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Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent sleep disorder; however, it remains underdiagnosed and undertreated. Although screening tools such as the Berlin questionnaire (BQ), STOP-BANG questionnaire (SBQ), STOP questionnaire (STOP), and Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) are widely used for OSA, the findings rega... | Which disease risk can be estimated with the Stop-Bang questionnaire? | Although screening tools such as the Berlin questionnaire (BQ), STOP-BANG questionnaire (SBQ), STOP questionnaire (STOP), and Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) are widely used for OSA, the findings regarding their diagnostic accuracy are controversial. |
Macrophages are one of the principal host cell populations in solid tumors. They are capable, due to their plasticity, of acquiring phenotypes that either combat (M1 type) or promote (M2 type) neoplastic growth. These cells, known as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), play complex but pivotal roles in the outcome of ... | What are TAMs in cancer therapy? | These cells, known as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), play complex but pivotal roles in the outcome of photodynamic therapy (PDT) of malignant lesions. |
A GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat expansion in the C9ORF72 gene was recently identified as an important cause of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia in Caucasian populations. The role of the C9ORF72 repeat expansion in ALS in Chinese populations has received little attention. We theref... | Are mutations in the C9orf72 gene associated with macular degeneration? | GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat expansion in the C9ORF72 gene was recently identified as an important cause of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia in Caucasian populations. |
Hashimoto's thyroiditis is a common chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the loss of thyroid follicular cells (thyrocytes) that are gradually replaced by lymphocytic infiltration and diffuse fibrosis. These morphological findings suggested that autoreactive T-cell clones were responsible for thyrocyte destructio... | How thyrocyte destruction is induced in autoimmune thyroiditis? | Here, we analyze the possible role of Fas and FasL in the pathogenesis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. We suggest that the Fas-FasL system dictates the outcome of the autoimmune response by acting on both immune and target cells |
Homozygous carriers of factor V Leiden have an approximately 80-fold increased risk of venous thrombosis. Also double heterozygous carriers of both the factor V Leiden and the prothrombin gene mutations are at high thrombotic risk. The magnitude of the risk of venous thrombosis in pregnant women with the two severe thr... | Is thrombophilia related to increased risk of miscarriage? | In conclusion, homozygous carriers of factor V Leiden and, to a lesser extent, double heterozygous carriers of factor V Leiden and of the prothrombin mutation have an increased risk of venous thrombosis during pregnancy, particularly high during the postpartum period |
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome is a rare genetic disorder, characterized by progressive premature aging and early death in the first or second decade of life, usually secondary to cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction and stroke). We report a case of a 14-year-old boy with progeria syndrome and cardiac arr... | What is Progeria? | Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome is a rare genetic disorder, characterized by progressive premature aging and early death in the first or second decade of life, usually secondary to cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction and stroke). |
In about 30% of the patients with syndromal craniosynostosis, a genetic mutation can be traced. For the purpose of adequate genetic counseling and treatment of these patients, the full spectrum of clinical findings for each specific mutation needs to be appreciated. The Pro250Arg mutation in the FGFR3 gene is found in ... | Is there an association between Muenke Syndrome and FGFR3 gene mutation? | The Pro250Arg mutation in the FGFR3 gene is found in patients with Muenke syndrome and is one of the most frequently encountered mutations in craniosynostosis syndromes |
Protein kinase casein kinase 1 (CK1) phosphorylates Ser-45 of beta-catenin, "priming" the subsequent phosphorylation by glycogen synthase-3 of residues 41, 37, and 33. This concerted phosphorylation of beta-catenin signals its degradation and prevents its function in triggering cell division. The sequence around Ser-45... | List phosphorylation consensus motifs for Casein Kinase 1 (CK1)? | The common features include an SLS motif followed two to five residues downstream by a cluster of acidic residues. |
Statins remain the mainstay of medical cardiovascular risk reduction because of their effectiveness in decreasing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) as well as some other potentially beneficial effects. The latest US 2013 lipid guidelines essentially recommend only the prescription of a high-dose statin for th... | Which are the Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin Kexin 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors that are FDA approved? | Very recent clinical trials have proven overwhelmingly the effectiveness and safety of PCSK9 inhibitors for lowering LDL-C. Both alirocumab and evolocumab have now been approved by the US FDA and there are some initial favorable outcomes data. |
Cardiac contractility is regulated through the activity of various key Ca(2+)-handling proteins. The sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) transport ATPase (SERCA2a) and its inhibitor phospholamban (PLN) control the uptake of Ca(2+) by SR membranes during relaxation. Recently, the antiapoptotic HS-1-associated prote... | Which is the main regulatory molecule of SERCA2A function in the cardiac muscle? | The sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) transport ATPase (SERCA2a) and its inhibitor phospholamban (PLN) control the uptake of Ca(2+) by SR membranes during relaxation. |
Background Pexidartinib, a novel, orally administered small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has strong selectivity against colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor. This phase I, nonrandomized, open-label multiple-dose study evaluated pexidartinib safety and efficacy in Asian patients with symptomatic, advanced solid t... | What is targeted by Pexidartinib? | Background Pexidartinib, a novel, orally administered small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has strong selectivity against colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor. This |
Iron deprivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae induces transcription of genes required for high-affinity iron uptake. AFT1 mediates this transcriptional control. In this report, the 5'-flanking region of FET3, which encodes a copper-dependent oxidase required for iron transport, was analyzed and found to contain a DNA se... | What is the function of the yeast protein Aft1? | Iron deprivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae induces transcription of genes required for high-affinity iron uptake. AFT1 mediates this transcriptional control. |
