id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 25.7k | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
57327a72e17f3d14004229a8 | Humanism | At about the same time, the word "humanism" as a philosophy centred on humankind (as opposed to institutionalised religion) was also being used in Germany by the so-called Left Hegelians, Arnold Ruge, and Karl Marx, who were critical of the close involvement of the church in the repressive German government. There has ... | Where did the learned believers place their focus? | {
"text": [
"linguistic and cultural disciplines"
],
"answer_start": [
617
]
} |
57327ad70fdd8d15006c6af9 | Humanism | Another instance of ancient humanism as an organised system of thought is found in the Gathas of Zarathustra, composed between 1,000 BCE – 600 BCE in Greater Iran. Zarathustra's philosophy in the Gathas lays out a conception of humankind as thinking beings dignified with choice and agency according to the intellect whi... | Which ancient text provides an example of the humanist way of thinking? | {
"text": [
"Gathas of Zarathustra"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} |
57327ad70fdd8d15006c6afa | Humanism | Another instance of ancient humanism as an organised system of thought is found in the Gathas of Zarathustra, composed between 1,000 BCE – 600 BCE in Greater Iran. Zarathustra's philosophy in the Gathas lays out a conception of humankind as thinking beings dignified with choice and agency according to the intellect whi... | When was this writing penned? | {
"text": [
"1,000 BCE – 600 BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
57327ad70fdd8d15006c6afb | Humanism | Another instance of ancient humanism as an organised system of thought is found in the Gathas of Zarathustra, composed between 1,000 BCE – 600 BCE in Greater Iran. Zarathustra's philosophy in the Gathas lays out a conception of humankind as thinking beings dignified with choice and agency according to the intellect whi... | When was this writing penned? | {
"text": [
"afterlife"
],
"answer_start": [
651
]
} |
57327ad70fdd8d15006c6afc | Humanism | Another instance of ancient humanism as an organised system of thought is found in the Gathas of Zarathustra, composed between 1,000 BCE – 600 BCE in Greater Iran. Zarathustra's philosophy in the Gathas lays out a conception of humankind as thinking beings dignified with choice and agency according to the intellect whi... | What well know scholar was inspired by Humanism? | {
"text": [
"Voltaire"
],
"answer_start": [
846
]
} |
57327bd90fdd8d15006c6b01 | Humanism | In China, Yellow Emperor is regarded as the humanistic primogenitor.[citation needed] Sage kings such as Yao and Shun are humanistic figures as recorded.[citation needed] King Wu of Zhou has the famous saying: "Humanity is the Ling (efficacious essence) of the world (among all)." Among them Duke of Zhou, respected as a... | Who was known as being a founder of humanism thought in China? | {
"text": [
"Yellow Emperor"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} |
57327bd90fdd8d15006c6b02 | Humanism | In China, Yellow Emperor is regarded as the humanistic primogenitor.[citation needed] Sage kings such as Yao and Shun are humanistic figures as recorded.[citation needed] King Wu of Zhou has the famous saying: "Humanity is the Ling (efficacious essence) of the world (among all)." Among them Duke of Zhou, respected as a... | What early adopter and developer of is associated with Confucianism? | {
"text": [
"Duke of Zhou"
],
"answer_start": [
292
]
} |
57327bd90fdd8d15006c6b03 | Humanism | In China, Yellow Emperor is regarded as the humanistic primogenitor.[citation needed] Sage kings such as Yao and Shun are humanistic figures as recorded.[citation needed] King Wu of Zhou has the famous saying: "Humanity is the Ling (efficacious essence) of the world (among all)." Among them Duke of Zhou, respected as a... | What early adopter and developer of is associated with Confucianism? | {
"text": [
"Book of History"
],
"answer_start": [
447
]
} |
57327bd90fdd8d15006c6b04 | Humanism | In China, Yellow Emperor is regarded as the humanistic primogenitor.[citation needed] Sage kings such as Yao and Shun are humanistic figures as recorded.[citation needed] King Wu of Zhou has the famous saying: "Humanity is the Ling (efficacious essence) of the world (among all)." Among them Duke of Zhou, respected as a... | Who is known for the thought that humanity is the most important thing in the world? | {
"text": [
"Wu of Zhou"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
} |
57327c59b9d445190005eb49 | Humanism | In the 6th century BCE, Taoist teacher Lao Tzu espoused a series of naturalistic concepts with some elements of humanistic philosophy. The Silver Rule of Confucianism from Analects XV.24, is an example of ethical philosophy based on human values rather than the supernatural. Humanistic thought is also contained in othe... | When were humanism beliefs mixed with another philosophy by a Taoist thinker? | {
"text": [
"6th century BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} |
57327c59b9d445190005eb4a | Humanism | In the 6th century BCE, Taoist teacher Lao Tzu espoused a series of naturalistic concepts with some elements of humanistic philosophy. The Silver Rule of Confucianism from Analects XV.24, is an example of ethical philosophy based on human values rather than the supernatural. Humanistic thought is also contained in othe... | What is an example of Humanism based philosophy that focused on ethics? | {
"text": [
"Silver Rule of Confucianism"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
57327c59b9d445190005eb4b | Humanism | In the 6th century BCE, Taoist teacher Lao Tzu espoused a series of naturalistic concepts with some elements of humanistic philosophy. The Silver Rule of Confucianism from Analects XV.24, is an example of ethical philosophy based on human values rather than the supernatural. Humanistic thought is also contained in othe... | Who can be credited with saying essentially humans are the gods of gods? | {
"text": [
"Ji Liang"
],
"answer_start": [
374
]
} |
