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article stringlengths 4.36k 149k | summary stringlengths 32 3.35k | section_headings listlengths 1 91 | keywords listlengths 0 141 | year stringclasses 13
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Genome-wide association studies ( GWAS ) for type 1 diabetes ( T1D ) have successfully identified more than 40 independent T1D associated tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs ) . However , owing to technical limitations of copy number variants ( CNVs ) genotyping assays , the assessment of the role of CNVs ha... | For many complex traits , and in particular type 1 diabetes ( T1D ) , the genome-wide association study ( GWAS ) design has been successful at detecting a large number of loci that contribute disease risk . However , in the case of T1D as well as almost all other traits , the sum of these loci does not fully explain th... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"genetic",
"association",
"studies",
"genetics",
"biology",
"and",
"life",
"sciences",
"human",
"genetics",
"genetics",
"of",
"disease"
] | 2014 | A Genome-Wide Assessment of the Role of Untagged Copy Number Variants in Type 1 Diabetes |
The sequence and timing of permanent tooth eruption is thought to be highly heritable and can have important implications for the risk of malocclusion , crowding , and periodontal disease . We conducted a genome-wide association study of number of permanent teeth erupted between age 6 and 14 years , analyzed as age-adj... | While genome-wide association studies ( GWAS ) initially focused on the disease under investigation , additional findings in secondary traits have shown further benefits of having extensive phenotype data at hand . Using records from the nationwide dental registry for children and genotype data from two GWAS , we were ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"genome-wide",
"association",
"studies",
"genome",
"analysis",
"tools",
"genomics",
"heredity",
"genetics",
"molecular",
"genetics",
"biology",
"computational",
"biology",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics",
"human",
"genetics"
] | 2011 | Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Four Loci Associated with Eruption of Permanent Teeth |
Dengue virus ( DENV ) relies on host factors to complete its life cycle in its mosquito host for subsequent transmission to humans . DENV first establishes infection in the midgut of Aedes aegypti and spreads to various mosquito organs for lifelong infection . Curiously , studies have shown that infectious DENV titers ... | DENV is a re-emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus and the lack of sustainable preventative or therapeutic measures renders it a significant health burden globally . Although suppression of mosquito populations represents the most widely used dengue control strategy , there has been limited efficacy with this method . Blo... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [] | 2015 | Production of Infectious Dengue Virus in Aedes aegypti Is Dependent on the Ubiquitin Proteasome Pathway |
Structural and functional studies of the ABL and EGFR kinase domains have recently suggested a common mechanism of activation by cancer-causing mutations . However , dynamics and mechanistic aspects of kinase activation by cancer mutations that stimulate conformational transitions and thermodynamic stabilization of the... | Mutations in protein kinases are implicated in many cancers , and an important goal of cancer research is to elucidate molecular effects of mutated kinase genes that contribute to tumorigenesis . We present a comprehensive computational study of molecular mechanisms of kinase activation by cancer-causing mutations . Us... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results/Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"computational",
"biology/macromolecular",
"structure",
"analysis",
"biophysics/protein",
"folding",
"biophysics/theory",
"and",
"simulation",
"biophysics/biomacromolecule-ligand",
"interactions",
"computational",
"biology/protein",
"structure",
"prediction",
"computational",
"biolog... | 2009 | Hierarchical Modeling of Activation Mechanisms in the ABL and EGFR Kinase Domains: Thermodynamic and Mechanistic Catalysts of Kinase Activation by Cancer Mutations |
Neutrophils have an important role in the antimicrobial defense and resolution of urinary tract infections ( UTIs ) . Our research suggests that a mechanism known as neutrophil extracellular trap ( NET ) formation is a defense strategy to combat pathogens that have invaded the urinary tract . A set of human urine speci... | Urinary tract infections ( UTIs ) are one of the world’s most widespread infectious diseases , with an estimated number of 150 million cases per year . Neutrophils play an important role in the defense of human patients against microbes causing UTIs . Molecules produced by neutrophils that migrate into the urinary trac... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"blood",
"cells",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"immune",
"cells",
"pathology",
"and",
"laboratory",
"medicine",
"nucleases",
"deoxyribonucleases",
"enzymes",
"pathogens",
"immunology",
"dna-binding",
"proteins",
"enzymology",
"microbiology",
"staphylococcus",
... | 2017 | Characterization of Early-Phase Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Urinary Tract Infections |
Microglia are central nervous system ( CNS ) -resident cells . Their ability to migrate outside of the CNS , however , is not understood . Using time-lapse imaging in an obstetrical brachial plexus injury ( OBPI ) model , we show that microglia squeeze through the spinal boundary and emigrate to peripheral spinal roots... | Cells are precisely organized in specific anatomical domains to ensure normal functioning of the nervous system . One such cell type , microglia , is usually considered to be confined to the central nervous system ( CNS ) . Using time-lapse imaging to capture microglia as they migrate , we show that their characteristi... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"blood",
"cells",
"traumatic",
"injury",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"fish",
"neurochemistry",
"immune",
"cells",
"nervous",
"system",
"statistics",
"immunology",
"vertebrates",
"neuroscience",
"animals",
"microglial",
"cells",
"animal",
"models",
"organism... | 2019 | Microglia exit the CNS in spinal root avulsion |
