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Arginine methylation of histone and non-histone proteins is involved in transcription regulation and many other cellular processes . Nevertheless , whether such protein modification plays a regulatory role during apoptosis remains largely unknown . Here we report that the Caenorhabditis elegans homolog of mammalian typ...	Protein arginine methylation is an important posttranslational modification . Aberrant expression of protein arginine methyltransferases ( PRMTs ) are found in a wide variety of human diseases , especially in many cancers . Given that deregulation of apoptosis is usually related to tumorigenesis , it is not known wheth...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology/gene", "expression", "cell", "biology/cellular", "death", "and", "stress", "responses" ]	2009	Caenorhabditis elegans Protein Arginine Methyltransferase PRMT-5 Negatively Regulates DNA Damage-Induced Apoptosis
Variations in cell migration and morphology are consequences of changes in underlying cytoskeletal organization and dynamics . We investigated how these large-scale cellular events emerge as direct consequences of small-scale cytoskeletal molecular activities . Because the properties of the actin cytoskeleton can be mo...	The shape of animal cells is largely determined by the organization of their internal structural elements , including the filamentous structures of their cytoskeleton . Motile cells that crawl across solid substrates must assemble their cytoskeletal actin filaments in a spatially organized way , such that net filament ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "in", "vitro", "biophysics" ]	2007	Emergence of Large-Scale Cell Morphology and Movement from Local Actin Filament Growth Dynamics
Schistosomiasis , one of the most prevalent neglected parasitic diseases affecting humans and animals , is caused by the Platyhelminthes of the genus Schistosoma . Schistosomes are the only trematodes to have evolved sexual dimorphism and the constant pairing with a male is essential for the sexual maturation of the fe...	Schistosomiasis is a neglected disease caused by parasitic flatworms called schistosomes . The disease affects hundreds of millions of people in developing countries in the poorest tropical and subtropical regions of the world and it represents a major public health and socio-economical problem in several countries . I...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion", "and", "conclusion" ]	[ "schistosoma", "invertebrates", "schistosoma", "mansoni", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "reproductive", "system", "helminths", "tropical", "diseases", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "parasitology", "germ", "cells", "developmental", "biology", "oocytes", "n...	2017	Discovery by organism based high-throughput screening of new multi-stage compounds affecting Schistosoma mansoni viability, egg formation and production
Integrative analysis of gene dosage , expression , and ontology ( GO ) data was performed to discover driver genes in the carcinogenesis and chemoradioresistance of cervical cancers . Gene dosage and expression profiles of 102 locally advanced cervical cancers were generated by microarray techniques . Fifty-two of thes...	Genetic gains and losses , i . e . changes in gene dosages , are common abnormalities of human cancers . Discovering these defects and understanding the biological meaning can lead to improved therapeutic opportunities . This paper reports a large scale screening of gene dosage alterations in cervical cancer and gives ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/cancer", "genetics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression" ]	2009	Gene Dosage, Expression, and Ontology Analysis Identifies Driver Genes in the Carcinogenesis and Chemoradioresistance of Cervical Cancer
The onset of anthelmintic treatment of neurocysticercosis ( NCC ) provokes an acute immune response of the host , which in human cases is associated with exacerbation of neurological symptoms . This inflammation can occur at the first days of therapy . So , changes in the brain cysts appearance may be detected by medic...	Neurocysticercosis ( NCC ) is a frequent parasitic infection of the human brain and the most common cause of adult onset epilepsy in developing countries . Acute inflammatory response in NCC plays an important role in the pathogenesis of symptoms by anthelminitic therapies . The anthelmintic recommended therapy for NCC...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "diagnostic", "radiology", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pig", "models", "immunology", "vertebrates", "animals", "mammals", "magnetic", "resonance", "imaging", "animal", "models", "preventive", "medicine", "signs...	2017	Radiological evolution of porcine neurocysticercosis after combined antiparasitic treatment with praziquantel and albendazole
There is strong evidence that hotspots of meiotic recombination in humans are transient features of the genome . For example , hotspot locations are not shared between human and chimpanzee . Biased gene conversion in favor of alleles that locally disrupt hotspots is a possible explanation of the short lifespan of hotsp...	Recombination is a fundamental component of mammalian meiosis , required to help ensure that daughter cells receive the correct complement of chromosomes . This is highly important , as incorrect segregation causes miscarriage and disorders such as Down syndrome . In addition to its mechanistic function , recombination...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "homo", "(human)", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "computational", "biology" ]	2007	Live Hot, Die Young: Transmission Distortion in Recombination Hotspots
For many animals , chemosensation is essential for guiding social behavior . However , because multiple factors can modulate levels of individual chemical cues , deriving information about other individuals via natural chemical stimuli involves considerable challenges . How social information is extracted despite these...	Across the animal kingdom , chemical senses play a central role in guiding social behaviors by conveying information about particular behaviorally relevant traits . However , decoding these traits from profiles of chemical cues is challenging since cue levels are modulated by multiple factors . Here , we investigate ho...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "brain", "neuroscience", "saliva", "urine", "multivariate", "analysis", "physiological", "processes", "animal", "behavior", "mathematics", "statistics", "(mathematics)", "artificial", "intelligence", "zoology", "r...	2016	Extracting Behaviorally Relevant Traits from Natural Stimuli: Benefits of Combinatorial Representations at the Accessory Olfactory Bulb
Listeria monocytogenes is an important cause of maternal-fetal infections and serves as a model organism to study these important but poorly understood events . L . monocytogenes can infect non-phagocytic cells by two means: direct invasion and cell-to-cell spread . The relative contribution of each method to placental...	Placental infections can lead to severe pregnancy complications as well as infection of the fetus and newborn with significant morbidity and mortality . Pathogens that are able to cross the maternal-fetal barrier typically have life cycles inside host cells . Among these is the facultative intracellular bacterial patho...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/bacterial", "infections", "infectious", "diseases/gynecologic", "infections", "microbiology/parasitology" ]	2010	Placental Syncytiotrophoblast Constitutes a Major Barrier to Vertical Transmission of Listeria monocytogenes
XRN2 is a 5’-3’ exoribonuclease implicated in transcription termination . Here we demonstrate an unexpected role for XRN2 in the DNA damage response involving resolution of R-loop structures and prevention of DNA double-strand breaks ( DSBs ) . We show that XRN2 undergoes DNA damage-inducible nuclear re-localization , ...	Genomic instability is one of the primary causes of disease states , in particular cancer . One major cause of genomic instability is the formation of DNA double strand breaks ( DSBs ) , which are one of the most dangerous types of DNA lesions the cell can encounter . If not repaired in a timely manner , one DSB can le...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "genetic", "networks", "gene", "regulation", "fibroblasts", "dna", "transcription", "dna", "damage", "dna", "replication", "connective", "tissue", "cells", "genome", "analysis", "network", "analysis", "dna", "small", "interferi...	2016	XRN2 Links Transcription Termination to DNA Damage and Replication Stress
Measles is a highly contagious and severe disease . Despite mass vaccination , it remains a leading cause of death in children in developing regions , killing 114 , 900 globally in 2014 . In 2006 , China committed to eliminating measles by 2012; to this end , the country enhanced its mandatory vaccination programs and ...	Measles is a highly infectious disease . Eradication of measles can nevertheless be achieved with vaccination of 90–95% of a population , as shown in theory and practice . In China , however , measles continues to infect thousands of people each year despite vaccination coverage above 95% . This conundrum challenges me...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "death", "rates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "labor", "mobility", "china", "pathogens", "immunology", "geographical", "locations", "microbiology", "social", "sciences", "viruses", "preventive", "medicine", "rna...	2017	Geospatial characteristics of measles transmission in China during 2005−2014
Cell polarization toward an attractant is influenced by both physical and chemical factors . Most existing mathematical models are based on reaction-diffusion systems and only focus on the chemical process occurring during cell polarization . However , membrane tension has been shown to act as a long-range inhibitor of...	The coupling of mechanical and chemical factors has been consistently shown to regulate a variety of cellular processes such as cell polarization , migration and fate determination . However , most of the modeling work on biological systems still focuses on chemical systems . Here , we established a minimal cell polari...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "physiology", "classical", "mechanics", "built", "structures", "laboratory", "equipment", "engineering", "and", "technology", "laboratory", "glassware", "cell", "polarity", "membrane", "structures", "damage", "mechanics", "cellular", "structures", "and", "organell...	2017	Exploring the inhibitory effect of membrane tension on cell polarization
Detection of congenital T . cruzi transmission is considered one of the pillars of control programs of Chagas disease . Congenital transmission accounts for 25% of new infections with an estimated 15 , 000 infected infants per year . Current programs to detect congenital Chagas disease in Latin America utilize microsco...	Congenital Chagas disease is one of the main pillars for the control of Chagas disease because 25% of new infections occur by this route . Conventional diagnosis of congenital Chagas disease is based on microscopy at birth and serology at 9 months . However microscopy misses many infections and many at-risk infants fai...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "chagas", "disease", "nanoparticles", "engineering", "and", "technology", "nanotechnology", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "vector-borne", "diseases", "pediatric", "infections", "protozoan", "infect...	2014	Use of a Novel Chagas Urine Nanoparticle Test (Chunap) for Diagnosis of Congenital Chagas Disease
The tradeoff between the need to suppress drug-resistant viruses and the problem of treatment toxicity has led to the development of various drug-sparing HIV-1 treatment strategies . Here we use a stochastic simulation model for viral dynamics to investigate how the timing and duration of the induction phase of inducti...	Clinicians treating HIV infection must balance the need to suppress viral replication against the harmful side effects and significant cost of antiretroviral therapy . Inadequate therapy often results in the emergence of resistant viruses and treatment failure . These difficulties are especially acute in resource-poor ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "viruses", "infectious", "diseases", "mathematics", "ecology", "virology", "computational", "biology", "homo", "(human)" ]	2007	Optimal Timing and Duration of Induction Therapy for HIV-1 Infection
