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Arthropod-borne pathogens account for millions of deaths each year . Understanding the genetic mechanisms controlling vector susceptibility to pathogens has profound implications for developing novel strategies for controlling insect-transmitted infectious diseases . The fact that many viruses carry genes that have ant...	Arthropod-borne pathogens account for millions of deaths each year . Understanding the genetic mechanisms controlling arthropod susceptibility to pathogens has profound implications for developing novel strategies for controlling insect-transmitted infectious diseases . Although it was postulated that apoptosis ( a gen...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "death", "immunology", "microbiology", "animal", "models", "mechanisms", "of", "resistance", "and", "susceptibility", "model", "organisms", "drosophila", "melanogaster", "animal", "models", "of", "infection", "biology", "cell", "biology", "immunity", "virology",...	2013	P53-Mediated Rapid Induction of Apoptosis Conveys Resistance to Viral Infection in Drosophila melanogaster
Kaposi’s Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus ( KSHV ) establishes stable latent infection in B-lymphocytes and pleural effusion lymphomas ( PELs ) . During latency , the viral genome persists as an epigenetically constrained episome with restricted gene expression programs . To identify epigenetic regulators of KSHV latency...	KSHV is an oncogenic human herpesvirus implicated as the causative agent of KS and cofactor in pleural effusion lymphomas ( PELs ) . The latent virus persists in PELs as an epigenetically regulated episome . We found that small molecule inhibitors of BET family have potent activity in triggering the lytic switch during...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "gene", "regulation", "pathogens", "microbiology", "viruses", "dna", "replication", "dna", "viruses", "genome", "analysis", "epigenetics", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "dna",...	2017	BET-Inhibitors Disrupt Rad21-Dependent Conformational Control of KSHV Latency
The behavior and phenotypic changes of cells are governed by a cellular circuitry that represents a set of biochemical reactions . Based on biological functions , this circuitry is divided into three types of networks , each encoding for a major biological process: signal transduction , transcription regulation , and m...	Within the cell of an organism , three networks—signaling , transcriptional , and metabolic—are always at work to determine the response of the cell to signals from its environment , and consequently , its fate . Evidence from experimental studies is painting a picture of complex crosstalk among these networks . Thus ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2013	Modeling Integrated Cellular Machinery Using Hybrid Petri-Boolean Networks
Major gaps in our understanding of Plasmodium vivax biology and the acquisition of immunity to this parasite hinder vaccine development . P . vivax merozoites exclusively invade reticulocytes , making parasite proteins that mediate reticulocyte binding and/or invasion potential key vaccine or drug targets . While prote...	In parallel with the tremendous reduction in malaria burden , Plasmodium vivax ( Pv ) is now the predominant malaria species in the Asia-Pacific and Americas . Pv can only invade young erythrocytes ( reticulocytes ) and this restriction is thought to involve the Reticulocyte-Binding Protein family ( PvRBP ) . Given the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "children", "parasite", "groups", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "plasmodium", "immunology", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "parasitic", "diseases", "reticulocytes", ...	2016	Plasmodium vivax Reticulocyte Binding Proteins Are Key Targets of Naturally Acquired Immunity in Young Papua New Guinean Children
Discovery of rare or low frequency variants in exome or genome data that are associated with complex traits often will require use of very large sample sizes to achieve adequate statistical power . For a fixed sample size , sequencing of individuals sampled from the tails of a phenotype distribution ( i . e . , extreme...	Whole exome and whole genome sequencing provide the opportunity to test for associations between expressed traits and genetic variants that cannot be tested with chip technology , particularly variants that are too rare to be included on chips designed for genome-wide association analysis . We used exome sequencing to ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Exome Sequencing of Phenotypic Extremes Identifies CAV2 and TMC6 as Interacting Modifiers of Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection in Cystic Fibrosis
Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation ( OXPHOS ) is responsible for generating the majority of cellular ATP . Complex III ( ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase ) is the third of five OXPHOS complexes . Complex III assembly relies on the coordinated expression of the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes , with 10 subun...	Mitochondrial complex III deficiency is a devastating disorder that impairs energy generation , and leads to variable symptoms such as developmental regression , seizures , kidney dysfunction and frequently death . The genetic basis of complex III deficiency is not fully understood , with around half of cases having no...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Mutations in the UQCC1-Interacting Protein, UQCC2, Cause Human Complex III Deficiency Associated with Perturbed Cytochrome b Protein Expression
Many organisms navigate gradients by alternating straight motions ( runs ) with random reorientations ( tumbles ) , transiently suppressing tumbles whenever attractant signal increases . This induces a functional coupling between movement and sensation , since tumbling probability is controlled by the internal state of...	Countless bacteria , larvae and even larger organisms ( and robots ) navigate gradients by alternating periods of straight motion ( runs ) with random reorientation events ( tumbles ) . Control of the tumble probability is based on previously-encountered signals . A drawback of this run-and-tumble strategy is that occa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "motility", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "social", "sciences", "mathematical", "models", "neuroscience", "biological", "locomotion", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "systems", "science", "mathematics", "algebra", "research", "and", "analysis", "meth...	2017	Feedback between motion and sensation provides nonlinear boost in run-and-tumble navigation
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ( KSHV ) is tightly linked to at least two lymphoproliferative disorders , primary effusion lymphoma ( PEL ) and multicentric Castleman's disease ( MCD ) . However , the development of KSHV-mediated lymphoproliferative disease is not fully understood . Here , we generated two rec...	Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ( KSHV ) is tightly linked to at least two lymphoproliferative disorders , primary effusion lymphoma ( PEL ) and multicentric Castleman's disease ( MCD ) . The life cycle of KSHV consists of latent and lytic phase . RTA is the master switch for viral lytic replication . In this s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "virology", "biology", "microbiology" ]	2012	The RBP-Jκ Binding Sites within the RTA Promoter Regulate KSHV Latent Infection and Cell Proliferation
Chikungunya virus ( CHIKV ) , mainly transmitted in urban areas by the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus , constitutes a major public health problem . In late 2013 , CHIKV emerged on Saint-Martin Island in the Caribbean and spread throughout the region reaching more than 40 countries . Thus far , Ae . aegyp...	More than one million chikungunya cases have been reported in the Americas since October 2013 , when the Asian genotype of chikungunya virus ( CHIKV ) was imported by a traveller returning from Asia . CHIKV is mainly transmitted in urban areas by the domestic mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus . In this stud...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Chikungunya Virus Transmission Potential by Local Aedes Mosquitoes in the Americas and Europe
Genome-wide association study ( GWAS ) methods applied to bacterial genomes have shown promising results for genetic marker discovery or detailed assessment of marker effect . Recently , alignment-free methods based on k-mer composition have proven their ability to explore the accessory genome . However , they lead to ...	Genome-wide association studies ( GWAS ) help explore the genetic bases of phenotype variation in a population . Our objective is to make GWAS amenable to bacterial genomes . These genomes can be too different to be aligned against a reference , even within a single species , making the description of their genetic var...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "antimicrobials", "genome-wide", "association", "studies", "infographics", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "drugs", "microbiology", "pseudomonas", "aeruginosa", "antibiotic", "resistance", "...	2018	A fast and agnostic method for bacterial genome-wide association studies: Bridging the gap between k-mers and genetic events
Lymphatic filariasis ( LF ) and soil-transmitted-helminths ( STH ) are co-endemic in 58 countries which are mostly in Africa and Asia . Worldwide , 486 million school-age children are considered at risk of both diseases . In 2000 , the World Health Organization ( WHO ) established the global programme to eliminate LF b...	Lymphatic filariasis ( LF ) and soil-transmitted helminths ( STH ) ( i . e . intestinal worms ) are two tropical diseases that are found together in 58 countries in the world . School-age children are most affected by intestinal worms , albendazole , one of the two drugs used for LF , also treats STH . For this reason ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "education", "cancer", "treatment", "sociology", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "india", "social", "sciences", "parasitic", "diseases", "oncology", "pharmaceutics", "drug", "administration", "neglected", "trop...	2016	The Impact of Lymphatic Filariasis Mass Drug Administration Scaling Down on Soil-Transmitted Helminth Control in School-Age Children. Present Situation and Expected Impact from 2016 to 2020
Repressors are frequently deployed to limit the transcriptional response to signalling pathways . For example , several co-repressors interact directly with the DNA-binding protein CSL and are proposed to keep target genes silenced in the absence of Notch activity . However , the scope of their contributions remains un...	The communication between cells that occurs during development , as well as in disease contexts , involves a small number of signalling pathways of which the Notch pathway is one . One outstanding question is how these pathways can bring about different gene responses in different contexts . As gene expression is co-or...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "binding", "infographics", "cell", "physiology", "rna", "interference", "invertebrate", "genomics", "notch", "signaling", "epigenetics", "chromatin", "computer", "and", "information", "sciences", "chromosome", "biology", "genetic", "interference", "gene", "express...	2017	Role of co-repressor genomic landscapes in shaping the Notch response
Ribonucleotide reductases ( RRs ) are evolutionarily-conserved enzymes that catalyze the rate-limiting step during dNTP synthesis in mammals . RR consists of both large ( R1 ) and small ( R2 ) subunits , which are both required for catalysis by the R12R22 heterotetrameric complex . Poxviruses also encode RR proteins , ...	Efficient genome replication is central to the virulence of all DNA viruses , including poxviruses . To ensure replication efficiency , many of the more virulent poxviruses encode their own nucleotide metabolism machinery , including ribonucleotide reductase ( RR ) enzymes , which act to provide ample DNA precursors fo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "biology/dna", "replication", "virology/virulence", "factors", "and", "mechanisms", "virology/viral", "replication", "and", "gene", "regulation", "virology/virus", "evolution", "and", "symbiosis", "virology/animal", "models", "of", "infection", "microbiology", ...	2010	Vaccinia Virus–Encoded Ribonucleotide Reductase Subunits Are Differentially Required for Replication and Pathogenesis