Mammalian X-chromosome inactivation is thought to be controlled by the X inactivation centre (XIC, X-controlling element -Xce-in mice). A human gene, XIST and its mouse counterpart, Xist, which map to the XIC/Xce, are expressed exclusively from inactive X chromosomes, suggesting their involvement in the process of X-in... | In which tissues is the lincRNA Xist expressed? | We now report the presence of Xist/XIST transcripts in newborn and adult mouse testes, and in human testicular tissue with normal spermatogenesis, but not in the testes of patients who lack germ cells. |
The class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes;HDAC1,2 and 3 form the catalytic engine of at least seven structurally distinct multiprotein complexes in cells. These molecular machines play a vital role in the regulation of chromatin accessibility and gene activity via the removal of acetyl moieties from lysine residue... | What is a PROTAC? | We have previously reported a library of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) incorporating a benzamide-based HDAC ligand (from CI-994), with an alkyl linker and ligand for the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) E3 ubiquitin ligase that degrade HDAC1-3 at submicromolar concentrations. |
Titin, the largest protein in the human body, is well known as a molecular spring in muscle cells and scaffold protein aiding myofibrillar assembly. However, recent evidence has established another important role for titin: that of a regulatory node integrating, and perhaps coordinating, diverse signaling pathways, par... | Is Titin the largest single protein molecule found in Nature? | Titin, the largest protein in the human body, is well known as a molecular spring in muscle cells and scaffold protein aiding myofibrillar assembly. |
von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is an inherited multisystem familial cancer syndrome caused by mutations of the VHL gene on chromosome 3p25. A wide variety of neoplastic processes are known to be associated with VHL disease. The consequences of the VHL mutations and the pathway for tumor development continue to be eluc... | What is known as Von Hippel–Lindau disease or syndrome? | von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is an inherited multisystem familial cancer syndrome caused by mutations of the VHL gene on chromosome 3p25. A wide variety of neoplastic processes are known to be associated with VHL disease. |
Loss-of-function alterations of INK4A are commonly observed in lymphoid malignancies, but are consistently absent in pre-B cell leukemias induced by the chimeric oncoprotein E2a-Pbx1 created by t(1;19) chromosomal translocations. We report here that experimental induction of E2a-Pbx1 enhances expression of BMI-1, a lym... | Which cyclin- dependent kinase inhibitor is regulated by Bmi-1? | expression of BMI-1, a lymphoid oncogene whose product functions as a transcriptional repressor of the INK4A-ARF tumor suppressor locu |
The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is a multiprotein complex that was initially identified in plants as a repressor of photomorphogenesis. It is now known to play major roles in several other developmental pathways, from auxin response to flower development. Furthermore, the COP9 signalosome shares homologies with the lid sibc... | What is the role of the constitutive photomorphogenesis 9 signalosome (CSN)? | The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is a multiprotein complex that was initially identified in plants as a repressor of photomorphogenesis. |
Polycistronic mRNAs transcribed from operons are resolved via the trans-splicing of a spliced-leader (SL) RNA. Trans-splicing also occurs at monocistronic transcripts. The phlyogenetically sporadic appearance of trans-splicing and operons has made the driving force(s) for their evolution in metazoans unclear. Previous ... | What is the reason for the abundance of operons in the genome of C. elegans? | Previous work has proposed that germline expression drives operon organization in Caenorhabditis elegans, and a recent hypothesis proposes that operons provide an evolutionary advantage via the conservation of transcriptional machinery during recovery from growth arrested states. |
Multiple myeloma (MM) remains incurable despite important recent advances in treatment due to its inherent resistance, characterized by highly complex and heterogeneous molecular abnormalities, as well as the support from myeloma bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. A novel therapeutic strategy that effectively targets s... | Which molecule is targeted by Daratumumab? | Over the last 2 years, an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody daratumumab (DARA) has emerged as a breakthrough targeted therapy for patients with MM |
The genome projects have unearthed an enormous diversity of genes of unknown function that are still awaiting biological and biochemical characterization. These genes, as most others, can be grouped into families based on sequence similarity. The PFAM database currently contains over 2,200 such families, referred to as... | How can DUF families be deciphered? | In a coordinated effort, the four large-scale centers of the NIH Protein Structure Initiative have determined the first three-dimensional structures for more than 250 of these DUF families. |
This first meta-analysis of all RCTs for the pharmacological treatment of RLS provides evidence that, besides the well-defined efficacy of dopaminergic treatment, other treatments with different pharmacological principles show efficacy in small samples and may be well-tolerated alternatives for the treatment of RLS. In... | Is pregabalin effective for treatment of patients with restless leg syndrome? | In the group of anticonvulsants, only the trials performed with α₂δ ligands such as gabapentin, gabapentin enacarbil, and pregabalin showed good efficacy. |
In mesophilic prokaryotes, the DNA-binding protein HU participates in nucleoid organization as well as in regulation of DNA-dependent processes. Little is known about nucleoid organization in thermophilic eubacteria. We show here that HU from the hyperthermophilic eubacterium Thermotoga maritima HU bends DNA and constr... | Which proteins act as histone-like molecules in prokaryotes? | We suggest that T. maritima HU serves an architectural function when associating with a single 35 bp site, but generates a very stable and compact aggregate at higher protein concentrations that organizes and protects the genomic DNA |
Heterozygous mutations in the Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy (BSCL2) gene have been associated with different clinical phenotypes including Silver syndrome/spastic paraplegia 17, distal hereditary motor neuropathy type V, and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2 (CMT2) with predominant hand involvement. We st... | Which phenotypes are associated with heterozygous mutations of the BSCL2 gene? | Heterozygous mutations in the Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy (BSCL2) gene have been associated with different clinical phenotypes including Silver syndrome/spastic paraplegia 17, |
