id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 25.7k | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5732a702328d981900601fe1 | Geological_history_of_Earth | During the Eocene (56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago), the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. At the beginning of the period, Australia and Antarctica remained connected, and warm equatorial currents mixed with colder Antarctic waters, distributing the heat around the world and ke... | How long ago did Antarctica and Australia split? | {
"text": [
"around 45 Ma"
],
"answer_start": [
405
]
} |
5732a702328d981900601fe2 | Geological_history_of_Earth | During the Eocene (56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago), the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. At the beginning of the period, Australia and Antarctica remained connected, and warm equatorial currents mixed with colder Antarctic waters, distributing the heat around the world and ke... | Around how many years ago is the current ice age pattern believed to have begun? | {
"text": [
"40 million years"
],
"answer_start": [
755
]
} |
5732a702328d981900601fe3 | Geological_history_of_Earth | During the Eocene (56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago), the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. At the beginning of the period, Australia and Antarctica remained connected, and warm equatorial currents mixed with colder Antarctic waters, distributing the heat around the world and ke... | The mixing of equatorial currents with Antarctic waters in the Eocene resulted in what? | {
"text": [
"keeping global temperatures high"
],
"answer_start": [
318
]
} |
5732a7f71d5d2e14009ff87b | Geological_history_of_Earth | The northern supercontinent of Laurasia began to break up, as Europe, Greenland and North America drifted apart. In western North America, mountain building started in the Eocene, and huge lakes formed in the high flat basins among uplifts. In Europe, the Tethys Sea finally vanished, while the uplift of the Alps isolat... | during which period did mountains form in the western part of North America? | {
"text": [
"Eocene"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
5732a7f71d5d2e14009ff87d | Geological_history_of_Earth | The northern supercontinent of Laurasia began to break up, as Europe, Greenland and North America drifted apart. In western North America, mountain building started in the Eocene, and huge lakes formed in the high flat basins among uplifts. In Europe, the Tethys Sea finally vanished, while the uplift of the Alps isolat... | In the Eocene, in Europe, which sea ceased to be? | {
"text": [
"Tethys Sea"
],
"answer_start": [
256
]
} |
5732a7f71d5d2e14009ff87e | Geological_history_of_Earth | The northern supercontinent of Laurasia began to break up, as Europe, Greenland and North America drifted apart. In western North America, mountain building started in the Eocene, and huge lakes formed in the high flat basins among uplifts. In Europe, the Tethys Sea finally vanished, while the uplift of the Alps isolat... | The Mediterranean sea is a remaining part of which sea from the Eocene? | {
"text": [
"Tethys Sea"
],
"answer_start": [
256
]
} |
5732a7f71d5d2e14009ff87c | Geological_history_of_Earth | The northern supercontinent of Laurasia began to break up, as Europe, Greenland and North America drifted apart. In western North America, mountain building started in the Eocene, and huge lakes formed in the high flat basins among uplifts. In Europe, the Tethys Sea finally vanished, while the uplift of the Alps isolat... | What began to form in the flat basins in North America during the Eocene? | {
"text": [
"huge lakes"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} |
5732a7f71d5d2e14009ff87f | Geological_history_of_Earth | The northern supercontinent of Laurasia began to break up, as Europe, Greenland and North America drifted apart. In western North America, mountain building started in the Eocene, and huge lakes formed in the high flat basins among uplifts. In Europe, the Tethys Sea finally vanished, while the uplift of the Alps isolat... | Which oregeny was created when India collided with Asia? | {
"text": [
"the Himalayan orogeny"
],
"answer_start": [
690
]
} |
5732a8a6328d981900601fe9 | Geological_history_of_Earth | Antarctica continued to become more isolated and finally developed a permanent ice cap. Mountain building in western North America continued, and the Alps started to rise in Europe as the African plate continued to push north into the Eurasian plate, isolating the remnants of Tethys Sea. A brief marine incursion marks ... | What permanent structure formed on Antarctica? | {
"text": [
"ice cap"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
5732a8a6328d981900601fea | Geological_history_of_Earth | Antarctica continued to become more isolated and finally developed a permanent ice cap. Mountain building in western North America continued, and the Alps started to rise in Europe as the African plate continued to push north into the Eurasian plate, isolating the remnants of Tethys Sea. A brief marine incursion marks ... | The lift of which mountain range in Europe was the result of the African plate moving north into the Eurasian? | {
"text": [
"the Alps"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} |
5732a8a6328d981900601feb | Geological_history_of_Earth | Antarctica continued to become more isolated and finally developed a permanent ice cap. Mountain building in western North America continued, and the Alps started to rise in Europe as the African plate continued to push north into the Eurasian plate, isolating the remnants of Tethys Sea. A brief marine incursion marks ... | During what period was there a land bridge joining Europe and North America? | {