Human noroviruses ( huNoV ) are the most frequent cause of non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis worldwide , particularly genogroup II genotype 4 ( GII . 4 ) variants . The viral nonstructural ( NS ) proteins encoded by the ORF1 polyprotein induce vesical clusters harboring the viral replication sites . Little is known s...	Positive-strand RNA viruses induce membrane alterations harboring the viral replication complexes . In the case of human noroviruses ( huNoV ) , the major cause of acute viral gastroenteritis , these are induced by the ORF1 polyprotein , which is post-translationally processed into the functional nonstructural ( NS ) p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "transfection", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "vesicles", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "built", "structures", "engineering", "and", "technology", "pathogens", "microbiology", "viral", "structure", "viruses", "rna", "viruses", "membrane", "str...	2017	Membrane alterations induced by nonstructural proteins of human norovirus
Human African Trypanosomiasis ( HAT ) is caused by two trypanosome sub-species , Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense . Drugs available for the treatment of HAT have significant issues related to difficult administration regimes and limited efficacy across species and disease stages . Hence ,...	Human African Sleeping Sickness ( HAT ) is a disease caused by sub-species of Trypanosoma . The disease affects developing countries within Africa , mainly occurring in rural regions that lack resources to purchase drugs for treatment . Drugs that are currently available have significant side effects , and treatment re...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "medicinal", "chemistry", "drugs", "and", "devices", "chemistry" ]	2012	Identification of Compounds with Anti-Proliferative Activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei Strain 427 by a Whole Cell Viability Based HTS Campaign
Junín virus ( JUNV ) , the etiologic agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever ( AHF ) , is classified by the NIAID and CDC as a Category A priority pathogen . Presently , antiviral therapy for AHF is limited to immune plasma , which is readily available only in the endemic regions of Argentina . T-705 ( favipiravir ) is a ...	Argentine hemorrhagic fever ( AHF ) is a severe and often-fatal disease caused by infection with Junín virus ( JUNV ) . Presently , there is an unmet need to develop new therapeutics to address current medical , public health and national security concerns , as JUNV is considered a potential bioterror agent amenable to...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2013	Favipiravir (T-705) Inhibits Junín Virus Infection and Reduces Mortality in a Guinea Pig Model of Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever
During spatial navigation , the frequency and timing of spikes from spatial neurons including place cells in hippocampus and grid cells in medial entorhinal cortex are temporally organized by continuous theta oscillations ( 6–11 Hz ) . The theta rhythm is regulated by subcortical structures including the medial septum ...	Spatial cognition in mammals depends on position-related activity in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex . Hippocampal place cells and entorhinal grid cells carry distinct maps as rodents move around . The grid cell map is thought to measure angles and distances from previous locations using path integration , a stra...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "action", "potentials", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "classical", "mechanics", "neural", "networks", "membrane", "potential", "brain", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "precession", "computational", "neuroscience", "crystallo...	2019	Spatial synchronization codes from coupled rate-phase neurons
Mutations in PINK1 and Parkin cause familial , early onset Parkinson's disease . In Drosophila melanogaster , PINK1 and Parkin mutants show similar phenotypes , such as swollen and dysfunctional mitochondria , muscle degeneration , energy depletion , and dopaminergic ( DA ) neuron loss . We previously showed that PINK1...	Parkinson's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease affecting the aging population . Clinically it manifests as tremor , muscle rigidity , slow movement , and postural instability . Parkinson's disease is a chronic disorder , and its occurrence and progression are determined by genetic backgrounds and envi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "neurological", "disorders" ]	2010	Reduction of Protein Translation and Activation of Autophagy Protect against PINK1 Pathogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster
Zika virus ( ZIKV ) , a flavivirus transmitted primarily by Aedes aegypti , has recently spread globally in an unprecedented fashion , yet we have a poor understanding of host-microbe interactions in this system . To gain insights into the interplay between ZIKV and the mosquito , we sequenced the small RNA profiles in...	Vector-borne viruses have immense impacts on human health by causing mortality and morbidity . Control of diseases caused by these viruses have mostly concentrated on vector control or inhibition of virus transmission by the vectors . This requires a thorough understanding of vector-virus interactions . In this study ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "and", "discussion" ]	[ "sequencing", "techniques", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "rna", "interference", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "gene", "regulation", "pathogens", "rna", "extraction", "microbiology", "animals", "viruses", "micrornas", "rna", "...	2017	Zika virus alters the microRNA expression profile and elicits an RNAi response in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes
High-throughput RNA sequencing enables quantification of transcripts ( both known and novel ) , exon/exon junctions and fusions of exons from different genes . Discovery of gene fusions–particularly those expressed with low abundance– is a challenge with short- and medium-length sequencing reads . To address this chall...	Advances in sequencing technology are enabling detailed characterization of RNA transcripts from biological samples . The fundamental challenge of accurately mapping the reads on transcripts and gleaning biological meaning from the data remains . One class of transcripts , gene fusions , is particularly important in ca...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "algorithms", "computer", "applications", "genome", "analysis", "tools", "computer", "science", "genomics", "biology", "computational", "biology" ]	2012	RNA-Seq Mapping and Detection of Gene Fusions with a Suffix Array Algorithm
It was recently reported that the production of Reactive Oxygen Species ( ROS ) is a common mechanism of cell death induced by bactericidal antibiotics . Here we show that triggering the Escherichia coli chromosomal toxin–antitoxin system mazEF is an additional determinant in the mode of action of some antibiotics . We...	The modes of action of antibiotics are mainly characterized by the effect they have on their targets . Recently , it was reported that the formation of Reactive Oxygen Species ( ROS ) is a common downstream mechanism of antibiotics that leads to cell death—called bactericidal—while the bacteriostatic antibiotics—causin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "microbiology", "chemical", "biology", "molecular", "biology" ]	2008	The Communication Factor EDF and the Toxin–Antitoxin Module mazEF Determine the Mode of Action of Antibiotics
The hormone auxin plays a crucial role in plant morphogenesis . In the shoot apical meristem , the PIN-FORMED1 ( PIN1 ) efflux carrier concentrates auxin into local maxima in the epidermis , which position incipient leaf or floral primordia . From these maxima , PIN1 transports auxin into internal tissues along emergen...	Computational models and functional studies using the plant Arabidopsis thaliana have led to competing models for how the PIN-FORMED1 ( PIN1 ) auxin transporter polarizes in the cell to create both the maxima required for organ initiation and the narrow streams required for vein patterning . Here we identify a previous...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "plant", "growth", "and", "development", "plant", "cell", "biology", "xylem", "developmental", "biology", "plant", "science", "model", "organisms", "mathematics", "molecular", "genetics", "morphogenesis", "pattern", "formation", "arabidopsis", ...	2014	A Division in PIN-Mediated Auxin Patterning during Organ Initiation in Grasses
Trypanosoma brucei is transmitted between mammalian hosts by the tsetse fly . In the mammal , they are exclusively extracellular , continuously replicating within the bloodstream . During this stage , the mitochondrion lacks a functional electron transport chain ( ETC ) . Successful transition to the fly , requires act...	In African trypanosomes , many of the mitochondrial mRNAs require extensive RNA editing before they can be translated . During this process , each edited transcript can undergo hundreds of cleavage/ligation events as U-residues are inserted or deleted to generate a translatable open reading frame . A major paradox has ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "messenger", "rna", "parasitic", "protozoans", "trypanosoma", "brucei", "mutation", "trypanosoma", "brucei", "gambiense", "protozoans", "genome", "analysis", "nonsense", "mutation", "mitochondria", "bioenergetics", "cellular", "structures", "and", "organelles", "research", ...	2017	Mitochondrial dual-coding genes in Trypanosoma brucei
To determine whether the distinctive features of Caenorhabditis elegans chromosomal organization are shared with the C . briggsae genome , we constructed a single nucleotide polymorphism–based genetic map to order and orient the whole genome shotgun assembly along the six C . briggsae chromosomes . Although these speci...	The importance of chromosomal organization in the fitness of a species is only poorly understood . The publication of the C . elegans genome sequence in 1998 revealed features of higher level organization that suggested its chromosomes were organized into distinct domains . Chromosome arms were accumulating changes mor...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "caenorhabditis", "computational", "biology", "molecular", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2007	Comparison of C. elegans and C. briggsae Genome Sequences Reveals Extensive Conservation of Chromosome Organization and Synteny
Type 1 diabetes ( T1D ) is a chronic multi-factorial disorder characterized by the immune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells . Variations at a large number of genes influence susceptibility to spontaneous autoimmune T1D in non-obese diabetic ( NOD ) mice , one of the most frequently studied...	The complex interplay of environmental factors and genetic traits determines the susceptibility of an individual to autoimmune disease such as type 1 diabetes ( T1D ) . Despite T1D being one of the most common and most studied polygenic autoimmune disorders , the mechanisms underlying the immune-mediated destruction of...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "immune", "physiology", "spleen", "immunology", "cloning", "bone", "marrow", "cells", "diabetes", "mellitus", "endocrine", "disorders", "lymph", "nodes", "lymphatic", "system", "molecular", ...	2019	Genetic and functional data identifying Cd101 as a type 1 diabetes (T1D) susceptibility gene in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice
Polycomb group ( PcG ) proteins are part of a conserved cell memory system that conveys epigenetic inheritance of silenced transcriptional states through cell division . Despite the considerable amount of information about PcG mechanisms controlling gene silencing , how PcG proteins maintain repressive chromatin during...	During embryonic development , pluripotent cells divide and use their potential to differentiate into a variety of cells with identical genomes but different phenotypes . The emerging concept suggests that the DNA sequence information is not the sole determinant of cell identity . Indeed , epigenetic mechanisms , actin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "cell", "biology", "genetics", "epigenetics", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2011	PcG Complexes Set the Stage for Epigenetic Inheritance of Gene Silencing in Early S Phase before Replication
Transposable elements ( TEs ) are obligate genetic parasites that propagate in host genomes by replicating in germline nuclei , thereby ensuring transmission to offspring . This selfish replication not only produces deleterious mutations—in extreme cases , TE mobilization induces genotoxic stress that prohibits the pro...	Transposable elements ( TEs ) , or “jumping genes , ” are mobile fragments of selfish DNA that leave deleterious mutations and DNA damage in their wake as they spread through host genomes . Their harmful effects are known to select for resistance by the host , in which the propagation of TEs is regulated and reduced . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "reproductive", "system", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "quantitative", "trait", "loci", "atrophy", "alleles", "invertebrate", "genomics", "animals", "genetic", "mapping", "animal", "models", "dro...	2018	QTL mapping of natural variation reveals that the developmental regulator bruno reduces tolerance to P-element transposition in the Drosophila female germline
The bacterial pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae ( Gc ) infects mucosal sites rich in antimicrobial proteins , including the bacterial cell wall-degrading enzyme lysozyme . Certain Gram-negative bacteria produce protein inhibitors that bind to and inhibit lysozyme . Here , we identify Ng_1063 as a new inhibitor of lysozyme...	The mucosal pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae has acquired resistance to almost all recommended antibiotics , and no gonorrhea vaccine currently exists . Attractive targets for therapeutic discovery include bacterial factors that , when inactivated , enhance bacterial susceptibility to host-derived antimicrobial component...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "blood", "serum", "complement", "system", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "immune", "cells", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "body", "fluids", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "pseudomonas", "a...	2018	Neisseria gonorrhoeae employs two protein inhibitors to evade killing by human lysozyme
In bacterial genomes composed of more than one chromosome , one replicon is typically larger , harbors more essential genes than the others , and is considered primary . The greater variability of secondary chromosomes among related taxa has led to the theory that they serve as an accessory genome for specific niches o...	Why many bacteria have multiple chromosomes is largely unknown , but a leading hypothesis is that secondary chromosomes evolved from plasmids and now serve as accessory genomes . We tested a key prediction of this theory that genes on secondary chromosomes should evolve faster because they are under less selective cons...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "computational", "biology/population", "genetics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "evolutionary", "biology/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "evolutionary", "biology/evolutionary", "and", "comparative", "genetics", "microbiolo...	2010	Why Genes Evolve Faster on Secondary Chromosomes in Bacteria
We conducted a systematic literature review with indirect comparison of studies evaluating therapeutic efficacy and toxicity associated to visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) therapy among HIV infected individuals . The outcomes of interest were clinical and parasitological cure , mortality , and adverse events . PRISMA guid...	In co-infection with HIV/AIDS , visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) most often results in an unfavorable response to treatment , frequent relapses , and in premature deaths . Scarce data is available regarding the treatment of leishmaniasis in HIV-infected patients ( VL-HIV ) . Despite this , clinical decisions must be made ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "sexually", "transmitted", "diseases", "aids", "leishmaniasis", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases" ]	2013	Efficacy of Anti-Leishmania Therapy in Visceral Leishmaniasis among HIV Infected Patients: A Systematic Review with Indirect Comparison
Host immune responses against infectious pathogens exert strong selective pressures favouring the emergence of escape mutations that prevent immune recognition . Escape mutations within or flanking functionally conserved epitopes can occur at a significant cost to the pathogen in terms of its ability to replicate effec...	Viruses , such as HIV , are able to evade host immune responses through escape mutations , yet sometimes they do so at a cost . This cost is the reduction in the ability of the virus to replicate , and thus selective pressure exists for a virus to revert to its original state in the absence of the host immune response ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "computational", "biology/evolutionary", "modeling", "virology/immune", "evasion" ]	2008	Frequent Toggling between Alternative Amino Acids Is Driven by Selection in HIV-1
Salinity is a major factor limiting crop productivity . Rice ( Oryza sativa ) , a staple crop for the majority of the world , is highly sensitive to salinity stress . To discover novel sources of genetic variation for salt tolerance-related traits in rice , we screened 390 diverse accessions under 14 days of moderate (...	Despite intensive research , few genes have been identified that underlie natural variation for salinity responses in rice . In this study , we used a rice diversity panel for genome wide association mapping to identify HKT1;1 as a factor regulating Na+ distribution . Within the rice diversity panel we observed higher ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "oryza", "quantitative", "trait", "loci", "plant", "growth", "and", "development", "vertebrates", "animals", "genetic", "mapping", "xenopus", "animal", "models", "developmental", "biology", "plant", "science", "rice", "model", "organisms", "amphibians", "experimental", ...	2017	Allelic variants of OsHKT1;1 underlie the divergence between indica and japonica subspecies of rice (Oryza sativa) for root sodium content
Structural genetic changes , especially copy number variants ( CNVs ) , represent a major source of genetic variation contributing to human disease . Tetralogy of Fallot ( TOF ) is the most common form of cyanotic congenital heart disease , but to date little is known about the role of CNVs in the etiology of TOF . Usi...	Congenital heart disease affects nearly 1% of all live births . Tetralogy of Fallot ( TOF ) is the most common form of cyanotic congenital heart disease . This condition is associated with hemizygous deletions of chromosome 22q11 . 2 and chromosomal trisomies , but little else is known about the genetic heterogeneity o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "clinical", "genetics", "chromosomal", "disorders", "chromosomal", "deletions", "and", "duplications", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "congenital", "heart", "disease", "cardiovascular" ]	2012	Rare Copy Number Variations in Adults with Tetralogy of Fallot Implicate Novel Risk Gene Pathways
By binding to the adaptor protein SKP1 and serving as substrate receptors for the SKP1 Cullin , F-box E3 ubiquitin ligase complex , F-box proteins regulate critical cellular processes including cell cycle progression and membrane trafficking . While F-box proteins are conserved throughout eukaryotes and are well studie...	Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that can cause devastating and life-threatening disease in immunocompromised patients and in fetuses . Its replication is important to study because parasite growth is responsible for the pathology that develops in toxoplasmosis patients . The parasite replicates by a unique pr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "parasite", "groups", "centrosomes", "microtubules", "parasite", "replication", "parasitic", "cell", "cycles", "parasitic", "protozoans", "parasitology", "membrane", "proteins", "developmental", "biology", "apicomplexa", "protozoans", "toxoplasma", "sequence", "motif", "ana...	2019	Toxoplasma F-box protein 1 is required for daughter cell scaffold function during parasite replication
Multivariate decoding methods , such as multivoxel pattern analysis ( MVPA ) , are highly effective at extracting information from brain imaging data . Yet , the precise nature of the information that MVPA draws upon remains controversial . Most current theories emphasize the enhanced sensitivity imparted by aggregatin...	A central challenge in cognitive neuroscience is decoding mental representations from patterns of brain activity . With functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) , multivariate decoding methods like multivoxel pattern analysis ( MVPA ) have produced numerous discoveries about the brain . However , what information...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "statistical", "noise", "diagnostic", "radiology", "functional", "magnetic", "resonance", "imaging", "engineering", "and", "technology", "signal", "processing", "neuroscience", "magnetic", "resonance", "imaging", "simulation", "and...	2017	Noise correlations in the human brain and their impact on pattern classification
High rates of error-prone replication result in the rapid accumulation of genetic diversity of RNA viruses . Recent studies suggest that mutation rates are selected for optimal viral fitness and that modest variations in replicase fidelity may be associated with viral attenuation . Arthropod-borne viruses ( arboviruses...	West Nile virus ( WNV ) is the most geographically widespread arthropod-borne virus ( arbovirus ) in the world . Like most arboviruses , WNV is a RNA virus which is highly mutable and exists in nature as genetically diverse mutant swarms . Although many recent studies have investigated the relationship between virus mu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Sequence-Specific Fidelity Alterations Associated with West Nile Virus Attenuation in Mosquitoes
The sterol sensor SCAP is a key regulator of SREBP-2 , the major transcription factor controlling cholesterol synthesis . Recently , we showed that there is a global down-regulation of cholesterol synthetic genes , as well as SREBP-2 , in the brains of diabetic mice , leading to a reduction of cholesterol synthesis . W...	Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer disease , depression , and cognitive decline , but the causal link underlying these associations is unclear . We previously showed that in diabetic mice there is a reduction in brain synthesis of cholesterol , which is required for normal formation of synapses ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "lipids", "central", "nervous", "system", "synapses", "diabetic", "endocrinology", "endocrine", "system", "biology", "neurological", "system", "anatomy", "and", "physiology", "neuroscience", "lipid", "metabolism", "animal", "cognition" ]	2013	Reduction of the Cholesterol Sensor SCAP in the Brains of Mice Causes Impaired Synaptic Transmission and Altered Cognitive Function
DNA interstrand crosslinks ( ICLs ) are toxic lesions that block the progression of replication and transcription . CtIP is a conserved DNA repair protein that facilitates DNA end resection in the double-strand break ( DSB ) repair pathway . Here we show that CtIP plays a critical role during initiation of ICL processi...	One of the most lethal forms of DNA damage is the interstrand crosslink ( ICL ) . An ICL is a chemical bridge between two nucleotides on complementary strands of DNA . An unrepaired ICL is toxic because it poses an unsurpassable block to DNA replication and transcription . Certain forms of cancer treatment exploit the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "biology", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	CtIP Is Required to Initiate Replication-Dependent Interstrand Crosslink Repair
