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Riboswitches are gene control elements typically located in the 5' untranslated regions of bacterial mRNAs where they modulate the expression of associated genes in response to elevated concentrations of cellular metabolites. Metabolite binding stabilizes the evolutionarily conserved receptor domains and affects the fo... | What process involves metabolite-sensing mRNAs to control gene expression? | Riboswitches are gene control elements typically located in the 5' untranslated regions of bacterial mRNAs where they modulate the expression of associated genes in response to elevated concentrations of cellular metabolites. |
Honey bees provision glandular secretions in the form of royal jelly as larval nourishment to developing queens. Exposure to chemicals and nutritional conditions can influence queen development and thus impact colony fitness. Previous research reports that royal jelly remains pesticide-free during colony-level exposure... | Does the royal jelly contain proteins? | We observed differences in the metabolome, proteome, and phytosterol compositions of royal jelly synthesized by nurse bees from multi-pesticide exposed colonies, including significant reductions of key nutrients such as 24-methylenecholesterol, major royal jelly proteins, and 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid. |
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are long, non-coding RNAs that result from the non-canonical splicing of linear pre-mRNAs. However, the characteristics and the critical role of circRNA in co-/post-transcriptional regulation were not well recognized until the "microRNA sponge" function of circRNA is discovered. Recent studies ... | What is the biological function of the SRY circular RNA (circRNA)? | Recent studies have mainly been devoted to the function of the circular RNA sponge for miR-7 (ciRS-7) and sex-determining region Y (SRY) by targeting microRNA-7 (miR-7) and microRNA-138 (miR-138), respectively. |
Thyromimetic agents that can treat dyslipidemia without adverse effects like cardiac arrhythmias and osteoporosis are attractive options. Initial experience with desssicated thyroid hormone extract and DT4 were disappointing. Thyroid hormone has nuclear action with four receptor isoforms- TR α1, TRα2, TRβ1, TRβ2. TR α1... | What is the mechanism of action of eprotirome? | Eprotirome and Sobetirome are 2 thyromimetics that have selective TRβ1 activity. |
We report the use of the U1 snRNA as a vector for the stable expression of antisense molecules against the splice junctions of specific dystrophin exons. The single-stranded 5' terminus of U1 can be replaced by unrelated sequences as long as 50 nucleotides without affecting both the stability and the ability to assembl... | How could U1 small nuclear RNA be used in therapeutics? | We report the use of the U1 snRNA as a vector for the stable expression of antisense molecules against the splice junctions of specific dystrophin exons |
We study, using simulated experiments inspired by thin-film magnetic domain patterns, the feasibility of phase retrieval in x-ray diffractive imaging in the presence of intrinsic charge scattering given only photon-shot-noise limited diffraction data. We detail a reconstruction algorithm to recover the sample's magneti... | Where is X-ray free electron laser used? | This work is directly relevant to the time-resolved imaging of magnetic dynamics using coherent and ultrafast radiation from x-ray free-electron lasers and also to broader classes of diffractive imaging experiments which suffer noisy data, missing data, or both. |
The cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19*2 loss-of-function allele has been associated with impaired clopidogrel response and worse prognosis in clopidogrel-treated patients. The benefit of tailored therapy according to platelet function test results remains unclear, and the potential effect of genotypes on this benefit has not ... | What gene test is recommended for clopidogrel? | The cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19*2 loss-of-function allele has been associated with impaired clopidogrel response and worse prognosis in clopidogrel-treated patients. |
The cell division control protein (Cdc2) kinase is a catalytic subunit of a protein kinase complex, called the M phase promoting factor, which induces entry into mitosis and is universal among eukaryotes. This protein is believed to play a major role in cell division and control. The lives of biological cells are contr... | Which are the available biomedical text mining tools for the detection of protein-protein interactions? | The developed BioMap system allows discovering implicit P-P interactions from large quantity of biomedical literature data. |
Immunocompromised adults can have prolonged acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) positive RT-PCR results, long after the initial diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aimed to determine if SARS-CoV-2 virus can be recovered in viral cell culture from immunocompromised adults with ... | What is the significance of a persistently positive RT-PCR for weeks after illness? | Immunocompromised adults can have prolonged acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) positive RT-PCR results, long after the initial diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aimed to determine if SARS-CoV-2 virus can be recovered in viral cell culture from immunocompromised adults with ... |
Mowat-Wilson syndrome (MWS; OMIM #235730) is a genetic condition caused by heterozygous mutations or deletions of the ZEB2 gene, and characterized by typical face, moderate-to-severe mental retardation, epilepsy, Hirschsprung disease, and multiple congenital anomalies, including genital anomalies (particularly hypospad... | Have mutations in the ZEB2 gene been found in any human syndrome? | owat-Wilson syndrome (MWS; OMIM #235730) is a genetic condition caused by heterozygous mutations or deletions of the ZEB2 gene |
The change in the colour of urine is a known occurrence in an intensive care setting and is always a cause of concern to the clinicians who have to differentiate between benign and pathological causes. Herein, we present a case of 62-year-old postoperative lady, noticed to be passing green coloured urine believed to be... | Can propofol cause green urine? | green colour of urine due to Propofol occurs when clearance of Propofol exceeds hepatic elimination, and extrahepatic elimination of Propofol occurs. Thi |
Activation of the superoxide-producing NADPH oxidase Nox1 requires both the organizer protein Noxo1 and the activator protein Noxa1. Here we describe an alternative splicing form of Noxo1, Noxo1gamma, which is expressed in the testis and fetal brain. The Noxo1gamma protein contains an additional five amino acids in the... | Which NADPH oxidase family member requires interaction with NOXO1 for function? | Activation of the superoxide-producing NADPH oxidase Nox1 requires both the organizer protein Noxo1 and the activator protein Noxa1. |
