Subset (10)

eli5 · 25k rows

Split (1)

train · 25k rows

query stringlengths 20 300	positive listlengths 1 1	negative listlengths 1 1
Why do my ribs hurt after exercising for a long time?	[ "Depending on the exercise you're doing you're probably working the muscles in your chest and midsection and they're sore." ]	[ "Simply put for the same reason drinking water when you're not thirsty isn't as refreshing as when you're REALLY thirsty. Anticipating the bodies' needs doesn't trigger the same reward responses in the brain as fulfilling a need that is already present. Your muscles don't NEED to stretch right now, so you can't ant...
Why can't a state just print more banknotes to create more money? [LI5]	[ "Think of a rare baseball card. If there's only 10 of them in existence, then everyone would want them and they would be willing to trade hundreds of chocolate bars for it. Now think if they printed 990 more of that rare baseball card. Now everyone has one, and no one is willing to trade a chocolate bar for it." ]	[ "I'm not normally one to naysay a request for knowledge, but this is not exactly a topic that can be explained like you were five. It requires a fairly extensive level of prior knowledge and understanding just to pose that question, and any answer posted is likely to be incomplete, wrong, or misleading. Sorry, but ...
How often do collisions in LEO happen?	[ "1. There has been one unplanned high speed impact between two full sized orbiting bodies in LEO. On 2009 Feb 10, operational Iridium 33 and derelict Kosmos-2251 collided at a closing speed of 11.7 km/sec at an altitude of 789 km over Siberia. By 2001, The U.S.Spsce Surveillance Network had cataloged over 2000 lar...	[ "It turns out that Wikipedia has a [list of missions in Lagrange Points](_URL_2_)! The majority have been in Sun-Earth points, with quite a lot of missions studying the Sun being placed in L1, where the Earth/Moon won't block their view, with the most well known probably being [SOHO](_URL_3_). There are have also b...
Do cars that cost more then $100k ever lose value?	[ "[Here's a 2003 Ferrari 360 Modena, used, for about $93K.](_URL_1_) I couldn't find an exact price for how much they were new, but I'm sure it was well over $100k. Whether or not a vehicle ends up gaining in valuable depends on a lot of things: how many were made, how much people liked them, and how famous it gets ...	[ "There are a lot of people in the world who don't care about laws, or the laws of other countries, or the property rights of other people. For example if you stole a piece of art from someone in England that a wealthy member of the royal family in Saudi Arabia wanted they probably don't care at all that it was stol...
How do Owls turn their heads almost 360 degrees?	[ "Many birds can turn their heads a very large amount. Part of the reason is they have 14 cervical vertebrae, compared to 7 for mammals. The owls I've worked with can easily turn their heads completely backwards and even slightly beyond that. So that gives them complete 360 degree motion if you start from the greate...	[ "How do you know a year has passed without looking at a calendar? I imagine they sense the temperature/climate changes like anything else." ]
Monday Mysteries \| Lost (and found) treasures	[ "Frederic the I. (Prussia in case you were wondering) had a room designed with a lot of amber elements (panels, furniture etc.), the famous \"Bernsteinzimmer\". He gave it as a present to the russian Czar. It stayed in Russia for 200 years up to the II. WW. The Nazis captured it and brought it to Königsberg (now po...	[ "Paper is not particularly fragile, and passports are not made out of the cheap stuff. > According to the BBC some unknown passerby handed them to the police, which makes little sense. Why not? What do you do with passports you find at plane crash sites?" ]
How do smells work? How are they emitted from their source and how do they travel through the air?	[ "Volatile organic molecules. For example if you tear up a bunch of mint leaves, you break the structure of the mint up. This exposes the innards to the air, and all of the chemicals that create the mint smell and taste. Some of these chemicals will vapourise (it's just they chemi/physical properties of them), and ...	[ "I hate that this question is downvoted so much. C'mon people, why are we punishing people for asking questions? Whatever happened to \"there's no such thing as a dumb question?\" awersF, please keep asking questions about the world around you. Discoveries are made because people question their perceptions establis...
Why is the "claimed" battery life of a product always significantly more that the actual battery life of a product?	[ "The battery WILL last 16 hours in lab conditions i.e. with the product turned on and doing nothing. When you start to use the device, it requires more power to run the tasks you are doing so the battery is being used quicker than if it's sitting idle." ]	[ "Imagine driving a long distance on the road. Your destination is 160 miles away, so you drive along the highway at about 80mph and figure that you need about 2hours total. Then, in the middle of that 160mi, the road gets very bad (you had no chance of knowing that) so you can drive only 50mph. You don't know if th...
Does grouping change estimation model? [Probability]	[ "They don't contradict each other, each model just works to different ends. Guessing that all are male is appropriate if you want to maximise the number of correct individual guesses. Assigning a 55/45 split is appropriate if you only care about the ratio of sexes in the group as a whole. For instance, suppose y...	[ "Well one way is by selected specific people for your study. The studied that showed evidence that vaccines caused autism actually dropped people from the study who had children not become autistic, found children who had family history of autism to include in the study, and kept the numbers small. Another way coul...
how do contact lenses stick to your eyes?	[ "The surface tension of the liquid (mostly water) on your eye keeps them in place, but it doesn't really stop them from rotating. For most people - those without astigmatism - it doesn't really matter if it does rotate. Your eye is pretty much symmetric thought the center (from your pupil to the back). Astigmatism ...	[ "I don't think \"sticky\" is something that has a precise meaning in chemistry. I think what it comes down to is the relative strength and balance of many types of [intermolecular forces](_URL_1_) that are at play. Take honey for example. It has lots of carbohydrate molecules like [fructose](_URL_0_). This molecule...
Why hearing sounds at the low end of the spectrum is pleasing/satisfying while hearing high sounds is painful	[ "Our eardrums also have a natural resonant frequency of about 13K HZ which is why sounds in that range can be painful" ]	[ "This is an example of a negative after image illusion. Essentially the light receptors in your retina's cone cells are being over saturated with a single colour (or set of colour frequencies), those receptors then stop responding strongly to those colours but this manifests in your brain as a hyper-sensitivity to ...
