id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 25.7k | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
57342720d058e614000b6a26 | Infection | Complex serological techniques have been developed into what are known as Immunoassays. Immunoassays can use the basic antibody – antigen binding as the basis to produce an electro - magnetic or particle radiation signal, which can be detected by some form of instrumentation. Signal of unknowns can be compared to that ... | What are immunoassays? | {
"text": [
"Complex serological techniques"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
57342720d058e614000b6a27 | Infection | Complex serological techniques have been developed into what are known as Immunoassays. Immunoassays can use the basic antibody – antigen binding as the basis to produce an electro - magnetic or particle radiation signal, which can be detected by some form of instrumentation. Signal of unknowns can be compared to that ... | What type of signal do immunoassays produce? | {
"text": [
"electro - magnetic or particle radiation"
],
"answer_start": [
173
]
} |
57342720d058e614000b6a28 | Infection | Complex serological techniques have been developed into what are known as Immunoassays. Immunoassays can use the basic antibody – antigen binding as the basis to produce an electro - magnetic or particle radiation signal, which can be detected by some form of instrumentation. Signal of unknowns can be compared to that ... | What allows quantitation of the target antigen? | {
"text": [
"unknowns can be compared to that of standards"
],
"answer_start": [
287
]
} |
57342720d058e614000b6a29 | Infection | Complex serological techniques have been developed into what are known as Immunoassays. Immunoassays can use the basic antibody – antigen binding as the basis to produce an electro - magnetic or particle radiation signal, which can be detected by some form of instrumentation. Signal of unknowns can be compared to that ... | Immunoassays are able to detect what type of proteins? | {
"text": [
"generated by an infected organism in response to a foreign agent"
],
"answer_start": [
512
]
} |
573427ac4776f419006619a5 | Infection | Technologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future, for several reasons. First, the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been... | What does the acronym PCR expand to? | {
"text": [
"polymerase chain reaction"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} |
573427ac4776f419006619a6 | Infection | Technologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future, for several reasons. First, the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been... | What will be the ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics in the near future? | {
"text": [
"PCR"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
573427ac4776f419006619a7 | Infection | Technologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future, for several reasons. First, the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been... | What has the catalog of infectious agents grown to the point of? | {
"text": [
"virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been identified"
],
"answer_start": [
236
]
} |
573427ac4776f419006619a8 | Infection | Technologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future, for several reasons. First, the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been... | What must an infectious agent do to cause disease? | {
"text": [
"grow within the human body"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
} |
573427ac4776f419006619a9 | Infection | Technologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future, for several reasons. First, the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been... | What are primers derived from the genomes of? | {
"text": [
"infectious agents"
],
"answer_start": [
698
]
} |
5734284ad058e614000b6a48 | Infection | Thus, the technological ability to detect any infectious agent rapidly and specifically are currently available. The only remaining blockades to the use of PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis are in its cost and application, neither of which is insurmountable. The diagnosis of a few diseases will not benefit from the d... | What technological ability with regards to detection is currently available? | {
"text": [
"ability to detect any infectious agent"
],
"answer_start": [
24
]
} |
5734284ad058e614000b6a49 | Infection | Thus, the technological ability to detect any infectious agent rapidly and specifically are currently available. The only remaining blockades to the use of PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis are in its cost and application, neither of which is insurmountable. The diagnosis of a few diseases will not benefit from the d... | What are the remaining blockades to the use or PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis? | {
"text": [
"cost and application"
],
"answer_start": [
203
]
} |
5734284ad058e614000b6a4a | Infection | Thus, the technological ability to detect any infectious agent rapidly and specifically are currently available. The only remaining blockades to the use of PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis are in its cost and application, neither of which is insurmountable. The diagnosis of a few diseases will not benefit from the d... | What are some diseases which won't benefit from PCR methods? | {
"text": [
"clostridial diseases"
],
"answer_start": [
367
]
} |
5734284ad058e614000b6a4b | Infection | Thus, the technological ability to detect any infectious agent rapidly and specifically are currently available. The only remaining blockades to the use of PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis are in its cost and application, neither of which is insurmountable. The diagnosis of a few diseases will not benefit from the d... | PCR can't detect the presence of any bacteria when what doesn't occur? | {