Determining how facultative anaerobic organisms sense and direct cellular responses to electron acceptor availability has been a subject of intense study . However , even in the model organism Escherichia coli , established mechanisms only explain a small fraction of the hundreds of genes that are regulated during elec...	All heterotrophic organisms must balance the deployment of consumed carbon compounds between growth and the generation of energy . These two competing objectives have been shown , both computationally and experimentally , to exist as the principal dimensions of the function of metabolic networks . Each of these dimensi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "applied", "microbiology", "systems", "biology", "biochemistry", "computer", "and", "information", "sciences", "industrial", "microbiology", "network", "analysis", "metabolic", "pathways", "microbial", "control", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "met...	2014	Determining the Control Circuitry of Redox Metabolism at the Genome-Scale
The calcium-gated potassium channel SLO-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans was recently identified as key component for action of emodepside , a new anthelmintic drug with broad spectrum activity . In this study we identified orthologues of slo-1 in Ancylostoma caninum , Cooperia oncophora , and Haemonchus contortus , all imp...	In parasitic nematodes , experiments at the molecular level are currently not feasible , since in vitro culture and genetic engineering are still in their infancy . In the present study we chose the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans not only as a mere expression system for genes from parasitic nematodes , but used ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "pharmacology/drug", "development", "infectious", "diseases/helminth", "infections", "microbiology/parasitology", "infectious", "diseases/antimicrobials", "and", "drug", "resistance" ]	2011	SLO-1-Channels of Parasitic Nematodes Reconstitute Locomotor Behaviour and Emodepside Sensitivity in Caenorhabditis elegans slo-1 Loss of Function Mutants
Tick-borne diseases are increasing all over the word , including Turkey . The aim of this study was to determine the bacterial and protozoan vector-borne pathogens in ticks infesting humans in the Corum province of Turkey . From March to November 2014 a total of 322 ticks were collected from patients who attended the l...	Ticks are important vectors for different kind of pathogens , both of medical and veterinary importance , while tick-borne diseases ( TBDs ) are increasing all over the world . In Turkey , many important human and zoonotic TBDs such as , Lyme borreliosis , rickettsiosis , anaplasmosis , ehrlichiosis , tularemia , barto...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "taxonomy", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "parasite", "groups", "ixodes", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "animals", "rickettsia", "parasitology", "parasitic", "protozoans", "mammals", "...	2018	Bacterial and protozoal pathogens found in ticks collected from humans in Corum province of Turkey
Erythema nodosum leprosum ( ENL ) is a common immune-mediated complication of lepromatous ( LL ) and borderline lepromatous ( BL ) leprosy . Most patients experience chronic or multiple acute ENL over many years during an economically active period of their lives . Understanding the economic burden of ENL is essential ...	Erythema nodosum leprosum ( ENL ) is a common complication of leprosy and an important cause of nerve damage and disability . In most cases , ENL causes chronic or recurrent episodes of ill-health over many years . In this study , we show that having a family member affected by ENL places considerable financial burden ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Household Costs of Leprosy Reactions (ENL) in Rural India
One hallmark of pathogenic yersiniae is their ability to rapidly adjust their life-style and pathogenesis upon host entry . In order to capture the range , magnitude and complexity of the underlying gene control mechanisms we used comparative RNA-seq-based transcriptomic profiling of the enteric pathogen Y . pseudotube...	Many bacterial pathogens cycle between environmental sources and mammalian hosts . Adaptation to the different natural habitats and host niches is achieved through complex regulatory networks which adjust synthesis of the large repertoire of crucial virulence factors and fitness determinants . To uncover underlying con...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Transcriptomic Profiling of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Reveals Reprogramming of the Crp Regulon by Temperature and Uncovers Crp as a Master Regulator of Small RNAs
The molecular mechanism by which non-enveloped viruses penetrate biological membranes remains enigmatic . The non-enveloped polyomavirus SV40 penetrates the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) membrane to reach the cytosol and cause infection . We previously demonstrated that SV40 creates its own membrane penetration structur...	Polyomavirus ( PyV ) is a non-enveloped DNA tumor virus that causes debilitating human diseases especially in immunocompromised individuals . At the cellular level , PyVs such as the simian PyV SV40 must enter a host cell and penetrate the ER membrane to reach the cytosol in order to cause infection . Prior to ER membr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "sv40", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "molecular", "probe", "techniques", "gene", "regulation", "pathogens", "endoplasmic", "reticulum", "cell", "processes", "microbiology", "immunoblotting", "viruses", "membrane", ...	2017	Regulated Erlin-dependent release of the B12 transmembrane J-protein promotes ER membrane penetration of a non-enveloped virus
DNA hydroxymethylation has recently been shown to play critical roles in regulating gene expression and terminal differentiation events in a variety of developmental contexts . However , little is known about its function during eye development . Methylcytosine dioxygenases of the Tet family convert 5-methylcytosine ( ...	Tet enzymes function to convert methylated cytosines ( 5mC ) to hydroxymethylated cytosines ( 5hmC ) , an epigenetic mark associated with active transcription or as a precursor to demethylation . Here , we generated zebrafish tet2-/-;tet3-/- mutants , which are deficient in the ability to convert 5mC to 5hmC . We ident...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "&", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "neuronal", "differentiation", "ocular", "anatomy", "neuroscience", "cell", "differentiation", "developmental", "biology", "optic", "nerve", "ganglion", "cells", "epigenetics", "dna", "embryos", "chromatin", "dna", "methylation", ...	2017	Tet-mediated DNA hydroxymethylation regulates retinal neurogenesis by modulating cell-extrinsic signaling pathways
Lujo virus ( LUJV ) , a new member of the family Arenaviridae and the first hemorrhagic fever–associated arenavirus from the Old World discovered in three decades , was isolated in South Africa during an outbreak of human disease characterized by nosocomial transmission and an unprecedented high case fatality rate of 8...	In September and October 2008 , five cases of undiagnosed hemorrhagic fever , four of them fatal , were recognized in South Africa after air transfer of a critically ill index case from Zambia . Serum and tissue samples from victims were subjected to unbiased pyrosequencing , yielding within 72 hours of sample receipt ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "virology/diagnosis", "virology/emerging", "viral", "diseases", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/epidemiology", "infectious", "diseases/viral", "infections", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/infectious", "diseases", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/nosoc...	2009	Genetic Detection and Characterization of Lujo Virus, a New Hemorrhagic Fever–Associated Arenavirus from Southern Africa
Integration into the nuclear genome of germ line cells can lead to vertical inheritance of retroviral genes as host alleles . For other viruses , germ line integration has only rarely been documented . Nonetheless , we identified endogenous viral elements ( EVEs ) derived from ten non-retroviral families by systematic ...	The presence of retrovirus sequences in animal genomes has been recognized since the 1970s , but is readily explained by the fact that these viruses integrate into chromosomal DNA as part of their normal replication cycle . Unexpectedly , however , we identified a large and diverse population of sequences in animal gen...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "virology/virus", "evolution", "and", "symbiosis", "evolutionary", "biology/paleontology", "computational", "biology/genomics" ]	2010	Endogenous Viral Elements in Animal Genomes
Heterogametic sex chromosomes have evolved independently in various lineages of vertebrates . Such sex chromosome pairs often contain nonrecombining regions , with one of the chromosomes harboring a master sex-determining ( SD ) gene . It is hypothesized that these sex chromosomes evolved from a pair of autosomes that ...	Diverse systems of sex determination have evolved independently in the animal and plant kingdoms . In vertebrates , so far four master sex-determining ( SD ) genes , Sry , Dmrt1 , Dmy , and Dm-W , have been identified . These genes code for transcription factors and are located on only one of the sex chromosomes surrou...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genomics", "genetic", "mutation", "functional", "genomics", "genome", "evolution", "genomic", "evolution", "genetics", "molecular", "genetics", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology", "comparative", "genomics", "evolutionary", "genetics", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	A Trans-Species Missense SNP in Amhr2 Is Associated with Sex Determination in the Tiger Pufferfish, Takifugu rubripes (Fugu)
While phosphotyrosine modification is an established regulatory mechanism in eukaryotes , it is less well characterized in bacteria due to low prevalence . To gain insight into the extent and biological importance of tyrosine phosphorylation in Escherichia coli , we used immunoaffinity-based phosphotyrosine peptide enr...	While phosphotyrosine modification is established in eukaryote cell signaling , it is less characterized in bacteria . Despite that deletion of bacterial tyrosine kinases is known to affect various cellular functions and virulence of bacterial pathogens , few phosphotyrosine proteins are currently known . To gain insig...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "biology" ]	2013	The Escherichia coli Phosphotyrosine Proteome Relates to Core Pathways and Virulence
Toll-like receptors ( TLR ) are important in recognizing microbial pathogens and triggering host innate immune responses , including autophagy , and in the mediation of immune activation during human immunodeficiency virus type-1 ( HIV ) infection . We report here that TLR8 activation in human macrophages induces the e...	Cells use macroautophagy ( autophagy - ‘self-eating’ , lysosome-dependent degradation and recycling of intracellular components in response to stress ) as a mechanism to detect intracellular pathogens through pattern-recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors ( TLRs ) that recognize signature molecules of pathog...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "cellular", "stress", "responses", "microbiology", "immunodeficiency", "viruses", "infectious", "diseases", "medical", "microbiology", "hiv", "microbial", "pathogens", "biology", "pathogenesis", "cell", "biology", "immunity", "virology", "innate", "immunity", ...	2012	Toll-Like Receptor 8 Ligands Activate a Vitamin D Mediated Autophagic Response that Inhibits Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1