This qualitative study aimed to provide an in-depth understanding of the meaning of dengue fever ( DF ) amongst people living in a dengue endemic region , dengue prevention and treatment-seeking behaviours . The Health Belief Model was used as a framework to explore and understand dengue prevention behaviours . A total...	In-depth understanding of health beliefs and behaviors may provide insights into sustainable community-based dengue prevention and control . This study uses qualitative method to explore dengue prevention and treatment-seeking behaviours . Focus group discussions were conducted with Malaysian public of various demograp...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "social", "and", "behavioral", "sciences", "sociology", "of", "knowledge", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "sociology", "social", "research" ]	2013	Health Beliefs and Practices Related to Dengue Fever: A Focus Group Study
Even in the post-genomic era , the identification of candidate genes within loci associated with human genetic diseases is a very demanding task , because the critical region may typically contain hundreds of positional candidates . Since genes implicated in similar phenotypes tend to share very similar expression prof...	One of the most limiting aspects of biological research in the post-genomic era is the capability to integrate massive datasets on gene structure and function for producing useful biological knowledge . In this report we have applied an integrative approach to address the problem of identifying likely candidate genes w...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "computational", "biology/metagenomics", "computational", "biology/comparative", "sequence", "analysis", "computational", "biology/molecular", "genetics", "computational", "biology" ]	2008	Prediction of Human Disease Genes by Human-Mouse Conserved Coexpression Analysis
De novo mutation is highly implicated in autism spectrum disorder ( ASD ) . However , the contribution of post-zygotic mutation to ASD is poorly characterized . We performed both exome sequencing of paired samples and analysis of de novo variants from whole-exome sequencing of 2 , 388 families . While we find little ev...	Recent sequencing experiments have shown that genetic mutations present in children but not their parents contribute to autism diagnoses in a large fraction of affected families . Here we address the question of whether mutations occurring uniquely in the children arise in the parents’ sperm or egg , or as mosaics in t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "sequencing", "techniques", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "autism", "social", "sciences", "developmental", "psychology", "alleles", "sequence", "assembly", "tools", "genetic", "mapping", "neuroscience", "mutation", "genome", "analysis", "molecular", "biology", ...	2016	The Contribution of Mosaic Variants to Autism Spectrum Disorder
Host cell factors can either positively or negatively regulate the assembly and egress of HIV-1 particles from infected cells . Recent reports have identified a previously uncharacterized transmembrane protein , tetherin/CD317/BST-2 , as a crucial host restriction factor that acts during a late budding step in HIV-1 re...	Human cells possess multiple systems that render them resistant to viral infection . Recently , a transmembrane protein , tetherin , has been identified as an antiviral host factor in HIV-1-infected cells . Tetherin retains newly assembled virions at the plasma membrane and prevents viral release from the infected cell...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "virology/host", "antiviral", "responses" ]	2009	BCA2/Rabring7 Promotes Tetherin-Dependent HIV-1 Restriction
The identification of alternatively spliced transcript variants specific to particular biological processes in tumours should increase our understanding of cancer . Hypoxia is an important factor in cancer biology , and associated splice variants may present new markers to help with planning treatment . A method was de...	Alternative splicing is the process by which cells express a set of different , but related , transcripts from a single gene . When translated , each transcript results in a different protein , resulting in additional cellular complexity . Affymetrix Exon microarrays , which feature multiple probesets targeting differe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Discussion" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/functional", "genomics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression", "computational", "biology/alternative", "splicing", "molecular", "biology/bioinformatics", "computational", "biology/genomics", "oncology/head", "and", "neck", "cancers", "ma...	2009	Exon Array Analysis of Head and Neck Cancers Identifies a Hypoxia Related Splice Variant of LAMA3 Associated with a Poor Prognosis
For decades the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been an important model system for biology , but little is known about its natural ecology . Recently , C . elegans has become the focus of studies of innate immunity and several pathogens have been shown to cause lethal intestinal infections in C . elegans . How...	The small roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans is an important model system for many areas of biology , but little is known about its natural ecology . We have identified an intracellular parasite from C . elegans in its natural habitat isolated near Paris and have named it Nematocida parisii , or nematode-killer from Pari...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases", "cell", "biology", "ecology", "immunology" ]	2008	Microsporidia Are Natural Intracellular Parasites of the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans
The modulation of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels ( pLGICs ) by divalent cations is believed to play an important role in their regulation in a physiological context . Ions such as calcium or zinc influence the activity of pLGIC neurotransmitter receptors by binding to their extracellular domain and either potenti...	Pentameric ligand-gated ion channels ( pLGICs ) are ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors that mediate electrical signaling at chemical synapses . The pLGIC family includes receptors for acetylcholine , serotonin , GABA and glycine , which share a similar structural organization and activation mechanism: the channels a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "biology", "biophysics" ]	2012	Inhibition of the Prokaryotic Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channel ELIC by Divalent Cations
Schistosomiasis , one of the world’s greatest neglected tropical diseases , is responsible for over 280 , 000 human deaths per annum . Praziquantel , developed in the 1970s , has high efficacy , excellent tolerability , few and transient side effects , simple administration procedures and competitive cost and it is cur...	Schistosomiasis , one of the world’s greatest human neglected tropical diseases , is caused by a parasitic flatworm trematode of the genus Schistosoma . Among human parasitic diseases , schistosomiasis ranks second behind malaria in terms of socio-economic and public health importance in tropical and subtropical areas ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Development and Validation of a Luminescence-based, Medium-Throughput Assay for Drug Screening in Schistosoma mansoni
The mammalian skin epidermis is a stratified epithelium composed of multiple layers of epithelial cells that exist in appropriate sizes and proportions , and with distinct boundaries separating each other . How the epidermis develops from a single layer of committed precursor cells to form a complex multilayered struct...	Epidermal morphogenesis , which occurs during the second half of embryogenesis , is the developmental process that generates a skin permeability barrier essential for terrestrial survival . Defects with this barrier are associated with common skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis . Study of mechanisms that control e...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "skin", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "integumentary", "system", "granular", "cells", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "cell", "processes", "cell", "differentiation", "developmental", "biology", "stem", "cells", "molecular", "development", "epide...	2018	Multiscale modeling of layer formation in epidermis
Candida albicans Ssa1 and Ssa2 are members of the HSP70 family of heat shock proteins that are expressed on the cell surface and function as receptors for antimicrobial peptides such as histatins . We investigated the role of Ssa1 and Ssa2 in mediating pathogenic host cell interactions and virulence . A C . albicans ss...	The fungus Candida albicans can proliferate in the mouth , causing oropharyngeal candidiasis . In other patients , it can enter the bloodstream and spread throughout the body , resulting in hematogenously disseminated candidiasis . Fungal invasion of host cells is a key feature of both types of infection . One mechanis...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "microbiology/cellular", "microbiology", "and", "pathogenesis" ]	2010	Host Cell Invasion and Virulence Mediated by Candida albicans Ssa1
Hepatitis C Virus ( HCV ) is a major public health concern , with no effective vaccines currently available and 3% of the world's population being infected . Despite the existence of both B- and T-cell immunity in HCV-infected patients , chronic viral infection and HCV-related malignancies progress . Here we report the...	Hepatitis C Virus ( HCV ) is a major public health concern with a large number of individuals infected ( 3% world wide ) . Currently , there is no effective vaccine available to prevent HCV infection and the treatment is effective in less than half of all patients . Therefore , many patients have long term infections t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "gastroenterology", "and", "hepatology/gastrointestinal", "cancers", "immunology/antigen", "processing", "and", "recognition", "gastroenterology", "and", "hepatology/hepatology", "virology/new", "therapies,", "including", "antivirals", "and", "immunotherapy", "infectious", "disea...	2010	Transduction of Human T Cells with a Novel T-Cell Receptor Confers Anti-HCV Reactivity
The haplotype map constructed by the HapMap Project is a valuable resource in the genetic studies of disease genes , population structure , and evolution . In the Project , Caucasian and African haplotypes are fairly accurately inferred , based mainly on the rules of Mendelian inheritance using the genotypes of trios ....	Precise haplotype maps are preferred for the performance of a variety of genetic studies including identification of disease-associated loci and dissection of evolutionary mechanisms such as selection and recombination . For diploid organisms , the haplotype information appears as the genotypes when we obtain the infor...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/genomics", "computational", "biology/population", "genetics", "computational", "biology/genomics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/population", "genetics" ]	2009	Evaluation of Haplotype Inference Using Definitive Haplotype Data Obtained from Complete Hydatidiform Moles, and Its Significance for the Analyses of Positively Selected Regions
Bilirubin is the terminal metabolite in heme catabolism in mammals . After deposition into bile , bilirubin is released in large quantities into the mammalian gastrointestinal ( GI ) tract . We hypothesized that intestinal bilirubin may modulate the function of enteric bacteria . To test this hypothesis , we investigat...	Bilirubin is the terminal breakdown product of heme , which is deposited at high concentrations in the human intestine , where it can come into contact with host cells , the gastrointestinal ( GI ) microflora , and invading pathogens . Here , we report that bilirubin can act as a protectant for the Gram-negative bacter...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods", "and", "Materials" ]	[ "gram", "negative", "emerging", "infectious", "diseases", "microbial", "pathogens", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "biology", "microbiology", "bacterial", "pathogens", "gram", "positive" ]	2013	A Product of Heme Catabolism Modulates Bacterial Function and Survival