"text": [
"significant proliferation of the infectious agent"
],
"answer_start": [
563
]
} |
57342ac5d058e614000b6a88 | Infection | There is usually an indication for a specific identification of an infectious agent only when such identification can aid in the treatment or prevention of the disease, or to advance knowledge of the course of an illness prior to the development of effective therapeutic or preventative measures. For example, in the ear... | What is used in the treatment of AIDS? | {
"text": [
"AZT"
],
"answer_start": [
357
]
} |
57342ac5d058e614000b6a89 | Infection | There is usually an indication for a specific identification of an infectious agent only when such identification can aid in the treatment or prevention of the disease, or to advance knowledge of the course of an illness prior to the development of effective therapeutic or preventative measures. For example, in the ear... | How was the course of AIDS followed? | {
"text": [
"monitoring the composition of patient blood samples"
],
"answer_start": [
438
]
} |
57342ac5d058e614000b6a8a | Infection | There is usually an indication for a specific identification of an infectious agent only when such identification can aid in the treatment or prevention of the disease, or to advance knowledge of the course of an illness prior to the development of effective therapeutic or preventative measures. For example, in the ear... | What could be done by understanding how the disease was transmitted? | {
"text": [
"resources could be targeted to the communities at greatest risk"
],
"answer_start": [
782
]
} |
57342ac5d058e614000b6a8b | Infection | There is usually an indication for a specific identification of an infectious agent only when such identification can aid in the treatment or prevention of the disease, or to advance knowledge of the course of an illness prior to the development of effective therapeutic or preventative measures. For example, in the ear... | What did the genotypic identification of HIV later enable? | {
"text": [
"geographical origins of the virus"
],
"answer_start": [
1081
]
} |
57342ac5d058e614000b6a8c | Infection | There is usually an indication for a specific identification of an infectious agent only when such identification can aid in the treatment or prevention of the disease, or to advance knowledge of the course of an illness prior to the development of effective therapeutic or preventative measures. For example, in the ear... | What is now commonly used to identify HIV in healthy people before the onset of the illnes? | {
"text": [
"Molecular diagnostics"
],
"answer_start": [
1308
]
} |
57342b4c4776f419006619e7 | Infection | Techniques like hand washing, wearing gowns, and wearing face masks can help prevent infections from being passed from one person to another. Frequent hand washing remains the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms. There are other forms of prevention such as avoiding the use of illicit drugs, ... | What can wearing gowns and face masks help prevent? | {
"text": [
"infections from being passed from one person to another"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
57342b4c4776f419006619e8 | Infection | Techniques like hand washing, wearing gowns, and wearing face masks can help prevent infections from being passed from one person to another. Frequent hand washing remains the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms. There are other forms of prevention such as avoiding the use of illicit drugs, ... | What is the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms? | {
"text": [
"Frequent hand washing"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} |
57342b4c4776f419006619e9 | Infection | Techniques like hand washing, wearing gowns, and wearing face masks can help prevent infections from being passed from one person to another. Frequent hand washing remains the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms. There are other forms of prevention such as avoiding the use of illicit drugs, ... | Avoiding drugs and using condoms are other forms of what? | {
"text": [
"prevention"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
} |
57342b4c4776f419006619ea | Infection | Techniques like hand washing, wearing gowns, and wearing face masks can help prevent infections from being passed from one person to another. Frequent hand washing remains the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms. There are other forms of prevention such as avoiding the use of illicit drugs, ... | Why is it important to cook foods well? | {
"text": [
"prevention"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
} |
57342b4c4776f419006619eb | Infection | Techniques like hand washing, wearing gowns, and wearing face masks can help prevent infections from being passed from one person to another. Frequent hand washing remains the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms. There are other forms of prevention such as avoiding the use of illicit drugs, ... | What should one do with foods that have been left outside for a long time? | {
"text": [
"avoiding"
],
"answer_start": [
433
]
} |
57342c544776f419006619f9 | Infection | One of the ways to prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases is to recognize the different characteristics of various diseases. Some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated include virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness. The human strains of Ebola virus... | Recognizing the different characteristics of various diseases is one way to do what? | {
"text": [
"prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases"
],
"answer_start": [
19
]
} |
57342c544776f419006619fa | Infection | One of the ways to prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases is to recognize the different characteristics of various diseases. Some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated include virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness. The human strains of Ebola virus... | What are some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated? | {
