id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 25.7k | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
573403a24776f419006616ef | Punjab,_Pakistan | The fairs held at the shrines of Sufi saints are called urs. They generally mark the death anniversary of the saint. On these occasions devotees assemble in large numbers and pay homage to the memory of the saint. Soul inspiring music is played and devotees dance in ecstasy. The music on these occasions is essentially ... | What are urs? | {
"text": [
"fairs held at the shrines of Sufi saints"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
573403a24776f419006616f0 | Punjab,_Pakistan | The fairs held at the shrines of Sufi saints are called urs. They generally mark the death anniversary of the saint. On these occasions devotees assemble in large numbers and pay homage to the memory of the saint. Soul inspiring music is played and devotees dance in ecstasy. The music on these occasions is essentially ... | When are urs held? | {
"text": [
"the death anniversary of the saint"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
573403a24776f419006616f1 | Punjab,_Pakistan | The fairs held at the shrines of Sufi saints are called urs. They generally mark the death anniversary of the saint. On these occasions devotees assemble in large numbers and pay homage to the memory of the saint. Soul inspiring music is played and devotees dance in ecstasy. The music on these occasions is essentially ... | What genre of music is played at urs? | {
"text": [
"folk"
],
"answer_start": [
320
]
} |
573403a24776f419006616f2 | Punjab,_Pakistan | The fairs held at the shrines of Sufi saints are called urs. They generally mark the death anniversary of the saint. On these occasions devotees assemble in large numbers and pay homage to the memory of the saint. Soul inspiring music is played and devotees dance in ecstasy. The music on these occasions is essentially ... | Where is Buksh's shrine? | {
"text": [
"Lahore"
],
"answer_start": [
453
]
} |
573403a24776f419006616f3 | Punjab,_Pakistan | The fairs held at the shrines of Sufi saints are called urs. They generally mark the death anniversary of the saint. On these occasions devotees assemble in large numbers and pay homage to the memory of the saint. Soul inspiring music is played and devotees dance in ecstasy. The music on these occasions is essentially ... | Where is Zakria's shrine? | {
"text": [
"Multan"
],
"answer_start": [
643
]
} |
5734044cd058e614000b67bd | Punjab,_Pakistan | Exhibitions and annual horse shows in all districts and a national horse and cattle show at Lahore are held with the official patronage. The national horse and cattle show at Lahore is the biggest festival where sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions are held. It not only encourages and patronises agricultural... | What is Punjab's biggest festival? | {
"text": [
"The national horse and cattle show"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
5734044cd058e614000b67be | Punjab,_Pakistan | Exhibitions and annual horse shows in all districts and a national horse and cattle show at Lahore are held with the official patronage. The national horse and cattle show at Lahore is the biggest festival where sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions are held. It not only encourages and patronises agricultural... | Where is the national horse and cattle show held? | {
"text": [
"Lahore"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} |
5734044cd058e614000b67bf | Punjab,_Pakistan | Exhibitions and annual horse shows in all districts and a national horse and cattle show at Lahore are held with the official patronage. The national horse and cattle show at Lahore is the biggest festival where sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions are held. It not only encourages and patronises agricultural... | What happens at the national horse and cattle show? | {
"text": [
"sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions"
],
"answer_start": [
212
]
} |
57340526d058e614000b67d3 | Punjab,_Pakistan | The province is home to several historical sites, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, the Rohtas Fort and the ruins of the ancient city of Harrapa. The Anarkali Market and Jahangir's Tomb are prominent in the city of Lahore as is the Lahore Museum, while the ancient city of Taxila in t... | What famous tomb is in Lahore? | {
"text": [
"Jahangir's Tomb"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
} |
57340526d058e614000b67d4 | Punjab,_Pakistan | The province is home to several historical sites, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, the Rohtas Fort and the ruins of the ancient city of Harrapa. The Anarkali Market and Jahangir's Tomb are prominent in the city of Lahore as is the Lahore Museum, while the ancient city of Taxila in t... | Where was Nanak born? | {
"text": [
"Nankana Sahib"
],
"answer_start": [
507
]
} |
57340526d058e614000b67d5 | Punjab,_Pakistan | The province is home to several historical sites, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, the Rohtas Fort and the ruins of the ancient city of Harrapa. The Anarkali Market and Jahangir's Tomb are prominent in the city of Lahore as is the Lahore Museum, while the ancient city of Taxila in t... | Who was the first Sikh Guru? | {
"text": [
"Guru Nanak"
],
"answer_start": [
486
]
} |
57340526d058e614000b67d6 | Punjab,_Pakistan | The province is home to several historical sites, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, the Rohtas Fort and the ruins of the ancient city of Harrapa. The Anarkali Market and Jahangir's Tomb are prominent in the city of Lahore as is the Lahore Museum, while the ancient city of Taxila in t... | What famous hill stations are in Punjab? | {