The transcriptional coactivators CBP and P/CAF are required for activation of transcription from the IFN beta enhanceosome. We show that CBP and P/CAF acetylate HMG I(Y), the essential architectural component required for enhanceosome assembly, at distinct lysine residues, causing distinct effects on transcription. Thu... | Which transcription factors (TFs) participate in the formation of the interferon-beta (IFN-b) enhanceosome? | The transcriptional coactivators CBP and P/CAF are required for activation of transcription from the IFN beta enhanceosome. We show that CBP and P/CAF acetylate HMG I(Y), the essential architectural component required for enhanceosome assembly, at distinct lysine residues, causing distinct effects on transcription. |
Bisphenols are increasingly recognized as environmental pollutants with endocrine-disrupting potential. Nonetheless, the study of environmental occurrence and some endocrine-disrupting activities of some bisphenols came widely into focus of research only recently. The aims of the present study were to: 1) determine the... | what is the effect of Bisphenol A in the body? | Bisphenols are increasingly recognized as environmental pollutants with endocrine-disrupting potential. |
As of October 2020, there is still no specific drug to treat COVID-19 as it rages worldwide. Favipiravir, indicated for the treatment of new and re-emerging influenza infections, has been suggested to be effective against SARS-CoV-2, although this is not yet fully validated. We administered favipiravir to a 64-year-old... | What is the indication for Favipiravir? | Favipiravir, indicated for the treatment of new and re-emerging influenza infections, has been suggested to be effective against SARS-CoV-2, although this is not yet fully validated. |
This study provides detailed information about the diversity of multiple orc/cdc6-associated replication origins in haloarchaeal genomes, and provides novel insight into the evolution of multiple replication origins in Archaea. | Do archaeal genomes contain one or multiple origins of replication? | multiple orc/cdc6-associated replication origins in haloarchaeal genomes |
Ctf4 remains a central player in DNA replication. Our findings are consistent with what has been previously reported for CTF4 function in yeast, Xenopus extracts, and human tissue culture. We show that Ctf4 function is conserved and that Drosophila can be effectively used as a model to further probe the precise functio... | What is the main role of Ctf4 in dna replication? | Ctf4 remains a central player in DNA replication |
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into multiple mesodermal cell types in vitro; however, their differentiation capacity is influenced by their tissue of origin. To what extent epigenetic information on promoters of lineage-specification genes in human progenitors influences transcriptional activation and ... | Are Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) multipotent cells? | multipotent hESC-derived mesenchymal cells (MCs) |
Towards the development of a systems biology-based risk assessment approach for environmental toxicants, including tobacco products in a systems toxicology setting such as the "21st Century Toxicology", we are building a series of computable biological network models specific to non-diseased pulmonary and cardiovascula... | What is BEL(Biological Expression Language) used for? | e-edge relationships are described using the Biological Expression Language (BEL), which allows for the semantic representation of life science relationships in a computable format. The Networ |
The 70-gene signature (MammaPrint) is a prognostic tool used to guide adjuvant treatment decisions. The aim of this study was to assess its value to predict chemosensitivity in the neoadjuvant setting. We obtained the 70-gene profile of stage II-III patients prior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and classified the prognosi... | What is the clinical value of MammaPrint? | The 70-gene signature (MammaPrint) is a prognostic tool used to guide adjuvant treatment decisions |
Nowadays nickel is a global problem, related to occupations (mainly metalworkers) and to life habits. The dietary intake, more than environments, is the source of a basic immune identification and also of possible complications after occupational inhalation or contact. Nickel insoluble compounds are proved to be cancer... | What is the systemic nickel allergy syndrome? | Recently a Systemic Nickel Allergy Syndrome (SNAS) has been identified in allergic subjects, with a clinical picture of urticaria, general hitching, headache, gastrointestinal troubles. SNAS may affect allergic occupational or non-occupational ones. |
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is pivotal in the pathophysiology of migraine headaches and represents a promising target for migraine treatment. The humanized monoclonal antibody galcanezumab (LY2951742) binds to CGRP and may be effective in migraine prophylaxis. The primary objective was to evaluate the safet... | What is the target of galcanezumab? | The humanized monoclonal antibody galcanezumab (LY2951742) binds to CGRP and may be effective in migraine prophylaxis. |
Dynamic methylations and demethylations of histone lysine residues are important for gene regulation and are facilitated by histone methyltransferases and histone demethylases (HDMs). KDM5B/Jarid1B/PLU1 is an H3K4me3/me2-specific lysine demethylase belonging to the JmjC domain-containing family of histone demethylases ... | Which are the inhibitors of histone methyltransferases? | Inhibition studies of ccKDM5B showed both in vitro and in cell inhibition of ccKDM5B by 2,4-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (2,4-PDCA) with a potency similar to that reported for the HDM KDM4C. |
The effective treatment of adult and pediatric malignant glioma is a significant clinical challenge. In adults, glioblastoma (GBM) accounts for the majority of malignant glioma diagnoses with a median survival of 14.6 mo. In children, malignant glioma accounts for 20% of primary CNS tumors with a median survival of les... | Which histone mutations have been associated with pediatric gliomas? | Here, we discuss vaccine treatment for children diagnosed with malignant glioma, through targeting EphA2, IL-13Rα2 and/or histone H3 K27M, while in adults, treatments with RINTEGA, Prophage Series G-100 and dendritic cells are explored. |
We have demonstrated that both high-K+ and electrical stimulation of the vagus nerves release endogenous glutamate from the vascularly-perfused rat stomach in a calcium-dependent manner. In the present study, we examined properties of calcium channel subtypes mediating endogenous glutamate release from the stomach. App... | What does isradipine do to L-type channels? | The release of glutamate was significantly inhibited by both omega-agatoxin IVA, a P/Q-type calcium channel antagonist, and isradipine, an L type calcium channel antagonist. Omega-conotoxin GVIA, an N type calcium channel antagonist and flunarizine, a nonselective T-type calcium channel antagonist were without effect. |