57327c59b9d445190005eb4c | Humanism | In the 6th century BCE, Taoist teacher Lao Tzu espoused a series of naturalistic concepts with some elements of humanistic philosophy. The Silver Rule of Confucianism from Analects XV.24, is an example of ethical philosophy based on human values rather than the supernatural. Humanistic thought is also contained in othe... | Where could you read this information? | {
"text": [
"Zuo Zhuan"
],
"answer_start": [
363
]
} |
57327d020fdd8d15006c6b09 | Humanism | 6th-century BCE pre-Socratic Greek philosophers Thales of Miletus and Xenophanes of Colophon were the first in the region to attempt to explain the world in terms of human reason rather than myth and tradition, thus can be said to be the first Greek humanists. Thales questioned the notion of anthropomorphic gods and Xe... | Who was one of the first Greeks to adopt a humanistic outlook? | {
"text": [
"Thales of Miletus"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
57327d020fdd8d15006c6b0a | Humanism | 6th-century BCE pre-Socratic Greek philosophers Thales of Miletus and Xenophanes of Colophon were the first in the region to attempt to explain the world in terms of human reason rather than myth and tradition, thus can be said to be the first Greek humanists. Thales questioned the notion of anthropomorphic gods and Xe... | Where did this type of thinking next travel to? | {
"text": [
"Athens"
],
"answer_start": [
651
]
} |
57327d020fdd8d15006c6b0b | Humanism | 6th-century BCE pre-Socratic Greek philosophers Thales of Miletus and Xenophanes of Colophon were the first in the region to attempt to explain the world in terms of human reason rather than myth and tradition, thus can be said to be the first Greek humanists. Thales questioned the notion of anthropomorphic gods and Xe... | Who first introduced the idea that matter is made of atoms? | {
"text": [
"Democritus"
],
"answer_start": [
943
]
} |
57327d020fdd8d15006c6b0c | Humanism | 6th-century BCE pre-Socratic Greek philosophers Thales of Miletus and Xenophanes of Colophon were the first in the region to attempt to explain the world in terms of human reason rather than myth and tradition, thus can be said to be the first Greek humanists. Thales questioned the notion of anthropomorphic gods and Xe... | Who was the first person to provide education opportunities to females? | {
"text": [
"Epicurus"
],
"answer_start": [
1324
]
} |
57327da60fdd8d15006c6b25 | Humanism | Renaissance humanism was an intellectual movement in Europe of the later Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. The 19th-century German historian Georg Voigt (1827–91) identified Petrarch as the first Renaissance humanist. Paul Johnson agrees that Petrarch was "the first to put into words the notion that the centurie... | When did the first wave of Humanism reach Europe? | {
"text": [
"Middle Ages and the Early Modern period"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
57327da60fdd8d15006c6b26 | Humanism | Renaissance humanism was an intellectual movement in Europe of the later Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. The 19th-century German historian Georg Voigt (1827–91) identified Petrarch as the first Renaissance humanist. Paul Johnson agrees that Petrarch was "the first to put into words the notion that the centurie... | Who was thought to be the original believer of humanism in of the Renaissance period? | {
"text": [
"Petrarch"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
} |
57327da60fdd8d15006c6b28 | Humanism | Renaissance humanism was an intellectual movement in Europe of the later Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. The 19th-century German historian Georg Voigt (1827–91) identified Petrarch as the first Renaissance humanist. Paul Johnson agrees that Petrarch was "the first to put into words the notion that the centurie... | The study and following of classical writers was said to be a solution to what issue? | {
"text": [
"Cicero"
],
"answer_start": [
578
]
} |
57327da60fdd8d15006c6b27 | Humanism | Renaissance humanism was an intellectual movement in Europe of the later Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. The 19th-century German historian Georg Voigt (1827–91) identified Petrarch as the first Renaissance humanist. Paul Johnson agrees that Petrarch was "the first to put into words the notion that the centurie... | The study and following of classical writers was said to be a solution to what issue? | {
"text": [
"age of Darkness"
],
"answer_start": [
376
]
} |
57327e1757eb1f1400fd2d30 | Humanism | In the high Renaissance, in fact, there was a hope that more direct knowledge of the wisdom of antiquity, including the writings of the Church fathers, the earliest known Greek texts of the Christian Gospels, and in some cases even the Jewish Kabbalah, would initiate a harmonious new era of universal agreement. With th... | What is one religious text that was thought to eventually lead to a peace between all? | {
"text": [
"the Jewish Kabbalah"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
} |
57327e1757eb1f1400fd2d31 | Humanism | In the high Renaissance, in fact, there was a hope that more direct knowledge of the wisdom of antiquity, including the writings of the Church fathers, the earliest known Greek texts of the Christian Gospels, and in some cases even the Jewish Kabbalah, would initiate a harmonious new era of universal agreement. With th... | Who gave followers of Humanism the ability to think out of bounds? | {
"text": [
"Renaissance Church authorities"
],
"answer_start": [
336
]
} |
57327e1757eb1f1400fd2d32 | Humanism | In the high Renaissance, in fact, there was a hope that more direct knowledge of the wisdom of antiquity, including the writings of the Church fathers, the earliest known Greek texts of the Christian Gospels, and in some cases even the Jewish Kabbalah, would initiate a harmonious new era of universal agreement. With th... | Who gave followers of Humanism the ability to think out of bounds? | {
"text": [
"era of universal agreement"
],
"answer_start": [
285
]
} |
57327e1757eb1f1400fd2d33 | Humanism | In the high Renaissance, in fact, there was a hope that more direct knowledge of the wisdom of antiquity, including the writings of the Church fathers, the earliest known Greek texts of the Christian Gospels, and in some cases even the Jewish Kabbalah, would initiate a harmonious new era of universal agreement. With th... | What cities may have influenced the beliefs of Gemistus Pleto? | {
