Subset (10)

eli5 · 25k rows

Split (1)

train · 25k rows

query stringlengths 20 300	positive listlengths 1 1	negative listlengths 1 1
mass-energy equivalence or E=mc2...why the speed of light squared?	[ "This is a frequently asked question. Here's one part of the answer: \"c\" is not really just the speed of light. \"c\" is the fastest speed anything can achieve in the universe. It's the universal speed limit. Light moves really fast. At the speed limit (in a vacuum). It isn't the only thing that moves that fast,...	[ "When Einstein was first formulating his theory of relativity in the 1910s, he worked through some of the equations and they produced a really weird result - they said that the universe should expand. This didn't make any sense to him (understandably - it's a bizzare result) and he assumed that there was a mistake ...
Where there Nazi-sympathizers/supporters in 1940-45 America?	[ "I've written about a similar topic before, which you can find [here](_URL_0_). The sum of it is that there was a small amount of support in the '30s, but it was all but nonexistent when war broke out." ]	[ "A good way to track the popularity of languages in an area is seeing how many newspapers were published in that language. Newspapers are more regional than books, and require more of a core language readership to keep going, so if there's a German newspaper around in an area, there's German readers around. My libr...
Why is nudity censored on TV?	[ "Because in America, sex, nudity, and anything related is considered taboo on TV and ads and anything else public, where violence, on the other hand, is not as socially unacceptable. \"Someone gets shot? Eh PG-13. WAIT... there's a nude girl? Rated R\". It's backwards from most other countries in Europe." ]	[ "You pay extra for HBO. Cable networks rely on ad time. Faster credits means more time for ads." ]
How is it possible that an open-source encryption program is safe? Also why is it that 2048 bit encryption is currently unbreakable?	[ "The nice thing about public key cryptography is that knowing how it's made doesn't make it less secure. The algorithm isn't secret, the keys are. Now, as for the bit length: imagine that I asked you for a password, and it was a number, and you decided to guess it. If you know it's a number between one and ten, the...	[ "As a 5-year old, something you can relate to is Legos. Modern software design is just like Legos. The parts of the program are all built as standardized pieces. They can be taken apart and put back together in a variety of ways, but because of this use of standard parts, old parts can be removed and then new parts...
How come iced tea is unsweetened (by default) in the US while everything else is so sweet (soft drinks, bread, breakfast cereal, pastries, etc.)? Each time I visit i get fooled at least once!	[ "This is a regional thing. In the south, unless you specify \"unsweet\" you will get tea saturated with sugar. In the north or west the opposite is actually true, if you ask for tea without specifying, you will get unsweetened tea." ]	[ "Because I'm terrible at making pancakes. For the record, the rest are no better." ]
Would a spinning top spin forever on a frictionless surface?	[ "only if it's structure is perfectly non-[amorphous](_URL_0_) so that it wouldn't start contorting with the inertial effect commonly known as the [centrifugal force](_URL_1_). This would rule out glass and many plastics Also it would have to also be in a perfect vacuum so that air resistance, or friction with the a...	[ "I have nothing useful except that this is one of those questions that's both original, interesting and testable without expensive equipment. Makes my high school teacher's heart beat faster. This is a perfect end-of-year question to engage my 15-year old pupils with. It'll be great fun to have them try to answer w...
How can the FCC force a vote?	[ "Not sure I follow the question. The FCC is an independent agency created by Congress. There are five commissioners and one of the commissioners is selected by the president to be the chairman. The chairman controls the agenda and decides what the commission votes on. He can \"force\" an FCC vote on just about anyt...	[ "ISPs have local monopolies. They're often the only service provider in the area. Google is attempting to change this by pushing Google Fiber." ]
Can an object be in orbit while still being in the atmosphere of a planet?	[ "Not stably, its orbit will degrade due to air resistance. In fact, the ISS is in the very upper reaches of our atmosphere, such that it has to periodically correct its orbit with rockets." ]	[ "Imagine firing a bullet fast enough that it falls toward Earth at the rate the Earth curves beneath it. Its always accelerating towards the center of the Earth but never gets any closer. This is precisely what the ISS and other satellites are doing." ]
What happens to all of the children's letters addressed to Santa Claus every year?	[ "I searched this sub for letters to santa, and found your question asked and answered many times. For example _URL_0_" ]	[ "Regarding expired medications that are still in the pharmacy: there are return services that will return medications back to the manufacturer for a credit or incinerate the drugs. An example of a company that manages these returns is Guaranteed Returns (_URL_0_). If you click the link, you will see a figure explai...
The functions of the lesser known organs	[ "The spleen plays a significant role in the immune system and overall health of the circulatory system. It is, in essence, a very large filter and helps to remove excess debris and old red blood cells from circulation. Red blood cells are then broken down and metabolized before being returned to the blood stream (w...	[ "Evolution co-opts structures that are already available to it for new purposes. Not everything about our makeup is there because it is the best possible design, but often because it was a functional design that was easier to stumble onto through a series of gradual accidents than a better but more complex design w...
Would a car going 60MPH rear ending a car going 59MPH have the same impact as a car going 1MPH rear ending a stationary car?	[ "Essentially yes, with one big difference. The relative velocity is the same in all three scenarios so the energy transfer would be the same. A minor collision can cause loss of control at speed though. If the car loses traction at 100 mph due to a minor bump a serious crash may result." ]	[ "Causality says that there must be a cause to any effect. If a messenger sends a message, regardless of how fast it is sent, everybody in the universe who observes the messages agrees that the messenger sent the message before the receiver received it. Depending on how fast each observer was moving relative to the ...
Why do electric tooth brushes vibrate slowly when on low power instead of running normally then suddenly shutting off?	[ "They use a simple electromagnetic motor, which means that when the electricity goes through it then it pushes a magnet attached to the part of your brush that’s vibrating. Now the battery provides the electricity, but as the chemical reaction that is happening inside the battery starts slowing down it doesn’t stop...	[ "Imagine you're a massive giant, 500 feet tall, stroking the forest. You feel [the tops of the trees](_URL_0_), the leaves, the thin branches. Then one day, lumberjacks come, and chainsaw all the trees down at the 3-foot mark. You stroke the countryside and rather than soft treetops, you're feeling big lumpy stump...
