sizes with 5 µm beads being the most common. Smaller particles generally provide more surface area and better separations, but the pressure re... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
A separation in which the mobile phase composition remains constant throughout the procedure is termed isocratic (meaning constant composition). The word was coined by Csaba Horvath who was one of the pioneers of HPLC.
The mobile phase composition does not have to remain constant. A separation in which the mobile phase... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Inoculate MacConkey's (Glucose phosphate broth) with pure culture of test organism. Incubate the broth at 35 °C for 48–72 hours.
After incubation add 5 drops of methyl red directly into the broth, through the sides of the tube. | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
A crystal can be described as a lattice of atoms, which in turn this leads to the reciprocal lattice. With electrons, neutrons or x-rays there is diffraction by the atoms, and if there is an incident plane wave with a wavevector , there will be outgoing wavevectors and as shown in the diagram after the wave has been... | 1 | Crystallography |
The Cauchy–Born rule or Cauchy–Born approximation is a basic hypothesis used in the mathematical formulation of solid mechanics which relates the movement of atoms in a crystal to the overall deformation of the bulk solid. It states that in a crystalline solid subject to a small strain, the positions of the atoms withi... | 1 | Crystallography |
One path to the reciprocal lattice of an arbitrary collection of atoms comes from the idea of scattered waves in the Fraunhofer (long-distance or lens back-focal-plane) limit as a Huygens-style sum of amplitudes from all points of scattering (in this case from each individual atom). This sum is denoted by the complex ... | 1 | Crystallography |
The simplicity and efficiency of MEKC have made it an attractive technique for a variety of applications. Further improvements can be made to the selectivity of MEKC by adding chiral selectors or chiral surfactants to the system. Unfortunately, this technique is not suitable for protein analysis because proteins are ... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
The symbol of a space group is defined by combining the uppercase letter describing the lattice type with symbols specifying the symmetry elements. The symmetry elements are ordered the same way as in the symbol of corresponding point group (the group that is obtained if one removes all translational components from th... | 1 | Crystallography |
A method for detecting arsenious oxide, simple arsenic, in corpses was devised in 1773 by the Swedish chemist, Carl Wilhelm Scheele. His work was expanded upon, in 1806, by German chemist Valentin Ross, who learned to detect the poison in the walls of a victim's stomach.
James Marsh was the first to apply this new scie... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
The simplest wallpaper group, Group p1, applies when there is no symmetry other than the fact that a pattern repeats over regular intervals in two dimensions, as shown in the section on p1 below.
The following examples are patterns with more forms of symmetry:
Examples A and B have the same wallpaper group; it is calle... | 1 | Crystallography |
In chemistry, water(s) of crystallization or water(s) of hydration are water molecules that are present inside crystals. Water is often incorporated in the formation of crystals from aqueous solutions. In some contexts, water of crystallization is the total mass of water in a substance at a given temperature and is mos... | 1 | Crystallography |
A lattice system is a group of lattices with the same set of lattice point groups. The 14 Bravais lattices are grouped into seven lattice systems: triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic, tetragonal, rhombohedral, hexagonal, and cubic. | 1 | Crystallography |
Similar assays can be performed for research purposes, detecting concentrations of potential clinical candidates like anti-fungal and asthma drugs. This technique is obviously useful in observing multiple species in collected samples, as well, but requires the use of standard solutions when information about species id... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Until 1980, laser-heated crystal growth used only two laser beams focused over the source material. This condition generated a high radial thermal gradient in the molten zone, making the process unstable. Increasing the number of beams to four did not solve the problem, although it improved the growth process.
An imp... | 1 | Crystallography |
In the laboratory, it is used to detect the presence of alkaline phosphatase activity by hydrolysis of PNPP. In basic conditions, presence of hydrolytic enzymes will turn reaction vessel yellow.
4-Nitrophenol is a product of the enzymatic cleavage of several synthetic substrates such as 4-nitrophenyl phosphate (used as... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Thymolphthalein is a phthalein dye used as an acid–base (pH) indicator. Its transition range is around pH 9.3–10.5. Below this pH, it is colorless; above, it is blue. The molar extinction coefficient for the blue thymolphthalein dianion is 38,000 M cm at 595 nm.
Thymolphthalein is also known to have use as a laxative a... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Researchers began questioning the nature of "tail states" in disordered semiconductors in the 1950s. It was found that such tails arise from the strains sufficient to push local states past the band edges.
