Split (2)

train · 87.6k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	title stringlengths 3 59	context stringlengths 151 3.71k	question stringlengths 1 25.7k	answers dict
56cc41416d243a140015eee2	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	In 1207, the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan (r. 1206–1227) conquered and subjugated the ethnic Tangut state of the Western Xia (1038–1227). In the same year, he established diplomatic relations with Tibet by sending envoys there. The conquest of the Western Xia alarmed Tibetan rulers, who decided to pay tribute to the Mongo...	Which ruler took Western Xia under their control?	{ "text": [ "Genghis Khan" ], "answer_start": [ 26 ] }
56cc41416d243a140015eee4	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	In 1207, the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan (r. 1206–1227) conquered and subjugated the ethnic Tangut state of the Western Xia (1038–1227). In the same year, he established diplomatic relations with Tibet by sending envoys there. The conquest of the Western Xia alarmed Tibetan rulers, who decided to pay tribute to the Mongo...	Who was Genghis Khan's successor?	{ "text": [ "Ögedei Khan" ], "answer_start": [ 407 ] }
56cc41416d243a140015eee5	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	In 1207, the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan (r. 1206–1227) conquered and subjugated the ethnic Tangut state of the Western Xia (1038–1227). In the same year, he established diplomatic relations with Tibet by sending envoys there. The conquest of the Western Xia alarmed Tibetan rulers, who decided to pay tribute to the Mongo...	What years did Ögedei Khan rule?	{ "text": [ "1229–1241" ], "answer_start": [ 423 ] }
56cc41416d243a140015eee6	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	In 1207, the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan (r. 1206–1227) conquered and subjugated the ethnic Tangut state of the Western Xia (1038–1227). In the same year, he established diplomatic relations with Tibet by sending envoys there. The conquest of the Western Xia alarmed Tibetan rulers, who decided to pay tribute to the Mongo...	Who invaded Tibet?	{ "text": [ "Ögedei Khan" ], "answer_start": [ 407 ] }
56cc44b76d243a140015eeec	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The Mongol prince Godan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, raided as far as Lhasa. During his attack in 1240, Prince Godan summoned Sakya Pandita (1182–1251), leader of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, to his court in what is now Gansu in Western China. With Sakya Pandita's submission to Godan in 1247, Tibet was officia...	Who was the Mongol prince?	{ "text": [ "Godan" ], "answer_start": [ 18 ] }
56cc44b76d243a140015eeed	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The Mongol prince Godan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, raided as far as Lhasa. During his attack in 1240, Prince Godan summoned Sakya Pandita (1182–1251), leader of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, to his court in what is now Gansu in Western China. With Sakya Pandita's submission to Godan in 1247, Tibet was officia...	Who was the leader of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism?	{ "text": [ "Sakya Pandita" ], "answer_start": [ 126 ] }
56cc44b76d243a140015eeee	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The Mongol prince Godan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, raided as far as Lhasa. During his attack in 1240, Prince Godan summoned Sakya Pandita (1182–1251), leader of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, to his court in what is now Gansu in Western China. With Sakya Pandita's submission to Godan in 1247, Tibet was officia...	Who was the regent of the Mongol Empire?	{ "text": [ "Töregene Khatun" ], "answer_start": [ 382 ] }
56cc44b76d243a140015eeef	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The Mongol prince Godan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, raided as far as Lhasa. During his attack in 1240, Prince Godan summoned Sakya Pandita (1182–1251), leader of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, to his court in what is now Gansu in Western China. With Sakya Pandita's submission to Godan in 1247, Tibet was officia...	In what years was Töregene Khatun the regent of the Mongol Empire?	{ "text": [ "1241–1246" ], "answer_start": [ 399 ] }
56cc50756d243a140015eef6	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Starting in 1236, the Mongol prince Kublai, who later ruled as Khagan from 1260–1294, was granted a large appanage in North China by his superior, Ögedei Khan. Karma Pakshi, 2nd Karmapa Lama (1203–1283)—the head lama of the Karma Kagyu lineage of Tibetan Buddhism—rejected Kublai's invitation, so instead Kublai invited ...	How many states were ruled by myriarchies?	{ "text": [ "thirteen" ], "answer_start": [ 815 ] }
56cc50756d243a140015eef7	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Starting in 1236, the Mongol prince Kublai, who later ruled as Khagan from 1260–1294, was granted a large appanage in North China by his superior, Ögedei Khan. Karma Pakshi, 2nd Karmapa Lama (1203–1283)—the head lama of the Karma Kagyu lineage of Tibetan Buddhism—rejected Kublai's invitation, so instead Kublai invited ...	What title did prince Kublai rule as from 1260 to 1294?	{ "text": [ "Khagan" ], "answer_start": [ 63 ] }
56cc50756d243a140015eef8	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Starting in 1236, the Mongol prince Kublai, who later ruled as Khagan from 1260–1294, was granted a large appanage in North China by his superior, Ögedei Khan. Karma Pakshi, 2nd Karmapa Lama (1203–1283)—the head lama of the Karma Kagyu lineage of Tibetan Buddhism—rejected Kublai's invitation, so instead Kublai invited ...	Who was the superior of prince Kublai?	{ "text": [ "Ögedei Khan" ], "answer_start": [ 147 ] }
56cc50756d243a140015eef9	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Starting in 1236, the Mongol prince Kublai, who later ruled as Khagan from 1260–1294, was granted a large appanage in North China by his superior, Ögedei Khan. Karma Pakshi, 2nd Karmapa Lama (1203–1283)—the head lama of the Karma Kagyu lineage of Tibetan Buddhism—rejected Kublai's invitation, so instead Kublai invited ...	Who became the second Karmapa Lama?	{ "text": [ "Karma Pakshi" ], "answer_start": [ 160 ] }