How does the Royal Family work?	[ "Way back in the days of King George III, he had quite a bit of debt, but also quite a bit of land. The tl;dr is that he made a deal that the governing body could use the land rent-free in exchange for a fixed salary. This deal has been passed down through the ages. That land accounts for approximately 200 million ...	[ "I'm curious to know when the Hapsburgs ruled over England and France?" ]
Impact of map inaccuracies on early explorers?	[ "The epitome of cartographic error would have to be that of Columbus. Many people had a general idea the size of the world pole to pole, but Columbus became convinced that earth was very much oblong (with a \"nipple\" at the garden of eden). He believed that it was not nearly so far to sail around the earth and rea...	[ "It isn't, particularly. That's a myth. Though it can be extremely disorienting for the person concerned, and they might become very agitated. But it's not a danger to their health or some such." ]
Was the milkman practice common with all American suburb families or was it mostly a luxury for upper middle class that was just perpetrated a lot in media?	[ "For the UK, the vast majority of milk was delivered until relatively recently. [This newspaper report](_URL_3_) gives a figure of 85% for 1980. [Section E of this UK government report](_URL_4_) gives 45% in 1995, 5% in 2010. (I appreciate the latter break the 20-year rule, but these are the only statistics I could...	[ "BAt the time, it did vary state to state until the 1830's-1854 period known as \"Jacksonian Democracy\", where massive expansions of voting rights were undertaken. At the time of the ratification of the Constitution however, in Massachussetts and Kentucky for instance you had to own land to vote. Obviously you had...
What do people mean when they say "don't take it personally?"	[ "Take 'Don't take it personally but your armpits smell' as an example. This means 'I'm not trying to attack you as a person, you're a friend and I'm trying to help you by pointing something out that might be problematic. So don't get sad or angry with me, please.'" ]	[ "If you ask for 1 pen, it costs you two dollars. If you ask for 100 000 pens, they will only cost you one dollar each. I prefer selling you 100 000 pens at half price, than selling you 1 at full price and have 99 999 sitting around doing nothing. In a similar way, if you ask for a small amount of money, you pay a b...
What are linked lists in C programming?	[ "The simplest way to store a list is just to have all the elements right next to each other. This makes things fast and all, but there's an important disadvantage; if you later decide you need to add on to the list, you have to make a new one completely from scratch, because there may not be any room left next to t...	[ "Please don't shoot me, but I'd say Wikipedia's [article](_URL_0_) is fairly informative for this topic." ]
How does Karma work?	[ "If people like what you post, they hit the up arrow next to it. If they don't like it, they hit the down arrow. These count as +1 or -1 respectively in your Karma. The more people that like your post, the higher your score. There is no use for Karma, except the pride you get knowing you've either made a good point...	[ "This CGP Grey video does a really good job of explaining it all. _URL_3_" ]
What purpose does the hole at the rear end of a commercial jet's fuselage serve?	[ "Usually the APU (Auxillary Power Unit) exhaust. The APU is a small generator set, located often in the rear of the airplane, to provide emergency power, or to provide power to start the main engines or run the A/C and other systems on the ground." ]	[ "I know Air travel and contrail contribution to cloud clover definitely changes surface temperature in cities. In the 3 day stand down of (almost) all air traffic in the days following the 9/11 attacks, there were measurable decreases in surface temperature . I can only assume the effect would contribute in other m...
Why don't we plant more trees to lower CO2 levels?	[ "You can. But the people that are cutting down trees are cutting them down faster than you can grow new trees. It only takes minutes to cut down a tree that took 20 or 100 years to grow." ]	[ "Because a grandfathered in law can still be changed before it goes into effect. Sure, now it won't hit hard, but in 10 years when it's about to happen? People in Congress then are going to be de-elected if it actually goes into effect. So, they'll put it off, or scrap it. Besides that, setting a policy to happ...
If someone “won’t press charges” against another individual, does that individual just walk about freely even though police know they’ve committed a crime? How does this apply to a crime like murder?	[ "Individuals don't press charges against other individuals, only the government attorney does. What they mean is \"would you like to come by and provide a formal testimony of the crimes against you?\" If there is other evidence of the crime committed, then the perpetrator can be charged even without cooperation fro...	[ "Well I think you’re asking about two different things. First off, the ballistics of it: each hun will leave a unique rifling pattern on the bullet as the bullet is fired from the barrel and spun. Rifling is small grooves on the bullet. Second, the bullet is often not destroyed on impact. Most are designed to stay ...
why quantum mechanics is so "weird" and against basic intuition.	[ "Imagine you grew up flying in a plane. The ground looks like different colors. There's a green area over here, and a brown area over there. When you land for the first time, you're surprised that the green area is actually made up of large trees, and the brown area is made of rocks and shrubs. There are thousands ...	[ "Imagine two people holding the ends of a jump rope, with one person shaking their hand up and down but neither of the people moving their arms much. There are only so many shapes waves can take along the rope. [These](_URL_0_). This is the principle behind the wavefunctions: there are only so many shapes they can ...
Where do the bubbles in boiling water come from?	[ "The bubbles form when the water reaches its boiling point (212F 100C)changing from a liquid to a gas. Since the heat is coming from the bottom, the bubbles come from the bottom and rise to the top" ]	[ "When you breath, the diaphragm moves up and down as well. The \"stomach\" expanding is, more than likely, just the diaphragm." ]
If a Rail Gun does not use propellant, why is there exhaust fire in the videos?	[ "That's not fire, that's plasma. A railgun, consists of two conductive rails, and a large bank of capacitors. The projectile is electrically conductive and sits between the two rails. When the railgun is fired, the capacitors are connected to the rails, and a very high current (around 1000000A) flows through the ra...	[ "Plasma is not just superheated gas, it's ionized gas. [These guys](_URL_0_) did a study of negatively charged water plasma." ]
Why is it difficult to write programs that take compiled code and return human readable code?	[ "Code readability is so much about the naming of variables and functions. Naming signifies what part of the code does, and allows the programmer to build up a picture of the execution for themselves." ]	[ "The laws of physics are time-reversible. One doesn't start from the big bang and calculate forward in time...one calculates backwards towards it. When one does this, one finds that it stops working after (before) a certain point as you get closer and closer (in time) to the big bang. Calculations of time like the ...
What was the largest one day aerial battle of all time?	[ "I assume you mean a fighter on fighter dogfight, and not just a large bombing raid vs defending fighters with that in mind, my guess would be the Battle of Kursk 432 Soviet aircraft shot down and Soviets claiming at least 300 Luftwaffe planes destroyed with both sides having several thousand in the air that day" ]	[ "I think you need to perhaps clarify your question. Do you mean relative to their contemporaries? Absolute destructive potential? If it is the latter the answer is either the Soviet Union or USA thanks in no small part to the stockpiling of nuclear weapons. I can't say specifically when or which without looking up ...