"text": [
"virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness"
],
"answer_start": [
218
]
} |
57342c544776f419006619fb | Infection | One of the ways to prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases is to recognize the different characteristics of various diseases. Some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated include virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness. The human strains of Ebola virus... | What virus' strains incapacitate their victims extremely quickly before killing them? | {
"text": [
"Ebola"
],
"answer_start": [
309
]
} |
57342c544776f419006619fc | Infection | One of the ways to prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases is to recognize the different characteristics of various diseases. Some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated include virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness. The human strains of Ebola virus... | Why is the initial stage of Ebola not very contagious? | {
"text": [
"victims experience only internal hemorrhaging"
],
"answer_start": [
683
]
} |
57342c544776f419006619fd | Infection | One of the ways to prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases is to recognize the different characteristics of various diseases. Some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated include virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness. The human strains of Ebola virus... | What does the low virulence of HIV allow victims to do? | {
"text": [
"travel long distances"
],
"answer_start": [
1169
]
} |
57342d2b4776f41900661a0d | Infection | Another effective way to decrease the transmission rate of infectious diseases is to recognize the effects of small-world networks. In epidemics, there are often extensive interactions within hubs or groups of infected individuals and other interactions within discrete hubs of susceptible individuals. Despite the low i... | Recognizing the effects of small-world networks allows one to decrease what? | {
"text": [
"transmission rate of infectious diseases"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
} |
57342d2b4776f41900661a0e | Infection | Another effective way to decrease the transmission rate of infectious diseases is to recognize the effects of small-world networks. In epidemics, there are often extensive interactions within hubs or groups of infected individuals and other interactions within discrete hubs of susceptible individuals. Despite the low i... | What type of interactions happen within groups of infected individuals in epidemics? | {
"text": [
"extensive interactions"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
} |
57342d2b4776f41900661a0f | Infection | Another effective way to decrease the transmission rate of infectious diseases is to recognize the effects of small-world networks. In epidemics, there are often extensive interactions within hubs or groups of infected individuals and other interactions within discrete hubs of susceptible individuals. Despite the low i... | What is a way of drastically reducing infection rates? | {
"text": [
"focus is on the prevention of transmission jumps"
],
"answer_start": [
683
]
} |
57342d2b4776f41900661a10 | Infection | Another effective way to decrease the transmission rate of infectious diseases is to recognize the effects of small-world networks. In epidemics, there are often extensive interactions within hubs or groups of infected individuals and other interactions within discrete hubs of susceptible individuals. Despite the low i... | What is an example of a success implementation of preventing transmission jumps? | {
"text": [
"needle exchange programs in areas with a high density of drug users"
],
"answer_start": [
757
]
} |
57342d2b4776f41900661a11 | Infection | Another effective way to decrease the transmission rate of infectious diseases is to recognize the effects of small-world networks. In epidemics, there are often extensive interactions within hubs or groups of infected individuals and other interactions within discrete hubs of susceptible individuals. Despite the low i... | When was vaccination used to prevent the spread of the foot-and-mouth virus? | {
"text": [
"2001"
],
"answer_start": [
1074
]
} |
57342dcc4776f41900661a21 | Infection | Resistance to infection (immunity) may be acquired following a disease, by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen, by harboring an organism with a similar structure (crossreacting), or by vaccination. Knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for primary pathogens th... | What is resistance to infection known technically as? | {
"text": [
"immunity"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
57342dcc4776f41900661a22 | Infection | Resistance to infection (immunity) may be acquired following a disease, by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen, by harboring an organism with a similar structure (crossreacting), or by vaccination. Knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for primary pathogens th... | When may immunity be acquired? | {
"text": [
"following a disease"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
57342dcc4776f41900661a23 | Infection | Resistance to infection (immunity) may be acquired following a disease, by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen, by harboring an organism with a similar structure (crossreacting), or by vaccination. Knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for primary pathogens th... | What is knowledge of protective antigens more complete for? | {
"text": [
"primary pathogens"
],
"answer_start": [
300
]
} |