Chagas disease is one of the most important endemic infections in Latin America affecting around 6–7 million people . About 30–50% of patients develop the cardiac form of the disease , which can lead to severe cardiac dysfunction and death . In this scenario , the identification of immunological markers of disease prog... | Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiological agent of Chagas disease that affects about 7 million people in Latin America , being considered one of the most important neglected diseases of developing countries . Chronic Chagas disease might be present in different forms as an asymptomatic indeterminate form or even with severe... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"cardiomyopathies",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"immune",
"physiology",
"pathology",
"and",
"laboratory",
"medicine",
"immunology",
"tropical",
"diseases",
"parasitic",
"diseases",
"parasitic",
"protozoans",
"protozoans",
"neglected",
"tropical",
"diseases",
... | 2017 | Evolution of anti-Trypanosoma cruzi antibody production in patients with chronic Chagas disease: Correlation between antibody titers and development of cardiac disease severity |
This work aims to compare the effects of acute or chronic infections with the T . cruzi genotypes TcI ( X10 strain ) , TcII ( Y strain ) and TcVI ( Tulahuen strain ) on fertility , gestation , pup growth and the possible vertical transmission of parasites in BALB/c mice . The occurrence of congenital infection was eval... | The association between the infection with T . cruzi , the agent of Chagas disease ( a neglected infectious disease ) , and pregnancy is frequent in Latin American endemic areas and occurs also in non-endemic areas . Information on the relationship between parasite genotypes ( differently distributed in the endemic are... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine",
"biology"
] | 2013 | Fertility, Gestation Outcome and Parasite Congenital Transmissibility in Mice Infected with TcI, TcII and TcVI Genotypes of Trypanosoma cruzi |
Malaria transmission is dependent on the propensity of Anopheles mosquitoes to bite humans ( anthropophily ) instead of other dead end hosts . Recent increases in the usage of Long Lasting Insecticide Treated Nets ( LLINs ) in Africa have been associated with reductions in highly anthropophilic and endophilic vectors s... | Malaria transmission is driven by the propensity for mosquito vectors to bite people , while its control depends on the tendency of mosquitoes to bite and rest in places where they will come into contact with insecticides . In many parts of Africa , where coverage with Long Lasting Insecticide Treated Nets is high , An... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"invertebrates",
"livestock",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"body",
"fluids",
"decision",
"making",
"ruminants",
"tropical",
"diseases",
"vertebrates",
"neuroscience",
"animals",
"mammals",
"parasitic",
"diseases",
"cognition",
"inversions",
"molecular",
"biolo... | 2016 | The Genetic Basis of Host Preference and Resting Behavior in the Major African Malaria Vector, Anopheles arabiensis |
Advocacy around mass treatment for the elimination of selected Neglected Tropical Diseases ( NTDs ) has typically put the cost per person treated at less than US$ 0 . 50 . Whilst useful for advocacy , the focus on a single number misrepresents the complexity of delivering “free” donated medicines to about a billion peo... | Advocacy around mass treatment for the elimination of selected Neglected Tropical Diseases ( NTDs ) has typically put the cost per person treated at less than US$ 0 . 50 . Whilst useful for advocacy , the focus on a single number misrepresents the complexity of delivering “free” donated medicines to about a billion peo... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"tropical",
"diseases",
"social",
"sciences",
"health",
"care",
"pharmaceutics",
"neglected",
"tropical",
"diseases",
"population",
"biology",
"population",
"density",
"computer",
"and",
"information",
"sciences",
"health",
"econ... | 2016 | Benchmarking the Cost per Person of Mass Treatment for Selected Neglected Tropical Diseases: An Approach Based on Literature Review and Meta-regression with Web-Based Software Application |
Hookworms are important pathogens of humans . To date , Necator americanus is the sole , known species of the genus Necator infecting humans . In contrast , several Necator species have been described in African great apes and other primates . It has not yet been determined whether primate-originating Necator species a... | We conducted analyses of DNA sequences obtained from the infective larvae of Necator spp . from humans and great apes inhabiting Dzanga-Sangha Protected Areas , Central African Republic . Three sequence types ( I–III ) were recognized in the in the ITS region , and 34 cox1 haplotypes represented three phylogenetic grou... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"veterinary",
"diseases",
"veterinary",
"parasitology",
"parasitology",
"biology",
"microbiology",
"zoology",
"veterinary",
"science"
] | 2014 | Humans and Great Apes Cohabiting the Forest Ecosystem in Central African Republic Harbour the Same Hookworms |
Broadly neutralizing antibodies ( bNAbs ) isolated from chronically HIV-1 infected individuals reveal important information regarding how antibodies target conserved determinants of the envelope glycoprotein ( Env ) spike such as the primary receptor CD4 binding site ( CD4bs ) . Many CD4bs-directed bNAbs use the same h... | The development of an HIV-1 vaccine that stimulates the production of antibodies capable of neutralizing diverse circulating HIV-1 strains remains a global priority . Studies have shown that broadly neutralizing antibodies ( bNAbs ) isolated from HIV-1 infected individuals can protect against infection in non-human pri... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"infectious",
"diseases",
"biology",
"and",
"life",
"sciences",
"immunology",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences"
] | 2014 | HIV-1 Receptor Binding Site-Directed Antibodies Using a VH1-2 Gene Segment Orthologue Are Activated by Env Trimer Immunization |
The long-term health outcome of prenatal exposure to arsenic has been associated with increased mortality in human populations . In this study , the extent to which maternal arsenic exposure impacts gene expression in the newborn was addressed . We monitored gene expression profiles in a population of newborns whose mo... | Arsenic is an environmental pollutant and known human carcinogen . Chronic exposure to arsenic-contaminated water is an important public health hazard around the world , including the United States , with millions exposed to drinking water with levels that far exceed World Health Organization ( WHO ) guidelines . Given... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods",