"text": [
"Oligocene"
],
"answer_start": [
405
]
} |
5732a8a6328d981900601fec | Geological_history_of_Earth | Antarctica continued to become more isolated and finally developed a permanent ice cap. Mountain building in western North America continued, and the Alps started to rise in Europe as the African plate continued to push north into the Eurasian plate, isolating the remnants of Tethys Sea. A brief marine incursion marks ... | In the Oligocene period South America broke free from what other continent? | {
"text": [
"Antarctica"
],
"answer_start": [
564
]
} |
5732a8a6328d981900601fed | Geological_history_of_Earth | Antarctica continued to become more isolated and finally developed a permanent ice cap. Mountain building in western North America continued, and the Alps started to rise in Europe as the African plate continued to push north into the Eurasian plate, isolating the remnants of Tethys Sea. A brief marine incursion marks ... | Which current resulted in the cooling of Antarctica? | {
"text": [
"the Antarctic Circumpolar Current"
],
"answer_start": [
631
]
} |
5732ac1fcc179a14009dabe6 | Geological_history_of_Earth | During the Miocene continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Of the modern geologic features, only the land bridge between South America and North America was absent, the subduction zone along the Pacific Ocean margin of South America caused the rise of the Andes and the southward extension of the M... | The formation of which mountain range was the result of of what zone along the Pacific Ocean side of South America? | {
"text": [
"the Andes"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
} |
5732ac1fcc179a14009dabe7 | Geological_history_of_Earth | During the Miocene continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Of the modern geologic features, only the land bridge between South America and North America was absent, the subduction zone along the Pacific Ocean margin of South America caused the rise of the Andes and the southward extension of the M... | Which continent was India colliding with in the Miocene? | {
"text": [
"Asia"
],
"answer_start": [
376
]
} |
5732ac1fcc179a14009dabe8 | Geological_history_of_Earth | During the Miocene continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Of the modern geologic features, only the land bridge between South America and North America was absent, the subduction zone along the Pacific Ocean margin of South America caused the rise of the Andes and the southward extension of the M... | When Africa was colliding with Eurasia which seaway ceased to be during the Miocene? | {
"text": [
"The Tethys Seaway"
],
"answer_start": [
382
]
} |
5732ac1fcc179a14009dabe9 | Geological_history_of_Earth | During the Miocene continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Of the modern geologic features, only the land bridge between South America and North America was absent, the subduction zone along the Pacific Ocean margin of South America caused the rise of the Andes and the southward extension of the M... | Between what period of time did the Tethys disappear? | {
"text": [
"19 and 12 Ma"
],
"answer_start": [
511
]
} |
5732ac1fcc179a14009dabea | Geological_history_of_Earth | During the Miocene continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Of the modern geologic features, only the land bridge between South America and North America was absent, the subduction zone along the Pacific Ocean margin of South America caused the rise of the Andes and the southward extension of the M... | Which crisis occured towards the end of the Miocene period? | {
"text": [
"Messinian salinity crisis"
],
"answer_start": [
717
]
} |
5732ae23cc179a14009dabfa | Geological_history_of_Earth | South America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene, bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive marsupial faunas. The formation of the Isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, since warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off and an Atlantic co... | What is the link between North and South America called? | {
"text": [
"the Isthmus of Panama"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
5732ae23cc179a14009dabfb | Geological_history_of_Earth | South America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene, bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive marsupial faunas. The formation of the Isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, since warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off and an Atlantic co... | In which period did North and South America become linked? | {
"text": [
"Pliocene"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
5732ae23cc179a14009dabfd | Geological_history_of_Earth | South America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene, bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive marsupial faunas. The formation of the Isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, since warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off and an Atlantic co... | The Mediterranean was created by the collision of Europe and what? | {
"text": [
"Africa"
],
"answer_start": [
435
]
} |
5732ae23cc179a14009dabfe | Geological_history_of_Earth | South America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene, bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive marsupial faunas. The formation of the Isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, since warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off and an Atlantic co... | What period came after the Pliocene? | {