"text": [
"Murree, Bhurban, Patriata and Fort Munro"
],
"answer_start": [
571
]
} |
57340526d058e614000b67d7 | Punjab,_Pakistan | The province is home to several historical sites, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, the Rohtas Fort and the ruins of the ancient city of Harrapa. The Anarkali Market and Jahangir's Tomb are prominent in the city of Lahore as is the Lahore Museum, while the ancient city of Taxila in t... | What famous mosque is in Punjab? | {
"text": [
"Badshahi Mosque"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
573405aa4776f41900661717 | Punjab,_Pakistan | Among the Punjabi poets, the names of Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah and folk singers like Inayat Hussain Bhatti and Tufail Niazi, Alam Lohar, Sain Marna, Mansoor Malangi, Allah Ditta Lona wala, Talib Hussain Dard, Attaullah Khan Essa Khailwi, Gamoo Tahliwala, Mamzoo Gha-lla, Akbar Jat, A... | Who are some well-known Punjab poets? | {
"text": [
"Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
} |
573405aa4776f41900661718 | Punjab,_Pakistan | Among the Punjabi poets, the names of Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah and folk singers like Inayat Hussain Bhatti and Tufail Niazi, Alam Lohar, Sain Marna, Mansoor Malangi, Allah Ditta Lona wala, Talib Hussain Dard, Attaullah Khan Essa Khailwi, Gamoo Tahliwala, Mamzoo Gha-lla, Akbar Jat, A... | What is Allah Ditta Lona Wala's career? | {
"text": [
"folk singers"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
573405aa4776f41900661719 | Punjab,_Pakistan | Among the Punjabi poets, the names of Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah and folk singers like Inayat Hussain Bhatti and Tufail Niazi, Alam Lohar, Sain Marna, Mansoor Malangi, Allah Ditta Lona wala, Talib Hussain Dard, Attaullah Khan Essa Khailwi, Gamoo Tahliwala, Mamzoo Gha-lla, Akbar Jat, A... | Who is the 'Queen of Music'? | {
"text": [
"Malika-i-Mauseequi"
],
"answer_start": [
450
]
} |
573405aa4776f4190066171a | Punjab,_Pakistan | Among the Punjabi poets, the names of Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah and folk singers like Inayat Hussain Bhatti and Tufail Niazi, Alam Lohar, Sain Marna, Mansoor Malangi, Allah Ditta Lona wala, Talib Hussain Dard, Attaullah Khan Essa Khailwi, Gamoo Tahliwala, Mamzoo Gha-lla, Akbar Jat, A... | When was Alam Lohar an important Punjabi folk singer? | {
"text": [
"from 1930 until 1979"
],
"answer_start": [
700
]
} |
57340645d058e614000b67f7 | Punjab,_Pakistan | For the popular taste however, light music, particularly Ghazals and folk songs, which have an appeal of their own, the names of Mehdi Hassan, Ghulam Ali, Nur Jehan, Malika Pukhraj, Farida Khanum, Roshen Ara Begum, and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan are well-known. Folk songs and dances of the Punjab reflect a wide range of moo... | What kind of music does Malika Pukhraj perform? | {
"text": [
"Ghazals and folk songs"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
57340645d058e614000b67f8 | Punjab,_Pakistan | For the popular taste however, light music, particularly Ghazals and folk songs, which have an appeal of their own, the names of Mehdi Hassan, Ghulam Ali, Nur Jehan, Malika Pukhraj, Farida Khanum, Roshen Ara Begum, and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan are well-known. Folk songs and dances of the Punjab reflect a wide range of moo... | What do Punjab folk songs often reflect? | {
"text": [
"the rains, sowing and harvesting seasons"
],
"answer_start": [
324
]
} |
57340645d058e614000b67f9 | Punjab,_Pakistan | For the popular taste however, light music, particularly Ghazals and folk songs, which have an appeal of their own, the names of Mehdi Hassan, Ghulam Ali, Nur Jehan, Malika Pukhraj, Farida Khanum, Roshen Ara Begum, and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan are well-known. Folk songs and dances of the Punjab reflect a wide range of moo... | Who sings about the joy of living? | {
"text": [
"Luddi, Bhangra and Sammi"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
} |
57340645d058e614000b67fa | Punjab,_Pakistan | For the popular taste however, light music, particularly Ghazals and folk songs, which have an appeal of their own, the names of Mehdi Hassan, Ghulam Ali, Nur Jehan, Malika Pukhraj, Farida Khanum, Roshen Ara Begum, and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan are well-known. Folk songs and dances of the Punjab reflect a wide range of moo... | What does Heer Ranjha sing about? | {
"text": [
"Love"
],
"answer_start": [
417
]
} |
57340645d058e614000b67fb | Punjab,_Pakistan | For the popular taste however, light music, particularly Ghazals and folk songs, which have an appeal of their own, the names of Mehdi Hassan, Ghulam Ali, Nur Jehan, Malika Pukhraj, Farida Khanum, Roshen Ara Begum, and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan are well-known. Folk songs and dances of the Punjab reflect a wide range of moo... | What kind of music does Roshen Ara Begum perform? | {
"text": [
"Ghazals and folk songs"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
57341ab74776f4190066187b | Infection | Among the vast varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen, depends upon the ability of... | Of the huge amount of microorganisms, how many cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals? | {
"text": [
"relatively few"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} |
57341ab74776f4190066187c | Infection | Among the vast varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen, depends upon the ability of... | Interplay between pathogens and defenses of hosts results in what? | {
"text": [
"Infectious disease"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} |