"Supporting",
"Information"
] | [
"homo",
"(human)",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics",
"public",
"health",
"and",
"epidemiology"
] | 2007 | Activation of Inflammation/NF-κB Signaling in Infants Born to Arsenic-Exposed Mothers |
Kaposi’s sarcoma ( KS ) -associated herpesvirus ( KSHV ) is a human gammaherpesvirus recognized as the principal causative agent of KS and primary effusion lymphoma ( PEL ) . KSHV establishes persistent latent infection in B lymphocytes where viral gene expression is restricted , in part , by a cohesin-dependent chromo... | Latent infection with Kasposi’s Sarcoma ( KS ) -Associated Herpesivirus ( KSHV ) is linked to malignant transformation of the host cell . KSHV associated pleural effusion lymphomas ( PEL ) are highly sensitive to endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) stress due to underlying defects in ER stress response pathways . We show here... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"cell",
"death",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"pathology",
"and",
"laboratory",
"medicine",
"pathogens",
"endoplasmic",
"reticulum",
"cell",
"processes",
"microbiology",
"dna-binding",
"proteins",
"dna",
"transcription",
"viruses",
"dna",
"viruses",
"epigene... | 2017 | Deregulation of KSHV latency conformation by ER-stress and caspase-dependent RAD21-cleavage |
This study investigated the role of prion infection of the olfactory mucosa in the shedding of prion infectivity into nasal secretions . Prion infection with the HY strain of the transmissible mink encephalopathy ( TME ) agent resulted in a prominent infection of the olfactory bulb and the olfactory sensory epithelium ... | Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative diseases and in ruminants they can be highly contagious , yet the route of transmission among sheep with scrapie or deer with chronic wasting disease is not completely understood . In this study , we examined the hypothesis that prion infection in peripheral neurons that are l... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"infectious",
"diseases/infectious",
"diseases",
"of",
"the",
"nervous",
"system",
"infectious",
"diseases/prion",
"diseases",
"neurological",
"disorders/prion",
"diseases"
] | 2010 | Prion Shedding from Olfactory Neurons into Nasal Secretions |
To thrive in an ever-changing environment , microbes must widely distribute their progeny to colonize new territory . Simultaneously , they must evolve and adapt to the stresses of unpredictable surroundings . In both of these regards , diversity is key—if an entire population moved together or responded to the environ... | Microbial species do not have control over their environment . In order to survive changes ( for example , in temperature , pressure , humidity , or nutrient levels ) , microbes must either migrate to more habitable locations or adapt to better tolerate the changing environment . Such adaptation is typically thought to... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"and",
"discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"flow",
"cytometry",
"fluorescence",
"imaging",
"cell",
"motility",
"chemical",
"compounds",
"cell",
"cycle",
"and",
"cell",
"division",
"cell",
"processes",
"carbohydrates",
"organic",
"compounds",
"glucose",
"organisms",
"developmental",
"biology",
"fungi",
"model",
... | 2017 | Pioneer cells established by the [SWI+] prion can promote dispersal and out-crossing in yeast |
Imprinted genes are expressed in a parent-of-origin manner and are located in clusters throughout the genome . Aberrations in the expression of imprinted genes on human Chromosome 7 have been suggested to play a role in the etiologies of Russell-Silver Syndrome and autism . We describe the imprinting of KLF14 , an intr... | Imprinted genes are expressed in a parent-of-origin manner , where one of the two inherited copies of the imprinted gene is silenced . Aberrations in the expression of these genes , which generally regulate growth , are associated with various developmental disorders , emphasizing the importance of their discovery and ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods",
"Supporting",
"Information"
] | [
"evolutionary",
"biology",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics",
"mammals"
] | 2007 | Identification of the Imprinted KLF14 Transcription Factor Undergoing Human-Specific Accelerated Evolution |
Popular computational models of decision-making make specific assumptions about learning processes that may cause them to underfit observed behaviours . Here we suggest an alternative method using recurrent neural networks ( RNNs ) to generate a flexible family of models that have sufficient capacity to represent the c... | Computational models of decision-making provide a quantitative characterisation of the learning and choice processes behind human actions . Designing a computational model is often based on manual engineering with an iterative process to examine the consistency between different aspects of the model and the empirical d... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"learning",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"decision",
"making",
"neural",
"networks",
"engineering",
"and",
"technology",
"social",
"sciences",
"neuroscience",
"learning",
"and",
"memory",
"simulation",
"and",
"modeling",
"cognitive",
"psychology",
"recurrent... | 2019 | Models that learn how humans learn: The case of decision-making and its disorders |
Virus reprogramming of cellular metabolism is recognised as a critical determinant for viral growth . While most viruses appear to activate central energy metabolism , different viruses have been shown to rely on alternative mechanisms of metabolic activation . Whether related viruses exploit conserved mechanisms and i... | In order to replicate to high titres , viruses need a sufficient supply of building blocks from the cell in the form of amino acids , nucleotides and lipids . To this end , viruses have evolved different mechanisms to reprogram and exploit host metabolism towards the synthesis of new biomass . Pharmacological inhibitio... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"cell",
"physiology",
"carbohydrate",
"metabolism",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"protein",
"metabolism",
"pathology",
"and",
"laboratory",
"medicine",
"togaviruses",
"metabolic",
"processes",
"pathogens",
"microbiology",
"cell",
"metabolism",
"glucose",