56cc50756d243a140015eefa	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Starting in 1236, the Mongol prince Kublai, who later ruled as Khagan from 1260–1294, was granted a large appanage in North China by his superior, Ögedei Khan. Karma Pakshi, 2nd Karmapa Lama (1203–1283)—the head lama of the Karma Kagyu lineage of Tibetan Buddhism—rejected Kublai's invitation, so instead Kublai invited ...	With whom did Kublai Khan have a unique relationship with?	{ "text": [ "the Phagpa lama" ], "answer_start": [ 470 ] }
56cc52186d243a140015ef00	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279, so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). Van Praag writes that this conquest "marked the end of independent China," whi...	When did Kublai Khan conquer the song dynasty?	{ "text": [ "1279" ], "answer_start": [ 66 ] }
56cc52186d243a140015ef01	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279, so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). Van Praag writes that this conquest "marked the end of independent China," whi...	When did the Yuan dynasty rule?	{ "text": [ "1271–1368" ], "answer_start": [ 230 ] }
56cc52186d243a140015ef02	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279, so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). Van Praag writes that this conquest "marked the end of independent China," whi...	Which dynasty ruled all of china?	{ "text": [ "the Yuan dynasty" ], "answer_start": [ 212 ] }
56cc52186d243a140015ef03	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279, so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). Van Praag writes that this conquest "marked the end of independent China," whi...	What did Khubilai claim for a while?	{ "text": [ "universal rule" ], "answer_start": [ 765 ] }
56cc52186d243a140015ef04	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279, so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). Van Praag writes that this conquest "marked the end of independent China," whi...	Where did Khubilai seek support as Emperor?	{ "text": [ "China" ], "answer_start": [ 54 ] }
56cc59cd6d243a140015ef34	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	In 1358, the Sakya viceregal regime installed by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown in a rebellion by the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302–1364). The Mongol Yuan court was forced to accept him as the new viceroy, and Changchub Gyaltsen and his successors, the Phagmodrupa Dynasty, gained de facto ru...	What year was the Sakya viceregal regime eradicated?	{ "text": [ "1358" ], "answer_start": [ 3 ] }
56cc59cd6d243a140015ef35	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	In 1358, the Sakya viceregal regime installed by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown in a rebellion by the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302–1364). The Mongol Yuan court was forced to accept him as the new viceroy, and Changchub Gyaltsen and his successors, the Phagmodrupa Dynasty, gained de facto ru...	Who placed the Sakya viceregal regime position of authority?	{ "text": [ "the Mongols in Tibet" ], "answer_start": [ 49 ] }
56cc59cd6d243a140015ef36	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	In 1358, the Sakya viceregal regime installed by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown in a rebellion by the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302–1364). The Mongol Yuan court was forced to accept him as the new viceroy, and Changchub Gyaltsen and his successors, the Phagmodrupa Dynasty, gained de facto ru...	Who eradicated the Sakya viceregal regime?	{ "text": [ "the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen" ], "answer_start": [ 103 ] }
56cc59cd6d243a140015ef37	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	In 1358, the Sakya viceregal regime installed by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown in a rebellion by the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302–1364). The Mongol Yuan court was forced to accept him as the new viceroy, and Changchub Gyaltsen and his successors, the Phagmodrupa Dynasty, gained de facto ru...	Which dynasty became ruler of Tibet?	{ "text": [ "the Phagmodrupa Dynasty" ], "answer_start": [ 277 ] }
56cc5e026d243a140015ef3c	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	In 1368, a Han Chinese revolt known as the Red Turban Rebellion toppled the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China. Zhu Yuanzhang then established the Ming dynasty, ruling as the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368–1398). It is not clear how much the early Ming court understood the civil war going on in Tibet between rival religious sects, ...	Who created the Ming Dynasty?	{ "text": [ "Zhu Yuanzhang" ], "answer_start": [ 106 ] }
56cc5e026d243a140015ef3d	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	In 1368, a Han Chinese revolt known as the Red Turban Rebellion toppled the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China. Zhu Yuanzhang then established the Ming dynasty, ruling as the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368–1398). It is not clear how much the early Ming court understood the civil war going on in Tibet between rival religious sects, ...	Who caused the Yuan dynasty to fall?	{ "text": [ "the Red Turban Rebellion" ], "answer_start": [ 39 ] }
56cc5e026d243a140015ef3e	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	In 1368, a Han Chinese revolt known as the Red Turban Rebellion toppled the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China. Zhu Yuanzhang then established the Ming dynasty, ruling as the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368–1398). It is not clear how much the early Ming court understood the civil war going on in Tibet between rival religious sects, ...	Who ruled as the the Hongwu Emperor?	{ "text": [ "Zhu Yuanzhang" ], "answer_start": [ 106 ] }
56cc5e026d243a140015ef3f	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	In 1368, a Han Chinese revolt known as the Red Turban Rebellion toppled the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China. Zhu Yuanzhang then established the Ming dynasty, ruling as the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368–1398). It is not clear how much the early Ming court understood the civil war going on in Tibet between rival religious sects, ...	What years did Zhu Yuanzhang rule as the Hongwu Emperor?	{ "text": [ "1368–1398" ], "answer_start": [ 188 ] }