"text": [
"the Quaternary Period"
],
"answer_start": [
682
]
} |
5732ae23cc179a14009dabfc | Geological_history_of_Earth | South America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene, bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive marsupial faunas. The formation of the Isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, since warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off and an Atlantic co... | The Pliocene saw the end of what fauna in South America? | {
"text": [
"marsupial faunas"
],
"answer_start": [
158
]
} |
5732aeedcc179a14009dac04 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The last glacial period of the current ice age ended about 10,000 years ago. Ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 metres (115 ft) in the early part of the Holocene. In addition, many areas above about 40 degrees north latitude had been depressed by the weight of the Pleistocene glaciers and rose as much as... | How long ago did the last glacial period end? | {
"text": [
"about 10,000 years ago"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
5732aeedcc179a14009dac06 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The last glacial period of the current ice age ended about 10,000 years ago. Ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 metres (115 ft) in the early part of the Holocene. In addition, many areas above about 40 degrees north latitude had been depressed by the weight of the Pleistocene glaciers and rose as much as... | During what period did sea levels rice 115 feet? | {
"text": [
"Holocene"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} |
5732aeedcc179a14009dac05 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The last glacial period of the current ice age ended about 10,000 years ago. Ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 metres (115 ft) in the early part of the Holocene. In addition, many areas above about 40 degrees north latitude had been depressed by the weight of the Pleistocene glaciers and rose as much as... | By what height did sea levels rise at the end of the last glacial period? | {
"text": [
"35 metres (115 ft)"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
} |
5732aeedcc179a14009dac07 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The last glacial period of the current ice age ended about 10,000 years ago. Ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 metres (115 ft) in the early part of the Holocene. In addition, many areas above about 40 degrees north latitude had been depressed by the weight of the Pleistocene glaciers and rose as much as... | Glaciars from what period depressed the height of northern lands by 591 feet? | {
"text": [
"Pleistocene"
],
"answer_start": [
280
]
} |
5732aeedcc179a14009dac08 | Geological_history_of_Earth | The last glacial period of the current ice age ended about 10,000 years ago. Ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 metres (115 ft) in the early part of the Holocene. In addition, many areas above about 40 degrees north latitude had been depressed by the weight of the Pleistocene glaciers and rose as much as... | What sea did the Hudson Bay used to be a part of? | {
"text": [
"Tyrrell Sea"
],
"answer_start": [
1287
]
} |
5732977f0342181400a20283 | Police | A police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder. Their powers include the legitimized use of force. The term is most commonly associated with police services of a sovereign state that are authorized to exercise the police power of tha... | What does the state want a police force to do? | {
"text": [
"enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
5732977f0342181400a20284 | Police | A police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder. Their powers include the legitimized use of force. The term is most commonly associated with police services of a sovereign state that are authorized to exercise the police power of tha... | What are gendarmerie? | {
"text": [
"military units charged with civil policing"
],
"answer_start": [
567
]
} |
5732977f0342181400a20285 | Police | A police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder. Their powers include the legitimized use of force. The term is most commonly associated with police services of a sovereign state that are authorized to exercise the police power of tha... | What are police usually separate from? | {
"text": [
"military or other organizations involved in the defense of the state against foreign aggressors"
],
"answer_start": [
445
]
} |
573297e560535514009162f8 | Police | Law enforcement, however, constitutes only part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order. In some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the context of maintaini... | How are police usually paid? | {
"text": [
"through taxes"
],
"answer_start": [
535
]
} |
573297e560535514009162fa | Police | Law enforcement, however, constitutes only part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order. In some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the context of maintaini... | When were police used to protect the class system? | {
"text": [
"late 18th and early 19th centuries"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
573297e560535514009162f9 | Police | Law enforcement, however, constitutes only part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order. In some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the context of maintaini... | What kind of service are police? | {