57342dcc4776f41900661a24 | Infection | Resistance to infection (immunity) may be acquired following a disease, by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen, by harboring an organism with a similar structure (crossreacting), or by vaccination. Knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for primary pathogens th... | What does herd immunity offer to vulnerable people when a large enough proportion of the population has acquired immunity? | {
"text": [
"a measure of protection"
],
"answer_start": [
411
]
} |
57342dcc4776f41900661a25 | Infection | Resistance to infection (immunity) may be acquired following a disease, by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen, by harboring an organism with a similar structure (crossreacting), or by vaccination. Knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for primary pathogens th... | Vaccination is a way in which what may be acquired? | {
"text": [
"immunity"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
57342eb44776f41900661a2b | Infection | The clearance of the pathogens, either treatment-induced or spontaneous, it can be influenced by the genetic variants carried by the individual patients. For instance, for genotype 1 hepatitis C treated with Pegylated interferon-alpha-2a or Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b (brand names Pegasys or PEG-Intron) combined with... | What can the clearance of pathogens be influenced by in an individual? | {
"text": [
"genetic variants"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
57342eb44776f41900661a2c | Infection | The clearance of the pathogens, either treatment-induced or spontaneous, it can be influenced by the genetic variants carried by the individual patients. For instance, for genotype 1 hepatitis C treated with Pegylated interferon-alpha-2a or Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b (brand names Pegasys or PEG-Intron) combined with... | What is the brand name Pegasys for? | {
"text": [
"Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b"
],
"answer_start": [
241
]
} |
57342eb44776f41900661a2d | Infection | The clearance of the pathogens, either treatment-induced or spontaneous, it can be influenced by the genetic variants carried by the individual patients. For instance, for genotype 1 hepatitis C treated with Pegylated interferon-alpha-2a or Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b (brand names Pegasys or PEG-Intron) combined with... | What are patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene more likely to achieve? | {
"text": [
"sustained virological response"
],
"answer_start": [
706
]
} |
57342f81d058e614000b6ab8 | Infection | When infection attacks the body, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist, depending on the type of organism targeted; they include antibacterial (antibiotic; including antitubercular), antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic (including antiprotozoal and antihel... | What type of drugs can suppress an infection when it attacks the body? | {
"text": [
"anti-infective"
],
"answer_start": [
33
]
} |
57342f81d058e614000b6ab9 | Infection | When infection attacks the body, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist, depending on the type of organism targeted; they include antibacterial (antibiotic; including antitubercular), antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic (including antiprotozoal and antihel... | How many broad types of anti-infective drugs exist? | {
"text": [
"Several"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
57342f81d058e614000b6aba | Infection | When infection attacks the body, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist, depending on the type of organism targeted; they include antibacterial (antibiotic; including antitubercular), antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic (including antiprotozoal and antihel... | What depends on the method an antibiotic is given? | {
"text": [
"severity and the type of infection"
],
"answer_start": [
354
]
} |
57342f81d058e614000b6abb | Infection | When infection attacks the body, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist, depending on the type of organism targeted; they include antibacterial (antibiotic; including antitubercular), antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic (including antiprotozoal and antihel... | How are severe infections of the brain usually treated? | {
"text": [
"with intravenous antibiotics"
],
"answer_start": [
524
]
} |
57342f81d058e614000b6abc | Infection | When infection attacks the body, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist, depending on the type of organism targeted; they include antibacterial (antibiotic; including antitubercular), antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic (including antiprotozoal and antihel... | How do antibiotics work? | {
"text": [
"slowing down the multiplication of bacteria or killing the bacteria"
],
"answer_start": [
724
]
} |
57342fe6d058e614000b6ac2 | Infection | The top three single agent/disease killers are HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria. While the number of deaths due to nearly every disease have decreased, deaths due to HIV/AIDS have increased fourfold. Childhood diseases include pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus. Children also make up a large percentage o... | What are the top three killer diseases? | {
"text": [
"HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
} |
57342fe6d058e614000b6ac3 | Infection | The top three single agent/disease killers are HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria. While the number of deaths due to nearly every disease have decreased, deaths due to HIV/AIDS have increased fourfold. Childhood diseases include pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus. Children also make up a large percentage o... | How much have deaths due to HIV/AIDS increased? | {
"text": [
"fourfold"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
} |
