Subset (10)

eli5 · 25k rows

Split (1)

train · 25k rows

query stringlengths 20 300	positive listlengths 1 1	negative listlengths 1 1
Do bees know that they are going to die when they sting you?	[ "They don't know because their brains are too tiny, and they wouldn't care even if they did know. Their biological imperative is to protect the hive, not preserve their own life. After all, any honeybee flying around will never reproduce." ]	[ "Adrenaline (aka epinephrine) has the effect of constricting blood vessels in the skin and superficial tissues. Notably it has the opposite effect in other tissues like heart tissue or muscles. Epinephrine causes the \"fight or flight\" response - get the body ready to run or fight. To do this, your body needs to d...
What are the advantages of NOT setting up Direct Deposit?	[ "Some people can't budget their money when it's in an account-- they just keep swiping that card until all the money is gone. With cash, they can physically see how much money they have left and it can be easier to budget. I'm not that way in the least bit, but I do have a good friend that claims this helps him b...	[ "The Taxes tanken from our checks are estimates. Sometime people pay too much or too little. When doing our taxes we figure out how much we really owed. Some payed too much and get a refund. Some paid too little and need to make up the difference" ]
What is the Dublin System, and why is it (apparently) failing?	[ "Dublin Regulation is an act regulating how asylum claims are handled. TL;DR: First country an asylum applicant enters handles the problem. It's failing couse it would strain countries reciving the weave of migrants like Greece or italy" ]	[ "Lots of airlines use the hub and spoke model. Rather than have a flight from every city to every other city, they have flights from the small cities to a few big cities, called \"hubs\". You then fly from the hub to your destination city, or perhaps to another hub, from which you fly to your destination. So let's ...
CO2 level hit 415PPM for the first time in 3 millions years? What does this mean exactly?	[ "PPM means parts per million, so if you were for example to have a million cups 415 of those cups would be filled with CO2 (carbon dioxide) the remaining cups would be filled with other things. It a measure to show how much of the air is made of CO2 and that the amount is increasing to the most it’s ever been" ]	[ "I wrote a detailed response about Tom Holland's documentary [here](_URL_0_), using primary source to argue that something very similar to modern Islam did exist quite early on. Also worth noting that Crone and Cook's Hagarism thesis is not taken seriously anymore (or even at the time) - it literally used only th...
During the Golden Age of Piracy in the Caribbean what notions of national identity did pirates have?	[ "Short answer: It depends. Long answer, there are a few things going on with the various crews. Some pirates were privateers who turned to piracy because a war ended, or because they figured on more profit attacking their own side. Some pirate crews formed out of mutinies, and the circumstances generally affected ...	[ "This question is getting a lot of traffic after being [tweeted by @reddit](_URL_5_), so I thought I'd welcome those of you that haven't visited /r/AskHistorians before to the subreddit. Please do bear in mind that in order to keep the quality of answers here high we have [strict rules on comments](/r/AskHistorians...
How can NASA "detect" materials on other worlds, with no real sample to analyze?	[ "The very generalised answer here is \"spectrometers\". A spectrometer is sort-of a bit like a [glass prism](_URL_0_). A single beam of light goes in, and the prism/spectrometer then \"spreads it out\" into its various components. The great thing about chemistry is that every element on the periodic table gives o...	[ "Nielsen does this, they tell you how on [their website](_URL_0_), but basically they just randomly select people and track everything they do by asking them to write down everything and walk around the streets with microphones to record whatever people are listening to. They aggregate the data and produce the rati...
Why does the WiFi on busses (Peter Pan, Greyhound, etc.) never work?	[ "The bus needs to get the WiFi from somewhere. That somewhere is basically a cell phone and reception is bad in a lot of areas. What little comes through is shared by twenty passengers who want to watch porn at the same time." ]	[ "Pigeons like large fields and don't mind nesting in cities, that also don't mind eating french fries and such. Many of the birds, or even most, just don't like that type of environment and won't nest near it, you won't find hummingbirds in an open park, they eat nectar and stay near flowers, you won't find goldfin...
How do chips modify the power of car engines?	[ "It changes fuel / air mixtures and sometimes ignition timing. The fuel/air ratio in a car has a few \"sweet\" spots. There's usually \"most power\", \"most fuel efficient\", and \"least pollution\". The default settings on most cars is a compromise between all of them. Rechipping a car means you can change the rat...	[ "The magnetic strips are written on by a strong electromagnet. The standard is characters written in four bit and six bit blocks. Other than the physical encoding of the information through processing of the characters, there are surprisingly little safeguards to prevent the counterfeiting of information. That's w...
Why is it that when we stay out in the sun for too long, we don’t notice a sunburn until a few hours after we go inside?	[ "The sun doesn't actually burn you, it causes DNA damage at the cellular level. When the damage is detected, the cells begin to commit suicide to prevent the mutated cells from reproducing. The redness is caused by increased blood being provided to the area to take away the damaged cells and help the healing proces...	[ "This phenomenon is called the \"Pain Gate Theory\". When you injure yourself, pain signals travel from the site of injury to your brain. When you do something else to that part of the body, for example rubbing it with your hand, this also sends signals to your brain. However, because both signals are coming fr...
Why do toilet seats in our homes make a full oval, but public toilets have that little opening in the front?	[ "I used to wonder this as well. Some years ago, I watched a documentary (it was on \"odd things everyone wonders\") where it was explained this is because one of the most common things you see in bathrooms is folks dribbling as they get up. It's more common in some environments such as a nursing home, where many ma...	[ "I think what it is supposed to be is a twisting of the word \"opera\" to rhyme with \"foppery\" in the previous line: By fashion and foppery, I'm never discussed Attending the opry, my box would be a bust I think she's saying if she were to dress up all fancy in a box seat in an opera, her relatively poor (never...
Why don't bugs fly in straight lines?	[ "Unpredictable flight patterns make it difficult for predators to target insects. Survival, evolution etc. There may be addition reasons as well. Evolutionary adaptions often serve multiple functions." ]	[ "4 Years old post, but it is due to refraction and differences in air density apparently _URL_0_" ]
How does bleach kill "everything"?	[ "Bleach oxidizes stuff. Oxidation is a chemical reaction. When you change the chemical makeup of cells, you generally kill them. Therefore, large concentrations of bleach will cause lots of chemical changes and cells can't recover, so everything dies." ]	[ "Look at the structure of [Sucralose](_URL_0_) (Splenda) vs [Sucrose](_URL_1_) (Normal sugar). Notice how similar they are, splenda only having a couple extra chlorine atoms? Because it has the same structure as sugar, your taste buds pick it up as sugar. but the addition of the chlorine atom makes it so your body...