After the sun turns into a white dwarf, could it turn into a main sequence star again?	[ "In general, no. Just like the solar wind is currently ejected too quickly for the Sun to gobble it up again, this happens even more so for red giants transitioning to white dwarfs since they have lower \"surface\" gravity. Once something becomes a white dwarf, it almost always stays a white dwarf, eventually just ...	[ "It \"kinda\" can. The most common machine learning approach at the moment (neural networks) is basically a very fancy gradient descent (go down the slope of a hill). Sometimes, a neural net can get stuck in a local minimum (a pool on top of a hill). Give the right example at the right time, and you can get the alg...
What causes these weird weather radar returns?	[ "The fogging around the radar sites? It's basically fog/haze forming as the sun sets. When the sun sets the air rapidly cools and if it's a high humidity then the water will start to condense and make a fog. The radar picks up clouds, and this is essentially a very thin and uniform cloud which the radar just barely...	[ "Where I'm from it happens to a lot of older buildings made of Limestone. It's acid from rain slowly reacting with the Calcite in the Limestone. Here's a site that explains it: _URL_0_ If it's the same building materials there, then that would explain it. If not, then I have no idea." ]
Did the Pope ever go to war?	[ "Some Popes certainly did lead armies. Pope Leo IX led an army against Norman invaders, and was defeated at the Battle of Civitate in June 1053 and held hostage for about 9 months. Pope John XXII openly supported Bologna and the Guelphs against Modena and the Ghibellines, offering indulgences to anyone who would wa...	[ "Gorilla's do sometimes, they use sticks as weapons and kill the children of opposing groups. Meercats are about the same. The kings are army ants though. They form groups to charge opposing ant hills and have huge battles." ]
What is worse on our skin, a strong acid or a strong base?	[ "\"Acids eat you from the inside out, bases eat you from the outside in\". I'd be more concerned about bases, high molarity sodium hydroxide will turn you (quite literally) into soap via saponification if you get it on you." ]	[ "You could test it. E.g. cover yourself in grease and then shower 1) with water only 2) with water and the product. Compare results. That would be a (pretty crude) experiment, which is how we learn answers to those kinds of questions. Also you could compare two pieces of perishable food, one of them treated with th...
Is there a neurological reason why when I'm normally exhausted, both eyes feel droopy but when drowsiness is a medication side effect, only one eye starts to droop?	[ "What medication is that? I've never had that happen. This would be a very good question to ASK YOUR DOCTOR the next time you have an appointment." ]	[ "Mirror neurons are a special type of neuron family that fire both when the organisms behavior is performed and when behavior is observed. The simplest to understand type is the motor mirror neuron. These neurons will fire similarly when performing an action (i.e. grasping something) and when observing that same ac...
what are boobs made of? How can they be soft and still hold their shape?	[ "A lot of it is fat, along with some glandular tissue that does the actual milk production. The glands don't take up much space, but spread throughout the breast during development - when they first develop ('bud'), they're concentrated at the center of the breast and form a fairly hard lump. Source: am currently g...	[ "Did nobody here do the thing when you were kids in which you take a water balloon and then fill it half with air? The air acts as a shock absorber and it's actually super hard to get it to pop by throwing it against a surface, even throwing it hard just causes it to bounce. Good way to freak people out without ...
Why do bank transactions take as long as 3-5 days to complete?	[ "Most online transactions like money transfer, ATM, swipe or waving to pay, etc. Takes less than five minutes to complete. Old instruments like check or money transfer to other countries takes a few days. If I gave you a cheque and you deposit it in your bank (your account), then following happens : Your bank separ...	[ "Kind of like data mining. Some companies will alert you if you buy something off a new website, or if the website is frequented by hackers. Let’s say you buy a bike online for $130. $130 isn’t that much money. However, people usually don’t order bikes off the internet. That’ll raise a red flag. And of course if th...
Is there a way to recognize a sick person that is big from a genuinely overweight person at one glance?	[ "Apart from the fact that the idea that obesity cases can be meaningfully divided into \"geunuine\" cases (whom to despise and ridicule is presumably acceptable) and those caused by sickness being complete bollocks: No, there is no way to see what has caused someone to become overweight." ]	[ "First, they basically screen puppies for the ones with the best noses. Everyone's breath can be used to tell what their sugar levels are like. For example, if your blood sugar is dangerously high, your breath will have a specific fruity-ish scent to it. The dogs are trained to keep an eye out for these specific s...
How did it come to pass that restaurant servers are allowed to be paid a lower wage by employers in America?	[ "Tips. Service employees receive tips, and therefore don't need to be paid as much actual wages by their employees. Well, that's the justification the U.S. federal government gave when it [created special pay conditions for service employees in the Fair Labor Standards Act](_URL_0_) in 1969: > Congress also establ...	[ "The server in question is most likely the database server. When you access a page, reddit's web server needs to ask the database for the data. The database has a limited number of available connections, so if too many are currently in progress, it will refuse more connections. The web server will then get an error...
Why is the Strid in Bolton Abbey, Yorkshire, really dangerous?	[ "To quote from the video: > Thanks to the local geology, the river basically turns on its side, gouging out passages and tunnels in the rocks below. Those banks are actually overhangs: there isn't any riverbed just below the surface, it's a deep, boiling mass of fast and deadly currents. The river at this point is...	[ "People care less about obeying rules when they are about to die. At this point what do they have to lose? Did Jerry over in cell D12 make a rude comment about your mother? Maybe Jerry should get stabbed 12 times with a sharpened tooth brush. What are the guards going to do about it? Kill you? lol!" ]
; What are the hand motions that symphony music composers often do with that stick?	[ "For a four-four time signature, the conductor moves his baton down on beat one, to his left for beat two, to his right for beat three, then up for beat four. (Think six o'clock , nine o'clock, three o'clock , noon) Other time signatures have similar motions, but beat one (the down-beat) is always at the bottom of ...	[ "Is a flaw that becomes accepted as the industry standard still a flaw? Reminds me of \"that's not a bug, it's a feature\" in programming, but essentially when a flaw becomes accepted, it becomes part of the character of the sound. Suddenly flawless sound is missing something and sounds too vanilla. It is also what...