57342fe6d058e614000b6ac4 | Infection | The top three single agent/disease killers are HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria. While the number of deaths due to nearly every disease have decreased, deaths due to HIV/AIDS have increased fourfold. Childhood diseases include pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus. Children also make up a large percentage o... | What are some popular childhood diseases? | {
"text": [
"pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
57342fe6d058e614000b6ac5 | Infection | The top three single agent/disease killers are HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria. While the number of deaths due to nearly every disease have decreased, deaths due to HIV/AIDS have increased fourfold. Childhood diseases include pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus. Children also make up a large percentage o... | Who makes up a large percentage of diarrheal deaths? | {
"text": [
"Children"
],
"answer_start": [
278
]
} |
57342fe6d058e614000b6ac6 | Infection | The top three single agent/disease killers are HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria. While the number of deaths due to nearly every disease have decreased, deaths due to HIV/AIDS have increased fourfold. Childhood diseases include pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus. Children also make up a large percentage o... | What is the number 4 leading cause of death in the world? | {
"text": [
"lower respiratory infections"
],
"answer_start": [
421
]
} |
57343074d058e614000b6acc | Infection | The medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of Infectious Disease and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of Epidemiology. Generally, infections are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists. For example, an "uncomplicated" pne... | What medical field does the treatment of infectious diseases fall into? | {
"text": [
"field of Infectious Disease"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
57343074d058e614000b6acd | Infection | The medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of Infectious Disease and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of Epidemiology. Generally, infections are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists. For example, an "uncomplicated" pne... | Disease propagation can fall under the purview of what field of study? | {
"text": [
"Epidemiology"
],
"answer_start": [
164
]
} |
57343074d058e614000b6ace | Infection | The medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of Infectious Disease and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of Epidemiology. Generally, infections are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists. For example, an "uncomplicated" pne... | Who tends to initially diagnose an infection? | {
"text": [
"primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
} |
57343074d058e614000b6acf | Infection | The medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of Infectious Disease and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of Epidemiology. Generally, infections are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists. For example, an "uncomplicated" pne... | What is the non-medical mumbo jumbo term for pulmonologist? | {
"text": [
"lung physician"
],
"answer_start": [
392
]
} |
57343074d058e614000b6ad0 | Infection | The medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of Infectious Disease and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of Epidemiology. Generally, infections are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists. For example, an "uncomplicated" pne... | Who works with both patients and general practitioners to identify a disease? | {
"text": [
"infectious diseases specialist"
],
"answer_start": [
425
]
} |
573431514776f41900661a3b | Infection | A number of studies have reported associations between pathogen load in an area and human behavior. Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area. This may be due high pathogen load favoring avoidance of other groups, which may reduce pathogen transmission, or a high p... | What have a number of studies found a correlation between? | {
"text": [
"pathogen load in an area and human behavior"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
573431514776f41900661a3c | Infection | A number of studies have reported associations between pathogen load in an area and human behavior. Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area. This may be due high pathogen load favoring avoidance of other groups, which may reduce pathogen transmission, or a high p... | What is higher pathogen load associated with? | {
"text": [
"decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
} |
573431514776f41900661a3d | Infection | A number of studies have reported associations between pathogen load in an area and human behavior. Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area. This may be due high pathogen load favoring avoidance of other groups, which may reduce pathogen transmission, or a high p... | What does avoidance of other groups reduce? | {
"text": [
"pathogen transmission"
],
"answer_start": [
286
]
} |
573431514776f41900661a3e | Infection | A number of studies have reported associations between pathogen load in an area and human behavior. Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area. This may be due high pathogen load favoring avoidance of other groups, which may reduce pathogen transmission, or a high p... | What does more restricted sexual behavior result in? | {
"text": [
"Higher pathogen load"
],
"answer_start": [
420
]
} |
573431514776f41900661a3f | Infection | A number of studies have reported associations between pathogen load in an area and human behavior. Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area. This may be due high pathogen load favoring avoidance of other groups, which may reduce pathogen transmission, or a high p... | What may poor socioeconomic factors ultimately in part be due to? | {
"text": [
"high pathogen load preventing economic development."