"text": [
"Florence, Venice, and Rome"
],
"answer_start": [
587
]
} |
57327ed206a3a419008aca89 | Humanism | The humanists' close study of Latin literary texts soon enabled them to discern historical differences in the writing styles of different periods. By analogy with what they saw as decline of Latin, they applied the principle of ad fontes, or back to the sources, across broad areas of learning, seeking out manuscripts o... | How were humanist able to identify the development of humanist thought? | {
"text": [
"Latin literary texts"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
57327ed206a3a419008aca8a | Humanism | The humanists' close study of Latin literary texts soon enabled them to discern historical differences in the writing styles of different periods. By analogy with what they saw as decline of Latin, they applied the principle of ad fontes, or back to the sources, across broad areas of learning, seeking out manuscripts o... | What was included in this quest for knowledge of the belief system? | {
"text": [
"Patristic literature"
],
"answer_start": [
322
]
} |
57327ed206a3a419008aca8b | Humanism | The humanists' close study of Latin literary texts soon enabled them to discern historical differences in the writing styles of different periods. By analogy with what they saw as decline of Latin, they applied the principle of ad fontes, or back to the sources, across broad areas of learning, seeking out manuscripts o... | If your were unsure of the authenticity of an ancient text how could you verify it? | {
"text": [
"philology"
],
"answer_start": [
567
]
} |
57327ed206a3a419008aca8c | Humanism | The humanists' close study of Latin literary texts soon enabled them to discern historical differences in the writing styles of different periods. By analogy with what they saw as decline of Latin, they applied the principle of ad fontes, or back to the sources, across broad areas of learning, seeking out manuscripts o... | What caused a large migration of Greek refuges in the 1450s? | {
"text": [
"Byzantine Empire"
],
"answer_start": [
912
]
} |
57327ed206a3a419008aca8d | Humanism | The humanists' close study of Latin literary texts soon enabled them to discern historical differences in the writing styles of different periods. By analogy with what they saw as decline of Latin, they applied the principle of ad fontes, or back to the sources, across broad areas of learning, seeking out manuscripts o... | What caused a large migration of Greek refuges in the 1450s? | {
"text": [
"Greek manuscripts"
],
"answer_start": [
1262
]
} |
57327f3657eb1f1400fd2d38 | Humanism | After 1517, when the new invention of printing made these texts widely available, the Dutch humanist Erasmus, who had studied Greek at the Venetian printing house of Aldus Manutius, began a philological analysis of the Gospels in the spirit of Valla, comparing the Greek originals with their Latin translations with a vi... | When are these texts first able to reach a large amount of people? | {
"text": [
"1517"
],
"answer_start": [
6
]
} |
57327f3657eb1f1400fd2d39 | Humanism | After 1517, when the new invention of printing made these texts widely available, the Dutch humanist Erasmus, who had studied Greek at the Venetian printing house of Aldus Manutius, began a philological analysis of the Gospels in the spirit of Valla, comparing the Greek originals with their Latin translations with a vi... | When are these texts first able to reach a large amount of people? | {
"text": [
"Erasmus"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
57327f3657eb1f1400fd2d3a | Humanism | After 1517, when the new invention of printing made these texts widely available, the Dutch humanist Erasmus, who had studied Greek at the Venetian printing house of Aldus Manutius, began a philological analysis of the Gospels in the spirit of Valla, comparing the Greek originals with their Latin translations with a vi... | Erasmus can be said to have lit the match that sparked a radical change in thinking in his era along with who? | {
"text": [
"Lefèvre d'Étaples"
],
"answer_start": [
425
]
} |
57327f3657eb1f1400fd2d3b | Humanism | After 1517, when the new invention of printing made these texts widely available, the Dutch humanist Erasmus, who had studied Greek at the Venetian printing house of Aldus Manutius, began a philological analysis of the Gospels in the spirit of Valla, comparing the Greek originals with their Latin translations with a vi... | What text still remained without the type of thorough review that others texts had received by the 18th century? | {
"text": [
"the Bible"
],
"answer_start": [
919
]
} |
5732813857eb1f1400fd2d4a | Humanism | The words of the comic playwright P. Terentius Afer reverberated across the Roman world of the mid-2nd century BCE and beyond. Terence, an African and a former slave, was well placed to preach the message of universalism, of the essential unity of the human race, that had come down in philosophical form from the Greeks... | What author had a great impact in Rome? | {
"text": [
"P. Terentius Afer"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
5732813857eb1f1400fd2d4b | Humanism | The words of the comic playwright P. Terentius Afer reverberated across the Roman world of the mid-2nd century BCE and beyond. Terence, an African and a former slave, was well placed to preach the message of universalism, of the essential unity of the human race, that had come down in philosophical form from the Greeks... | Who was able to spread the idea of equality among all through his words? | {
"text": [
"Terence"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
5732813857eb1f1400fd2d4c | Humanism | The words of the comic playwright P. Terentius Afer reverberated across the Roman world of the mid-2nd century BCE and beyond. Terence, an African and a former slave, was well placed to preach the message of universalism, of the essential unity of the human race, that had come down in philosophical form from the Greeks... | From where did this school of thought emerge? | {
"text": [
"the Greeks"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} |