Does it take longer for fat people to starve to death?	[ "It depends. In general grossly obese people are not as healthy as normal weight people, and are not metabolically adapted to access their fat for energy. This could mean that a fat person will die faster than a normal weight person if they were cut off from food. However there is a case study about a man who faste...	[ "There's two intersecting issues here. The first is logistics. It is complicated and expensive to move food around. We in the west get food imported from all over the place without thinking about it because we're comparitively rich. Poor countries and charities can't afford the shipping so even If we supply the foo...
What is Gauss's Law and why is it introduced / taught using hypothetical and physically impossible examples?	[ "Gauss' law is all about Electric Fields and where they come from. The various equations all are a mathematical way of saying: Where an electric field originates, there must be a positive charge, where it ends, there is a negative charge. More precisely, it even tells you how many charges. As to your second questi...	[ "depends on what you mean by practicable, if you want a reliable and safe source of power you'll need a lot of expensive equipment, if you just wrap a coil around the line you'll receive low power high voltage wich is very hard to work with and electrocuting yourself in the process of assembling your construction i...
Why do we find dark or offensive humour funny?	[ "A lot of humour cones from something unexpected, or out of the ordinary happening. In the case of dark humour, its the breaking of a taboo that often generates the comedy. That kind of \"I can't believe you just said that\" thing." ]	[ "Our ancestors when in the wild would enjoy a fresh kill, body still warm. If you came across a dead animal that had been there a while, well you wouldn't want that would you. Evolution has taught us warm is preferable to cold. Unless of course you are eating mint chocolate chip ice cream." ]
Why do things smell stronger when wet? For example: wet grass, wet dog, etc.	[ "The same reason people \"smell rain\", we don't actually smell rain, our noses just work better in high humidity. Same reason farts smell more in the shower." ]	[ "The sugar in the cookies is hygroscopic, which means that it will draw moisture from the air into the sugar's structure and hold on to it. Bread however is not hygroscopic and the moisture inside of it evaporates into the air. The moisture that evaporates from the slice of bread is then drawn into the cookies." ]
Why are electric fields additive?	[ "The equations of motion for the EM field, Maxwell's equations, are linear. This means that if you sum sources (charge distributions) you get the sum of the fields (superposition principle). However, if you allow the charge themselves to be moved by the EM field (according to the Lorentz force equation), the couple...	[ "You see charging effects in SEM imaging (which usually happens at the same time as an EDS measurement) if the sample is not conductive enough. If the sample is conducive, electrons return to the sample through the grounded stage." ]
Does transmission through various corrective lens materials, e.g. contacts and glasses affect the spectral distribution transmitted?	[ "Optical elements are never perfectly transparent to all wavelengths ('infinity' mirrors taking on a green tone after light reflects 7 or 8 times, as an example). There are absorptive and reflective losses in every material and at every interface. In short, yes it affects it. The reality though is that those effect...	[ "Short answer: In general relativity, the curvature of space is gravity. You can also use a mathematical structure that's very similar to the curvature, which is a tensor, for electromagnetic fields. This tensor has many names but I prefer the name [Field Strength Tensor](_URL_1_). It's basically a matrix to de...
How do the cones in our eyes detect specific wavelengths of light and why can't we just add more cones to expand our internal color viewing range?	[ "The specific difference is in the proteins called \"photopsins\" within the cone cells. These three different kinds of proteins are sensitive to different wavelengths of light. We can't \"add more cones\" because we don't have the ability to synthesize living cells of arbitrary makeup, and even if we could there i...	[ "Our eardrums vibrate - but that's not how our brain senses sound. The eardrum only transfers the sound from the outer ear to the inner ear. Within the inner ear is the cochlea, the part that actually senses the sound. The cochlea is filled with a fluid, and the sound is transferred into this fluid. Along the insid...
Why there are anti-smoking commercials but no anti-drinking commercials.	[ "Anti-smoking commercials came about because of [a huge settlement with tobacco companies](_URL_0_). You see lots of commercials because they are funded by those companies. There hasn't been a similarly large class action suit against companies that make alcoholic drinks." ]	[ "An assumption inherent in Avogadro's law is that the distance between the atoms is much larger than the size of the atoms. Compare for example an ideal gas to a van der Waals gas. In liquids this assumption does not hold, because all the molecules are basically touching. An ethanol molecule is quite a bit bigger t...
Donated human blood only has a shelf life of about 21 days, what happens to the gallons of un-used human blood if it never finds a recipient?	[ "Hi, phlebotomist at a blood bank. Our unused blood can be used for research and study at local hospitals and colleges. The excess beyond that that goes unused is medical waste. Please donate off and on every other year. If just ten more of the people that could donate did this, there would be absolutely no blood s...	[ "Incidentally, this is the problem that _URL_0_ is trying to solve. Here is the map of the overall plan: _URL_1_ There is enough solar energy in the Sahara desert in 6 hours to power the entire world in 1 year. From the Sahara, they plan on connecting Europe with underwater high voltage direct current lines. The p...
Why translations on shirts and things so bad?	[ "Who says these are translations? For example, the \"Home Alone\" vs \"Mi Pobre Angel\" title change is a choice by the studio. The meme of latchkey kids isn't as common in Latin American countries, so a \"Solo En Casa\" title wouldn't have worked. Calling children angels in America would be mostly sarcastic, thoug...	[ "Context is important. I'm not surprised to see a hot dog at a hot dog stand. I'd be surprised if I opened my wallet to pay for a hot dog and it only had a hot dog inside. I'm not surprised to see beach clothing at a beach, but would be concerned if I'm about to go into surgery and the surgeon shows up in a speedo....