57341ab74776f4190066187d | Infection | Among the vast varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen, depends upon the ability of... | What does the severity of a disease resulting from a pathogen depend on? | {
"text": [
"ability of that pathogen to damage the host"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} |
57341ab74776f4190066187e | Infection | Among the vast varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen, depends upon the ability of... | What can a host's immune system do to a host? | {
"text": [
"cause damage"
],
"answer_start": [
453
]
} |
57341ab74776f4190066187f | Infection | Among the vast varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen, depends upon the ability of... | What do clinicians classify infectious microorganisms according to the status of? | {
"text": [
"host defenses"
],
"answer_start": [
620
]
} |
57341bef4776f41900661897 | Infection | One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (first proposed by Robert Koch), which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease. These postulates were first use... | What is one way of proving that a given disease is infectious? | {
"text": [
"satisfy Koch's postulates"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
57341bef4776f41900661898 | Infection | One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (first proposed by Robert Koch), which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease. These postulates were first use... | What must an infectious agent only be identified in to satisfy the first of Koch's postulates? | {
"text": [
"patients and not in healthy controls"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} |
57341bef4776f41900661899 | Infection | One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (first proposed by Robert Koch), which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease. These postulates were first use... | What is Koch's second postulate? | {
"text": [
"patients who contract the agent also develop the disease"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
57341bef4776f4190066189a | Infection | One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (first proposed by Robert Koch), which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease. These postulates were first use... | Why can't Koch's postulates be applied ethically for many human diseases? | {
"text": [
"because they require experimental infection of a healthy individual"
],
"answer_start": [
456
]
} |
57341bef4776f4190066189b | Infection | One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (first proposed by Robert Koch), which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease. These postulates were first use... | What is the causative spirochete of syphilis? | {
"text": [
"Treponema pallidum"
],
"answer_start": [
658
]
} |
57341c75d058e614000b695a | Infection | Infectious diseases are sometimes called contagious disease when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions (e.g., influenza). Thus, a contagious disease is a subset of infectious disease that is especially infective or easily transmitted. Other types of infectious/transmissible/commu... | When are infectious diseases called contagious diseases? | {
"text": [
"when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
57341c75d058e614000b695b | Infection | Infectious diseases are sometimes called contagious disease when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions (e.g., influenza). Thus, a contagious disease is a subset of infectious disease that is especially infective or easily transmitted. Other types of infectious/transmissible/commu... | What is a contagious disease a subset of? | {
"text": [
"infectious disease"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
} |
57341c75d058e614000b695c | Infection | Infectious diseases are sometimes called contagious disease when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions (e.g., influenza). Thus, a contagious disease is a subset of infectious disease that is especially infective or easily transmitted. Other types of infectious/transmissible/commu... | What sets a contagious disease after from a standard infectious disease? | {
"text": [
"especially infective or easily transmitted"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
57341c75d058e614000b695d | Infection | Infectious diseases are sometimes called contagious disease when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions (e.g., influenza). Thus, a contagious disease is a subset of infectious disease that is especially infective or easily transmitted. Other types of infectious/transmissible/commu... | Diseases with vector transmission or sexual transmission don't often require what type of isolation? | {
"text": [
"medical"
],
"answer_start": [
499
]
} |
57341c75d058e614000b695e | Infection | Infectious diseases are sometimes called contagious disease when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions (e.g., influenza). Thus, a contagious disease is a subset of infectious disease that is especially infective or easily transmitted. Other types of infectious/transmissible/commu... | What is not always respected in popular use? | {
"text": [
"specialized connotation of the word \"contagious\""
],
"answer_start": [
581
]
} |
57341d3f4776f419006618a9 | Infection | Infection begins when an organism successfully enters the body, grows and multiplies. This is referred to as colonization. Most humans are not easily infected. Those who are weak, sick, malnourished, have cancer or are diabetic have increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections. Individuals who have a su... | When does infection begin? | {
"text": [
"when an organism successfully enters the body, grows and multiplies."