5732813857eb1f1400fd2d4d | Humanism | The words of the comic playwright P. Terentius Afer reverberated across the Roman world of the mid-2nd century BCE and beyond. Terence, an African and a former slave, was well placed to preach the message of universalism, of the essential unity of the human race, that had come down in philosophical form from the Greeks... | Who again issued the same type of challenge centuries later | {
"text": [
"Seneca"
],
"answer_start": [
538
]
} |
5732813857eb1f1400fd2d4e | Humanism | The words of the comic playwright P. Terentius Afer reverberated across the Roman world of the mid-2nd century BCE and beyond. Terence, an African and a former slave, was well placed to preach the message of universalism, of the essential unity of the human race, that had come down in philosophical form from the Greeks... | What was the name of the main belief Terence offered | {
"text": [
"universalism"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
} |
573281b0b3a91d1900202de6 | Humanism | Better acquaintance with Greek and Roman technical writings also influenced the development of European science (see the history of science in the Renaissance). This was despite what A. C. Crombie (viewing the Renaissance in the 19th-century manner as a chapter in the heroic March of Progress) calls "a backwards-lookin... | Who felt that looking to these ancient documents for new ideas was not the way to mover forward? | {
"text": [
"A. C. Crombie"
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
} |
573281b0b3a91d1900202de5 | Humanism | Better acquaintance with Greek and Roman technical writings also influenced the development of European science (see the history of science in the Renaissance). This was despite what A. C. Crombie (viewing the Renaissance in the 19th-century manner as a chapter in the heroic March of Progress) calls "a backwards-lookin... | Closer examination of what information allowed for further progress in scientific knowledge? | {
"text": [
"technical writings"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
573281b0b3a91d1900202de7 | Humanism | Better acquaintance with Greek and Roman technical writings also influenced the development of European science (see the history of science in the Renaissance). This was despite what A. C. Crombie (viewing the Renaissance in the 19th-century manner as a chapter in the heroic March of Progress) calls "a backwards-lookin... | What group was neutral about this issue as they felt the subject unimportant? | {
"text": [
"Renaissance humanists"
],
"answer_start": [
478
]
} |
573281b0b3a91d1900202de8 | Humanism | Better acquaintance with Greek and Roman technical writings also influenced the development of European science (see the history of science in the Renaissance). This was despite what A. C. Crombie (viewing the Renaissance in the 19th-century manner as a chapter in the heroic March of Progress) calls "a backwards-lookin... | When did even the scholars and professors began to at least end to examine the works of Aristotle? | {
"text": [
"16th century,"
],
"answer_start": [
647
]
} |
573282b9b9988014000c764a | Humanism | Just as artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci – partaking of the zeitgeist though not himself a humanist – advocated study of human anatomy, nature, and weather to enrich Renaissance works of art, so Spanish-born humanist Juan Luis Vives (c. 1493–1540) advocated observation, craft, and practical techniques to improve t... | Who felt that the further examination and knowledge of studies in the arena of humanism could further art? | {
"text": [
"Leonardo da Vinci"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} |
573282b9b9988014000c764b | Humanism | Just as artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci – partaking of the zeitgeist though not himself a humanist – advocated study of human anatomy, nature, and weather to enrich Renaissance works of art, so Spanish-born humanist Juan Luis Vives (c. 1493–1540) advocated observation, craft, and practical techniques to improve t... | Who helped to further the movement away from Scholasticism of the time? | {
"text": [
"Juan Luis Vives"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
} |
573282b9b9988014000c764c | Humanism | Just as artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci – partaking of the zeitgeist though not himself a humanist – advocated study of human anatomy, nature, and weather to enrich Renaissance works of art, so Spanish-born humanist Juan Luis Vives (c. 1493–1540) advocated observation, craft, and practical techniques to improve t... | Where did this initiate? | {
"text": [
"universities"
],
"answer_start": [
373
]
} |
573282b9b9988014000c764d | Humanism | Just as artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci – partaking of the zeitgeist though not himself a humanist – advocated study of human anatomy, nature, and weather to enrich Renaissance works of art, so Spanish-born humanist Juan Luis Vives (c. 1493–1540) advocated observation, craft, and practical techniques to improve t... | What type of philosophy was essential to this forwarding of thought? | {
"text": [
"Aristotelian"
],
"answer_start": [
342
]
} |
5732836406a3a419008acaad | Humanism | Early humanists saw no conflict between reason and their Christian faith (see Christian Humanism). They inveighed against the abuses of the Church, but not against the Church itself, much less against religion. For them, the word "secular" carried no connotations of disbelief – that would come later, in the nineteenth ... | Who was able to reconcile their religious beliefs with those of humanism? | {
"text": [
"Early humanists"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5732836406a3a419008acaae | Humanism | Early humanists saw no conflict between reason and their Christian faith (see Christian Humanism). They inveighed against the abuses of the Church, but not against the Church itself, much less against religion. For them, the word "secular" carried no connotations of disbelief – that would come later, in the nineteenth ... | What phrase that has come to be associated with a lack of faith was not seen as an issue for Christians? | {
"text": [
"secular"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