Why do so many low-quality youtube videos loop over from the beginning midway through the video?	[ "To pad the runtime and try to make more revenue. Longer videos = more money. 10 min YouTube videos make the most per ad click for the time they are. Short videos don’t make as much. Longer videos make more money than shorter videos, given they have the same number of subscribers and views. Solved!" ]	[ "You can also type & t=[x]m[y]s at the end of the url x is the minutes and y is the seconds. For example is you wanted it to start at 1 minute 45 seconds you would add & t=1m45s to the end of the url. And just so you know you could have googled this and found an answer easily." ]
Does “wind chill” have any effect on ice formation or retention? In other words, if the actual temperature is 33F, but the wind chill is 18, will ice last longer than a temp of 33 with a “real feel” of 36?	[ "\"Wind chill\" is basically a measure of what we call \"Forced Convection\". Normal convection is what happens when hot air/fluid rises, and it can be a huge factor in how things cool or heat up. Like a radiator in a room should be placed in the right location, so it heats the whole room by convection(usually by t...	[ "Real denim (not that garbage made with nylon or spandex) is actually one of the best fabrics for keeping out the wind, and keeping off the cold. Like /u/toadog said, old-fashioned 100% cotton Levi's keep you pretty warm, synthetics (like nylon) not so much. If you put on a pair of thermal underwear (classic long j...
What's the purpose of the stinger of a honeybee ?	[ "Individual honeybees are disposable. They defend the hive, their own survival is relatively inconsequential. You can think of the colony as a superorganism of sorts." ]	[ "This is like asking \"why does a fire burn itself out - what's the point of using up all the fuel if it can't sustain itself?\"." ]
Does Vegetarianism/veganism actually make a difference in saving animal's lives?	[ "Yes, they will not breed as many animal. Yet a vegetarian might consider that a win - one fewer chicken to be breed to then be cooped up and killed. As to their effect on the meat industry, there is obviously an effect, but a minor one for each individual. But a vegetarian might consider some good better than no g...	[ "Before I answer, may I ask who the speaker is for this particular lecture? Or if you have a link for me to listen to? I would like to know where they are coming from in their argument." ]
Do body builders and people who work out age faster than regular?	[ "I don't know about adding but my joints seem like they are 80 y/o. I am 52 and until recently very active in martial arts," ]	[ "There are many things that can contribute to life spans, lifestyle, metabolism requirements, genetics. Telomeres are one genetic control on life span, and is specifically why [lobsters can live for such a long time](_URL_2_). In some cases, it may be a [single gene](_URL_1_). If you're interested in a thorough rea...
The process for connecting new construction to already existing infrastructure. (i.e sewage, internet, power)	[ "Water, sewer, drainage and cable are typically under the new roads. The developer has to find the nearest existing connection points that are sufficient to service the new homes and they connect there and construct new lines under the road." ]	[ "I had never heard of this before but 90 seconds of googling gave me this; \" In general, \"industry plant\" is a pithy derogative that we (haters) wield to imply that a rapper or singer is an upstart fraud, a record label puppet, a focus group-tested vessel of creativity so-called. Any musician with a hazy or stra...
Do gravitational forces take time to reach and influence us in the same way light does, or do they propagate instantly?	[ "No information can propagate faster than the speed of light, and the same principle applies to the state of gravitational fields. When observing changes to a massive body (e.g. the sun) and its associated gravitational field, the changes are observed not in \"real time,\" (t) but rather at a delayed time called ...	[ "The common image you see of a 2D surface being pushed down because of objects sitting in it is just a visualization, but in general relativity massive objects really do distort space-time in a way analogous to that curved 2D surface. Except it's the 4D space-time geometry that's being curved. As an example, when y...
What exactly is that "voice" in our head?	[ "It's [subvocalization](_URL_1_). Apparently rather than engaging their vocal chords, [some deaf people engage their forearms](_URL_0_), so that's a different kind of inner monologue." ]	[ "From what I understand, as you fall asleep, your heart rate drops. If it drops too quickly, your brain sends a jolt to make sure you're still alive. Because it cares about you and whatnot, the nag." ]
Why is there such a thing as ‘check-in’ when flying?	[ "The airlines want to be able to fill every seat. If they make a rule that says you have to check in, and people don't check in, they'll sell your seat so that the plane stays full. It's more profitable for them to do this." ]	[ "Marketing and tracking. I bought \"TRON: Evolution\" when it first came out, thinking it was a single player with the option of networking. Nope. You have to either have or create a Microsoft \"LIVE\" account and log on to that in order to play a game that is locally installed. They track everything, and sell it t...
What's the difference between developing, programming, and coding?	[ "In practicality, they all mean the same thing. I'm sure some people may argue with me on this (for example, some may say that \"developing\" refers to the whole product life-cycle), but generally in the way your likely using them, they all mean writing code in some programming language to create a desired result. ...	[ "Thank you for your submission! Unfortunately, your submission has been removed for the following reason(s): You can find the basic answer with a google / wiki search. Please start there and come back with a more specific question. If you disagree with this decision, please send a [message to the moderators.](_URL...
Politics - Why is it a huge scandal when politicians are corrupt and immoral when "everyone" knows politicians are corrupt and immoral?	[ "There is a difference between accepting that bad things will happen and not caring that bad things happened. We criticize bad behavior so as to not encourage it, even though we know it'll happen sometimes." ]	[ "Legalizing marijuana isn't an important issue for most people because most people do not use it. Between 5-10% of people regularly use marijuana. That means the other 90-95% of people probably aren't that concerned with whether or not it's legal even if they wouldn't mind if it is legal. For most people, if you a...
Why does it seem men have a harder time making friends then women?	[ "Generalized answer for a generalized question: Women feel compelled to be agreeable and be friends from the outset, while men feel compelled to do things, agreeability and company comes second. Men find friends through common hobbies usually, while women seem to feel bad if you aren't already friends." ]	[ "\"Just about everyone here\" Where is \"here\" for you? It sounds like your question's premise is based on a small sample set based on personal observation. Before your question is addressed, you should be making sure the premise is valid..." ]
Why did my friend always have to turn on channel 3 in order to play Nintendo 64?	[ "I'm assuming you mean that your friend had an older style television and he would switch to Ch 3 to get the N64 to work. Not every TV came with composite inputs (think your red, white, yellow cable) and only had RF tuners (the port you plug your house antenna or rabbit ears into). You could buy a little box that c...	[ "You may have a flag on your account that says you qualify for the promotion while he doesn't. If you've had your account longer, have better credit/payment history, or if he's locked into another kind of contract he may get different offers. Basically the computer looks at all the accounts and says \"Accounts with...