The Leishmania developmental life cycle within its sand fly vector occurs exclusively in the lumen of the insect’s digestive tract in the presence of symbiotic bacteria . The composition of the gut microbiota and the factors that influence its composition are currently poorly understood . A set of factors , including t...	The use of conventional microbiological methods gave us the opportunity to investigate the richness of symbiotic bacteria that inhabit the gut of P . perniciosus during its main period of activity . Our results were subsequently analyzed in the framework of what has been done on sand flies microbiota in order to valida...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion", "Conclusion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "microbiome", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "bacillus", "microbiology", "sand", "flies", "animals", "diptera", "prokaryotic", "models", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "insect", ...	2017	An integrated overview of the midgut bacterial flora composition of Phlebotomus perniciosus, a vector of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in the Western Mediterranean Basin
Plant root border cells have been recently recognized as an important physical defense against soil-borne pathogens . Root border cells produce an extracellular matrix of protein , polysaccharide and DNA that functions like animal neutrophil extracellular traps to immobilize pathogens . Exposing pea root border cells t...	Plant root tips are covered by a protective sleeve of loosely attached border cells that can release a matrix containing proteins , polysaccharides , and DNA . In animal immune systems , extracellular DNA forms the backbone of neutrophil extracellular traps ( NETs ) deployed by immune cells to immobilize and kill invad...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "nucleases", "deoxyribonucleases", "enzymes", "dna-binding", "proteins", "enzymology", "epithelial", "cells", "plant", "science", "parietal", "cells", "crops", "plant", "pathology", "seedlings", "plants", "legumes", "crop", "scie...	2016	Escaping Underground Nets: Extracellular DNases Degrade Plant Extracellular Traps and Contribute to Virulence of the Plant Pathogenic Bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum
Dengue virus is an emerging infectious agent that infects an estimated 50–100 million people annually worldwide , yet current diagnostic practices cannot detect an etiologic pathogen in ∼40% of dengue-like illnesses . Metagenomic approaches to pathogen detection , such as viral microarrays and deep sequencing , are pro...	Dengue virus infection is a global health concern , affecting as many as 100 million people annually worldwide . A critical first step to proper treatment and control of any virus infection is a correct diagnosis . Traditional diagnostic tests for viruses depend on amplification of conserved portions of the viral genom...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "virology", "global", "health", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "biology", "computational", "biology", "microbiology" ]	2012	Virus Identification in Unknown Tropical Febrile Illness Cases Using Deep Sequencing
Dynamic balance of excitation and inhibition is crucial for network stability and cortical processing , but it is unclear how this balance is achieved at different membrane potentials ( Vm ) of cortical neurons , as found during persistent activity or slow Vm oscillation . Here we report that a Vm-dependent modulation ...	Proper functioning of the neocortex requires a balance between excitation and inhibition . This balance can be achieved through the operation of cortical microcircuits interweaved by excitatory and inhibitory neurons . Since the membrane potentials ( Vm ) of cortical neurons fluctuate at different levels during cortica...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cellular", "neuroscience", "central", "nervous", "system", "synapses", "biology", "neuroscience", "neurophysiology" ]	2011	Membrane Potential-Dependent Modulation of Recurrent Inhibition in Rat Neocortex
Despite substantial progress in the study of diabetes , important questions remain about its comorbidities and clinical heterogeneity . To explore these issues , we develop a framework allowing for the first time to quantify nation-wide risks and their age- and sex-dependence for each diabetic comorbidity , and whether...	We quantify for the first time age- and gender-dependent relative risks for each possible comorbidity of type 1 and 2 diabetes in a nation-wide claims dataset containing almost two million patients , and test whether the association may be consequential or causal . This study therefore contains almost 40 , 000 single c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results/Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Quantification of Diabetes Comorbidity Risks across Life Using Nation-Wide Big Claims Data
Symptomatic acute schistosomiasis mansoni is a systemic hypersensitivity reaction against the migrating schistosomula and mature eggs after a primary infection . The mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of acute schistosomiasis are not fully elucidated . Osteopontin has been implicated in granulomatous reactions and...	Schistosomiasis is a major health problem that affects over 200 million people . Symptomatic acute schistosomiasis is a systemic reaction to the worms and eggs in individuals from non-endemic areas after a primary infection . Tourists , military personnel and people who practice water sports are at risk . Although most...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Material", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "kupffer", "cells", "schistosoma", "invertebrates", "schistosoma", "mansoni", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "helminths", "granulomas", "immunology", "tropical", "diseases", "biomarkers", "par...	2016	Osteopontin Is Upregulated in Human and Murine Acute Schistosomiasis Mansoni
The World Health Organization , the World Organization for Animal Health , and the Food and Agriculture Organization have resolved to eliminate human rabies deaths due to dog bites by 2030 , and the Vaccine Alliance ( Gavi ) has added human rabies vaccines to their investments for 2021–2025 . Implementing these goals c...	Several global health organizations have prioritized investment for global elimination of human death from canine rabies . Cost-effective deployment requires understanding complex connections between rabies risk and healthcare seeking behavior . During 1995–2005 , there was a rapid decline in dog and human rabies cases...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Data", "and", "methods", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Conclusion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "post-exposure", "prophylaxis", "immunology", "tropical", "diseases", "vertebrates", "social", "sciences", "dogs", "animals", "mammals", "health", "care", "vaccines", "preventive", "medicine", "rabies", "global", "health", "negle...	2019	Healthcare demand in response to rabies elimination campaigns in Latin America
Neuronal oscillations are ubiquitous in the human brain and are implicated in virtually all brain functions . Although they can be described by a prominent peak in the power spectrum , their waveform is not necessarily sinusoidal and shows rather complex morphology . Both frequency and temporal descriptions of such non...	The electrical activity in the human brain demonstrates oscillations of intricate complexity . Interestingly , such complex waveforms are primarily visible in invasive recordings but not so much when neuronal activity is recorded with non-invasive methods such as electroencephalography . Yet a specific waveform is info...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "fourier", "analysis", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "engineering", "and", "technology", "signal", "processing", "brain", "electrophysiology", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "signal", "filtering", "butterworth", "filters", "clinical", "medicine", "brain", ...	2019	Spatial neuronal synchronization and the waveform of oscillations: Implications for EEG and MEG
Campylobacteriosis is a leading foodborne zoonosis worldwide , and is frequently associated with handling and consumption of poultry meat . Various studies indicate that Campylobacter causes a substantial human disease burden in low to middle-income countries , but data regarding the organism’s epidemiology in countrie...	Gastrointestinal disease following food-poisoning can cause severe clinical signs in humans and represent high costs for society . Examples of bacteria causing foodborne diseases include Salmonella and Campylobacter . In low to middle income countries , where resources are limited and a significant part of the populati...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "livestock", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "diet", "animals", "animal", "products", "bacterial", "diseases", "farms", "nutrition", "meat", "bacteria", "campylobacter", "...	2018	Campylobacter, a zoonotic pathogen of global importance: Prevalence and risk factors in the fast-evolving chicken meat system of Nairobi, Kenya
We are remarkably adept at inferring the consequences of our actions , yet the neuronal mechanisms that allow us to plan a sequence of novel choices remain unclear . We used functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) to investigate how the human brain plans the shortest path to a goal in novel mazes with one ( shal...	We are remarkably adept at inferring the consequences of our actions , even in novel situations . However , the neuronal mechanisms that allow us to plan a sequence of novel choices remain a mystery . One hypothesis is that anterior prefrontal brain regions can jump ahead from an initial decision to evaluate subsequent...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "learning", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "diagnostic", "radiology", "functional", "magnetic", "resonance", "imaging", "decision", "making", "prefrontal", "cortex", "brain", "social", "sciences", "neuroscience", "learning", "and", "memory", "magnetic", "reson...	2017	The Neural Representation of Prospective Choice during Spatial Planning and Decisions
Virus populations can display high genetic diversity within individual hosts . The intra-host collection of viral haplotypes , called viral quasispecies , is an important determinant of virulence , pathogenesis , and treatment outcome . We present HaploClique , a computational approach to reconstruct the structure of a...	Humans infected with a virus , such as the human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV-1 ) or hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) , host a population of billions of virus particles . Among these , there is an unknown number of genetically different strains , some of which can harbor drug resistance and immune escape mutations . It is of ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "genome", "sequencing", "genome", "analysis", "tools", "structural", "genomics", "haplotypes", "virology", "population", "genetics", "biology", "genomics", "microbiology", "computational", "biology", "sequence", "assembly", "tools" ]	2014	Viral Quasispecies Assembly via Maximal Clique Enumeration
Graph-based representations are considered to be the future for reference genomes , as they allow integrated representation of the steadily increasing data on individual variation . Currently available tools allow de novo assembly of graph-based reference genomes , alignment of new read sets to the graph representation...	The expression of genes is a tightly regulated process . A key regulatory mechanism is the modulation of transcription by a class of proteins called transcription factors that bind to DNA in the spatial proximity of regulated genes . Determining the binding locations of transcription factors for specific cell types and...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "engineering", "and", "technology", "gene", "regulation", "regulatory", "proteins", "brassica", "dna-binding", "proteins", "invertebrate", "genomics", "genetic", "mapping", "plant", "science", "model", "organisms", "genome", "analysis", "transcription", "...	2019	Graph Peak Caller: Calling ChIP-seq peaks on graph-based reference genomes