"meta... | 2018 | Alphavirus-induced hyperactivation of PI3K/AKT directs pro-viral metabolic changes |
Anthrax , a global re-emerging zoonotic disease in recent years is enzootic in mainland China . Despite its significance to the public health , spatiotemporal distributions of the disease in human and livestock and its potential driving factors remain poorly understood . Using the national surveillance data of human an... | Anthrax is a worldwide zoonosis affecting mostly grazing herbivores , with occasional spillover to humans who have contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products . We characterized the distributional patterns of both human and livestock anthrax in China from 2005 to 2013 , and identified agro-ecological ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"livestock",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"ruminants",
"china",
"atmospheric",
"science",
"geographical",
"locations",
"vertebrates",
"animals",
"mammals",
"bacterial",
"diseases",
"humidity",
"veterinary",
"science",
"infectious",
"diseases",
"anthrax",
"vete... | 2016 | Mapping the Distribution of Anthrax in Mainland China, 2005–2013 |
The physiological functions of the acute phase protein serum amyloid P ( SAP ) component are not well defined , although they are likely to be important , as no natural state of SAP deficiency has been reported . We have investigated the role of SAP for innate immunity to the important human pathogen Streptococcus pneu... | Serum amyloid P ( SAP ) is a protein that is found in high concentrations in the blood , the exact function ( s ) of which are not clear . However , no known natural state of SAP deficiency has been identified , which suggests that SAP does have a vital role in human health . SAP can bind to molecular patterns found on... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"pentraxin",
"streptococcus",
"pneumoniae",
"innate",
"immunity",
"immunology",
"microbiology",
"respiratory",
"medicine"
] | 2007 | Serum Amyloid P Aids Complement-Mediated Immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae |
Notch-Delta signaling is a fundamental cell-cell communication mechanism that governs the differentiation of many cell types . Most existing mathematical models of Notch-Delta signaling are based on a feedback loop between Notch and Delta leading to lateral inhibition of neighboring cells . These models result in a che... | The nervous system of many animals , including the marine invertebrate Ciona intestinalis in our study , develops through a cell-to-cell communication mechanism called Notch-Delta signaling . Mathematical models for Notch-Delta signaling have been developed that can explain the development of animal nervous systems wit... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"biochemistry",
"biochemical",
"simulations",
"computer",
"and",
"information",
"sciences",
"mathematical",
"computing",
"systems",
"science",
"mathematics",
"network",
"analysis",
"genetics",
"regulatory",
"networks",
"biology",
"and",
"life",
"sciences",
"molecular",
"g... | 2014 | An Expanded Notch-Delta Model Exhibiting Long-Range Patterning and Incorporating MicroRNA Regulation |
Current control methodologies have not prevented the spread of visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) across Brazil . Here , we describe the development of a new tool for controlling the sand fly vector of the disease: a long-lasting lure , which releases a synthetic male sex pheromone , attractive to both sexes of Lutzomyia lo... | Visceral leishmaniasis is a neglected disease of increasing worldwide importance . In Brazil , the protozoan parasites which cause visceral leishmaniasis are transmitted through blood-feeding of the female sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis . As no human vaccine is available against VL , new tools for targeting sand flies ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine",
"infectious",
"diseases",
"chemical",
"ecology",
"ecology",
"biology",
"vectors",
"and",
"hosts"
] | 2014 | Synthetic Sex Pheromone in a Long-Lasting Lure Attracts the Visceral Leishmaniasis Vector, Lutzomyia longipalpis, for up to 12 Weeks in Brazil |
Genome-wide association studies ( GWAS ) are powerful tools to unravel genomic loci associated with common traits and complex human disease . However , GWAS only rarely reveal information on the exact genetic elements and pathogenic events underlying an association . In order to extract functional information from geno... | Complex traits and diseases are assumed to result from interactions between multiple genes in relevant biological processes . Recent genome-wide association studies have uncovered many novel genomic loci where genes with functional significance are expected . However , functional validation of such genes has thus far r... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results/Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"coronary",
"artery",
"disease",
"genome-wide",
"association",
"studies",
"medicine",
"cellular",
"structures",
"functional",
"genomics",
"cardiovascular",
"lipid",
"metabolism",
"lipids",
"membranes",
"and",
"sorting",
"biology",
"metabolism",
"sterols",
"clinical",
"gen... | 2013 | RNAi–Based Functional Profiling of Loci from Blood Lipid Genome-Wide Association Studies Identifies Genes with Cholesterol-Regulatory Function |
During vaccinia virus morphogenesis , intracellular mature virus ( IMV ) particles are wrapped by a double lipid bilayer to form triple enveloped virions called intracellular enveloped virus ( IEV ) . IEV are then transported to the cell surface where the outer IEV membrane fuses with the cell membrane to expose a doub... | Viruses often hijack the cellular transport systems to facilitate their movement within and between cells . Vaccinia virus ( VACV ) , the smallpox vaccine , is very adept at this and exploits cellular transport machinery at several stages during its life cycle . For instance , during transport of new virus particles to... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [] | 2015 | Vaccinia Virus Protein Complex F12/E2 Interacts with Kinesin Light Chain Isoform 2 to Engage the Kinesin-1 Motor Complex |
The current strategy for interrupting transmission of lymphatic filariasis ( LF ) is annual mass drug administration ( MDA ) , at good coverage , for 6 or more years . We describe our programmatic experience delivering the MDA combination of ivermectin and albendazole in Plateau and Nasarawa states in central Nigeria ,... | Lymphatic filariasis is a mosquito transmitted disease that is best known for causing elephantiasis ( grossly swollen legs and genitals ) . The current strategy for halting lymphatic filariasis in sub Saharan Africa is to establish programs that deliver 6 or more years of annual doses of tablets in community wide treat... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"public",