I just don't understand how genotypes change phenotypes.	[ "Maybe to explain it on this example... Ok so proteins are coded by genes, sequences of ATGC nucleic acids in DNA. Now every amino acid (that is building block of proteins) is coded by 3 nucleic acids in DNA. Different amino acids have different properties, and protein with just 1 amino acid different from another ...	[ "Downforce settings, camber settings, fuel levels, etc. The cars are supposed to be carbon copies of each-other prior to the engineers \"tweaking\" several settings, giving the driver a different feel on the track." ]
If NASA isn't allowed to go near water, why are they gearing up to explore Europa's ocean?	[ "It isn't outlawed entirely, persay. NASA can go explore water if it designs the mission to focus entirely on sterilization of the probe. If they can ensure 100% disinfection, they can do it. Curiosity was never equipped with the right tools to fully disinfect itself in this way." ]	[ "Compared to Europe, the US has very few choices in the ISP market. Many people are limited to only one or perhaps two broadband internet providers they can 'choose' from (e.g. the local Cable Company and/or local Telephone Company). This has led many ISPs to engage in anti-competitive practices that break the prin...
How do seedless fruits reproduce?	[ "They don't. Seedless fruits (in every case I can think of) are a human invention. We selectively bred for smaller and smaller seeds until we got a fruit tree without them. It's \"children\" are actually clones made by taking a part of the tree and planting it and having it grow into a full tree. Another possibilit...	[ "People who want to have sex procreate more than people who don't want to have sex." ]
If I am on a flight from Toronto to Japan, why would I go around the world rather than just fly across the North Pole.	[ "We do go over the North Pole. [Polar Routes](_URL_0_) are commonly used to connect North America with Asia." ]	[ "You might get the chance to shake hands with Al Gore or the doofus who invented whatever social media platform is so hot right now. You also might get the chance to throw a venture capitalist bone to the whiz kid there pimping his \"next big thing.\"" ]
The Photoelectric Effect and its significance	[ "The photoelectric effect occurs when light of high enough energy strikes an object (or liquid or gas). This causes the object to emit electrons. Whether electrons are emitted depends entirely on the energy of the light and not the intensity of the light. That means that if blue light is needed for the emission, a ...	[ "The biggest practical usage, in my opinion, is the transistor which has led to the development of the modern computer." ]
Electromagnetic Wave	[ "If you have a single monocromatic photon, then it is completely delocalized, it exists everywhere as you described. If you create a laser beam between two points, the EM field in between is very well described by these solutions of Maxwell's equations in the vacuum. Now, physically, these \"exact solutions\" do n...	[ "Your microwave oven is pushing several hundred watts into a pretty small enclosed space. It's not transmitting heat -- it's exciting water molecules in your frozen burrito. Your Wi-Fi access point is pushing less than a watt and scattering it in all directions, which is why it will do nothing to your burrito." ]
How does the body age while in a coma? Would resting for long periods slow down aging?	[ "You would age the same as anyone else except you would have gone through a state of atrophy where your muscles were not being used which causes them to break down. Your body is still working to keep you alive and the components of your body will not age slower just because they are not being used as much. Somewhat...	[ "Every time you make a copy of a cell, there is a chance for errors. For example when you photocopy a first print, it is pretty crisp and close to the original, but there are a few minor discrepencies. Now if you photocopy the copy, it gets more distorted, and so on until some letters get hard to read, it gets diff...
Red and green band trailers for movies	[ "Trailers are rated just like movies. As far as I know there are only red and green ratings for trailers. Green - Ok to play before any movie Red - Only can play before R or NC-17 movies Now the reason you've only really saw green up to this point is that (a) trailers cost money and why would the studio pay to have...	[ "Tangential question: do we in fact often tell stories of heroic actions of resistance within Germany and Italy? I've only seen one or two films about German resistance, and none about Italian resistance. What are some good examples?" ]
Why don't they package soda and beer the same? Like why do we have 30 racks of beer and not soda?	[ "There ARE 30 packs of soda. Walmart sells them. [Here's a link for 30 cans of Diet Mt Dew](_URL_0_) If you want to see other examples you can google 30 pack of soda, thats how I found that link." ]	[ "Another component worth mentioning is that YouTube clips can 'intelligently buffer', while GIFs lack this functionality. Imagine your friend likes pistachios, but hates opening them. You, in your infinite kindness, start to crack open the shells and placing the open pistachios next to him/her. If your friend were ...
Regarding the transition from the Roman Empire to Charlemagne	[ "The [FAQ](_URL_0_) touches on some of these questions" ]	[ "I have been puzzled for a few weeks why I could not find any printed listings of all the singers in the Naples Royal Chapel, considering it was a pretty major music group through the early modern period, and boasted many distinguished singers and composers, such as Scarlatti, and Caffarelli. Turns out most of tho...
How do GFCI outlets work?	[ "Great minds think alike. Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: How does a GFCI outlet protect me from electrocution better than the main breaker on the same circuit (or do I completely misunderstand why these are used near sinks and tubs). ](_URL_1_) ^(_3 comments_) 1. [ELI5: GFCI v...	[ "No it is a myth, this doesn't actually happen it has been perpetuated by many websites emails etc. but the Coriolis effect doesn't happen in plugholes ." ]
Does repeatedly hitting the snooze button in the morning provide any sleep benefit, or does it just prolong the agony of having to get up?	[ "IIRC when you sleep the length of the cycles becomes increasingly longer. For example the first cycle through each phase of sleep would be like 30 minutes. The second 40, and so on until you reach however many cycles you need. Everyone is different. Given that I don't think it would be possible after a whole night...	[ "Physical activity stimulates blood flow, including to the brain. Increased blood flow to the brain increases wakefulness. Stretching is basically the \"lowest cost\" way your body has of getting that physical activity, and thus the most instinctive." ]
Can a proton that is the result of beta minus decay undergo beta plus decay and the resulting neutron undergoes decay again and so on? If so, how many times?	[ "The free proton is lighter than the free neutron therefore it cannot decay into it. Decay chains always run downhill in terms of mass with the daughters being lighter than their parent particle. This restriction is because of mass energy conservation in special relativity. Essentially the decay as a whole must obe...	[ "Engineering new chaperone proteins is probably a ways off. There are potentially easier ways to treat prion diseases, anyway. Essentially, susceptible protein must \"nucleate\", or turn into an aggregate of the prion form. This process is sufficiently slow as to be negligible in vivo, though; nucleated prion prote...