DOPA was measured in the anterior pituitary and hypothalamic-hypophysial portal blood after treatment with NSD-1015, a DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor. NSD-1015 caused DOPA to accumulate in the anterior pituitary of mice and rats, and increased DOPA in the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal blood of rat. Serum prolactin was ... | Is NSD-1015 an inhibitor of Aromatic L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase? | DOPA was measured in the anterior pituitary and hypothalamic-hypophysial portal blood after treatment with NSD-1015, a DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor. |
Site-specific characterisation of mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is an analytical challenge due to glycan heterogeneity, lack of glycosylation site consensus sequence and high density of occupied glycosylation sites. Here, we report the use of electron transfer dissociation (ETD) for the site-specific characterisati... | List fish anti-freeze proteins. | the anti-freeze glycoprotein of Antarctic and Arctic notothenoids, |
The polycythemic strain of the spleen focus-forming virus (SFFVp) contains the most potent murine retroviral enhancer configuration known so far for gene expression in myeloerythroid hematopoietic cells. In the present study, we mapped two crucial elements responsible for the high activity of the SFFVp enhancer to an a... | Which is the binding site motif of Sp1? | upstream control region (UCR) containing a GC-rich motif (5'-GGGCGGG-3') and to a unique enhancer core (5'-TGCGGTC-3') |
Nuclear DNA is tightly packed into nucleosomal structure. In contrast, human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) had long been believed to be rather naked because mitochondria lack histone. Mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), a member of a high mobility group (HMG) protein family and a first-identified mitochondrial tra... | What is a mitochondrial nucleoid? | human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) had long been believed to be rather naked because mitochondria lack histone |
Thyroid hormones are important regulators of energy metabolism and may influence energy processes during physical exercise. There are controversial results concerning thyroid hormone metabolism during strenuous exercise in adult athletes and only scant data concerning the impact of strenuous exercise on thyroid hormone... | Does strenuous physical activity affect thyroid hormone metabolism? | There are controversial results concerning thyroid hormone metabolism during strenuous exercise in adult athletes and only scant data concerning the impact of strenuous exercise on thyroid hormone metabolism in children and adolescents. |
Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains the major route of infection worldwide; thus, there is an urgent need for additional prevention strategies, particularly strategies that could be controlled by women, such as topical microbicides. Potential microbicide candidates must be both safe ... | Which infection can be prevented with Dapivirine? | Dapivirine demonstrated potent dose-dependent inhibitory effects against a broad panel of HIV type 1 isolates from different clades. |
Andexanet alfa is a specific reversal agent for Factor Xa inhibitors. The molecule is a recombinant protein analog of factor Xa that binds to Factor Xa inhibitors and antithrombin:LMWH complex but does not trigger prothrombotic activity. In ex vivo, animal, and volunteer human studies, andexanet alfa (AnXa) was able to... | Andexanet Alfa is an antidote of which clotting factor inhibitors? | In ex vivo, animal, and volunteer human studies, andexanet alfa (AnXa) was able to dose-dependently reverse Factor Xa inhibition and restore thrombin generation for the duration of drug administration. |
Nuclear organization of genomic DNA affects processes of DNA damage and repair, yet its effects on mutational landscapes in cancer genomes remain unclear. Here we analyzed genome-wide somatic mutations from 366 samples of six cancer types. We found that lamina-associated regions, which are typically localized at the nu... | Are somatic mutations positioned towards the nuclear periphery? | We found that lamina-associated regions, which are typically localized at the nuclear periphery, displayed higher somatic mutation frequencies than did the interlamina regions at the nuclear core. |
The PLA2G6 gene encodes a group VIA calcium-independent phospholipase A2 beta enzyme that selectively hydrolyses glycerophospholipids to release free fatty acids. Mutations in PLA2G6 have been associated with disorders such as infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy, neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation type II and K... | Which gene is mutated in the Karak syndrome? | Mutations in PLA2G6 have been associated with disorders such as infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy, neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation type II and Karak syndrome. |
Mutations in the DKC1 gene are responsible for causing X-linked recessive dyskeratosis congenita (DKC) and a more severe allelic variant of the disease, Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome. Both diseases are characterized by progressive and fatal bone marrow failure. The nucleolar protein dyskerin is the pseudouridine syntha... | Which are the genes responsible for Dyskeratosis Congenita? | Mutations in the DKC1 gene are responsible for causing X-linked recessive dyskeratosis congenita (DKC) and a more severe allelic variant of the disease, Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome |
The use of simvastatin as prophylaxis against delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal SAH is a safe and well-tolerated intervention. Its use attenuates serum markers associated with brain injury and decreases the incidence of radiographic vasospasm and delayed ischemic deficit. | Is statin use associated with improved outcomes after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage? | The use of simvastatin as prophylaxis against delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal SAH is a safe and well-tolerated intervention. Its use attenuates serum markers associated with brain injury and decreases the incidence of radiographic vasospasm and delayed ischemic deficit. |
Guanine quadruplexes (G4s) are non-canonical nucleic acid structures commonly found in regulatory genomic regions. G4 targeting has emerged as a therapeutic approach in cancer. We have screened naphthalene-diimides (NDIs), a class of G4 ligands, in a cellular model of colorectal cancer (CRC). Here, we identify the lead... | What are the functions of DNA and RNA G-quadruplexes? | Guanine quadruplexes (G4s) are non-canonical nucleic acid structures commonly found in regulatory genomic regions. |
GV1001 is a telomerase-specific, promiscuous class II peptide vaccine which is currently in an advanced stage of clinical development. This article reviews the biological rationale underpinning the design of ongoing studies with the vaccine as well as its immunogenicity and clinical activity. It places GV1001 in the co... | GV1001 vaccine targets which enzyme? | It places GV1001 in the context of other immunotherapeutic approaches targeting telomerase and assesses the chances of the vaccine becoming a future standard of care in the treatment of cancer. |