56cc5e026d243a140015ef40	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	In 1368, a Han Chinese revolt known as the Red Turban Rebellion toppled the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China. Zhu Yuanzhang then established the Ming dynasty, ruling as the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368–1398). It is not clear how much the early Ming court understood the civil war going on in Tibet between rival religious sects, ...	Who did the Hongwu Emperor send convoys to?	{ "text": [ "Yuan officeholders" ], "answer_start": [ 617 ] }
56cc5fd66d243a140015ef50	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	As evident in his imperial edicts, the Hongwu Emperor was well aware of the Buddhist link between Tibet and China and wanted to foster it. Rolpe Dorje, 4th Karmapa Lama (1340–1383) rejected the Hongwu Emperor's invitation, although he did send some disciples as envoys to the court in Nanjing. The Hongwu Emperor also en...	Who was the fourth Karmapa Lama?	{ "text": [ "Rolpe Dorje" ], "answer_start": [ 139 ] }
56cc5fd66d243a140015ef52	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	As evident in his imperial edicts, the Hongwu Emperor was well aware of the Buddhist link between Tibet and China and wanted to foster it. Rolpe Dorje, 4th Karmapa Lama (1340–1383) rejected the Hongwu Emperor's invitation, although he did send some disciples as envoys to the court in Nanjing. The Hongwu Emperor also en...	Who rejected an invitation by the Hongwu Emperor?	{ "text": [ "Rolpe Dorje" ], "answer_start": [ 139 ] }
56cc5fd66d243a140015ef53	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	As evident in his imperial edicts, the Hongwu Emperor was well aware of the Buddhist link between Tibet and China and wanted to foster it. Rolpe Dorje, 4th Karmapa Lama (1340–1383) rejected the Hongwu Emperor's invitation, although he did send some disciples as envoys to the court in Nanjing. The Hongwu Emperor also en...	What did the the Hongwu Emperor want to continue to promote?	{ "text": [ "the Buddhist link between Tibet and China" ], "answer_start": [ 72 ] }
56cc5fd66d243a140015ef54	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	As evident in his imperial edicts, the Hongwu Emperor was well aware of the Buddhist link between Tibet and China and wanted to foster it. Rolpe Dorje, 4th Karmapa Lama (1340–1383) rejected the Hongwu Emperor's invitation, although he did send some disciples as envoys to the court in Nanjing. The Hongwu Emperor also en...	Who did Rolpe Dorje send as envoys to court in Nanjing?	{ "text": [ "disciples" ], "answer_start": [ 249 ] }
56cccb3c62d2951400fa64be	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	However, the early Ming government enacted a law, later rescinded, which forbade Han Chinese to learn the tenets of Tibetan Buddhism. There is little detailed evidence of Chinese—especially lay Chinese—studying Tibetan Buddhism until the Republican era (1912–1949). Despite these missions on behalf of the Hongwu Emperor...	Who created a law that did not allow Han Chinese to learn the beliefs of Tibetan Buddhism?	{ "text": [ "Ming government" ], "answer_start": [ 19 ] }
56cccb3c62d2951400fa64bf	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	However, the early Ming government enacted a law, later rescinded, which forbade Han Chinese to learn the tenets of Tibetan Buddhism. There is little detailed evidence of Chinese—especially lay Chinese—studying Tibetan Buddhism until the Republican era (1912–1949). Despite these missions on behalf of the Hongwu Emperor...	What years did the Yongle Emperor reign?	{ "text": [ "1402–1424" ], "answer_start": [ 372 ] }
56cccb3c62d2951400fa64c0	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	However, the early Ming government enacted a law, later rescinded, which forbade Han Chinese to learn the tenets of Tibetan Buddhism. There is little detailed evidence of Chinese—especially lay Chinese—studying Tibetan Buddhism until the Republican era (1912–1949). Despite these missions on behalf of the Hongwu Emperor...	Who worked towards obtaining a extension of relations with Tibet?	{ "text": [ "the Yongle Emperor" ], "answer_start": [ 349 ] }
56ccd5bc62d2951400fa64c6	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	According to the official Twenty-Four Histories, the History of Ming compiled in 1739 by the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the Ming dynasty established the "É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office" (Chinese: 俄力思軍民元帥府) in western Tibet and installed the "Ü-Tsang Itinerant High Commandery" and "Amdo-Kham Itinerant Hi...	What years did the Qing dynasty rule?	{ "text": [ "1644–1912" ], "answer_start": [ 118 ] }
56ccd5bc62d2951400fa64c7	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	According to the official Twenty-Four Histories, the History of Ming compiled in 1739 by the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the Ming dynasty established the "É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office" (Chinese: 俄力思軍民元帥府) in western Tibet and installed the "Ü-Tsang Itinerant High Commandery" and "Amdo-Kham Itinerant Hi...	what year was the history of Ming produced?	{ "text": [ "1739" ], "answer_start": [ 81 ] }
56ccd5bc62d2951400fa64c8	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	According to the official Twenty-Four Histories, the History of Ming compiled in 1739 by the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the Ming dynasty established the "É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office" (Chinese: 俄力思軍民元帥府) in western Tibet and installed the "Ü-Tsang Itinerant High Commandery" and "Amdo-Kham Itinerant Hi...	What did the Ming dynasty create?	{ "text": [ "É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office" ], "answer_start": [ 164 ] }