Angiotensin convertase inhibitor (Enalapril) was used in 51 children aged 4 days up to 18 years (mean 4.3 +/- 5.5, years). As many as 27 subjects were newborns (4) and infants (23). The patients suffered from circulatory insufficiency due to congestive cardiomyopathy (13 cases). 6 treated subjects suffered from circula... | In what proportion of children with heart failure has Enalapril been shown to be safe and effective? | 4 patients (8%) died during treatment but their deaths can not be related to angiotensin convertase inhibitor therapy. In the other children (82%) the beneficial influence of angiotensin convertase inhibitor use was found (improvement in comparison with the state before convertase inhibitor introduction). In 10% of sub... |
All mammalian cells express 3 closely related Ras proteins, termed H-Ras, K-Ras, and N-Ras, that promote oncogenesis when they are mutationally activated at codon 12, 13, or 61. Although there is a high degree of similarity among the isoforms, K-Ras mutations are far more frequently observed in cancer, and each isoform... | Which are the different members/isoforms of the Ras oncogenes? | All mammalian cells express 3 closely related Ras proteins, termed H-Ras, K-Ras, and N-Ras |
Tourette syndrome (TS) is characterized by tics, sensorimotor gating deficiencies, and abnormalities of cortico-basal ganglia circuits. A mutation in histidine decarboxylase (Hdc), the key enzyme for the biosynthesis of histamine (HA), has been implicated as a rare genetic cause. Hdc knockout mice exhibited potentiated... | Which mutated genes are associated with the Tourette's syndrome? | A mutation in histidine decarboxylase (Hdc), the key enzyme for the biosynthesis of histamine (HA), has been implicated as a rare genetic cause. |
Silver staining is used to detect proteins after electrophoretic separation on polyacrylamide gels. It -combines excellent sensitivity (in the low nanogram range) with the use of very simple and cheap equipment and chemicals. For its use in proteomics, two important additional features must be considered, compatibility... | List protein gel staining methods visualizing the entire protein set. | Silver staining is used to detect proteins after electrophoretic separation on polyacrylamide gels |
Heterochromatin assembly in fission yeast depends on the Clr4 histone methyltransferase, which targets H3K9. We show that the histone deacetylase Sir2 is required for Clr4 activity at telomeres, but acts redundantly with Clr3 histone deacetylase to maintain centromeric heterochromatin. However, Sir2 is critical for Clr... | What is the function of yeast Clr4 on chromatin? | These analyses place Sir2 and H3K14 deacetylation upstream of Clr4 recruitment during heterochromatin assembly. |
An individual with normal male habitus, body proportions, and secondary sexual characteristics was admitted to the hospital with head trauma. A routine blood smear demonstrated that 36% of the granulocytes had "drumsticks". Chromosomal analysis revealed a 46,XYqh+ karyotype. the extremely large Y chromosome was located... | What is the relationship between the X chromosome and a neutrophil drumstick? | Fluorescent staining can distinguish between true drumsticks bearing the inactive X of normal females and the pseudo-drumsticks in a normal male produced by a large Y chromosome. |
Expressions of EphB4 and EphrinB2 proteins may be related to differentiation degree of tumor cells. | Do ephrins play a role in brain cancer? | Expressions of EphB4 and EphrinB2 proteins may be related to differentiation degree of tumor cells |
The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway is associated with the promotion of endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and survival necessary for angiogenesis. VEGF and its three receptor isoforms are often overexpressed in many human solid tumors. Tivozanib is a potent, selective inhibitor of VEGF recept... | Which receptor is inhibited by Tivozanib? | Tivozanib is a potent, selective inhibitor of VEGF receptors 1, 2, and 3, with a long half-life. |
Alpha interferon (IFN-α) controls homeostasis of hematopoietic stem cells, regulates antiviral resistance, inhibits angiogenesis, and suppresses tumor growth. This cytokine is often used to treat cancers and chronic viral infections. The extent of cellular responses to IFN-α is limited by the IFN-induced ubiquitination... | Which E3 ubiquitin ligase mediates the ubiquitination and degradation of the interferon receptor type 1 (IFNAR1)? | IFNAR1 ubiquitination is facilitated by the βTrcp E3 ubiquitin ligase that is recruited to IFNAR1 upon its degron phosphorylation, which is induced by the ligand. |
Isotretinoin is a potent retinoic acid used in the treatment of skin disorders. Though very effective, it is teratogenic if administered during pregnancy, and its teratogenic effect may be related to the normal activity of retinoids as signalling molecules in the embryo. Although its exact mechanism of action is unknow... | Is it safe to take isotretinoin during pregnancy? | The results suggest multiple effects of retinoids on growth, morphogenesis, and differentiation of early cardiac tissue, and are discussed in relation to the potential role of retinoids in early embryogenesis. |
Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is a common autosomal recessive disorder characterized by systemic iron overload with consequent tissue damage. The vast majority of HH patients are homozygous for the C282Y mutation in HFE, a non-classical MHC class-I gene located in chromosome 6, whose role in the regulation of systemi... | Which conditions is caused by mutations in HFE? | These results suggest that lymphocytes from HH patients may have an increased capacity to respond to DEB-induced chromosome breakage, and that this capacity is somehow related to the presence of the C282Y HFE mutation. |
In 1958, Kearns and Sayre described a multisystem entity, now known as Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS). The syndrome is defined as exhibiting a triad of thus far unexplained degenerative conditions: progressive external ophthalmoplegia, retinal pigmentary degeneration, and heart block. Commonly accompanying findings includ... | What is Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS)? | KSS is a mitochondrial disorder that occurs rarely; the actual incidence is unknown. |
Nodular-type DTS on MRI studies might be associated with non-Grade I tumors. The range of dural resection for convexity meningiomas should be 2.5 cm from the tumor base, and if this extent of resection is not feasible, the type of DTS should be considered. However, for skull base meningiomas, in which mostly Simpson Gr... | Simpson grading is used to describe resection of which brain tumor? | However, for skull base meningiomas, in which mostly Simpson Grade II resection is achieved, the use of this classification should be further validated. |
Imminent death donation (IDD) is described as living organ donation prior to a planned withdrawal of life-sustaining care in an imminently dying patient. Although IDD was ethically justified by United Network for Organ Sharing, the concept remains controversial due to presumed lack of public support. The aim of this st... | What is IDD in relation to organ transplantation? | Imminent death donation (IDD) is described as living organ donation prior to a planned withdrawal of life-sustaining care in an imminently dying patient |