5732836406a3a419008acaaf | Humanism | Early humanists saw no conflict between reason and their Christian faith (see Christian Humanism). They inveighed against the abuses of the Church, but not against the Church itself, much less against religion. For them, the word "secular" carried no connotations of disbelief – that would come later, in the nineteenth ... | During what time period did secular have a more neutral connotation? | {
"text": [
"Renaissance"
],
"answer_start": [
336
]
} |
5732836406a3a419008acab0 | Humanism | Early humanists saw no conflict between reason and their Christian faith (see Christian Humanism). They inveighed against the abuses of the Church, but not against the Church itself, much less against religion. For them, the word "secular" carried no connotations of disbelief – that would come later, in the nineteenth ... | Petrarch felt that although he tried to do his own form of good whose life may have more meaning? | {
"text": [
"Gherardo"
],
"answer_start": [
468
]
} |
5732840c06a3a419008acab5 | Humanism | Eliot and her circle, who included her companion George Henry Lewes (the biographer of Goethe) and the abolitionist and social theorist Harriet Martineau, were much influenced by the positivism of Auguste Comte, whom Martineau had translated. Comte had proposed an atheistic culte founded on human principles – a secular... | What abolitionist was greatly affected by the writings of Comte? | {
"text": [
"Harriet Martineau"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
5732840c06a3a419008acab6 | Humanism | Eliot and her circle, who included her companion George Henry Lewes (the biographer of Goethe) and the abolitionist and social theorist Harriet Martineau, were much influenced by the positivism of Auguste Comte, whom Martineau had translated. Comte had proposed an atheistic culte founded on human principles – a secular... | What type of idea did he pose which was focused on facets of humanism? | {
"text": [
"atheistic"
],
"answer_start": [
265
]
} |
5732840c06a3a419008acab7 | Humanism | Eliot and her circle, who included her companion George Henry Lewes (the biographer of Goethe) and the abolitionist and social theorist Harriet Martineau, were much influenced by the positivism of Auguste Comte, whom Martineau had translated. Comte had proposed an atheistic culte founded on human principles – a secular... | What main idea did the English believers of Comte's philosophy take from his writings? | {
"text": [
"religion of humanity"
],
"answer_start": [
693
]
} |
5732840c06a3a419008acab8 | Humanism | Eliot and her circle, who included her companion George Henry Lewes (the biographer of Goethe) and the abolitionist and social theorist Harriet Martineau, were much influenced by the positivism of Auguste Comte, whom Martineau had translated. Comte had proposed an atheistic culte founded on human principles – a secular... | What currently used word was based in ideas from this philosopher? | {
"text": [
"altruism"
],
"answer_start": [
840
]
} |
573284c406a3a419008acac7 | Humanism | Active in the early 1920s, F.C.S. Schiller labelled his work "humanism" but for Schiller the term referred to the pragmatist philosophy he shared with William James. In 1929, Charles Francis Potter founded the First Humanist Society of New York whose advisory board included Julian Huxley, John Dewey, Albert Einstein an... | What 19th century author associated his works with humanism? | {
"text": [
"F.C.S. Schiller"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
573284c406a3a419008acac8 | Humanism | Active in the early 1920s, F.C.S. Schiller labelled his work "humanism" but for Schiller the term referred to the pragmatist philosophy he shared with William James. In 1929, Charles Francis Potter founded the First Humanist Society of New York whose advisory board included Julian Huxley, John Dewey, Albert Einstein an... | When was the first public group for Humanist founded? | {
"text": [
"1929"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
573284c406a3a419008acac9 | Humanism | Active in the early 1920s, F.C.S. Schiller labelled his work "humanism" but for Schiller the term referred to the pragmatist philosophy he shared with William James. In 1929, Charles Francis Potter founded the First Humanist Society of New York whose advisory board included Julian Huxley, John Dewey, Albert Einstein an... | Who created this group? | {
"text": [
"Charles Francis Potter"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} |
573284c406a3a419008acaca | Humanism | Active in the early 1920s, F.C.S. Schiller labelled his work "humanism" but for Schiller the term referred to the pragmatist philosophy he shared with William James. In 1929, Charles Francis Potter founded the First Humanist Society of New York whose advisory board included Julian Huxley, John Dewey, Albert Einstein an... | When did Charles Potter and Clara Potter publish their first writings on Humanism? | {
"text": [
"1930"
],
"answer_start": [
393
]
} |
573284fdb3a91d1900202e07 | Humanism | Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective which rose to prominence in the mid-20th century in response to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and B. F. Skinner's Behaviorism. The approach emphasizes an individual's inherent drive towards self-actualization and creativity. Psychologists Carl Rogers and Abra... | Who wotked with Carl Rogers on humanistic phycology? | {
"text": [
"Abraham Maslow"
],
"answer_start": [
316
]
} |
573284fdb3a91d1900202e08 | Humanism | Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective which rose to prominence in the mid-20th century in response to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and B. F. Skinner's Behaviorism. The approach emphasizes an individual's inherent drive towards self-actualization and creativity. Psychologists Carl Rogers and Abra... | What is human phycology? | {
"text": [
"psychological perspective"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
573284fdb3a91d1900202e09 | Humanism | Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective which rose to prominence in the mid-20th century in response to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and B. F. Skinner's Behaviorism. The approach emphasizes an individual's inherent drive towards self-actualization and creativity. Psychologists Carl Rogers and Abra... | In what century did humanistic phycology rise in prominence? | {
"text": [
"20th century"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