What happens when the news publicizes the arrest of someone who turns out to be innocent? Can they be sued or tried for ruining the persons life? Why is this considered acceptable?	[ "news agencies are protected from a degree of defamation by doctrines established by the supreme court over years of litigation. The most important thing to remember is if the news reported that a person was arrested, that is still true, and true speech is protected under the first amendment from complaints of defa...	[ "It's all about the college's perspective. For the colleges you're referring to, their primary market is not kids going to college, it's the parents of kids going to college. So the more control they can have over a story and the quicker they can make it go away, the less impact it will have on prospective parents...
why do waves always move towards the beach and not away?	[ "Waves are formed when the wind blows against the water out at sea. But at sea they are just large swells and dont look like a wave yet. As the swell moves towards shore the ground gets shallower, as there is less space for the large swell of water it goes the only place it can, up. The water at the top is now movi...	[ "So basically it runs through a list of ranked elements. You usually want the higher ranks first in the list, so if it sees an element ranked lower then the next one down, it swaps them. It goes through the list in one direction, then once it reaches the end it goes back through the list in the other direction. It ...
Supernova, limited to a single plane?	[ "No, they are three dimensional explosions. The parent star will have been rotating around some axis, and perhaps someone with more knowledge about the subject than me can tell you if that has a large effect on the geometry of the explosion... but they are at least mostly spherical. There are some good pictures o...	[ "Yes. Probably. Mode s info goes out to satellites sometimes. You could stream blackbox data. I think the satellites might have bandwidth issues but im guessing. You would also have to work around data integrity issues. You might need to upgrade the satellites that handle this type of data. We have satellite tv rig...
The phrase "Mercury is in retrograde"	[ "The planets orbit the sun at different speeds. Occasionally this speed difference makes it appear from our view that the planet starts moving backwards across the sky. This apparent backwards motion is called retrograde." ]	[ "[Although metastases to the fetus via the placenta are rare, melanoma is the most common culprit.](_URL_0_) Scary stuff. Edit: Adding info. Melanoma is a cancer derived from melanocytes, a cell type derived from the neural crest during development. The neural crest forms as a tube on your back (spinal cord) and m...
I work with identical 4 year old twins - one has severe autism, the other is normally developing. How does this fit into the whole nature/ nurture debate?	[ "Epigenomics is the simplest of answers, you should read about it, I think you'll find it interesting. The wiki page is a nice summary. It talks about processes that affect the translation/expression of our DNA. Simply put having the same DNA, as the twins do have, does not mean those genes that are key in developi...	[ "To both the political scientists and/or the anthropologists out there: Why is it that both conservatives and liberals are each likely to agree with their own groups on so many vastly different issues: from abortion to net neutrality to healthcare? How can so many people simply be stuffed into 2 groups? Shouldn't t...
Why don't Silicon Valley companies just pay their employees more to recruit talent rather than just trying to offer the best perks?	[ "A gym is close to a one-time investment, a larger salary happens every paycheck and only goes up from there with inflation. Besides that, I expect it's cheaper to build a gym than pay even 10 people an extra 10% a year - the first year alone." ]	[ "Think about how incredibly dangerous and taxing it is for a woman to have a child. They're unable to mate for a year minimum, risk death and have a huge need to then care for the child. If you're a male who has invested in a woman, there is a very clear incentive for you to make sure that she doesn't go through th...
The difference between techno and house	[ "Start [here](_URL_0_). It's better than any ELI5 because it has audio examples. Although some of it is less factual and more a matter of opinion, it's fairly accurate overall." ]	[ "[This question](_URL_0_) in the FAQ probably explains this sufficiently. Although actually the planets are very similar, if you consider them as two separate groups." ]
Why doesn't dark matter coalesce together?	[ "Because atoms collide with each other and can dissipate excess energy through radiation. Dark matter apparently does not do this, so it can't get rid of its kinetic energy and clump up." ]	[ "Space is mostly empty. That means that things that are more distant are not blocked by things that are closer - there's enough space for us to see distant things and close things through a telescope at the same time. Yes, the light all arrives at the telescope at the same time, but some of that light has travelled...
could someone please explain to me the differences between right political parties and left political parties (ex. Fascism and Communism) ?	[ "The left usually is for high taxes to redistribute wealth, expensive social welfare programs, and big government spending The right is usually for lower taxes, less social welfare programs, and more moderate government spending" ]	[ "Supply side: > Let's make it easy for people to create goods and services. (Tax breaks, fewer trade barriers...) The increase in stuff will drive prices down, and consumption up. Demand side: > Let's help companies by increasing demand. (By increasing government spending and encouraging spending/borrowing by reduc...
Why are TL;Drs placed at the end of a TLDR post?	[ "Might be more beneficial for people who can't be bothered to read the whole text but it would ruin it for people who do want to read the whole thing if they know the conclusion before they've started." ]	[ "Every one I've ever seen has been either: A) a slight nuance to add to something in the book (it isn't perfect of course) B) an argument that is actually addressed in the book itself, indicating that the person making the argument probably didn't read GGandS very closely C) poorly researched bs meant to get attent...
What is the difference between a TV network ordering more episodes of the current season and ordering a new season?	[ "It has to do with the contracts the networks sign for the show. Typically shows are contracted by the season - but often they will buy a season with a certain number of episodes with an option to buy more episodes under that contract if the show is successful. For example - They will sign a contract for 1 season o...	[ "Your employer takes money out of your paycheck throughout the year to pay your local, state, and federal taxes. The amount they take out, however, is just an estimate how much tax you will probably owe at the end of the year. There's no way for the state, local, and federal governments to know what you actually do...
why do Amercans state their genetic makeup when talking about nationality, ie Irish, German, African American?	[ "Because the grand majority of Americans are relatively recent descendants of immigrants, and it helps give them a sense of pride and culture that they don't get from saying that they are American." ]	[ "Setting aside the terminology of \"race\", it's entirely down to selective pressures of the different environments. In equatorial regions where the sun is plentiful, having a lot of melanin is useful in protecting against cancer. The further north/south you go from there, the less sun there is, so having less mela...
Why must operating systems be installed from a USB/CD?	[ "Where else are you going to run it from? You're trying to delete your current OS essentially. You can't run something off an OS that's in the process of being deleted." ]	[ "Like you're five? Because the grownups who make the drug (Sanofi) showed the grownups who regulate the drug (the Food and Drug Administration) that the drug is safe enough to take without needing the advice from a doctor. The drug itself does the same thing only now you don't need a prescription from the doctor. P...
