Subset (10)

eli5 · 25k rows

Split (1)

train · 25k rows

query stringlengths 20 300	positive listlengths 1 1	negative listlengths 1 1
Could someone explain to me the concept of time? What is time? (Dilation, relativity)	[ "I'm not going to comment on the philosophy of time, but I can explain the physics of it. Time is not the same for everyone. In your reference frame, you always see time passing normally. However from my reference frame (if we're moving fast relative to each other), I will see your time passing differently. Time i...	[ "Have someone stand a couple of hundred meters away and then make the clap really loudly. Maybe with some stick or something. You're seeing the clap as it happens, but hear the sound a few seconds later. You're basically hearing \"sound from the past\", because the clap already happened when you hear it. With light...
What happens to food that ends up in your lung?	[ "Depends on the size, texture, and what it's made of. The body's first response is to try to just cough the the thing out. If that doesn't work, it tries to smother it in mucous so that it can be pushed out. As a side effect of this, you make too much mucous and get pneumonia (here called 'aspiration pneumonia', b...	[ "You mean what happens afterward or what causes it? The cause is sometimes the local station or cable channel can sell local commercials (AKA spots), but their spot may not start exactly on schedule. You will see whatever spot is running on the network during that time slot. Some networks don't run spots in local s...
How do airlines oversell flights?	[ "For any given flight, typically 5-10% of the people with reservations won't actually fly. So instead of having empty seats and charging everyone more, the airline try to guess how many people won't show, and sell some extra tickets. When you buy one of those, you wan't get a seat assignment until you get to the ga...	[ "There is an episode of This American Life that explains it really well: _URL_0_ They say that the real money is made of incentives from the manufacturer to sell the cars - they just need to move a set number of cars, it really doesn't matter how much they sell them for. And then they get big payouts from the manuf...
Can a man receive the genetics to be hairy from a Greek mother?	[ "Depends on whether or not the mother's side of the family tends to also be hairy. If yes, then she totally can. If no, then maybe, but not as likely. One thing to remember about genetics is that they don't only start or stop at the parents, they go back generations." ]	[ "_URL_0_ study linked in other link _URL_1_ page 1136 has the key graph world war 1 and 2 had a pretty major impact on getting a generation of americans to keep a clean shaven look forced on them by the military. for this i'm assuming politicians aren't any different from the normal man. interestingly the safet...
Would a person be able to push the levitating Maglev train in China?	[ "In theory, if you assume that the magnets are providing only an upward lift, then yes. It may take a some time to get it moving to any observable speed, but any force applied against it that is greater than any parasitic friction would result in acceleration and movement. However, if you look more into the details...	[ "We aren't really sure why, but it doesn't seem that something like that can be done. Think about it like your bladder; you can build up a need to urinate, but you cannot urinate so much that your bladder is more than empty." ]
how pan B works, and how it's an abortion pill because you're not pregnant yet?? Or am I wrong?	[ "Actually these other two comments are false. Research done most recently in 2010 shows that \"abortion pills\" actually delay ovulation (or the release of the egg) preventing fertilization in the first place. Therefore, even if you have a moral, ethical, or religious issue with abortion, the \"abortion pill\" is f...	[ "I usually explain it to my friends using phones: & nbsp; Switch - You can call anyone in your area code but can't get anyone outside of your area code. & nbsp; Router - You can call people in your area code(switch), but anything not in your area code is forwarded from the switch to the router. The Router can for...
When and why did Dr. King's more radical views disappear from the public conception?	[ "It might be helpful if you explain what you mean by MLK s radical views. Which positions are you talking about specifically?" ]	[ "hi everyone! just a reminder to respondents to be mindful of this sub's [\"20-year rule\": no discussion of events/conditions post-1994 please](_URL_0_)! thanks! OP, if you'd like to carry on this discussion for more recent years, consider x-posting this question to /r/AskSocialScience." ]
What happened to diplomatic staff at the outbreak of World War 2?	[ "I can't answer for every nation but since you mention the British Embassy in Berlin I will provide an answer for that. According to the book Outbreak 1939 they were repatriated in a somewhat strange calm. The book points out that, half an hour after Britain's ultimatum to Germany expired (placing the two at war), ...	[ "This has essentially been answered by the preceding comments, but what hasn't been contributed is this: _URL_0_. Muster and enrollment records, transfer lists, honours lists, etc, for the period of 1730 through 1898. Worth having, OP, if you're writing or researching the topic academically. To succinctly summarise...
1973 Chilean coup d'état	[ "Communist Salvador Allende became president through open and free elections. As he was good buddies with Fidel Castro the US did not like this. The CIA worked with Chilean General Augusta Pinochet to overthrow the government. It is claimed that Allende took his own life with a gun given to him by Fidel but many th...	[ "Could you perhaps present us with your original source so we can see what the author writes about it? I think I know the answer, but I would like to know what exactly the author wrote. Also, could you remove the bonus question? We do not allow discussions of events after 1993." ]
Military strategy question: What was the biggest factor that caused military tacticians to stop using double line standard type formations? Any interesting anecdotes about the transition period? I assume this has to do with the accuracy of weapons...	[ "In a word? Rifling. Though Napoleon and the Revolutionary generals heavily utilised column formations throughout their campaigns, it was really only the introduction of rifling that witnessed the death-knell of the line. Such tactics were utilised at extreme cost when combined with rifled weapons during the Crimea...	[ "It is due to the birth of recordings. Once recordings were available, people became more focused on being perfect (pitch, rhythm, etc). Glenn Gould is a pianist who basically devoted his whole musical career to just creating the perfect recordings. He would sit at the recording studio re-recording a single piece m...
What is the "earthy" smell that I sense in certain electronics (some rechargeable batteries, some circuit boards, etc.)	[ "Many [electronics produce ozone](_URL_0_), with a distinctive odor." ]	[ "Most balloons are made of latex these days, but the same principle holds regardless. It is because of their insulating properties that they become statically charged. When you rub a balloon, or any other insulator on another, electron transfer occurs. This build-up of electrons is responsible for the static shock ...
What exactly causes space to be a vacuum?	[ "On a very basic level: 1. Gravity and other interactions mean that matter tends to clump together. 2. There isn't enough matter in the universe to actually fill all of space with enough density to sustain anything close to 1 atm." ]	[ "Many people posting here haven't actually taken a nerf gun apart and looked at it and are speculating that spring loaded guns could shoot fine in a vaccum. Well, here's a picture of a [maverick](_URL_4_) being taken apart for modding. You can see the spring is pushing on a piston-cylinder assembly. The nozzle on t...