56ccd5bc62d2951400fa64c9	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	According to the official Twenty-Four Histories, the History of Ming compiled in 1739 by the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the Ming dynasty established the "É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office" (Chinese: 俄力思軍民元帥府) in western Tibet and installed the "Ü-Tsang Itinerant High Commandery" and "Amdo-Kham Itinerant Hi...	How many Qianhu offices were there?	{ "text": [ "seventeen Qianhu offices" ], "answer_start": [ 638 ] }
56ccd5bc62d2951400fa64ca	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	According to the official Twenty-Four Histories, the History of Ming compiled in 1739 by the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the Ming dynasty established the "É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office" (Chinese: 俄力思軍民元帥府) in western Tibet and installed the "Ü-Tsang Itinerant High Commandery" and "Amdo-Kham Itinerant Hi...	where was the É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office established?	{ "text": [ "western Tibet" ], "answer_start": [ 225 ] }
56ccd9b562d2951400fa64d0	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The Ming court appointed three Princes of Dharma (法王) and five Princes (王), and granted many other titles, such as Grand State Tutors (大國師) and State Tutors (國師), to the important schools of Tibetan Buddhism, including the Karma Kagyu, Sakya, and Gelug. According to Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain, leading officials of...	How many princes of Dharma were assigned by the Ming court?	{ "text": [ "three" ], "answer_start": [ 25 ] }
56ccd9b562d2951400fa64d2	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The Ming court appointed three Princes of Dharma (法王) and five Princes (王), and granted many other titles, such as Grand State Tutors (大國師) and State Tutors (國師), to the important schools of Tibetan Buddhism, including the Karma Kagyu, Sakya, and Gelug. According to Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain, leading officials of...	Who established the Tibetan law code?	{ "text": [ "Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen" ], "answer_start": [ 522 ] }
56ccd9b562d2951400fa64d3	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The Ming court appointed three Princes of Dharma (法王) and five Princes (王), and granted many other titles, such as Grand State Tutors (大國師) and State Tutors (國師), to the important schools of Tibetan Buddhism, including the Karma Kagyu, Sakya, and Gelug. According to Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain, leading officials of...	Who was the Phagmodru ruler?	{ "text": [ "Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen" ], "answer_start": [ 522 ] }
56ccde7862d2951400fa64d8	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The late Turrell V. Wylie, a former professor of the University of Washington, and Li Tieh-tseng argue that the reliability of the heavily censored History of Ming as a credible source on Sino-Tibetan relations is questionable, in the light of modern scholarship. Other historians also assert that these Ming titles were...	who was a professor of the University of Washington?	{ "text": [ "Turrell V. Wylie" ], "answer_start": [ 9 ] }
56ccde7862d2951400fa64d9	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The late Turrell V. Wylie, a former professor of the University of Washington, and Li Tieh-tseng argue that the reliability of the heavily censored History of Ming as a credible source on Sino-Tibetan relations is questionable, in the light of modern scholarship. Other historians also assert that these Ming titles were...	Who had a large amount of contacts with china during Yuan?	{ "text": [ "Tibet" ], "answer_start": [ 193 ] }
56ccde7862d2951400fa64da	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The late Turrell V. Wylie, a former professor of the University of Washington, and Li Tieh-tseng argue that the reliability of the heavily censored History of Ming as a credible source on Sino-Tibetan relations is questionable, in the light of modern scholarship. Other historians also assert that these Ming titles were...	Who believed that Tibet barely had any diplomatic relations with the Ming?	{ "text": [ "Morris Rossabi" ], "answer_start": [ 757 ] }
56ccea7c62d2951400fa64de	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Historians disagree on what the relationship was between the Ming court and Tibet and whether or not Ming China had sovereignty over Tibet. Van Praag writes that Chinese court historians viewed Tibet as an independent foreign tributary and had little interest in Tibet besides a lama-patron relationship. The historian T...	Who supported van Praag's beliefs?	{ "text": [ "historian Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa" ], "answer_start": [ 309 ] }
56ccea7c62d2951400fa64df	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Historians disagree on what the relationship was between the Ming court and Tibet and whether or not Ming China had sovereignty over Tibet. Van Praag writes that Chinese court historians viewed Tibet as an independent foreign tributary and had little interest in Tibet besides a lama-patron relationship. The historian T...	Who did not agree with van Praag and Shakabpa?	{ "text": [ "Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain" ], "answer_start": [ 381 ] }
56ccea7f62d2951400fa64e2	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Wang and Nyima argue that the Ming emperor sent edicts to Tibet twice in the second year of the Ming dynasty, and demonstrated that he viewed Tibet as a significant region to pacify by urging various Tibetan tribes to submit to the authority of the Ming court. They note that at the same time, the Mongol Prince Punala, ...	Who believed that the Ming court had full sovereignty over Tibet?	{ "text": [ "Wang and Nyima" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
56ccea7f62d2951400fa64e3	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Wang and Nyima argue that the Ming emperor sent edicts to Tibet twice in the second year of the Ming dynasty, and demonstrated that he viewed Tibet as a significant region to pacify by urging various Tibetan tribes to submit to the authority of the Ming court. They note that at the same time, the Mongol Prince Punala, ...	What year did Wang and Nyima believe that the Mongol Prince Punala went to Nanjing?	{ "text": [ "1371" ], "answer_start": [ 398 ] }