How gigapixel images are taken.	[ "They are stitched together. You could basically take a mediocre camera and a zoom lens, lay an imaginary grid over a landscape and take one picture per square. The stitching can be done automatically in photoshop. (Do you have photoshop? It's called 'photomerge')." ]	[ "They store it all on a hard drive the size of Texas! Actually, it's split across thousands and thousands of hard drives, in probably hundreds of buildings. Here's a [picture](_URL_0_) of just one of them. This one is in Iowa." ]
Was their any Serial Killers per-colonial American times?	[ "Was suppose to be pre-colonial but I am also a moron in my part time." ]	[ "Followup question: I have heard that \"raping and pillaging\" in this sort of context, as well as wonton destruction of infanstructure/leveling of cities in the was virtually unheard of, or at least less common in warfare in precolimbian Mesoamerica. Is that accurate?" ]
When we dream are the emotions we feel genuine reactions to the fake stimuli, or are they part of the dream?	[ "I would like to see this answer. Also, do you mean: do the emotions felt due in f the dream, replicate neural pathway activation from emotions during waking life? Furthermore, can someone get PTSD from an extremely traumatic dream? Or does the lack of memory retention disable long term effect of those emotions f...	[ "I've read that what seem to be long periods of sleep, like sleeping all night, are actually multiple shorter sleeps with brief intervals of being awake. But when you are only briefly awake, it fails to register in your long-term memory, so when you wake up in the morning, the last thing you can remember is some ti...
Do insects sleep? Do they dream?	[ "[Wikipedia](_URL_0_) suggests that insects exhibit sleep-like behavior. Unfortunately, since their behavior is so simple, it is difficult to tell exactly what is sleeping. The studies Wikipedia describes base their conclusions on the fact that sleep-deprivation causes the insects to lose cognitive ability. I can't...	[ "Same as humans. They have brains, sense organs, hormones, instincts, experience and subsequent problem solving, etc. Granted humans have a sophisticated language and mediums that facilitate mass communication and education, but even with the absence of that there is still instinct and learning -- a newborn babe wi...
Is it theoretically possible to replace all my bones (or most of the) for something made from a stronger material, like carbon fiber	[ "Start by reading [this](_URL_0_) to learn about the functions of bone, which go beyond the structural." ]	[ "This video created by Vsauce 3 (Jake Roper) does a very good job explaining this: _URL_1_ I hope this answers your question. He also did another video on a simmilar line of - could you survive: _URL_0_" ]
What is all the controversy surrounding stem cell research/testing?	[ "Stem cells are often gathered from what's left over after a woman has an abortion. Many people have a problem with this." ]	[ "Politics. It's an easy issue to use to paint your opponent as \"evil\" regardless of which side of the debate they are on." ]
How can someone take a loan to buy a company and transfer the debt to the company? E.g., the Glazer's takeover of Man United.	[ "You agree to buy part of the company, with a contractual condition with management that it will take a loan and buy back all its shares from other shareholders. The loan is collateralized on the assets of the company, so the banks are okay with it. So now you own the company which has taken a massive loan on itse...	[ "Yes -- Generally the leagues specifically have rules against this, so its quite as simple as that, its not allowed. In Europe, this gets even more wacky and complicated too. However, this wasn't always the case in every sport, for example a commonly known exception to this was the American Football player Hershel ...
No space junk in the ISS live feed?	[ "There is a \"lot\" of space junk. There's also a lot of space. Additionally, most of the space junk is in a higher orbit than the ISS." ]	[ "Smoke from what? Fires? There aren't any fires either. There's plenty of dust and gas though." ]
Why does cleaning or organizing make a person feel better if they're upset?	[ "It's about control. Most of what upsets us makes us feel that way because we have no control over it... or at least we feel like we have no control over it. So we take control of something else instead. Some people run or workout, some people clean and organize, some people write diaries. These are all acts that...	[ "I have a chackboard with 100 words written on it. You ask me to delete every word that starts with A which there are 6 words. They're written randomly on the chalk board. I need to search for the words, and then neatly delete the words without deleting anything nearby. But you instead asked me to delete everythin...
What is happening to me when "the air is knocked out of my lungs" and it is hard to breath?	[ "It's actually not your lungs. It's generally when someone punches your Diaphragm causing a spasm. The Diaphragm helps draw in more breath by expanding and contracting. So it contracts suddenly and without cause, causing you to feel like you got the wind knocked out of you." ]	[ "Bare knuckles boxers don't hit as hard as ones with gloves. It may seem counter-intuitive, but a fighter with gloves is actually far more dangerous than a fighter without them. The fighter with gloves can launch full-force attacks that create a huge impact wave in their target. In contrast, the fighter without glo...
Latitude & Longitude by means of Stellar Calculation	[ "Latitude can be measured fairly accurately by measuring how far above the horizon Polaris is, in the northern hemisphere. Longitude can be measured by timing when stars rise or set, using a clock calibrated at some known longitude and an almanac of rising / setting times." ]	[ "I think one of the more impressive animations is of the stars orbiting the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way: [Animation of actual photos taken over 16 years](_URL_0_) [Computer animation](_URL_1_) This one is good too: [Crab nebula pulsar - 6 months](_URL_2_)" ]
What is the safest way to jump from an airplane without a parachute and survive?	[ "Spread out, controlled dive, with very slight forward velocity, relax, roll on impact. ...and land on something that will break your fall. And hope whatever it is doesn't spear you to death." ]	[ "You're talking about as part of a stage show? Where someone does a high dive into a shallow pool? They just do a belly-flop. Hitting the water like that makes you stop much faster and not hit the bottom of the pool." ]
How accurate are depictions of 1970s American 'pimp fashion' in movies like Dolomite, and how/why did the styles develop?	[ "The 2002 book \"Pimpnosis\" by Tracy Fuches and Robert Marriott is a slim 150 page book with plenty of photos. It should answer most of your questions. _URL_0_ In a review in the August 2002 issue of Playboy magazine, they said it was the best book about pimps since Iceberg Slim wrote his seminal book \"Pimp: Th...	[ "Obesity is still seen as an ideal look for women by many in [Mauritania](_URL_0_) where some parents who can afford it send their daughters to [fattening farms](_URL_3_). The practice is called leblouh or gavage. Many [African cultures](_URL_1_) prefer a more rounded female figure. This ideal is indeed linked to i...