Clofarabine (2-chloro-2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyarabinosyladenine, ClF) is a second-generation 2'-deoxyadenosine analogue that is structurally related to cladribine (2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine, 2CdA) and fludarabine (9-beta-d-arabinosyl-2-fluoroadenine, F-ara-A). It demonstrates potent antitumour activity at much lower doses t... | What genes are related to breast cancer? | Our previous studies in breast cancer cells indicate that 2CdA and F-ara-A are involved in epigenetic regulation of gene transcription |
Fanconi anaemia (FA) is a rare recessive disorder marked by developmental abnormalities, bone marrow failure, and a high risk for the development of leukaemia and solid tumours. The inactivation of FA genes, in particular FANCF, has also been documented in sporadic tumours in non-FA patients. To study whether there is ... | Is there a mouse model for Fanconi anemia? | Fancf-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts displayed a phenotype typical for FA cells: they showed an aberrant response to DNA cross-linking agents as manifested by G(2) arrest, chromosomal aberrations, reduced survival, and an inability to monoubiquitinate FANCD2 |
NADPH oxidases are the major sources of reactive oxygen species in cardiovascular, neural, and kidney cells. The NADPH oxidase 5 (NOX5) gene is present in humans but not rodents. Because Nox isoforms in renal proximal tubules (RPTs) are involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension, we tested the hypothesis that NOX5 is... | Is NADPH oxidase 5 expressed in rodents? | NADPH oxidases are the major sources of reactive oxygen species in cardiovascular, neural, and kidney cells. The NADPH oxidase 5 (NOX5) gene is present in humans but not rodents. |
Chromosomes are not packed randomly in the nucleus. The Rabl orientation is an example of the non-random arrangement of chromosomes, centromeres are grouped in a limited area near the nuclear periphery and telomeres are located apart from centromeres. This orientation is established during mitosis and maintained throug... | Where do centromeres locate according to the Rabl orientation of eukaryotic nuclei? | The Rabl orientation is an example of the non-random arrangement of chromosomes, centromeres are grouped in a limited area near the nuclear periphery and telomeres are located apart from centromeres. |
NF-κB transcription factors are pivotal players in controlling inflammatory and immune responses, as well as cell proliferation and apoptosis. Aberrant regulation of NF-κB and the signaling pathways that regulate its activity have been involved in various pathologies, particularly cancers, as well as inflammatory and a... | Which are the subunits of the IkB protein kinase (IKK)? | NF-κB activation is tightly regulated by the IκB kinase (IKK) complex, which is composed of two catalytic subunits IKKα and IKKβ, and a regulatory subunit IKKγ/NEMO. |
The interpretation of non-coding variants still constitutes a major challenge in the application of whole-genome sequencing in Mendelian disease, especially for single-nucleotide and other small non-coding variants. Here we present Genomiser, an analysis framework that is able not only to score the relevance of variati... | Which method is available for whole genome identification of pathogenic regulatory variants in mendelian disease? | Genomiser scores variants through either existing methods such as CADD or a bespoke machine learning method and combines these with allele frequency, regulatory sequences, chromosomal topological domains, and phenotypic relevance to discover variants associated to specific Mendelian disorders. |
Although Gaucher disease is a rare disorder, recent developments in novel means for therapeutic intervention have invigorated both academic research and pharmaceutical industry discovery programmes. The common mutations found in the lysosomal enzyme deficient in Gaucher disease, beta-glucocerebrosidase, earmark these p... | Which enzyme is deficient in Gaucher's disease? | The common mutations found in the lysosomal enzyme deficient in Gaucher disease, beta-glucocerebrosidase, earmark these proteins for destruction by the endoplasmic reticulum-localised protein folding machinery, resulting in enzyme insufficiency, lysosomal glycolipid storage and subsequent pathology |
Unintentional acupuncture needling of the thoracic spinal canal produced a spinal epidural hematoma and subarachnoid hemorrhage. This case demonstrates that patients are sometimes reluctant to disclose folk medical treatments to Western physicians, and the proper diagnosis may depend upon the prowess of the neuroradiol... | Can acupuncture cause spinal epidural hematoma? | Unintentional acupuncture needling of the thoracic spinal canal produced a spinal epidural hematoma and subarachnoid hemorrhage |
The transcription factor NF-kappaB is composed of homodimeric and heterodimeric complexes of Rel/NF-kappaB-family polypeptides, which include Rel-A, c-Rel, Rel-B, NF-kappaB/p50 and NF-kappaB2/p52 . The NF-kappaB1 gene encodes a larger precursor protein, p105, from which p50 is produced constitutively by proteasome-medi... | Which proteins are the different members of the NF-kappaB family of transcription factors? | The transcription factor NF-kappaB is composed of homodimeric and heterodimeric complexes of Rel/NF-kappaB-family polypeptides, which include Rel-A, c-Rel, Rel-B, NF-kappaB/p50 and NF-kappaB2/p52 . |
Early investigations into the immune surveillance of chemically-induced sarcomas led to two important concepts in tumour immunobiology: one, tumour rejection can be elicited by immune recognition of tumour antigens; and two, tumours express unique sets of antigens, which are known as tumour-specific antigens. The pione... | Are tumour specific antigens originating from known protein coding genes? | The pioneering studies of Srivastava and colleagues led to the proposal that heat-shock proteins (HSPs) function as ubiquitous tumour-specific antigens, with the specificity residing in a population of bound peptides that identify the tissue of origin of the HSP. |
The secretion of dopamine and serotonin is increased in cholangiocarcinoma, which has growth-promoting effects. Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), the degradation enzyme of serotonin and dopamine, is suppressed in cholangiocarcinoma via an unknown mechanism. The aims of this study were to (i) correlate MAOA immunoreactivity w... | Is the gene MAOA epigenetically modified by methylation? | The MAOA promoter was hypermethylated immediately upstream of the start codon in cholangiocarcinoma samples and cell lines but not in nonmalignant counterparts. |
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is an antimetabolite that acts during the S phase of the cell cycle. The active metabolite, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), thus preventing DNA synthesis, which leads to imbalanced cell growth and ultimately cell death. 5-FU and its oral prodrug capecitabine ... | Which drugs are included in the IROX regimen for colorectal cancer? | isease on IROX (irinotecan/oxaliplatin) and irinotecan/cetuximab regimens. He was started on gemcitabine/ca |