Neurons in different layers of sensory cortex generally have different functional properties . But what determines firing rates and tuning properties of neurons in different layers ? Orientation selectivity in primary visual cortex ( V1 ) is an interesting case to study these questions . Thalamic projections essentiall...	Understanding the precise roles of neuronal sub-populations in shaping the activity of networks is a fundamental objective of neuroscience research . In complex neuronal network structures like the neocortex , the relation between the connectome and the algorithm implemented in it is often not self-explaining . To this...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "action", "potentials", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "neural", "networks", "membrane", "potential", "brain", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "mathematics", "algebra", "network", "analysis", "computational", "neuroscience", "neuronal", "tuning", "computer", ...	2019	Propagation of orientation selectivity in a spiking network model of layered primary visual cortex
Malaria parasite infection is initiated by the mosquito-transmitted sporozoite stage , a highly motile invasive cell that targets hepatocytes in the liver for infection . A promising approach to developing a malaria vaccine is the use of proteins located on the sporozoite surface as antigens to elicit humoral immune re...	Malaria remains one of the most important infectious diseases in the world , responsible for an estimated 500 million new cases and 600 , 000 deaths annually . The etiologic agents of the disease are protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium that have a complex cycle between mosquito and mammalian hosts . Though all ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "parasite", "groups", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "plasmodium", "immunology", "parasitic", "diseases", "parasitology", "membrane", "proteins", "vaccines", "preventive", "medicine", "apicomplexa", "chaperone", "proteins", "vaccination", "and", "immunization", ...	2016	Interrogating the Plasmodium Sporozoite Surface: Identification of Surface-Exposed Proteins and Demonstration of Glycosylation on CSP and TRAP by Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics
Previous analysis of Epstein-Barr virus ( EBV ) persistent infection has involved biological and immunological studies to identify and quantify infected cell populations and the immune response to them . This led to a biological model whereby EBV infects and activates naive B-cells , which then transit through the germ...	Epstein-Barr virus ( EBV ) is a herpesvirus that establishes a lifelong persistent infection in virtually all human beings . This infection is a risk factor for the subsequent development of certain tumors and possibly also autoimmune diseases . In order to understand the origin of these diseases , it is necessary to f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	The Cycle of EBV Infection Explains Persistence, the Sizes of the Infected Cell Populations and Which Come under CTL Regulation
The majority of broadly neutralizing antibodies to hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) are against conformational epitopes on the E2 glycoprotein . Many of them recognize overlapping epitopes in a cluster , designated as antigenic domain B , that contains residues G530 and D535 . To gain information on other regions that will be...	Hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) is a highly diverse virus and a significant challenge for vaccine development is to identify protective epitopes conserved in the majority of viral genotypes and subtypes . This problem is compounded by the fact that the envelope E1E2 proteins , the targets for neutralizing antibody response ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "hepatitis", "c", "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "hepatitis", "viral", "diseases" ]	2012	Human Monoclonal Antibodies to a Novel Cluster of Conformational Epitopes on HCV E2 with Resistance to Neutralization Escape in a Genotype 2a Isolate
Dark-grown seedlings exhibit skotomorphogenic development . Genetic and molecular evidence indicates that a quartet of Arabidopsis Phytochrome ( phy ) -Interacting bHLH Factors ( PIF1 , 3 , 4 , and 5 ) are critically necessary to maintaining this developmental state and that light activation of phy induces a switch to ...	An important issue in understanding mechanisms of eukaryotic transcriptional regulation is how members of large transcription-factor families , with conserved DNA–binding domains ( such as the 162-member Arabidopsis bHLH family ) , discriminate between target genes . However , the specific question of whether , and to ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genome", "expression", "analysis", "plant", "growth", "and", "development", "plant", "biology", "dna-binding", "proteins", "dna", "transcription", "plant", "science", "plant", "genomics", "seedlings", "plants", "proteins", "gene", "expression", "plant", "genetics", "...	2013	A Quartet of PIF bHLH Factors Provides a Transcriptionally Centered Signaling Hub That Regulates Seedling Morphogenesis through Differential Expression-Patterning of Shared Target Genes in Arabidopsis
The increasingly complex and rapid transmission dynamics of many infectious diseases necessitates the use of new , more advanced methods for surveillance , early detection , and decision-making . Here , we demonstrate that a new method for optimizing surveillance networks can improve the quality of epidemiological info...	Public health agencies use surveillance systems to detect and monitor chronic and infectious diseases . These systems often rely on data sources that are chosen based on loose guidelines or out of convenience . In this paper , we introduce a new , data-driven method for designing and improving surveillance systems . Ou...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "epidemiology", "infectious", "disease", "epidemiology", "influenza", "viral", "diseases", "epidemiological", "methods", "disease", "informatics" ]	2012	Optimizing Provider Recruitment for Influenza Surveillance Networks
Ovules contain the female gametophytes which are fertilized during pollination to initiate seed development . Thus , the number of ovules that are produced during flower development is an important determinant of seed crop yield and plant fitness . Mutants with pleiotropic effects on development often alter the number ...	Ovules are the precursors of seeds in flowering plants . Each ovule contains an egg cell and a central cell that fuse with two sperm cells during double fertilization to generate seeds containing an embryo and endosperm . The number of ovules produced during flower development determines the maximum number of seeds tha...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genome-wide", "association", "studies", "plant", "anatomy", "plant", "growth", "and", "development", "plant", "embryo", "anatomy", "ovules", "brassica", "pollen", "developmental", "biology", "regulator", "genes", "plant", "science", "model", "organisms", "experimental"...	2019	A genome-wide association study reveals a novel regulator of ovule number and fertility in Arabidopsis thaliana
Many animals , including humans , rely on active tactile sensing to explore the environment and negotiate obstacles , especially in the dark . Here , we model a descending neural pathway that mediates short-latency proprioceptive information from a tactile sensor on the head to thoracic neural networks . We studied the...	Many nocturnal and burrowing animals rely on their tactile sense to explore the surrounding space , and tactile cues are often used to adapt locomotion to a structurally complex environment . Most mammals use facial whiskers for active tactile exploration , while most insects use their antennae . Since whiskers and ant...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Material", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	A Computational Model of a Descending Mechanosensory Pathway Involved in Active Tactile Sensing
American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis ( ATL ) caused by Leishmania braziliensis is endemic in Corte de Pedra , Northeast Brazil . Most L . braziliensis infections manifest as localized cutaneous leishmaniasis ( CL ) . Disseminated manifestations include mucosal leishmaniasis ( ML ) , present at a low constant level for se...	American tegumentary leishmaniasis ( ATL ) caused by Leishmania braziliensis is characterized by lesions to the skin and/or mucosal surfaces of the oropharynx . It is widely distributed in endemic regions of northeast Brazil and has been difficult to control . Three common clinical forms of L . braziliensis infections ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "population", "dynamics", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "parasitic", "diseases", "parasitic", "protozoans", "protozoans", "signs", "and", "symptoms", "leishmania"...	2017	Dynamics of American tegumentary leishmaniasis in a highly endemic region for Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infection in northeast Brazil
To reduce expression of gene products not required under stress conditions , eukaryotic cells form large and complex cytoplasmic aggregates of RNA and proteins ( stress granules; SGs ) , where transcripts are kept translationally inert . The overall composition of SGs , as well as their assembly requirements and regula...	When cells encounter harsh conditions , they face an energy crisis since the stress will reduce their energy production , and at the same time cause extra demands on energy expenditure . To tackle this dilemma , cells under stress form giant agglomerates of RNA and protein , called stress granules . In these , mRNA mol...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "rna", "signal", "transduction", "cellular", "stress", "responses", "rna", "transport", "cell", "biology", "protein", "translation", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "cell", "processes", "rna", "stability" ]	2014	Stress Granule-Defective Mutants Deregulate Stress Responsive Transcripts
There is a pressing need for drug discovery against visceral leishmaniasis , a life-threatening protozoal infection , as the available chemotherapy is antiquated and not bereft of side effects . Plants as alternate drug resources has rewarded mankind in the past and aimed in this direction , we investigated the antilei...	Leishmaniasis encompasses a broad spectrum of vector-borne neglected tropical diseases with significant worldwide health impact , ranging from the self-healing cutaneous lesions to stigmatizing and disfiguring skin ulcers ( mucocutaneous ) , and the systemic visceral manisfestations ( kala azar or visceral leishmaniasi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "cell", "death", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "immune", "physiology", "spleen", "cell", "processes", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "immunology", "parasitic", "diseases", "protozoan", "life", "cy...	2019	Cinnamomum cassia exhibits antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani infection in vitro and in vivo
The availability of highly susceptible HIV target cells that can rapidly reach the mucosal lymphoid tissues may increase the chances of an otherwise rare transmission event to occur . Expression of α4β7 is required for trafficking of immune cells to gut inductive sites where HIV can expand and it is expressed at high l...	Understanding the factors that correlate with an increased risk of acquiring HIV infection is key to identify new means of preventing HIV transmission . HSV-2 infection increases the risk of HIV transmission even in absence of visible lesions and inflammation . In order to explore HSV-2− associated factors that could e...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "viruses", "immunodeficiency", "viruses", "medical", "microbiology", "hiv", "viral", "pathogens", "microbial", "pathogens", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "microbiology", "organisms", "siv" ]	2014	HSV-2-Driven Increase in the Expression of α4β7 Correlates with Increased Susceptibility to Vaginal SHIVSF162P3 Infection
The biological actions of steroid hormones are mediated primarily by their cognate nuclear receptors , which serve as steroid-dependent transcription factors . However , steroids can also execute their functions by modulating intracellular signaling cascades rapidly and independently of transcriptional regulation . Des...	The brain is a prominent target of steroid hormones , which control a variety of neurobiological processes and are critical to the regulation of behavior . Some effects of these hormones involve changes in gene expression and thus emerge slowly , over the course of hours or even days . Other responses to steroids occur...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	A Novel Role for Ecdysone in Drosophila Conditioned Behavior: Linking GPCR-Mediated Non-canonical Steroid Action to cAMP Signaling in the Adult Brain