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
57341d3f4776f419006618aa | Infection | Infection begins when an organism successfully enters the body, grows and multiplies. This is referred to as colonization. Most humans are not easily infected. Those who are weak, sick, malnourished, have cancer or are diabetic have increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections. Individuals who have a su... | What group is not easily infected? | {
"text": [
"humans"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
57341d3f4776f419006618ab | Infection | Infection begins when an organism successfully enters the body, grows and multiplies. This is referred to as colonization. Most humans are not easily infected. Those who are weak, sick, malnourished, have cancer or are diabetic have increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections. Individuals who have a su... | What group of humans have increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections? | {
"text": [
"weak, sick, malnourished, have cancer or are diabetic"
],
"answer_start": [
174
]
} |
57341d3f4776f419006618ac | Infection | Infection begins when an organism successfully enters the body, grows and multiplies. This is referred to as colonization. Most humans are not easily infected. Those who are weak, sick, malnourished, have cancer or are diabetic have increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections. Individuals who have a su... | What individuals are particularly susceptible to opportunistic infections? | {
"text": [
"Individuals who have a suppressed immune system"
],
"answer_start": [
295
]
} |
57341d3f4776f419006618ad | Infection | Infection begins when an organism successfully enters the body, grows and multiplies. This is referred to as colonization. Most humans are not easily infected. Those who are weak, sick, malnourished, have cancer or are diabetic have increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections. Individuals who have a su... | What is it called when a pathogen grows within the host cells? | {
"text": [
"intracellular"
],
"answer_start": [
762
]
} |
57341dc0d058e614000b696a | Infection | Wound colonization refers to nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound, while in infected wounds, replicating organisms exist and tissue is injured. All multicellular organisms are colonized to some degree by extrinsic organisms, and the vast majority of these exist in either a mutualistic or commensal relationshi... | What does wound colonization refer to? | {
"text": [
"nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
57341dc0d058e614000b696b | Infection | Wound colonization refers to nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound, while in infected wounds, replicating organisms exist and tissue is injured. All multicellular organisms are colonized to some degree by extrinsic organisms, and the vast majority of these exist in either a mutualistic or commensal relationshi... | What type of organisms exist and injure tissue in infected wounds? | {
"text": [
"replicating"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
57341dc0d058e614000b696c | Infection | Wound colonization refers to nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound, while in infected wounds, replicating organisms exist and tissue is injured. All multicellular organisms are colonized to some degree by extrinsic organisms, and the vast majority of these exist in either a mutualistic or commensal relationshi... | What are all multcellular organisms colonized to some degree by? | {
"text": [
"extrinsic organisms"
],
"answer_start": [
214
]
} |
57341dc0d058e614000b696e | Infection | Wound colonization refers to nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound, while in infected wounds, replicating organisms exist and tissue is injured. All multicellular organisms are colonized to some degree by extrinsic organisms, and the vast majority of these exist in either a mutualistic or commensal relationshi... | What's the difference between an infection and a colonization? | {
"text": [
"only a matter of circumstance"
],
"answer_start": [
648
]
} |
57341dc0d058e614000b696d | Infection | Wound colonization refers to nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound, while in infected wounds, replicating organisms exist and tissue is injured. All multicellular organisms are colonized to some degree by extrinsic organisms, and the vast majority of these exist in either a mutualistic or commensal relationshi... | What species colonizes the mammalian colon? | {
"text": [
"anaerobic bacteria"
],
"answer_start": [
369
]
} |
57341e404776f419006618c3 | Infection | Because it is normal to have bacterial colonization, it is difficult to know which chronic wounds are infected. Despite the huge number of wounds seen in clinical practice, there are limited quality data for evaluated symptoms and signs. A review of chronic wounds in the Journal of the American Medical Association's "R... | Why is it difficult to now which chronic wounds are infected? | {
"text": [
"Because it is normal to have bacterial colonization"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
57341e404776f419006618c4 | Infection | Because it is normal to have bacterial colonization, it is difficult to know which chronic wounds are infected. Despite the huge number of wounds seen in clinical practice, there are limited quality data for evaluated symptoms and signs. A review of chronic wounds in the Journal of the American Medical Association's "R... | What is there limited quality data for evaluating despite the huge number of wounds seen in a clinical practice? | {
"text": [
"symptoms and signs"
],
"answer_start": [
218
]
} |
57341e404776f419006618c5 | Infection | Because it is normal to have bacterial colonization, it is difficult to know which chronic wounds are infected. Despite the huge number of wounds seen in clinical practice, there are limited quality data for evaluated symptoms and signs. A review of chronic wounds in the Journal of the American Medical Association's "R... | What is increased pain an indicator of? | {
