Subset (10)

eli5 · 25k rows

Split (1)

train · 25k rows

query stringlengths 20 300	positive listlengths 1 1	negative listlengths 1 1
A map of the Roman empire in 117 AD shows modern day Azerbaijan as Albania, they are 1500 miles apart. How has the name moved that far?	[ "The Albanians don't call themselves \"Albanians.\" Their word for themselves is \"Shqiptarët,\" and their name for their nation is \"Shqipëri.\" This isn't uncommon, really. The Koreans don't call themselves Koreans. That name is derived from the name of one dynasty, the Goguryeo. Their name for themselves is \"Ha...	[ "Three of the oldest bits of European folklore to manifest in early sources are: 1. the story of the incredible journey and magic flight from the monster that manifests in the Ancient Greek tale of Jason and the Argonauts; 2. the story of the ogre who is burned by the hero; this manifests in the Odyssey with the Cy...
Do any painkillers block the burn of spicy food?	[ "Yes. Nociception (pain) is blocked by acting on mu- receptors in the brain or periphery (also the gut which is often the cause of opioids induced constipation). This is high in the pathway, so even though capsaicin receptors (TRPV-1's) are separate than other \"pain\" receptors, the mechanism of opioids would stil...	[ "Sensodyne toothpaste. One week and all sensitivity is gone. I've known people that have drank warm beer for a decade then tried that and couldn't believe the change." ]
Clarification on origin of Earth heavy elements, please. ("the matter in my right hand most likely came from a different star than the matter in my left hand")	[ "Maybe it's an error from a statement like \"the matter in (both of) your hands are likely from different stars\", where \"different stars\" just means \"more than one star\"." ]	[ "Point a flashlight at the wall and turn it on. See the small circle? Now, let's say your flashlight is delivering xyz power to the wall. So xyz power is landing in that circle, right? Tilt the flashlight in any direction. The circle spreads out across the wall doesn't it? But you didn't change the batteries or any...
With all of the evidence and research on climate change, why are there pretty much no significant changes to any country's environmental policies?	[ "Firstly - There are several countries that have changed enviromental policies, especially in Europe. However, the main reason some countries aren't doing more is that those kind of policies won't win your next election. Higher taxes on fossil fuels and meat for example is a good method to reduce CO2 emmisions, but...	[ "Short answer, money. Slightly longer answer: religion, anti-intellectual movement, funding, social issues, and things that are used to ‘measure’ performance. Tests are easy to use to see if a kid can produce the answer to a given question. Which is great if you are playing Jeopardy but generally useless day to day...
What is the oldest file format still in use today?	[ "Depends what you mean by \"in use\". Somewhere some enthusiast (or maybe the US military) has an old mainframe computer from the 1950's running in their garage, so the binary executable files for that machine are still \"in use\". Or there's a simulator for some old architecture that can interpret the old binary f...	[ "There is a very interesting Planet Money podcast on this subject. Give it a listen and you'll learn all about the dinosaur that is [ACH](_URL_0_). _URL_1_" ]
Why nuclear power plants often have the shape of a hyperbolic section?	[ "The shape of the cooling towers makes a natural \"chimney\" effect, and allows the cooling towers to work without fans. The chimney effect and rising hot evaporated water creates a pressure difference which draws more air into the bottom of the tower, and improves cooling efficiency. Without the shape, you would ...	[ "To make them less ugly, which in turn makes a town or city more willing to allow it to be built. It also makes the wildlife around it more likely to keep going about what they do without much issues." ]
Why are many military terms not pronounced as anything close to the word?	[ "[Many of these words to come to us from French](_URL_0_), explaining their odd pronounciation. Why French? It was not only the language of educated people and diplomacy during the 18th and 19th centuries but they were a major military power during a period in which military tactics were rapidly changing due to the...	[ "Imagine you wanted to send a digital file to a friend of yours, but all you have is a telephone and the binary data contents of the file. You tell your friend \"when I say beep you write down 1, when I say boop, you write down 0\", and then you read the contents of the file to him over the phone \"beep beep boop ...
What is preventing tidal energy generation from being a ubiquitous source of energy for cities near the ocean?	[ "They are working on it. In NYC's East River, a third generation turbine is under development. The first was destroyed by the current. Pretty sure there is a project in Maine too. I'm sure there are more, but it is in its infancy." ]	[ "Cost. Where I grew up cable wasn't an option because they would have to run cable 20 miles from their nearest line at the time and even if 100% of the people in my area subscribed, it wouldn't generate enough revenue to make up for the installation costs, not to mention maintenance and repair. It's still not avail...
Why do strangers want to follow me on Twitter?	[ "They don't have an interest in following you, they're either ways of getting you to go to some site (like the latter group) or they're people who follow you in hopes you'll follow them so they can up their number of followers... for some reason this is valuable to people." ]	[ "While _URL_0_ digitizes a lot of records from the past, that doesn't specifically tell you about your family. They way it knows about your specific family is that there are other people who have taken the time to enter their family trees on the site, and their ancestors match up with your ancestors. When you sta...
Why do the _URL_0_ broadcasters choose 1080i over 1080p?+Bonus question	[ "Lets put it this way. 1080I = 30 Frames per second made up of 2 fields per frame. so 60 fields per second. These Fields, are made up of interlaced \"lines\" of picture, going horizontally across the screen and are flashed in sequence. 1080p is a format based on 60 Frames per second. So its roughly twice the data f...	[ "> What Happens when you view 4K footage on a non-4K Screen? A process called \"downsampling\" where pixels are combined via various formulas in order to produce the final image. While the resulting image may be pleasing it has less information in it than if played on a true 4K display." ]
Why do people use charcoal BBQ's, when propane is cheaper, efficient and clean burning?	[ "Has no one yet picked up on OP's username?" ]	[ "Your field of vision gets larger the larger the glasses. The older you get the less you care about looks and you start to care more about what works best. As far as lasik surgery goes i can understand some peoples fear of the laser and others simply cant afford it or their insurance wont cover it." ]
is Kim Jong-Un really that bad?	[ "He probably has no real power and does what he’s told by older guys." ]	[ "Hi, I've approved the post, but just a note to you and potential respondents: this subreddit has a 20-year rule against discussing current events, so any answers will have to cut off at 1997. If you're looking for answers that can include 1998-2012, do consider x-posting elsewhere, eg. a foreign affairs sub like /...