Why are rats the most common lab animal to do studies on?	[ "Something I know about! Actually, mice are more common, but rodents in general are used for a few reasons. They're cheap, small, easy to handle, easy to house and feed (mmm autoclaved pelet food), can be placed with members of their own species, can't really hurt you, and reproduce quickly. Now, non human primat...	[ "Politics. It's an easy issue to use to paint your opponent as \"evil\" regardless of which side of the debate they are on." ]
Why haven't we gone back to the Moon?	[ "Nothing on the Moon worth spending money to send people back." ]	[ "Costs money to build and maintain the facilities, some countries don't feel like taking on the burden of that cost." ]
When dogs pant to rid themselves of body heat, do they experience the same affects as humans when we hyperventilate? Why or why not?	[ "I read that the answer is no because they tend to take shallow but rapid breaths when they pant. Try panting and you'll see - preferably while staring at a stranger in an elevator ;-)" ]	[ "Two problems with that: 1) Water vapour is a very powerful greenhouse gas, so more water vapour would lead to (more) global warming, not global cooling. This is one of the reasons that climate change is self accelerating (more heat = > more water evaporating = > more heat). 2) Hydrogen cars produce next to no wate...
How many religions did Vladamir consider when converting Rus from paganism?	[ "It should be said there was likely little doubt he'd adopt Eastern Orthodoxy in the end. Most of the reason for the conversion was to establish ties to Constantinople" ]	[ "I'm the artist who painted the image of the \"Infant Stalin\" and his flying \"fairy godfather\" Ivan the Terrible. You can see the explanation at the link posted by RottenLittleKid _URL_1_ The image is actually part of a much larger triptych. You can see where this Infant Stalin and his \"godfather\" Ivan the Ter...
the purpose of advertising blu-ray before the menu on a blu-ray disk	[ "Exposure. Someone that doesn't own a blue ray may still watch the disc (someone else's house for example) they're just covering all the bases of advertising." ]	[ "A lot of people are worried MSG is unhealthy or otherwise don't want to consume it. It's just like being a vegetarian restaurant - you let everybody know so that those that care will still come in, and those that don't will do whatever they were going to do anyway." ]
Why did lager become so prevalent in the United States?	[ "I imagine in the hotter areas it is because the heavier and more alcoholic ale is no where near as refreshing. That is just speculation though, I'm looking forward to an actual answer lol." ]	[ "If I can ask a follow-up, why is Waterloo referred to as a \"lamentable event\" when this article was presumably written from an Anglo (at least, Anglo-American) perspective?" ]
How do calculators work?	[ "Binary logic is used to carry out simple arithmetic, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. I cannot delve into the programmatic details. Transcendental functions like sine, cosine, inverse trig functions, integrals and so on are calculated using a series expansion called a Taylor Series. In ...	[ "\"magic\". This question is repeatedly asked. You need to ask more specific questions as there are a lot of things to answer." ]
Are the effects of Gentrification positive or negative as a whole?	[ "In so far as gentrification tends to take poor or run down neighborhoods and increase cash flow and create better areas within the neighborhood it can be good. The problem is that gentrification tends to also push many of the residents of the neighborhood out through rising costs and taxes. Edit: or at least that...	[ "Because to our primitive ancestors, different usually meant bad. That tuber smells different? Probably rotten, don't eat it. Your dog acting weird? Might have rabies, stay away. That stranger looks different than you? Probably from a rival tribe, and up to no good." ]
Why do adhesive stickers/tape become harder to remove over time?	[ "The adhesive material on the sticker or tape simply hardens over time as it is exposed to the elements and temperature changes. Duct tape left alone as a roll will harden and expire as well if left unused. For a more complex answer, polymers (adhesives in this case) undergo degradation when exposed to heat. _URL_1...	[ "When you tell a child \"don't ever lick cold metal\", you'll often find the kid with his tongue stuck to a metal pole as soon as you turn your back, even though it would never even think to do that if you said nothing. It's called reverse pshychology, and it applies to most people. You could say we just don't like...
Why is it that we seem to feel when somebody is looking at us for example in the car beside us at a red light?	[ "You don't get a negative example, all the times people look at you and you don't notice it aren't part of your memory (after all, you didn't notice). So if you review your memory all you have is a string of \"hits,\" which can generate a misperception of some form of detection. People look at you all the time wi...	[ "I don't so much think of it as an evolutionary thing. There's really no benefit to being confused. It comes down to computing power. Your brain just takes a minute to recall old information/piece together new information to develop an idea of where you are and how you got there. I'm currently in flight school and...
How is it determined that an animal has become extinct?	[ "You can't prove an animal is extinct. Biologists tend to agree that an animal is extinct when there are no known specimens in captivity and when it has not been observed in its natural range for a long time, despite opportunity to do so. Sometimes they're wrong, and it turns out the animal still exists somewhere."...	[ "Exit polls. People stand outside polling places and ask people questions after they vote. They get demographic information, as well as information like who they voted for, what their main issues are, and so on. Voters can decline to participate but the exit polls seem to be pretty accurate nonetheless." ]
Why are the Mongols so often the exception in history.	[ "Exceptions snowball. Let's say you have ten sandwiches and a bowl of pasta. That pasta is different from the others things, and it's going to be different in lots of ways. When people make generalizations about the foods (they all have meat between breads), they'll always have to say 'except the pasta.' The mongol...	[ "Hi everyone. Since this is the kind of question that can attract non-expert responses, just a friendly reminder that all responses must comply with [sub rules](_URL_0_), and that [personal anecdotes](_URL_1_) are explicitly not permitted in /r/AskHistorians." ]
What's the reason behind lowering of immunity when a patient is diabetic?	[ "Diabetes impacts the micro blood vessels. It induces poor circulation to the extremities and prevents the flow of healthy well, oxygenated blood to these regions. Hence, these areas become prone to wound infection and necrosis. Additionally, elevated blood sugar can cause catabolic breakdown of tissues and cells v...	[ "First, they basically screen puppies for the ones with the best noses. Everyone's breath can be used to tell what their sugar levels are like. For example, if your blood sugar is dangerously high, your breath will have a specific fruity-ish scent to it. The dogs are trained to keep an eye out for these specific s...