Air pressure in houses? Why do some doors hit a cushion of air when they close, some doors slam when they close, and some doors get sucked closed?	[ "It's depends on how air tight the room is. You will notice this with doors that are tighter to the carpet and not under cut. Take a door that you can't slam because of this and open a window in that room the air will be forced out the window and the door will close easier. Opening or closing a door rapidly will ge...	[ "Ahoy, fellow redditor. Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: When liquid is poured from certain bottles, why does it 'glug' and not just pour smoothly? ](_URL_1_) ^(_10 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why does juice come out in short bursts when I pour it? ](_URL_4_) ^(_4 comments_) 1. [ELI5: ...
sound engineers: what exactly is that buzz from ground loop, and how can it be fixed?	[ "Its 60 cycle hum from your home power source, assuming youre in USA. It really depends what the device is, but a ground lift switch sometimes ends it. The device may just be in need of repair. If it is a ground loop, try plugging all the audio devices into the same outlet/breaker circuit and it should go away." ]	[ "I used to work for our local TV station, Ch3 WEAR, in the master control department, and one of our jobs was to prep all commercials ran locally prior to them being loaded into our playlists. So, that meant checking captions, volume levels, run time, etc. If any of these were off by a certain margin, we had to con...
Are airplane wings supposed to have some give?	[ "> I noticed that fighter jets seems to have very rigid wings that likely do not bend at all, even at high speeds. Firstly, fighter jets have very short wings (low aspect ratio) compared to airliners, so all else being equal they will deflect less. Airline wings are very flexible - [see this bending test of a 787.]...	[ "I know Air travel and contrail contribution to cloud clover definitely changes surface temperature in cities. In the 3 day stand down of (almost) all air traffic in the days following the 9/11 attacks, there were measurable decreases in surface temperature . I can only assume the effect would contribute in other m...
what do quaternions represent and why do they work?	[ "The weird taffy looking object that can be rendered as if it were a real 3D object that you see depicted as a Quaternion fractal isn't actually the fractal itself. It is a 3D \"slice\" of an undepictable 4D Julia Set. If you slice a 3D sphere the cut face is a 2D circular thing. If you slice a 3D cube parallel to ...	[ "What isotopes of hydrogen and what isotope of helium? [Here](_URL_0_) is a Q-value calculator for arbitrary nuclear reactions (assuming ground states)." ]
Why is the USA in "decline" as a world superpower?	[ "Because other superpowers are emerging, so our influence as a superpower is dwindling. It's more complicated than this, but imo that sentence hits the nail on the head." ]	[ "Your information is wrong. We are 13th on the list. _URL_0_ If you can't take the time to check your facts, please don't post." ]
Why is it you have a "mini faint" when you get up after sitting for awhile?	[ "I believe you might be referring to postural or orthostatic hypotension. This quick change in positioning from laying or sitting to standing up can cause a brief low blood pressure. Edit: Sit on the edge of the bed for half a minute before standing. If you are dizzy and beginning to blackout, sit back down. If you...	[ "Someone correct me if I am wrong but it goes back to when we had much hairier bodies and when alarmed we as well as a lot of other mammals would puff up our hair to make ourselves look bigger. Think of how when you scare a dog or a cat it hunches up and its hair stands on end, same thing happens to us just we dont...
Do Siamese cats that are born and bred in Australia speak the same language as Siamese cats born and bred in Norway?	[ "Yes they speak the same language. All Siamese cats speak a special twin language that only they understand." ]	[ "I would guess - I'm not entirely sure - that your lamp detects changes in its capacitance. The capacitance, easily said, is the amount of power you need to charge the lamp fully. If the lamp stands by itself, it has a certain capacitance. If the cat sits on it, that capacitance changes, because the cat is now part...
how is time relative? I understand the human aspect of it but how can time pass slower near the speed of light?	[ "You are always moving at the speed of light in 4 dimensional spacetime. Your speed in the 3 space directions plus your speed in the time direction always add up to c. Normally all of that speed is in the time direction, but if you move really really fast you take some speed from the time direction to go in one of ...	[ "What would help you to learn about this (and is one of the big problems of trying to do relativity on reddit) is learning how to do [Minkowski Diagrams](_URL_1_). When you have these down, you can easily see how the overall relationships of events in space-time are laid out, and how they change from observer to ob...
How is temperature measured? Is the difference in energy from 90-70 degrees the same as the difference in 30-0?	[ "90-70 is 20. 30-0 is 30. So right there there isn't equivalence." ]	[ "The idea that it was a different time in different places predates the empire. The Greeks understood the spherical nature of the Earth since at least the fourth century BCE, with Eratosthenes calculating a good rough circumference for the Earth. Hipparchus of Nicaea in the second century BCE even proposed a method...
Why aren't stainless steel countertops, like in restaurant kitchens, magnetic, but stainless steel knives are?	[ "Mechanical engineer here (some material engineer might come around and give a better explanation): It all has to do with the crystalline composition of your Stainless Steel. Most of the Stainless steel is made of Ferritic SS, which is cheap to fabricate and can be transform quite easily. Austenitic SS is the most ...	[ "For that type of early photography you take a dark baseplate coated in silver and expose it to fumes from typically iodine or chlorine. This changes the pure silver to a compound that is sensitive to light. The places where the light hits are turned back into silver by that. So after exposure you get the image in ...
How do mirrors achieve high levels of reflection despite effects of destructive interference outside of the angles of incidence=reflection?	[ "I think you're misinterpreting the linked StackExchange post a bit. The post discusses what happens when a single photon hits a reflective surface. In terms of the Feynman path integral description, this single photon takes literally every possible path. However, most of these paths end up destructively interfer...	[ "The equations of motion for the EM field, Maxwell's equations, are linear. This means that if you sum sources (charge distributions) you get the sum of the fields (superposition principle). However, if you allow the charge themselves to be moved by the EM field (according to the Lorentz force equation), the couple...
What causes a script or program to stop working?	[ "It's impossible to say, it could be any of a thousand things, the broadest groupings are: * The program could be flawed and not know how to handle the specific scenario it go into. * The program could depend on some other program which can't handle the situation * The program could depends on some hardware (proces...	[ "Our brains didn't evolve with cars in mind. They evolved with, like, being hunted by a jaguar (or whatever) in mind. So your brain doesn't know what to do with a car. It thinks hey, we're sitting, our body's not really doing anything physical, there's very little activity or stimulus... this seems like a good time...
What role, if any, does genetics play in determining the overall look and shape of the female vulva?	[ "As much as it does in the look and shape of any other part of the body i.e. significant." ]	[ "Modern bananas don't look anything like wild bananas. In wild bananas, the fruit is responsible for reproduction. See [this image of the seeds in a wild banana](_URL_0_). But cultivated bananas have been so heavily modified by human breeding that the fruit no longer produces viable seeds, and it can only reprodu...