56ccea7f62d2951400fa64e5	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Wang and Nyima argue that the Ming emperor sent edicts to Tibet twice in the second year of the Ming dynasty, and demonstrated that he viewed Tibet as a significant region to pacify by urging various Tibetan tribes to submit to the authority of the Ming court. They note that at the same time, the Mongol Prince Punala, ...	What did the lamas called themselves?	{ "text": [ "princes" ], "answer_start": [ 691 ] }
56ccea7f62d2951400fa64e6	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Wang and Nyima argue that the Ming emperor sent edicts to Tibet twice in the second year of the Ming dynasty, and demonstrated that he viewed Tibet as a significant region to pacify by urging various Tibetan tribes to submit to the authority of the Ming court. They note that at the same time, the Mongol Prince Punala, ...	What edicts did the Ming issue?	{ "text": [ "imperial edicts" ], "answer_start": [ 805 ] }
56cceda862d2951400fa64ec	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Journalist and author Thomas Laird, in his book The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, writes that Wang and Nyima present the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China in their Historical Status of China's Tibet, and fail to realize that China was "absorbed into a larger, non-Chinese politi...	Who wrote the book The Story of Tibet?	{ "text": [ "Journalist and author Thomas Laird" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
56cceda862d2951400fa64ed	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Journalist and author Thomas Laird, in his book The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, writes that Wang and Nyima present the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China in their Historical Status of China's Tibet, and fail to realize that China was "absorbed into a larger, non-Chinese politi...	who colonized India and New Zealand?	{ "text": [ "the British" ], "answer_start": [ 608 ] }
56cceda862d2951400fa64ee	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Journalist and author Thomas Laird, in his book The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, writes that Wang and Nyima present the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China in their Historical Status of China's Tibet, and fail to realize that China was "absorbed into a larger, non-Chinese politi...	Who's viewpoint does Thomas Laird believe Wang and Nyima present?	{ "text": [ "the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China" ], "answer_start": [ 138 ] }
56ccf12b62d2951400fa64f2	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The Columbia Encyclopedia distinguishes between the Yuan dynasty and the other Mongol Empire khanates of Ilkhanate, Chagatai Khanate and the Golden Horde. It describes the Yuan dynasty as "A Mongol dynasty of China that ruled from 1271 to 1368, and a division of the great empire conquered by the Mongols. Founded by Kub...	How did the The Columbia Encyclopedia describe the Yuan dynasty?	{ "text": [ "A Mongol dynasty of China" ], "answer_start": [ 189 ] }
56ccf12b62d2951400fa64f3	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The Columbia Encyclopedia distinguishes between the Yuan dynasty and the other Mongol Empire khanates of Ilkhanate, Chagatai Khanate and the Golden Horde. It describes the Yuan dynasty as "A Mongol dynasty of China that ruled from 1271 to 1368, and a division of the great empire conquered by the Mongols. Founded by Kub...	How did the Encyclopedia Americana describe the Yuan Dynasty?	{ "text": [ "the line of Mongol rulers in China" ], "answer_start": [ 444 ] }
56ccf12b62d2951400fa64f4	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The Columbia Encyclopedia distinguishes between the Yuan dynasty and the other Mongol Empire khanates of Ilkhanate, Chagatai Khanate and the Golden Horde. It describes the Yuan dynasty as "A Mongol dynasty of China that ruled from 1271 to 1368, and a division of the great empire conquered by the Mongols. Founded by Kub...	What did Thomas Laird dismiss the Yuan dynasty as?	{ "text": [ "a non-Chinese polity" ], "answer_start": [ 846 ] }
56ccf12b62d2951400fa64f5	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The Columbia Encyclopedia distinguishes between the Yuan dynasty and the other Mongol Empire khanates of Ilkhanate, Chagatai Khanate and the Golden Horde. It describes the Yuan dynasty as "A Mongol dynasty of China that ruled from 1271 to 1368, and a division of the great empire conquered by the Mongols. Founded by Kub...	Who wrote the book Khubilai Khan?	{ "text": [ "Rossabi" ], "answer_start": [ 1168 ] }
56ccf12b62d2951400fa64f6	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The Columbia Encyclopedia distinguishes between the Yuan dynasty and the other Mongol Empire khanates of Ilkhanate, Chagatai Khanate and the Golden Horde. It describes the Yuan dynasty as "A Mongol dynasty of China that ruled from 1271 to 1368, and a division of the great empire conquered by the Mongols. Founded by Kub...	When did the yuan dynasty start and end?	{ "text": [ "1271 to 1368" ], "answer_start": [ 231 ] }
56ccf53362d2951400fa64fd	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Nevertheless, the ethno-geographic caste hierarchy favoring the Mongols and other ethnicities were accorded higher status than the Han Chinese majority. Although Han Chinese who were recruited as advisers were often actually more influential than high officials, their status was not as well defined. Kublai also abolish...	When did Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan reign?	{ "text": [ "1311–1320" ], "answer_start": [ 447 ] }
56ccf53362d2951400fa64ff	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Nevertheless, the ethno-geographic caste hierarchy favoring the Mongols and other ethnicities were accorded higher status than the Han Chinese majority. Although Han Chinese who were recruited as advisers were often actually more influential than high officials, their status was not as well defined. Kublai also abolish...	During the Yuan what existed between China and Tibet?	{ "text": [ "a licensed border market" ], "answer_start": [ 1450 ] }