"text": [
"public sector"
],
"answer_start": [
490
]
} |
573297e560535514009162fb | Police | Law enforcement, however, constitutes only part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order. In some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the context of maintaini... | What problem do many police forces have? | {
"text": [
"corruption"
],
"answer_start": [
418
]
} |
573297e90d034c1900ab0035 | Police | Law enforcement, however, constitutes only part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order. In some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the context of maintaini... | How are police usually paid? | {
"text": [
"through taxes"
],
"answer_start": [
535
]
} |
573297e90d034c1900ab0036 | Police | Law enforcement, however, constitutes only part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order. In some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the context of maintaini... | What kind of service are police? | {
"text": [
"public sector"
],
"answer_start": [
490
]
} |
573297e90d034c1900ab0037 | Police | Law enforcement, however, constitutes only part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order. In some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the context of maintaini... | When were police used to protect the class system? | {
"text": [
"late 18th and early 19th centuries"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
573297e90d034c1900ab0038 | Police | Law enforcement, however, constitutes only part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order. In some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the context of maintaini... | What problem do many police forces have? | {
"text": [
"corruption"
],
"answer_start": [
418
]
} |
57329a31d6dcfa19001e8a12 | Police | Law enforcement in Ancient China was carried out by "prefects" for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period. In Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period. They were appointed by local magistrate... | Which Chinese kingdoms developed law enforcement? | {
"text": [
"Chu and Jin"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
57329a31d6dcfa19001e8a13 | Police | Law enforcement in Ancient China was carried out by "prefects" for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period. In Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period. They were appointed by local magistrate... | What period was the Chu kingdom in? | {
"text": [
"Spring"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
57329a31d6dcfa19001e8a14 | Police | Law enforcement in Ancient China was carried out by "prefects" for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period. In Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period. They were appointed by local magistrate... | What period was the Jin kingdom in? | {
"text": [
"Autumn"
],
"answer_start": [
156
]
} |
57329a31d6dcfa19001e8a15 | Police | Law enforcement in Ancient China was carried out by "prefects" for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period. In Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period. They were appointed by local magistrate... | Which countries adopted the 'prefecture system' from China? | {
"text": [
"Korea and Japan"
],
"answer_start": [
796
]
} |
57329a31d6dcfa19001e8a16 | Police | Law enforcement in Ancient China was carried out by "prefects" for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period. In Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period. They were appointed by local magistrate... | What did ancient China call its police? | {
"text": [
"prefects"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
57329aaa328d981900601fcb | Police | As one of their first acts after end of the War of the Castilian Succession in 1479, Ferdinand and Isabella established the centrally organized and efficient Holy Brotherhood (Santa Hermandad) as a national police force. They adapted an existing brotherhood to the purpose of a general police acting under officials appo... | What war ended in 1479? | {
"text": [
"War of the Castilian Succession"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
57329aaa328d981900601fcc | Police | As one of their first acts after end of the War of the Castilian Succession in 1479, Ferdinand and Isabella established the centrally organized and efficient Holy Brotherhood (Santa Hermandad) as a national police force. They adapted an existing brotherhood to the purpose of a general police acting under officials appo... | Who formed Spain's first national police force? | {
"text": [
"Ferdinand and Isabella"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
57329aaa328d981900601fcd | Police | As one of their first acts after end of the War of the Castilian Succession in 1479, Ferdinand and Isabella established the centrally organized and efficient Holy Brotherhood (Santa Hermandad) as a national police force. They adapted an existing brotherhood to the purpose of a general police acting under officials appo... | What was Spain's first national police force called, in Spanish? | {
"text": [
"Santa Hermandad"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
} |
57329aaa328d981900601fce | Police | As one of their first acts after end of the War of the Castilian Succession in 1479, Ferdinand and Isabella established the centrally organized and efficient Holy Brotherhood (Santa Hermandad) as a national police force. They adapted an existing brotherhood to the purpose of a general police acting under officials appo... | What does Santa Hermandad mean? | {