In 1953, the Austrian-American physicist Franz Urbach (1902–1969) found that such tails decay exponentially into t... | 1 | Crystallography |
The process of separating mixtures of chemical compounds by passing them through a column that contains a solid stationary phase that was eluted with a mobile phase (column chromatography) was well known at that time. Chromatographic separation was considered to occur by an adsorption process whereby compounds adhered ... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
A crystal system is a set of point groups in which the point groups themselves and their corresponding space groups are assigned to a lattice system. Of the 32 point groups that exist in three dimensions, most are assigned to only one lattice system, in which case the crystal system and lattice system both have the sam... | 1 | Crystallography |
In order to visualize functional relations and provide better understanding of experimental data, the graphical interface emphasize user interactivity and functional interconnection. There are two visualization tools in the suite: one depicting single material while another being focused on intergrowths of two differe... | 1 | Crystallography |
Compounds that were historically given the formulae REAlB and REB have the MgAlB structure with an orthorhombic symmetry and space group Imma (No. 74). In this structure, rare-earth atoms enter the Mg site. Aluminium sites are empty for REB. Both metal sites of REAlB structure have partial occupancies of about 60–70%, ... | 1 | Crystallography |
The material matrix has a symmetry with respect to a given orthogonal transformation () if it does not change when subjected to that transformation.
For invariance of the material properties under such a transformation we require
Hence the condition for material symmetry is (using the definition of an orthogonal tra... | 1 | Crystallography |
These planar defects are similar to stacking faults in that they are often created through slip of atomic planes and dislocation motion, but the degree of translation varies. In stacking faults, the region of stacking mismatch is bounded by two partial dislocations, and an extended dislocation is formed. For anti-phase... | 1 | Crystallography |
For each particular lattice, a conventional cell has been chosen on a case-by-case basis by crystallographers based on convenience of calculation. These conventional cells may have additional lattice points located in the middle of the faces or body of the unit cell. The number of lattice points, as well as the volume ... | 1 | Crystallography |
Immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) is based on the specific coordinate covalent bond of amino acids, particularly histidine, to metals. This technique works by allowing proteins with an affinity for metal ions to be retained in a column containing immobilized metal ions, such as cobalt, nickel, or cop... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
The chief advantage over direct amperometry is that the magnitude of the measured current is of interest only as an indicator. Thus, factors that are of critical importance to quantitative amperometry, such as the surface area of the working electrode, completely disappear from amperometric titrations.
The chief advan... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Metals, and specifically rare-earth elements, form numerous chemical complexes with boron. Their crystal structure and chemical bonding depend strongly on the metal element M and on its atomic ratio to boron. When B/M ratio exceeds 12, boron atoms form B icosahedra which are linked into a three-dimensional boron framew... | 1 | Crystallography |
The injection loop is a segment of tubing of known volume which is filled with the sample solution before it is injected into the column. Loop volume can range from a few microliters to 50 ml or more. | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Recognizing the habit can aid in mineral identification and description, as the crystal habit is an external representation of the internal ordered atomic arrangement. Most natural crystals, however, do not display ideal habits and are commonly malformed. Hence, it is also important to describe the quality of the shape... | 1 | Crystallography |
Phenol red was used by Leonard Rowntree and John Geraghty in the phenolsulfonphthalein test to estimate the overall blood flow through the kidney in 1911. It was the first test of kidney function and was used for almost a century but is now obsolete.
The test is based on the fact that phenol red is excreted almost enti... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
IEC/RP MMC combines the advantages of RPLC and IEC. For example, WAX/RP has increased separation power and degree of freedom in adjusting the separation selectivity when compared with single WAX or RPLC. | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Bromophenol blue (3′,3″,5′,5″-tetrabromophenolsulfonphthalein, BPB), albutest is used as a pH indicator, an electrophoretic color marker, and a dye. It can be prepared by slowly adding excess bromine to a hot solution of phenolsulfonphthalein in glacial acetic acid. | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
The coupling of chromatography with MS is a well developed chemical analysis strategy dating back from the 1950s. Gas chromatography (GC)–MS was originally introduced in 1952, when A. T. James and A. J. P. Martin were trying to develop tandem separation – mass analysis techniques. In GC, the analytes are eluted from th... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Recently, CBED was applied to study graphene and other 2D monolayer crystals and van der Waals structures. For 2D crystals, the analysis of CBED patterns is simplified, because the intensity distribution in a CBED disk is directly related to the atomic arrangement in the crystal. The deformations at a nanometer resolut... | 1 | Crystallography |
Gel permeation chromatography is conducted almost exclusively in chromatography systems. The experimental design is not much different from other techniques of High Performance liquid chromatography. Samples are dissolved in an appropriate solvent, in the case of GPC these tend to be organic solvents and after filterin... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
The determination of trace acids in organic matrices is a common analytical task assigned to titrimetry. Examples are Total Acid Number (TAN) in mineral and lubricating oils and Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in edible fats and oils. Automated potentiometric titration procedures have been granted standard method status, for ex... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Titrations are often recorded on graphs called titration curves, which generally contain the volume of the titrant as the independent variable and the pH of the solution as the dependent variable (because it changes depending on the composition of the two solutions).