How come a queen bee can lay different kinds of bees, but humans can only produce two kinds of human?	[ "To the best of our knowledge, the queen in either bees or ants is not actually laying different types of eggs (outside of male vs. female). More work has been done in bees, and a large part of the development of the bee has to do with what it is fed. To my understanding, not nearly as much work has been done in an...	[ "Imagine you are made of genetic soup. Some people have ingredients that just don't go well together and make the soup taste bad. But that's ok, because when you have a kid, we just take some of my soup and some of my wife's soup and pour it in together. So even though my soup has some bad ingredients, her ingredie...
Can you shoot a bullet in space?	[ "Yes. While there is no oxygen in space, the cartridge of the gun contains oxidizers. I leave the math of \"how long\" to the reader." ]	[ "A lot of experiments to see what happens when there is little to no gravity going on. How it affects human body, how it affects, plants, animals, bacteria, equipement ect. It's also much easier to set up experiments that require very cold temperatures or very low pressures. [Here's a list.](_URL_0_)" ]
How do Native American nations function within the US?	[ "The US government basically lets them have their own pseudo nations with their own police, land (no taxes on it), casinos among other things." ]	[ "A woman named Frances Wright did something like what you are asking in 1824. In Memphis, TN she bought two thousand acres of land from Andrew Jackson and would buy slaves. On this land she set up a co-operative labor system where they could basically work off their price of purchase and then they would be set free...
- Why don't car makers sell directly instead of using dealerships?	[ "For the same reasons why major fast food brands franchise. The car manufacturers have a product that not many people can popularize or even create for that matter. It takes a lot of money to research, design, build and mass produce a vehicle. However, they are expensive, and unlike fast food, isn't a purchase deci...	[ "Incredibly low profit margin... I'm a chef and can give you an even more detailed explanation if you want." ]
Why is there a flu season?	[ "The reason why the flu acts seasonal is unknown but there are a few ideas. First, people are indoors more and thus are in more direct contact. Second, cold air is dryer and it can dehydrate mucous membranes. A third reason could be reduced vitamin D from less sunlight during the colder nights. There's more reasons...	[ "You have probably been lucky, and not been exposed to as many contagious people. Do you have much contact with children?" ]
Piggybacking on the other polygraph question: when Maury determines that something is a lie, is he just ruining people's lives and relationships with pseudoscience?	[ "I would suggest that anyone who allows their paternity test to be broadcast on Maury has made enough bad life choices that one more isn't going to make that much of a difference." ]	[ "Kim DotCom is the founder and owner of the file sharing site, MegaUpload. The purpose of the site is to help share files (whether it's a photo, document, or video) that are ultimately to big to share through means of email. One can simply upload their file to this site and then send their friend(s) a link that all...
Why do animals such as rodents have droppings that are generally the same shape and size whereas humans don't?	[ "Consistent diet and exercise. Rodents essentially eat the exact same stuff and had the same amount of physical activity every day. If you were to control your diet so that you ate the exact same food everyday, your poops would because very uniform." ]	[ "Below a certain threshold of pungency, we habituate to smells shortly after being exposed to them. If your home has a certain odor, you will generally ignore it shortly after entering from outside. Now if your home smells powerfully like raw sewage, the habituation is far less likely." ]
Are there any real and tangible examples of the Butterfly Effect?	[ "A pendulum consisting of two rods (so basically a pendulum with a pendulum attached to it) is an easy example. Small differences in the initial state will make the system behave completely differently. It is still a predictable system though, but in order to make any senseful predictions one would need very accura...	[ "Just looking for clarification - Do you mean a historical account that was recorded at the time it happened? Or just something we have proof of happening based on evidence discovered years later?" ]
Please can someone translate this in layman's terms? (An excerpt from an academic journal)	[ "Basically: They collected headlines from articles using some sort of software. This collection took place all of 2013. They did this to A) develop a model of what types of headlines are being created, B) analyze the words in the headlines, and C) find out the words that were used most frequently. They hope to be a...	[ "When cells divide they make pretty much exact copies of themselves. Introduce radiation to the equation and the copying process goes screwy and the new cell is different. Rinse and repeat over and over and you end up with body cells which are completely different in shape size and function to what they were origin...
Why does bruised fruit taste bad?	[ "I don't know if this is a very scientific answer, but when the tissue is damaged I think it probably begins the rotting process sooner. But at least at the outset I never noticed it tasting that bad." ]	[ "Our ancestors when in the wild would enjoy a fresh kill, body still warm. If you came across a dead animal that had been there a while, well you wouldn't want that would you. Evolution has taught us warm is preferable to cold. Unless of course you are eating mint chocolate chip ice cream." ]
Question about Hawking Radiation and black hole evaporation	[ "The particle-antiparticle thing isn't the actual mechanism of Hawking radiation, it's a picture that Stephen Hawking came up with in order to demonstrate the idea of how a black hole can radiate. His actual derivation is more formal. > It should be emphasized that these pictures of the mechanism responsible for t...	[ "The Schwarzchild solution describes the vacuum outside of a spherically symmetric mass distribution. So if you drew a big sphere around a large enough part of the universe and removed all of the mass outside it, that would be sphere with radius smaller than the Schwarchild radius. But since there is mass outside a...
Why do some people startle awake?	[ "It says there are comments but I dont see them, so in case no one mentioned it, that could be a big issue. Its not normal, and could be a sign of sleep apnea or other breathing issues during sleep. You'd want to find out, because besides damaging sleep quality, it can also be fatal." ]	[ "It is supposed to be a natural reaction that our ancestors used to survive. It would keep them away from the nests of dangerous insects such as termites. It was the body's way of trying to avoid the danger and keep alive. If you believe in evolution you could say that it is part of evolution." ]
In a time before the invention of airplanes, is there any evidence of people making paper airplanes out of paper/parchment?	[ "Bamboo Dragons, a toy that can make a helicoptor like rotor take off and fly up and away, is an old toy. Earliest examples date back to the Warring States Period, circa 400 BCE. These toys are fully documented by the Daoist Scholar Ge Hong in his book \"Baopuzi\", which dates to 317 CE. Early examples from Europe...	[ "They are descended from ancestors with flight. Ostriches are paleognath birds, and while most paleognaths are flightless (think emu, cassowary, rhea, plus the extinct elephant birds and moa) the group also contains a species that can fly, the tinamous. And its' scattered across the entire southern hemisphere. How ...