"text": [
"infection"
],
"answer_start": [
420
]
} |
57341e404776f419006618c6 | Infection | Because it is normal to have bacterial colonization, it is difficult to know which chronic wounds are infected. Despite the huge number of wounds seen in clinical practice, there are limited quality data for evaluated symptoms and signs. A review of chronic wounds in the Journal of the American Medical Association's "R... | What does not rule out infection? | {
"text": [
"absence of pain"
],
"answer_start": [
593
]
} |
57341fdd4776f419006618d3 | Infection | Disease can arise if the host's protective immune mechanisms are compromised and the organism inflicts damage on the host. Microorganisms can cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of toxins or destructive enzymes. For example, Clostridium tetani releases a toxin that paralyzes muscles, and staphylococcus releases ... | Disease can arise when an organism inflicts what on the host? | {
"text": [
"damage"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
57341fdd4776f419006618d4 | Infection | Disease can arise if the host's protective immune mechanisms are compromised and the organism inflicts damage on the host. Microorganisms can cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of toxins or destructive enzymes. For example, Clostridium tetani releases a toxin that paralyzes muscles, and staphylococcus releases ... | What can a microorganism cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of? | {
"text": [
"toxins"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
} |
57341fdd4776f419006618d5 | Infection | Disease can arise if the host's protective immune mechanisms are compromised and the organism inflicts damage on the host. Microorganisms can cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of toxins or destructive enzymes. For example, Clostridium tetani releases a toxin that paralyzes muscles, and staphylococcus releases ... | What does the of toxin Clostridium tetani releases do? | {
"text": [
"paralyzes muscles"
],
"answer_start": [
273
]
} |
57341fdd4776f419006618d6 | Infection | Disease can arise if the host's protective immune mechanisms are compromised and the organism inflicts damage on the host. Microorganisms can cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of toxins or destructive enzymes. For example, Clostridium tetani releases a toxin that paralyzes muscles, and staphylococcus releases ... | What releases toxins which product shock and sepsis? | {
"text": [
"staphylococcus"
],
"answer_start": [
296
]
} |
57341fdd4776f419006618d7 | Infection | Disease can arise if the host's protective immune mechanisms are compromised and the organism inflicts damage on the host. Microorganisms can cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of toxins or destructive enzymes. For example, Clostridium tetani releases a toxin that paralyzes muscles, and staphylococcus releases ... | What percentage of people infected with polio develop disease? | {
"text": [
"less than 5%"
],
"answer_start": [
425
]
} |
5734203ed058e614000b6982 | Infection | Persistent infections occur because the body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection. Persistent infections are characterized by the continual presence of the infectious organism, often as latent infection with occasional recurrent relapses of active infection. There are some viruses that can mainta... | Why do persistent infections occur? | {
"text": [
"body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
5734203ed058e614000b6983 | Infection | Persistent infections occur because the body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection. Persistent infections are characterized by the continual presence of the infectious organism, often as latent infection with occasional recurrent relapses of active infection. There are some viruses that can mainta... | What are persistent infections characterized by the continual presence of? | {
"text": [
"the infectious organism"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} |
5734203ed058e614000b6984 | Infection | Persistent infections occur because the body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection. Persistent infections are characterized by the continual presence of the infectious organism, often as latent infection with occasional recurrent relapses of active infection. There are some viruses that can mainta... | How can some viruses main a persistent infection? | {
"text": [
"by infecting different cells of the body"
],
"answer_start": [
346
]
} |
5734203ed058e614000b6985 | Infection | Persistent infections occur because the body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection. Persistent infections are characterized by the continual presence of the infectious organism, often as latent infection with occasional recurrent relapses of active infection. There are some viruses that can mainta... | What never leave the body when acquired? | {
"text": [
"Some viruses"
],
"answer_start": [
388
]
} |
5734203ed058e614000b6986 | Infection | Persistent infections occur because the body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection. Persistent infections are characterized by the continual presence of the infectious organism, often as latent infection with occasional recurrent relapses of active infection. There are some viruses that can mainta... | Where does the herpes virus hide? | {
"text": [
"in nerves"
],
"answer_start": [
496
]
} |
573420d9d058e614000b6996 | Infection | Diagnosis of infectious disease sometimes involves identifying an infectious agent either directly or indirectly. In practice most minor infectious diseases such as warts, cutaneous abscesses, respiratory system infections and diarrheal diseases are diagnosed by their clinical presentation and treated without knowledge... | What does diagnosis of an infectious sometimes involve identifying? | {