What is the practical difference between installing the 64 and 32 bit versions of programs?	[ "If you run a 32-bit OS, then only the 32-bit version of the program will work. On a 64-bit OS, you're right, you get a choice. I can't speak to any particular application, but in terms of generalities, 64-bit apps tend to faster at raw computational tasks, but they can be slower at tasks that involve complex data ...	[ "Uk Language? Pills will get you proper munted. Like out yer bonce. It'll make you think chubbers are buff and pull shapes all night. Draw makes you want to cotch. Then you get bare munch and need to smash a mint Aero and Potnoodle, maybe a maccie d's. Chang will make you Brap." ]
What is the actual time it takes for a drug/food to get into your blood after eating it?	[ "Highly variable. There's an entire field called pharmacokinetics that describes how each drug behaves." ]	[ "Tiny things travel FAST. Diffusion may be random and passive, and it sure looks slow and lazy on a gross scale, but from the point of view of a small molecule, it's blazing fast. This site has a diffusion calculator that you can play with, depending on your definitions of \"play\" and \"fun\": _URL_0_ but the gist...
Why do manufacturers still make plugs that hog up the whole power strip?	[ "Because customers have not sufficiently demonstrated to these manufacturers that this is an undesired design. Manufacturing a product which sells successfully is likely to continue indefinitely until the market changes. Preemptive product improvements will be tailored around expected future uses of the product, no...	[ "When you take a pill it's not 100% the labeled medication. There are other ingredients that help it do its job and release when and how it is supposed to. Sometimes a medicine needs more extra ingredients to do its job so you end up with a bigger pill." ]
Why do surgeons leave the original kidney in after having a kidney transplant?	[ "Because fewer cuts means less trauma, less chance of complications, and faster healing time. The donor kidney can be implanted lower in the abdomen, so as long as the non-functioning kidneys aren't damaging the patient, they're left in place." ]	[ "Either they want it for themselves or they have a black market buyer. In general, they'd get caught if they tried to sell it to someone legitimate. Selling it to a specific person is far less dangerous." ]
Where does the heat in exothermic reactions come from?	[ "straight from wikipedia: In exothermic chemical reactions, the heat that is released by the reaction takes the form of electromagnetic energy. The transition of electrons from one quantum energy level to another causes light to be released. This light is equivalent in energy to the stabilization energy of the ener...	[ "The plumes recently reported on Europa by NASA offer a golden opportunity for investigations based on this notion. Plume around Enceladus were identified and examined by Cassini about 3 years ago, and the presence of salt was confirmed. Even more interesting: hydrothermal silica was identified, a litteral \"smoki...
If we applied the same selective breeding to humans, that we use for dogs, for 10 000 years or more, could we achieve comparable variety of shape and sizes while keeping them as one species?	[ "Yes, but possibly not to the same extent that dogs do. Its believed that humans went through a genetic bottleneck resulting a major decrease in genetic diversity when we left Africa so we might have less to work with. But you could definitely amplify pre-existing traits to the point that there would be clear \"bre...	[ "The fossil record: we can look at the bones of animals that died a long time ago, and do special tests to tell us when they died. We can put this together to tell us what an animal, or its ancestor, looked like a long time ago. So far, they have shown up in the correct order. Speciation: say birds are blow...
Why mountains don't sink into the earth's mantle?	[ "Mountains do sink to a certain point. If you look at an icecube in a glass of water, you notice there is some of it above the water, and some below. This is the rule of [isostasy](_URL_1_) based upon density and buoyancy contrasts. So, if we look at mountains which are less dense than the mantle, we see that [moun...	[ "Get yourself a a couple pieces of paper. Lay them on top of each other and push the middle up from the ends. Notice how parts of the paper are vertical? The same thing happens over millions of years with rock - sentiment layers form (like the sheets of paper) and extreme forces push them up." ]
What were the demographics of 18th century Persia/Iran?	[ "A further question: How Turkic was it? It seems that there were a lot of Turkish dynasties and tribes with a lot of power during that era." ]	[ "Is there a specific region and time period you are interested in? If not, your question would break our \"poll type\" question rule." ]
Why is it that when you squint you can see certain things better?	[ "Squinting is the equivalent of stopping down a camera lens. Your iris automatically adjusts to the amount of light present and will open up in low-light situations. Lenses, including your eye, are at their worst when wide open because the whole lens is in use and an imperfections will impact on the image. By squin...	[ "Because the animal inside you activates and you engage in \"Predator\" mode, doing everything in order to secure food and guarantee the survival of your species." ]
Why isn't nicotine (or cigarettes) a schedule one drug in the USA?	[ "It's basically because tobacco, like alcohol, has a long tradition in our society. Also, smoking doesn't seem to impede people from working, so it isn't seen as as great a threat, as say, marijuana or heroin." ]	[ "The change came with the meeting between Nixon and Mao. Reading up on that meeting might be a place to start. The relationship between China (PRC) and Taiwan (ROC) is interesting. Both governments consider them to be one country. As long as the exiled-government-of-China-which-resides-in-Taiwan continued (and cont...
Did veterans who fought for Vichy France often cover up their past? How were they treated after the war?	[ "As a rider to this question, was sentiment markedly different based on what branch of the military they served in?" ]	[ "This article looks pretty relevant, Neural Correlates of Reexperiencing, Avoidance, and Dissociation in PTSD: [\\[PDF link warning\\]](_URL_0_). Quote from article: > As predicted, state reexperiencing severity was associated positively with right anterior insula activity and negatively with right rostral anterior...
Why are the sounds of the beach so calming?	[ "I would highly recommend listening to [The Hidden Brain Podcast](_URL_0_) called Our Better Nature. It talks all about the research showing the importance of nature on mental and social wellbeing. It discusses research done on having people smelling grass or looking at pictures of a forest while having an MRI take...	[ "Basically you are hearing the muscular waves or [peristalisis](_URL_1_). More detailed explanation here at [Discovery Health](_URL_0_)." ]
How do chemists figure out the structure of a chemical?	[ "Probably the most used method is [x-ray crystallography](_URL_0_). You have to be able to make a crystal out of something, then you shoot x-rays at it and analyze the diffraction pattern that comes out, using incredibly complex mathematics. There's a problem with this method though, in that it's hard to get allotr...	[ "I think you are confusing \"able to make\" with \"able to make cheaply and safely enough that it can be sold commercially for a profit and pass all the safety regulations required for use with regular people\". Scientists will always have access to new technology years (perhaps decades) before regular people becau...