Why does our automatic breathing stop when we notice our breathing?	[ "Because you're placing your attention on breathing, which causes an otherwise automatic process to become a manual process. By placing your attention on it, you are taking full control of it. We use our attention as a means to control things. For example, you may automatically pick up the glass to your left and dr...	[ "Think of your brain like a billion streams of water that flow over the surface of a rock. The more you use a certain stream, the more \"powerful\" that stream becomes by digging away that rock. Now even if you have a nice dug place for a stream, sometimes randomly that stream won't have needed to flow for a while ...
Why do photons obey the law of equal angles, when reflected off of a mirror?	[ "More generally, it's a consequence of the principle of least action. This can be applied to light to give us Fermat's principle, that light always takes the shortest path between two points. From there it's a matter of plane geometry to show that upon reflection, this shortest distance occurs precisely when the an...	[ "They use extremely fast camera shutters to capture a very short moment so you can see the light beam. However they can not reset the camera in time for the next frame so they cheat a bit by sending a new beam of light for the next frame. They make sure to synchronize the short beams of light with the camera shutte...
What would the sun sound like?	[ "There isn't an answer to that, it would depend on the medium the sound travels through. And if you just dropped the sun into a 1 atmosphere ball the side of the solar system, it'd collapse onto the sun and you'd end up with an even larger star. And you can't ask, scientifically, what would happen of that didn't ...	[ "You can stare at a photo for as long as you want. Hearing doesn't work the same way. You can't hear a sound for as long as you want, it's much more here and now." ]
What is the difference between a President and a Prime Minister?	[ "the Prime Minister is the Head of Government the President is the Head of State and Government the High Comissioner is the Head of Government A Head of State, best example would be the Queen is usually a figure head and does not have much role in the actual structure of government. A head of Government: Isn't a fi...	[ "From our standpoint as users, nothing at all. From Reddit's standpoint, one of them means the backend computers told them \"sorry too busy\" and the other means that the backend didn't respond at all." ]
Why does my external speaker have louder ground-hum when the computer it is plugged into displays brighter colors?	[ "Your monitor uses a scheme called \"dynamic contrast\" to improve it's contrast ratio. When brighter colors are displayed, the backlight intensity increases, which requires more current from it's power supply. The audio amplifier's power supply is, obviously, not as well isolated from from the power line noise as ...	[ "Americans, on average, prefer a more \"country\" sound for some of their rock music, so the person who takes all the different recordings (the drums, the guitar, the main singer, the backing singers etc.) To add together to make the song also decides to add in to the background a tambourine, for example, being hit...
Where did all of the copper come from to usher in the Bronze Age?	[ "The book A History of Metallurgy by R.F. Tylecote provides lot of details about locations, composition and processing of copper by the ancients." ]	[ "Can you flesh out your question a little bit? Africa was pretty fully inhabited before the Bantu expansion/migration. The Bantu migration is a combination of replacement of populations and of cultural shift (so, \"Bantu\" populations expanded both because they replaced non-Bantu populations and because non-Bantu p...
what TB lab results mean	[ "The Quantiferon test is a brand name for a form of interferon gamma release assay. Simply put if your immune system recognizes tuberculosis then it will release a substance when exposed to the antigen for that substance, a chemical marker specific to that infection. The first two zero results are for exposure to d...	[ "Woo! This means more to me than receiving an entire year's worth of tribute from Tochtepec! Thanks to all who voted and to all the other candidates who wrote up fantastic answers." ]
Does an atom have a color?	[ "They do indeed! Just as gold reflects yellow light and copper is red/brown, single atoms have colors that relate to their electronic structure. [This picture](_URL_6_) shows a cluster of trapped barium ions, which are blue in color. [My research group,](_URL_7_) right next door, traps neutral atoms. The images on ...	[ "The spectrum of Bremsstrahlung cannot \"shift,\" except in its intensity. Bremsstrahlung is \"braking radiation\" and depends only on the charge of the atomic nucleus. A given electron interacting with the nuclear charge can be slowed down by any amount, producing a spectrum of radiation essentially from the acc...
How do PH values actually work?	[ "pH is a log scale, so an increase of 1 pH corresponds to a larger than 1 decrease (higher pH = more basic = less H+) in concentration of H+ ions." ]	[ "I wrote a fairly long answer to this [here](_URL_0_). It doesn't cover everything, so let me know if you have any questions!" ]
Why would a working class person want to vote for a candidate who favors tax breaks for the wealthy?	[ "As John Steinbeck puts it: « Socialism never took root in America because the poor see themselves not as an exploited proletariat but as temporarily embarrassed millionaires. »" ]	[ "Your employer takes money out of your paycheck throughout the year to pay your local, state, and federal taxes. The amount they take out, however, is just an estimate how much tax you will probably owe at the end of the year. There's no way for the state, local, and federal governments to know what you actually do...
What is entanglement entropy?	[ "You can understand it as a measure of how quantum information is stored in a (quatum) system. Imagine that you have a system with two different areas, A and B. That system can be described by a density matrix. Now, if you trace out (doing a partial trace) one of the areas, let's say B, you will get a 'reduced' den...	[ "Explained by Daniel Dennett in a wonderful 25 minute video _URL_0_" ]
How can Florida penalize the use of the the term "climate change?" Isn't this a flagrant violation of the First Amendment?	[ "No. It is just saying that the government won't use it in its official communications. No restriction on the public. Its no different than saying that \"All government communications will refrain from calling African-Americans 'n*****s'.\" You as a private citizen or a government employee not acting in your offici...	[ "I wrote a detailed response about Tom Holland's documentary [here](_URL_0_), using primary source to argue that something very similar to modern Islam did exist quite early on. Also worth noting that Crone and Cook's Hagarism thesis is not taken seriously anymore (or even at the time) - it literally used only th...
Why are some subway stations' platforms on opposite of the tracks?	[ "Also, sometimes a station is added after the tracks have already been in use for years. Digging out two outside platforms is no big deal, but rerouting the tracks (and doing all the additional digging that would be needed on both ends of the station) would make it prohibitively expensive to put the platform in the...	[ "Words that often appear together are called \"collocations\", and it's simply the way we've learned them. We tend to process them as indivisible units -- phrases, rather than separate words. For example, when we say \"apples and oranges\", we're not thinking of two different kinds of fruit and then putting them in...