Why do pitches sound flat when you yawn?	[ "There are little tubes called Eustachian Tubes that connect the ear to the throat. When you yawn, the pressure changes in the ear causing the popping sound you sometimes hear. Sound is just a pressure wave so if you change the pressure in your ear sound will be distorted slightly in this case slightly flat." ]	[ "Think of your vocal cords as if they were rubber bands. Brand new rubber bands (like when you are young) are tight and bounce right back after being stretched. Now think of an older rubber band (like when you are old), having being stretched over and over. It doesn't have the same elasticity it once had." ]
If somebody is born deaf , in what language do they think in ?	[ "Oliver Sachs theorized that Deaf people (capital D) to indicate deaf since birth, deaf community, do not rely upon an internal dialog but have a more complex method of thinking. In his book, Seeing Voices, he compared it to visualizing a train. Either we do so by seeing it go by car by car or we see the whole thin...	[ "Most have a [relay phone](_URL_0_) in their homes - they use an interpreter. [TTY](_URL_1_) is also available on mobile phones, landlines, and in 911 centers." ]
How does computer code turn into a program that we can run?	[ "A compiler essentially turns your human readable code into binary that can then be executed. You cannot generally run Windows programs on Macs due to the operating system's core functionality being different. Lets say Windows is a house and that house has a sink. You might have a piece of code that says \"Wash han...	[ "It's like you're driving a car down the highway and you need to replace the tires because they're old and worn out. You could engineer a really complicated system that would allow you to safely change the tires while you're still moving. Or, you could just stop the car, replace the tires, then get going again. ...
How do fortune tellers know what to say to you?	[ "Fortune tellers do what's called cold reading, picking up on little nicks and things that you physically show. They are also great at reading on your vulnerabilities such as emotions. They then attempt to predict, based on information that you have provided, try to create a crazy, but understandable fortune that c...	[ "Because the odds makers are taking other things into consideration. Horse A ran the same distance previously with more weight in X seconds. Horse B runs well in this weight distance but was injured recently. Horse C runs better on a hard dry track and it’s wet this week. Horse D runs this weight distance well but ...
I know that wine & beer were the main beverages consumed in the Middle Ages due to lack of clean water. How were these individuals (especially the poorer ones) not constantly dehydrated ?	[ "Here is an [old thread](_URL_0_) that discusses the myth of unavailability of clean drinking water." ]	[ "Amphibians explore and migrate during cool moist weather. They can cover a lot of distance that way, especially if they can find damp places to take shelter in between stages of their journey. Most animals (including us) are also perfectly capable of smelling water from a good distance. Wind blowing across a body ...
How does "duty free" work? Why do they have it? Who is it helping to have overpriced bulky gifts at the airport?	[ "Well when else would you buy a Toblerone?" ]	[ "The sales tax rate varies wildly in the US. In some states, there isn't any at all. In many states, different items are taxed or not taxed at all. Food, for example, may be taxed in one place but not another. Or clothing. Just to make it even more interesting, some localities have different sales tax rates or tax ...
How come things don't rot when submerged in oil?	[ "Rotting is when bacteria or fungi colonize & eat something. They need oxygen to survive. When you dump something in oil, it can't get oxygen. Be careful, there's still some nasty bacteria that can grow in oxygen-free environments. Botulism is a concern when canning food or making flavored oils & it can be incredib...	[ "A tree that grows in a warm, tropical environment will generally have indistinguishable rings. This is why tropical wood is so highly valued; it has a very find grain. The rings are formed from variation in the width of vascular tissue which tends to depend highly on the soil and air moisture levels (though based ...
Why is it so hard to reverse-engineer something? Shouldn't it be simple to just copy the parts exactly?	[ "No. Let's say you try and reverse engineer an iPhone. You need to know what each component is made of, this is NOT easy at all and requires some fairly high level analytical skills. You also need to know how each component talks to each other. An iPhone isn't just the solid stuff, and then OS installed; there is...	[ "The percentage only considers the percentage of base substitutions in the DNA not the actual amount of DNA that is similar. Scientist look for similarities between genes, then when they find them, they count the number of times one DNA base has been replaced by another. If there is a strand of DNA that does not ha...
how come when you take a room temperature soda, and pour it over ice, it goes nearly flat?	[ "Firstly it is important to understand that cold liquids 'hold on to' dissolved gases better than warm ones. Bubbles form on uneven surfaces, ice is littered with uneven surfaces (suck on an ice cube and then poor a drink over it, it will fizz less). Combine a warm drink (which is rubbish at keeping gases dissolved...	[ "Your whole high school is in the gym for an assembly. The presentation comes to an end and everyone needs to leave all at once. If you never open the doors, people will never leave. If you open one door, how long will it take for everyone to leave? If you open all the doors, how long will it take for everyone t...
How people can sue for "emotional damages" in the millions of dollars.	[ "You can sue for emotional damages for eleven hundred trillion dollars. Doesn't mean you will get that much if you win." ]	[ "CPA here. I hate Trump, and there are tons of great reasons to hate the guy, but this is just one cherry picked data point that doesn't really tell us anything. The article you read is one big facepalm. That huge loss is called a Net Operating Loss, NOL. The rules for an NOL are pretty clear, and let you deduct t...
Is our galaxy on a stable axis?	[ "although I can't give a definite answer on whether it would have an unstable axis or not, the so-called tennis racket theorem demonstrated in the above video only applies to rigid objects, while the Milky Way is fluid and rotating inconsistently. As a result, I don't think that it applies to our galaxy." ]	[ "You'd probably get no signal, though that doesn't interfere with scrolling through pages and opening apps. The absence of gravity could confuse your phone's accelerometer. I don't know if iPhone shows horizonal screens the way other smarphones (like Androids) do, I assume yes. You'd probably get unexpected layout ...
Why is it so easy to watch several episodes of a show when watching a whole movie often bores people quickly?	[ "TV series are episodic, meaning each episode tends to have a starting point, a mid, then a conclusion all withing a shorter space of time, they also tend to end with cliffhangers to keep people coming back for more. They get to have new developments in every episode as well as more time to develop the longer runni...	[ "Houses are really expensive. Paying in smaller payments means you still have money to purchase other necessities (food, clothing, transportation). Paying in a few large payments would put a huge dent in peoples' wallets, and so would either have to forfeit other necessities or purchase a house that may not sui...
What is New England, does it have any significance in terms of governing power or anything similar and are there any other areas just like it?	[ "Its just a colloquial term for a group of states in the North East. It has no formal power or control; it just like the Bible Belt or the Rust Belt or the Deep South." ]	[ "I'd offer Massasoit of the Wampanoag who managed to use the Massachusetts Bay settlers to his advantage and play various parties off against one another to maintain peace through most of the 17th century. As for a lasting legacy, the Wampanoag still maintain a tribal identity and have a reservation on Martha's Vin...