Why the draught beer always tastes bad at certain bars.	[ "Ha, finally one I can answer! More than likely their draught lines haven't been cleaned either regularly or correctly. Without proper cleaning, every surface the beer touches could be picking up microorganisms that may not only make the beer taste bad, but make you sick too. Another possibility is that they aren't...	[ "They make an agreement with a salesman for the local distributor. Usually they pick whoever will make them the better deal." ]
why do drivers need updates to work for W10, while most software doesn't?	[ "Drivers are the special pieces of software that sit between your operating system and the hardware. Changes in the operating system will almost always require a change in the drivers. But this is why nothing else had to change. The other software keeps talking to the OS the same way it always did, and it was just ...	[ "Your question reminded me of this frikkin awesome documentary of about planned obsolescence. [Video snippet](_URL_0_), and the whole documentary, I can't find... but Im sure someone else may be able to. ELI5 version: Because companies want you to keep them in business." ]
If an ATM machine breaks and gives you too much money or no money at all, what happens next?	[ "I've had an atm short me before. Transaction was processing and then the atm just kinda froze up and shut down. My account showed the money being withdrawn and the bank did an \"audit\" of the machine, which they of course said came back right on point. After a lot of headache and threats to sue I finally had my c...	[ "M+ will add the currently displayed number to a running total that is stored in memory. M- will subtract from the running total instead. M will retrieve the current running total. Press 50, M+, 25, M+, 1, M-. The running total should be 74, press M to display it." ]
Why would/What would make glass just randomly shatter?	[ "I'm pretty sure this would have nothing to do with the heat. I'd be surprised the glass is heated past its annealing temperature when yuu get cozy in the winter. I'd say from the looks of it, it was bad glass, which was not annealed correctly when manufactured and thus had a lot of stress in it. It was unstable f...	[ "[This is someone's doctoral thesis which contains information on the vibration of flat plates. On page 38 of the PDF (31 of the document), you will see some vibrational modes drawn for a flat plate. The higher-frequency AA mode ought to look familiar.](_URL_0_) While this is water and not a flat plate, the behavio...
Why does grease on my hands take so much more effect to take off compared to say getting some on my legs	[ "Pure speculation, but I imagine it’s because the deep grooves and wrinkles in your palms trap and maintain grease more easily than your smoother, less tough skin in say your thigh or calf area." ]	[ "Before DNA science was practical in criminal cases, the only evidence left on a gun would have been fingerprints, which gangsters (both real and fictional) would prevent either by wearing gloves or covering the handle of guns with fingerprint-resistant tape. If there were no fingerprints on the gun, then the only...
How did we end up mainly drinking cow milk, as opposed to another animal's milk (goat milk, for example)?	[ "Many cultures (Central Asia) drink horse milk and use it for cooking. Goats milk is also big in many cultures. The reason cows and water buffaloes are popular for commercial milk production is because of the large quantity of milk they produce daily and equally importantly the high fat content of their milk (from ...	[ "I'm not the most qualified to answer this question but for parrots specifically they fall asleep when it gets dark simply because they cannot see well in low light. Their eyes can see best in sunlight, so lightbulbs with UVA and UVB rays allow them to see the clearest. When it gets dark they can't see and some spe...
What is the max human population that planet Earth can support; and what year will we reach that point?	[ "No one knows, though there is never a shortage of people who think they do. Thomas Malthus is arguably the most well known of that group; the scenario which you are describing was named after him: [Malthusian Catastrophe.](_URL_5_)" ]	[ "We don't really know what goes on in forgetting, there's 2 hypotheses: _URL_2_ (new memories interfere with old memories) _URL_1_ (memories fade) As for an upper-limit on brain-information-storage, there are people with perfect autobiographical memories, or people who remember anything they read. There would, I i...
Short Answers to Simple Questions \| May 30, 2018	[ "I've read in a few different primary sources across the ages that described in passing how, in times of war, people would not just burn their crops, but actually render fields unusable, at least for the immediate future. However, I never really gave much thought to the idea of how exactly one renders a plot of a...	[ "What exactly is not clear about the quote? Why Conference is dated by July and not by August - if so, Potsdam Conference was held from July 17, to August, 2. Bulk of debates happened in July. Source 1. [Potsdam Agreement](_URL_0_)" ]
Why is there a disney cartoon named chip and dale and a male exotic dancing company called chippendales and do they have anything to do with each other?	[ "_URL_1_ > Their names are a pun based on the name of the famous 18th-century cabinet maker Thomas Chippendale. _URL_0_ > The idea of featuring male dancers came from a nightclub promotional idea byPaul Snider, while the club name Chippendales, was suggested by Nahin because of the Chippendale style furniture at...	[ "Michelin began as a general travel guide for motorists, intended to help promote the brand new technology of automobiles, and the sale of Michelin tires. It originally also had maps, instructions on how to change tires and hotel listings. Over the years, Michelin began to realize how popular the restaurant secti...
Does centromeric DNA encode for the kinetechore?	[ "Nope, genes for centromere- and kinetochore-associated proteins are scattered across the length of the chromosome, just like other genes. Edit: Just to add something - centromeres are generally devoid of genes. There are exceptions (aren't there always in biology?), but otherwise this is generally true." ]	[ "No, there is no difference in the quality in the generator based on seed. Even if it was a Lehrer RNG, it would ensure the input was prime for the algorithm to work properly." ]
In medieval battles, what was the psychology of front-lines troops?	[ "It depends a lot on the army, leader, and time period you are talking about. Sometimes your front line was your most experienced soldiers used a shock troopers. Sometimes you sent out your inexperienced troops to inflict casualties without any real \"cost\". Many times the first person to breach a castle gate or o...	[ "You said it... instinctively. As to how that came to be? Evolution. Animals which attacked weak points on their prey or predators were more successful, bred more, and they're the ancestors of the animals we know today. Evolution is an arms race, and having an advantage means your genes get to keep going." ]
Why are logos and layouts getting simpler?	[ "It's just the current popular style. Flat simple forms are the current \"in \" look, so that's what companies are adopting to seem more relevant. In 5-10 years, odds are good some other basic design trait will be the new fad." ]	[ "They would rather a site newbie not have to search to find the \"sign up\" page but rather a returning, and more experienced site user navigate to find the login page." ]
Why do we have shoulderblades?	[ "It connects the upper arm bone to the collarbone. Many muscles attach to it. The \"why\" for its existence stems from our long evolutionary past." ]	[ "Evolution. People who didn't get that weird feeling when dangling their limbs from the trees they were sleeping on were killed by cheetahs." ]
Regarding the 10,000-times-faster-than-light finding for quantum entanglement: how do we know the photons are in a superimposed state?	[ "That is called Hidden Variable Theory, and basically there's something called Bell's Theorem that says that if hidden variables play a role then the experimentally observed correlations in these experiments would be different. All experiments thus far are consistent with Bell's theorem, excluding local hidden vari...	[ "Because speed does not 'add up' exactly like we think it does. Let's say you are on a train going 100 miles an hour. You have a model train on a table on that train. It's an expensive model that can itself go 100 miles per hour. You and I, from simple grade school math, would figure that the model train on the re...