The inotropic effect of the physiological level of TRH on isolated guinea pig cardiac muscle was studied using a force transducer and standard microelectrode techniques. TRH increased the contractile force of muscles dose-dependently without changing the time course of contraction in normal Tyrode and a high K+ (27 mM)... | What is the effect of TRH on myocardial contractility? | TRH potentiated the response of contractile force to increasing extracellular Ca2+ concentration. |
Childhood malignant gliomas are rare, but their clinical behavior is almost as aggressive as in adults, with resistance to therapy, rapid progression, and not uncommonly, dissemination. Our study protocol incorporated sequential chemotherapy and high-dose thiotepa in the preradiant phase, followed by focal radiotherapy... | Is Turcot syndrome associated with glioblastoma? | Of the 21 patients, 12 have died (10 after relapse, with a median time to progression for the whole series of 14 months; one with intratumoral bleeding at 40 months after diagnosis; and one affected by Turcot syndrome for duodenal cancer relapse). |
Therapeutic antibodies targeting the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) pathway function as immune checkpoint inhibitors, allowing the immune system to recognize tumors which otherwise escape immune surveillance. However, these agents can also elicit an autoimmune response by inhibiting the ability of non-neoplasti... | Is Nivolumab (Opdivo) a PD-L1 inhibitor? | PD-1 inhibitor nivolumab (Opdivo) |
After having described in detail the pathophysiology, symptomatology, X-chromosomal inheritance and some laboratory methods in detecting G-6-PD-deficiency by demonstrating a case of favism (Schulz et al. 1977), the authors now discuss the particularities of the enzyme deficiency in the newborn. These are complicated by... | Has Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency an X-linked inheritance? | After having described in detail the pathophysiology, symptomatology, X-chromosomal inheritance and some laboratory methods in detecting G-6-PD-deficiency by demonstrating a case of favism (Schulz et al. 1977), the authors now discuss the particularities of the enzyme deficiency in the newborn. |
A series of novel treatments have shown encouraging results in STS in recent years. The most important is the combination of the standard cytotoxic agent doxorubicin plus the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) inhibitor olaratumab, although definitive results from a phase III trial are expected. Immunother... | Which molecule is targeted by Olaratumab? | The most important is the combination of the standard cytotoxic agent doxorubicin plus the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) inhibitor olaratumab, although definitive results from a phase III trial are expected. |
The association between connective tissue disease (CTD) and malignancy has been an area of debate. Whether this relation is casual or causal, it would seem that the importance of their possible relationship is twofold. The purpose of this study is to describe the clinical features of lung cancer associated with several... | What are the 4 histological types of lung cancer? | ogical types of lung cancer were as follows, bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma (39 cases), adenocarcinoma (36), squamous cell carcinoma (28), small cell lung cancer (27), large cell carcinoma (6), others (8), and unknown (10). There was a relat |
Histone H3 lysine 4 (K4) methylation is a prevalent mark associated with transcription activation and is mainly catalyzed by the MLL/SET1 family histone methyltransferases. A common feature of the mammalian MLL/SET1 complexes is the presence of three core components (RbBP5, Ash2L and WDR5) and a catalytic subunit conta... | Which is the histone residue methylated by MLL1? | istone H3 lysine 4 (K4) methylation is a prevalent mark associated with transcription activation and is mainly catalyzed by the MLL/SET1 family histone methyltransferase |
A 46-year-old female motorcyclist, who suffered injuries to the brain stem in a traffic accident, showed hypotensive and bradycardiac responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) given to counter consciousness disturbance. The cardiodepressive responses to TRH were reduced with i.v. pretreatment with atropine sulfa... | What is the role of Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone in the treatment of comatose patients? | A 46-year-old female motorcyclist, who suffered injuries to the brain stem in a traffic accident, showed hypotensive and bradycardiac responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) given to counter consciousness disturbance. |
It has been reported that ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 9 (Ubc9), the unique enzyme2 in the sumoylation pathway, is up-regulated in many cancers. However, the expression and regulation of UBC9 in glioma remains unknown. In this study, we found that Ubc9 was up-regulated in glioma tissues and cell lines compared to a nor... | What is the role of the UBC9 enzyme in the protein sumoylation pathway? | It has been reported that ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 9 (Ubc9), the unique enzyme2 in the sumoylation pathway, is up-regulated in many cancers |
CD99 is a 32-kDa transmembrane glycoprotein that is encoded by the MIC2 gene. Our study was carried out to examine the role of CD99 in tumor progression of classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). Here, we showed that lowly expressed CD99 protein in cHL cell lines and primary cHL cases correlates with the deficient expression... | Is CD99 encoded by MIC2 gene? | CD99 is a 32-kDa transmembrane glycoprotein that is encoded by the MIC2 gene. |
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease. The majority of cases are sporadic (sALS), while the most common inherited form is due to C9orf72 mutation (C9ALS). A high burden of inclusion pathology is seen in glia (including oligodendrocytes) in ALS, especially in C9ALS. Myelin basic protein (MBP... | Is ALS a heritable disease? | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease. The majority of cases are sporadic (sALS), while the most common inherited form is due to C9orf72 mutation (C9ALS). |
The results indicate that lncRNA-CIR contributes to ECM degradation and plays a key role in the pathogenesis of OA. We propose that lncRNA-CIR could be used as a potential target in OA therapy. | What is the function of lncRNA? | The results indicate that lncRNA-CIR contributes to ECM degradation and plays a key role in the pathogenesis of OA. We propose that lncRNA-CIR could be used as a potential target in OA therapy. |
The frequency of germline pathogenic PTEN mutations in an unselected series of patients with DTC is relatively low, but it is enriched by considering follicular histology and macrocephaly. These results suggest that by adding head circumference to the clinical assessment, thyroid cancer specialists can more effectively... | Is PTEN involved in follicular thyroid carcinoma? | The frequency of germline pathogenic PTEN mutations in an unselected series of patients with DTC is relatively low, but it is enriched by considering follicular histology and macrocephaly |
Cot/tpl2 (also known as MAP3K8) has emerged as a new and potentially interesting therapeutic anti-inflammatory target. Here, we report the first study of Cot/tpl2 involvement in acute peripheral inflammation in vivo. Six hours after an intraplantar injection of zymosan, Cot/tpl2(-/-) mice showed a 47% reduction in myel... | The formation of which inflammatory molecule is regulated by MAP3K8 (TPL2)? | At this time, Cot/tpl2(-/-) mice showed significantly reduced NGF, TNFα, and prostaglandin E(2) levels compared with WT littermates. |