Why are vanilla flavored items always white, when the bean itself is dark?	[ "Vanilla flavored items are typically flavored using vanilla extract, as opposed to using the actual bean. The extract is made by submerging the beans in a liquid solution which then absorbs the flavor. The vanilla extract is actually yellowish. This is why a lot of vanilla ice cream has a yellow tint. If the ice c...	[ "Our ancestors when in the wild would enjoy a fresh kill, body still warm. If you came across a dead animal that had been there a while, well you wouldn't want that would you. Evolution has taught us warm is preferable to cold. Unless of course you are eating mint chocolate chip ice cream." ]
How is it possible the weather conditions in Jupiter's Giant Red Spot haven't changed since we first discovered it?	[ "Of course conditions in the spot change. Color, wind speed, and size of the spot have been constantly changing for as long as we've been able to make accurate measurements of them. Between 1996 and 2006 the spot lost 15 percent of its diameter along its major axis. It's rotation period slowed during that time as w...	[ "The pressure doesn't keep increasing. It's pressurized to a certain level and stays there. Just as a balloon can hold pressure for days without the pressure increasing and bursting it. Edit: Or how a heavy book on a shelf doesn't press harder and harder until it breaks the shelf. The pressure has stabilized." ...
What is the first organism of a new species called?	[ "The first discovered individual of a species often becomes the [type specimen](_URL_0_). It's not necessarily the _first_ but it often is one of the first collected. For plants, this is usually a dried plant, for animals it is usually a skeleton and skin or animal preserved in ethanol or formalin. Because there i...	[ "It depends, but in a simple case if it takes multiple pieces to make the the final time e.g multiple protein \"subunits\" to make a \"protein-complex\" then if any of them are defective, the whole thing doesn't work. Think of car tires where one or two of the four tires is flat (from the mutant gene) and the other...
Why absolute silence sounds so loud	[ "People take in information like anything else. Repeating data carries less information (redundancy) i.e. it's only loud in contrast to a typically noisey environment (i.e. the redundancy is lower) but it eventually wears off as silence becomes the new noise (it'll be more \"quiet\" with time)." ]	[ "If you are adding waves together from unknown sources you get what is called \"Incoherent addition.\" Which is to say, you don't know if you have \"constructive\" or \"destructive\" interference between all of the sources. The average interference is what gives you the \"incoherent\" value. The normal value we use...
Redshift: How do astronomers distinguish between a far away star, whose light is redshifted and a nearer star, that is a red giant?	[ "The way we determine redshift is by spectral lines. These are determined by the composition of the star (hydrogen, for example, emits/absorbs light at certain frequencies, helium at others), not solely temperature. So while a red-shifted star might look similar to a star that is just cooler, a cooler star would ha...	[ "One fundamental example is the [asymptotic freedom](_URL_0_) of the strong force. At very short distance scales, the strong force (the force by which quarks and antiquarks and gluons interact) becomes much weaker at very short distance scales. The increasing strength of the strong force at larger distance scale...
Why would anyone object to a background check for gun ownership?	[ "Some people object to background checks in general. They don't think that people should be able to look through the history of your life except for a very good reason." ]	[ "Audit trails. In every good elections system, there's a way to go back to the physical ballots and count them again, and to compare how many ballots there are as compared to the number of people who showed up at the polls. There's no need to tie a specific ballot to the person who cast it." ]
Why do insects and spiders creep so many people out, but other animals such as dogs or birds don't give people a creepy crawly feeling?	[ "Because bugs crawl on us, and some can be dangerous. Think about two phenotypes: A human with a shudder response to bugs, and a human without. In the wild, the human who shudders and reacts strongly to a bug on its skin gets the bug off of its skin as quickly as possible. If you've just walked through a spiderweb ...	[ "I read an article a somewhere that said it was do the the \"roughness\" or randomness of the noise. As the fingers nails catch and slip it produces random variances in the amplitude and frequency of the noise. Our brains find the signal unpredictable and that somehow causes it the view it as a danger. There are a...
Do black people have more melanocytes than whites or do theirs just synthesize more melanin?	[ "The short answer is that darker-skinned people have more melanosomes in their melanocytes, so yes, dark skinned people synthesize more melanin. Getting under the skin of this (I'm sorry, couldn't resist!), however, requires further study. In point of fact, geneticists still aren't quite sure about what exactly dr...	[ "_URL_2_ columnist William Saletan waded into this issue several years ago with similar questions to yours. Here's an article posted AFTER his initial article and several followups, all of which can be reached via links within the article. It's an interesting journey with commentary from psychologists, statistician...
Exactly what standardized high school testing is and why a lot of people are against it.	[ "In a lot of states, all high school students have to pass a battery of tests in order to receive credit for graduating high school. The following are its theoretical pros and cons. Pros: Allows a standard measure for the quality of a school district and can highlight districts or schools that are severely underper...	[ "The IRS doesn't know exactly how much money you will make this year based on a single paycheck, you might have a second job or a rental property or you might get a raise. They also don't know what deductions you qualify for or are going to take when they issue your pay cheque." ]
How can the computers on the Apollo 11 mission to the moon be no more powerful than today's mobile phones or pocket calculators?	[ "Nope. What do you imagine they were doing? Calculating an orbit isn't any harder (actually, much easier) than playing Angry Birds." ]	[ "Very careful simulation based on testing data. Engineers have experimentally gathered data about all the different materials used to make the telescope. This data includes failure points given applied loads, vibrational frequencies, etc. They can use this along with a computational model of the sattelite to predic...
Why is it that I really want to be productive, but my brain literally does everything it can to stop me?	[ "When you say you want to be productive, what you really mean is that you really want the rewards. What you don't want is to have to do the work to get there. It's like an overweight person really wants to be very fit. But they do not want to change their diet and lifestyle and they don't want to exercise." ]	[ "Part of it has to do with where you are in the REM cycle when it is time to get up. When you need to get up at a certain time, it is just as important to plan when you go to bed and how long you're going to be asleep when it is time to get up. So many people just set an alarm and stay up until they're tired or pl...
why does anti-inflammatory medicine promote healing?	[ "First look at the reason your body will become inflamed around an injury. If you are cut the body will send white blood cells and platelets to the area to stop bleeding and stop bacteria. Inflammation in any part of your body can be painful and limit motion. Swelling of a knee because of an injury can cut off blo...	[ "To sell water and sports drinks. That's it. Most hydration experts will tell you \"drink when you're thirsty\". The human body has millions of years of evolution built in to tell you you need to drink. What it's never told you is that you need exactly 8 glasses of water a day. It's all marketing, and the fact that...