573284fdb3a91d1900202e0a | Humanism | Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective which rose to prominence in the mid-20th century in response to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and B. F. Skinner's Behaviorism. The approach emphasizes an individual's inherent drive towards self-actualization and creativity. Psychologists Carl Rogers and Abra... | They introduced it in response to what? | {
"text": [
"psychoanalysis"
],
"answer_start": [
442
]
} |
5732856957eb1f1400fd2d69 | Humanism | Raymond B. Bragg, the associate editor of The New Humanist, sought to consolidate the input of Leon Milton Birkhead, Charles Francis Potter, and several members of the Western Unitarian Conference. Bragg asked Roy Wood Sellars to draft a document based on this information which resulted in the publication of the Humani... | What groups thoughts did he seek to include? | {
"text": [
"Western Unitarian Conference"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} |
5732856957eb1f1400fd2d68 | Humanism | Raymond B. Bragg, the associate editor of The New Humanist, sought to consolidate the input of Leon Milton Birkhead, Charles Francis Potter, and several members of the Western Unitarian Conference. Bragg asked Roy Wood Sellars to draft a document based on this information which resulted in the publication of the Humani... | Who became responsible in part for the editing of The New Humanist? | {
"text": [
"Raymond B. Bragg,"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5732856957eb1f1400fd2d6b | Humanism | Raymond B. Bragg, the associate editor of The New Humanist, sought to consolidate the input of Leon Milton Birkhead, Charles Francis Potter, and several members of the Western Unitarian Conference. Bragg asked Roy Wood Sellars to draft a document based on this information which resulted in the publication of the Humani... | How many cornerstones of this new way of thinking or religion were presented> | {
"text": [
"15"
],
"answer_start": [
669
]
} |
5732856957eb1f1400fd2d6a | Humanism | Raymond B. Bragg, the associate editor of The New Humanist, sought to consolidate the input of Leon Milton Birkhead, Charles Francis Potter, and several members of the Western Unitarian Conference. Bragg asked Roy Wood Sellars to draft a document based on this information which resulted in the publication of the Humani... | What was the name of the material that was produced from this groups and the opinions of others? | {
"text": [
"Humanist Manifesto"
],
"answer_start": [
314
]
} |
5732860f57eb1f1400fd2d7a | Humanism | Renaissance humanism was an activity of cultural and educational reform engaged in by civic and ecclesiastical chancellors, book collectors, educators, and writers, who by the late fifteenth century began to be referred to as umanisti – "humanists". It developed during the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth ... | What was the main action of humanism during the Renaissance> | {
"text": [
"cultural and educational reform"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
5732860f57eb1f1400fd2d7b | Humanism | Renaissance humanism was an activity of cultural and educational reform engaged in by civic and ecclesiastical chancellors, book collectors, educators, and writers, who by the late fifteenth century began to be referred to as umanisti – "humanists". It developed during the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth ... | When did a new term for those who followed Humanism emerge? | {
"text": [
"late fifteenth century"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
} |
5732860f57eb1f1400fd2d7d | Humanism | Renaissance humanism was an activity of cultural and educational reform engaged in by civic and ecclesiastical chancellors, book collectors, educators, and writers, who by the late fifteenth century began to be referred to as umanisti – "humanists". It developed during the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth ... | Where was one main concentration of Humanism? | {
"text": [
"Naples"
],
"answer_start": [
708
]
} |
5732860f57eb1f1400fd2d7c | Humanism | Renaissance humanism was an activity of cultural and educational reform engaged in by civic and ecclesiastical chancellors, book collectors, educators, and writers, who by the late fifteenth century began to be referred to as umanisti – "humanists". It developed during the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth ... | What was the new term for believers of Humanism philosophy? | {
"text": [
"umanisti"
],
"answer_start": [
226
]
} |
573286cbb3a91d1900202e19 | Humanism | Humanists reacted against this utilitarian approach and the narrow pedantry associated with it. They sought to create a citizenry (frequently including women) able to speak and write with eloquence and clarity and thus capable of engaging the civic life of their communities and persuading others to virtuous and prudent... | What was it about the utilitatian beliefs that humanism believers did not like? | {
"text": [
"narrow pedantry"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
573286cbb3a91d1900202e1a | Humanism | Humanists reacted against this utilitarian approach and the narrow pedantry associated with it. They sought to create a citizenry (frequently including women) able to speak and write with eloquence and clarity and thus capable of engaging the civic life of their communities and persuading others to virtuous and prudent... | What group that had been to this point neglected was included in this thought? | {
"text": [
"women"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
573286cbb3a91d1900202e1b | Humanism | Humanists reacted against this utilitarian approach and the narrow pedantry associated with it. They sought to create a citizenry (frequently including women) able to speak and write with eloquence and clarity and thus capable of engaging the civic life of their communities and persuading others to virtuous and prudent... | What foundation of study allowed for the accomplishment of the goal of a scholarly people? | {
"text": [
"humanities"
],
"answer_start": [
422
]
} |