],
"answer_start": [
1495
]
} |
57343210d058e614000b6ae0 | Infection | Evidence of infection in fossil remains is a subject of interest for paleopathologists, scientists who study occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms. Signs of infection have been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs. When present, however, these infections seem to tend to be confined to on... | What profession finds evidence of infection in fossil remains to be interesting? | {
"text": [
"paleopathologists"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
57343210d058e614000b6ae1 | Infection | Evidence of infection in fossil remains is a subject of interest for paleopathologists, scientists who study occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms. Signs of infection have been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs. When present, however, these infections seem to tend to be confined to on... | What do paleopathologists study? | {
"text": [
"occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} |
57343210d058e614000b6ae2 | Infection | Evidence of infection in fossil remains is a subject of interest for paleopathologists, scientists who study occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms. Signs of infection have been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs. When present, however, these infections seem to tend to be confined to on... | What has been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs? | {
"text": [
"Signs of infection"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} |
57343210d058e614000b6ae3 | Infection | Evidence of infection in fossil remains is a subject of interest for paleopathologists, scientists who study occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms. Signs of infection have been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs. When present, however, these infections seem to tend to be confined to on... | What dinosaur's skull had pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone? | {
"text": [
"Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis"
],
"answer_start": [
403
]
} |
57343210d058e614000b6ae4 | Infection | Evidence of infection in fossil remains is a subject of interest for paleopathologists, scientists who study occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms. Signs of infection have been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs. When present, however, these infections seem to tend to be confined to on... | How did tyrannosaurs become infected? | {
"text": [
"being bitten during a fight"
],
"answer_start": [
955
]
} |
573443cb879d6814001ca423 | Hunting | Hunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal, or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so. Hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food, recreation, to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals, or for trade. In the 2010s, lawful hunting is ... | What is the practice of killing or trapping any animal? | {
"text": [
"Hunting"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
573443cb879d6814001ca424 | Hunting | Hunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal, or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so. Hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food, recreation, to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals, or for trade. In the 2010s, lawful hunting is ... | Why do humans most commonly hunt wildlife? | {
"text": [
"food"
],
"answer_start": [
185
]
} |
573443cb879d6814001ca425 | Hunting | Hunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal, or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so. Hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food, recreation, to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals, or for trade. In the 2010s, lawful hunting is ... | What is there a distinction between lawful hunting and? | {
"text": [
"poaching"
],
"answer_start": [
339
]
} |
573443cb879d6814001ca426 | Hunting | Hunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal, or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so. Hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food, recreation, to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals, or for trade. In the 2010s, lawful hunting is ... | What is poaching? | {
"text": [
"illegal killing, trapping or capture of the hunted species"
],
"answer_start": [
362
]
} |
573443cb879d6814001ca427 | Hunting | Hunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal, or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so. Hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food, recreation, to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals, or for trade. In the 2010s, lawful hunting is ... | What is the species which is hunted referred to as? | {
"text": [
"prey"
],
"answer_start": [
477
]
} |
5735ab1adc94161900571efd | Hunting | Hunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal, or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so. Hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food, recreation, to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals, or for trade. In the 2010s, lawful hunting is ... | What is the practice of killing or trapping any animal called? | {
"text": [
"Hunting"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5735ab1adc94161900571efe | Hunting | Hunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal, or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so. Hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food, recreation, to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals, or for trade. In the 2010s, lawful hunting is ... | When was lawful hunting distinguished from poaching? | {
"text": [
"2010s"
],
"answer_start": [
295
]
} |
5735ab1adc94161900571eff | Hunting | Hunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal, or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so. Hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food, recreation, to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals, or for trade. In the 2010s, lawful hunting is ... | Illegally killing, capturing or trapping an hunted species is called what? | {
"text": [
"poaching"
],
"answer_start": [
339
]
} |