"text": [
"Holy Brotherhood"
],
"answer_start": [
158
]
} |
57329aaa328d981900601fcf | Police | As one of their first acts after end of the War of the Castilian Succession in 1479, Ferdinand and Isabella established the centrally organized and efficient Holy Brotherhood (Santa Hermandad) as a national police force. They adapted an existing brotherhood to the purpose of a general police acting under officials appo... | When did Spain suppress local police units? | {
"text": [
"1835"
],
"answer_start": [
525
]
} |
57329bc4328d981900601fd5 | Police | In France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Marshalcy because ... | Which two entities in Medieval France had police duties? | {
"text": [
"The Marshal of France and the Constable of France"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
57329bc4328d981900601fd6 | Police | In France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Marshalcy because ... | How were the Marshal and Constable of France formally classified? | {
"text": [
"Great Officers of the Crown of France"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
57329bc4328d981900601fd7 | Police | In France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Marshalcy because ... | What was the Marshal's force called? | {
"text": [
"the Marshalcy"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} |
57329bc4328d981900601fd8 | Police | In France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Marshalcy because ... | What was the Constable's force called, in English? | {
"text": [
"the Constabulary"
],
"answer_start": [
507
]
} |
57329bc4328d981900601fd9 | Police | In France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Marshalcy because ... | What was the Constable's force called, in French? | {
"text": [
"Connétablie"
],
"answer_start": [
533
]
} |
57329bc4cc179a14009dab68 | Police | In France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Marshalcy because ... | Which two entities in Medieval France had police duties? | {
"text": [
"The Marshal of France and the Constable of France"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
57329bc4cc179a14009dab69 | Police | In France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Marshalcy because ... | How were the Marshal and Constable of France formally classified? | {
"text": [
"Great Officers of the Crown of France"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
57329bc4cc179a14009dab6a | Police | In France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Marshalcy because ... | What was the Marshal's force called? | {
"text": [
"the Marshalcy"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} |
57329bc4cc179a14009dab6b | Police | In France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Marshalcy because ... | What was the Constable's force called, in English? | {
"text": [
"the Constabulary"
],
"answer_start": [
507
]
} |
57329bc4cc179a14009dab6c | Police | In France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Marshalcy because ... | What was the Constable's force called, in French? | {
"text": [
"Connétablie"
],
"answer_start": [
533
]
} |
57329c241d5d2e14009ff867 | Police | The first centrally organised police force was created by the government of King Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris, then the largest city in Europe. The royal edict, registered by the Parlement of Paris on March 15, 1667 created the office of lieutenant général de police ("lieutenant general of police"), wh... | In what year did Paris get a police force? | {
"text": [
"1667"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
57329c241d5d2e14009ff868 | Police | The first centrally organised police force was created by the government of King Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris, then the largest city in Europe. The royal edict, registered by the Parlement of Paris on March 15, 1667 created the office of lieutenant général de police ("lieutenant general of police"), wh... | Who created Paris's police force? | {
"text": [
"King Louis XIV"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
57329c241d5d2e14009ff869 | Police | The first centrally organised police force was created by the government of King Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris, then the largest city in Europe. The royal edict, registered by the Parlement of Paris on March 15, 1667 created the office of lieutenant général de police ("lieutenant general of police"), wh... | What was the largest European city in 1667? | {
"text": [
"Paris"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
57329c241d5d2e14009ff86a | Police | The first centrally organised police force was created by the government of King Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris, then the largest city in Europe. The royal edict, registered by the Parlement of Paris on March 15, 1667 created the office of lieutenant général de police ("lieutenant general of police"), wh... | What was the title of the head of Paris's police, in English? | {
"text": [
"lieutenant general of police"
],
"answer_start": [
286
]
} |
57329c241d5d2e14009ff86b | Police | The first centrally organised police force was created by the government of King Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris, then the largest city in Europe. The royal edict, registered by the Parlement of Paris on March 15, 1667 created the office of lieutenant général de police ("lieutenant general of police"), wh... | What was the title of the head of Paris's police, in French? | {
"text": [
"lieutenant général de police"
],
"answer_start": [
255
]