As I understand it in ancient times although people understood things like politics changed over time, they assumed their basic way of life would just stay the same forever. When did people start to think of technological change as something constant and on going like we do in modern times?	[ "I know I've quoted this before here, but... > Everything is at its Acme; especially the art of making one's way in the world. There is more required nowadays to make a single wise man than formerly to make Seven Sages, and more is needed nowadays to deal with a single person than was required with a whole peo...	[ "not discouraging anyone from contributing more info on this topic - especially with regard to how common pets were - but FYI there have been lots of questions about pets, so check out these posts for previous responses. [When and why did people start keeping pets?](_URL_2_) [When did it become common for people ...
what does tl;dr mean?	[ "Too Long; Didn't Read. It's a flippant way for commenters to ask for, or for writers to add, a summary to longer pieces of text in a way that's easily recognisable. You'll often find it at the end of multiple paragraph long posts on many subreddits starting a brief explanation, or just the term itself in the comme...	[ "Explain ___ like I'm five or Explain __ LI5 would be great in my opinion, and having a loose format like TIL also helps when browsing the main page (to easily identify which subreddit the post is from based on the title)." ]
Why do we have names such as cow and beef for the animal and the meat but only chicken and duck for the animal and the meat?	[ "I wondered that too, until someone pointed out that chicken and duck are poultry, which is of French derivation. As to why the word \"poultry\" has gone out of fashion, though, I leave to others." ]	[ "It's all about relativity. If the Hulk ran for a quarter mile, he'd only appear to be moving a few dozen widths of his body size. If a dragonfly then traveled the same distance and speed, it'd appear to be moving thousands of widths of its body size. So they cover the same distance but relative to their body size ...
How long could you survive in open space without any protection?	[ "This NASA link should have the answers you're looking for: _URL_0_" ]	[ "My money is on suffocation assuming the suit kept your temperature up well enough. Or CO2 poisoning if you want to be more specific." ]
Why are we scared after having nightmares or watching horror movies when we know that they are not real?	[ "From an evolutionary psychology perspective, screens/movies/intense entertainment such as these haven't been around for very long. Anytime an ancestor saw something scary or threatening it's because it was real. Our brains still aren't designed for anything different. Nightmares are different. I read somewhere tha...	[ "When you sleep, you're doing it in cycles that last roughly 90 minutes. Interrupting these cycles mean that your brain doesn't quite finish the recharging it normally does during sleep, and you will feel more tired and like you only got a few hours of sleep. During the weekend, you are probably waking up naturally...
How can white noise and the Dirac distribution have the same Fourier transform?	[ "The catch is that white gaussian noise is a random process, not a deterministic signal like a delta function. Fourier transforms are defined differently for random processes. Strictly speaking, they do not exist. But we can still get information about the spectral content of a random process through defining it's ...	[ "I haven't had to derive it since my undergrad, but if memory serves, it is obtained from the Schwarz inequality. After doing some maths, you basically get that, for two operators, the product of their uncertainties is greater than or equal to (half?) the expectation value of the commutator of the the two operators...
what was going on in Asia around the time of the discovery of the New World by Europe?	[ "In Japan, the first Portuguese arrived in the 1543, a few decades after the conquest of the Americas. However, as far as I know, they didn't tell the Japanese about it. Only when an Englishman ([William Adams](_URL_3_) showed up around 1600 did the military leaders of Japan learn about the Catholic raping and pi...	[ "No. And to discuss why involves discussion of burden of proof. \"Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.\" Sailing across either the Atlantic and Pacific, and making contact is a pretty extraordinary claim. Books such as \"Peru Before the Incas\", and \" The Last of the Incas\" have nothing to say abo...
Why is that the Phillippines is spelled with a "Ph" but when when you refer to someone from there they are known as "Filipino". Why does the "Ph" change to an F?	[ "A: The word “Filipino” is spelled with an “f” because it's derived from the Spanish name for the Philippine Islands: las Islas Filipinas. Originally, after Magellan's expedition in 1521, the Spanish called the islands San Lázaro, according to the Oxford English Dictionary.Apr 22, 2010" ]	[ "- Affect is a verb, and means to have an effect on. - Example: This comment will affect your understanding of words. - Effect is a noun and means a change that is a result of something else. - Example: The effect of learning new words means you will be more clever. - However, you can also use effect whe...
When the U.S. sues banks and lenders like Fannie Mae and such, where does the money come from? Isn't it all lost?	[ "I'm confused? When you sue someone you don't take away all their assets in most cases. Just the amount needed to repair the damages. Also, Fannie and Freddie aren't the only lenders, and they aren't a traditional lender in the first place." ]	[ "> Didn't they know that they would be sowing the seeds for resentment and future hostilities? Resentment, maybe. Future hostilities? Eh...The Allies didn't have a crystal ball on hand. Germany was given (more or less) the treatment of the era when you lost a (major) war--loser pays. In the Franco-Prussian war of...
What is the "bass" in rap music?	[ "9 times out of ten it's a kick drum from the famous Roland TR-808 drum machine, made famous in the 80s. This drum machine also has a few other signature sounds including its snare, open hat, and rimshot hits. The TR-808 kick became more famous than other drum machines at the time because of its \"envelope\", or, p...	[ "For Rastafari the Bible is one of their central books (it is an Abrahamic religion after all). In short they see [Haile Selassie](_URL_0_) as the new Messiah. Babylon in biblical terms was always a place of sin. Remeber the story of the Tower of Babel (Genesis 11) and in Revelation 17 is it called the great [Babyl...
Why do you hear a big bang when you break the sound barrier?	[ "Normally the sound waves of a plane are radiated in all directions, but as it approaches supersonic speeds the waves are compressed. When a jet accelerates passed the speed of sound the sound waves are compressed into a cone behind it because the plane is moving faster than the noise it is making. So the sonic boo...	[ "> This recent infrared image of the Eagle Nebula shows a bubble of hot, rapidly expanding material directly behind the pillars What they have seen is the beginning stages of a supernova. The initial stages of the supernova itself happen very fast, but the shock-wave needs time to pass through and destroy the Pill...
Does engaging with sexual actions of someone who is opposite of your sexual orientation still produce bonding chemicals?	[ "Well Oxytocin specifically is not limited to sex. It is most famous for being a bonding chemical produced after birth in mothers with their children. Now to get to your question of bonding with male/male partners I would say its highly likely. The human brain doesn't usually discriminate in gender with the product...	[ "Imagine you are made of genetic soup. Some people have ingredients that just don't go well together and make the soup taste bad. But that's ok, because when you have a kid, we just take some of my soup and some of my wife's soup and pour it in together. So even though my soup has some bad ingredients, her ingredie...