"health",
"medicine",
"infectious",
"diseases",
"public",
"health",
"and",
"epidemiology",
"epidemiology",
"lymphatic",
"filariasis",
"parasitic",
"diseases"
] | 2011 | Epidemiological and Entomological Evaluations after Six Years or More of Mass Drug Administration for Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination in Nigeria |
The evolution of new species is made easier when traits under divergent ecological selection are also mating cues . Such ecological mating cues are now considered more common than previously thought , but we still know little about the genetic changes underlying their evolution or more generally about the genetic basis... | Many closely related animal species remain separate not because they fail to produce viable offspring but because they do not mate in the first place . When populations remain in contact , the evolution of behavioral barriers can be counteracted by ongoing hybridization that would homogenize differences between species... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"invertebrates",
"moths",
"and",
"butterflies",
"quantitative",
"trait",
"loci",
"gene",
"regulation",
"population",
"genetics",
"social",
"sciences",
"animals",
"animal",
"behavior",
"speciation",
"population",
"biology",
"zoology",
"behavior",
"gene",
"expression",
"e... | 2019 | Genetic dissection of assortative mating behavior |
Actin polymerization-driven protrusion of the leading edge is a key element of cell motility . The important actin nucleators formins and the Arp2/3 complex are believed to have nonoverlapping functions in inducing actin filament bundles in filopodia and dendritic networks in lamellipodia , respectively . We tested thi... | Cell motility is a cyclic process , with the protrusion of the leading edge followed by retraction of the rear . Protrusion is driven by polymerization of actin filaments , with the spatial organization of these filaments determining the shape of the protrusions . For example , the spike-like filopodia contain bundles ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"cell",
"biology"
] | 2007 | Novel Roles of Formin mDia2 in Lamellipodia and Filopodia Formation in Motile Cells |
DNA methylation is the major modification of eukaryotic genomes and plays an essential role in mammalian gene regulation . In general , cytosine-phosphatidyl-guanosine ( CpG ) -methylated promoters are transcriptionally repressed and nuclear proteins such as MECP2 , MBD1 , MBD2 , and MBD4 bind CpG-methylated DNA and co... | Epstein-Barr virus ( EBV ) is a model of human tumor viruses and viral latency . We have found previously that ( i ) EBV DNA is unmethylated upon infection , but becomes methylated over time by the host B cell , and ( ii ) the BZLF1-encoded protein , Zta ( a cousin to AP-1 ) , induces the viral lytic cycle , but it pre... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"virology/persistence",
"and",
"latency",
"virology/viral",
"replication",
"and",
"gene",
"regulation",
"molecular",
"biology/dna",
"methylation",
"biochemistry/transcription",
"and",
"translation",
"cell",
"biology/gene",
"expression"
] | 2010 | CpG-Methylation Regulates a Class of Epstein-Barr Virus Promoters |
Urinary schistosomiasis is responsible for a variety of debilitating conditions; foremost perhaps are urinary tract pathologies ( UTPs ) . Although portable ultrasonography can be used to detect UTPs visually , there is still a need for rapid morbidity assessment ( henceforth referred to as RaMA ) tools that can be dep... | Urinary schistosomiasis is a debilitating disease caused by a parasitic worm that dwells in the blood vessels , particularly those surrounding the human bladder wall . Although not directly associated with high patient mortality , this disease is linked to both short-term morbidity , e . g . visible blood in urine ( ac... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Conclusions"
] | [
"urology/pediatric",
"urology"
] | 2009 | Measuring Morbidity Associated with Urinary Schistosomiasis: Assessing Levels of Excreted Urine Albumin and Urinary Tract Pathologies |
This study presents a modelling framework in which information on muscle fiber direction and orientation during contraction is derived from diffusion tensor imaging ( DTI ) and incorporated in a computational model of the surface electromyographic ( EMG ) signal . The proposed model makes use of the principle of recipr... | Advances in diffusion tensor imaging are providing new information on muscle architecture and the orientation of muscle fibers in vivo . The arrangement of muscle fibers , in combination with geometrical and electrical properties of the surrounding biological tissues , shapes the electrical signal recorded at the skin ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"action",
"potentials",
"diagnostic",
"radiology",
"muscle",
"tissue",
"membrane",
"potential",
"condensed",
"matter",
"physics",
"electrophysiology",
"anisotropy",
"neuroscience",
"magnetic",
"resonance",
"imaging",
"brain",
"morp... | 2019 | Anatomically accurate model of EMG during index finger flexion and abduction derived from diffusion tensor imaging |
Mycobacteria possess different type VII secretion ( T7S ) systems to secrete proteins across their unusual cell envelope . One of these systems , ESX-5 , is only present in slow-growing mycobacteria and responsible for the secretion of multiple substrates . However , the role of ESX-5 substrates in growth and/or virule... | Mycobacteria have a thick protective outer membrane that helps them to withstand adverse conditions both outside and within the host . However , in order to cause disease , the bacterium also needs to secrete proteins across this outer membrane . To achieve this , mycobacteria possess so-called type VII secretion syste... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [] | 2015 | Essential Role of the ESX-5 Secretion System in Outer Membrane Permeability of Pathogenic Mycobacteria |
Host shifts , where a pathogen invades and establishes in a new host species , are a major source of emerging infectious diseases . They frequently occur between related host species and often rely on the pathogen evolving adaptations that increase their fitness in the novel host species . To investigate genetic change... | Host shifts , where a pathogen jumps from one host species to another , are a major source of infectious disease . Hosts shifts are more likely to occur between related host species and often rely on the pathogen evolving adaptations that increase their fitness in the novel host . Here we have investigated how viruses ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"invertebrates",