What is the difference between a poison, a toxin, and a venom?	[ "A poison is a substance that has a noxious effect on living organisms. ... A toxin is a poison produced by a living organism. A venom is a toxin injected from a living organism into another. A venom therefore is a toxin and a toxin is a poison, not all poisons are toxins, not all toxins are venoms." ]	[ "From our standpoint as users, nothing at all. From Reddit's standpoint, one of them means the backend computers told them \"sorry too busy\" and the other means that the backend didn't respond at all." ]
have languages for animals developed over time similar to that of human beings, or say can a lion in this time communicate with a lion five hundred years ago?	[ "When it comes to some animals like whales, dolphins, orca and the like, separated by 500 years they would most likely not be able to communicate well with each other, they have regional dialects just like us. I wouldn't be surprised if the same applied to elephants but I'm not certain how complex their \"language\...	[ "Sort of. As you can see in Jurassic park 3, they can find out the shape of the voice box and get an idea of the nature of their vocals. They probably couldn't work it out exactly, and a lot of Jurassic Park is sort of filled in gaps." ]
Why are there no green mammals?	[ "I believe you will find this [page](_URL_0_) very helpful." ]	[ "For the same reason that people who are blind from birth can't imagine color at all - imagination is about creating new combinations of stimuli that your brain is already familiar with." ]
Why do images load from top to bottom and not, say, left to right or bottom to top?	[ "It's mostly arbitrary. In old-style CRT displays, the image was generated by physically moving an electron beam across the screen in horizontal lines starting from the top. (EDIT: and for historical reasons, even more recent signal formats like VGA, DVI and HDMI typically use the same ordering.) So the simplest wa...	[ "Most large hard drives have a RAM cache which is an order of magnitude faster than the platters. When you copy a bunch of data, it fills the cache, quickly, then once it's full the transfer rate has to slow to the speed the drive can write to the platters. It's very much like pouring liquid into a funnel. You can ...
How watching YouTube videos with a sub par Internet connection cause buffering, yet the ads will always load uninterrupted.	[ "This has been covered many times before, but the short answer is that the ads come from a different server which has more money poured into it." ]	[ "I work for an ISP The Internet is like a series of roads. Let's say you built a road from your house to your friends. You and your friend could go real fast to each other's houses. But what if you wanted to go to some else's house? Or the mall, or school? You would have to connect your road with your towns road. ...
How can I run multiple programs simultaneously if I only have a single core processor?	[ "Your OS is able to give each program a slice of time on the CPU, and stop it once that time has passed, to pass control to a new program. So every program shares that CPU with every other program, and also with the OS itself. Run more programs that need CPU, and everything will slow down. In reality a program may ...	[ "Interesting question if asked in reverse — how does your ear hear different sounds at the same time? All it can do is hear the sum of all the mixed vibrations hitting your ear at the same time. Your brain does a lot of the work, I guess." ]
How did people living in feudal Japan measure time?	[ "Follow-up question: How aware would people living outside of Kyoto be of the current era name (nengo)? For example, I know in AD 708, the era was declared Wado (和銅) in honor of a copper discovery, but would most people even know the year changed?" ]	[ "You may be interested in some of the earlier answers and journal papers linked in this recent thread (there's one anthropological paper that's particularly interesting re. chronotypes): (_URL_1_) by u/whattthefat and myself. u/sunagainstgold on how [muezzins and medieval monks woke up](_URL_0_) There are also a...
In difderent languages, what influences the way every number is called or pronounced as ?	[ "French is the absolute WORST about this. They don't have a word for a lot of numbers. Example: 80 is said as two forties. 70 is seven tens. 90 is the worst, it's four twenty ten. It got so confusing that Switzerland (IIRC) invented their own version of the French number system." ]	[ "If you were to build a 'super' car, would it be the fastest? The car that uses the least fuel? The one that can carry the most cargo? The one with the most amounts of seats? The one that fits in every parking space because its small? Different people create different languages for different reasons. Some are supe...
I graduated from college, got a job and was never once asked for proof of my degree. What systems are in place that stop people from just forging/faking a degree and going straight to good pay without the debt? I learned nothing useful.	[ "You got a job with a company that doesn't do education verification so there's nothing but values/fear of being caught that keeps someone from doing it in that case. But many companies do education verification so the liars are found out. I have seen many offers rescinded for falsified degrees." ]	[ "Not a huge amount, really. We already pretty much know what's in these products (I mean, with Coke, you can basically just read the label). The difficulty is only getting the exact formulation and mixing right. For most people, the prohibitive part of that is not knowing how it's done - it's having access to the k...
How large would the universe be if there was no empty space between protons, neutrons, and electrons?	[ "In the primordial, young, small, hot universe, there weren't protons and neutrons at all. Nucleosysnthesis didn't occur until there was enough space to have them around. So the question is sort of ill posed. Expect varying answers." ]	[ "The computer has files of varying sizes. These take up varying amounts of spaces on the hard drive. Say you write to the hard drive 3 different files. One takes up 5 \"spaces\" the next 2 spaces, and the last 5 spaces. Later, you delete the 2 space file. Now you've got 5 occupied spaces, 2 free spaces, 5 occupied...
Is it true that fat people are growing muscle just by carrying all that extra weight around?	[ "Depends. If they are moving abound a lot then yes, they will at least have strong leg muscles. However not moving around a lot is probably the cause of them being fat in the first place." ]	[ "You need to be careful. When you stretch a spring, the added energy is in the spring and increases its mass. When you lift an object, the energy is stored in the gravitational field, which is not part of the object. In the latter case, the mass of the Earth-object system (which includes the gravitational field) in...
how can computer viruses spread from video, sound & image files?	[ "The easiest way to do it is when the file isn't actually a video, sound, or image file. Windows by default doesn't show file extensions to the user, but does use file extensions to decide which program will open the file. So you name a file something like \"BestPictureEver.jpg.exe\" which Windows displays as \"Bes...	[ "Slashes are used to define directorys, so a file with the name \"some/file.jpg\" would really be a file named file.jpg in a folder called /some/. So its not allowed, I dont know about \"!\" though." ]
why my mouth itches when I eat certain fruits, but only sometimes.	[ "sounds like you might just a mild allergy to those particular fruits, or at least to some of the varieties of them" ]	[ "Particle on skin may cause danger, scratching removes particle (hopefully), relief of the damaging particle releases feel good chemicals into blood. At the same time scratching slightly damages skin, skin damage releases feel good chemical into blood to counteract pain. So kind of a mix of both." ]
Why does the us have military bases in many other countries, but no countries have military bases in the us?	[ "It’s cheaper to just use ours. Foreign militaries regularly train in the US and share space at our extensive range of bases." ]	[ "Inflation. Let's put it this way, in America it used to be that you could buy a steak dinner for let's say $5. Then today that same steak dinner would cost $50. How much we pay for things, and how much we get paid has increased slowly over time. In other countries, it has increased way faster, so something that us...