56ccf53362d2951400fa6500	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Nevertheless, the ethno-geographic caste hierarchy favoring the Mongols and other ethnicities were accorded higher status than the Han Chinese majority. Although Han Chinese who were recruited as advisers were often actually more influential than high officials, their status was not as well defined. Kublai also abolish...	Who was granted higher status than the Han Chinese majority?	{ "text": [ "the Mongols and other ethnicities" ], "answer_start": [ 60 ] }
56ccf96562d2951400fa6506	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The official position of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China is that the Ming implemented a policy of managing Tibet according to conventions and customs, granting titles and setting up administrative organs over Tibet. The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic states t...	Who abolished the policy council?	{ "text": [ "the Ming" ], "answer_start": [ 99 ] }
56ccf96562d2951400fa6507	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The official position of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China is that the Ming implemented a policy of managing Tibet according to conventions and customs, granting titles and setting up administrative organs over Tibet. The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic states t...	What was the Tibetan leader Choskunskyabs appointed as?	{ "text": [ "the General of the Ngari Military and Civil Wanhu Office" ], "answer_start": [ 798 ] }
56ccf96562d2951400fa6509	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The official position of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China is that the Ming implemented a policy of managing Tibet according to conventions and customs, granting titles and setting up administrative organs over Tibet. The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic states t...	Who governed most areas of Tibet?	{ "text": [ "Ming dynasty's Ü-Tsang Commanding Office" ], "answer_start": [ 328 ] }
56cd480b62d2951400fa650e	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Chen Qingying, Professor of History and Director of the History Studies Institute under the China Tibetology Research Center in Beijing, writes that the Ming court conferred new official positions on ex-Yuan Tibetan leaders of the Phachu Kargyu and granted them lower-ranking positions. Of the county (zong or dzong) lea...	Where is the China Tibetology Research Center located?	{ "text": [ "Beijing" ], "answer_start": [ 128 ] }
56cd480b62d2951400fa650f	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Chen Qingying, Professor of History and Director of the History Studies Institute under the China Tibetology Research Center in Beijing, writes that the Ming court conferred new official positions on ex-Yuan Tibetan leaders of the Phachu Kargyu and granted them lower-ranking positions. Of the county (zong or dzong) lea...	Who was the Director of the History Studies Institute?	{ "text": [ "Chen Qingying" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
56cd480b62d2951400fa6510	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Chen Qingying, Professor of History and Director of the History Studies Institute under the China Tibetology Research Center in Beijing, writes that the Ming court conferred new official positions on ex-Yuan Tibetan leaders of the Phachu Kargyu and granted them lower-ranking positions. Of the county (zong or dzong) lea...	How many households were the offices of Qianhu in charge of?	{ "text": [ "1,000 households" ], "answer_start": [ 690 ] }
56cd480b62d2951400fa6511	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Chen Qingying, Professor of History and Director of the History Studies Institute under the China Tibetology Research Center in Beijing, writes that the Ming court conferred new official positions on ex-Yuan Tibetan leaders of the Phachu Kargyu and granted them lower-ranking positions. Of the county (zong or dzong) lea...	How many households were the offices of Wanhu in charge of?	{ "text": [ "10,000 households" ], "answer_start": [ 744 ] }
56cd4a5162d2951400fa6516	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	According to Tibetologist John Powers, Tibetan sources counter this narrative of titles granted by the Chinese to Tibetans with various titles which the Tibetans gave to the Chinese emperors and their officials. Tribute missions from Tibetan monasteries to the Chinese court brought back not only titles, but large, comm...	What was the name of the Tibetologist?	{ "text": [ "John Powers" ], "answer_start": [ 26 ] }
56cd4a5162d2951400fa6517	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	According to Tibetologist John Powers, Tibetan sources counter this narrative of titles granted by the Chinese to Tibetans with various titles which the Tibetans gave to the Chinese emperors and their officials. Tribute missions from Tibetan monasteries to the Chinese court brought back not only titles, but large, comm...	Who did the Ming emperors send invitations to?	{ "text": [ "ruling lamas" ], "answer_start": [ 416 ] }
56cd4a5162d2951400fa6518	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	According to Tibetologist John Powers, Tibetan sources counter this narrative of titles granted by the Chinese to Tibetans with various titles which the Tibetans gave to the Chinese emperors and their officials. Tribute missions from Tibetan monasteries to the Chinese court brought back not only titles, but large, comm...	When the lamas received an invite from the emperors, who did they send instead?	{ "text": [ "subordinates" ], "answer_start": [ 449 ] }
56cd556f62d2951400fa651c	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Hans Bielenstein writes that as far back as the Han dynasty (202 BCE–220 CE), the Han Chinese government "maintained the fiction" that the foreign officials administering the various "Dependent States" and oasis city-states of the Western Regions (composed of the Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan) were true Han represent...	What was the western regions composed of?	{ "text": [ "the Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan" ], "answer_start": [ 260 ] }
56cd556f62d2951400fa651d	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Hans Bielenstein writes that as far back as the Han dynasty (202 BCE–220 CE), the Han Chinese government "maintained the fiction" that the foreign officials administering the various "Dependent States" and oasis city-states of the Western Regions (composed of the Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan) were true Han represent...	Who believed that they were the true Han Western representatives?	{ "text": [ "foreign officials" ], "answer_start": [ 139 ] }