Does a bullet reach its maximum speed as soon as the gunpowder explodes behind the slug? When is it at maximum speed, and how long is it accelerating for?	[ "Maximum speed is at the muzzle, also known as muzzle velocity. After it leaves the muzzle, there is no more force to accelerate the bullet and the bullet will drop and slow down due to gravity and air resistance, respectively. Similar concept to throwing a ball, where the ball is susceptible to the forces of air r...	[ "Almost all pro forms of racing aren't just about the driver, they're really team sports. Part of the thrill is assembling a team that can make the car (or motorcycle in some cases) as fast and efficient as possible within the rules, which in most cases are quite strict. That plus the impossibility of letting every...
Why and how are cats able to sleep for such a large part of the day?	[ "Cats are ambush predators. They like to hide until their prey gets close, then sprint out suddenly and seize it. That sprint takes a lot of energy, so when they aren't actively hunting something, they're best served by just lying around resting. Cats also don't have a [circadian rhythm](_URL_0_): they're equally a...	[ "Melatonin. It's a hormone that relaxes your body and by the time you wake up your body is full of it." ]
Why do high performance engines pressurize their gasoline more than regular engines?	[ "The amount of power an engine produces is a product of how much exploding it does. One way to increase exploding is to make bigger exploding chambers. That makes the engine bigger and bigger engines are heavier and limited in how fast they spin. If i want to make a smaller engine that does more exploding I need to...	[ "The star is in hydrostatic equilibrium, meaning that there is a balance between the gravitational force and pressure forces. The total pressure force on a little element of fluid, however, is not proportional to the pressure. It is due to the pressure being slightly different on different sides of the element and ...
what happens at the critical point in a phase diagram	[ "It's where the liquid phase is indistinguishable from the gaseous phase. As pressure rises, gas becomes more dense. Eventually the gas is just as dense as the liquid, that is the critical point." ]	[ "The surface of a crystal is usually covered in a different compound than the bulk, often an oxide layer. You can see one forming in real time on rubidium [here](_URL_0_). For diamond, the surface is often bonded with oxygen or hydrogen." ]
Why does the US still have counties, but not duchies or baronies?	[ "Because (partially) the Constitution outlaws any sort of nobility: > Article I, Section 9, Clause 8: > > No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: and no person holding any office of profit > or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, > ...	[ "Short answer, money. Slightly longer answer: religion, anti-intellectual movement, funding, social issues, and things that are used to ‘measure’ performance. Tests are easy to use to see if a kid can produce the answer to a given question. Which is great if you are playing Jeopardy but generally useless day to day...
why does cleaning your ears cause gag reflex?	[ "It does? If it actually does, I would say it’s because the ear, nose and throat are all connected." ]	[ "It doesn't, the ad was intended to make you associate Colgate with feeling virtuous and then want to buy Colgate the next time you're at the store." ]
How can we tell which constellation the sun is "in" at any given time?	[ "If you lived a few thousand years ago, you could make a good map of the constellations of the zodiac piece-by-piece at night. Then, at sunrise or sunset, you could measure the angle between the sun and celestial objects that are visible even in daylight: the Moon, Venus, and Jupiter are the best choices. You then ...	[ "> I see pictures like this: _URL_0_ and long to see this sight for myself. I think those types of pictures are taken using decent cameras with high ISO settings and a long exposure time (maybe 25 seconds or more). They don't reflect what you'd see with the naked eye, unfortunately. Here's one photographer's rendit...
How can countries report GDP growth (like US was around 2.2% growth in 2018) that is different than the % change in GDP (like US GDP was 1 trillion dollars higher in 2018, compared to 2017, which is 5% higher)	[ "Growth has two parts, increased production/consumption, and increased prices. Prices isn't what we care about in growth, so inflation is removed from it." ]	[ "It develops like babies conceived around the same time. Doctors will adjust developmental goals based on gestational age rather than saying that the baby is behind. For example they use this with height and weight charts to help determine if the child is properly gaining weight. If the scale were not adjusted for ...
What Causes Granular/Powdered Solids to Behave Similar to Liquids?	[ "The simplest way to model a fluid on the atomic level is to treat each water molecule as a hard sphere that can't occupy the same space as the other spheres, but doesn't have any interaction when not in contact. This is pretty much how granular materials behave. In reality, molecules in liquids do have attraction ...	[ "Put a few grains of rice in what ever spices you're having that problem with. The rice will absorb the moisture that makes it clump." ]
What are those specks of crust in our eye that we get while we're asleep? What are they made of and what's their purpose?	[ "The fluid around your eye serves to lubricate it and keep it moist. It has a bit of salt and protein in it. Normally any of the water in it that evaporates away is simply replaced by the body and your blinking distributes it around to keep the salt and proteins dissolved into it. But sometimes when you sleep littl...	[ "Do you have a fly screen over the window? If so what you are observing is a [Moiré pattern](_URL_0_) being projected onto the window. Essentially the light is passing through the screen and the light waves get split up and then interact with each other causing spots of superposition where some regions are darker a...
How does Fusion work? What are it's possibilities as a means for energy in the future?	[ "There's an experimental plant called [ITER](_URL_0_), still under construction. The trouble with fusion is that you're basically putting the sun in a bottle, but we're still figuring out how to make the bottle." ]	[ "_URL_0_ The wikipedia article is excellent and better than any of the answers in here so far. If you have specific parts you don't understand, ask away and I can help explain them to you." ]
How does your body stay cool in a hot bath?	[ "People do get heatstroke from being in hot tubs for too long. However, you do have some cooling from the part of your body that isn't covered (mainly your head), especially if that part is wet." ]	[ "Epsom salts are basically magnesium, which helps relax muscles. And as a salt it's probably got some topical antiseptic properties too." ]
How do reddit "power users" like /u/pepsi_next submit 100+ links every 5 minutes and not get banned as bots?	[ "There's nothing wrong with being a bot or using one to post this many. Reddit's spam policy is (as said) mostly aimed at people desperately trying to self-promote instead of contributing to discussions or subreddits. Since most of /u/pepsi_next 's posts belong in those subreddits and don't need a lot of further d...	[ "Imma answer your question, but first let me tell you about this time I watered the lawn on a warm july afternoon, there were clouds in the sky and childrens laughter.... ok seriously, who knows, maybe they just like to hear themselves type, or create an emotional connection to the recipe, perhaps they are just kil...