"microbial",
"mutation",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"pathology",
"and",
"laboratory",
"medicine",
"pathogens",
"microbiology",
"animals",
"viruses",
"animal",
"models",
"parallel",
"evolution",
"drosophila",
"melanogaster",
"model",
"organis... | 2018 | Host shifts result in parallel genetic changes when viruses evolve in closely related species |
Signal output from receptor–G-protein–effector modules is a dynamic function of the nucleotide exchange activity of the receptor , the GTPase-accelerating activity of GTPase-activating proteins ( GAPs ) , and their interactions . GAPs may inhibit steady-state signaling but may also accelerate deactivation upon removal ... | Throughout the eukaryotes , G proteins convey information from receptors for diverse stimuli—neurotransmitters , hormones , light , odors , and pheromones—to intracellular regulatory proteins collectively known as effectors . G proteins function by transiting a dynamic cycle of activation and deactivation . Receptors a... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"biophysics/theory",
"and",
"simulation",
"biochemistry/cell",
"signaling",
"and",
"trafficking",
"structures",
"biochemistry/theory",
"and",
"simulation",
"computational",
"biology/signaling",
"networks",
"biophysics/cell",
"signaling",
"and",
"trafficking",
"structures",
"com... | 2008 | Coordinate Regulation of G Protein Signaling via Dynamic Interactions of Receptor and GAP |
Dengue fever results from infection with one or more of four different serotypes of dengue virus ( DENV ) . Despite the widespread nature of this infection , available molecular diagnostics have significant limitations . The aim of this study was to develop a multiplex , real-time , reverse transcriptase-PCR ( rRT-PCR ... | Dengue , or break-bone fever , is the most common mosquito-borne viral disease of humans with over half the world's population at risk for infection . Dengue has a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations , from self-limited febrile illness to fatal hypovolemic shock , and because of this , dengue is difficult to disti... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine",
"infectious",
"diseases",
"global",
"health",
"dengue",
"fever",
"neglected",
"tropical",
"diseases",
"dengue",
"viral",
"diseases"
] | 2013 | Single-Reaction, Multiplex, Real-Time RT-PCR for the Detection, Quantitation, and Serotyping of Dengue Viruses |
ESAT-6 , an abundantly secreted protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( M . tuberculosis ) is an important virulence factor , inactivation of which leads to reduced virulence of M . tuberculosis . ESAT-6 alone , or in complex with its chaperone CFP-10 ( ESAT-6:CFP-10 ) , is known to modulate host immune responses; howe... | M . tuberculosis is a dangerous and highly successful pathogen that has evolved several mechanisms to manipulate the host immune regulatory network . Proteins secreted by M . tuberculosis play important roles in virulence . One such protein is ESAT-6 , which is secreted along with its chaperone CFP-10 . Despite a host ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"biochemistry",
"infectious",
"diseases",
"mycobacteria",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"bacterial",
"diseases",
"protein",
"interactions",
"pathology",
"and",
"laboratory",
"medicine",
"proteins",
"medical",
"microbiology",
"host-pathogen",
"interactions",
"micr... | 2014 | The ESAT-6 Protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Interacts with Beta-2-Microglobulin (β2M) Affecting Antigen Presentation Function of Macrophage |
Understanding the theoretical foundations of how memories are encoded and retrieved in neural populations is a central challenge in neuroscience . A popular theoretical scenario for modeling memory function is the attractor neural network scenario , whose prototype is the Hopfield model . The model simplicity and the l... | Recurrent neural networks have been shown to be able to store memory patterns as fixed point attractors of the dynamics of the network . The prototypical learning rule for storing memories in attractor neural networks is Hebbian learning , which can store up to 0 . 138N uncorrelated patterns in a recurrent network of N... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [] | 2015 | A Three-Threshold Learning Rule Approaches the Maximal Capacity of Recurrent Neural Networks |
Actin filament assembly by the actin-related protein ( Arp ) 2/3 complex is necessary to build many cellular structures , including lamellipodia at the leading edge of motile cells and phagocytic cups , and to move endosomes and intracellular pathogens . The crucial role of the Arp2/3 complex in cellular processes requ... | The Arp2/3 complex consists of seven associated protein subunits including Arp2 and Arp3 that play a central role in the formation of actin filaments . Filament formation by the Arp2/3 complex drives important cell processes such as cell movement and endocytosis . The function of the Arp2/3 complex is highly regulated ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"biochemistry",
"biology",
"computational",
"biology",
"molecular",
"cell",
"biology",
"biophysics"
] | 2011 | Phosphorylation of the Arp2 Subunit Relieves Auto-inhibitory Interactions for Arp2/3 Complex Activation |
When a dicentric chromosome breaks in mitosis , the broken ends cannot be repaired by normal mechanisms that join two broken ends since each end is in a separate daughter cell . However , in the male germline of Drosophila melanogaster , a broken end may be healed by de novo telomere addition . We find that Chk2 ( enco... | Using the fruitfly as an experimental model system , we produced chromosomes that were broken at one end , and thus lacked the normal telomeric cap . The occurrence of such chromosomes is thought to promote carcinogenesis . A cell's response to such chromosomes is therefore of great interest . In somatic cells the tumo... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"epistasis",
"cancer",
"genetics",
"genetic",
"mutation",
"chromosomal",
"inheritance",
"heredity",
"genetics",
"haploinsufficiency",
"biology",
"gene",
"function"
] | 2014 | Chk2 and P53 Regulate the Transmission of Healed Chromosomes in the Drosophila Male Germline |