A prophylactic vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) remains a top priority in biomedical research . Given the failure of conventional immunization protocols to confer robust protection against HIV , new and unconventional approaches may be needed to generate protective anti-HIV immunity . Here we vaccin...	Given the remarkable immune evasion properties of human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) , unorthodox vaccine approaches might be needed to elicit protective anti-HIV immunity . Here we investigated whether vaccination with a near-full-length simian immunodeficiency virus ( SIVnfl ) genome could protect rhesus macaques (...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "retroviruses", "viruses", "immunodeficiency", "viruses", "vaccines", "p...	2019	Vaccine protection against rectal acquisition of SIVmac239 in rhesus macaques
Positive-strand RNA viruses genome replication invariably is associated with vesicles or other rearranged cellular membranes . Brome mosaic virus ( BMV ) RNA replication occurs on perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) membranes in ~70 nm vesicular invaginations ( spherules ) . BMV RNA replication vesicles show multi...	Positive-strand RNA { ( + ) RNA} viruses cause numerous human , animal , and plant diseases . ( + ) RNA viruses reorganize host intracellular membranes to assemble their RNA replication compartments , which are mini-organelles featuring the close association of both viral and host components . To further understand the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Host ESCRT Proteins Are Required for Bromovirus RNA Replication Compartment Assembly and Function
A majority infections caused by dengue virus ( DENV ) are asymptomatic , but a higher incidence of severe illness , such as dengue hemorrhagic fever , is associated with secondary infections , suggesting that pre-existing immunity plays a central role in dengue pathogenesis . Primary infections are typically associated...	Dengue virus ( DENV ) infections are typically asymptomatic , but severe and potentially lethal disease symptoms , such as dengue hemorrhagic fever , are associated with secondary infections . This suggests that pre-existing immunity from primary infection plays a central role in DENV pathogenesis . In order to charact...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "dengue", "virus", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "split-decomposition", "method", "epitope", "mapping", "immunology", "pathogens", "microbiology", "viruses", "multiple", "alignment", "calcula...	2017	Dengue virus antibody database: Systematically linking serotype-specificity with epitope mapping in dengue virus
Streptococcus pneumoniae is an opportunistic human bacterial pathogen that usually colonizes the upper respiratory tract , but the invasion and survival mechanism in respiratory epithelial cells remains elusive . Previously , we described that acidic stress-induced lysis ( ASIL ) and intracellular survival are controll...	Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major human pathogen and is the causal agent of otitis ( media ) and sinusitis . It is also responsible for severe infections such as bacteremia , pneumonia , and meningitis , associated with 2 million annual deaths . Although this bacterium is part of the human nasopharynx commensal micro...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "phosphorylation", "cell", "walls", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "cellular", "stress", "responses", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pneumococcus", "intracellular", "pathogens", "pathogens", "cell", "processes", "microbiology", "dna-binding", "pr...	2018	Crosstalk between the serine/threonine kinase StkP and the response regulator ComE controls the stress response and intracellular survival of Streptococcus pneumoniae
We have used two different live-cell fluorescent protein markers to monitor the formation and localization of double-strand breaks ( DSBs ) in budding yeast . Using GFP derivatives of the Rad51 recombination protein or the Ddc2 checkpoint protein , we find that cells with three site-specific DSBs , on different chromos...	Double strand breaks ( DSBs ) pose the greatest threat to the fidelity of an organism’s genome . While much work has been done on the mechanisms of DSB repair , the arrangement and interaction of multiple DSBs within a single cell remain unclear . Using two live-cell fluorescent DSB markers , we show that cells with 3 ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "microtubules", "dna", "damage", "fungi", "model", "organisms", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "dna", "epigenetics", "cellular", "structures", "and", "organelles", "chromatin", "cytoskeleton", "homologous", "recombination", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods"...	2019	Live cell monitoring of double strand breaks in S. cerevisiae
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells ( pDCs ) are the major producers of type I IFN in response to viral infection and have been shown to direct both innate and adaptive immune responses in vitro . However , in vivo evidence for their role in viral infection is lacking . We evaluated the contribution of pDCs to acute and chron...	The immune system consists of two arms aimed at fighting infection . Innate immunity represents the first barrier of defense to swiftly react – within minutes – following intrusion by a pathogen . Adaptive immunity is activated a few days later . Cross-talk between these two systems is critical but the means of communi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "immune", "cells", "lymphocytic", "choriomeningitis", "immunology", "microbiology", "immunodeficiency", "viruses", "hepatitis", "immunomodulation", "hepatitis", "c", "animal", "models", "of", "infection", "infectious", "diseases", "viral", "immune", "evasion", ...	2012	Slc15a4, a Gene Required for pDC Sensing of TLR Ligands, Is Required to Control Persistent Viral Infection
Centrioles are microtubule-based organelles important for the formation of cilia , flagella and centrosomes . Despite progress in understanding the underlying assembly mechanisms , how centriole integrity is ensured is incompletely understood , including in sperm cells , where such integrity is particularly critical . ...	Centrioles are microtubule-based organelles critical for forming cilia , flagella and centrosomes . Centrioles are very stable , but how such stability is ensured is poorly understood . We identified sas-1 as a component that contributes to centriole stability in C . elegans . Centrioles that lack sas-1 function loose ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "mutant", "genotypes", "cell", "biology", "heredity", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "genetics", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "cell", "processes", "centrioles", "cellular", "structures", "and", "organelles", "genetic", "mapping" ]	2014	SAS-1 Is a C2 Domain Protein Critical for Centriole Integrity in C. elegans
Plant shoot systems derive from the shoot apical meristems ( SAMs ) , pools of stems cells that are regulated by a feedback between the WUSCHEL ( WUS ) homeobox protein and CLAVATA ( CLV ) peptides and receptors . The maize heterotrimeric G protein α subunit COMPACT PLANT2 ( CT2 ) functions with CLV receptors to regula...	Maize is one of the most important cereal crops worldwide . Optimizing its yields requires fine tuning of development . Therefore , it is critical to understand the developmental signaling mechanisms to provide basic knowledge to maximize productivity . The heterotrimeric G proteins transmit signals from cell surface r...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "anatomy", "enzymes", "brassica", "enzymology", "plant", "physiology", "g-protein", "signaling", "cereal", "crops", "plant", "science", "model", "organisms", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "crops", "plants", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "...	2018	Role of heterotrimeric Gα proteins in maize development and enhancement of agronomic traits
The primary mechanism of action of the antibiotic dihydrostreptomycin is binding to and modifying the function of the bacterial ribosome , thus leading to decreased and aberrant translation of proteins; however , the routes by which it enters the bacterial cell are largely unknown . The mechanosensitive channel of larg...	Streptomycin is one of the original and best studied antibiotics . Its primary mechanism of action is the interference with protein synthesis by binding to and modifying the function of the bacterial ribosome . However , the antibiotic is quite large , bulky , and is charged , so the mechanisms by which it accesses the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "antimicrobials", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "neurochemistry", "crystal", "structure", "chemical", "compounds", "built", "structures", "engineering", "and", "technology", "drugs", "condensed", "matter", "physics", "microbiology", "neuroscience", "organic", "...	2016	Dihydrostreptomycin Directly Binds to, Modulates, and Passes through the MscL Channel Pore
Dengue viruses ( DENV ) are enveloped single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses transmitted by Aedes spp . mosquitoes . There are four genetically distinct serotypes designated DENV-1 through DENV-4 , each further subdivided into distinct genotypes . The dengue scientific community has long contended that infection wi...	Infectious virus clones are valuable tools for studying how changes in viral genetic codes affect viral biology . Dengue virus is the most important mosquito-borne virus worldwide , yet dengue virus infectious clones have historically been challenging to make and manipulate , making it very difficult to study the varie...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "clinical", "immunology", "immunity", "virology", "cloning", "genetics", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "immunology", "biology", "microbiology", "viral", "diseases", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	Development and Characterization of a Reverse Genetic System for Studying Dengue Virus Serotype 3 Strain Variation and Neutralization
Vertebrate females transfer antibodies via the placenta , colostrum and milk or via the egg yolk to protect their immunologically immature offspring against pathogens . This evolutionarily important transfer of immunity is poorly documented in invertebrates and basic questions remain regarding the nature and extent of ...	Vertebrate immune systems not only protect adult organisms against infections but also increase survival of offspring through parental transfer of innate and adaptive immune factors via the placenta , colostrum and milk or via the egg yolk . This maternal transfer of immunity is critical for species survival as embryos...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Parental Transfer of the Antimicrobial Protein LBP/BPI Protects Biomphalaria glabrata Eggs against Oomycete Infections
While there have been studies exploring regulatory variation in one or more tissues , the complexity of tissue-specificity in multiple primary tissues is not yet well understood . We explore in depth the role of cis-regulatory variation in three human tissues: lymphoblastoid cell lines ( LCL ) , skin , and fat . The sa...	Regulation of gene expression is a fundamental cellular process determining a large proportion of the phenotypic variance . Previous studies have identified genetic loci influencing gene expression levels ( eQTLs ) , but the complexity of their tissue-specific properties has not yet been well-characterized . In this st...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genome", "expression", "analysis", "genomics", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "population", "genetics", "biology", "human", "genetics", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2011	The Architecture of Gene Regulatory Variation across Multiple Human Tissues: The MuTHER Study