How does it work if you live on the border of two time zones?	[ "It creates some minor difficulties, but not as much as if you live on the border of a separate time zone that does not obey daylights saving time. The majority of Indiana used to not follow Daylights Saving Time. And the northern region is divided into two time zone. The region near Chicago is on Central, while t...	[ "Nice work, you've discovered Olbers' Paradox :) This was a much-discussed problem in antiquity. _URL_0_ Take a read of the wiki page, it's very good at explaining. And ask away if there is more you want to know." ]
Isaac Newton is known as the father of Calculus, but how much did he really discover?	[ "Gottfried Leibniz and Issac Newton both separately developed the fundamental concepts and equations of Calculus independently of each other around the same time period. However, Issac managed to publish his work about 3 years earlier to Leibniz and that is why many people only refer to Newton as the father of Calc...	[ "The \"how\" is simple: HTML is just text, which you can write in any text editor. It didn't require special tools then, and still doesn't. The following is valid HTML which I'm writing off the top of my head in the Reddit editing box: < HTML > < HEAD > < TITLE > Web Page < /TITLE > < /HEAD > < BODY ...
Are there examples of once carnivorous species evolving into herbivores?	[ "Giant panda. From [wikipedia](_URL_0_): > Despite its taxonomic classification as a carnivoran, the giant panda's diet is primarily herbivorous, consisting almost exclusively of bamboo. However, the giant panda still has the digestive system of a carnivore, as well as carnivore-specific genes..." ]	[ "Just a sidenote: I made my graduation and master degree about jesuits in Japan and how the perspective of death changed for the converted christians. Readint the missivas - the jesuit letters - I found a lot, really a lot, of japanese who converted for the sake of eat meat. Yes, cow meat. Jesuits had a big impact ...
Why is it so difficult for most people to admit addiction?	[ "People like to believe that they have self-determination, and drug use tends to be some people's first foray into realms where their path is not self-determined, but instead controlled by a chemical need. Nobody wants to admit they're subservient to an object." ]	[ "\"Just about everyone here\" Where is \"here\" for you? It sounds like your question's premise is based on a small sample set based on personal observation. Before your question is addressed, you should be making sure the premise is valid..." ]
When starting a diet/exercise regimen, why do you lose the first few pounds much quicker than the later ones?	[ "Usually \"water weight\" comes off first. People tend to cut carbs and sugars, which causes your body to use up glycogen, which is stored with water. Also, I think people have a tendency to be very rigid trackers with their diet and exercise in the beginning, then regulate their approach a bit as they move on." ]	[ "If you ask for 1 pen, it costs you two dollars. If you ask for 100 000 pens, they will only cost you one dollar each. I prefer selling you 100 000 pens at half price, than selling you 1 at full price and have 99 999 sitting around doing nothing. In a similar way, if you ask for a small amount of money, you pay a b...
Friction: where does it come from?	[ "Right. That's one thing, noting that bonds do form when two molecules are close enough. The other thing they taught us in high school is that no surface is perfectly smooth. The irregularities in both surfaces interlock, impeding motion." ]	[ "By response of said stimuli. When it goes too far a, say, kitten will signal it with body language and sound. And their partner will respond by licking the damaged area and going on a little less violently. If you have a kitten at home you can easily try this. If your kitten scratches or bites too hard, let out a...
Do computers work in space?	[ "Yes, they would. However, there's a problem with cooling. Our computers are primarily cooled through heat conduction to the surrounding air. Even those that don't have a fan or an elaborate heatsink will shed a large part of the heat produced to the air. In space, there's no air to cool the device, so the ability ...	[ "A lot of experiments to see what happens when there is little to no gravity going on. How it affects human body, how it affects, plants, animals, bacteria, equipement ect. It's also much easier to set up experiments that require very cold temperatures or very low pressures. [Here's a list.](_URL_0_)" ]
The reflex arc misses out the brain, the spinal cord 'deals' with the response by sending a signal back to the effector. By that logic, can quadriplegic people respond to a stimulus, say for example a needle stabbed into their hand, if aforementioned quadriplegic had a clean break at their neck?	[ "Yes, they can. In fact, a hallmark of spinal cord injury is the development of hyperactive reflexes or \"hyper-reflexia.\" In the absence of any signals from the brain, the reflex arcs become overactive. This can lead to crippling spasticity in its severe forms. Reflex arcs can even be functional in brain-dead ind...	[ "You've got a sliiight misconception here - nothing -- nothing will prevent all muscle (and bone!) atrophy when a person is a quadriplegic, for a lot of the reasons you mention. However, remember that every muscle has a counter-muscle. When you move one, the other does expand or contract accordingly. That helps ...
How long before death when jumping from LEO?	[ "Lets assume that you are wearing a space suit and have lots of oxygen.The [ISS](_URL_0_) orbits at approx 7700 meters/sec at an altitude of approx 230 miles. By jumping, you might try to change your orbital velocity. You wouldn't change it by any significant amount, but to the extent that you did change it, you wo...	[ "In practice it depends on how accurate your measurement of speed is. That is, how many digits you are willing to consider. Mathematically you can work it out pretty easily. The answer is zero seconds. The top of a parabola is one point only, it has no extent." ]
What kind of Science and Engineering did the ancient Egyptian empire know that we don't?	[ "I would like to clarify that we do understand how Ancient Egyptian mummies were embalmed. The extensive use of natron salt to draw moisture from the body allowed for long-term preservation of the corpse, somewhat similar to natural desert mummification as a result of desiccation. The bodies would then be wrapped i...	[ "Follow up. Would they be able to figure it out considering the travel times involved in traveling between the hemispheres back then?" ]
Why the water level in the toilet bowl is lower during a storm.	[ "We pirates know a thing or two about storms! Tha wind creates a low pressure area round yer plumbin' vent pipe, suckin' yon water down toward tha deep. _URL_0_" ]	[ "Point a flashlight at the wall and turn it on. See the small circle? Now, let's say your flashlight is delivering xyz power to the wall. So xyz power is landing in that circle, right? Tilt the flashlight in any direction. The circle spreads out across the wall doesn't it? But you didn't change the batteries or any...