Mutations of SLC40A1 encoding ferroportin (Fpn), the unique cellular iron exporter, severely affect iron homeostasis causing type 4 hereditary hemochromatosis, an autosomal dominant iron overload condition with variable phenotypic manifestations. This disease can be classified as type 4A, better known as "ferroportin d... | Is Hemochromatosis type 4 is caused by a mutation in a recessive gene? | severely affect iron homeostasis causing type 4 hereditary hemochromatosis, an autosomal dominant iron overload condition with variable phenotypic manifestations |
Large research consortia such as the Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC), The Cancer Genome Atlas and International Cancer Genomics Consortium are systematically interrogating large sets of tumor samples through integrated analysis of genome-wide DNA copy number and promoter methylat... | What is the aim of the METABRIC project? | Large research consortia such as the Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC), The Cancer Genome Atlas and International Cancer Genomics Consortium are systematically interrogating large sets of tumor samples through integrated analysis of genome-wide DNA copy number and promoter methylat... |
For the human population to maintain a constant size from generation to generation, an increase in fertility must compensate for the reduction in the mean fitness of the population caused, among others, by deleterious mutations. The required increase in fertility due to this mutational load depends on the number of sit... | Is there an upper limit on the functional fraction of the human genome? | Mutational load considerations lead to the conclusion that the functional fraction within the human genome cannot exceed 25%, and is probably considerably lower. |
HIV-1 Vpr-binding protein (VprBP) has been implicated in the regulation of both DNA replication and cell cycle progression, but its precise role remains unclear. Here we report that VprBP regulates the p53-induced transcription and apoptotic pathway. VprBP is recruited to p53-responsive promoters and suppresses p53 tra... | How histone deacetylation causes transcriptional gene silencing? | Promoter-localized deacetylation of H3 tails is a prerequisite for VprBP to tether and act as a bona fide inhibitor at p53 target genes. |
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a multifactorial disease due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Identification of the genetic factors involved in the pathogenesis of RA should open up avenues for developing radical treatment strategies directed at the cause of the disease. The Association de Recherche ... | Is the PTPN22 gene a biomarker for Rheumatoid Arthritis? | Association studies support a role for several genes, including TNFR2, PADI4, SLC22A4, RUNX1, and PTPN22 |
The Barr body is the inactive X chromosome in a female somatic cell. It is readily identified as plano-convex structure of 2-3 micron in diameter on the periphery of the nuclear membrane. The aim of this study is to evaluate the significance of Barr body count in malignant ovarian tumors on fine needle aspiration cytol... | What is the Barr body? | The Barr body is the inactive X chromosome in a female somatic cell |
Candidate gene-based studies have identified a handful of aberrant CpG DNA methylation events in prostate cancer. However, DNA methylation profiles have not been compared on a large scale between prostate tumor and normal prostate, and the mechanisms behind these alterations are unknown. In this study, we quantitativel... | Could DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferases serve as tumour markers? | To identify the mechanisms responsible for these genome-wide DNA methylation alterations, we measured the gene expression levels of several DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and their interacting proteins by TaqMan qPCR and observed increased expression of DNMT3A2, DNMT3B, and EZH2 in tumors. |
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is critical for embryonic development. In adult tissues, Hh signaling is relatively quiescent with the exception of roles in tissue maintenance and repair. Aberrant activation of Hh signaling is implicated in multiple aspects of transformation, including the maintenance of the cancer... | Is sonidegib effective for basal cell carcinoma? | However, to date, Hh inhibitors, specifically those targeting Smoothened [such as vismodegib, BMS-833923, saridegib (IPI-926), sonidegib/erismodegib (LDE225), PF-04449913, LY2940680, LEQ 506, and TAK-441], have demonstrated good efficacy as monotherapy in patients with basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma, but have... |
FtsZ is a widely distributed major cytoskeletal protein involved in the archaea and bacteria cell division. It is the most critical component in the division machinery and similar to tubulin in structure and function. Four major roles of FtsZ have been characterized: cell elongation, GTPase, cell division, and bacteria... | List functional roles of the FtsZ protein. | Four major roles of FtsZ have been characterized: cell elongation, GTPase, cell division, and bacterial cytoskeleton. |
We present a rare case of bilateral crocodile tears syndrome (CTS) in the course of Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome. Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome is characterised by a triad of recurrent orofacial swelling, relapsing facial paralysis, and fissured tongue. The classic triad is infrequent and oligosymptomatic variants are... | List the classical triad of symptoms of the Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome. | Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome is characterised by a triad of recurrent orofacial swelling, relapsing facial paralysis, and fissured tongue. |
Animal experiments suggest that opiate peptides might play a role in extrapyramidal function. This hypothesis was tested by administering the opiate antagonist, naltrexone, in doses sufficient to antagonize exogenous opiates, to patients with parkinsonism and Huntington's disease. No improvement in the clinical feature... | What is the clinical value of naltrexone in Parkinson's disease patients? | No improvement in the clinical features of either disorder was noted |
We evaluated the quantity and quality of scientific publications linked with water treatments using the Web of Science (WoS) database. The WoS was searching by using the following terms "hydrotherapy," "balneotherapy," "spa therapy," "spa treatment," "creno-balneotherapy," "water treatments," and "aqua therapy," on Feb... | Is medical hydrology the same as Spa therapy? | hydrotherapy," "balneotherapy," "spa therapy," "spa treatment," "creno-balneotherapy," "water treatments," and "aqua therapy," o |