WiFi signals are electromagnetic radiation, which are photons. How do they travel through walls?	[ "Some materials are transparent to visible light, like water, some reflect or scatter it, like smooth metal surfaces, some materials absorb it like wood. Radio waves are different in wavelength and energy to visible light, and so materials act differently to them. Many common materials don't absorb radio waves that...	[ "Mirrors cannot reflect X-rays. Mirrors are made by taking some kind of substrate, which is usually glass, and depositing on it very thin layers of material called dielectric. But because X-ray wavelengths are so small, to reflect them you'd have to deposit dielectric layers that are less than one atom thick, whi...
Why do so many animals on the earth share the same basic internal/external organs?	[ "Because every animal on Earth shares a common ancestor if you go back far enough." ]	[ "Because they work. Scam artists and lazy people see an idea that brings money for little work, and they emulate that idea. Why fix something that isnt broken, right? Similar idea to why there are a million different versions of Minecraft and Bejewelled. The people peddling these things aren't innovators. They don'...
Why can't we manually enter in volume levels?	[ "There are plenty of smart remotes and other systems that let you do this. I can even talk to my Google home, tell it to set the volume to 20% on Gizmo (my television) and never lift a finger. Look up logitech harmony, I'm sure they have a remote with the option." ]	[ "For starters the extra costs to the manufacturer and the customer are not worth it. And second saftey, they could be dangerous closing down on little children & even adults." ]
Why does ice cold water taste better?	[ "Personal preference. I know people who prefer it at room temperature." ]	[ "[This](_URL_0_) previous thread explains it as [entrainment](_URL_2_). When changing the diameter of your lips, the airflow is subject to the [Bernoulli effect](_URL_1_) where it speeds up. When the air moves faster, it draws in more surrounding air which is cooler than your body temperature, thus making it feel c...
What is plaque next to teeth, how is it created?	[ "Plaque is a thin layer of bacteria eating the sugars in your mouth. It is linked to diet generally. More sugar = more plaque. I think mouthwash just kills the bacteria. I don't think it washes away plaque. Maybe it does idk. If you brush/floss often enough and don't eat too much sugar, you'll be fine. If not, th...	[ "You may not be eating but the bacteria in your mouth are eating and pooping all night. You want to clean off what they accomplished overnight." ]
Does all the nuclear fuel in an atomic bomb undergo fission, or is some scattered before it can go critical?	[ "The gun-type design is extremely inefficient - the Wikipedia article on Little Boy claims only 1% of its U-235 underwent fission. Implosion is better, with about 20% of the plutonium fissioning in Fat Man. Presumably > 50 years of nuclear weapons design has since improved on these figures. A reactor's fuel rods ca...	[ "I think [Tycho](_URL_2_), a young crater on the moon, is a good example of this. What is going on is that a large impact produces enormous pressure, well above the ultimate compressive strength of the rock. As a result, the rock behaves as a fluid, and you get dynamics similar to [droplets of water](_URL_3_). The ...
Why do computers have to download and install software? What's the difference between the two and why can't it install as it's downloading?	[ "One gathers the files, one applies it. Depending on what it is, if you started installing before you had all the pieces of the file, and something happened to the download, bad things could potentially happen." ]	[ "Simply put for the same reason drinking water when you're not thirsty isn't as refreshing as when you're REALLY thirsty. Anticipating the bodies' needs doesn't trigger the same reward responses in the brain as fulfilling a need that is already present. Your muscles don't NEED to stretch right now, so you can't ant...
Why are 9/11 rescue workers getting sick?	[ "Buildings (especially skyscrapers) contain all sorts of materials (plastics, fiberglass, etc.) that are fine when they're just sitting there inside a wall, but are harmful or carcinogenic if they're thrown into the air and inhaled. 9/11 caused a giant cloud of dust and debris that the rescue workers were continuou...	[ "never seen this in the movies, and this would not be true in real life. think of aloha air flight 243. a huge chunk of the cabin skin peeled off, instantly depresurizng it. it landed safely." ]
Why when drinking alcohol you have to go to the bathroom a lot and pee crystal clear?	[ "Alcohol reduces the production of a hormone called vasopressin, which tells your kidneys to reabsorb water rather than flush it out through the bladder. With the body's natural signal switched off, the bladder is free to fill up with fluid." ]	[ "Your body can only process a certain amount of water within a certain amount of time. Anything extra gets pushed through the system faster. Think of it like putting a bucket under a faucet and another bucket under a waterfall. Your body can only process one bucket at a time, so even though the waterfall will fill...
Where in Natural Selection did the Photic Sneeze Reflex come from?	[ "Just because it exists doesn't mean it was necessarily beneficial. I can't really speak to this so I'll let experts answer your question for sure. I would just like to bring up that point since it seems to be a common misconception." ]	[ "I'm also interested in this, because it certainly seems to me that a lot of modern day racism is deeply rooted in pseudo-science( thinking specifically of the Nazi \"scientific\" ideology). How did the development of Darwin's theory and other models of genetics affect racism?" ]
Why did stars stop producing new elements?	[ "_URL_0_ Elements up to Iron are formed during the life of stars, heaver during supernovae star deaths. So, stars are producing new elements as they die, if they're massive enough. Stars that aren't massive enough to die as a supernova just use up all their fuel and become white dwarfs and eventually black dwar...	[ "Because there's only so many ways you can put 12 numbers together. IPv4 is a specific format of number, and once all the numbers have been used, you can't just add a digit or something because all the hardware and software designed for that standard won't understand it. We didn't really 'use them up' so much as th...
How does kinesiology tape work?	[ "Please be careful, the last I've heard they are not working at all, or rather they have not been proven useful. (Besides maybe the placebo effect.) In fact there are even studies that prove many brand are dangerous because of chemicals in the tape/glue. More info here [British Journal of Sports Medicine](_URL_0_)...	[ "Nothing that any other fizzy sweet drink doesn't do. Kombucha has no real health benefits. It's all hype." ]
Why some people get brusises after being pinched while others won't get anything even after being punched?	[ "I can look at my wife sideways and she gets a bruise. I'm terrified someone is going to think I beat her!" ]	[ "I ain’t no scientist but here is my two cents... Fruit is designed to ferment (rot) as part of its ability to seed. When fruit falls from a tree (or is picked) the fruit starts to ferment which releases natural sugars making it sweet and juicy - eventually you’ll see the pips, seeds or stones becoming easier to re...