5735ab1adc94161900571f00 | Hunting | Hunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal, or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so. Hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food, recreation, to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals, or for trade. In the 2010s, lawful hunting is ... | Hunted species are usually referred to as what? | {
"text": [
"game or prey"
],
"answer_start": [
469
]
} |
5735ab1adc94161900571f01 | Hunting | Hunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal, or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so. Hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food, recreation, to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals, or for trade. In the 2010s, lawful hunting is ... | What animals are usually hunted? | {
"text": [
"mammals and birds"
],
"answer_start": [
498
]
} |
5735d85d012e2f140011a0b5 | Hunting | Hunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal, or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so. Hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food, recreation, to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals, or for trade. In the 2010s, lawful hunting is ... | What is it called to kill or trap an animal? | {
"text": [
"Hunting"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5735d85d012e2f140011a0b6 | Hunting | Hunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal, or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so. Hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food, recreation, to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals, or for trade. In the 2010s, lawful hunting is ... | What species are usually hunted? | {
"text": [
"mammals and birds"
],
"answer_start": [
498
]
} |
5735d85d012e2f140011a0b7 | Hunting | Hunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal, or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so. Hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food, recreation, to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals, or for trade. In the 2010s, lawful hunting is ... | Why do humans hunt? | {
"text": [
"food, recreation, to remove predators"
],
"answer_start": [
185
]
} |
5735d85d012e2f140011a0b8 | Hunting | Hunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal, or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so. Hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food, recreation, to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals, or for trade. In the 2010s, lawful hunting is ... | When was lawful hunting distinguished from poaching? | {
"text": [
"2010s"
],
"answer_start": [
295
]
} |
5735d85d012e2f140011a0b9 | Hunting | Hunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal, or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so. Hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food, recreation, to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals, or for trade. In the 2010s, lawful hunting is ... | Species hunted are referred to as what? | {
"text": [
"game or prey"
],
"answer_start": [
469
]
} |
5734449aacc1501500babd47 | Hunting | Furthermore, evidence exists that hunting may have been one of the multiple environmental factors leading to extinctions of the holocene megafauna and their replacement by smaller herbivores. North American megafauna extinction was coincidental with the Younger Dryas impact event, possibly making hunting a less critica... | What does evidence suggest hunting may have been a factor in the extinction of? | {
"text": [
"holocene megafauna"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
5734449aacc1501500babd48 | Hunting | Furthermore, evidence exists that hunting may have been one of the multiple environmental factors leading to extinctions of the holocene megafauna and their replacement by smaller herbivores. North American megafauna extinction was coincidental with the Younger Dryas impact event, possibly making hunting a less critica... | What was the North American megafauna extinction coincidental with? | {
"text": [
"Younger Dryas impact event"
],
"answer_start": [
254
]
} |
5734449aacc1501500babd49 | Hunting | Furthermore, evidence exists that hunting may have been one of the multiple environmental factors leading to extinctions of the holocene megafauna and their replacement by smaller herbivores. North American megafauna extinction was coincidental with the Younger Dryas impact event, possibly making hunting a less critica... | What are humans thought to have played a significant role in, in Australia? | {
"text": [
"extinction of the Australian megafauna"
],
"answer_start": [
503
]
} |
5734449aacc1501500babd4a | Hunting | Furthermore, evidence exists that hunting may have been one of the multiple environmental factors leading to extinctions of the holocene megafauna and their replacement by smaller herbivores. North American megafauna extinction was coincidental with the Younger Dryas impact event, possibly making hunting a less critica... | When was Australian's megafauna widespread? | {
"text": [
"prior to human occupation"
],
"answer_start": [
562
]
} |
5735d9b66c16ec1900b9285d | Hunting | Furthermore, evidence exists that hunting may have been one of the multiple environmental factors leading to extinctions of the holocene megafauna and their replacement by smaller herbivores. North American megafauna extinction was coincidental with the Younger Dryas impact event, possibly making hunting a less critica... | What along with multiple environmental factors led to the extinction of the holocene megafauna? | {
"text": [
"hunting"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
5735d9b66c16ec1900b9285e | Hunting | Furthermore, evidence exists that hunting may have been one of the multiple environmental factors leading to extinctions of the holocene megafauna and their replacement by smaller herbivores. North American megafauna extinction was coincidental with the Younger Dryas impact event, possibly making hunting a less critica... | What replaced the holocene megafauna? | {
"text": [
"smaller herbivores"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
5735d9b66c16ec1900b9285f | Hunting | Furthermore, evidence exists that hunting may have been one of the multiple environmental factors leading to extinctions of the holocene megafauna and their replacement by smaller herbivores. North American megafauna extinction was coincidental with the Younger Dryas impact event, possibly making hunting a less critica... | What event was coincidental with the North American megafauna extinction? | {