Paracoccidioidomycosis ( PCM ) is a systemic mycosis , endemic in most Latin American countries , especially in Brazil . It is caused by the thermo-dimorphic fungus of the genus Paracoccidioides ( Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides lutzii ) . Innate immune response plays a crucial role in host defense a...	Paracoccidioidomycosis ( PCM ) is an infectious disease caused by fungi of genus Paracoccidioides ( P . brasiliensis and P . lutzii ) . PCM is endemic in Latin America , with a greater incidence in Brazil , Colombia , and Argentina . Over the last years , studies are focusing on neutrophils’ ( PMNs ) actions against P ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Identification in Tegumentary Lesions of Patients with Paracoccidioidomycosis and Different Patterns of NETs Generation In Vitro
Granulomas are complex lung lesions that are the hallmark of tuberculosis ( TB ) . Understanding antibiotic dynamics within lung granulomas will be vital to improving and shortening the long course of TB treatment . Three fluoroquinolones ( FQs ) are commonly prescribed as part of multi-drug resistant TB therapy: moxif...	Tuberculosis ( TB ) is caused by infection with the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) and kills 1 . 5 million people each year . TB requires at least 6 months of treatment with up to four drugs , and is characterized by formation of granulomas in patient lungs . Granulomas are spherical collections of host c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "antimicrobials", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "body", "fluids", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "intracellular", "pathogens", "granulomas", "pathogens", "drugs", "immunology", "microbiology", "rabbits", "ve...	2017	Comparing efficacies of moxifloxacin, levofloxacin and gatifloxacin in tuberculosis granulomas using a multi-scale systems pharmacology approach
Noncoding RNAs ( ncRNAs ) are emerging as key regulators of cellular function . We have exploited the recently developed barcoded ncRNA gene deletion strain collections in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to investigate the numerous ncRNAs in yeast with no known function . The ncRNA deletion collection contains delet...	Genomes from different organisms produce noncoding RNAs that are not translated to make proteins and whose functions are largely unknown . There are approximately 2 , 000 noncoding RNAs that make up almost 25% of the yeast genome compared to the approximately 6 , 000 protein coding genes that make up 70% of the yeast g...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "transfer", "rna", "small", "nucleolar", "rnas", "3'", "utr", "gene", "regulation", "population", "genetics", "messenger", "rna", "gene", "pool", "fungi", "model", "organisms", "non-coding", "rna", "untranslated", "regions", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "p...	2018	Large-scale profiling of noncoding RNA function in yeast
SUMO-specific protease 2 ( SENP2 ) modifies proteins by removing SUMO from its substrates . Although SUMO-specific proteases are known to reverse sumoylation in many defined systems , their importance in mammalian development and pathogenesis remains largely elusive . Here we report that SENP2 is highly expressed in tr...	Genome replication is essential for both expansion of stem cell numbers through mitosis and their maturation into certain specialized cell types through endoreduplication , a unique mechanism for multiplying chromosomes without dividing the cell . An important function of p53 as a guardian of the genome ensures that th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology", "obstetrics", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2008	SUMO-Specific Protease 2 Is Essential for Modulating p53-Mdm2 in Development of Trophoblast Stem Cell Niches and Lineages
BK polyomavirus ( BKPyV ) is an emerging pathogen whose reactivation causes severe disease in transplant patients . Unfortunately , there is no specific anti-BKPyV treatment available , and host cell components that affect the infection outcome are not well characterized . In this report , we examined the relationship ...	BK polyomavirus ( BKPyV ) is a human pathogen that establishes a persistent sub-clinical infection in healthy humans . When patients are immunosuppressed , particularly in kidney and bone marrow transplantation , the virus can reactivate and result in severe disease . BKPyV-related disease has risen due to the use of n...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "virology", "biology", "microbiology", "viral", "replication" ]	2012	Roles of ATM and ATR-Mediated DNA Damage Responses during Lytic BK Polyomavirus Infection
Echolocation is the ability to use sound-echoes to infer spatial information about the environment . Some blind people have developed extraordinary proficiency in echolocation using mouth-clicks . The first step of human biosonar is the transmission ( mouth click ) and subsequent reception of the resultant sound throug...	Echolocation is the ability to use sound-echoes to infer spatial information about the environment . It is well known from certain species of bats or marine mammals . Remarkably , some blind people have developed extraordinary proficiency in echolocation using mouth-clicks . Human echolocation work has built on scant t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "acoustics", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "engineering", "and", "technology", "applied", "mathematics", "vertebrates", "neuroscience", "animals", "mammals", "animal", "signaling", "and", "communication", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "algorithms", "animal",...	2017	Mouth-clicks used by blind expert human echolocators – signal description and model based signal synthesis
Significant advances have been made in the discovery of genes affecting bone mineral density ( BMD ) ; however , our understanding of its genetic basis remains incomplete . In the current study , genome-wide association ( GWA ) and co-expression network analysis were used in the recently described Hybrid Mouse Diversit...	Osteoporosis is a disease of weak and fracture-prone bones . The characteristic of bone that is most predictive of fractures is low bone mineral density ( BMD ) , a trait primarily controlled by genetics . In recent years , significant advances have been made in the discovery of genes affecting BMD; however , our under...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "of", "disease", "genome-wide", "association", "studies", "genome", "expression", "analysis", "physiogenomics", "genetics", "biology", "genomics", "gene", "networks", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "gene", "function" ]	2011	Mouse Genome-Wide Association and Systems Genetics Identify Asxl2 As a Regulator of Bone Mineral Density and Osteoclastogenesis
Planning interventions to respond to cholera epidemics requires an understanding of the major transmission routes . Interrupting short-cycle ( household , foodborne ) transmission may require different approaches as compared long-cycle ( environmentally-mediated/waterborne ) transmission . However , differentiating the...	John Snow’s seminal work on the London cholera epidemic and Broadway pump helped establish cholera as a quintessential waterborne ( long-cycle ) pathogen . However , there is renewed interest in the role that short-cycle ( e . g . food-borne and household ) transmission plays in epidemic contexts . The distinction betw...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "water", "resources", "surface", "water", "engineering", "and", "technology", "sewage", "neighborhoods", "tropical", "diseases", "social", "sciences", "simulation", "and", "modeling"...	2017	The importance of thinking beyond the water-supply in cholera epidemics: A historical urban case-study
Snakebite is an important medical emergency in rural Nepal . Correct identification of the biting species is crucial for clinicians to choose appropriate treatment and anticipate complications . This is particularly important for neurotoxic envenoming which , depending on the snake species involved , may not respond to...	Snakebite is an important medical problem in sub-tropical and tropical regions , including Nepal where tens of thousands of people are bitten every year . Snakebite can result in life-threatening envenoming , and correct identification of the biting species is crucial for care providers to choose appropriate treatment ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "vertebrates", "animals", "cobras", "signs", "and", "symptoms", "reptiles", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases",...	2016	Use of Molecular Diagnostic Tools for the Identification of Species Responsible for Snakebite in Nepal: A Pilot Study
Despite extensive genetic diversity of HIV-1 in chronic infection , a single or few maternal virus variants become the founders of an infant’s infection . These transmitted/founder ( T/F ) variants are of particular interest , as a maternal or infant HIV vaccine should raise envelope ( Env ) specific IgG responses capa...	Mother to child transmission ( MTCT ) of HIV-1 can occur during pregnancy ( in utero ) , at the time of delivery ( peripartum ) or by breastfeeding ( postpartum ) . With the availability of anti-retroviral therapy ( ART ) , rate of MTCT of HIV-1 have been significantly lowered . However , significant implementation cha...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chemical", "neutralization", "children", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "maternal", "health", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "obstetrics", "and", "gynecology", "pathogens", "i...	2018	Infant transmitted/founder HIV-1 viruses from peripartum transmission are neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma
Extensive shielding by N-glycans on the surface of the HIV envelope glycoproteins ( Env ) restricts B cell recognition of conserved neutralizing determinants . Elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies ( bNAbs ) in selected HIV-infected individuals reveals that Abs capable of penetrating the glycan shield can be g...	A major challenge in HIV-1 vaccine design is to generate antibodies directed toward conserved broadly neutralizing epitopes on the surface-exposed viral envelope glycoprotein ( Env ) . Most conserved epitopes are masked by self N-glycans , limiting naïve B cell recognition of the underlying protein surface following En...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "immune", "cells", "vesicles", "immunology", "vertebrates", "rabbits", "animals", "mammals", "animal", "models", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "a...	2017	Targeted N-glycan deletion at the receptor-binding site retains HIV Env NFL trimer integrity and accelerates the elicited antibody response
In order to assess the susceptibility of bank voles to chronic wasting disease ( CWD ) , we inoculated voles carrying isoleucine or methionine at codon 109 ( Bv109I and Bv109M , respectively ) with CWD isolates from elk , mule deer and white-tailed deer . Efficient transmission rate ( 100% ) was observed with mean surv...	Chronic wasting disease ( CWD ) is a prion disease that affects free-ranging and captive cervids and is expanding increasingly in the USA and Canada . Animal models are of key importance in the study of prion diseases but their development for CWD has long been hampered by its very inefficient transmission to wild-type...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "animal", "models", "veterinary", "prion", "diseases", "veterinary", "pathology", "veterinary", "diseases", "model", "organisms", "emerging", "infectious", "diseases", "pathology", "biology", "microbiology", "neuroscience", "veterinary", "science" ]	2013	Chronic Wasting Disease in Bank Voles: Characterisation of the Shortest Incubation Time Model for Prion Diseases