} |
57329c9cd6dcfa19001e8a26 | Police | This office was first held by Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie, who had 44 commissaires de police (police commissioners) under his authority. In 1709, these commissioners were assisted by inspecteurs de police (police inspectors). The city of Paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the commissaires, each assigned to... | Who was Paris's first head of police? | {
"text": [
"Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
57329c9cd6dcfa19001e8a27 | Police | This office was first held by Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie, who had 44 commissaires de police (police commissioners) under his authority. In 1709, these commissioners were assisted by inspecteurs de police (police inspectors). The city of Paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the commissaires, each assigned to... | How many commissioners worked under Reynie? | {
"text": [
"44"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
57329c9cd6dcfa19001e8a28 | Police | This office was first held by Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie, who had 44 commissaires de police (police commissioners) under his authority. In 1709, these commissioners were assisted by inspecteurs de police (police inspectors). The city of Paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the commissaires, each assigned to... | How many policing districts was Paris divided into? | {
"text": [
"16"
],
"answer_start": [
262
]
} |
57329c9cd6dcfa19001e8a29 | Police | This office was first held by Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie, who had 44 commissaires de police (police commissioners) under his authority. In 1709, these commissioners were assisted by inspecteurs de police (police inspectors). The city of Paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the commissaires, each assigned to... | When was Paris's police system expanded to the rest of France? | {
"text": [
"October 1699"
],
"answer_start": [
474
]
} |
57329c9cd6dcfa19001e8a2a | Police | This office was first held by Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie, who had 44 commissaires de police (police commissioners) under his authority. In 1709, these commissioners were assisted by inspecteurs de police (police inspectors). The city of Paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the commissaires, each assigned to... | When were police inspectors added to Paris's police? | {
"text": [
"1709"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
} |
57329fe2cc179a14009dab86 | Police | The word "police" was borrowed from French into the English language in the 18th century, but for a long time it applied only to French and continental European police forces. The word, and the concept of police itself, were "disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression" (according to Britannica 1911). Before the 19th ce... | When did the French language adopt the word 'police'? | {
"text": [
"in the 18th century"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
57329fe2cc179a14009dab88 | Police | The word "police" was borrowed from French into the English language in the 18th century, but for a long time it applied only to French and continental European police forces. The word, and the concept of police itself, were "disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression" (according to Britannica 1911). Before the 19th ce... | Which dictionary said police were 'a symbol of foreign oppression'? | {
"text": [
"Britannica 1911"
],
"answer_start": [
284
]
} |
57329fe2cc179a14009dab87 | Police | The word "police" was borrowed from French into the English language in the 18th century, but for a long time it applied only to French and continental European police forces. The word, and the concept of police itself, were "disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression" (according to Britannica 1911). Before the 19th ce... | What language did French borrow the word 'police' from? | {
"text": [
"English"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
57329fe2cc179a14009dab89 | Police | The word "police" was borrowed from French into the English language in the 18th century, but for a long time it applied only to French and continental European police forces. The word, and the concept of police itself, were "disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression" (according to Britannica 1911). Before the 19th ce... | When were the Marine Police created in the UK? | {
"text": [
"1798"
],
"answer_start": [
526
]
} |
57329fe2cc179a14009dab8a | Police | The word "police" was borrowed from French into the English language in the 18th century, but for a long time it applied only to French and continental European police forces. The word, and the concept of police itself, were "disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression" (according to Britannica 1911). Before the 19th ce... | What was the first use of 'police' in the UK? | {
"text": [
"the appointment of Commissioners of Police for Scotland in 1714"
],
"answer_start": [
421
]
} |
5732a05ccc179a14009dab90 | Police | In 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames, to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of £500,000 worth of cargo. The idea of a police, as it then existed in France, was... | Who convinced the West Indies merchants in London to establish police? | {
"text": [
"Patrick Colquhoun"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