"text": [
"Younger Dryas impact event"
],
"answer_start": [
254
]
} |
5735d9b66c16ec1900b92860 | Hunting | Furthermore, evidence exists that hunting may have been one of the multiple environmental factors leading to extinctions of the holocene megafauna and their replacement by smaller herbivores. North American megafauna extinction was coincidental with the Younger Dryas impact event, possibly making hunting a less critica... | What is thought to have played a significant role in the extinction of the Australian megafauna? | {
"text": [
"humans"
],
"answer_start": [
438
]
} |
57344599acc1501500babd63 | Hunting | While it is undisputed that early humans were hunters, the importance of this for the emergence of the Homo genus from the earlier Australopithecines, including the production of stone tools and eventually the control of fire, are emphasised in the hunting hypothesis and de-emphasised in scenarios that stress omnivory ... | What is undisputed about early humans? | {
"text": [
"were hunters"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
57344599acc1501500babd64 | Hunting | While it is undisputed that early humans were hunters, the importance of this for the emergence of the Homo genus from the earlier Australopithecines, including the production of stone tools and eventually the control of fire, are emphasised in the hunting hypothesis and de-emphasised in scenarios that stress omnivory ... | Hunting was important for the emergence of the Homo genus from what? | {
"text": [
"earlier Australopithecines"
],
"answer_start": [
123
]
} |
57344599acc1501500babd65 | Hunting | While it is undisputed that early humans were hunters, the importance of this for the emergence of the Homo genus from the earlier Australopithecines, including the production of stone tools and eventually the control of fire, are emphasised in the hunting hypothesis and de-emphasised in scenarios that stress omnivory ... | Production of stone tools and control of fire were also pushed forward by what? | {
"text": [
"hunting"
],
"answer_start": [
249
]
} |
57344599acc1501500babd66 | Hunting | While it is undisputed that early humans were hunters, the importance of this for the emergence of the Homo genus from the earlier Australopithecines, including the production of stone tools and eventually the control of fire, are emphasised in the hunting hypothesis and de-emphasised in scenarios that stress omnivory ... | What became a theme of stories and myths? | {
"text": [
"hunting"
],
"answer_start": [
493
]
} |
57344599acc1501500babd67 | Hunting | While it is undisputed that early humans were hunters, the importance of this for the emergence of the Homo genus from the earlier Australopithecines, including the production of stone tools and eventually the control of fire, are emphasised in the hunting hypothesis and de-emphasised in scenarios that stress omnivory ... | Hunting allowed what type of rituals? | {
"text": [
"dance and animal sacrifice"
],
"answer_start": [
565
]
} |
5735e8236c16ec1900b92882 | Hunting | While it is undisputed that early humans were hunters, the importance of this for the emergence of the Homo genus from the earlier Australopithecines, including the production of stone tools and eventually the control of fire, are emphasised in the hunting hypothesis and de-emphasised in scenarios that stress omnivory ... | What is undisputed about earlier humans? | {
"text": [
"humans were hunters"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
5735e8246c16ec1900b92883 | Hunting | While it is undisputed that early humans were hunters, the importance of this for the emergence of the Homo genus from the earlier Australopithecines, including the production of stone tools and eventually the control of fire, are emphasised in the hunting hypothesis and de-emphasised in scenarios that stress omnivory ... | What did hunting become a theme of? | {
"text": [
"stories and myths"
],
"answer_start": [
519
]
} |
5735e8246c16ec1900b92884 | Hunting | While it is undisputed that early humans were hunters, the importance of this for the emergence of the Homo genus from the earlier Australopithecines, including the production of stone tools and eventually the control of fire, are emphasised in the hunting hypothesis and de-emphasised in scenarios that stress omnivory ... | Stone tools and control of fire are emphasised in what hypothesis? | {
"text": [
"hunting hypothesis"
],
"answer_start": [
249
]
} |
5734465d879d6814001ca463 | Hunting | Hunter-gathering lifestyles remained prevalent in some parts of the New World, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Siberia, as well as all of Australia, until the European Age of Discovery. They still persist in some tribal societies, albeit in rapid decline. Peoples that preserved paleolithic hunting-gathering until the recent pa... | What type of lifestyle was prevalent in Siberia until the European Age of Discovery? | {
"text": [
"Hunter-gathering"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5734465d879d6814001ca464 | Hunting | Hunter-gathering lifestyles remained prevalent in some parts of the New World, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Siberia, as well as all of Australia, until the European Age of Discovery. They still persist in some tribal societies, albeit in rapid decline. Peoples that preserved paleolithic hunting-gathering until the recent pa... | Where does the hunter-gathering lifestyle persist, though in decline? | {
"text": [
"some tribal societies"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} |
5734465d879d6814001ca465 | Hunting | Hunter-gathering lifestyles remained prevalent in some parts of the New World, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Siberia, as well as all of Australia, until the European Age of Discovery. They still persist in some tribal societies, albeit in rapid decline. Peoples that preserved paleolithic hunting-gathering until the recent pa... | Indigenous peoples of the Amazonas preserved what until the recent past? | {
"text": [
"paleolithic hunting-gathering"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
} |
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