Why are some penises curved?	[ "The shaft of the penis is made of three different chambers. The corpus spongiosum and two corpora cavernosa. If one of those chambers is longer than the other, it becomes curved. If the corpus spongiosum is longer than the corpora cavernosa, it will point up and if it’s shorter than the corpora cavernosa, it will ...	[ "It depends on how they prefer to form letters, size/coordination of their hand, what muscles they use to write, what they think looks best, and the effort they put into their writing. I have terrible handwriting usually, but when I put effort into it, I have an entirely different \"font\" with differently formed l...
What is Conway's Game of Life, and how is it linked to the Hacker community?	[ "It is an example of a complex system that derived from very simple rules. You are right, it is more of a simulation rather than a game as such." ]	[ "\"The only way to beat Roulette is to steal the money when the dealer's not looking.\" - Albert Einstein this goes for any casino game. they would not invent a game where the house will not have an edge." ]
Why does a word start to sound foreign the more you repeat it over and over out loud?	[ "“Semantic satiation” is the phrase used to describe this. Basically, your brain becomes somewhat fatigued and numbed to the sound and the repition and over time as it tapers in neural response. This practice is actually described to combat speech anxiety where the repition of phrases decrease any associated fears ...	[ "I think we develop a \"been there, done that\" mentality in ways. I can not watch cartoons now. No matter what the topic. The irony is I just can't pay attention to cartoons." ]
Can someone explain the difference between affect and effect LI5?	[ "- Affect is a verb, and means to have an effect on. - Example: This comment will affect your understanding of words. - Effect is a noun and means a change that is a result of something else. - Example: The effect of learning new words means you will be more clever. - However, you can also use effect whe...	[ "Kind of like if you're looking through some legos for a number of different parts, you usually come across one that you need so your search goes quickly until there's one last part you need. It might take you awhile to find that last specific part. That explanation is probably wrong but that's what I would say to...
Why are terrorist organizations so active in the Middle East (Iraq and Syria), but not in the one country almost everyone in the Middle East hates, Israel?	[ "Israel gets hit by attacks all the time, but the Israelis take defense very seriously and have a relatively small country with well-guarded borders. They're also willing to use somewhat less-than-kosher tactics with respect to counterterrorism." ]	[ "They get buried. Sediments get deposited on top of them, from processes such as sand dunes, rivers, volcanic eruptions, ocean deposits, and such. Once you pile a bunch of sediments over a landscape, the landscape sinks from the weight, which often allows for more sediments to be piled on top. Nearby continents (or...
Why have we only just discovered Proxima Centauri B, despite discovering thousands of other exoplanets hundreds of light-years away?	[ "Because it is relatively small and most of those other exoplanets we've found are supergiants. Planets so big they significantly block out the light from their star, or even shift their star in space, are much easier to find than a smaller planet even if it is a lot closer." ]	[ "The short answer is, we're not moving fast enough to experience any serious time dilation. The longer answer, we're moving roughly 627 km/s relative to CMBR _URL_1_. That means we are moving at roughly 0.002x the speed of light relative to CMBR. As you can see on this [chart](_URL_0_), time dilation wouldn't even ...
Why did the Soviets do so badly in Finland during WWII?	[ "It's because I wasn't there. No, seriously, as others have pointed out, Soviet military leadership was pretty much destroyed in the Purges of the 30s, and competent generals were few and far between, and even good ones were often afraid to show initiative and stand out. Better to fail through orthodoxy than risk s...	[ "Hope this helps, as it is a discussion which was raised in a module that I had last year over Britain c. 800-1300. To the best of our knowledge, we don't know. There are tombs from 4000-3000 BC, but we don't know for sure if the native population (which likely may not have been Pictish, due to geographical isolati...
Why does laughing hard enough cause you to cry?	[ "Id assume it's the happy cries. So basically what's happening in your brain is that the gigantic surge of happiness and excitement overloads your brain alongside with a big release of hormones causing it to go absolutely apeshit and can't register anything but happiness. In that \"I did it\" moment you normally on...	[ "Our brains didn't evolve with cars in mind. They evolved with, like, being hunted by a jaguar (or whatever) in mind. So your brain doesn't know what to do with a car. It thinks hey, we're sitting, our body's not really doing anything physical, there's very little activity or stimulus... this seems like a good time...
Characters in movies that wake up in the hospital, only to pull out all their IV's and tubes to walk out because of plot reasons, you couldn't do that in real life could you? What are all of those for and what would happen (if anything) if you did just yank them all out?	[ "The IVs are probably not a big deal. They’re mostly fluids and medication that can’t be administered orally. You would likely just need a few bandaids. The breathing tube and catheter, though....." ]	[ "A huge portion of the world economy and how businesses run rely on the principals that these types of transaction can occur. We don't know what would happen if you couldn't trade stocks anymore. However it pretty reasonable to assume the world economy would be drastically twisted compared to the economy of today, ...
How come when I wave an object in front of the computer screen, it seems to move in "frames"?	[ "Your computer screen is actually flashing about sixty times per second. Your eyes don't notice this because it is too fast for them to register. In this regard, the computer screen acts like a strobe light. Each flash is like the frame of a video, so if you see something that moves faster than the flashing of the ...	[ "It's because they don't weigh enough. If I crumple up this newspaper and toss it onto my kitchen floor, it doesn't get damaged. But if I throw this coffee cup on the Gotta go." ]
Why is Wikipedia so bad to use as a source but a random website isn't	[ "A \"random\" website is just as bad a source as Wikipedia, but for different reasons. Wikis are bad resources because, in and of themselves, they're not a source, they're a collection of sources that have been assembled by someone else. Aside from having someone else do the work for you, there's nothing to say tha...	[ "Imagine you have 100 doors, and there is a prize behind one. You pick one door and then 98 others are opened. The prize is either behind your door, or the other one that is unopened. Should you switch? Absolutely, because you had a 1/100 shot of guessing right with your first pick, and a 99/100 chance if you swit...
What's the purpose of vote obfuscation on Reddit?	[ "Vote spammers will create dummy accounts to upvote or downvote whatever they want. When the system detects these fake accounts it doesn't delete them, it simply doesn't count their vote. To the account holder it looks like the vote worked, but on the backend it gets discarded. If the vote count was always 100% acc...	[ "Top = amount of upvotes-downvotes New = time since posting Hot = how fast something is getting upvotes Controversial = a ratio of downvotes to upvotes" ]
Could a planet be so close to the star it orbits that it would be torn apart by the slightly higher gravity on the side which faces the star?	[ "Spaghettification is more a black hole thing, I'm not aware of it being used to apply to non-black hole cases. As to the planet being torn apart, the distance one body has to be from a larger one and NOT have this happen is called the Roche limit. For the sun, that body has to be within a couple radii. The distanc...	[ "This comes down to the fact that things that are spinning like to keep spinning in that same direction. When a solar system (or galaxy, for that matter) is forming, there is a whole bunch of particles going every which way. Assuming they are all bound (they can't escape the system) you can add up the spinning of e...