How does flash photography affect paintings?	[ "Camera flashes emit a fairly large amount of UV light (relative to normal illumination). UV light is capable of chemically damaging / bleaching-out the pigments used in many paints. One flash photo wouldn't make a noticeable difference on its own, but constant exposure to flash photography (e.g. in a museum) would...	[ "This is a difficult question to answer since your eye does not work like a CCD with a refresh or frame rate per se. There is a small delay when after recieving a photon a retinal cell cannot recieve another (since the molecule needs to be \"recharged\"). I actually don't know what this time delay is perhaps a bett...
How can dogs sense earthquakes before they happen or is the whole thing just a myth?	[ "They don't sense earthquakes before they happen... but they sense the smaller tremors (that humans don't) that precede the larger earthquake. (With the caveat that that is the prevailing explanation.. its really hard to test because you have to create large earthquakes and have a dog study group...)" ]	[ "Some tell by smell. Some tell by tiny differences in appearance. Some also tell by behaviors, like sound." ]
Did any battles happen under these conditions?	[ "The French participation in the battle of Gallipoli 1915 comes to mind." ]	[ "Can you please clarify what specific historical time or times and locations you are interested in? I may be able to answer your question, but as posed it isn't a historical one." ]
Why does your skin heal faster at night than during the day? May it be for cuts, wounds, spots, acne etc...	[ "Because your body's resources aren't dedicated to moving you around, talking, seeing, etc. Also because you're not moving around, touching your injuries and generally making things worse." ]	[ "They are much less exposed to change. Most of the changes in ecosystems like reefs occur due to diurnal - crepuscular - nocturnal - crepuscular - diurnal shifts along with the environment being much more open to variable processess like erosion and sea forces. In deep sea areas, we don’t see a lot of change due to...
Why is it that you cannot fix a flat tire if the hole is on the side?	[ "The tread surface of a tire is much more rigid because that's the part of the tire designed to make contact with the road. The sidewall is much more flexible because it is designed to adapt to changes in tire pressure without bursting. Sealing the tread is easy because the patch will remain relatively still, but a...	[ "Angles my friend. Try taking a knife and sliding it across a piece of fruit like a razor, then try the same thing smashing it perpendicular. One won't do a damn thing, the other slices the fruit wide open." ]
What’s the importance of restarting your computer after updating an application/program on a computer?	[ "Computers run on sets of instructions telling it how to run all the parts of the computer and build an interface so you can use those parts. Say you're following a recipe for a cake. Then you finish the cake and someone comes along with a better way to make a cake by adding another ingredient and changing how muc...	[ "Woman, here. I shaved my legs once a year for swimming while I was competitive, so I can answer from a hydrodynamic and aerodynamic POV since we dwelled with runner folk. The more often you shave, the drier your skin gets if you don't moisturize after every time. If you do moisturize, stop reading now, but I'm gue...
How do people die from "old age?" Why do some people that die from old age last longer than others?	[ "\"Old age\" isn't a cause of death, it's just a catch-all for a bunch of things that will eventually happen to people who are old. You will always have a cause of death that isn't old age. Sometimes they don't do a lot of investigation since it could be any number of things associated with aging." ]	[ "Here's a [picture](_URL_0_) that might help explain. That figure is the \"analemma\". You can create such a thing by taking a picture of the same location in the sky (assuming the Sun is there) at the same time of day throughout the year. What you'll notice is that the Sun doesn't just trace a line back and forth,...
Why do people's eyes get red and glazed when they smoke marijuana?	[ "Let's all try to remember that having smoked marijuana does not make a person an expert in medicine." ]	[ "I don't know if I'm correct but I can give you my input on it. Paper isn't so much a solid object, but rather a bunch of fibers that have tiny little gaps of air in between the fibers. If you take 2 pieces of copy paper and draw with a sharpie(or something noticeably dark) on one piece and cover it with the other ...
How am I able to type fluently with my left hand but struggle to do something like brush my teeth?	[ "Because you've been typing for a long time, so you have the muscle memory built up. If you start doing more basic tasks with your left hand, eventually you will become good at those too." ]	[ "That's because your device has to \"prep\" a lot of configurations such as encryption keys, protocols etc. Think of it as switching the battery in your car, you first gotta unplug it, check which wire goes well, reassure you did it correctly and then proceed to turn your car on. It took you time to do all that, ...
When diffraction occurs from a circular aperture, why do you use 1.22?	[ "[here](_URL_0_) is a page explaining everything. 3.83 is the zero of Bessel function of first kind. When calculating the exact formula, there is this zero divided by pi involved, which gives 1.22." ]	[ "These images might help you see it better, [source of them is here.](_URL_1_) [The Nikon 6mm f/2.8 cross sectional diagram with lines showing the light coming in.](_URL_0_) Nikon even apparently patented a 5.4mm f/5.6 lens with an angle of view of 270 degrees, though it was never made, [here's the diagram for that...
The NSA data mining scandal	[ "What's the big deal if I have nothing to hide? (Legit question. I don't know.)" ]	[ "Um, because of watergate? EDIT: Oh right, most of reddit was born long after Watergate, forgot :) Well this happened, it was a thing: _URL_0_" ]
How do calculators work out complex mathematics essentially instantaneously?	[ "All modern digital computers can only perform simple manipulations on binary numbers. However, because those simple operations are done in the hardware, they are blazingly fast, micro- or nano-seconds. So if you want to do more complex mathematical operations, you have to write programs to do it by running lots of...	[ "Small computers that are connected to eachother, they’re called immobilizers and they have specific codes to be in sync with a specific computer in a car" ]
Why do computer programs sometimes slow down when they're open for long periods of time?	[ "Usually this is because of a memory leak, but there could be other factors. A memory leak is when the programmer allocates memory to use some sort of data, i.e. they open a file, load an \"[object](_URL_0_)\", or do anything else where the request memory from the machine. However it doesn't become a leak unless t...	[ "Simply put for the same reason drinking water when you're not thirsty isn't as refreshing as when you're REALLY thirsty. Anticipating the bodies' needs doesn't trigger the same reward responses in the brain as fulfilling a need that is already present. Your muscles don't NEED to stretch right now, so you can't ant...