573286cbb3a91d1900202e1c | Humanism | Humanists reacted against this utilitarian approach and the narrow pedantry associated with it. They sought to create a citizenry (frequently including women) able to speak and write with eloquence and clarity and thus capable of engaging the civic life of their communities and persuading others to virtuous and prudent... | Was the humanism of the time limited to scholars? | {
"text": [
"pervasive cultural mode"
],
"answer_start": [
628
]
} |
57328740b3a91d1900202e21 | Humanism | Contemporary humanism entails a qualified optimism about the capacity of people, but it does not involve believing that human nature is purely good or that all people can live up to the Humanist ideals without help. If anything, there is recognition that living up to one's potential is hard work and requires the help o... | What is contemporary humanism optimistic about? | {
"text": [
"capacity of people"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
57328740b3a91d1900202e22 | Humanism | Contemporary humanism entails a qualified optimism about the capacity of people, but it does not involve believing that human nature is purely good or that all people can live up to the Humanist ideals without help. If anything, there is recognition that living up to one's potential is hard work and requires the help o... | What is the main goal of humanism optimistic? | {
"text": [
"human flourishing"
],
"answer_start": [
351
]
} |
57328740b3a91d1900202e23 | Humanism | Contemporary humanism entails a qualified optimism about the capacity of people, but it does not involve believing that human nature is purely good or that all people can live up to the Humanist ideals without help. If anything, there is recognition that living up to one's potential is hard work and requires the help o... | What is human flourishing? | {
"text": [
"making life better"
],
"answer_start": [
370
]
} |
57328740b3a91d1900202e24 | Humanism | Contemporary humanism entails a qualified optimism about the capacity of people, but it does not involve believing that human nature is purely good or that all people can live up to the Humanist ideals without help. If anything, there is recognition that living up to one's potential is hard work and requires the help o... | What doesnt conetemporary humanism believe about human nature? | {
"text": [
"purely good"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
573287a106a3a419008acacf | Humanism | Religious humanism is an integration of humanist ethical philosophy with religious rituals and beliefs that centre on human needs, interests, and abilities. Though practitioners of religious humanism did not officially organise under the name of "humanism" until the late 19th and early 20th centuries, non-theistic reli... | What was included in religious humanism that was similiar to other religion? | {
"text": [
"religious rituals"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
573287a106a3a419008acad0 | Humanism | Religious humanism is an integration of humanist ethical philosophy with religious rituals and beliefs that centre on human needs, interests, and abilities. Though practitioners of religious humanism did not officially organise under the name of "humanism" until the late 19th and early 20th centuries, non-theistic reli... | When did practicers of religious humanism form under the name Humanism? | {
"text": [
"19th and early 20th centuries"
],
"answer_start": [
272
]
} |
573287a106a3a419008acad1 | Humanism | Religious humanism is an integration of humanist ethical philosophy with religious rituals and beliefs that centre on human needs, interests, and abilities. Though practitioners of religious humanism did not officially organise under the name of "humanism" until the late 19th and early 20th centuries, non-theistic reli... | Who founded a religion whose cornerstone was deism? | {
"text": [
"Jacques Hébert"
],
"answer_start": [
510
]
} |
573287a106a3a419008acad2 | Humanism | Religious humanism is an integration of humanist ethical philosophy with religious rituals and beliefs that centre on human needs, interests, and abilities. Though practitioners of religious humanism did not officially organise under the name of "humanism" until the late 19th and early 20th centuries, non-theistic reli... | During what time was a religious state replaced in the Notre Dame cathedral with a symbol of Humanism? | {
"text": [
"1793"
],
"answer_start": [
576
]
} |
57328842b9988014000c7666 | Humanism | Polemics about humanism have sometimes assumed paradoxical twists and turns. Early 20th century critics such as Ezra Pound, T. E. Hulme, and T. S. Eliot considered humanism to be sentimental "slop" (Hulme)[citation needed] or "an old bitch gone in the teeth" (Pound) and wanted to go back to a more manly, authoritarian ... | Who was one early naysayer of Humanism? | {
"text": [
"Ezra Pound"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
57328842b9988014000c7667 | Humanism | Polemics about humanism have sometimes assumed paradoxical twists and turns. Early 20th century critics such as Ezra Pound, T. E. Hulme, and T. S. Eliot considered humanism to be sentimental "slop" (Hulme)[citation needed] or "an old bitch gone in the teeth" (Pound) and wanted to go back to a more manly, authoritarian ... | What was the main reason they disagreed with the beliefs? | {
"text": [
"sentimental"
],
"answer_start": [
179
]
} |
57328842b9988014000c7668 | Humanism | Polemics about humanism have sometimes assumed paradoxical twists and turns. Early 20th century critics such as Ezra Pound, T. E. Hulme, and T. S. Eliot considered humanism to be sentimental "slop" (Hulme)[citation needed] or "an old bitch gone in the teeth" (Pound) and wanted to go back to a more manly, authoritarian ... | Who stated Humanism creates of people placeholder? | {
"text": [
"Timothy Laurie"
],
"answer_start": [
805
]
} |
57328842b9988014000c7669 | Humanism | Polemics about humanism have sometimes assumed paradoxical twists and turns. Early 20th century critics such as Ezra Pound, T. E. Hulme, and T. S. Eliot considered humanism to be sentimental "slop" (Hulme)[citation needed] or "an old bitch gone in the teeth" (Pound) and wanted to go back to a more manly, authoritarian ... | Who stated that this argument was in fact support of Humanism? | {
"text": [
"Kate Soper"
],
"answer_start": [
1060
]
} |