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) is a poxvirus that causes tumor-like skin lesions. New evidence indicates that plasmacytoid dendritic cells, type I interferon production, and interferon-induced dendritic cells have prominent roles in anti-MCV responses, and these features characterize the inflammatory response in les... | Which virus type causes Molluscum contagiosum? | Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) is a poxvirus that causes tumor-like skin lesions |
This study reports a microfluidic-based optical sensing device for label-free detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), a rare cell species in blood circulation. Based on the metabolic features of cancer cells, live CTCs can be quantified indirectly through their lactic acid production. Compared with the conventiona... | How rare are CTCs (circulating tumour cells) in the plasma of patients? | This study reports a microfluidic-based optical sensing device for label-free detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), a rare cell species in blood circulation. |
Host-mediated lung inflammation is present, and drives mortality, in the critical illness caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Host genetic variants associated with critical illness may identify mechanistic targets for therapeutic development. Here we report the results of the GenOMICC (Genetics Of Mortality ... | When is the protein OAS1 activated? | encodes antiviral restriction enzyme activators (OAS1, OAS2 and OAS3) |
Marfan syndrome (MS) is a connective tissue disorder that affects thousands of adolescents [Population Reference Bureau, 2013]. Some adolescent patients with MS may use social media to express their experiences and emotions, but little is known about what patients choose to share online. To investigate social media con... | What tissue is commonly affected in Marfan's syndrome | Marfan syndrome (MS) is a connective tissue disorder that affects thousands of adolescents |
The in-depth analysis of complex proteome samples requires fractionation of the sample into subsamples prior to LC-MS/MS in shotgun proteomics experiments. We have established a 3D workflow for shotgun proteomics that relies on protein separation by 1D PAGE, gel fractionation, trypsin digestion, and peptide separation ... | List the main proteases used for sample digestion in proteomics. | trypsin digestion |
Chronic heart failure remains a leading cause of mortality. Although granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is reported to have a beneficial affect on postinfarction cardiac remodeling and dysfunction when administered before the onset of or at the acute stage of myocardial infarction (MI), its effect on establi... | what is the role of GATA-4 in regeneration of the heart after myocardial infarction? | these findings suggest G-CSF administration could be an effective approach to treating chronic heart failure following a large MI. |
Recently, we identified a large number of ultraconserved (uc) sequences in noncoding regions of human, mouse, and rat genomes that appear to be essential for vertebrate and amniote ontogeny. Here, we used similar methods to identify ultraconserved genomic regions between the insect species Drosophila melanogaster and D... | List invertebrates where ultraconserved elements have been identified. | Here, we used similar methods to identify ultraconserved genomic regions between the insect species Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila pseudoobscura, as well as the more distantly related Anopheles gambiae |
Transcriptional silencing is known to occur at centromeres, telomeres and the mating type region in the nucleus of fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Mating-type silencing factors have previously been shown also to affect transcriptional repression within centromeres and to some extent at telomeres. Mutations in... | What is the function of yeast Clr4 on chromatin? | These observations suggest that clr4+ and rik1+ must play a role in the assembly of Swi6p into a transcriptionally silent, inaccessible chromatin structure at fission yeast centromeres which is required to facilitate interactions with spindle microtubules and to ensure normal chromosome segregation. |
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is affecting millions of patients worldwide. It is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which belongs to the family Coronaviridae, with 80% genomic similarities to SARS-CoV. Lymphopenia was commonly seen in infected patients and has a correlatio... | What laboratory abnormalities are commonly seen in patients with COVID-19? | Thrombocytopenia, coagulation abnormalities, and disseminated intravascular coagulation were observed in COVID-19 patients, especially those with critical illness and non-survivors. |
Our findings indicate a consistent association between defective neuronal T(3) uptake and delayed myelination. SLC16A2 involvement should be considered in males with learning disability, an associated motor or movement disorder, and evidence of delayed myelination on brain MRI. Although dysmorphic features suggestive o... | Which hormone concentrations are altered in patients with the Allan–Herndon–Dudley syndrome? | Although dysmorphic features suggestive of AHDS are not always present, T(3) measurement is a reliable screening test. |
Misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are eliminated by a process known as ER-associated degradation (ERAD), which starts with misfolded protein recognition, followed by ubiquitination, retrotranslocation to the cytosol, deglycosylation, and targeting to the proteasome for degradation. Actions of multisu... | Which biological process in known as Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Protein Degradation (ERAD)? | Misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are eliminated by a process known as ER-associated degradation (ERAD), which starts with misfolded protein recognition, followed by ubiquitination, retrotranslocation to the cytosol, deglycosylation, and targeting to the proteasome for degradation. |
Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) are a new class of engineered nucleases that are easier to design to cleave at desired sites in a genome than previous types of nucleases. We report here the use of TALENs to rapidly and efficiently generate mutant alleles of 15 genes in cultured somatic cells or... | Is TALEN being used on stem cells? | We report here the use of TALENs to rapidly and efficiently generate mutant alleles of 15 genes in cultured somatic cells or human pluripotent stem cells, the latter for which we differentiated both the targeted lines and isogenic control lines into various metabolic cell types |
Since the discovery of sensitizing EGFR mutations as a predictive marker of sensitivity to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), the field of targeted therapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been revolutionized. Patients harbouring these sensitizing mutations treated with EGFR TKI have derived significant c... | What is the mechanism of action of Osimertinib? | Early phase clinical data suggest the third generation EGFR TKIs such as osimertinib, rociletinib, and HM61713 are highly efficacious and well tolerated. |