56cd58c362d2951400fa6520	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Wang and Nyima state that after the official title "Education Minister" was granted to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302–1364) by the Yuan court, this title appeared frequently with his name in various Tibetan texts, while his Tibetan title "Degsi" (sic properly sde-srid or desi) is seldom mentioned. Wang and Nyima tak...	What title was given by the Yuan court to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen ?	{ "text": [ "Education Minister" ], "answer_start": [ 52 ] }
56cd58c362d2951400fa6521	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Wang and Nyima state that after the official title "Education Minister" was granted to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302–1364) by the Yuan court, this title appeared frequently with his name in various Tibetan texts, while his Tibetan title "Degsi" (sic properly sde-srid or desi) is seldom mentioned. Wang and Nyima tak...	What Tibetan title was hardly ever mentioned when referring to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen?	{ "text": [ "Degsi" ], "answer_start": [ 242 ] }
56cd58c362d2951400fa6522	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Wang and Nyima state that after the official title "Education Minister" was granted to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302–1364) by the Yuan court, this title appeared frequently with his name in various Tibetan texts, while his Tibetan title "Degsi" (sic properly sde-srid or desi) is seldom mentioned. Wang and Nyima tak...	What dynasty kept a Central-local government relation with the Yuan imperial court?	{ "text": [ "Phagmodrupa Dynasty" ], "answer_start": [ 419 ] }
56cd58c362d2951400fa6523	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Wang and Nyima state that after the official title "Education Minister" was granted to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302–1364) by the Yuan court, this title appeared frequently with his name in various Tibetan texts, while his Tibetan title "Degsi" (sic properly sde-srid or desi) is seldom mentioned. Wang and Nyima tak...	What two people claim the title of Education Minister was often seen next to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen's name in Tibetan texts?	{ "text": [ "Wang and Nyima" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
56cd58c362d2951400fa6524	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Wang and Nyima state that after the official title "Education Minister" was granted to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302–1364) by the Yuan court, this title appeared frequently with his name in various Tibetan texts, while his Tibetan title "Degsi" (sic properly sde-srid or desi) is seldom mentioned. Wang and Nyima tak...	Who wrote in their will that they received loving care from the emperor in the east?	{ "text": [ "The Tai Situpa" ], "answer_start": [ 488 ] }
56cd5ccc62d2951400fa6532	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	However, Lok-Ham Chan, a professor of history at the University of Washington, writes that Changchub Gyaltsen's aims were to recreate the old Tibetan Kingdom that existed during the Chinese Tang dynasty, to build "nationalist sentiment" amongst Tibetans, and to "remove all traces of Mongol suzerainty." Georges Dreyfus,...	Who divided Central Tibet into districts?	{ "text": [ "Changchub Gyaltsen" ], "answer_start": [ 91 ] }
56cd5ccc62d2951400fa6533	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	However, Lok-Ham Chan, a professor of history at the University of Washington, writes that Changchub Gyaltsen's aims were to recreate the old Tibetan Kingdom that existed during the Chinese Tang dynasty, to build "nationalist sentiment" amongst Tibetans, and to "remove all traces of Mongol suzerainty." Georges Dreyfus,...	Who strongly believed Changchub Gyaltsen wanted to restore the glories of its Imperial age to Tibet?	{ "text": [ "Van Praag" ], "answer_start": [ 889 ] }
56cd5ccc62d2951400fa6535	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	However, Lok-Ham Chan, a professor of history at the University of Washington, writes that Changchub Gyaltsen's aims were to recreate the old Tibetan Kingdom that existed during the Chinese Tang dynasty, to build "nationalist sentiment" amongst Tibetans, and to "remove all traces of Mongol suzerainty." Georges Dreyfus,...	What university was Lok-Ham Chan a professor at?	{ "text": [ "the University of Washington" ], "answer_start": [ 49 ] }
56cd5ccc62d2951400fa6536	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	However, Lok-Ham Chan, a professor of history at the University of Washington, writes that Changchub Gyaltsen's aims were to recreate the old Tibetan Kingdom that existed during the Chinese Tang dynasty, to build "nationalist sentiment" amongst Tibetans, and to "remove all traces of Mongol suzerainty." Georges Dreyfus,...	What did Lok-Ham Chan claim Changchub Gyaltsen wanted to remove?	{ "text": [ "all traces of Mongol suzerainty" ], "answer_start": [ 270 ] }
56cd5f5b62d2951400fa654c	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	According to Chen, the Ming officer of Hezhou (modern day Linxia) informed the Hongwu Emperor that the general situation in Dbus and Gtsang "was under control," and so he suggested to the emperor that he offer the second Phagmodru ruler, Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen, an official title. According to the Records of the Foundi...	Who did the Hongwu Emperor grant the title Initiation State Master to?	{ "text": [ "Sagya Gyaincain" ], "answer_start": [ 415 ] }
56cd5f5b62d2951400fa654d	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	According to Chen, the Ming officer of Hezhou (modern day Linxia) informed the Hongwu Emperor that the general situation in Dbus and Gtsang "was under control," and so he suggested to the emperor that he offer the second Phagmodru ruler, Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen, an official title. According to the Records of the Foundi...	Who suggested to the emperor that an official title be granted to second Phagmodru ruler?	{ "text": [ "the Ming officer of Hezhou" ], "answer_start": [ 19 ] }