Recombinant interferon-alpha ( IFN-α ) is an approved therapy for chronic hepatitis B ( CHB ) , but the molecular basis of treatment response remains to be determined . The woodchuck model of chronic hepatitis B virus ( HBV ) infection displays many characteristics of human disease and has been extensively used to eval...	Approximately 250 million people are chronically infected with HBV , and over 500 , 000 people die every year because of associated liver diseases . IFN-α has been used to treat patients with chronic HBV infection for over 20 years , but it is not well understood why some patients respond to treatment and others do not...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Intrahepatic Transcriptional Signature Associated with Response to Interferon-α Treatment in the Woodchuck Model of Chronic Hepatitis B
Environmental enteropathy ( EE ) is a poorly understood condition that refers to chronic alterations in intestinal permeability , absorption , and inflammation , which mainly affects young children in resource-limited settings . Recently , EE has been linked to suboptimal oral vaccine responses in children , although i...	Cholera is a life-threatening diarrheal disease that affects millions of people worldwide . Currently available oral cholera vaccines are less effective in young children , and some have hypothesized that this is related to environmental enteropathy , a problem in the gut characterized by alterations in intestinal perm...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "and", "Materials", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "enteropathies", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "body", "fluids", "immunology", "tropical", "diseases", "vaccines", "preventive", "medicine", "bacterial", "diseases", "gastroenterology", "and", "hepatology", "neglected", "tropical", "dise...	2016	Biomarkers of Environmental Enteropathy are Positively Associated with Immune Responses to an Oral Cholera Vaccine in Bangladeshi Children
Repression of somatic gene expression in germline progenitors is one of the critical mechanisms involved in establishing the germ/soma dichotomy . In Drosophila , the maternal Nanos ( Nos ) and Polar granule component ( Pgc ) proteins are required for repression of somatic gene expression in the primordial germ cells ,...	Identification of the molecular mechanism underlying germline segregation from the soma is a fundamental goal of reproductive , cellular , and developmental biology . In many animal species , repression of somatic gene expression in germline progenitors is critical for the germ/soma segregation . In Drosophila , germ p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "nuclear", "import", "3'", "utr", "messenger", "rna", "cell", "processes", "dna", "transcription", "developmental", "biology", "protein", "expression", "untranslated", "regions", "sequence", "motif", "analysis", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "embryos", "research...	2019	Maternal Nanos inhibits Importin-α2/Pendulin-dependent nuclear import to prevent somatic gene expression in the Drosophila germline
Rare variation in protein coding sequence is poorly captured by GWAS arrays and has been hypothesized to contribute to disease heritability . Using the Illumina HumanExome SNP array , we successfully genotyped 191 , 032 common and rare non-synonymous , splice site , or nonsense variants in a multiethnic sample of 2 , 9...	For breast and prostate cancer , GWAS have revealed many risk variants ( >70 for each cancer as of this report ) . All together the common variants in these regions explain only a minority of familial risk of these cancers . Using the Illumina HumanExome SNP array , we explored the hypothesis of rare coding variation c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genome-wide", "association", "studies", "cancer", "genetics", "genetic", "polymorphism", "genetics", "population", "genetics", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2013	Genome-Wide Testing of Putative Functional Exonic Variants in Relationship with Breast and Prostate Cancer Risk in a Multiethnic Population
Chagas disease , caused by the flagellate parasite Trypanosoma cruzi affects 8–10 million people in Latin America . The mechanisms that underlie the development of complications of chronic Chagas disease , characterized primarily by pathology of the heart and digestive system , are not currently understood . To identif...	Chronic Chagas disease consists of four different forms categorized on the basis of their clinical manifestations , namely; cardiac , digestive , cardiodigestive and indeterminate . In Latin America , there are 8–10 million seropositive persons who are at risk of , or have already developed serious clinical complicatio...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "clinical", "immunology", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "immunology", "parasitic", "diseases" ]	2012	Protective Human Leucocyte Antigen Haplotype, HLA-DRB101-B14, against Chronic Chagas Disease in Bolivia
Diarrhea is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in all regions of the world and among all ages , yet little is known about the fraction of diarrhea episodes and deaths due to each pathogen . We conducted a systematic literature review to identify all papers reporting the proportion of diarrhea episodes with p...	Diarrhea is an important cause of illness and death around the world and among people of all ages , but unfortunately we often do not know what specific bacterium or virus causes the illness . We conducted a review of the scientific literature with the goal of finding published studies that identified bacteria and viru...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/global", "health", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/infectious", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases/gastrointestinal", "infections" ]	2010	Etiology of Diarrhea in Older Children, Adolescents and Adults: A Systematic Review
Collective cell migration in cohesive units is vital for tissue morphogenesis , wound repair , and immune response . While the fundamental driving forces for collective cell motion stem from contractile and protrusive activities of individual cells , it remains unknown how their balance is optimized to maintain tissue ...	Many developmental processes involve collective cell motion , driven by migratory behaviours of individual cells and their interactions with the extracellular environment . An outstanding question is how cells regulate their internal driving forces to maintain tissue cohesiveness while promoting the requisite fluidity ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "velocity", "stiffness", "mechanical", "properties", "cell", "motility", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "classical", "mechanics", "focal", "adhesions", "geometry", "biological", "locomotion", "physiological", "processes", "developmental", "biology", "mathematics",...	2018	Cooperation of dual modes of cell motility promotes epithelial stress relaxation to accelerate wound healing
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance of target organs , which is due to impaired insulin signal transduction . The skeleton of signaling mediators that provide for normal insulin action has been established . However , the detailed kinetics , and their mechanistic generation , remain incompletely unde...	Insulin is a central player in maintaining energy balance in our bodies and in type 2 diabetes , where the effect of insulin on its target tissues is diminished . Insulin acts on cells by binding to specific insulin receptors ( IRs ) at the cell surface . This triggers a series of events , including attachment of phosp...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "diabetes", "and", "endocrinology/type", "2", "diabetes", "computational", "biology/systems", "biology", "cell", "biology/cell", "signaling" ]	2008	Model-Based Hypothesis Testing of Key Mechanisms in Initial Phase of Insulin Signaling
Helicobacter pylori ( Hp ) injects the CagA effector protein into host epithelial cells and induces growth factor-like signaling , perturbs cell-cell junctions , and alters host cell polarity . This enables Hp to grow as microcolonies adhered to the host cell surface even in conditions that do not support growth of fre...	Helicobacter pylori ( Hp ) is a bacterium that chronically infects the stomach of humans and can lead to serious illness . To survive in the stomach , the bacteria intimately interact with the epithelial lining . Some inject the virulence protein CagA into the host cells , and we previously showed that CagA helps Hp su...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "microbial", "pathogens", "biology", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "bacterial", "pathogens" ]	2011	Helicobacter pylori Perturbs Iron Trafficking in the Epithelium to Grow on the Cell Surface
Associating spatial locations with rewards is fundamental to survival in natural environments and requires the integrity of the hippocampus and ventral striatum . In joint multineuron recordings from these areas , hippocampal–striatal ensembles reactivated together during sleep . This process was especially strong in p...	Thinking back to an exciting event often includes the scene in which the event took place . Associations between specific places and emotional events are consolidated in memory , but how this is achieved is currently unknown . Two brain areas involved in learning such associations are the hippocampus and the ventral st...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "neuroscience/behavioral", "neuroscience", "neuroscience/cognitive", "neuroscience", "physiology/cognitive", "neuroscience", "neuroscience/neuronal", "signaling", "mechanisms", "neuroscience/animal", "cognition" ]	2009	Hippocampus Leads Ventral Striatum in Replay of Place-Reward Information
Enterovirus 71 ( EV71 ) is causing life-threatening outbreaks in tropical Asia . In Taiwan and other tropical Asian countries , although nationwide EV71 epidemics occur cyclically , age-specific incidence rates of EV71 infections that are critical to estimate disease burden and design vaccine trials are not clear . A n...	Enterovirus 71 ( EV71 ) was first isolated in California , USA , in 1969 . Since then , EV71 has been identified globally . Recently , EV71 caused several life-threatening outbreaks in young children in tropical Asia . Development of EV71 vaccines becomes national priority in several Asia countries including Taiwan . T...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "epidemiology", "pediatrics", "and", "child", "health", "pediatrics" ]	2012	Incidence Rates of Enterovirus 71 Infections in Young Children during a Nationwide Epidemic in Taiwan, 2008–09
Alveolar echinococcosis ( AE ) is caused by the metacestode stage of Echinococcus multilocularis . The inflammatory response to this infection is influenced by the interaction of the parasite with the host . We aimed to analyze human liver lesions infected with Echinococcus multilocularis and the changes of the cellula...	Alveolar echinococcosis ( AE ) is a life-threatening disease in humans caused by the larval stages of E . multilocularis . It has been shown that the infection in humans is associated with a modulated immune response . Depending on multiple factors , such as the stage of disease , total or partial surgical resection an...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "immunology", "parasitic", "diseases", "surgical", "and", "invasive", "medical", "procedures", "signs", "and", "symptoms", "white", "blood", "...	2017	Albendazole increases the inflammatory response and the amount of Em2-positive small particles of Echinococcus multilocularis (spems) in human hepatic alveolar echinococcosis lesions