Recent advances in small-bowel endoscopy such as capsule endoscopy have shown that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) frequently damage the small intestine, with the prevalence rate of mucosal breaks of around 50% in chronic users. A significant proportion of patients with NSAIDs-induced enteropathy are asy... | Are Toll-like receptors (TLRs) induced by microbes? | Gram-negative bacteria and endogenous molecules coordinate to trigger inflammatory cascades via Toll-like receptor 4 to induce excessive expression of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and to activate NLRP3 inflammasome, a multiprotein complex that processes pro-interleukin-1β into its mature form. |
Bleomycins are antitumor antibiotics that can chelate a metal center and cause site-specific DNA cleavage at 5'-Gpyrimidine-3' regions of DNA. These antibiotics are successful in the treatment of various cancers, but are known to cause pulmonary fibrosis to patients under bleomycin regimes. Substantial research has res... | Does bleomycin cause lung toxicity? | s studies have proposed that the lung toxicity caused by bleomycin is related to the C-terminal regions of these drugs, which have been shown to closely interact with DNA in metal-bleomycin-DNA complexes. Some o |
Lung cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide. Adenocarcinomas, the most common histologic subtype of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), are frequently associated with activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene. Although these patients often respond clinically to the EGFR tyrosine k... | Mutations in which gene determine response to both erlotinib and gefitinib? | Adenocarcinomas, the most common histologic subtype of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), are frequently associated with activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene. Although these patients often respond clinically to the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors erlotinib and gefitinib, |
Measurements of open chromatin in specific cell types are widely used to infer the spatiotemporal activity of transcriptional enhancers. How reliable are these predictions? In this review, it is argued that the relationship between the accessibility and activity of an enhancer is insufficiently described by simply cons... | Are accessible enhancers necessarily active? | In this review, it is argued that the relationship between the accessibility and activity of an enhancer is insufficiently described by simply considering open versus closed chromatin, or active versus inactive enhancers. Instead, recent studies focusing on the quantitative nature of accessibility signal reveal subtle ... |
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu) is an important target for the treatment of the breast cancers in which it is overexpressed. However, no approved anti-HER2/neu therapy is available for the majority of breast cancer patients, who express HER2/neu at low levels (with scores of 1+ or 2+/fluorescence in... | Does HER2 under-expression lead to favorable response to trastuzumab? | Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu) is an important target for the treatment of the breast cancers in which it is overexpressed. However, no approved anti-HER2/neu therapy is available for the majority of breast cancer patients, who express HER2/neu at low levels (with scores of 1+ or 2+/fluorescence in... |
Transcription is a fundamental step in gene expression, yet it remains poorly understood at a cellular level. Visualization of transcription sites and active genes has led to the suggestion that transcription occurs at discrete sites in the nucleus, termed transcription factories, where multiple active RNA polymerases ... | Is there a role for transcription factories in genome organization? | The transcription factory model has implications for the regulation of transcription initiation and elongation, for the organization of genes in the genome, for the co-regulation of genes and for genome instability. |
We previously described a modification of the whole genome PCR method which allowed us to characterize several genes whose expression is regulated by thyroid hormone in the mouse liver. Following this procedure, we now report the identification of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3 (ND3) gene as target of t... | Which mitochondrial genes are regulated by thyroid hormone? | Sequencing and electrophoretic mobility shift assays confirmed the presence of a thyroid hormone receptor (TR)/c-erbA specific binding site in the mitochondrial ND3 gene. |
Iron deficiency anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD patients suffer from both absolute and functional iron deficiency. Absolute iron deficiency is defined by severely reduced or absent iron stores, while functional iron deficiency is defined by adequate iron stores but insufficient iron... | Is Iron deficiency anemia a common complication of chronic kidney disease? | Iron deficiency anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). |
Tivantinib, a novel MET inhibitor with an ATP-independent binding mechanism, stabilizes the inactive conformation of the MET receptor tyrosine kinase, thus disrupting constitutive and ligand-mediated activation. MET overexpression was shown as a negative prognostic factor in HCC after sorafenib failure. Tivantinib demo... | Is tivantinib effective for MET-high hepatocellular carcinoma? | ostic factor in HCC after sorafenib failure. Tivantinib demonstrated a nearly doubling of progression free and overall survival in the MET high group compared to placebo in a Phase II study in patient |
The 21-gene recurrence score (Oncotype DX: RS) appears to augment clinico-pathologic prognostication and is predictive of adjuvant chemotherapy benefit in node-negative (N-) and node-positive (N+), endocrine-sensitive breast cancer. RS is a costly assay that is associated with good 'value for money' in N- disease, whil... | Which diseases can Oncotype DX be used for? | The 21-gene recurrence score (Oncotype DX: RS) appears to augment clinico-pathologic prognostication and is predictive of adjuvant chemotherapy benefit in node-negative (N-) and node-positive (N+), endocrine-sensitive breast cancer. |
In the 3'-untranslated region, the destabilizing adenine-uridine (AU)-rich elements (AREs) control the expression of several transcripts through interactions with ARE-binding proteins (AUBPs) and RNA degradation machinery. Although the fundamental role for AUBPs and associated factors in eliciting ARE-dependent degrada... | Do RNA binding Proteins that bind to adenine uridine (AU)-rich elements (AREs) in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of mRNAs (AU-RBPs) regulate the DNA Damage Response? | In the 3'-untranslated region, the destabilizing adenine-uridine (AU)-rich elements (AREs) control the expression of several transcripts through interactions with ARE-binding proteins (AUBPs) and RNA degradation machinery. |
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive, lower motor neuron disease. Clinical heterogeneity is pervasive: three infantile (type I-III) and one adult-onset (type IV) forms are recognized. Type I SMA is the most common genetic cause of death in infancy and accounts for about 50% of all patients with SMA. ... | What is Spinal Muscular Atrophy? | Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive, lower motor neuron disease. |