Why is a two weeks notice considered 'professional'?	[ "Two weeks is really the minimum/polite quantity for low level workers who are easily replaced. More important/senior roles can have a much higher notice period covering several months. Two weeks is enough to sort reallocating your work which is the immediate problem, not necessarily hire a replacement." ]	[ "Your employer takes money out of your paycheck throughout the year to pay your local, state, and federal taxes. The amount they take out, however, is just an estimate how much tax you will probably owe at the end of the year. There's no way for the state, local, and federal governments to know what you actually do...
Why do we care so much about habitable planets that are several lightyears away when there is no feasible way to get there?	[ "We're studying the universe around us, as we have done for practically all of human existence. We're so excited and focused on habitable planets because they're the most likely candidates to find signs of extraterrestrial life (as we know it). Just because you can't get to where you're studying doesn't mean you ca...	[ "I think Neil Tyson put it best in this video. Answered this same question for me. _URL_0_ TL;DW we are made of the most abundant chemicals in the universe with carbon being the most reactive chemical known. It makes sense that other life would also have similarities to \"known\" life due to the sheer abundance of ...
Diplomatic Immunity.	[ "Countries who have officials from other countries work withing their borders can grant immunity from criminal prosecution, so they can basically disregard local laws because they are meant to be treated as if they are still in their country of origin. This means that the other country is assuming responsibility fo...	[ "put up deterrant barriers and hire people with guns, with the threat of force, even deadly force. not even the secret service can do anything if a crowd of 1,000,000 decided to zerg rush the white house." ]
Friday Free-for-All \| January 08, 2016	[ "Good day to All! I'm currently a Library Archivist at a University in Louisiana and I'm conducting a short 10 question Survey on your feelings of your own History, Lineage, and Slavery. I'm hoping to compile the data and include it in a Paper/Presentation at a conference in Texas during the Summer. Your answers ar...	[ "What exactly is not clear about the quote? Why Conference is dated by July and not by August - if so, Potsdam Conference was held from July 17, to August, 2. Bulk of debates happened in July. Source 1. [Potsdam Agreement](_URL_0_)" ]
When a limb "falls asleep" can damage occur if this happens a lot over time?	[ "Read about a guy who passed out drunk in college, slept for too long on his arm, woke up and did bad enough nerve damage that he couldn't use his arm for months, had to undergo physical therapy for it, etc. Finally regained movement. Read another story about a girl who did the same thing with her leg and needed am...	[ "There are a few factors at work here : Moſt chairs are deſigned to ſit at about knee height ; they generally ſupport your back, and more importantly, your butt and legs. Toilets are uſually lower, and they are made with a large hole in the middle, into which you ſink a little. This lower height, lack of ſupport,...
Why do you sneeze when you're cold?	[ "There are actually two possible answers I found for this. (1) The mucus membrane in your nose - the thing that makes snot - contracts when blast of cold air hits it. ([Here](_URL_1_)) (2) The photic sneeze reflex. This is a mutation of your sneezing function that not all humans have. People with it often sneeze wh...	[ "It is supposed to be a natural reaction that our ancestors used to survive. It would keep them away from the nests of dangerous insects such as termites. It was the body's way of trying to avoid the danger and keep alive. If you believe in evolution you could say that it is part of evolution." ]
Why do some songs sound better after the second or third time listening to them?	[ "Because the first time we hear something, we are discovering it. We are usually trying to get everything in at the same time. When we hear it for a second or third time, out brains start listening or paying attention to certain things only. It starts focusing on one thing at a time to analyze it." ]	[ "I think we develop a \"been there, done that\" mentality in ways. I can not watch cartoons now. No matter what the topic. The irony is I just can't pay attention to cartoons." ]
What is the "42" thing about?	[ "It's from Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. There was a race of super intelligent beings that built a super computer to answer the \"ultimate question\" being what is the meaning of life. After a really long time (don't remember the actual length of time) they came back and asked again. The super computer responde...	[ "I could try to explain it to you, but this video is all you really need: _URL_9_" ]
During the Napoleonic Wars, the national debt of the United Kingdom was as high as 200% of GDP. Any nation trying to borrow that much now is unthinkable. How did the United Kingdom retain the ability to borrow so much, especially in the face of such a protracted war?	[ "Pickety explains this rather well in Capitalism in the 21st Century. During the 19th century, inflation was more or less non-existant and interrests where stable at around 4%. During this period, most investors sought a stable haven for their money with little expactations to actually cash out the original investm...	[ "I suppose it depends on what you mean by 'American'. With regards to the colonies that later formed the US, then the answer is no. If you include the colonies that later became Canada, then from 1624 to 1707, baronetcies were sold in the newly created Baronetage of Nova Scotia in order to fund the plantation of th...
Do puppies and other pets really regard us as their family/parents?	[ "Dogs and humans have coexisted and co-evolved over the past 10-15,000 years. Research has shown that dogs can read human emotions by interpreting facial expressions and body language. Their interactions with us are very similar to their interactions with other dogs with whom they have established relationships. We...	[ "Humans eat raw meat all the time, ranging from fish to [horse meat](_URL_4_). All food carries some risks that you'll get sick from eating it (\"pathogens\"), and various things can limit those risks, like [proper cleaning and storage of meats](_URL_0_), freezing meats to [kill bacteria](_URL_3_), and only using m...
Do seeds/seedlings need sunlight before breaking through the soil?	[ "Most seeds don't need light, but some do. [The ones that need light are ususally tiny seeds which don't have enough stored energy to reach above the soil surface if they aren't already there.](_URL_0_)" ]	[ "> Nothing about it makes sense to me. How does this work? It is simple: Saps pay money for a red LED light and believe any pseudoscientific nonsense that is tossed their way. The scam artist makes a load of money off this fad. Of course it doesn't do anything, there is no evidence that the \"therapy\" works, but t...