Does milk curdle when it hits our stomach acid?	[ "Yes. It forms a substance akin to yogurt (Though less palatable) however, The actual name of this eludes me and google is not being friendly. The difference between you ingesting milk and it curdling in your stomach, and it curdling outside the body before ingestion, is the type of bacteria that cause this to ha...	[ "I know we get basically baptized with bacteria upon birth. But usually we acquire more bacteria/diverse throughout the years. How do we get these ones? Alongside that line probiotics, yougurt, kombucha, etc. Do those bacteria really get incorporated or they just die in the stomach? Or maybe they are a drop in the...
Why are so many comments marked as deleted?	[ "A lot of times, especially if you see a huge chain of deleted comments, it's because a moderator has decided that the originating comment of the chain has blatantly broken a rule on the sub. For instance, a thread marked \"serious\" will have obvious joke reply chains deleted. /r/science has certain rules that top...	[ "Top = amount of upvotes-downvotes New = time since posting Hot = how fast something is getting upvotes Controversial = a ratio of downvotes to upvotes" ]
When was the internet invented and by whom?	[ "It didn't get created all at once, but over time it was developed from a bunch of different ideas until it gradually became what we have today. This process really started in the late 60s, but the world wide web (what you know of the internet probably) didn't come around until the early 90s." ]	[ "Through fiber optic cables underground, above ground, or at the bottom of the oceans." ]
Why do you get headache when usually drink coffee but stop drinking or forget to drink?	[ "Because you are addicted to caffeine, and caffeine withdrawal causes headaches. Caffeine is an addictive psychoactive chemical, and can cause some very unpleasant withdrawal symptoms in people who are long-term users." ]	[ "Educated guess here. Lots of blood and lubricating fluid builds up in all the \"tubes\" of your genitals when you sexually excited, and the tubes expand a bit for better flow. The \"plan\" is all that fluid is expelled in an ejaculation, then all the blood flow goes back to the rest of your body and all your \"tub...
Why do I feel tired when I am warm and the sun is shining on me?	[ "A variety of reasons, actually. First, there is an obvious psychological reason, you associate cold with working or going to school, and a nice sunny day with laying in the beach. As to actual physiological reasons, first you've got homeostasis, the body will fight to keep you at your optimal temperature, and if...	[ "Our brains didn't evolve with cars in mind. They evolved with, like, being hunted by a jaguar (or whatever) in mind. So your brain doesn't know what to do with a car. It thinks hey, we're sitting, our body's not really doing anything physical, there's very little activity or stimulus... this seems like a good time...
How do nerves work with respect to the epidermis? Nerve endings don't exist within the epidermis so how do they "feel" more or less pain even with a scratch?	[ "Someone will probably come along with a more thorough answer but you don't have any replies yet so I'll go ahead. You do have nerve endings in your dermis, which is just under the epidermis. The epidermis is so thin that pretty much anything significant which happens to it will also affect the dermis. For example,...	[ "To tack on to this: What about when my leg itches somewhere but when I scratch my leg, anywhere on my leg, it doesn't satisfy it? And then I randomly scratch my armpit and it feels like I scratched the itch on my leg..." ]
Why is sex never depicted graphically in classical (Greek, Roman etc) art, even though nudity was common?	[ "[I would question the premise](_URL_1_) (NSFW I suppose). My suspicion is that the lack or erotic art has more to do with the practices of museum display than anything regarding the ancient world. Incidentally, a good rule of thumb if you ever go to a \"Greek\" art gallery is that a healthy majority of the items y...	[ "Ok, let's first note that 6000 deaths is not actually \"immense\" for a battle of this size. Second, your question applies with even greater force to attacks across no-man's-land in the Great War. Why weren't the soldiers provided with armour plate to stop them being gunned down by the hundreds? The answer is thr...
In 2004 an often quoted paper was published that claimed that the increase in 5-year survival from chemotherapy is only 2.3%. What is the current position of research on the efficiency of chemotherapy?	[ "This is really interesting, I’m going to read the paper and get back to you on this. To make an educated guess I would say the effectiveness of chemo is dependent on if metastasis has taken place, depends on the type of cancer, etc. Some cancers are more susceptible to chemo than others, typically we’re giving a c...	[ "Edit: To the point of philosophers being divided, the popular opinion of the \"Rationalists\" at this time was that the Quran was created. The \"Traditionalists\" believed it was coeternal with God because it was God's literal word and God himself is eternal. It seems that sometime during the reign of the Abassid ...
How do you prevent/combat a DDoS attack?	[ "DDoS is pretty much a numbers game, it is not possible to completely avoid it, you can just make it harder / require more resources. Something that happens is detecting and flagging sources as spam and dropping their traffic as early as possible. Further than that you can just increase your power, using stronger/m...	[ "They check for an @ symbol and a domain extension such as .com or .edu It doesn't normally do any test to check if the address is reachable etc" ]
Why do our (human) hearts and lungs stop working at low temperatures?	[ "I think it is a chemical problem not a mechanical one. Most of the enzymes in our body function in a range of temperatures and break down or stop working when the temperature is too hot or too cold." ]	[ "The amount of moisture in the air is dependent upon its temperature, below a certain point there is too little moisture for precipitation. There are various large stretches of the Antarctic that qualify as deserts because they have so little precipitation due to this principle. But -2 is certainly warm enough to s...
What does that artistic spiral made of boxes of increasing size mean?	[ "You're thinking of the Golden Ratio, also described as the Golden Rectangle. It's a principle that things in nature tend to grow in a certain shape, and that pictures composed using this shape tend to look good. _URL_0_" ]	[ "The news is a pretty random thing. Some stories get picked up, others don't. Sometimes there's deliberate bias involved, because the media want to spin a certain narrative. But other times it really is just random. So this story about the pacsun shirt took off, the House of Cards logo didn't. Also, you have to r...
Why does a small private plane such a Cessna cost so much more than the materials and labor?	[ "Several reasons. - The material are actually more expansive. For a car you can use normal steel, you don't need high end material unless you make a high end car. But you can't use that for a plane of it will be way too heavy, you need a material that can strong and light. That usually mean aluminium, fibreglass or...	[ "Data. Pure, gooey, delicious data. Seriously though - the Airlines are collecting data on a massive scale. If they notice an uptick in travel to/from one city they will use that information to update how their resources are distributed." ]
how does your phone know when you tilt it?	[ "Put a slinky in a long glass tube and fix one end of the slinky to one end of the tube. Now lay the tube on your desk. The slinky is all curled up . Next, stand the tube upright. One end of the slinky is fixed to the top of the tube and the bottom of the slinky dangles down. What if you held the tube at an angle.....	[ "Most calculators will use the Taylor series, because it is very fast and easy to ensure a certain accuracy [example here](_URL_3_). However, this is only fast because multiplication/division have become much faster for computers than they used to be. Before, an algorithm called [CORDIC](_URL_4_) was used. Simply p...