Why is the housing market such a major factor in the economy?	[ "Because, for most people, a home is the most expensive thing they'll buy during their entire lives. And everyone needs one. It's a basic need like food and clothing. So, when people are buying homes, and there's a demand for new homes, an economy is generally growing because people are willing to spend money which...	[ "Your employer takes money out of your paycheck throughout the year to pay your local, state, and federal taxes. The amount they take out, however, is just an estimate how much tax you will probably owe at the end of the year. There's no way for the state, local, and federal governments to know what you actually do...
Where can I find videos about space and physics?	[ "Your local natural history museum should have a museum shop filled with science DVDs. [NOVA](_URL_0_) is a particularly good series of TV science documentaries, many of them about space and physics. Link goes to many full episode available on Hulu. Just start youtubing specific terms about space or physics. My ro...	[ "To a 5 year old? Only Carl Sagan can do that.... _URL_0_ _URL_1_" ]
[Geology] What could abandoned landfills become after a few hundred million years?	[ "Greetings /u/space_tripping, Your question, while relevant, has already been the object of previous discussion. You will doubtlessly find the answers you seek in the following thread: _URL_0_" ]	[ "Obviously it depends on how it is implemented, but archaeology is always short of money, and while I understand a certain visceral reaction to The Coliseum Brought to You by Macdonalds, I don't see a real difference between this and the feudal lords, wealthy businessmen and colonial authorities that have tradition...
How does Jeff Bezos make money without selling his Amazon stock? I know that his net worth is huge because of the stock value but he can't realize any of that without selling, which would mean he would eventually lose his controlling interest. I've heard he only takes a $89k salary per year.	[ "He sells his amazon stock. He has a shitload of amazon stock, nearly 79 millions shares, which he is slowly selling off so he has money for other ventures Jeff Bezos hasn't had a controlling interest in a long time. He only holds about 16% of Amazon shares(~12% post divorce) so there isn't any risk to losing a con...	[ "To add a few more details to the other excellent descriptions: The winner from the show gets to come back the next night and play against two new contestants. This continues until the person is defeated. The interesting thing about Jeopardy is that it's a show where you have to have pretty good breadth of knowledg...
Why is Reuters considered to be a very valid news source? What makes it any different than MSNBC or Fox News?	[ "Reuters is a news agency that sells articles to other people, so that they can publish it and make money. Since Reuters wants to sell their articles to both MSNBC and Fox News, and both of their online sites, and both conservative and liberal newspapers, they make their articles as much of \"just the facts.\" that...	[ "Some websites that update (webcomics, blogs, etc) have something called an RSS feed, which you can view in an RSS reader. With an RSS reader you can subscribe to sites with an RSS feed, so that you just have to go to your reader to see all the updates you care about and you don't have to go check them all individu...
The Norm Macdonald "This guy was a real jerk" joke	[ "He's really enjoys it too. It's antihumor, where there is a (usually) long build up to an underwhelming punch line. The magic is his pacing. In this case, no one would ever think to describe a murderer as a jerk. A jerk is someone who cuts in line or doesn't recycle even when it's convenient. In fact, the word has...	[ "If I may ask a similar question, what are the origins of the story of Alexander capturing a pirate and asking him something like, \"What makes you think you can just go around stealing ships?\", to which the pirate replied, \"What makes you think you can just go about stealing the whole world?\"" ]
Why is it such a bad idea to go to law school today?	[ "Because the [market is oversaturated](_URL_0_) with people who have law degrees." ]	[ "Do you wanna be in a country who isn't ready for the apocolypse or the zombie invasion?" ]
why does Hulu play the same ads over and over, knowing very well we'll hate them more for it?	[ "Because you will still remember the name and probably the jingle used, and above all that is what they want. Sure Coke benefits by trying to make you thirsty, but think about the number of businesses who don't necessarily expect you to drop in straight away. The idea is if you decide you need a service they offer,...	[ "Have you ever gone to open a file on your desktop? Open up a file in your hard drive? All of those require double clicks. And now that I said that, I think you might be referring to then constantly clicking something after the first double click. My suggestion? They're just old and don't realize they already click...
There's evidence that life emerged and evolved from the water onto land, but is there any evidence of evolution happening from land back to water?	[ "Stacks. The most obvious is whales/dolphins/orcas which went water- > land- > water, but also tortoises made the transition 3 times and went water- > land- > water- > land (i.e land tortoises evolved from sea turtles, which evolved from land reptiles, which evolved from lobe finned fish. The reptile that went back...	[ "Because of the rotating Earth's [Coriolis effect](_URL_0_), the surface of the ocean responds to wind in a funny way: it moves sideways to the wind direction: to the right of the wind in the northern hemisphere, to the left in the southern hemisphere. This is known as \"[Ekman flow](_URL_1_)\". In the tropics, t...
How come Doctors don't get sick more often?	[ "Doctor here. I don't touch my face, eyes or nose unless I have just washed my hands. I don't eat in public without washing my hands. When I get sick, I can usually trace it back to some kind of shared food, like appies at a meeting or restaurant, and then I blame someone else. Some time ago I took an outdoor cour...	[ "\"Just about everyone here\" Where is \"here\" for you? It sounds like your question's premise is based on a small sample set based on personal observation. Before your question is addressed, you should be making sure the premise is valid..." ]
The differences in bits and bytes, and how many bytes to get to the next level.	[ "A bit is the smallest amount of information a computer understands- a single 1 or 0. A byte historically has been the number of bits that the computer used to store a single letter, but has just been kept at 8 bits for quite some time (some computers from the 70s had 6 bits to the byte, as an example of something ...	[ "> Anyone care to explain? I feel like it has something to do with reincarnation maybe but can't nail the analogy exactly. Saving is storing a file on a permanent storage medium such as the hard drive as opposed to active memory which goes away if the computer loses power. Jesus is supposed to give people eternal l...