The trematode flatworms of the genus Schistosoma , the causative agents of schistosomiasis , are among the most prevalent parasites in humans , affecting more than 200 million people worldwide . In this study , we focused on two well-characterized strains of S . mansoni , to explore signatures of selection . Both strai...	Adaptation of parasites to their environment is governed by the principle of selection . Favourable mutations are fixed in populations while deleterious mutations are progressively eliminated . Here , we aimed to find signatures of selection in two strains of Schistosoma mansoni , the causative agent of intestinal schi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2013	Private Selective Sweeps Identified from Next-Generation Pool-Sequencing Reveal Convergent Pathways under Selection in Two Inbred Schistosoma mansoni Strains
Rabies virus ( RABV ) is a highly neurotropic pathogen that typically leads to mortality of infected animals and humans . The precise etiology of rabies neuropathogenesis is unknown , though it is hypothesized to be due either to neuronal death or dysfunction . Analysis of human brains post-mortem reveals surprisingly ...	Rabies is an ancient and fatal neurological disease of animals and humans , caused by infection of the central nervous system ( CNS ) with Rabies virus ( RABV ) . It is estimated that nearly 55 , 000 human RABV fatalities occur each year , though this number is likely much higher due to unreported exposures or failure ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "microbiology", "rabies", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases", "viral", "clearance", "biology", "cell", "biology", "virology", "neurons", "cellular", "types", "molecular", "cell", "biolog...	2012	Immune Clearance of Attenuated Rabies Virus Results in Neuronal Survival with Altered Gene Expression
A major goal in post-genome biology is the complete mapping of the gene regulatory networks for every organism . Identification of regulatory elements is a prerequisite for realizing this ambitious goal . A common problem is finding regulatory patterns in promoters of a group of co-expressed genes , but contemporary me...	In the years following the sequencing of the human genome focus have shifted towards trying to understand how this blueprint results in the diversity of cells that we observe . Part of the answer lies in the regulation of transcription and how the proteins responsible for this recognize where they should attach to the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "computational", "biology/sequence", "motif", "analysis", "computational", "biology/transcriptional", "regulation" ]	2009	Discovery of Regulatory Elements is Improved by a Discriminatory Approach
Catenation links between sister chromatids are formed progressively during DNA replication and are involved in the establishment of sister chromatid cohesion . Topo IV is a bacterial type II topoisomerase involved in the removal of catenation links both behind replication forks and after replication during the final se...	DNA topoisomerases are ubiquitous enzymes that solve the topological problems associated with replication , transcription and recombination . Type II Topoisomerases play a major role in the management of newly replicated DNA . They contribute to the condensation and segregation of chromosomes to the future daughter cel...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "chemical", "characterization", "molecular", "probe", "techniques", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "cell", "processes", "microbiology", "dna", "replication", "bacterial", "genetics", "dna", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "microbial", ...	2016	Mapping Topoisomerase IV Binding and Activity Sites on the E. coli Genome
As antimicrobial signalling molecules , type III or lambda interferons ( IFNλs ) are critical for defence against infection by diverse pathogens , including bacteria , fungi and viruses . Counter-intuitively , expression of one member of the family , IFNλ4 , is associated with decreased clearance of hepatitis C virus (...	Natural genetic variation and its influence on the outcome of viral infection is a topical area given the wealth of genetic data now available . However , understanding how clinical phenotype is affected by genetic variation at the molecular level is often lacking yet critical for any insight into immunity and disease ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "luciferase", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "hepacivirus", "pathogens", "enzymes", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "enzymology", "orthomyxoviruses", "animals", "mammals", "primates", "viruses", "physiological", "proces...	2018	A polymorphic residue that attenuates the antiviral potential of interferon lambda 4 in hominid lineages
Distinct Trypanosoma cruzi genotypes have been considered relevant for patient management and therapeutic response of Chagas disease . However , typing strategies for genotype-specific serodiagnosis of Chagas disease are still unavailable and requires standardization for practical application . In this study , an innov...	Chagas disease remains a significant public health issue infecting 6–7 million people worldwide . The factors influencing the clinical heterogeneity of Chagas disease have not been elucidated , although it has been suggested that different clinical outcome may be associated with the genetic diversity of T . cruzi isola...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "biogeography", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "engineering", "and", "technology", "population", "genetics", "tropical", "diseases", "parasitic", "diseases", "parasitic"...	2017	Performance of TcI/TcVI/TcII Chagas-Flow ATE-IgG2a for universal and genotype-specific serodiagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi infection
Endemic Burkitt's lymphoma ( eBL ) arises from the germinal center ( GC ) . It is a common tumor of young children in tropical Africa and its occurrence is closely linked geographically with the incidence of P . falciparum malaria . This association was noted more than 50 years ago . Since then we have learned that eBL...	Endemic Burkitt's lymphoma ( eBL ) is a common tumor of young children in tropical Africa that is closely linked geographically with P . falciparum malaria . This association was noted more than 50 years ago . Since then we have learned that eBL contains the oncogenic herpes virus Epstein-Barr virus and a defining tran...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "oncology", "infectious", "diseases", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "protozoans", "malarial", "parasites", "epstein-barr", "virus", "infectious", "mononucleosis", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "viral", "diseases", "plasmodium", "falciparum", "parasitic"...	2014	A Multifactorial Role for P. falciparum Malaria in Endemic Burkitt's Lymphoma Pathogenesis
Dengue fever is the most important arboviral disease in the tropical and sub-tropical countries of the world . Delhi , the metropolitan capital state of India , has reported many dengue outbreaks , with the last outbreak occurring in 2013 . We have recently reported predominance of dengue virus serotype 2 during 2011–2...	Dengue is a mosquito borne disease prevalent in more than 100 tropical and sub-tropical countries . In this study , we carried out phylogenetic and molecular clock analysis of dengue serotype 2 strains found to be circulating in Delhi , India , in 2011–2014 . All the study strains were found to belong to the Cosmopolit...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "sequencing", "techniques", "dengue", "virus", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "chemical", "compounds", "aliphatic", "amino", "acids", "pathogens", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology", "organic", "compounds", "vi...	2016	Evolutionary Analysis of Dengue Serotype 2 Viruses Using Phylogenetic and Bayesian Methods from New Delhi, India
With relatively few known specific transcription factors to control the abundance of specific mRNAs , Plasmodium parasites may rely more on the regulation of transcript stability and turnover to provide sufficient gene regulation . Plasmodium transmission stages impose translational repression on specific transcripts i...	Malaria is a disease caused by Plasmodium parasites , which are transmitted during an infectious blood meal by anopheline mosquitoes . Transmission of the sexual stages of the parasite to mosquitoes requires the proper regulation of specific mRNAs . While much work has been done to characterize regulation of mRNAs in f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "parasite", "groups", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "plasmodium", "plasmodium", "yoelii", "gametocytes", "messenger", "rna", "parasitic", "diseases", "parasitic", "protozoans", "parasitology", "germ", "cells", "apicomplexa", "protozoans", "m...	2019	Plasmodium male gametocyte development and transmission are critically regulated by the two putative deadenylases of the CAF1/CCR4/NOT complex
Recent studies have shown that the transcriptional functions of REST are much broader than repressing neuronal genes in non-neuronal systems . Whether REST occupies similar chromatin regions in different cell types and how it interacts with other transcriptional regulators to execute its functions in a context-dependen...	The RE-1 silencing transcription factor ( REST ) binds to DNA and has been shown to repress neuronal genes in non-neuronal systems , but more recent studies have expanded its functions much beyond this . At the molecular level , REST acts cooperatively with other proteins to execute its transcriptional regulatory roles...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "systems", "biology", "genome", "expression", "analysis", "genomics", "functional", "genomics", "genome", "analysis", "transcriptome", "analysis", "genetics", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "computational", "biology" ]	2014	Comparison of REST Cistromes across Human Cell Types Reveals Common and Context-Specific Functions
In many organisms , transcription of the zygotic genome begins during the maternal-to-zygotic transition ( MZT ) , which is characterized by a dramatic increase in global transcriptional activities and coincides with embryonic stem cell differentiation . In Drosophila , it has been shown that maternal morphogen gradien...	In the initial phase of the early embryo , transcription is inactive and development is supported by maternally derived gene products . During a time window termed the maternal-to-zygotic transition ( MZT ) , the maternal gene products are degraded and the zygotically expressed genes required for embryogenesis initiate...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "model", "organisms", "biology" ]	2011	STAT Is an Essential Activator of the Zygotic Genome in the Early Drosophila Embryo
To escape immune recognition in previously infected hosts , viruses evolve genetically in immunologically important regions . The host’s immune system responds by generating new memory cells recognizing the mutated viral strains . Despite recent advances in data collection and analysis , it remains conceptually unclear...	Spread of many RNA viruses in a population represents a competition between host immune responses and viral evolution . RNA viruses accumulate mutations in immunologically important regions to escape immune recognition in hosts previously exposed to infection , while the immune system responds by producing new memory c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Model", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion", "Conclusion" ]	[ "organismal", "evolution", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "influenza", "pathogens", "microbiology", "orthomyxoviruses", "viruses", "rna", "viruses", "microbial", "evolution", "waves", "traveling", "waves", "genetic",...	2018	Antigenic evolution of viruses in host populations
Plasmodium vivax invasion of human erythrocytes depends on the Duffy Binding Protein ( PvDBP ) which interacts with the Duffy antigen . PvDBP copy number has been recently shown to vary between P . vivax isolates in Sub-Saharan Africa . However , the extent of PvDBP copy number variation , the type of PvDBP multiplicat...	Plasmodium vivax invasion of human erythrocytes relies on interaction between the Duffy antigen and P . vivax Duffy Binding Protein ( PvDBP ) . Whole genome sequences from P . vivax field isolates in Madagascar identified a duplication of the PvDBP gene and PvDBP duplication has also been detected in non-African P . vi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "sequencing", "techniques", "parasite", "groups", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "plasmodium", "tropical", "diseases", "parasitic", "diseases", "parasitic", "protozoans", "parasitology", "organisms", "genome", "sequencing", "apicomplexa", "plas...	2019	Frequent expansion of Plasmodium vivax Duffy Binding Protein in Ethiopia and its epidemiological significance