5732889806a3a419008acae1 | Humanism | In his book, Humanism (1997), Tony Davies calls these critics "humanist anti-humanists". Critics of antihumanism, most notably Jürgen Habermas, counter that while antihumanists may highlight humanism's failure to fulfil its emancipatory ideal, they do not offer an alternative emancipatory project of their own. Others, ... | In what year was the book humanism published? | {
"text": [
"1997"
],
"answer_start": [
23
]
} |
5732889806a3a419008acae2 | Humanism | In his book, Humanism (1997), Tony Davies calls these critics "humanist anti-humanists". Critics of antihumanism, most notably Jürgen Habermas, counter that while antihumanists may highlight humanism's failure to fulfil its emancipatory ideal, they do not offer an alternative emancipatory project of their own. Others, ... | In what century was the horrific wars? | {
"text": [
"20th century"
],
"answer_start": [
795
]
} |
5732889806a3a419008acae3 | Humanism | In his book, Humanism (1997), Tony Davies calls these critics "humanist anti-humanists". Critics of antihumanism, most notably Jürgen Habermas, counter that while antihumanists may highlight humanism's failure to fulfil its emancipatory ideal, they do not offer an alternative emancipatory project of their own. Others, ... | What is the only alternative to bigotry and persecution on many occasions? | {
"text": [
"humanism"
],
"answer_start": [
1232
]
} |
5732889806a3a419008acae4 | Humanism | In his book, Humanism (1997), Tony Davies calls these critics "humanist anti-humanists". Critics of antihumanism, most notably Jürgen Habermas, counter that while antihumanists may highlight humanism's failure to fulfil its emancipatory ideal, they do not offer an alternative emancipatory project of their own. Others, ... | Who wrote the book humanism? | {
"text": [
"Tony Davies"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
5732a488d6dcfa19001e8a5b | Humanism | The ad fontes principle also had many applications. The re-discovery of ancient manuscripts brought a more profound and accurate knowledge of ancient philosophical schools such as Epicureanism, and Neoplatonism, whose Pagan wisdom the humanists, like the Church fathers of old, tended, at least initially, to consider as... | Who quoted the line of Terence most notably? | {
"text": [
"Seneca"
],
"answer_start": [
1035
]
} |
5732a488d6dcfa19001e8a58 | Humanism | The ad fontes principle also had many applications. The re-discovery of ancient manuscripts brought a more profound and accurate knowledge of ancient philosophical schools such as Epicureanism, and Neoplatonism, whose Pagan wisdom the humanists, like the Church fathers of old, tended, at least initially, to consider as... | What allowed for a deeper understanding and personal exploration of older philosophers theories? | {
"text": [
"ancient manuscripts"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
5732a488d6dcfa19001e8a5a | Humanism | The ad fontes principle also had many applications. The re-discovery of ancient manuscripts brought a more profound and accurate knowledge of ancient philosophical schools such as Epicureanism, and Neoplatonism, whose Pagan wisdom the humanists, like the Church fathers of old, tended, at least initially, to consider as... | Who was the most influential supporter of the ideals of Terence? | {
"text": [
"Saint Augustine"
],
"answer_start": [
617
]
} |
5732a488d6dcfa19001e8a59 | Humanism | The ad fontes principle also had many applications. The re-discovery of ancient manuscripts brought a more profound and accurate knowledge of ancient philosophical schools such as Epicureanism, and Neoplatonism, whose Pagan wisdom the humanists, like the Church fathers of old, tended, at least initially, to consider as... | Who were the Humanists in agreement with about using these manuscripts in their quests for pure Christian living? | {
"text": [
"Church fathers"
],
"answer_start": [
255
]
} |
5732a574cc179a14009dabcc | Humanism | Davies identifies Paine's The Age of Reason as "the link between the two major narratives of what Jean-François Lyotard calls the narrative of legitimation": the rationalism of the 18th-century Philosophes and the radical, historically based German 19th-century Biblical criticism of the Hegelians David Friedrich Straus... | What writing was considered a bridge between two other major writings? | {
"text": [
"The Age of Reason"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
5732a574cc179a14009dabcd | Humanism | Davies identifies Paine's The Age of Reason as "the link between the two major narratives of what Jean-François Lyotard calls the narrative of legitimation": the rationalism of the 18th-century Philosophes and the radical, historically based German 19th-century Biblical criticism of the Hegelians David Friedrich Straus... | Which century was the first writing from? | {
"text": [
"18th-century"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
} |
5732a574cc179a14009dabce | Humanism | Davies identifies Paine's The Age of Reason as "the link between the two major narratives of what Jean-François Lyotard calls the narrative of legitimation": the rationalism of the 18th-century Philosophes and the radical, historically based German 19th-century Biblical criticism of the Hegelians David Friedrich Straus... | Who states imply that humans are their own Gods? | {
"text": [
"Feuerbach"
],
"answer_start": [
898
]
} |
5732a574cc179a14009dabcf | Humanism | Davies identifies Paine's The Age of Reason as "the link between the two major narratives of what Jean-François Lyotard calls the narrative of legitimation": the rationalism of the 18th-century Philosophes and the radical, historically based German 19th-century Biblical criticism of the Hegelians David Friedrich Straus... | What was the origin of the second writing? | {
"text": [
"German"
],
"answer_start": [
477
]
} |
5732884d06a3a419008acad7 | Geological_history_of_Earth | Earth was initially molten due to extreme volcanism and frequent collisions with other bodies. Eventually, the outer layer of the planet cooled to form a solid crust when water began accumulating in the atmosphere. The Moon formed soon afterwards, possibly as the result of a Mars-sized object with about 10% of the Eart... | The initial state of earth was what? | {
"text": [
"molten"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
} |
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