What happens when stars collide and is it possible for new types of stars to be created out of this?	[ "Stellar collisions are very rare. In fact, practically speaking, they only really happen in the oldest, most evolved stellar systems: globular clusters. In globular clusters, there are stars which appear to be on the Main Sequence which are bluer than you would expect given all of the rest of the stars in the sy...	[ "Have you ever wondered what's inside your bouncy ball? Imagine it was too small to cut but you really, really wanted to know. What you might want to try is throwing it into something so hard that it breaks and you can see the smaller parts. Of course, if you only have another bouncy ball because that's the only th...
how laws are passed on a federal level in USA. Whats a "bill", "law", "amendment", etc..?	[ "A bill is a proposed law. An amendment is a change to a bill. A bill becomes a law when it is passed by the House and the Senate, and then signed by the president. We the people can contact our Representatives or Senators and recommend laws, but beyond that have no direct power over federal legislation. _URL_0_" ]	[ "Use the water analogy. * Volts are water pressure. How hard the water is shooting out of the pipe. * Amperes (amps) are the amount of water. How much water is shooting out of the pipe. * Ohm is resistance. If you put rocks in the pipe, the resistance goes up. Remove the rocks, it goes down. With rocks in the pipe,...
American bases in the Pacific I can use for my story!	[ "By 1941 and the run up to war the US had several dozen bases across the 1/2 of the world represented by the Pacific. Everything from the great fleet base at Pearl, to smaller outposts like Wake or Guam and the Philippines, to outposts in paradise like Pago Pago. What kind of base does it need to be, how big, what ...	[ "You may want to read this: _URL_1_ AMA by /u/Sterling_Mace about his experiences in Peleliu. He has written a book about the experience as well, and done other AMAs and comments around reddit a lot. He is also very open to talking about his experiences, and there are a few examples/instances of him discussing pe...
How do Pop Rocks work?	[ "It's just sugar with air bubbles in it. Your saliva dissolves sugar and makes the bubbles pop as you dissolve the sugar coating." ]	[ "The Ghostbusters infamous backpacks are supposed to be \"positron colliders\". When positrons collide with electrons, they either destroy them or scatter, they dont create magic lassos." ]
What are the origination myths of the British Isles?	[ "The Book of Invasions might interest you. It's a collection of medieval writings which purports to give the history of the founding of Ireland; basically it's an Irish creation myth. Some of it is relevant to the creation myths of other parts of the British isles, for example the character Scota, an Egyptian p...	[ "I think you came here on the wrong day. Better come back tomorrow, and by tomorrow I mean when it's April 2nd on Howland Island." ]
What makes the high frequency of gamma rays dangerous?	[ "Higher frequency is directly related to greater energy. The exact equation is E = hc/w, where h is a constant, c is the speed of light, and w is the wavelength. Now that gamma rays have more energy, they are more likely to knock out parts of your DNA. DNA codes for everything your cells do. If for example, the gam...	[ "That's it exactly - graphene is a giant, stable structure where everything is already bound to each other and therefore is nonreactive. PAHs, and especially their metabolites, are very reactive and can bind to DNA, causing mutations in DNA that may turn on oncogenes. Take a look at the structure of PAHs _URL_0_ an...
Explain the process when groups like Anonymous agree to perform a DDoS.	[ "a ddos attack bombards a website with so many requests in order to completely tie it up so nobody can get their legitimate requests through. So you don't _URL_0_ because 150 anon's are saying Hi to the website a million times a second." ]	[ "4chan trolled the pawn shop featured in Pawn Stars asking for Battletoads over and over again. It snowballed from there." ]
why does time seem to move quicker when I'm occupied?	[ "The prevailing theory is that, when a brain is occupied with a task, then it has to spread its resources, leaving little to spend focused on the passing of time. However, if nothing in particular is occupying our conscious brain, it takes more notice of the time ticking by. The funny thing is, this slower vision i...	[ "Similar questions have been asked several times before. You may be interested in the following posts: _URL_3_ _URL_8_ _URL_6_ _URL_0_ _URL_1_ _URL_4_ _URL_7_ _URL_2_ _URL_5_ _URL_9_ There are lots of really great questions and answers in /r/askscience that unfortunately get buried because of the high volume. It's ...
why do you have to turn your devices off and phone to airplane mode when a plane takes off? Does it legitimately affect the communication between the pilot and the communication tower?	[ "The fear used to be if might affect communications in some way. So turning off phones was a preventative measure. I don't think there's ever been a confirmed case of a cell phone interfering with communications though, and nowadays there's so much shielding against potential interference it probably won't affect i...	[ "You can think of it as listening to the chorus of a room full of people. If everyone is saying the exact same thing in synchrony, it will be loud and clear and you will be sure of what you are hearing. The less synchronized everyone is, the more there will be other voices saying something else, or just plain noise...
Do vegans have different gut bacteria?	[ "Numerous studies have shown that diet has an impact on microbiota. For instance in 2012, this study concludes that \"Maintaining a strict vegan or vegetarian diet results in a significant shift in the microbiota while total cell numbers remain unaltered.\" (Zimmer et al., 2012, retrieved from _URL_0_). Another stu...	[ "> I’ve seen a lot of scientists say we can’t get through the Van Allen belts Who in particular? Were they working on the Van Allen belts, ionizing radiation in general, or biological impact of ionizing radiation? We can go through them easily, and if you don't spend days there the total dose is not a significant c...
Does centrifugal force exist in space?	[ "Yes, but stuff in space isn't moving 'outward.' It's moving apart. Outward infers two special locations, an edge and a center. We see neither of these. It also implies that, unless we're at the center of the universe ourselves, we'd see stuff moving along with us on 'our side' of the center. We don't, everything i...	[ "I imagine you are talking about the internal combustion engine (ICE)that is commonly used around the world in automobiles. Think of the classic \"fire triangle\" when thinking of these engines. You need 3 things to make something burn: Fuel, Oxidizer, and heat. In an ICE these components are a Petroleum product s...
Why does frost form on my front and back windshields but not my side windows?	[ "Woah man. I'm from Albuquerque too, and I was thinking of this EXACT question this morning! Small reddit..." ]	[ "Your car acts as a [Helmhotz resonator](_URL_1_), just like when you blow in a bottle, but the frequency is obviously much lower because a car is much larger than a wine bottle. You can also look [here](_URL_0_) for more comments." ]
Why can’t I take a photo with my flash on at museums or historical locations?	[ "It disturbs other people, and the harsh light can damage historical items such as old fabrics." ]	[ "Simply put for the same reason drinking water when you're not thirsty isn't as refreshing as when you're REALLY thirsty. Anticipating the bodies' needs doesn't trigger the same reward responses in the brain as fulfilling a need that is already present. Your muscles don't NEED to stretch right now, so you can't ant...

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