The ubiquitous second messenger c-di-GMP promotes bacterial biofilm formation by playing diverse roles in the underlying regulatory networks . This is reflected in the multiplicity of diguanylate cyclases ( DGC ) and phosphodiesterases ( PDE ) that synthesize and degrade c-di-GMP , respectively , in most bacterial spec...	Biofilms represent a multicellular life form of bacteria , in which large numbers of cells live in communities surrounded and protected by a self-generated extracellular polymeric matrix . As biofilms tolerate antibiotics and host immune systems , they are causally associated with chronic infections . Biofilm formation...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "biofilms", "deletion", "mutation", "enzymes", "metabolic", "processes", "enzymology", "microbiology", "mutation", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "physical", "chemistry", "chemical", "properties", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "dimerizatio...	2019	Genetic dissection of Escherichia coli's master diguanylate cyclase DgcE: Role of the N-terminal MASE1 domain and direct signal input from a GTPase partner system
Soil-transmitted Helminths and Anemia potentially reduce and retard cognitive and physical growth in school-age children with great implications for national control programs in Africa . After 13 years of deworming and limited health education campaigns , a study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of deworming inter...	Soil-transmitted Helminths potentially reduce physical growth and retard cognitive development in school-age children ( SAC ) with great implications for national control programs in Africa . In Uganda , baseline investigations between 1998 and 2002 , indicated STH prevalence was over 60 . 0% in most districts , the co...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "education", "helminths", "sociology", "tropical", "diseases", "hookworms", "social", "sciences", "geographical", "locations", "uganda", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "anemia", "health", "care", "ascaris", ...	2018	Impact of a national deworming campaign on the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthiasis in Uganda (2004-2016): Implications for national control programs
START-dependent transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is regulated by two transcription factors SBF and MBF , whose activity is controlled by the binding of the repressor Whi5 . Phosphorylation and removal of Whi5 by the cyclin-dependent kinase ( CDK ) Cln3-Cdc28 alleviates the Whi5-dependent repression on SBF and ...	Eukaryotic cells grow and divide by progressing through carefully orchestrated stages of the cell cycle characterized by stage-specific patterns of gene expression , DNA replication , and scission . How stage-specific gene expression is coordinated with cell cycle progression is only partially understood . The phase kn...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression", "biochemistry/transcription", "and", "translation", "genetics", "and", "genomics/epigenetics", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "cell", "biology/gene", "expression" ]	2009	Dual Regulation by Pairs of Cyclin-Dependent Protein Kinases and Histone Deacetylases Controls G1 Transcription in Budding Yeast
The filamentous fungus Magnaporthe oryzae is the causal agent of rice blast disease . Here we show that glycogen metabolic genes play an important role in plant infection by M . oryzae . Targeted deletion of AGL1 and GPH1 , which encode amyloglucosidase and glycogen phosphorylase , respectively , prevented mobilisation...	The fungus Magnaporthe oryzae causes a devastating disease of rice called blast . Each year , rice blast disease destroys almost a quarter of the potential global rice harvest . The fungus infects rice plants by elaborating a special infection structure called an appressorium , which physically breaks the tough outer c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Glycogen Metabolic Genes Are Involved in Trehalose-6-Phosphate Synthase-Mediated Regulation of Pathogenicity by the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae
Virulence factors generally enhance a pathogen's fitness and thereby foster transmission . However , most studies of pathogen fitness have been performed by averaging the phenotypes over large populations . Here , we have analyzed the fitness costs of virulence factor expression by Salmonella enterica subspecies I sero...	Pathogenic bacteria require virulence factors to foster growth and survival of the pathogen within the host . Therefore , virulence factor expression is generally assumed to enhance the pathogen's fitness . However , most studies of pathogen fitness have been performed by averaging the phenotypes over large pathogen po...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "microbial", "evolution", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "microbial", "pathogens", "biology", "microbiology", "microbial", "growth", "and", "development", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2011	The Cost of Virulence: Retarded Growth of Salmonella Typhimurium Cells Expressing Type III Secretion System 1
The impacts of vaccination on the transmission of Rift Valley fever virus ( RVFV ) have not been evaluated . We have developed a RVFV transmission model comprising two hosts—cattle as a separate host and sheep and goats as one combined host ( herein after referred to as sheep ) —and two vectors—Aedes species ( spp ) an...	Evaluation of the relative impacts of RVF vaccination has not been previously carried out . We present a model that simulates RVFV transmission between two livestock hosts ( cattle as a separate host and sheep referring to both sheep and goats ) and two mosquito species ( Aedes and Culex species ) . We then apply the m...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "death", "rates", "invertebrates", "livestock", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "rift", "valley", "fever", "virus", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "ruminants", "demography", "pathogens", "immunology", "vector-borne", "diseases", "microbiology", "...	2016	Modelling Vaccination Strategies against Rift Valley Fever in Livestock in Kenya
The relationship between parasite fitness and virulence has been the object of experimental and theoretical studies often with conflicting conclusions . Here , we provide direct experimental evidence that viral fitness and virulence , both measured in the same biological environment provided by host cells in culture , ...	Virulence expresses the harm that parasites inflict upon their hosts . Many studies have addressed the basis of virulence and its effect on host and parasite survival . It has generally been accepted that one of the components of parasite virulence is fitness , or the capacity of the parasite to multiply in its host . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "virulence", "passage", "regime", "recombinant", "virus", "foot-and-mouth", "disease", "virus", "virology", "viral", "quasispecies", "molecular", "biology" ]	2007	Molecular Basis for a Lack of Correlation between Viral Fitness and Cell Killing Capacity
Assessment of attitudes of health care professionals is important as negative attitude could constitute a major deterrent to care-seeking by persons affected by neglected tropical diseases ( NTDs ) such as leprosy . Leprosy continues to pose a major disease burden in India with an annual new case detection rate of 10 ....	Leprosy is an infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium leprae and is one of the major causes of preventable disability . Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of all new cases of leprosy remain the key strategies for leprosy control as it would prevent nerve damage , disability and reduce the transmission of the d...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "behavioral", "and", "social", "aspects", "of", "health", "sociology", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "india", "social", "sciences", "health", "care", "bacteri...	2018	Development and validation of a scale to assess attitudes of health care providers towards persons affected by leprosy in southern India
Borrelia recurrentis is the causative agent of louse-borne relapsing fever , endemic to the Horn of Africa . New attention was raised in Europe , with the highest number of cases ( n = 45 ) reported among migrants in 2015 in Germany and sporadically from other European countries . So far only one genome was sequenced ,...	Louse-borne relapsing fever , as the name suggests , is the only relapsing fever transmitted by lice , and caused by the spirochaete Borrelia recurrentis . Today it is endemic to the Horn of Africa , but due to the cosmopolitan nature of the vector , the pathogen still bears epidemic potential to spread globally among ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology", "geographical", "locations", "relapsing", "fever", "bacterial", "diseases", "genome", "analysis", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases...	2017	First insights in the variability of Borrelia recurrentis genomes
The modern synthetic view of human evolution proposes that the fixation of novel mutations is driven by the balance among selective advantage , selective disadvantage , and genetic drift . When considering the global architecture of the human genome , the same model can be applied to understanding the rapid acquisition...	Throughout evolutionary history , fragments of the mitochondrial genome , known as numts ( for nuclear mitochondrial sequences ) , have been inserted into the nuclear genome . These fragments are distinct from all other classes of repetitive DNA found in nuclear genomes , not least because they are incapable of mediati...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "primates", "mammals", "computational", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology", "homo", "(human)", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "mus", "(mouse)" ]	2007	Population Bottlenecks as a Potential Major Shaping Force of Human Genome Architecture
The current genetic makeup of Latin America has been shaped by a history of extensive admixture between Africans , Europeans and Native Americans , a process taking place within the context of extensive geographic and social stratification . We estimated individual ancestry proportions in a sample of 7 , 342 subjects a...	Latin America has a history of extensive mixing between Native Americans and people arriving from Europe and Africa . As a result , individuals in the region have a highly heterogeneous genetic background and show great variation in physical appearance . Latin America offers an excellent opportunity to examine the gene...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "human", "genetics" ]	2014	Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals
The aim of the study is to examine the spatiotemporal pattern of Japanese Encephalitis ( JE ) in mainland China during 2002–2010 . Specific objectives of the study were to quantify the temporal variation in incidence of JE cases , to determine if clustering of JE cases exists , to detect high risk spatiotemporal cluste...	Japanese encephalitis ( JE ) is a mosquito-borne disease , which primarily occurs in rural and suburban areas of Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific region . JE still remains a significant public health problem in mainland China , with approximately 50% of global cases annually . Few studies have explored the spatio...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "disease", "mapping", "spatial", "epidemiology", "epidemiology" ]	2013	Spatiotemporal Patterns of Japanese Encephalitis in China, 2002–2010