Purpose The phase III OAM4971g study (METLung) examined the efficacy and safety of onartuzumab plus erlotinib in patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer selected by MET immunohistochemistry whose disease had progressed after treatment with a platinum-based chemotherapy regimen. Patients ... | What is the mechanism of action of onartuzumab? | Conclusion Onartuzumab plus erlotinib did not improve clinical outcomes, with shorter OS in the onartuzumab arm, compared with erlotinib in patients with MET-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. |
Gene looping juxtaposes the promoter and terminator regions of RNA polymerase II-transcribed genes in yeast and mammalian cells. Here we report an activator-dependent interaction of transcription initiation and termination factors during gene looping in budding yeast. Chromatin analysis revealed that MET16, INO1, and G... | How are looped genes identified in yest? | Instead, activators physically interacted with the general transcription factor TFIIB when the genes were activated and in a looped configuration. |
The pre-synaptic protein alpha-synuclein is the main component of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, the defining neuropathological characteristics of Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Mutations in the alpha-synuclein gene cause familial forms of Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. We previo... | What is the main component of the Lewy bodies? | The pre-synaptic protein alpha-synuclein is the main component of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, the defining neuropathological characteristics of Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. |
Allergic rhinitis is an increasingly common disease, with a prevalence of at least 10% to 25% in the United States. Diagnostic allergy tests, such as skin tests and in vitro tests, can assist clinicians in determining whether nasal symptoms are allergic in origin. In addition, safe and effective medications are availab... | Please list the tests used to diagnose Allergic Rhinitis. | Diagnostic allergy tests, such as skin tests and in vitro tests, can assist clinicians in determining whether nasal symptoms are allergic in origin. |
The article describes DNA sequences of mammalian genomes that are longer than 50 bases, but consist exclusively of G's and A's ('pure GA-sequences'). Although their frequency of incidence should be 10(-16) or smaller, the chromosomes of human, chimpanzee, dog, cat, rat, and mouse contained many tens of thousands of the... | Which are the properties of mammalian GA-sequences? | With the exception of a small number of poly-A-, poly-G-, poly-GA-, and poly-GAAA-sequences (combined <0.5%), all pure GA-sequences of the mammals tested were unique individuals, contained several repeated short GA-containing motifs, and shared a common hexa-nucleotide spectrum. |
Acute necrotizing encephalopathy of childhood (ANEC) is a disease, characterized by a respiratory or gastrointestinal infection, accompanied with fever, rapid alteration of consciousness, and seizures. The clinical characteristics of ANEC include acute encephalopathy following a viral infection, seizure, altered consci... | Is Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy (ANE) which typically affects young, healthy children usually triggered by exposure to air pollution? | Acute necrotizing encephalopathy of childhood (ANEC) is a disease, characterized by a respiratory or gastrointestinal infection, accompanied with fever, rapid alteration of consciousness, and seizures. |
Alternative splicing, which generates multiple transcripts from the same gene and potentially different protein isoforms, is a key posttranscriptional regulatory mechanism for expanding proteomic diversity and functional complexity in higher eukaryotes. The most recent estimates, based on whole transcriptome sequencing... | What is the process that generates multiple transcripts from the same gene? | Alternative splicing, which generates multiple transcripts from the same gene and potentially different protein isoforms, is a key posttranscriptional regulatory mechanism for expanding proteomic diversity and functional complexity in higher eukaryotes. |
Introduction Over the past 60 years, clinicians have used vitamin K antagonists, primarily warfarin, as the sole oral anticoagulants for managing a variety of thrombotic disorders. Warfarin, which requires frequent monitoring, has a variable dose response, a narrow therapeutic index, and numerous drug and dietary inter... | Which clotting factor is inhibited by betrixaban? | Apixaban, rivaroxaban, endoxaban, and betrixaban are specific direct inhibitors of factor Xa, while dabigatran inhibits factor IIa. |
Epigenetic modifications such as histone methylation play an important role in human cancer metastasis. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), which encodes the histone methyltransferase component of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), is overexpressed widely in breast and prostate cancers and epigenetically silence... | Is EZH2 associated with prostate cancer? | Expression levels of the novel tumor and metastasis suppressor Raf-1 kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) have been shown to correlate negatively with those of EZH2 in breast and prostate cell lines as well as in clinical cancer tissues |
As our understanding of the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases is growing, new therapies are being developed to target disease-specific pathways. Since the introduction of etanercept in 1998, several biotechnological agents have been developed, most of them indicated in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, but also ... | What is the target of adalimumab? | Most currently available molecules target TNF-alfa with different strategies (i.e., etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, and certolizumab pegol), IL-6 (tocilizumab), CTLA-4 (abatacept), and B cells (rituximab, belimumab) as they are key mediators in the cascade of inflammation. |
Marine pufferfish generally contain a large amount of tetrodotoxin (TTX) in their skin and viscera, and have caused many incidences of food poisoning, especially in Japan. Edible species and body tissues of pufferfish, as well as their allowable fishing areas, are therefore clearly stipulated in Japan, but still 2 to 3... | What species is associated with Tetrodotoxin? | Marine pufferfish generally contain a large amount of tetrodotoxin (TTX) in their skin and viscera, and have caused many incidences of food poisoning, especially in Japan. |
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, life-threatening and interstitial lung disease with the median survival of only 3-5 years. However, due to the unclear etiology and problems in accurate diagnosis, up to now only two drugs were approved by FDA for the treatment of IPF and their outcome responses are... | Which cytokine molecule activates SMADs? | Numerous studies have shown that TGF-β is the most important cytokine in the development of pulmonary fibrosis and plays a role through its downstream signaling molecule TGF-binding receptor Smads protein. |