A chemical screen designed to identify novel inducers of autophagy led to the discovery that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) inhibitors can potently stimulate the autophagic flux. Although STAT3 is best known as a pro-inflammatory and oncogenic transcription factor, mechanistic analyses revea... | Is STAT3 involved in EIF2AK2-dependent suppression of autophagy? | Indeed, pharmacological or genetic inhibition of STAT3 stimulates EIF2AK2-dependent EIF2S1 phosphorylation and autophagy. Conversely, the overexpression of wild-type STAT3 as well as of STAT3 mutants that cannot be phosphorylated by JAK2 or are excluded from the nucleus inhibits autophagy. |
Although cancers have altered glucose metabolism, termed the Warburg effect, which describes the increased uptake and conversion of glucose to lactate by cancer cells under adequate oxygen tension, changes in the metabolism of glutamine and fatty acid have also been documented. The MYC oncogene, which contributes to th... | Which are the major transcription factors regulating glycolysis in mammals? | c-Myc regulates genes involved in the biogenesis of ribosomes and mitochondria, and regulation of glucose and glutamine metabolism |
Although intravesical instillation of Bacille-Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy was approved many decades ago as a first line therapy for intermediate to high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, its long-term efficacy is still arguable as a proportion of up to 30-40% of patients will develop recurrence or progre... | What disease does BCG immunotherapy used to treat? | Although intravesical instillation of Bacille-Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy was approved many decades ago as a first line therapy for intermediate to high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, its long-term efficacy is still arguable as a proportion of up to 30-40% of patients will develop recurrence or progre... |
The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are a superfamily of membrane proteins that are best known for their ability to transport a wide variety of exogenous and endogenous substances across membranes against a concentration gradient via ATP hydrolysis. There are seven subfamilies of human ABC transporters, one of ... | What does the human ABCC gene product do? | The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are a superfamily of membrane proteins that are best known for their ability to transport a wide variety of exogenous and endogenous substances across membranes against a concentration gradient via ATP hydrolysis. There are seven subfamilies of human ABC transporters, one of ... |
Plasmodium falciparum is the main causative agent of tropical malaria, the most severe parasitic disease in the world. Growing resistance of Plasmodia towards available drugs is an increasing problem in countries where malaria is endemic. As Plasmodia are sensitive to oxidative stress, augmenting this in the parasite r... | Which is the causative agent of malaria? | Plasmodium falciparum is the main causative agent of tropical malaria, the most severe parasitic disease in the world. Growing resistance of Plasmodia towards available drugs is an increasing problem in countries where malaria is endemic. |
Pendred syndrome (PS) is an autosomal recessive disease that is characterized by congenital sensorineural hearing loss, goiter, and a partial iodine organification defect. In this study, we characterized the thyroid status and identified mutations in the SLC26A4 gene in Chinese subjects with PS. We evaluated 7 unrelate... | Which hormone abnormalities are characteristic to Pendred syndrome? | Levels of thyroid hormones were essentially normal in all patients: 2 patients had goiters and/or elevated serum thyroglobulin levels, whereas 2 other patients had positive thyroid antibodies and a positive perchlorate discharge test. |
We describe a 3 year old girl with the typical clinical features of the X linked recessive condition, Hunter's disease. The diagnosis was confirmed by the pattern of urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans and the absence of iduronate sulphatase activity in her fibroblasts. She also had an apparently balanced reciproca... | Is Hunter's disease is associated with the X Chromosome? | We describe a 3 year old girl with the typical clinical features of the X linked recessive condition, Hunter's disease |
Botulism is a severe neuroparalytic disease that affects humans, all warm-blooded animals, and some fishes. The disease is caused by exposure to toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum and other botulinum toxin-producing clostridia. Botulism in animals represents a severe environmental and economic concern because of ... | Which is the most known bacterium responsible for botulism (sausage-poisoning)? | Botulism is a severe neuroparalytic disease that affects humans, all warm-blooded animals, and some fishes. The disease is caused by exposure to toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum and other botulinum toxin-producing clostridia. |
The interpretation of non-coding variants still constitutes a major challenge in the application of whole-genome sequencing in Mendelian disease, especially for single-nucleotide and other small non-coding variants. Here we present Genomiser, an analysis framework that is able not only to score the relevance of variati... | Which method is available for whole genome identification of pathogenic regulatory variants in mendelian disease? | Genomiser scores variants through either existing methods such as CADD or a bespoke machine learning method and combines these with allele frequency, regulatory sequences, chromosomal topological domains, and phenotypic relevance to discover variants associated to specific Mendelian disorders. |
The development of novel bioactive biomaterials is urgently needed to meet the needs of an aging population. Both sulfated hyaluronic acid and dexamethasone are candidates for the functionalization of bone grafts, as they have been shown to enhance the differentiation of osteoblasts from bone marrow stromal cells in vi... | What is the mode of action of dexamethasone? | Dexamethasone activates signalling pathways involved in the differentiation of osteoblasts, for example, CXC-motif chemokine receptor type 4 and mitogen-activated protein kinases. |
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA2a) transports Ca2+ into the SR, decreasing the cytosolic Ca2+ during relaxation and increasing the SR Ca2+ available for contraction. SERCA2a activity is regulated by phosphorylation of another SR protein: Phospholamban (PLN). Dephosphorylated PLN inhibits SERCA2a. Phospho... | Which is the main regulatory molecule of SERCA2A function in the cardiac muscle? | SERCA2a activity is regulated by phosphorylation of another SR protein: Phospholamban (PLN). Dephosphorylated PLN inhibits SERCA2a. Phosphorylation of PLN by either cAMP or cGMP-dependent protein kinase at Ser16 or the Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMKII), at Thr17, relieves this inhibition, increasing SR ... |
Protein complexes composed of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases control the orderly progression of mammalian cells through the cell cycle. The p27(Kip1) protein belongs to a family of cyclin-dependent kinase-inhibitory proteins that are negative regulators of cell cycle progression and have been proposed as candidat... | What are negative cell-cycle regulators that can cause cancer when mutated called? | The p27(Kip1) protein belongs to a family of cyclin-dependent kinase-inhibitory proteins that are negative regulators of cell cycle progression and have been proposed as candidate tumor suppressor genes. |