The equivalence point on the graph is where all of ... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
There are two distinct uniform colorings of a trihexagonal tiling. Naming the colors by indices on the 4 faces around a vertex (3.6.3.6): 1212, 1232. The second is called a cantic hexagonal tiling, h{6,3}, with two colors of triangles, existing in p3m1 (*333) symmetry. | 1 | Crystallography |
Calcium in a blood sample should be estimated when required medically. Calcium should be precipitated out of 0.1 mL of the blood sample serum as calcium oxalate. After that, the decomposition of the calcium oxalate should occur by heat. Then, the sample should be estimated colorimetrically by o-cresolphthalein complexo... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
The allows for visualization of two misoriented materials and their interface such as crystal twins or grain boundaries. The user interface provides three views: two smaller views, each depicting one unit cell of selected material and orientation, and a larger view depicting an appropriate interface of the two struct... | 1 | Crystallography |
Mathematically, the points of the diamond cubic structure can be given coordinates as a subset of a three-dimensional integer lattice by using a cubic unit cell four units across. With these coordinates, the points of the structure have coordinates satisfying the equations
There are eight points (modulo 4) that satisf... | 1 | Crystallography |
The temperature of the system can be estimated by use of the Equipartition Theorem, with three degrees of freedom for each ion. Since ionic velocities are generally recorded at each step in the numerical simulation, the average kinetic energy of each ion is easy to calculate. There exist schemes which attempt to cont... | 1 | Crystallography |
A further occurrence of ordered columnar arrangement on the macroscale are foam structures confined inside a glass tube. They can be realised experimentally with equal-sized soap bubbles inside a glass tube, produced by blowing air of constant gas flow through a needle dipped in a surfactant solution. By putting the re... | 1 | Crystallography |
*[http://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/absorb.html The SSRL Absorption Package] —
*[http://www.gwyndafevans.co.uk/chooch.html CHOOCH] —
*[http://www.hwi.buffalo.edu/SnB/ Shake-and-Bake] (SnB) —
*[http://shelx.uni-ac.gwdg.de/SHELX/ SHELX] — | 1 | Crystallography |
Ion suppression in LC-MS and LC-MS/MS refers to reduced detector response, or signal:noise as a manifested effect of competition for ionisation efficiency in the ionisation source, between the analyte(s) of interest and other endogenous or exogenous (e.g. plasticisers extracted from plastic tubes, mobile phase additive... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
In crystallography, polymorphism describes the phenomenon where a compound or element can crystallize into more than one crystal structure. The preceding definition has evolved over many years and is still under discussion today. Discussion of the defining characteristics of polymorphism involves distinguishing among t... | 1 | Crystallography |
Beyond the most common perovskite symmetries (cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic), a more precise determination leads to a total of 23 different structure types that can be found. These 23 structure can be categorized into 4 different so-called tilt systems that are denoted by their respective Glazer notation.
The notatio... | 1 | Crystallography |
Separation by capillary electrophoresis can be detected by several detection devices. The majority of commercial systems use UV or UV-Vis absorbance as their primary mode of detection. In these systems, a section of the capillary itself is used as the detection cell. The use of on-tube detection enables detection of s... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
A deformation twin embryo forms in BCC metal by accumulating stacking faults, with a variant selection governed by the local stress state. Variation of the stress field close to twins inferred from HR-EBSD experimental and crystal plasticity finite element ([https://damask.mpie.de/index.html CPFE]) simulation data indi... | 1 | Crystallography |
A post column oxidation-reduction reactor is a chemical reactor that performs derivatization to improve the measurement of organic molecules. It is used in gas chromatography (GC), after the column, and before a flame ionization detector (FID), to make the detector response uniform for all organic molecules.
The reacto... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
A monolithic HPLC column, or monolithic column, is a column used in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The internal structure of the monolithic column is created in such a way that many channels form inside the column. The material inside the column which separates the channels can be porous and functiona... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Kennedy was born on November 11, 1962, in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry at the University of Florida in 1984 and a Ph.D. from the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill (UNC) in 1988 while working under James Jorgenson. He was an NSF post-doctoral fellow at UNC from 1... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Zeta potential titrations are titrations in which the completion is monitored by the zeta potential, rather than by an indicator, in order to characterize heterogeneous systems, such as colloids. One of the uses is to determine the iso-electric point when surface charge becomes zero, achieved by changing the pH or add... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
Desalting is used to remove salts from protein solutions, phenol or unincorporated nucleotides from nucleic acids or excess crosslinking or labeling reagents from conjugated proteins. Buffer exchange is used to transfer a protein solution into a buffer system appropriate for downstream applications such as ion exchange... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
The French police officer Alphonse Bertillon was the first to apply the anthropological technique of anthropometry to law enforcement, thereby creating an identification system based on physical measurements. Before that time, criminals could be identified only by name or photograph. Dissatisfied with the ad hoc method... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
The mobile phase is composed primarily of supercritical carbon dioxide, but since CO on its own is too non-polar to effectively elute many analytes, cosolvents are added to modify the mobile phase polarity. Cosolvents are typically simple alcohols like methanol, ethanol, or isopropyl alcohol. Other solvents such as a... | 0 | Chromatography + Titration + pH indicators |
The FCC lattice is a Bravais lattice, and its Fourier transform is a body-centered cubic lattice. However to obtain without this shortcut, consider an FCC crystal with one atom at each lattice point as a primitive or simple cubic with a basis of 4 atoms, at the origin and at the three adjacent face centers, , and .... | 1 | Crystallography |
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