Why is it when you blow a steady stream of air into water via a straw, it creates bubbles rather than a continuous stream or column of air?	[ "Water is a far more viscous fluid than the air you're blowing in. The turbulence created by the bubbles dragging through the water from the straw plus surface tension pulling the air into spheres prevents a continuous stream/column of air from forming. Look what happens to a fog machine/smoke machine. The fog doe...	[ "To fire a bullet from a gun, gunpowder is ignited behind the bullet. The gunpowder creates a high-pressure pulse of hot gas. The pressure of the gas forces the bullet down the barrel of the gun. When the bullet exits the end of the barrel, it is like uncorking a bottle. The pressure behind the bullet is immense, h...
Why do we have to look at words to read them?	[ "There is only one point on your retina that is equipped for HD work, and that is known as the 'fovea'. When you are looking right at something, that's the part of the retina that is in use. It has an especially high concentration of cones, used for color vision. The rest of the retina is still capable of resolvi...	[ "Hold your arm out in front of you. If you're strong, maybe put a bit of weight in your hand. Got it out there? Not too difficult, right? Just keep it held out there, nice and level. Is it getting more difficult? Might even hurt a bit. Now put your arm in a different position. Much more comfortable, right? You use ...
Why did the Hindenburg crash effectively stop the use of airships while the Titanic crash didn't stop the use of ocean liners?	[ "1) because WWII started 2 years after the Hindenburg blew up and civilian air travel stopped for the duration of the war. 2) By the end of the war aircraft and jet engine technology has matured to the point where airplane travel is vastly better than anything Airships can offer. In contrast, when the Titanic went ...	[ "Intermolecular forces! In a solid, the atoms are close together, kept in place by attractions to the other atoms in the sample. In a liquid the atoms are still close together, but have more room to move. In a gas the atoms are free to fly away from each other, feeling minimal attraction to each other. When boiling...
Who is(or are) the leader(s) of Australia and Canada?	[ "We have our own Prime Minister, who is really in charge. The queen has no actual power of any kind, other than making certain appointments on the \"advice\" of the PM. The powers that she has in the UK are held here by a Governor General instead, who is also appointed on the \"advice\" of the PM. It's the Governor...	[ "Some birds do. Some birds don't. You may have heard of \"pecking order\" That comes from chickens, because there can be an alpha chicken. Sometimes things like geese may seem like they have an alpha male because he's flying in the front of the V, but that's not true. they take turns flying in the front because tha...
Why cars don't come with a manual kickstarter, like they do on motorcycle?	[ "Car engines are extremely heavy. The starter motor for an ordinary car may briefly put out more than 4 horsepower. (Notice the huge battery it uses.) It's not realistic do do that with a kickstarter. What you can do is get a human-powered charger and use that to refill a battery that will provide that surge of p...	[ "Here's what a kit contains: 1.A higher pressure fuel pump to supply injectors. 2.One or more fuel injectors, of course. _URL_0_ Engine Control Unit (computer) to control the injectors. 4.Sensors for the ECU to tell it what the airflow, temperature, speed, throttle position, crankshaft position, and exhaust oxyg...
Are there scientific results on (expected) changes in average life expectancy due to anthropogenic climate change?	[ "It’s relatively easier to conduct retroactive studies because you have data. For prospective studies on chaotic systems like weather and global life expectancies, this is hard to say. For example, climate change could trigger a shift in weather patterns that may adversely affect rich countries but benefit arid reg...	[ "SPECULATION: paternal age is a known correlational factor for higher birth defects (older is worse). Perhaps some of those occupations relate to people becoming parents at older ages?" ]
How an electrical outlet works	[ "It arrives in wires from the generating plant. Here are some posts that describe how it's made there: 1. [ELI5: How is electricity made? Is it unlimited? ](_URL_1_) ^(_8 comments_) 1. [ELI5: How is electricity generated- in words an actual 5 year old can understand please. ](_URL_3_) ^(_16 comments_) 1. [ELI5:How ...	[ "Oddly enough, the danger depends on which pin. On a US plug, the round pin is safe (it's the ground pin), the larger flat pin is less dangerous, and the smaller flat pin is the most dangerous to touch." ]
America's Stonehenge - contemporary interpretations and dating?	[ "The general consensus is that the site is archaeologically useless. If William Goodwin didn't construct the thing out of wholecloth (or, rather, the remains of an early 19th Century farm - some of the stones definitely are colonial in origins), he altered the site so extensively in his attempt to \"reconstruct\" i...	[ "One must question the motives of the ones putting forward such theories in the first place. As History Channel demonstrated with \"Ancient Aliens\", which is still going strong, putting forward outlandish or controversial programs can generate ratings for relatively little production cost." ]
How do PET scans work? Confused between gamma emitters vs positron emitters.	[ "Emitting a positron and emitting a gamma ray are two totally different kinds of nuclear decays. As the P in PET implies, it’s very important that a positron emitter is used, and not just any gamma emitter. That’s because the emitted positron comes to rest somewhere near the place where the decay occurred, and then...	[ "General relativity is our best way to 'do' gravity, but all the other forces are done best by quantum field theory. This has caused many people to try to do gravity with quantum field theory, which introduces this idea of the graviton. This approach has, broadly speaking, failed so far. Gravitational waves are a ...
Magnets on CRT monitors	[ "CRT monitors are huge lightbulbs. On the back there is electron cannon that shoots electrons and around it are magnetic coils that generate magnetic field which directs electrons to the proper cell on the front. On the front of a screen there is a layer of \"magical\" substance which glows when electron hits it. ...	[ "What you're describing is an antiferromagnetic ordering, where the spins of each particle are opposite to its neighbours. This occurs in elements like chromium. For a ferromagnetic ordering, consider that, since electrons with the same spin will be pushed apart, the Coulomb interaction between them will be lower t...
Why do people buy gift cards?	[ "With gift giving, it's the thought that counts. A gift card communicates that thought was spent selecting the establishment (or service) that the gift is for. If I give someone $20, they could just spend that on the gas station, or toilet paper, or some other random purchase. However, if I give them a $20 gift ca...	[ "Its the easiest way to get out of the kitchen for a 5 minute break." ]
what are Quantum Physics?	[ "Quantum Physics is really just the science of the very small. And by small I don't mean cells, I mean atoms and things even smaller than that. Light is a good example. Light is really just radiation that is made up of many small particles that move in waves. The light that we can see is radiation from a very small...	[ "I think what you're getting at is Quaternions. The bane of computer graphics artists and video game developers everywhere: _URL_2_" ]
Why is the Vietnamese alphabet so similar to the Latin alphabet, whereas the rest of Asia uses very different characters?	[ "The short answer, at least for how they got the alphabet: colonization. The writing system for Vietnamese was switched to Roman characters largely because of the French colonial administration, from a system devised by earlier missionaries. Now, as for why they adopted it wholesale when others did not, perhaps so...	[ "As I understand it, the Romanian language goes back to [Trajan's Dacian War](_URL_0_) in the mid to late second century. A result of this war was large scale destruction and population transfer of the indigenous Dacians and within a few generations it was a fairly Romanized area. Then essentially they survived the...