56cd5f5b62d2951400fa654e	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	According to Chen, the Ming officer of Hezhou (modern day Linxia) informed the Hongwu Emperor that the general situation in Dbus and Gtsang "was under control," and so he suggested to the emperor that he offer the second Phagmodru ruler, Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen, an official title. According to the Records of the Foundi...	Who was the second Phagmodru ruler?	{ "text": [ "Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen" ], "answer_start": [ 238 ] }
56cd5f5b62d2951400fa654f	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	According to Chen, the Ming officer of Hezhou (modern day Linxia) informed the Hongwu Emperor that the general situation in Dbus and Gtsang "was under control," and so he suggested to the emperor that he offer the second Phagmodru ruler, Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen, an official title. According to the Records of the Foundi...	Who told the emperor that the situation in Dbus and Gtsang were under control?	{ "text": [ "the Ming officer of Hezhou" ], "answer_start": [ 19 ] }
56cd5f5b62d2951400fa6550	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	According to Chen, the Ming officer of Hezhou (modern day Linxia) informed the Hongwu Emperor that the general situation in Dbus and Gtsang "was under control," and so he suggested to the emperor that he offer the second Phagmodru ruler, Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen, an official title. According to the Records of the Foundi...	Where were the envoys sent?	{ "text": [ "to the Ming court" ], "answer_start": [ 461 ] }
56cd606a62d2951400fa6556	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Dreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet.	Who lost their power over Tibet?	{ "text": [ "the Phagmodrupa" ], "answer_start": [ 26 ] }
56cd606a62d2951400fa6557	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Dreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet.	What year did the Phagmodrupa lose their power over Tibet?	{ "text": [ "1434" ], "answer_start": [ 84 ] }
56cd606a62d2951400fa6558	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Dreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet.	What year did the 5th Dalai lama start to dominate over Tibet?	{ "text": [ "1642" ], "answer_start": [ 190 ] }
56cd606a62d2951400fa6559	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Dreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet.	What did the other families fail to establish?	{ "text": [ "hegemonies" ], "answer_start": [ 138 ] }
56cd62e262d2951400fa655e	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined Mongol invitations to receive titles. When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), founder of the Gelug school, to come to the Ming court and pay tribute, the latter declined. Wang a...	The Ming Dynasty granted what titles to lamas of schools?	{ "text": [ "the Karmapa Kargyu" ], "answer_start": [ 60 ] }
56cd62e262d2951400fa655f	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined Mongol invitations to receive titles. When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), founder of the Gelug school, to come to the Ming court and pay tribute, the latter declined. Wang a...	Who did the Ming Dynasty decline titles from after receiving invitations?	{ "text": [ "Mongol" ], "answer_start": [ 119 ] }
56cd62e262d2951400fa6560	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined Mongol invitations to receive titles. When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), founder of the Gelug school, to come to the Ming court and pay tribute, the latter declined. Wang a...	Who was the founder of the Gelug school?	{ "text": [ "Je Tsongkhapa" ], "answer_start": [ 194 ] }
56cd62e262d2951400fa6561	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined Mongol invitations to receive titles. When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), founder of the Gelug school, to come to the Ming court and pay tribute, the latter declined. Wang a...	Who invited Je Tsongkhapa to come pay tribute?	{ "text": [ "the Ming Yongle Emperor" ], "answer_start": [ 162 ] }
56cd62e262d2951400fa6562	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined Mongol invitations to receive titles. When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), founder of the Gelug school, to come to the Ming court and pay tribute, the latter declined. Wang a...	Who wrote the letter declining the Emperor's invitation?	{ "text": [ "Tsongkhapa" ], "answer_start": [ 197 ] }
56cd64e762d2951400fa6569	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	A. Tom Grunfeld says that Tsongkhapa claimed ill health in his refusal to appear at the Ming court, while Rossabi adds that Tsongkhapa cited the "length and arduousness of the journey" to China as another reason not to make an appearance. This first request by the Ming was made in 1407, but the Ming court sent another ...	When did the Ming first request Tsongkhapa to come to court?	{ "text": [ "1407" ], "answer_start": [ 282 ] }
56cd64e762d2951400fa656a	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	A. Tom Grunfeld says that Tsongkhapa claimed ill health in his refusal to appear at the Ming court, while Rossabi adds that Tsongkhapa cited the "length and arduousness of the journey" to China as another reason not to make an appearance. This first request by the Ming was made in 1407, but the Ming court sent another ...	When did the Ming court send a second request to Tsongkhapa?	{ "text": [ "1413" ], "answer_start": [ 331 ] }
56cd64e762d2951400fa656b	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	A. Tom Grunfeld says that Tsongkhapa claimed ill health in his refusal to appear at the Ming court, while Rossabi adds that Tsongkhapa cited the "length and arduousness of the journey" to China as another reason not to make an appearance. This first request by the Ming was made in 1407, but the Ming court sent another ...	Who did Tsongkhapa send in his place to Nanjing?	{ "text": [ "his disciple Chosrje Shākya Yeshes" ], "answer_start": [ 525 ] }

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