Shouldn't our stomach acid flow back up if we turn ourselves upside down?	[ "Basic anatomy: Your mouth is connected to your esophagus, which is a muscular tube that connects your mouth to your stomach. At the junction of the esophagus and stomach is a sphincter - called the cardiac sphincter - which acts as a valve between the esophagus and stomach. The cardiac sphincter is normally closed...	[ "Get a protractor, tape or glue a straw to the straight edge, and tie a weighed down string to the middle. When you get on the plane, look down the straw at a star that you can easily pick out from the night sky (hope you're travelling at night!) and is viewable from both hemispheres, and mark where the string hang...
Resultant force car problem	[ "This is a conservation of energy problem. The important governing equations are • kinetic energy T=1/2mv^2 where T is kinetic energy, m is mass, and v is velocity • work w=Fd where F is force, D is distance, and w is work in units of energy At the initial moment, the kinetic energy is T = 1/2 1500kg * ...	[ "The angle of your front and rear windows are much more shallow than those of the side windows. Hence water will be more likely to stick to those shallow surfaces and freeze/rain out there." ]
Why has apple never updated their software to allow us to leave group texts?	[ "As a non-apple user, it drives me up a wall when apple users do group texts." ]	[ "It takes a while to implement the changes. How would you like it if the law changed overnight and you had to pay fees/go to jail next day without having a chance to adapt yet." ]
Why do Americans seem to have a bigger problem with homosexuality in comparison to the English?	[ "They don't. In fact polls on gay marriage in the [US](_URL_0_) and the [UK](_URL_1_) show almost exactly the same results." ]	[ "\"Just about everyone here\" Where is \"here\" for you? It sounds like your question's premise is based on a small sample set based on personal observation. Before your question is addressed, you should be making sure the premise is valid..." ]
when modern currency (coins and bills) was just invented. Why did people agreed to use it Instead of traditional trade ( cow for goat , chair for bench etc.) ?	[ "It is more efficient to use currency. If you are selling a good, let's say, pens, and you want some pizza, you have to find someone who sells pizza and wants a pen in order to get the pizza. If you had currency, you have the same form of exchange from all parties which provides you with greater possibilities. Now...	[ "Follow up: why did they burn their food and kill their livestock voluntarily?" ]
if doctors can detect cancer through a blood test for "tumor markers", why isn't that a standard yearly checkup type of test?	[ "There is always a false-positive rate with a test, and these false positives can cause more problems than the test solves. A good test like this might pick up 90% of persons with the cancer, but also trigger on 10% of people who do not. If the cancer only shows up in 0.1% of the population, then for every person t...	[ "Your employer takes money out of your paycheck throughout the year to pay your local, state, and federal taxes. The amount they take out, however, is just an estimate how much tax you will probably owe at the end of the year. There's no way for the state, local, and federal governments to know what you actually do...
How does a Trust Fund work?	[ "Trusts can be set up in a wide variety of ways. Normally the trust document specifies specific reasons for distributions, and the trustee(s) decides when and whether to make such distributions to beneficiaries. It could be a fixed amount, a fixed percentage of income, or for specific needs, such as college or medi...	[ "_URL_0_ The wikipedia article is excellent and better than any of the answers in here so far. If you have specific parts you don't understand, ask away and I can help explain them to you." ]
If I shoot a basketball, and miss, 1000 times in a row, would I get better because of repetition or would i just develop bad muscle memory?	[ "Practice doesn't make perfect, practise makes permanent. If you have enough understanding and feedback to refine the movement, you'll improve. Missing one thousand times would suggest you weren't improving the movement, either because you're moving randomly (not so bad) our because you're repeating a movement that...	[ "Music is art. And one of the things that make art so relevant and great is the element of surprise. Everyone likes a little surprise in their music. So the more predictable (or memorized), the less you can experience the joy of this element of surprise." ]
Why does Siri require an Internet connection to work?	[ "Voice processing is hard. So hard, in fact, that an iPhone can't do it. The voice processing in Siri is done by sending it to ~~Apple's~~ servers, which figure out what you said and send it back to the phone." ]	[ "A private citizen, Sandra Fluke wanted to testify before a congressional hearing to explain why contraceptives should be provided under insurance. The panel did not want to let her speak. Rush Limbaugh said a bunch of exceptionally rude things about her on the radio and was very, very impolite. The people who pay ...
Why do humans need braces to acquire proper teeth placement and other animals don't?	[ "Most of people don't need them, actually. Animals that have improper teeth placement tend to die more often than those with proper, due to problems with food aquisition and thus such traits are rarely passed to the next generations. This doesn't apply to artificially designed pet races that are fed by humans and t...	[ "The same reason your clothes could fit vaccuum sealed into a few small moving boxes, but typically we have them hung loose in the closet. They are easier to manipulate, use, and put back away, and you find paying for more closet space a fair trade off to the time and energy of vacuum packing and unpacking your clo...
what happened in the Faulklands war	[ "I'm Britian and the Falklands are my islands. I'm Argentina and the Falklands are my islands. Pew pew pew pew. Oh no! Britian shot me! Britian wins!" ]	[ "If I can ask a follow-up, why is Waterloo referred to as a \"lamentable event\" when this article was presumably written from an Anglo (at least, Anglo-American) perspective?" ]
How did Singapore go from a "third world" country to a "first world" country in one generation?	[ "Singapore sits on one the most important waterways in the world. The straits of Singapore and Malacca control trade through Asia to the Suez Canal and eventually Europe. By the time of independence it already had the third highest per capita income in Asia. The state led drive for industrialization and the establi...	[ "_URL_0_ Basically, any treatment program available to a developing country includes access to free condoms and early screening tests. If caught early and treated aggressively, it is possible to rid the body of HIV (_URL_1_). In developing nations, if a person or government is likely to take the treatments, they ar...
Are there any forms of life that don't use DNA or RNA?	[ "Nope, and it's likely we won't ever find anything. There are many theories for how life originated, but anything looking like life as we know it was [probably based on RNA.](_URL_0_) RNA can replicate and catalyze chemical reactions, so it's a simple system that can do everything that life requires. The specifics ...	[ "Depends what you mean by \"in use\". Somewhere some enthusiast (or maybe the US military) has an old mainframe computer from the 1950's running in their garage, so the binary executable files for that machine are still \"in use\". Or there's a simulator for some old architecture that can interpret the old binary f...