Quantity related to energy as energy is related to mass?	[ "In this case c is just a factor of conversion between units of distance and units of time. In natural units we can set c=1 (as is commonly done in relativity), and that makes the equation E=m (that equation is indeed valid for any system in its center-of-momentum frame). If you define Q=Ec^2 , and it holds for all...	[ "Units are your friend, at least in physics. In the equation you gave, KE=1/2mv2, KE has units of joules. You should have also learned that a J is equal to kg*m2. And that is how you know the m is squared. When I was taking physics, I only memorized units and the basic parts of equations, then just filled in the re...
What causes autism? Does it even have a cause?	[ "Everything has a cause. But, as far as I know there is only statistical evidence for likely contributing factors to Autism. No solid working Theory however. Most likely \"causes\": Genetic factors. Seems to run in families. Also: Pregnancy complications, Mothers age, and closely bunched pregnancies are likely cont...	[ "VSauce on Youtube made a very good video on this, I highly recommend you check it out: _URL_0_" ]
Why did the Spanish language die in the Philippines?	[ "Did many people in the Phillipines speak Spanish or jsut the ruling class?If someone can answer that that might be the answer." ]	[ "If you were to build a 'super' car, would it be the fastest? The car that uses the least fuel? The one that can carry the most cargo? The one with the most amounts of seats? The one that fits in every parking space because its small? Different people create different languages for different reasons. Some are supe...
Is eating a lot of junk food quickly versus eating the same amount over a spread out time period any better or worse for you?	[ "While eating them over 20 days or in 1 day will be the same net amount of caloric/sugar intake, spreading it out allows your blood sugar levels to be more consistent. eating a bag of candy at once will spike your blood sugar - this is bad! If you are diabetic, this is REALLY BAD and can lead to a number of health ...	[ "Imagine you're writing a research paper. You go to the library, and there are three books that will help you, but they are in all different shelves. You can read one, put it back, and then go to the next one, but this will make you tired. So you grab them and scatter your stuff on an empty table. Now you can read ...
Why did George Washington join the revolution?	[ "As a follow up: was Washington particularly ideological? It seems that the main ideologues were people like Jefferson, Franklin, Hamilton, and the like, and that Washington was simply the \"muscle\" in front of the philosophical men behind him. Am I wrong?" ]	[ "I would recommend that you read [this](_URL_0_) article. It's written by Christopher Hitchens who volunteered to undergo the water boarding process. The tl;dr version is best summed up by Hitchens himself > You may have read by now the official lie about this treatment, which is that it “simulates” the feeling of...
What is preventing the USA from implementing universal healthcare and subsidized drugs?	[ "Just going to jump in here and point out that the US government spends more on healthcare per capita than any other OECD nation. Yet citizens still face the highest personal healthcare costs in the OECD. Whatever the reason that the US cannot provide healthcare to the same standard as other countries, it is not...	[ "The doctors and nurses don't even know how much shit costs. They just say what work they've done & the billing department handles the prices. Billing can't give you a straight answer because they have different rates for cash payments or insurance. Every insurance company negotiates a set of rates they'll pay fo...
If human civilization ended tomorrow, how long would it take for all evidence of our existence to disappear?	[ "That would depend on who and when the determination was made, and the intelligence of the being to recognize the evidence. For example, lets assume all visible signs of human activity were non existent, would some future being recognize our existence because it found evidence of plastic in the genetic code of fish...	[ "It varies, but not much individually. The problem is when everyone does it. It's kind of like why you're taught not to pick a flower from a garden when growing up. You alone, picking one flower, is not going to be noticed, it's not going to affect the plant or garden overall, but if everyone picks just 1, very s...
What is cloud computing?	[ "Cloud computing is just doing computing using networked computers rather than your local machine. Rather than being on your hard drive, your pictures and music might be stored in a huge a data center somewhere. Rather than running on your local computer, Excel or a game might be running in a huge data center somew...	[ "This CGP Grey video does a really good job of explaining it all. _URL_3_" ]
Why do the prongs on some electrical power plugs have holes while others do not?	[ "I do not find many references to this hole. The NEMA standard does specify this hole as an option and does specify its dimensions. The reason for the hole is to ease manufacturing of the plug. However I am not quite sure how exactly it makes the manufacturing process any easier. It is possible this hole is used fo...	[ "You mean like a solid black line or rectangle? It's for tracking, the machine that makes the cuts has a sensor to watch for those so it knows when to cut and if it is cutting right." ]
Why do ruins end up underneath the present-day surface? Specifically in cities?	[ "Hi, FYI there have been some interesting threads on this. Check these out * [Buried cities: how did they get that way?](_URL_1_) featuring /u/kookingpot * a few more links here [How is it that cities become buried while still being occupied?](_URL_0_)" ]	[ "An example would be useful. But if you mean what I think I mean then: Reality sucks. Things don't work out perfectly 99% of the time. \"Happily ever after\" is an extremely rare occurrence. So it's better to tell stories that are a little more grounded." ]
Is there any evidence to show a rise in motiveless violence in the US?	[ "Overall crime rates have been on a well-documented and decades-long decline. Why this is happening [is unclear](_URL_0_), and by unclear I mean probably a lot of things coming together led by the baby boom getting too old to rob people and better policing. You may be interested in the concept of a [moral panic](_U...	[ "hi everyone! just a reminder to respondents to be mindful of this sub's [\"20-year rule\": no discussion of events/conditions post-1994 please](_URL_0_)! thanks! OP, if you'd like to carry on this discussion for more recent years, consider x-posting this question to /r/AskSocialScience." ]
Why do Jupiter's moons never colide?	[ "Systems of moons like those of Jupiter tend to settle into stable orbital resonances, so their effects on each other ballance out over time. But these resonances can be weird sometimes. The strangest I'm aware of are Janus and Epimethius (technically moons of Saturn, not Jupiter, but Saturn also has tons of moons)...	[ "Ice caps are pretty dangerous environments, with rough terrain, lots of crevasses, etc. The number one priority with landers is finding a spot safe enough to be sure they can get to the ground in one piece. Then they pick the most scientifically interesting spot out of those. Ice caps are difficult. I'm sure they'...

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