5732a05ccc179a14009dab92 | Police | In 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames, to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of £500,000 worth of cargo. The idea of a police, as it then existed in France, was... | Where did the West Indies merchants in London create a police force? | {
"text": [
"docks"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} |
5732a05ccc179a14009dab91 | Police | In 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames, to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of £500,000 worth of cargo. The idea of a police, as it then existed in France, was... | When did the West Indies merchants in London create a police force? | {
"text": [
"1797"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
5732a05ccc179a14009dab93 | Police | In 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames, to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of £500,000 worth of cargo. The idea of a police, as it then existed in France, was... | How much cargo had been being stolen from West Indies merchants in London each year? | {
"text": [
"£500,000"
],
"answer_start": [
240
]
} |
5732a05ccc179a14009dab94 | Police | In 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames, to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of £500,000 worth of cargo. The idea of a police, as it then existed in France, was... | How did Colquhoun praise the French police? | {
"text": [
"\"the greatest degree of perfection\""
],
"answer_start": [
729
]
} |
5732a0c6cc179a14009dab9a | Police | With the initial investment of £4,200, the new trial force of the Thames River Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and "on the game." The force was a success after its first year, and his men had "established thei... | What was the initial size of the Thames River Police force? | {
"text": [
"50"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
5732a0c6cc179a14009dab9b | Police | With the initial investment of £4,200, the new trial force of the Thames River Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and "on the game." The force was a success after its first year, and his men had "established thei... | How many dock workers were the Thames River Police policing? | {
"text": [
"33,000"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} |
5732a0c6cc179a14009dab9c | Police | With the initial investment of £4,200, the new trial force of the Thames River Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and "on the game." The force was a success after its first year, and his men had "established thei... | How many dock workers did Colquhoun say were criminals? | {
"text": [
"11,000"
],
"answer_start": [
194
]
} |
5732a0c6cc179a14009dab9e | Police | With the initial investment of £4,200, the new trial force of the Thames River Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and "on the game." The force was a success after its first year, and his men had "established thei... | When was the Thames River Police made a public service? | {
"text": [
"28 July 180"
],
"answer_start": [
490
]
} |
5732a0c6cc179a14009dab9d | Police | With the initial investment of £4,200, the new trial force of the Thames River Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and "on the game." The force was a success after its first year, and his men had "established thei... | How much cargo theft did the Thames River Police prevent in its first year? | {
"text": [
"£122,000"
],
"answer_start": [
338
]
} |
5732a13acc179a14009daba5 | Police | Colquhoun's utilitarian approach to the problem – using a cost-benefit argument to obtain support from businesses standing to benefit – allowed him to achieve what Henry and John Fielding failed for their Bow Street detectives. Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street, the river police were full-time, salaried offic... | How did the Bow Street group pay their employees? | {
"text": [
"stipendiary system"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
} |
5732a13acc179a14009daba4 | Police | Colquhoun's utilitarian approach to the problem – using a cost-benefit argument to obtain support from businesses standing to benefit – allowed him to achieve what Henry and John Fielding failed for their Bow Street detectives. Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street, the river police were full-time, salaried offic... | Who started the Bow Street detectives? | {
"text": [
"Henry and John Fielding"
],
"answer_start": [
164
]
} |
5732a13acc179a14009daba7 | Police | Colquhoun's utilitarian approach to the problem – using a cost-benefit argument to obtain support from businesses standing to benefit – allowed him to achieve what Henry and John Fielding failed for their Bow Street detectives. Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street, the river police were full-time, salaried offic... | Who came up with the concept of the 'new' police? | {
"text": [
"Robert Peel"
],
"answer_start": [
595
]
} |
5732a13acc179a14009daba6 | Police | Colquhoun's utilitarian approach to the problem – using a cost-benefit argument to obtain support from businesses standing to benefit – allowed him to achieve what Henry and John Fielding failed for their Bow Street detectives. Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street, the river police were full-time, salaried offic... | How did the Thames River Police pay their employees? | {
"text": [
"full-time, salaried officers prohibited from taking private fees"
],
"answer_start": [
295
]
} |