Who exactly Che Guevara was and how he became a counterculture icon.	[ "He was a communist leader ( Castro's #2). Back when Castro was a hero (when he first came to power), Castro got jealous of how popular che had gotten ( some argue more beloved then Castro). So Castro sent che out to help liberate some people in south America and them sold him out to there enemies (supposedly, I th...	[ "Just an add-on question, how hard was it (during the time of the Indian struggle for Independence) to get into colleges like Oxford, Cambridge and UCL? Was it as hard as it is today or comparatively easier? (Gandhi attended UCL, if I'm not mistaken.)" ]
Was it common in history for landowners to sell their woods for timber before forfeiting them? Or, on a related note, was it common to deforest the lands of the enemy?	[ "hi! Could you clarify the scope of this question? Are you mainly asking about practices in Scotland / the British Isles roughly around the Civil Wars, or landowners anytime anywhere? [hint: [say the former](_URL_0_) ]" ]	[ "Hi OP, this is a cultural question, so it would greatly assist anyone considering answering if you could specify which culture you're asking about. For example, the name of a cultural group / country / geographic region, plus a rough time period. Otherwise, this question is simply too broad, as it encompasses almo...
If our computers need firewalls, antivirus, etc. How come our smartphones (which I believe to be tiny computers) don't?	[ "They do. The problem is that because it's very new to a lot of people we aren't used to thinking about security for smart phones. Try searching for android and malware, you'll find all kinds of articles about malicious software for phones." ]	[ "Because we are much more complicated than dogs. And because we have bred dogs who are particularly reliant on their owners in order to foster a strong relationship. If you're referring to wolves, and other wild dogs well, again that's because their social structure is different. Humans have a strong concept of sel...
What is the science behind that random high pitched/ringing in your ears every so often?	[ "From what I can tell, there's more mystery than answer behind [tinnitus](_URL_0_). It may have to do with how a damaged auditory nerve tries to process input." ]	[ "You could have [tinnitus](_URL_0_). You should see a doctor if you want any further information, since asking for medical advice is not allowed in this forum." ]
Does more heat mean more energy?	[ "Heat (Q) is the Non-mechanical transfer of energy, which generally leads to an increased temperature. An increase in Q while the work, the Mechanical transfer of energy (W) stays the same for example would lead to an increase in Potential Energy (U). ΔU = W + Q , This is the First law of Thermodynamics. Maybe the ...	[ "When you blow to cool things down part of the air comes from your lungs, but a greater part is pulled from the surrounding air by the vacuum you create blowing. When you blow to heat something up you get much closer and try to minimize the surrounding air. There is a good video I will try to find asking people how...
What is actual irony or an example of something ironic and why it is ironic.	[ "Something opposite of expectations basically. Traffic jam when you're already late isn't ironic because there's no connection or expectation about traffic jams in relation to lateness. A traffic engineer being late due to a traffic jam on his way to a presentation on how traffic has been reduced 26% over the last ...	[ "This isn't exactly the answer to your question but I figured you might find it interesting. The nocebo effect: _URL_0_ when people start feeling side-effects of medication due to finding out about those side-effects." ]
What does it mean when musicians say something is in a certain key?	[ "Oh god I was first French horn in college but I'm terrible at explaining things. Here I go! Ok so I'm sure you've seen a piano. All the white keys are the \"natural\" notes. Example: A,B,C. All the black smaller keys are the variants of those notes. Example: The little black key to the left side of the \"B\" white...	[ "It has already been answered, but I will add some more detail. A camera records the visuals, an microphone records the audio, obviously. The problem is, that unlike with consumer cameras, the audio isn't recorded to the same file as the video. So, you are left with a very high quality audio track, and a separate v...
What was the alcohol content of the beer drank in the Old/New Dynasties of Ancient Egyptians in their daily diet?	[ "It's impossible to give an exact answer to your question since the alcohol content would vary from brewer to brewer and even batch to batch. There was no real understanding of the fermentation process, wild yeast bacteria would arrive by air and mix with whatever residue was left in the vats leading to a different...	[ "By the way, they've looked at the Pharoah Ramesses III's DNA and found which Y-chromosome type he has. He is y-chromosome haplogroup E-V38. Anyone with that DNA may or may not be his direct descendant--there's no way to tell. But it means they share a direct male ancestor in common (that is, their father's father'...
If my metabolic rate requirss 2,000 calories/day to maintain my current weight, would I gain fat tissue if I eat ALL 2,000 calories at the "worse" time, like just before going to bed?	[ "The reason eating before you go to bed can contribute to weight gain seems to have nothing to do with metabolism and everything with calorie intake -- i.e. most people have already eaten their calorie allotment over the course of the day and haven't factored in the late night snack, so a late night snack pushes th...	[ "Two social psychological concepts come to mind here. State dependent memory encoding and Erickson Arousal theory of learning. State dependent learning states that what ever state of mind you are in during encoding is the state of mind where recall would be optimal. Erickson arousal theory states that learning is m...
What are those long metal handles that are fused to the end of metal that allow blacksmiths to handle the ingots when forging swords?	[ "Many modern blacksmiths use an arc welder to attach something like a piece of rebar to the end of the metal that they're working. Having a bar like that is much easier than using tongs, because tongs require the smith to be constantly squeezing hard enough to keep a solid grip on a heavy piece of metal. Historical...	[ "Not sure if this helps but what you describe is common for two things. A pan can be old, usually passed down through generations having been seasoned over the years from every meal that was cooked in it. Usually cast iron. The other thing that seems more likely to your question is when someone uses a traditional s...
If I drop my phone into distilled water will it get damaged?	[ "What about salts or other possibly conducting materials residing on the electronics? If they were to dissolve, wouldn't that increase the conductivity of the distilled water and cause short circuits?" ]	[ "you deposited a check. not direct deposit. direct deposit is a specific form of deposit used by employers to dispense pay roll. all you did was use the mobile app to deposit a check. when you deposit a check, the bank sometimes places a hold on it to verify the check is legit. because if it's not legit they take t...
when you take pain meds like aspirin or ibuprofen, does it go treat the pain at the location or is it a general dulling of pain in your whole body?	[ "Once NSAIDs such as aspirin are absorbed, they are widely distributed throughout the body. The drug doesn't all localize to the site of inflammation, and it's not as though there is some substance that binds the drug and carries back only to the injured cells. Unlike opioids which act centrally, however, NSAIDs ac...	[ "The rate at which a human brain processes information is not constant. It changes based on a number of factors. When you feel a sudden threat, your body releases hormones that trigger a change in the rate at which your brain can process information. If your brain is processing information more quickly, your percep...