Dengue virus ( DENV ) infection is a major emerging disease widely distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world affecting several millions of people . Despite constants efforts , no specific treatment or effective vaccine is yet available . Here we show a novel design of a DNA immunisation s...	Dengue disease is a mosquito-borne viral infection caused by Dengue virus ( DENV ) , one of the most important human pathogens worldwide . DENV infection produces a systemic disease with a broad symptomatic spectrum ranging from mild febrile illness ( Dengue Fever , DF ) to severe haemorrhagic manifestations ( Dengue H...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Dengue E Protein Domain III-Based DNA Immunisation Induces Strong Antibody Responses to All Four Viral Serotypes
Protein-protein interactions are the cornerstone of numerous biological processes . Although an increasing number of protein complex structures have been determined using experimental methods , relatively fewer studies have been performed to determine the assembly order of complexes . In addition to the insights into t...	Protein-protein interactions , particularly those involving multiple proteins , are the cornerstone of numerous biological processes . Although an increasing number of multi-chain protein complex structures have been determined , fewer studies have been performed to determine the assembly order of complexes . Knowing t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "dimers", "(chemical", "physics)", "protein", "interactions", "molecular", "mechanics", "protein", "structure", "prediction", "protein", "structure", "thermodynamics", "protein", "structure", "determination", "protein-protein", "interactions", "proteins", "chemistry", "molecu...	2018	Modeling the assembly order of multimeric heteroprotein complexes
Helicobacter pylori persistently colonizes the human stomach , with mixed roles in human health . The CagA protein , a key host-interaction factor , is translocated by a type IV secretion system into host epithelial cells , where its EPIYA tyrosine phosphorylation motifs ( TPMs ) are recognized by host cell kinases , l...	As the dominant bacterium living in the human stomach , Helicobacter pylori has mixed roles in host health . One significant pathogenic risk factor is the CagA protein , which interferes with multiple host cell signaling pathways through its EPIYA tyrosine phosphorylation motifs ( TPMs ) . Through database searching an...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	A Specific A/T Polymorphism in Western Tyrosine Phosphorylation B-Motifs Regulates Helicobacter pylori CagA Epithelial Cell Interactions
The circadian clock plays a vital role in monarch butterfly ( Danaus plexippus ) migration by providing the timing component of time-compensated sun compass orientation , a process that is important for successful navigation . We therefore evaluated the monarch clockwork by focusing on the functions of a Drosophila-lik...	During their spectacular fall migration , eastern North American monarch butterflies ( Danaus plexippus ) use a time-compensated sun compass to help them navigate to their overwintering sites in central Mexico . The circadian clock plays a critical role in monarch butterfly migration by providing the timing component t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "neuroscience", "cell", "biology" ]	2008	Cryptochromes Define a Novel Circadian Clock Mechanism in Monarch Butterflies That May Underlie Sun Compass Navigation
The sterol regulatory element-binding protein ( SREBP ) family member SREBP1 is a critical transcriptional regulator of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism and has been implicated in insulin resistance , diabetes , and other diet-related diseases . We globally identified the promoters occupied by SREBP1 and its bindi...	Transcription factors ( TFs ) are DNA-binding proteins that regulate the transcription of their target genes . TFs typically bind in proximity to the transcription start sites of their target genes in a region called the promoter . SREBP1 is a TF that increases the transcription of numerous genes involved in cholestero...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/functional", "genomics", "computational", "biology/transcriptional", "regulation", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/bioinformatics", "diabetes", "and", "endocrinology/type", "2", "diabetes" ]	2008	Genome-Wide Occupancy of SREBP1 and Its Partners NFY and SP1 Reveals Novel Functional Roles and Combinatorial Regulation of Distinct Classes of Genes
Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral illness that causes a variety of health outcomes , from a mild acute febrile illness to potentially fatal severe dengue . Between 2005 and 2010 , the annual number of suspected dengue cases reported to the Passive Dengue Surveillance System ( PDSS ) in Puerto Rico ranged from 2 , 346 in...	The number of global cases of dengue has increased an estimated 30-fold from 1962 to 2012 , and two-fifths of the world’s population are thought to be at risk for dengue . It has been recently estimated that the global incidence of dengue is between 50 and 100 million cases per year . These estimates of burden and impa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "and", "materials", "Results", "Discussion", "Disclaimer" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "geographical", "locations", "tropical", "diseases", "health", "care", "north", "america", "probability", "distribution", "inpatients", "mathematics", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "infectious"...	2018	Estimating dengue under-reporting in Puerto Rico using a multiplier model
Although a previous study predicted that Japanese encephalitis virus ( JEV ) originated in the Malaysia/Indonesia region , the virus is known to circulate mainly on the Asian continent . However , there are no reported systematic studies that adequately define how JEV then dispersed throughout Asia . In order to unders...	Japanese encephalitis virus ( JEV ) probably originated in the Malaysia/Indonesia region . Currently , there are no systematic studies that adequately define how it subsequently dispersed throughout Asia . In this study , we demonstrate that JEV lineages can be divided into four endemic cycles , comprising southern Asi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2013	Southernmost Asia Is the Source of Japanese Encephalitis Virus (Genotype 1) Diversity from which the Viruses Disperse and Evolve throughout Asia
Cyclin Y family can enhance Wnt/β-catenin signaling in mitosis . Their physiological roles in mammalian development are yet unknown . Here we show that Cyclin Y-like 1 ( Ccnyl1 ) and Cyclin Y ( Ccny ) have overlapping function and are crucial for mouse embryonic development and mammary stem/progenitor cell functions . ...	Stem cell self-renewal has two essential elements , cell division and at least of one of the daughter cells retaining stem cell properties , so-called stemness . The interconnections between cell cycle and cell fate specification have been explored in embryonic stem cells . However , less is known about how cell cycle ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "phosphorylation", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "keratinocytes", "reproductive", "system", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "cell", "processes", "epithelial", "cells", "animal", "models", "developmental", "biology", "model", "organisms", "embryos"...	2016	Essential Roles of Cyclin Y-Like 1 and Cyclin Y in Dividing Wnt-Responsive Mammary Stem/Progenitor Cells
The elimination of blinding trachoma focuses on controlling Chlamydia trachomatis infection through mass antibiotic treatment and measures to limit transmission . As the prevalence of disease declines , uncertainty increases over the most effective strategy for treatment . There are little long-term data on the effect ...	Trachoma is the most common infectious cause of blindness worldwide . Mass antibiotic treatment with azithromycin is used to control ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection . There is uncertainty over how frequently and for how long treatment is needed , particularly in low prevalence settings . This study examines the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "ophthalmology/eye", "infections" ]	2010	Profound and Sustained Reduction in Chlamydia trachomatis in The Gambia: A Five-Year Longitudinal Study of Trachoma Endemic Communities
Adaptive plasticity allows organisms to cope with environmental change , thereby increasing the population’s long-term fitness . However , individual selection can only compare the fitness of individuals within each generation: if the environment changes more slowly than the generation time ( i . e . , a coarse-grained...	Organisms respond to different environments by changing how they act , look or function . When these responses improve the chances of survival , we call them adaptive plasticity . But observing adaptive plasticity does not prove that the response evolved because it improved survival . Being plastic is only selected for...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "organismal", "evolution", "evolutionary", "rate", "genetic", "polymorphism", "phenotypes", "natural", "selection", "genetics", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "evolutionary", "adaptation", "population", "genetics", "population", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology", ...	2019	How adaptive plasticity evolves when selected against
Apicomplexans are obligate intracellular parasites that invade host cells by an active process leading to the formation of a non-fusogenic parasitophorous vacuole ( PV ) where the parasite replicates within the host cell . The rhomboid family of proteases cleaves substrates within their transmembrane domains and has be...	Plasmodium parasites are obligate intracellular organisms that invade cells by an active mechanism mediated by the secretion of contents from specialized secretory organelles , the micronemes and rhoptries . Invaded parasites reside and replicate within a membrane-bound compartment called the parasitophorous vacuole ( ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "parasitic", "diseases", "parasitology", "gene", "function", "developmental", "biology", "emerging", "infectious", "diseases", "cell", "growth", "global", "health", "microbial", "growth", "and", "development", "i...	2011	Plasmodium Protease ROM1 Is Important for Proper Formation of the Parasitophorous Vacuole
Decisions about noisy stimuli require evidence integration over time . Traditionally , evidence integration and decision making are described as a one-stage process: a decision is made when evidence for the presence of a stimulus crosses a threshold . Here , we show that one-stage models cannot explain psychophysical e...	In models of decision making , evidence is accumulated until it crosses a threshold . The amount of evidence is directly related to the strength of the sensory input for the decision alternatives . Such one-stage models predict that if two stimulus alternatives are presented in succession , the stimulus alternative pre...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cognitive", "neuroscience", "psychology", "social", "and", "behavioral", "sciences", "biology", "sensory", "perception", "neuroscience" ]	2012	Paradoxical Evidence Integration in Rapid Decision Processes
Synchronizing cell growth , division and DNA replication is an essential property of all living cells . Accurate coordination of these cellular events is especially crucial for bacteria , which can grow rapidly and undergo multifork replication . Here we show that the metabolic protein ManA , which is a component of ma...	The bacterial cell is resistant to extremes of osmotic pressure and protected against mechanical damages by the existence of a rigid outer shell defined as the cell wall . The strength of the cell wall is achieved by the presence of long glycan strands cross-linked by peptide side bridges . The cell wall is a dynamic s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology/microbial", "growth", "and", "development", "cell", "biology/morphogenesis", "and", "cell", "biology", "microbiology/microbial", "growth", "and", "development" ]	2010	The Metabolic Enzyme ManA Reveals a Link between Cell Wall Integrity and Chromosome Morphology

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