"text": [
"an infectious agent either directly or indirectly"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
573420d9d058e614000b6997 | Infection | Diagnosis of infectious disease sometimes involves identifying an infectious agent either directly or indirectly. In practice most minor infectious diseases such as warts, cutaneous abscesses, respiratory system infections and diarrheal diseases are diagnosed by their clinical presentation and treated without knowledge... | Many minor infectious diseases are diagnosed by what type of presentation? | {
"text": [
"clinical"
],
"answer_start": [
269
]
} |
573420d9d058e614000b6998 | Infection | Diagnosis of infectious disease sometimes involves identifying an infectious agent either directly or indirectly. In practice most minor infectious diseases such as warts, cutaneous abscesses, respiratory system infections and diarrheal diseases are diagnosed by their clinical presentation and treated without knowledge... | How are minor infectious diseases treated? | {
"text": [
"without knowledge of the specific causative agent"
],
"answer_start": [
303
]
} |
573420d9d058e614000b6999 | Infection | Diagnosis of infectious disease sometimes involves identifying an infectious agent either directly or indirectly. In practice most minor infectious diseases such as warts, cutaneous abscesses, respiratory system infections and diarrheal diseases are diagnosed by their clinical presentation and treated without knowledge... | What can be identified given sufficient effort? | {
"text": [
"all known infectious agents"
],
"answer_start": [
592
]
} |
573420d9d058e614000b699a | Infection | Diagnosis of infectious disease sometimes involves identifying an infectious agent either directly or indirectly. In practice most minor infectious diseases such as warts, cutaneous abscesses, respiratory system infections and diarrheal diseases are diagnosed by their clinical presentation and treated without knowledge... | Why is it often not worth bothering to identify an infectious agent? | {
"text": [
"greatly outweighed by the cost"
],
"answer_start": [
703
]
} |
573421ecd058e614000b69b2 | Infection | Diagnosis of infectious disease is nearly always initiated by medical history and physical examination. More detailed identification techniques involve the culture of infectious agents isolated from a patient. Culture allows identification of infectious organisms by examining their microscopic features, by detecting th... | How is diagnosis of infectious disease almost always initiated? | {
"text": [
"by medical history and physical examination"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
573421ecd058e614000b69b3 | Infection | Diagnosis of infectious disease is nearly always initiated by medical history and physical examination. More detailed identification techniques involve the culture of infectious agents isolated from a patient. Culture allows identification of infectious organisms by examining their microscopic features, by detecting th... | What does taking a culture of an infectious agent isolated from a patient allow? | {
"text": [
"detailed identification"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} |
573421ecd058e614000b69b4 | Infection | Diagnosis of infectious disease is nearly always initiated by medical history and physical examination. More detailed identification techniques involve the culture of infectious agents isolated from a patient. Culture allows identification of infectious organisms by examining their microscopic features, by detecting th... | What features of an infectious organism does a culture allow examining? | {
"text": [
"microscopic features"
],
"answer_start": [
283
]
} |
573421ecd058e614000b69b5 | Infection | Diagnosis of infectious disease is nearly always initiated by medical history and physical examination. More detailed identification techniques involve the culture of infectious agents isolated from a patient. Culture allows identification of infectious organisms by examining their microscopic features, by detecting th... | What can organisms be directly identified by? | {
"text": [
"its genotype"
],
"answer_start": [
411
]
} |
573421ecd058e614000b69b6 | Infection | Diagnosis of infectious disease is nearly always initiated by medical history and physical examination. More detailed identification techniques involve the culture of infectious agents isolated from a patient. Culture allows identification of infectious organisms by examining their microscopic features, by detecting th... | What technique can be used to produce images of internal abnormalities? | {
"text": [
"X-rays, CAT scans, PET scans or NMR"
],
"answer_start": [
451
]
} |
573422a84776f4190066191d | Infection | Microbiological culture is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease. In a microbial culture, a growth medium is provided for a specific agent. A sample taken from potentially diseased tissue or fluid is then tested for the presence of an infectious agent able to grow within that medium. Most pathogenic bact... | What type of culture is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease? | {
"text": [
"Microbiological"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
573422a84776f4190066191e | Infection | Microbiological culture is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease. In a microbial culture, a growth medium is provided for a specific agent. A sample taken from potentially diseased tissue or fluid is then tested for the presence of an infectious agent able to grow within that medium. Most pathogenic bact... | What type of medium is provided for a specific agent in a microbial culture? | {
"text": [
"growth"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} |