What is the difference between _URL_1_ and _URL_0_?	[ "_URL_2_ is a URL shortening feature. It let's you use this: _URL_0_ instead of this: _URL_1_ That's about it. Still brings you to _URL_3_, still shows the same video, etc." ]	[ "From our standpoint as users, nothing at all. From Reddit's standpoint, one of them means the backend computers told them \"sorry too busy\" and the other means that the backend didn't respond at all." ]
What is the difference between firmware and software?	[ "Firmware is a type of software. It's software that controls the very lowest levels of a piece of hardware, things like actually moving a hard drive's heads or deciding which block to store a piece of data in on a flash drive or controlling which frequency to use in a cellular radio." ]	[ "You have something I want. I shoot you and take it. That's robbery. You and your 99 friends have something me and my 99 friends want. We shoot you and take it. That's war." ]
Why can submarines barely go deeper than the human free diving record?	[ "To build a 560-foot vessel to withstand the pressure of say 800 feet is no joke. There is no real need for Ohio class submarines to go any deeper, as they are a ballistic missile platform. Their only mission is to remain undetected and be in a state of readiness at all times, so why bother going beyond that? I spe...	[ "Your answer was removed shortly before you posted this question. It did not meet our standards. We ask that answers in this subreddit be in-depth and comprehensive, and highly suggest that comments include citations for the information. In the future, please take the time to better familiarize yourself with [the ...
How do we see spinning propeller blades when we look at them from our peripheral vision	[ "peripheral vision is more focused on movement detection while our main central vision is doing the main work of detecting and analyzing what we see. we have less cell receptors in the eye in the peripheral area. making it not good at analyzing detail, color and shape. so if these cells are triggered, we immediatel...	[ "As a side note, I kinda already understand what causes the big green blob - the pressure on the optical nerve. But the actual patterns whooshing past is the big ELI5 here - how the hell does my brain end up interpreting it like that?! There's actual PATTERNS. Moving lights!" ]
Do people in wheelchairs suffer from deep vein thrombosis more often than other people?	[ "I'm at work and can't link any references right now. But, in short, yes. They are at a much higher risk of developing a clot in their lower extremities due to venous stasis. The blood in your veins isn't propelled by the pumping action of your heart - it is pulled towards the heart everytime you inhale or, in your...	[ "Do you have a source on numbers of vets in gun- or drug-running MCs? Aside from Sons of Anarchy, that's something I've never come across in research. Something you might be interested to learn is that Vietnam vets were surprisingly quick to acclimate to drug-free civilian life. David Courtwright discusses this in...
Are there any studies or research that prove fetuses are not living?	[ "Do you mean not sapient? Of course they're living. But there are a lot of living things out there that few people object to killing. Even PETA doesn't complain about sterilizing medical equipment, and that's killing living things. What the abortion debate gets down to for most people is whether or not the fetus s...	[ "Before I answer, may I ask who the speaker is for this particular lecture? Or if you have a link for me to listen to? I would like to know where they are coming from in their argument." ]
How did the Big Bang occur without breaking the speed of light?	[ "Seems like you should search this question.. its been asked before. _URL_0_" ]	[ "Have you ever wondered what's inside your bouncy ball? Imagine it was too small to cut but you really, really wanted to know. What you might want to try is throwing it into something so hard that it breaks and you can see the smaller parts. Of course, if you only have another bouncy ball because that's the only th...
How can we distinguish something that is real news and fake news?	[ "First, look at the reputability of the source. The source may be a biased source (every source is biased in its own way), but if it's reputable, then you can typically trust the facts. If the source has a print edition or was around 30 years ago, its reputability increases. If the source's headlines are typicall...	[ "This CGP Grey video does a really good job of explaining it all. _URL_3_" ]
At what point in digestion do we start feeling hungry again?	[ "Hunger is not a strictly physiological process. It is mediated by a slew of hormones and chemical changes in the brain. Some of the factors that come together to determine when you will be hungry is the time of day and if you have a habit of eating at that time, how much and how recently you last ate, if there is ...	[ "Your body utilizes (relatively) a lot of energy and blood flow resources towards moving the bowels. The peristaltic movements, though mostly involuntary are significant draws of passive energy requirements of the body. TL;DR Once you are done pooping, your energy and resources can go to other places!" ]
Why do some materials feel colder at the same ambient temperature?	[ "When you feel something cold, what you actually feel is the material absorbing your heat. Some materials, like metal, are great at dissipating heat, better than you are, and so when you touch them you can feel them readily moving your heat away from you, until you heat up a particular spot." ]	[ "Pretty much all complex food tastes different in different conditions. Since much of our 'taste' is actually smell, I suspect that a huge amount of it depends on the proportion and composition of the volatile components. (this is certainly true for wines - consider how big of a difference temperature and glass sha...
Why do animals that live in the same environment and eat the same diet taste different? (For example sheep and cows)	[ "Their biological processes and body compositions are different, so they might eat the same things but their body will process, distribute, and use things differently." ]	[ "When you're describing (genetic differentiation due to geographic separation) is known to evolutionary biologists as [allopatric speciation](_URL_0_). The answer is that it depends on the [evolutionary pressures](_URL_2_) exerted on the populations. [Punctuated equilibrium](_URL_1_) says that populations tend to ...
If Jupiters' rings are what's left from a moon the planet's gravity pulled apart- why doesn't the planet pull in those asteroids that make up the rings?	[ "The reason they don't fall in is because they have horizontal velocity. They're falling, but falling to the side fast enough so the ground curves away from them as fast as they fall towards it. [Here's a good illustration of that concept.](_URL_0_) The reason the moon was ripped apart in the first place wasn't bec...	[ "Because the ships are designed for functionality with the least amount of weight--not aesthetics. Function over form. Regarding the personal items floating around--depends. Lots of items are secured in place with adhesive velcro pads or bungee cords. It's not really the norm to have a bunch of junk floating all ov...