A large number of modular domains that exhibit specific lipid binding properties are present in many membrane proteins involved in trafficking and signal transduction. These domains are present in either eukaryotic peripheral membrane or transmembrane proteins and are responsible for the non-covalent interactions of th... | Which tool has been developed for proteome-wide detection of membrane lipid-binding proteins? | Here we report a profile Hidden Markov Model based method capable of detecting Membrane Binding Proteins (MBPs) from information encoded in their amino acid sequence, called MBPpred. The method identifies MBPs that contain one or more of the Membrane Binding Domains (MBDs) that have been described to date, and further ... |
We have characterized the mismatch repair system (MMR) of the highly radiation-resistant type strain of Deinococcus radiodurans, ATCC 13939. We show that the MMR system is functional in this organism, where it participates in ensuring the fidelity of DNA replication and recombination. The system relies on the activity ... | Which proteins constitute the methyl-directed mismatch repair system (MMR) in bacteria? | We have characterized the mismatch repair system (MMR) of the highly radiation-resistant type strain of Deinococcus radiodurans, ATCC 13939. We show that the MMR system is functional in this organism, where it participates in ensuring the fidelity of DNA replication and recombination. The system relies on the activity ... |
The Ca2+ release channel ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) is required for excitation-contraction coupling in the heart and is also present in the brain. Mutations in RyR2 have been linked to exercise-induced sudden cardiac death (catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia [CPVT]). CPVT-associated RyR2 mutations r... | Which mutations in the cardiac isoform of the ryanodine receptor (RyR2) have been found to be related to CPVT? | We found that mice heterozygous for the R2474S mutation in Ryr2 (Ryr2-R2474S mice) exhibited spontaneous generalized tonic-clonic seizures (which occurred in the absence of cardiac arrhythmias), exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. |
For proper partitioning of chromosomes in mitosis, the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) including Aurora B and survivin must be localized at the center of paired kinetochores, at the site called the inner centromere. It is largely unknown what defines the inner centromere and how the CPC is targeted to this site. He... | Which is the substrate of the haspin kinase during mitosis? | phosphorylation of histone H3-threonine 3 (H3-pT3) mediated by Haspin |
The jackhammer esophagus is a rare hypercontractile disorder and diagnosis is based on high-resolution manometry. Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) of the spastic esophagus segments has been described. We report a pediatric patient with jackhammer esophagus that was treated endoscopically. | What is Jackhammer esophagus? | The jackhammer esophagus is a rare hypercontractile disorder and diagnosis is based on high-resolution manometry. |
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1; formerly known as Wermer syndrome) is a rare disorder characterized by the combined occurrence of two or more tumors involving parathyroid, pancreatic islets and anterior pituitary glands; some other tumors have also been described. In most cases it is inherited in an autosomi... | Tumors of which three organs are classically associated with the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 syndrome? | the most important causes malignant pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NET) and thymic carcinoids. |
A 12 year old, 38 kg, mix-breed, intact male dog presented with a 20 day history of clinical signs consistent with hyperviscosity syndrome secondary to multiple myeloma. The dog received three double filtration plasmapheresis treatments on day 0, 7 and 22 after presentation. A significant (p<0.05) reduction in serum to... | Can multiple myeloma patients develop hyperviscosity syndrome? | The present study reported for the first time the use of double filtration plasmapheresis to reduce clinical signs of hyperviscosity syndrome in a dog with multiple myeloma. |
The RNA-binding protein, HuR, associates with the HuR mRNA, but the consequences of this interaction are unknown. Here, we use human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs) and cervical carcinoma cells to study this regulatory paradigm. Ectopic overexpression of HuR potently enhanced the translation and cytoplasmic levels of endoge... | Which are the main functions of the human HuR (ELAVL1) protein in fibroblasts? | Our results reveal a positive feedback mechanism for the regulation of HuR, which may play an important role in the regulation of HuR during replicative senescence. |
In many epigenetic phenomena, covalent modifications on DNA and chromatin mediate somatically heritable patterns of gene expression. Genomic imprinting is a classical example of epigenetic regulation in mammals. To date, more than 100 imprinted genes have been identified in humans and mice. Many of these are involved i... | List human diseases involving genomic imprinting. | Perturbation of the allelic DNA methylation at ICRs is causally involved in several human diseases, including the Beckwith-Wiedemann and Silver-Russell syndromes, associated with aberrant foetal growth. |
Protein acetylation, especially histone acetylation, is the subject of both research and clinical investigation. At least four small-molecule histone deacetylase inhibitors are currently in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. These and other inhibitors also affect microtubule acetylation. A multidimensional, c... | Is tubulin acetylation involved in cell motility? | Tubacin treatment did not affect the stability of microtubules but did decrease cell motility. |
We studied the enrichment and distribution of the histone variant mH2A1 in the condensed inactive X (Xi) chromosome. By using highly specific antibodies against mH2A1 and stable HEK 293 cell lines expressing either green fluorescent protein (GFP)-mH2A1 or GFP-H2A, we found that the Xi chromosome contains approximately ... | In which genomic positions is the histone variant macroH2A enriched? | The data show that mH2A1 is uniformly distributed across the entire Xi chromosome. |
Givosiran is a small interfering ribonucleic acid agent that was recently approved in the United States for the treatment of acute hepatic porphyria (AHP). This phase I study evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic profile of subcutaneously (SC) administered givosiran in patients with acute intermitt... | Describe the mechanism of action of Givosiran. | Givosiran is a small interfering ribonucleic acid agent that was recently approved in the United States for the treatment of acute hepatic porphyria (AHP). |