The increasing worldwide prevalence of Hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC ) , characterized by resistance to conventional chemotherapy , poor prognosis and eventually mortality , place it as a prime target for new modes of prevention and treatment . Hepatitis C Virus ( HCV ) is the predominant risk factor for HCC in the US... | Hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) is a leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC ) in western countries . While direct acting antivirals ( DAAs ) therapy for HCV efficiently eradicates the infection , sustained virological response ( SVR ) following anti-HCV treatment does not eliminate the risk for HCC development . Wit... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"pathology",
"and",
"laboratory",
"medicine",
"biopsy",
"hepacivirus",
"pathogens",
"carcinomas",
"microbiology",
"cancers",
"and",
"neoplasms",
"dna-binding",
"proteins",
"gastrointestinal",
"tumors",
"liver",
"diseases",
"surgica... | 2019 | Hepatitis C virus leaves an epigenetic signature post cure of infection by direct-acting antivirals |
Recent reports have suggested that leprosy originated in Africa , extended to Asia and Europe , and arrived in the Americas during European colonization and the African slave trade . Due to colonization , the contemporary Colombian population is an admixture of Native-American , European and African ancestries . Becaus... | Contemporary Colombian population is an admixture of three ancestries: Native-American , European and African . Genetic studies of human ancestry have found associations with disease , likely due to the fact that microorganisms have accompanied humans during migrations . Taking these facts into account , we studied the... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [] | 2015 | Human Genetic Ancestral Composition Correlates with the Origin of Mycobacterium leprae Strains in a Leprosy Endemic Population |
Resistance of Aedes aegypti to photostable pyrethroid insecticides is a major problem for disease-vector control programs . Pyrethroids target the voltage-gated sodium channel on the insects' neurons . Single amino acid substitutions in this channel associated with pyrethroid resistance are one of the main factors that... | Pyrethroid is the general term for a group of synthetic chemicals that are structurally related to natural pyrethrins derived from Chrysanthemum flowers . In Vietnam , photostable pyrethroids have been extensively used as insecticides for malaria and dengue vector control . Recently , Kawada et al . found that Aedes ae... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics/gene",
"discovery"
] | 2009 | Widespread Distribution of a Newly Found Point Mutation in Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel in Pyrethroid-Resistant Aedes aegypti Populations in Vietnam |
The intrinsic dynamics of sensory networks play an important role in the sensory-motor transformation . In this paper we use conductance based models and electrophysiological recordings to address the study of the dual role of a sensory network to organize two behavioral context-dependent motor programs in the mollusk ... | How sensory information is transformed into effective motor action is one of the most fundamental questions in neuroscience . As this question is difficult to assess experimentally , biophysical models of sensory , central and motor systems contribute to understand the information processing mechanisms involved in this... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods",
"and",
"Models"
] | [
"motor",
"systems",
"anatomy",
"and",
"physiology",
"computational",
"neuroscience",
"sensory",
"systems",
"biology",
"computational",
"biology",
"electrophysiology",
"neuroscience"
] | 2013 | Transformation of Context-dependent Sensory Dynamics into Motor Behavior |
Polycomb group ( PcG ) proteins bind and regulate hundreds of genes . Previous evidence has suggested that long-range chromatin interactions may contribute to the regulation of PcG target genes . Here , we adapted the Chromosome Conformation Capture on Chip ( 4C ) assay to systematically map chromosomal interactions in... | The folding of chromosomes inside the cell nucleus is a fascinating yet poorly understood topological problem . It is thought that certain genomic loci that are distant in the linear genome may come together in nuclear space by folding of the chromosome fiber . Previously , such a long-range interaction was found in Dr... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics/epigenetics",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics/nuclear",
"structure",
"and",
"function",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics/chromosome",
"biology",
"computational",
"biology"
] | 2011 | Interactions among Polycomb Domains Are Guided by Chromosome Architecture |
Gene regulatory networks ( GRNs ) control cellular function and decision making during tissue development and homeostasis . Mathematical tools based on dynamical systems theory are often used to model these networks , but the size and complexity of these models mean that their behaviour is not always intuitive and the ... | Gene regulatory networks are essential for cell fate specification and function . But the recursive links that comprise these networks often make determining their properties and behaviour complicated . Computational models of these networks can also be difficult to decipher . To reduce the complexity of such models we... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Discussion"
] | [
"neural",
"networks",
"gene",
"regulation",
"dna-binding",
"proteins",
"neuroscience",
"learning",
"and",
"memory",
"systems",
"science",
"mathematics",
"cognition",
"network",
"analysis",
"memory",
"thermodynamics",
"computer",
"and",
"information",
"sciences",
"network"... | 2018 | Memory functions reveal structural properties of gene regulatory networks |
Toxin-antitoxin ( TA ) systems , stress-responsive genetic elements ubiquitous in microbial genomes , are unusually abundant in the major human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Why M . tuberculosis has so many TA systems and what role they play in the unique biology of the pathogen is unknown . To address these qu... | Tuberculosis ( TB ) continues to be a major global health problem , causing 2 million deaths every year . A hallmark of TB pathogenesis is that the bacilli can enter into a slow or non-growing state in response to the host immune system . Because these persistent bacteria are resistant to antibiotic treatment , efforts... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"cell",