Psychological, sociodemographic, and disease-related factors were all found to be related to work status. These factors should be taken into account when considering early treatment and management. Depression, in particular, appears to be associated with employment, absenteeism, and presenteeism, and should therefore b... | Is there an association between presenteeism and depression? | Depression, in particular, appears to be associated with employment, absenteeism, and presenteeism, and should therefore be prioritized in clinical practice. |
COVID-19 is a pandemic viral disease with catastrophic global impact. This disease is more contagious than influenza such that cluster outbreaks occur frequently. If patients with symptoms quickly underwent testing and contact tracing, these outbreaks could be contained. Unfortunately, COVID-19 patients have symptoms s... | Is there a way to distinguish COVID-19 clinically from other respiratory illnesses, particularly influenza? | Here, we hypothesize the order of symptom occurrence could help patients and medical professionals more quickly distinguish COVID-19 from other respiratory diseases, yet such essential information is largely unavailable |
Development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa) are associated with chronic inflammation. The cytokine interleukin 6 (IL6) can influence progression, differentiation, survival, and angiogenesis of PCa. To identify novel pathways that are triggered by IL6, we performed a gene expression profiling of two PCa cell li... | Which interleukin is blocked by Siltuximab? | The IL6 regulation of IRF9 was confirmed at mRNA and protein levels by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot respectively in both cell lines and could be blocked by the anti-IL6 antibody Siltuximab. |
Topaz1 (Testis and Ovary-specific PAZ domain gene 1) is a germ cell specific gene highly conserved in vertebrates. The putative protein TOPAZ1 contains a PAZ domain, specifically found in PIWI, Argonaute and Zwille proteins. Consequently, Topaz1 is supposed to have a role during gametogenesis and may be involved in the... | What is TOPAZ1? | Topaz1 (Testis and Ovary-specific PAZ domain gene 1) is a germ cell specific gene highly conserved in vertebrates |
gamma-Secretase is critically involved in the Notch pathway and in Alzheimer's disease. The four subunits of gamma-secretase assemble in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and unassembled subunits are retained/retrieved to the ER by specific signals. We here describe a novel ER-retention/retrieval signal in the transmembra... | What is the role of gamma-secreatase complex in Alzheimer's Disease? | gamma-Secretase is critically involved in the Notch pathway and in Alzheimer's disease. |
Nemaline myopathy is a congenital neuromuscular disorder characterized by muscle weakness and the presence of nemaline rods. Five genes have now been associated with nemaline myopathy: alpha-tropomyosin-3 (TPM3), alpha-actin (ACTA1), nebulin (NEB), beta-tropomysin (TPM2) and troponin T (TNNT1). In addition, mutations i... | Are ACTA1 (alpha actin) and NEB (nebulin) genes related to nemaline myopathy? | Five genes have now been associated with nemaline myopathy: alpha-tropomyosin-3 (TPM3), alpha-actin (ACTA1), nebulin (NEB), beta-tropomysin (TPM2) and troponin T (TNNT1) |
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness. Adenine nucleotide translocator 1 (ANT1), the only 4q35 gene involved in mitochondrial function, is strongly expressed in FSHD skeletal muscle biopsies. However, its role in FSHD is unclear. In ... | Which are some symptoms of FSHD? | phy (FSHD) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness. Adenine nucleotide translocator 1 (ANT1), the only 4q35 gen |
Oxidative stress is associated with mitochondrial impairments. Supplying mitochondria with potent antioxidants can reduce oxidative stress—induced mitochondrial impairment. Gallic acid can be used to reduce oxidative burden in mitochondria. In order to increase the bioavailability of gallic acid inside the mitochondria... | List inhibtors targeting the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. | Pre—treatment of gallic acid and mitochondrially targeted gallic acid to sodium nitroprusside treated mitochondria not only significantly reduced the oxidative stress but also prevented mitochondrial permeability pore transition to a significant difference. Mitochondrially targeted gallic acid was found more effective ... |
Ohdo syndrome comprises a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by intellectual disability (ID) and typical facial features, including blepharophimosis. Clinically, these blepharophimosis-ID syndromes have been classified in five distinct subgroups, including the Maat-Kievit-Brunner (MKB) type, which, in contr... | What is the genetic basis of Ohdo syndrome? | In the two families, MED12 missense mutations (c.3443G>A [p.Arg1148His] or c.3493T>C [p.Ser1165Pro]) segregating with the phenotype were identified. Upon subsequent analysis of an additional cohort of nine simplex male individuals with Ohdo syndrome, one additional de novo missense change (c.5185C>A [p.His1729Asn]) in ... |
Learning that certain actions lead to risky rewards is critical for biological, social, and economic survival, but the precise neural mechanisms of such reward-guided learning remain unclear. Here, we show that the human nucleus accumbens plays a key role in learning about risks by representing reward value. We recorde... | Which brain structures have been investigated as potential targets for deep brain stimulation of patients suffering from major depression? | We recorded electrophysiological activity directly from the nucleus accumbens of five patients undergoing deep brain stimulation for treatment of refractory major depression. |
Two identical sister copies of eukaryotic chromosomes are synthesized during S phase. To facilitate their recognition as pairs for segregation in mitosis, sister chromatids are held together from their synthesis onward by the chromosomal cohesin complex. Replication fork progression is thought to be coupled to establis... | Is there any link between CTF4 and CTF18 during sister chromatid cohesion? | Here we show that three proteins required for sister chromatid cohesion, Eco1, Ctf4, and Ctf18, are found at, and Ctf4 travels along chromosomes with, replication forks. The ring-shaped cohesin complex is loaded onto chromosomes before S phase in an ATP hydrolysis-dependent reaction. Cohesion establishment during DNA r... |
Recent progress has been made on the role of oncoproteins c-Ski and related SnoN in the control of cellular transformation. c-Ski/SnoN potently repress transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) antiproliferative signaling through physical interaction with signal transducers called Smads. Overexpression of c-Ski/SnoN a... | Is sumoylation implicated in myogenesis? | Notably, loss of sumoylation in the Lys-50 site (via a Lys-to-Arg point mutation) potently activates muscle-specific gene expression and enhances myotube formation. Our study suggests a novel role for SUMO modification in the regulation of myogenic differentiation. |
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