Beat-to-beat variability of repolarization duration ( BVR ) is an intrinsic characteristic of cardiac function and a better marker of proarrhythmia than repolarization prolongation alone . The ionic mechanisms underlying baseline BVR in physiological conditions , its rate dependence , and the factors contributing to in...	Every heartbeat has an electrical recovery ( repolarization ) interval that varies in duration from beat to beat . Excessive beat-to-beat variability of repolarization duration has been shown to be a risk marker of potentially fatal heart-rhythm disorders , but the contributing subcellular mechanisms remain incompletel...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "arrhythmias", "biology", "computational", "biology", "electrophysiology", "biophysics", "cardiovascular" ]	2013	Determinants of Beat-to-Beat Variability of Repolarization Duration in the Canine Ventricular Myocyte: A Computational Analysis
Soil-transmitted helminth ( STH ) infections affect more than two out of every five schoolchildren in the poorest regions of rural China , an alarmingly high prevalence rate given the low cost and wide availability of safe and effective deworming treatment . Understanding of local knowledge , attitudes , and practices ...	Soil-transmitted helminths ( STHs ) are parasitic intestinal worms that infect more than two out of every five schoolchildren in rural China , an alarmingly high prevalence given the low cost and wide availability of safe and effective deworming treatment . Understanding of local knowledge , attitudes , and practices r...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Gut Instincts: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices regarding Soil-Transmitted Helminths in Rural China
Additive genetic variance ( VA ) and total genetic variance ( VG ) are core concepts in biomedical , evolutionary and production-biology genetics . What determines the large variation in reported VA/VG ratios from line-cross experiments is not well understood . Here we report how the VA/VG ratio , and thus the ratio be...	The broad-sense heritability of a trait is the proportion of phenotypic variance attributable to genetic causes , while the narrow-sense heritability is the proportion attributable to additive gene effects . A better understanding of what underlies variation in the ratio of the two heritability measures , or the equiva...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results/Discussion" ]	[ "genetics", "biology", "computational", "biology" ]	2013	Effect of Regulatory Architecture on Broad versus Narrow Sense Heritability
The analytical validation of sensitive , accurate and standardized Real-Time PCR methods for Trypanosoma cruzi quantification is crucial to provide a reliable laboratory tool for diagnosis of recent infections as well as for monitoring treatment efficacy . We have standardized and validated a multiplex Real-Time quanti...	Chagas disease , caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi , is endemic in several Latin American countries and still represents a major neglected tropical threat . It is transmitted to humans by blood-sucking triatomine bugs , congenital transmission , blood transfusion , organ transplantation and by consuming food and...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "biology" ]	2013	Analytical Performance of a Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay Using TaqMan Probes for Quantification of Trypanosoma cruzi Satellite DNA in Blood Samples
Miltefosine ( MF ) is the first oral compound used in the chemotherapy against leishmaniasis . Since the mechanism of action of this drug and the targets of MF in Leishmania are unclear , we generated in a step-by-step manner Leishmania major promastigote mutants highly resistant to MF . Two of the mutants were submitt...	Leishmania spp . are parasitic protozoa responsible for a spectrum of diseases known as leishmaniasis . There are few drugs available for the treatment of these diseases , and miltefosine is the first oral drug used in treatment of visceral leishmaniasis , a form of the disease that can be lethal if not treated . In th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "genomics", "virology", "biology", "computational", "biology", "microbiology" ]	2012	Multiple Mutations in Heterogeneous Miltefosine-Resistant Leishmania major Population as Determined by Whole Genome Sequencing
Vocal folds are used as sound sources in various species , but it is unknown how vocal fold morphologies are optimized for different acoustic objectives . Here we identify two main variables affecting range of vocal fold vibration frequency , namely vocal fold elongation and tissue fiber stress . A simple vibrating str...	Mammals , birds , and reptiles vocalize ( make sounds with vocal cords ) . Various species , and individuals within the species , are identified by pitch , loudness , and other acoustic features they can build into a repertoire of rhythmic and melodic patterns . Range of pitch , or more precisely fundamental frequency ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "and", "Discussion" ]	[ "acoustics", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "classical", "mechanics", "vibration", "larynx", "vertebrates", "animals", "collagens", "throat", "physiological", "parameters", "amniotes", "cartilage", "birds", "proteins", "connective", "tissue", "biological", "tiss...	2016	Predicting Achievable Fundamental Frequency Ranges in Vocalization Across Species
The immunomodulatory properties of lipophosphoglycans ( LPG ) from New World species of Leishmania have been assessed in Leishmania infantum and Leishmania braziliensis , the causative agents of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis , respectively . This glycoconjugate is highly polymorphic among species with variation ...	Leishmania amazonensis , a member of the Leishmania mexicana complex , is the causative agent of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis ( LCL ) and anergic diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis ( ADCL ) [1 , 2] . It is widely distributed throughout the Amazon basin , where it infects a wide range of terrestrial rodents and , less...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "innate", "immune", "system", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "immune", "physiology", "cytokines", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "immunology", "sand", "flies", "parasitic", "diseases", "parasitic", "protozo...	2016	Lipophosphoglycans from Leishmania amazonensis Strains Display Immunomodulatory Properties via TLR4 and Do Not Affect Sand Fly Infection
Despite ongoing efforts to control transmission , rabies prevention remains a challenge in many developing countries , especially in rural areas of China where re-emerging rabies is under-reported due to a lack of sustained animal surveillance . By taking advantage of detailed genomic and epidemiological data for the r...	Although dogs are known to be the primary reservoir and vector of human rabies in African and Asian countries , the spatial epidemiology of rabies virus ( RABV ) spread in developing regions is still unclear . Using 17 years of genomic and epidemiological data , we reconstruct the recent dispersal history of RABV in do...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "death", "rates", "biogeography", "animal", "types", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "china", "pathogens", "population", "genetics", "tropical", "diseases", "geographic...	2018	Transmission dynamics of re-emerging rabies in domestic dogs of rural China
Neurofibromatosis type 1 ( NF1 ) is an autosomal dominant , monogenic disorder of dysregulated neurocutaneous tissue growth . Pleiotropy , variable expressivity and few NF1 genotype-phenotype correlates limit clinical prognostication in NF1 . Phenotype complexity in NF1 is hypothesized to derive in part from genetic mo...	Neurofibromatosis type 1 ( NF1 ) is a relatively common genetic disease that increases the chance to develop a variety of benign and malignant tumors . People with NF1 also typically feature a large number of birthmarks called café-au-lait macules . It is difficult to predict severity or specific problems in NF1 . We s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genome", "expression", "analysis", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "genetic", "dominance", "dominant", "traits", "quantitative", "traits", "genome", "analysis", "autosomal", "dominant", "diseases", "neurofibromatosis", "type", "1", "autosomal", "dominant", "tr...	2014	Genetic Modifiers of Neurofibromatosis Type 1-Associated Café-au-Lait Macule Count Identified Using Multi-platform Analysis
The guanylate-binding proteins ( GBPs ) belong to the dynamin superfamily of GTPases and function in cell-autonomous defense against intracellular pathogens . IpaH9 . 8 , an E3 ligase from the pathogenic bacterium Shigella flexneri , ubiquitinates a subset of GBPs and leads to their proteasomal degradation . Here we re...	Shigella flexneri is a Gram-negative bacteria that causes diarrhea in humans and leads to a million deaths every year . Once inside the cell , S . flexneri injects the host cell cytoplasm with effector proteins to suppress host defense . The guanylate-binding proteins ( GBPs ) have potent antimicrobial functions agains...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "chemical", "bonding", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "crystal", "structure", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "enzymes", "pathogens", "condensed", "matter", "physics", "microbiology", "enzymology", "shigella", "protein", "structure", "crystallograp...	2019	Structural mechanism for guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) targeting by the Shigella E3 ligase IpaH9.8
Prion strains are characterized by strain-specific differences in neuropathology but can also differ in incubation period , clinical disease , host-range and tissue tropism . The hyper ( HY ) and drowsy ( DY ) strains of hamster-adapted transmissible mink encephalopathy ( TME ) differ in tissue tropism and susceptibili...	Strain specific distribution of prions throughout the infected host are observed in both naturally occurring and experimentally induced prion diseases . The distribution of prions in the host can influence prion shedding and transmission ( e . g . iatrogenic prion transmission ) . The mechanism ( s ) responsible for st...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "animal", "diseases", "immune", "physiology", "respiratory", "infections", "spleen", "enzymology", "vertebrates", "animals", "mammals", "pulmonology", "developmental", "biology", "animal", "prion", "diseases", "lymph", "nodes", "...	2017	PrPSc formation and clearance as determinants of prion tropism
Lung volume reduction surgery ( LVRS ) and bronchoscopic lung volume reduction ( bLVR ) are palliative treatments aimed at reducing hyperinflation in advanced emphysema . Previous work has evaluated functional improvements and survival advantage for these techniques , although their effects on the micromechanical envir...	Surgical and , more recently , bronchoscopic lung volume reduction is the only available treatments for patients with advanced stage emphysema . Several large-scale , clinical studies have outlined appropriate selection criteria based on patient outcomes; however , the underlying mechanisms determining disease progress...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pulmonology", "surgical", "and", "invasive", "medical", "procedures", "health", "care", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "chronic", "obstructive", "pulmonary", "disease", "mathematics", "network", "analysis", "lung", "volume", ...	2017	Predicting Structure-Function Relations and Survival following Surgical and Bronchoscopic Lung Volume Reduction Treatment of Emphysema
Dengue virus is a mosquito-transmitted virus that can cause self-limiting dengue fever , severe life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome . The existence of four serotypes of dengue virus has complicated the development of an effective and safe dengue vaccine . Recently , a clinical phase 2b t...	Vaccines are considered a cost-effective way to control infectious diseases . To rationally design vaccines , antigens and , frequently , adjuvants must be selected to trigger appropriate immune responses against a specific pathogen . We selected dengue-2 envelope protein domain III as a dengue vaccine candidate and ex...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2013	Lipidated Dengue-2 Envelope Protein Domain III Independently Stimulates Long-Lasting Neutralizing Antibodies and Reduces the Risk of Antibody-Dependent Enhancement