Is it possible for black holes to lose their "black hole" status?	[ "Black holes can only have masses much greater than the Planck mass. A black hole evaporates through Hawking radiation until its mass starts to near the Planck mass. Around that, full quantum gravity takes over and you cannot simply speak of a standard black hole anymore. There are a couple things that can happen: ...	[ "It isn't. Almost completely impossible. General Relativity is a set of equations on the one side, the arrangement of energy and mass, on the other side, the curvature of space. To do physics, we usually start on the energy and mass side, put in some known energy configuration, like a spherically symmetric mass, an...
What are the best books and/or podcasts available to get an in depth understanding of the Roman Republic & Empire?	[ "For podcasts; Dan Carlin has a several episode series on the Roman Empire, and the entire \"History of Rome\" podcast is excellent." ]	[ "For Hamilton's role as Treasury Secretary I'd recommend Ron Chernow's biography. It's not as strong on Hamilton's role as a soldier in my opinion, or the political situation generally, but it really shows Hamilton's brilliance on the establishing the financial health of the new country." ]
How were operating systems developed? Wouldn't a preexisting one need to be in place to type the code?	[ "Programs don't really need an operating system to run, you can have a program that lets you program without being something we would call an operating system. The very first program would have been loaded onto the system by hand. Basically you write it in assembly (on paper), then by hand convert it to binary, and...	[ "Your asking essentially the chicken or the egg. Example, Did you stomach evolove first and create your brain and extremites to feed it. Or did your brain grow your stomach to power it. Har to say, as without something to feed the stomach, we would have no stomch. Without the brain to run everything, we wouldn't ha...
Modern humans use bug repellant. How did early humans deal with biting bugs in nature?	[ "Truly ancient humans used mud, the Greeks and Romans used scented oils with herbs that smelled decent and repelled bugs, other than that they just got bit and got on with their lives. Bug bites and the resulting diseases (malaria, the black plague) were major causes of death." ]	[ "Hi OP, this is a cultural question, so it would greatly assist anyone considering answering if you could specify which culture you're asking about. For example, the name of a cultural group / country / geographic region, plus a rough time period. Otherwise, this question is simply too broad, as it encompasses almo...
Why is it bad to remove a flash drive without ejecting it first?	[ "It's actually not really bad usually. But when its in the process of writing something on it and you interrupt it you can corrupt the data and the ultimate worst case scenario would be that the flash drives formatting would be f***ed up." ]	[ "TL;DR: Power. A big part of our social structure is based on one person having power over other people. Most of us either want to lead, are jealous of the leader, or understand we're not the right person to be that leader. We see this in a lot of other animals like horses and sheep. The large-and-in-charge 'st...
Why do people's urine come out at different strengths?	[ "Not a direct answer to your question, but an interesting anecdote: I suffered from a narrowing of my urethra just below the bladder, which impeded the flow of urine out of the bladder. This made my bladder work harder to squeeze the urine out. After I had surgery to fix the problem (yes, that was fun), I **peed li...	[ "What medication is that? I've never had that happen. This would be a very good question to ASK YOUR DOCTOR the next time you have an appointment." ]
What would a neutron bomb explosion look like?	[ "It would look like a normal atomic bomb with a higher bias towards neutron output vs. other radiation. There would still be a large quantity of thermal and blast effects compared to conventional ordinance. Without high end diagnostics I doubt you could even tell it was a neutron bomb." ]	[ "Just use e=mc^2 and bear in mind that about half the energy released will be in neutrinos that don't really interact with anything, and voila." ]
What happens when we get a headache/migraine?	[ "The physical pain is coming from arteries lining the skull, and not the brain. The pain is caused by high local blood pressure which stretches the vein from the inside out." ]	[ "You don't see in your eyes you see in your head ,the eyes are simply lenses and light sensors that feed into your brain ,imagine a screen in your head ,what you see is viewed on it ,what images built by your brain are also viewed on it that's why you feel like that you see them with your eyes ,all of it is viewed ...
Why do five year olds like to scream so much?	[ "If you think they scream loudly when they're playing, just try pulling one into your car." ]	[ "Becaus for most if them their frontal lobes aren’t developed yet and are very easily molded by repetition and hype. Adults have the ability and experience to see the BS in ads." ]
Were Eunuchs often resentful of their castration? Or did the privileges accompanying their service outweigh the loss of their sex organ?	[ "This might be easier for people to answer if you gave a specific time and place. Are we talking about Italian renaissance choir boys or Chinese imperial officials? Edit: specific time not a specific Tim" ]	[ "hi! you may find some relevant info in these previous related threads [Why do Greco-Roman sculptures of men have such small penises?](_URL_4_) [Why do Greek and Roman statues, especially the ones intended to display the perfect body, have small penises?](_URL_2_) [How has penis size been regarded across times and ...
why alcohol can have commercials and not tobacco	[ "In Sweden you can't advertise alcohol or tobacco so..." ]	[ "Because laws are enacted by elected representatives who want to keep their jobs. What you're describing would be wildly unpopular." ]
This whole issue with the Confederate Flag that's been all over Reddit lately.	[ "The state of South Carolina still flies the Confederate Flag over their statehouse which they claim is a symbol of their heritage. It offends many, including most African Americans, because they see it as a symbol of racial discrimination and slavery. Along with symbols of Apartide the Charleston shooter displayed...	[ "Context is important. I'm not surprised to see a hot dog at a hot dog stand. I'd be surprised if I opened my wallet to pay for a hot dog and it only had a hot dog inside. I'm not surprised to see beach clothing at a beach, but would be concerned if I'm about to go into surgery and the surgeon shows up in a speedo....
What are the origins of the saxophone?	[ "It was created by a man named Adolphe Sax. Long story short, it was created as a bridge between brass and woodwind instruments in french military bands in the 1800s. Sax started at the lower end with bass saxes, and he then went on to create tenor, alto, soprano, and all other crazy sizes! If you're interested, th...	[ "Well as far as I know it started with this prank video: _URL_0_ And after that it simply went viral." ]
Whats the point in war?	[ "You have something I want. I shoot you and take it. That's robbery. You and your 99 friends have something me and my 99 friends want. We shoot you and take it. That's war." ]	[ "You are allowed to go faster in order to overtake. Different speed limits in different countries. Top speed limits change over time (in NZ we just changed ours to 110 km/hr). Marketing and bragging rights. The customer is always right." ]
Why are certain drugs (metfomin, birthcontrol, etc.) still biologically active by the time they leave the human body? Shouldn't your kidneys or liver break them down?	[ "Not necessarily. There are a lot of complex biochemical process that go into breaking down various drugs, and sometimes our bodies just get rid of them before having completely metabolized them. Also, so drugs break down into other different biologically active substances that then get removed as waste." ]	[ "Think of nutrients as lego sculptures. Some are simple and easy for you to take apart, but sometimes they're really complicated and you have to ask your brother to help you take them apart. Beans have nutrients called complex oligosaccharides that are like really complicated lego sculptures. They're really hard to...