573422a84776f4190066191f | Infection | Microbiological culture is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease. In a microbial culture, a growth medium is provided for a specific agent. A sample taken from potentially diseased tissue or fluid is then tested for the presence of an infectious agent able to grow within that medium. Most pathogenic bact... | What are most pathogenic bacteria easily grown on? | {
"text": [
"nutrient agar"
],
"answer_start": [
345
]
} |
573422a84776f41900661920 | Infection | Microbiological culture is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease. In a microbial culture, a growth medium is provided for a specific agent. A sample taken from potentially diseased tissue or fluid is then tested for the presence of an infectious agent able to grow within that medium. Most pathogenic bact... | What is it called when a visible mound forms on the surface of a plate? | {
"text": [
"a colony"
],
"answer_start": [
583
]
} |
573422a84776f41900661921 | Infection | Microbiological culture is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease. In a microbial culture, a growth medium is provided for a specific agent. A sample taken from potentially diseased tissue or fluid is then tested for the presence of an infectious agent able to grow within that medium. Most pathogenic bact... | What is a region of dead cells resulting from viral growth called? | {
"text": [
"a \"plaque\""
],
"answer_start": [
1459
]
} |
573423284776f4190066192d | Infection | In the absence of suitable plate culture techniques, some microbes require culture within live animals. Bacteria such as Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum can be grown in animals, although serological and microscopic techniques make the use of live animals unnecessary. Viruses are also usually identified usin... | What are live animals required by? | {
"text": [
"some microbes"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
573423284776f4190066192e | Infection | In the absence of suitable plate culture techniques, some microbes require culture within live animals. Bacteria such as Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum can be grown in animals, although serological and microscopic techniques make the use of live animals unnecessary. Viruses are also usually identified usin... | What can Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum be grown in? | {
"text": [
"animals"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
} |
573423284776f4190066192f | Infection | In the absence of suitable plate culture techniques, some microbes require culture within live animals. Bacteria such as Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum can be grown in animals, although serological and microscopic techniques make the use of live animals unnecessary. Viruses are also usually identified usin... | What type of eggs may some viruses be grown in? | {
"text": [
"embryonated"
],
"answer_start": [
397
]
} |
573423284776f41900661930 | Infection | In the absence of suitable plate culture techniques, some microbes require culture within live animals. Bacteria such as Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum can be grown in animals, although serological and microscopic techniques make the use of live animals unnecessary. Viruses are also usually identified usin... | What is Xenodiagnosis? | {
"text": [
"use of a vector to support the growth of an infectious agent"
],
"answer_start": [
477
]
} |
573423294776f41900661931 | Infection | In the absence of suitable plate culture techniques, some microbes require culture within live animals. Bacteria such as Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum can be grown in animals, although serological and microscopic techniques make the use of live animals unnecessary. Viruses are also usually identified usin... | What is it difficult to demonstrate the presence of in Chagas disease? | {
"text": [
"the causative agent"
],
"answer_start": [
651
]
} |
573423bed058e614000b69d0 | Infection | Another principal tool in the diagnosis of infectious disease is microscopy. Virtually all of the culture techniques discussed above rely, at some point, on microscopic examination for definitive identification of the infectious agent. Microscopy may be carried out with simple instruments, such as the compound light mi... | What is microscopy used for? | {
"text": [
"diagnosis of infectious disease"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
573423bed058e614000b69d1 | Infection | Another principal tool in the diagnosis of infectious disease is microscopy. Virtually all of the culture techniques discussed above rely, at some point, on microscopic examination for definitive identification of the infectious agent. Microscopy may be carried out with simple instruments, such as the compound light mi... | What do virtually all culture techniques rely on at some point? | {
"text": [
"microscopic examination"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
573423bed058e614000b69d2 | Infection | Another principal tool in the diagnosis of infectious disease is microscopy. Virtually all of the culture techniques discussed above rely, at some point, on microscopic examination for definitive identification of the infectious agent. Microscopy may be carried out with simple instruments, such as the compound light mi... | What can samples obtained from patients viewed directly under? | {
"text": [
"light microscope"
],
"answer_start": [
452
]
} |
573423bed058e614000b69d3 | Infection | Another principal tool in the diagnosis of infectious disease is microscopy. Virtually all of the culture techniques discussed above rely, at some point, on microscopic examination for definitive identification of the infectious agent. Microscopy may be carried out with simple instruments, such as the compound light mi... | When is microscopy exquisitely specific? | {
"text": [
"when used in combination with antibody based techniques."