A fixed-dose combination tablet of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A protease inhibitor (PI) glecaprevir and the HCV NS5A inhibitor pibrentasvir [glecaprevir/pibrentasvir; MAVIRET™ (EU); MAVYRET™ (USA)] has been developed by AbbVie. Oral glecaprevir/pibrentasvir 300 mg/120 mg (three 100 mg/40 mg tablets) taken once da... | Which two drugs are included in the MAVYRET pill? | A fixed-dose combination tablet of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A protease inhibitor (PI) glecaprevir and the HCV NS5A inhibitor pibrentasvir [glecaprevir/pibrentasvir; MAVIRET™ (EU); MAVYRET™ (USA)] has been developed by AbbVie. |
Data analysis in proteomics is complex and with the extra challenges involved in the interpretation of data from N-terminomics experiments, this can be daunting.Therefore, we have devised a rational pipeline of steps to approach N-terminomics data analysis in a statistically based and valid manner. We have automated th... | What is the meaning of the acronym "TAILS" used in protein N-terminomics? | analysis of N- terminomics data generated by terminal amine isotopic labeling of substrates (TAILS) enables high confidence peptide to protein assignment, protein N-terminal characterization and annotation, and for protease analysis readily allows protease substrate discovery with high confidence. |
Loss-of-function mutation of Jup has been associated with Naxos disease, which is characterized by arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy and the cutaneous disorder palmoplantar keratoderma. Previously, we have shown that genetic ablation of Jup in cardiomyocytes in mice leads to arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy similar to Naxos d... | Which gene is mutated in a subtype of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy known as Naxos disease? | Previously, we have shown that genetic ablation of Jup in cardiomyocytes in mice leads to arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy similar to Naxos disease in humans. |
Eukaryotic chromosomes segregate by attaching to microtubules of the mitotic spindle through a chromosomal microtubule binding site called the kinetochore. Kinetochores assemble on a specialized chromosomal locus termed the centromere, which is characterized by the replacement of histone H3 in centromeric nucleosomes w... | What is the function of the Mis18 protein? | CENP-A nucleosome assembly requires the Mis18 complex and the CENP-A chaperone HJURP. |
CD spectroscopy and PAGE were used to cooperatively analyze melting conformers of DNA strands containing GA and TA dinucleotide repeats. The 20mer (GA)10 formed a homoduplex in neutral solutions containing physiological concentrations of salts and this homoduplex was not destabilized even in the terminal (GA)3 hexamers... | Which are the properties of mammalian GA-sequences? | Hence, guanine and thymine share significant properties regarding complementarity to adenine, while the TA and GA sequences can stack in at least two mutually compatible ways within the DNA duplexes analyzed here. |
Routinely, kidney dysfunction and decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are diagnosed by the evaluation of changes in the serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations. However, neither of these tests is sensitive or specific enough for the early diagnosis of impaired kidney function because ... | Which medical diagnostic tests are used to test kidney function? | The International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) canine AKI grading system and the implementation of urinary biomarkers |
Transcription and pre-mRNA splicing are extremely complex multimolecular processes that involve protein-DNA, protein-RNA, and protein-protein interactions. Splicing occurs in the close vicinity of genes and is frequently cotranscriptional. This is consistent with evidence that both processes are coordinated and, in som... | Are transcription and splicing connected? | The presence of transcription factors in the spliceosome and the existence of proteins, such as the coactivator PGC-1, with dual activities in splicing and transcription can explain the links between both processes and add a new level of complexity to the regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes. |
Atypical and anaplastic meningiomas (AAM) represent 20% of all meningiomas. They are associated with poor outcomes due to their tendency to recur. While surgery and radiation (RT) are first line therapy, no effective systemic medical treatment has been identified. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a ubiquitously express... | Which phosphatase is inhibited by LB-100? | Pharmacologic PP2A inhibition with LB-100 prior to RT enhanced the radiosensitivity of meningioma cells and reduced survival fraction in clonogenic assays. |
DNA replication is spatially and temporally regulated during S-phase. DNA replication timing is established in early-G1-phase at a point referred to as timing decision point. However, how the genome-wide replication timing domains are established is unknown. Here, we show that Rif1 (Rap1-interacting-factor-1), original... | How does Rif1 regulate DNA replication? | Rif1 tightly binds to nuclear-insoluble structures at late-M-to-early-G1 and regulates chromatin-loop sizes. |
Bone destruction is a common feature of inflammatory arthritis and is mediated by osteoclasts, the only specialized cells to carry out bone resorption. Aberrant expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa β ligand (RANKL), an inducer of osteoclast differentiation has been linked with bone pathology and the... | Is RANKL secreted from the cells? | osteoclastogenesis and bone destruction in autoimmune arthritis. We isolated human fibroblasts from RA, pyrophosphate arthropathy (PPA) and osteoarthritis (OA) patients and analyzed their RANKL/OPG expression profile and the capacity of their secreted factors to induce osteoclastogenesis. |
Alternative splicing of pre-messenger RNA is a key feature of transcriptome expansion in eukaryotic cells, yet its regulation is poorly understood. Spliceosome assembly occurs co-transcriptionally, raising the possibility that DNA structure may directly influence alternative splicing. Supporting such an association, re... | Are transcription and splicing connected? | Spliceosome assembly occurs co-transcriptionally, raising the possibility that DNA structure may directly influence alternative splicing. |
We describe here the main characteristics of "Prevotellamassilia timonensis" gen. nov., sp. nov., strain Marseille-P2831(T) (CSUR P2831), a new member of the Prevotellaceae family that was isolated from stool samples from a 45-year-old patient. | Which individuals show preferential colonization of the Prevotellaceae bacteria in their guts? | a new member of the Prevotellaceae family that was isolated from stool samples from a 45-year-old patient. |
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling regulates cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. Upon receptor binding, EGF triggers cascades of downstream signaling, including the MAPK and phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathways. Aberrant expression/activation of EGFR is found in multiple human cance... | Which signaling pathways have been associated with medulloblastoma formation and growth? | Here, we show that in medulloblastoma cells, both EGF and ouabain activate Erk1/2 and PI3K/Akt signaling |
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