Adult height is a classic polygenic trait of high heritability ( h2 ∼0 . 8 ) . More than 180 single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs ) , identified mostly in populations of European descent , are associated with height . These variants convey modest effects and explain ∼10% of the variance in height . Discovery efforts ...	Adult height is an ideal phenotype to improve our understanding of the genetic architecture of complex diseases and traits: it is easily measured and usually available in large cohorts , relatively stable , and mostly influenced by genetics ( narrow-sense heritability of height h2∼0 . 8 ) . Genome-wide association ( GW...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genome-wide", "association", "studies", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "genetic", "polymorphism", "epidemiology", "genetics", "population", "genetics", "biology", "human", "genetics", "population", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "genetic", "epidemi...	2011	Identification, Replication, and Fine-Mapping of Loci Associated with Adult Height in Individuals of African Ancestry
Taenia solium is a cestode parasite that causes cysticercosis in both humans and pigs . A serological survey was undertaken to assess the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with porcine cysticercosis in the rural district of Morropon , Peru . Pigs aged between 2 and 60 months were assessed by the Enzyme-linked ...	Taenia solium causes taeniasis in humans and cysticercosis in humans and pigs . In humans the parasite may infect the central nervous system and cause neurocysticercosis . The World Health Organization ( WHO ) estimated that over 50 , 000 deaths per year are due to neurocysticercosis and the disease is also the main ca...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "veterinary", "epidemiology", "veterinary", "science" ]	2012	Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Taenia solium Cysticercosis in Rural Pigs of Northern Peru
Viral infection activates the transcription factors NF-κB and IRF3 , which contribute to the induction of type I interferons ( IFNs ) and cellular antiviral responses . Protein kinases play a critical role in various signaling pathways by phosphorylating their substrates . Here , we identified dual-specificity tyrosine...	In recent years , the mechanisms of innate antiviral immune responses mediated by pattern recognition receptors ( PRRs ) have been heavily investigated . All PRRs require the key molecule TANK-binding kinase 1 ( TBK1 ) to activate the transcription factor IRF3 , which leads to type I interferon induction and the cellul...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	DYRK2 Negatively Regulates Type I Interferon Induction by Promoting TBK1 Degradation via Ser527 Phosphorylation
The attachment of sister kinetochores by microtubules emanating from opposite spindle poles establishes chromosome bipolar attachment , which generates tension on chromosomes and is essential for sister-chromatid segregation . Syntelic attachment occurs when both sister kinetochores are attached by microtubules from th...	Chromosome bipolar attachment occurs when sister chromatids are attached by microtubules emanating from opposite spindle poles and is essential for faithful sister-chromatid segregation . Chromosomes are under tension once bipolar attachment is established . The absence of tension is sensed by the tension checkpoint th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "division", "cell", "biology", "genetics", "biology", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	Loss of Function of the Cik1/Kar3 Motor Complex Results in Chromosomes with Syntelic Attachment That Are Sensed by the Tension Checkpoint
Cyanobacteria are the only model circadian clock system in which a circadian oscillator can be reconstituted in vitro . The underlying circadian mechanism appears to comprise two subcomponents: a post-translational oscillator ( PTO ) and a transcriptional/translational feedback loop ( TTFL ) . The PTO and TTFL have bee...	Many organisms from bacteria to humans have evolved circadian mechanisms for regulating biological processes on a daily time scale . In cyanobacteria , a minimal system for such cyclical regulation can be reconstituted in vitro from three proteins , called KaiA , KaiB , and KaiC . This three-protein oscillator is belie...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "biology/post-translational", "regulation", "of", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression", "biochemistry/theory", "and", "simulation", "biochemistry/transcription", "and", "translation", "microbiology/microbial", "physiology", "and", ...	2010	Coupling of a Core Post-Translational Pacemaker to a Slave Transcription/Translation Feedback Loop in a Circadian System
HTLV-1/2 infection can cause severe and disabling diseases in children and adults . The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of HTLV-1/2 infection in pregnant women living in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro . 1 , 204 pregnant women were tested upon hospital admission for delivery in two public hospit...	HTLV-1/2 are retroviruses transmitted by blood products , sexual contact and from mother to child , mainly through breastfeeding . The infection has a characteristic geographical distribution with endemic areas often neighbouring very low prevalence areas . Infection is life long and although asymptomatic in most cases...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "women's", "health", "infectious", "diseases", "tropical", "diseases", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences" ]	2014	Prevalence of HTLV-1/2 in Pregnant Women Living in the Metropolitan Area of Rio de Janeiro
Interferon-induced BST2/Tetherin prevents budding of vpu-deficient HIV-1 by tethering mature viral particles to the plasma membrane . BST2 also inhibits release of other enveloped viruses including Ebola virus and Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus ( KSHV ) , indicating that BST2 is a broadly acting antiviral host...	Human Cytomegalovirus ( HCMV ) persistently infects a large proportion of the human population without causing any symptoms . The establishment and maintenance of HCMV in infected individuals is thought to be facilitated by the ability of HCMV to modulate innate and adaptive immune responses by the host . BST2 , aka Te...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "viral", "persistence", "and", "latency", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "virology", "cytomegalovirus", "infection", "biology", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "viral", "diseases" ]	2011	BST2/Tetherin Enhances Entry of Human Cytomegalovirus
Novel traits play a key role in evolution , but their origins remain poorly understood . Here we address this problem by using experimental evolution to study bacterial innovation in real time . We allowed 380 populations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to adapt to 95 different carbon sources that challenged bacteria with ei...	Novel traits play a key role in evolution by providing organisms with access to new ecological niches . Novelty is often conspicuous at a phenotypic level , but it is difficult to determine its underlying genetic basis . To address this problem , we have studied how the bacterium P . aeruginosa evolves novel metabolic ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "organismal", "evolution", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "genome", "evolution", "pathogens", "microbiology", "cloning", "pseudomonas", "aeruginosa", "optimization", "mutation", "mathematics", "microbia...	2016	The Genomic Basis of Evolutionary Innovation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas protegens is a biocontrol rhizobacterium with a plant-beneficial and an insect pathogenic lifestyle , but it is not understood how the organism switches between the two states . Here , we focus on understanding the function and possible evolution of a molecular sensor that enables P . protegens to detect th...	Pseudomonas bacteria are well-known for their capability of adapting to different environments , which enables them to interact with various host organisms . Pseudomonas protegens is a plant-associated biocontrol bacterium with lifestyles that are of interest for agricultural applications , among them one as a competit...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "gram", "negative", "plant", "microbiology", "microbial", "evolution", "gene", "identification", "and", "analysis", "gene", "regulation", "genetics", "microbial", "control", "molecular", "genetics", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "biology", "microbiology", "evolutionary", ...	2014	Domain Shuffling in a Sensor Protein Contributed to the Evolution of Insect Pathogenicity in Plant-Beneficial Pseudomonas protegens
Faithful DNA replication and repair requires the activity of cullin 4-based E3 ubiquitin ligases ( CRL4 ) , but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood . The budding yeast Cul4 homologue , Rtt101 , in complex with the linker Mms1 and the putative substrate adaptor Mms22 promotes progression of replication fo...	Post-translational protein modifications , such as ubiquitylation , are essential for cells to respond to environmental cues . In order to understand how eukaryotes cope with DNA damage , we have investigated a conserved E3 ubiquitin ligase complex required for the resistance to carcinogenic chemicals . This complex , ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "probe", "techniques", "enzymes", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "cell", "processes", "enzymology", "immunoblotting", "ubiquitin", "ligases", "dna", "damage", "dna", "replication", "dna", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "synthesis", "ph...	2016	The Replisome-Coupled E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Rtt101Mms22 Counteracts Mrc1 Function to Tolerate Genotoxic Stress
The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein ( Env ) composed of the receptor binding domain gp120 and the fusion protein subunit gp41 catalyzes virus entry and is a major target for therapeutic intervention and for neutralizing antibodies . Env interactions with cellular receptors trigger refolding of gp41 , which induces close ap...	HIV-1 employs its envelope glycoprotein complex ( Env ) composed of gp120 and gp41 to catalyze cell entry . Both Env subunits undergo conformational changes triggered by the gp120-mediated interactions with cellular receptors . Notably , gp41 refolds into a core six-helical bundle structure which is central to the fusi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "virology/virion", "structure,", "assembly,", "and", "egress", "virology/immunodeficiency", "viruses", "biophysics/macromolecular", "assemblies", "and", "machines", "virology/host", "invasion", "and", "cell", "entry" ]	2010	Crystal Structure of HIV-1 gp41 Including Both Fusion Peptide and Membrane Proximal External Regions
The brain is highly energy consuming , therefore is under strong selective pressure to achieve cost-efficiency in both cortical connectivities and activities . However , cost-efficiency as a design principle for cortical activities has been rarely studied . Especially it is not clear how cost-efficiency is related to u...	The adult human brain consumes more than 20% of the resting metabolism , despite constituting only 2% of the body’s mass . Most energy is consumed by the cerebral cortex with billions of neurons , mainly to restore ion gradients across membranes for generating and propagating action potentials and synaptic transmission...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "action", "potentials", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "neural", "networks", "information", "processing", "population", "dynamics", "membrane", "potential", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "network", "analysis", "population", "biology", "information", "techno...	2017	Co-emergence of multi-scale cortical activities of irregular firing, oscillations and avalanches achieves cost-efficient information capacity

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