],
"answer_start": [
636
]
} |
573423bed058e614000b69d4 | Infection | Another principal tool in the diagnosis of infectious disease is microscopy. Virtually all of the culture techniques discussed above rely, at some point, on microscopic examination for definitive identification of the infectious agent. Microscopy may be carried out with simple instruments, such as the compound light mi... | What can antibodies with artificial fluorescence be directed to do? | {
"text": [
"bind to and identify a specific antigens present on a pathogen"
],
"answer_start": [
812
]
} |
57342435d058e614000b69e4 | Infection | Other microscopic procedures may also aid in identifying infectious agents. Almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye. A cell is normally transparent under a microscope, and using a stai... | What do almost all cells readily stain with? | {
"text": [
"a number of basic dyes"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
57342435d058e614000b69e5 | Infection | Other microscopic procedures may also aid in identifying infectious agents. Almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye. A cell is normally transparent under a microscope, and using a stai... | Why do cells easily stain with dyes? | {
"text": [
"electrostatic attraction"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} |
57342435d058e614000b69e6 | Infection | Other microscopic procedures may also aid in identifying infectious agents. Almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye. A cell is normally transparent under a microscope, and using a stai... | What electronic charge do cellular molecules have? | {
"text": [
"negatively charged"
],
"answer_start": [
179
]
} |
57342435d058e614000b69e7 | Infection | Other microscopic procedures may also aid in identifying infectious agents. Almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye. A cell is normally transparent under a microscope, and using a stai... | What is Geimsa stain? | {
"text": [
"a dye"
],
"answer_start": [
397
]
} |
57342435d058e614000b69e8 | Infection | Other microscopic procedures may also aid in identifying infectious agents. Almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye. A cell is normally transparent under a microscope, and using a stai... | How many methods comprise standard approaches used to classify bacteria and diagnose disease? | {
"text": [
"Two"
],
"answer_start": [
684
]
} |
5734257c4776f41900661961 | Infection | The isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections. The ability of the vira... | What needs to be isolated from infected tissue to provide a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease? | {
"text": [
"enzymes"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
5734257c4776f41900661962 | Infection | The isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections. The ability of the vira... | What enzyme's presence is characteristic of specific types of viral infections? | {
"text": [
"RNA replicases"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
} |
5734257c4776f41900661963 | Infection | The isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections. The ability of the vira... | What does the protein hemagglutinin bind together? | {
"text": [
"red blood cells"
],
"answer_start": [
352
]
} |
5734257c4776f41900661964 | Infection | The isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections. The ability of the vira... | Why are the presence of certain enymzes a tell tale sign of a virus? | {
"text": [
"humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
57342628d058e614000b6a0c | Infection | Serological methods are highly sensitive, specific and often extremely rapid tests used to identify microorganisms. These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. The antigen, usually a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent, is bound by the antibody. This binding... | What methods are highly sensitive, specifc and rapid tests used to identify microorganisms? | {
"text": [
"Serological"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
57342628d058e614000b6a0d | Infection | Serological methods are highly sensitive, specific and often extremely rapid tests used to identify microorganisms. These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. The antigen, usually a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent, is bound by the antibody. This binding... | What are serological tests based upon the ability of an antibody to do? | {
"text": [
"bind specifically to an antigen"
],
"answer_start": [
173
]
} |
57342628d058e614000b6a0e | Infection | Serological methods are highly sensitive, specific and often extremely rapid tests used to identify microorganisms. These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. The antigen, usually a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent, is bound by the antibody. This binding... | What is the antigen bound to by the antibody usually? | {
"text": [
"a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
} |
57342628d058e614000b6a0f | Infection | Serological methods are highly sensitive, specific and often extremely rapid tests used to identify microorganisms. These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. The antigen, usually a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent, is bound by the antibody. This binding... | What does the binding set off that will result in something visibly obvious in various ways? | {
"text": [
"a chain of events"
],
"answer_start": [
335
]
} |
57342628d058e614000b6a10 | Infection | Serological methods are highly sensitive, specific and often extremely rapid tests used to identify microorganisms. These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. The antigen, usually a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent, is bound by the antibody. This binding... | What is the causative agent of "strep throat"? | {
"text": [
"S. pyogenes"
],
"answer_start": [
558
]
} |
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