Salt as a factor in the Whisky Rebellion?	[ "Kurlansky is vastly overstating the importance of salt in the Whiskey Rebellion. Back-country farmers were using whiskey as a barter medium and a sale item. They may have traded whiskey for salt, but salt was not the only item--nor the most important one--for which farmers traded whiskey. And the revolt was absolu...	[ "In the 1832 Supreme Court case Worcester v. Georgia, Chief Justice John Marshall, in the majority opinion, ruled that the Cherokee nation was its own distinct community and not subject to the laws of a particular state. How, Andrew Jackson chose not to enforce that ruling, thus paving the way for the Trail of Tear...
Help identifying unknown bacteria?	[ "Were you not given a flow chart to follow?" ]	[ "Go to a new area of Australia (or wherever). Comb one acre very carefully, cataloging every species. Figure out how many new species there are. Do this in a few different places, figure out about how many new species there are in general, and extrapolate." ]
How does the US Military regularly spend many Trillions of dollars when their federal budget is only hundreds of billions?	[ "For the fighter jets, the $1.5 trillion figure is over a lifespan of 50 years. This comes out to only $30 billion a year. For your second link, it says the following > The report states: “The Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts, taken together, will be the most expensive wars in US history—totaling somewhere between ...	[ "Let's say you're starting a business and I loan you the money to get started. You make your payments and manage to keep the lights on. Soon, you start making a profit. I, who loaned you money, don't come demanding more money because you're making the payments on which we agreed. Your buddy Jeff has a business, to...
How has the food situation in Venezuela become to be as bad as it is?	[ "The country's top like 95% of exports are all oil/petroleum based products. Oil prices are really low right now, which means what they so heavily relied on is now not enough to keep them thriving. So since their economy is tanking, they don't have the money to import a lot of things, food being one of those items....	[ "Hi there -- while we've approved this question, we would like to remind potential respondents of our [current events](_URL_0_) (AKA \"20-year\") rule -- it's fine to discuss events through 1997 (inclusive) and their effects, but not events after 1997. Thanks!" ]
Why do the big toothpaste brands have so many different products (e.g., plaque removal, cavity protection, whitening etc) aren't they all features I want? Why can't they make ONE product with all these features?	[ "I think for the most part all (or most) do have all of those benefits. It's just how they're marketed is all." ]	[ "No you're misunderstanding a basic use of imagery to describe something. They show you all that food as what is part of a balanced breakfast. All those items are part of a balanced breakfast. Nobody is expecting you to eat all that and drink full pitchers of milk as part of a balanced breakfast. Its for visual pur...
why do men/males have nipples?	[ "Nipples are formed before sex is differentiated in the womb." ]	[ "to shield our eyes from potential shrapnel. It's an instinct that has developed over thousands of years of sitting by fires that tend to pop and throw tiny particles at our eyeballs." ]
How does blood type come into play when a fetus is in a womb?	[ "Everyone's blood cells are covered in markers called antigens that enable one's body to identify if the cell comes from their own body or from someone else. If your body finds some foreign antigens (i.e. someone else's cells) in your body, you will make proteins designed to help fight things with these foreign ant...	[ "Math. After we were able to accurately monitor and figure out the body's course it was simply (not that simple) math and physics that told us where it would go. (EX: at day 12 month 5 yr 1981 it was here, on day 27 3rd month yr 1984 it was here, insert big math problem, and we now know that on day 1 month 1 yr 198...
How long would it take a German U-Boat to travel from Europe to Argentina? Both fair and poor weather conditions?	[ "You have a friend that believes hitler is 126 years old and still kicking in Argentina?" ]	[ "Usually communication was through letters or representatives. A large component of ancient fleets were the so called Unrated vessels. Usually these were small fast ships used as couriers. They could find and deliver orders to distant stations or bring new commanders. In battle during the age of sail, ~ 1700-1850,...
Why do not all countries use the same measurements for distance (metric & imperial), but all countries use the same measurements for time (hour, minute, second)?	[ "The French tried decimal time. It turns out base 12 is really convenient." ]	[ "Inflation. Let's put it this way, in America it used to be that you could buy a steak dinner for let's say $5. Then today that same steak dinner would cost $50. How much we pay for things, and how much we get paid has increased slowly over time. In other countries, it has increased way faster, so something that us...
God's involvement in curing disease	[ "I look at it like a person that is going to walk into a convince store. If someone is there and holds the door open for me I say \"thank you\". If no one is there to open the door I do not curse the man that should have been standing there for not opening a door for me. The door is an obstacle. The door was made b...	[ "What you hear is misleading advertising. Scientists are pretty sure there is no one cure for cancer, because there are so many different kinds." ]
The meteorology behind "Red sky at night sailors delight, red sky in the morning sailors take warning".	[ "Strangely, I don't think I've ever seen this question asked in ELI5 before. But I have seen it in /r/askscience - and [this particular thread](_URL_0_) has a fairly ELI5-level explanation. If that's too technical, then please say what you don't understand, I'd be happy to ELI5 anything that's too advanced for th...	[ "We do have a fairly good method for enacting laws on a temporary or trial basis, and it's called a [sunset provision](_URL_1_). A sunset provision is basically an expiration date for a law or regulation that will cause the law or regulation to cease being in effect if the law or regulation is not reauthorized. Oft...
Is kissing a learned behavior?	[ "[_URL_1_](_URL_0_) says it was [evolved to protect us from viruses.](_URL_2_) edit: added a better source" ]	[ "I think it is hardwired into us. [Tommy Edison](_URL_0_) explains it better." ]
Why can't we build immunities to things like colds or acne?	[ "A cold is your immune system over reacting to what is typically a harmless virus that would have no effect otherwise. The immune system amps up the mucous production and makes you feel worse trying to flush the virus out of your system." ]	[ "That's just it. It takes a while to amass information and use it. An animal just does whatever comes natural, aka 'instinct'. But humans are taught and trained and learn and practice and... and... Layers and layers of information and training to get us to the point where we can actually achieve more than the previ...

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