What does the historic landing of Falcon 9 First Stage mean/symbolize?	[ "Stage 1's cost a TON of money. Basically, the Stage 1 in all previous missions was destroyed and landed in a random position in the ocean, and that means things were VERY expensive and unorganized. It's like, if you were going to buy flights to another country, someone would have to rebuild the entire plane from s...	[ "Why: Because this is a failure mode the engineers specifically design for. How: They had to burn off all the fuel and land on fumes, and land with the nose up as long as possible, and still most of the wheel ended up decorating about a mile or two of the tarmac." ]
In the game Hearts of Iron 4, in the start date of 1936, the nations of Greece and Yugoslavia have their independence guaranteed by Romania and Czechoslovakia respectevly, what is the historical basis for this decision, if there is any?	[ "Cant explain how Greece is involved however the other nations did have a defensive pact which was dubbed as the Little Entente. A quick search on this sub provides [this thread](_URL_0_) which does include some information about the alliance." ]	[ "The way history class goes in Saudi Arabia is pretty much as follows: (We'll ignore the fact that much of the recent history glosses over some very important subjects) Grade 1-3: History of the Prophet Muhammad Grade 4-5: History of the Rashidun Khalifs (First 4 khalifs after the Prophet Muhammad) Grade 6-8: Hist...
Using current tech., what surface area of the US would need to be covered with solar panels to fully meet current energy demands, oil and all?	[ "[This map](_URL_0_) shows in black the areas of land sufficient to meet all the world's energy needs, if converted entirely to solar energy use." ]	[ "> Question 1: at every moment in time is 50% of earth light and 50% dark? Yes. > Question 2: does every location on earth have, on average, 12 hours of light per day? Almost. See below. > Question 3: if I'm at a location on earth that gets 17 hours of light in one day, if I return to that location 182 days later...
How do people who live in eastern asian countrys eat so much yet stay so healthy?	[ "Less added sugar, less carbs. When you eat a diet where you get your energy based off of carbs you are running on glucose, basically your body is always in an insulin rush. This makes you fat. If you get most of your energy from good fats insetad of sugars youre body will shed it's fat. So more meat based fats or ...	[ "Guns, Germs and Steel provides one of the most common theories to explain this. Basically, it boils down to it being a long unbroken land mass at generally the same latitude from Portugal all the way to Korea. This allowed for a lot of cultural interaction to occur and for trade and communication to occur very eas...
How do emotions cause physical discomfort?	[ "Some believe that this is caused by the release of epinephrine, or adrenaline when one is nervous, pulling blood away from the stomach and sending it to the muscles. This reduced blood flow, in turn, causes the stomach to temporarily shut down, and possibly the reason for reduced appetite during love sickness. Sou...	[ "If anybody tells you that they know for sure, they're lying. The human brain is insanely complicated. How we feel is possibly tied to so many different things in our body and environment, and is so widely different across individuals that we just can't point and say what's going on with any real certainty. Psychol...
What would happen if you spun a disc faster than the speed of sound?	[ "The Republic XF-84H \"Thunderscreech\" had a propeller that exceeded the speed of sound. The main effect of this is that it was loud. So loud you could hear it 25 miles away, see the sonic boom coming off the propeller, and get injured by the sound if you stood anywhere near it. _URL_0_" ]	[ "Well, the air gets forced somewhere -- out the nose is where it will primarily go, and force more out of there than a regular sneeze. However, there's another place the air will go -- out the tubes that connect to your ears. Your nostrils are too small to let all the air out of the sneeze, so it'll force its way...
Why was ancient Judea so troublesome for whichever empire was in control of it?	[ "I don't know if the rebelliousness of Judea is as extraordinary as it might appear. The preservation of such rebellions in the Hebrew and Christian Bible might have a tended to make rebellion in that province more visible than those in areas which did not leave as much material - at least as much popularly accessi...	[ "In addition to what has already been written : - the EU started with 6 members, and was supposed to be limited to very specific stuffs (open market). They made rules accordingly : some decisions must be taken unanimously, and others by majority. - Now we have more than 25 countries. And the UE rules a lot more tha...
What does the N6 in N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) stand for?	[ "N6 indicates where the methyl group is on the adenosine. Compare the structures of [adenosine](_URL_1_) and [N6-methyladenosine] (_URL_0_)." ]	[ "The school is selling cookies to raise money. S & P 500 is a collection of the 500 highest selling students. Dow (Dow Jones Industrial Average) is the average of the schools 30 best students. NASDAQ is the schools largest bake sale (stock exchange), but students can't buy baked good from each other, it's done via...
Why can a company say flat out 'We don't hire people with dreadlocks'? Isn't that discrimination?	[ "Discrimination is not illegal (in the US, I don't know about other countries). It is generally legal for a company to refuse to hire you for whatever reason they'd like. There are specific exceptions to this for things like race, gender, and disability, but \"having dreadlocks\" is not one of these protected class...	[ "Your credit report itself is free to view once per year from each of the three credit reporting bureaus, Experian, TransUnion, and Equifax. You can look at it by going to _URL_0_ and entering in your information. The number used to report your credit score, the FICO score, is proprietary information and it is ca...
When children need an organ donor, must the donor be of a similar size to them or can an adult donate? Will the organ continue to grow as the child grows?	[ "In cases of hearts, a child needs a child sized heart or needs to be at least 5 years old to receive an adult sized heart. Lungs, I believe it's the same as hearts Liver- child can receive half of one in a living donor transplant or a cadavarean donor liver can be split and transplanted into two children. Kidney...	[ "A tree uses plant hormones to tell what to grow and where, how it decides is dependant on the environment, how much food/water it's getting etc. Most tree's grow symmetrically in a set pattern that's optimal, there are small differences caused by what's going on around the tree. We still don't fully understand ho...

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