"The Soviet Bloc dissolved because Gorbachev let it." How accurate is this statement?	[ "Follow-up question: What role did the US have in the fall of the Soviet Union? Because i've heard some people claim that the United States intervention was the main cause for it's dissolution, by the use of covert operations and support of its internal opposition, and i would like to know if there is any truth in ...	[ "Depends on the material and temperature. Sometimes the surface forms a reconstruction, as dreykevins explains. Other times the surface forms an oxide or some other surface layer, which can prevent recombination. Other times the pieces actually CAN be put back together, and this process is called \"cold welding\". ...
In Twin Paradox of General Relativity, what would happen if one twin does not come back ?	[ "If the twin does not come back, they cannot compare their clocks. There's nothing to do." ]	[ "Yes, this is a problem that time machine stories ignore. Still, when you're writing pretend stories, and you go so far as to pretend time travel is possible, it's not that big of a deal to pretend that the time machine can also transport you in space to whatever place on Earth you need to go to. It's just a tiny b...
Why does the weather forecast indicate 100% humidity while we clearly aren't breathing in water?	[ "100% is the relative humidity. So, the air contains as much humidity as it is possible for air to contain. At 50% relative humidity, the air contains half as much water as it is capable of containing." ]	[ "Let's say you want to travel to Chicago from Atlanta by car. Can you predict your exact position at any given time? No. You can predict where you are going to be in the next few seconds but as you look further ahead you lose accuracy. Sure, you could say, \"I'll be near Indy around 6pm on this road, but you don't ...
Why was WWI considered "inevitable"?	[ "I just want to chime in here, pointing out that the \"inevitability\" (or not) of any history is actually a philosophical question rather than a historical one, as it deals with issues of teleology, determinism (or free will), probabilities (and their limitations) and narrative selection/fulfillment, that are the ...	[ "Is this a homework question? It says in our [rules](_URL_0_): Our users aren't here to do your homework for you, but they might be willing to help. Remember: AskHistorians helps those who help themselves. Don't just give us your essay/assignment topic and ask us for ideas. Do some research of your own, then come t...
As a Filipino, I don't see why divorce is necessarily better than annulment, which is what we have. Why is divorce better than annulment?	[ "An annulment is basically canceling the marriage retroactively, as if the couple had never married. Annulment is not always possible. If the couple had already been married for some time, share a house, money and children, then you can't just pretend the same never married - they have to decide who takes what, ho...	[ "Hi, this question has been raised here before, so, while you're waiting for direct replies here, you can get started on some previous responses * /u/kieslowskifan in [Why was Napoleon exiled rather than executed](_URL_3_) * /u/alexistheman in [Why was Napoleon exiled rather than executed](_URL_1_) * /u/LordSariel ...
If teachers have to spend so much money out of pocket on school supplies for class why don't they just stop?	[ "Teachers are kind of strange in that they care about the children under their charge and also care about their jobs. Kind of crazy I know" ]	[ "Former Sprint sales rep here; I can't specifically say where any one retailer gets their stock, but I know in our (Sprint Store) case, Apple would regularly supply us with extra cables, headphones, etc, in case any in stock were damaged or missing, and we would receive them with replacement phones for service orde...
Why does Japan have the vast majority of old companies?	[ "It seems that they adopt man into the family when there were no capable son. > Japan has the world's second highest adoption rate of more than 80,000 a year but most are adult men in their 20s and 30s. _URL_2_ _URL_2_" ]	[ "You mean like giant tortoises, which live to be over 150? Or deep sea perch that can live to be over 140? Or Glass Sponges that live to be over 10,000 years old?" ]
Why do schools allow children to skip one to so many grades?	[ "Because they get bored with their school work and then start to find school in general uninteresting. A smart kid who is bored with school is a bad combination." ]	[ "They don't. It's a marketing ~~lie~~ gimmick. I used to work for a company that did a similar thing by mail. New customers were supposed to sign up by a certain time for special rates but as a specific matter of policy we'd give those rates to anyone who mailed back the special offer." ]
Why is there no cure for the common cold? Has there been an attempt to find one or is it impossible?	[ "There are many many strains of the cold virus, and any effective treatment would need to combat many of them. Additionally, it mutates pretty rapidly, so it'd be a fight to keep a medication up to date and effective. Add to that the fact that a lot of the things we think of as colds aren't really caused by the co...	[ "It's actually a popularized myth that \"scientists thought an ice age was coming in the 1970s\". [This PDF](_URL_2_) contains a study of all peer-reviewed literature from 1965-1979 concerning climate change. Of the 49 articles that predicted changes to global temperatures, 42 predicted warming, while only 7 predic...
Why does it take so long to become a naturalized citizen of the United States?	[ "There's a gigantic backlog of applications to process. Our laws are confusing to say the least. We don't have nearly enough people working on it, and the ones we do have are under-funded. And we change the rules a lot. so anyone who applied has to be able to account for that difference, making it take even longer....	[ "There is a fear, founded or not, that the government will require specific actions or information in order to provided service. Example: \"Oh, you want kidney stone procedure done? Sure, but first we need to see all of your grocery store receipts to see if your diet is causing the problem\" or \"Yes, we will be ha...
How do real time lightning maps detect and track them?	[ "A lightening bolt creates a radio signal. These are easy to pick up. With ~~two or more receivers~~ you can calculate it's position. Edit Should be three or more receivers." ]	[ "Simpler explanation: I write you a letter that says \"This letter was sent from < my address > on < date > and < time > . Please send me a letter back as soon as you get this, with the exact time and date you received this. You follow the instruction and send the second letter back to me. When I get your letter, I...
If humans evolved from creatures which lived in trees, why is the fear of heights so prevalent?	[ "Even modern tree climbing creatures will die from a high enough drop. The fear of heights is there to make sure we don't fall, doesn't stop us from climbing in the first place." ]	[ "Someone correct me if I am wrong but it goes back to when we had much hairier bodies and when alarmed we as well as a lot of other mammals would puff up our hair to make ourselves look bigger. Think of how when you scare a dog or a cat it hunches up and its hair stands on end, same thing happens to us just we dont...
How do current dollar bills have the hidden faces in them that you only see when put in front of a light?	[ "They're watermarks, an anti-counterfeiting device. Its actually not new at all, they've been in use for hundreds of years. They were called watermarks because they would literally press metal stamps coated with water against paper in a rolling thing, leaving an impression only visible under certain lighting condit...	[ "from what Ive found, the question has to many variables to nail down exactly, as each case is typically different. some research says its the swelling and shrinking of blood vessels, while others attribute it to memory association. In short, its a well documented phenoma with a variety of reasons and speculations ...

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