5732a13acc179a14009daba8 | Police | Colquhoun's utilitarian approach to the problem – using a cost-benefit argument to obtain support from businesses standing to benefit – allowed him to achieve what Henry and John Fielding failed for their Bow Street detectives. Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street, the river police were full-time, salaried offic... | What schedule did the Thames River Police employees work? | {
"text": [
"full-time"
],
"answer_start": [
295
]
} |
5732a188cc179a14009dabae | Police | Meanwhile, the authorities in Glasgow, Scotland successfully petitioned the government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing the City of Glasgow Police in 1800. Other Scottish towns soon followed suit and set up their own police forces through acts of parliament. In Ireland, the Irish Constabulary Act of 1822 mar... | Which law established Glasgow's police? | {
"text": [
"Glasgow Police Act"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
5732a188cc179a14009dabaf | Police | Meanwhile, the authorities in Glasgow, Scotland successfully petitioned the government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing the City of Glasgow Police in 1800. Other Scottish towns soon followed suit and set up their own police forces through acts of parliament. In Ireland, the Irish Constabulary Act of 1822 mar... | When was Glasgow's police force established? | {
"text": [
"1800"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} |
5732a188cc179a14009dabb0 | Police | Meanwhile, the authorities in Glasgow, Scotland successfully petitioned the government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing the City of Glasgow Police in 1800. Other Scottish towns soon followed suit and set up their own police forces through acts of parliament. In Ireland, the Irish Constabulary Act of 1822 mar... | Which law established Ireland's police? | {
"text": [
"Irish Constabulary Act"
],
"answer_start": [
286
]
} |
5732a188cc179a14009dabb1 | Police | Meanwhile, the authorities in Glasgow, Scotland successfully petitioned the government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing the City of Glasgow Police in 1800. Other Scottish towns soon followed suit and set up their own police forces through acts of parliament. In Ireland, the Irish Constabulary Act of 1822 mar... | When was Ireland's police force established? | {
"text": [
"1822"
],
"answer_start": [
312
]
} |
5732a188cc179a14009dabb2 | Police | Meanwhile, the authorities in Glasgow, Scotland successfully petitioned the government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing the City of Glasgow Police in 1800. Other Scottish towns soon followed suit and set up their own police forces through acts of parliament. In Ireland, the Irish Constabulary Act of 1822 mar... | What was Ireland's police force called? | {
"text": [
"Royal Irish Constabulary"
],
"answer_start": [
345
]
} |
5732a37ecc179a14009dabb8 | Police | Peel, widely regarded as the father of modern policing, was heavily influenced by the social and legal philosophy of Jeremy Bentham, who called for a strong and centralized, but politically neutral, police force for the maintenance of social order, for the protection of people from crime and to act as a visible deterre... | Who was the 'father of modern policing'? | {
"text": [
"Peel"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5732a37ecc179a14009dabb9 | Police | Peel, widely regarded as the father of modern policing, was heavily influenced by the social and legal philosophy of Jeremy Bentham, who called for a strong and centralized, but politically neutral, police force for the maintenance of social order, for the protection of people from crime and to act as a visible deterre... | Whose philosophy influenced Peel? | {
"text": [
"Jeremy Bentham"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
5732a37ecc179a14009dabba | Police | Peel, widely regarded as the father of modern policing, was heavily influenced by the social and legal philosophy of Jeremy Bentham, who called for a strong and centralized, but politically neutral, police force for the maintenance of social order, for the protection of people from crime and to act as a visible deterre... | What political position did Bentham think police should have? | {
"text": [
"neutral"
],
"answer_start": [
190
]
} |
5732a37ecc179a14009dabbb | Police | Peel, widely regarded as the father of modern policing, was heavily influenced by the social and legal philosophy of Jeremy Bentham, who called for a strong and centralized, but politically neutral, police force for the maintenance of social order, for the protection of people from crime and to act as a visible deterre... | How did Peel standardize police? | {
"text": [
"as an official paid profession"
],
"answer_start": [
397
]
} |
5732a37ecc179a14009dabbc | Police | Peel, widely regarded as the father of modern policing, was heavily influenced by the social and legal philosophy of Jeremy Bentham, who called for a strong and centralized, but politically neutral, police force for the maintenance of social order, for the protection of people from crime and to act as a visible deterre... | How did Peel organize police? | {
"text": [
"in a civilian fashion"
],
"answer_start": [
444
]
} |
5732a6ebcc179a14009dabd4 | Police | The 1829 Metropolitan Police Act created a modern police force by limiting the purview of the force and its powers, and envisioning it as merely an organ of the judicial system. Their job was apolitical; to maintain the peace and apprehend criminals for the courts to process according to the law. This was very differen... | When was the Metropolitan Police Act passed? | {
"text": [
"1829"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
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