"biology/microbial",
"physiology",
"and",
"metabolism",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics/microbial",
"evolution",
"and",
"genomics",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics/gene",
"discovery",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics/comparative",
"genomics",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics/func... | 2009 | Comprehensive Functional Analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Toxin-Antitoxin Systems: Implications for Pathogenesis, Stress Responses, and Evolution |
Phenotypic plasticity is common in development . For Candida albicans , the most common cause of invasive fungal infections in humans , morphological plasticity is its defining feature and is critical for its pathogenesis . Unlike other fungal pathogens that exist primarily in either yeast or hyphal forms , C . albican... | Many organisms are able to change their phenotype in response to changes in the environment , a phenomenon referred to as plasticity . Candida albicans , a major opportunistic fungal pathogen of humans , can undergo reversible morphological changes between yeast ( spherical ) and hyphal ( filamentous ) forms of growth ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"biochemistry",
"developmental",
"biology",
"genetics",
"biology",
"microbiology",
"molecular",
"cell",
"biology",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics"
] | 2011 | Hyphal Development in Candida albicans Requires Two Temporally Linked Changes in Promoter Chromatin for Initiation and Maintenance |
Natural populations of most organisms harbor substantial genetic variation for resistance to infection . The continued existence of such variation is unexpected under simple evolutionary models that either posit direct and continuous natural selection on the immune system or an evolved life history “balance” between im... | Genetic variation for resistance to infection is ubiquitous in natural animal and plant populations . This observation runs counter to intuition that resistance should be an important determinant of fitness , and that alleles conferring low resistance should be eliminated by natural selection . We use the model insect ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics/population",
"genetics",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics/complex",
"traits",
"evolutionary",
"biology/evolutionary",
"ecology"
] | 2008 | Genotype-by-Environment Interactions and Adaptation to Local Temperature Affect Immunity and Fecundity in Drosophila melanogaster |
Mitochondrial transcription , translation , and respiration require interactions between genes encoded in two distinct genomes , generating the potential for mutations in nuclear and mitochondrial genomes to interact epistatically and cause incompatibilities that decrease fitness . Mitochondrial-nuclear epistasis for f... | The ancient symbiosis between two prokaryotes that gave rise to the eukaryotic cell has required genomic cooperation for at least a billion years . Eukaryotic cells respire through the coordinated expression of their nuclear and mitochondrial genomes , both of which encode the proteins and RNAs required for mitochondri... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"developmental",
"biology",
"model",
"organisms",
"genetics",
"biology",
"evolutionary",
"biology",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics"
] | 2013 | An Incompatibility between a Mitochondrial tRNA and Its Nuclear-Encoded tRNA Synthetase Compromises Development and Fitness in Drosophila |
The main risk of emergence of prion diseases in humans is associated with a cross-species transmission of prions of zoonotic origin . Prion transmission between species is regulated by a species barrier . Successful cross-species transmission is often accompanied by strain adaptation and result in stable changes of str... | The main risk of emergence of prion diseases in humans is associated with a cross-species transmission of prions of zoonotic origin . Prion transmission between species is regulated by a species barrier . Amino acid sequences of host prion protein and donor prions are believed to be the main factors that control specie... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"sequencing",
"techniques",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"enzymology",
"vertebrates",
"brain",
"animals",
"mammals",
"protein",
"sequencing",
"cerebellum",
"molecular",
"biology",
"techniques",
"enzyme",
"chemistry",
"research",
"and",
"analysis",
"methods",
... | 2018 | Prion replication environment defines the fate of prion strain adaptation |
There is strong evidence that rare variants are involved in complex disease etiology . The first step in implicating rare variants in disease etiology is their identification through sequencing in both randomly ascertained samples ( e . g . , the 1 , 000 Genomes Project ) and samples ascertained according to disease st... | One focus of human genetics is localizing genes that are involved in the etiology of complex diseases . Although emphasis has been placed on mapping common variants , recent studies have demonstrated that rare variants also play an important role in complex trait etiology and their identification should have a greater ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics/disease",
"models",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics/genetics",
"of",
"disease",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics/genome",
"projects",
"public",
"health",
"and",
"epidemiology/epidemiology",
"mathematics/statistics",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics/populatio... | 2009 | Discovery of Rare Variants via Sequencing: Implications for the Design of Complex Trait Association Studies |
Gap junctions are present in both vertebrates and invertebrates from nematodes to mammals . Although the importance of gap junctions has been documented in many biological processes , the molecular mechanisms underlying gap junction dynamics remain unclear . Here , using the C . elegans PLM neurons as a model , we show... | The nervous system is made up of individual neurons connected by junction structures called synapses . There are two fundamentally different types of synapses: chemical synapses and electrical synapses ( also called gap junctions ) . Through studies in different model organisms , we have gained rich knowledge about the... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"cell",
"physiology",
"invertebrates",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"kinesins",
"nervous",
"system",
"caenorhabditis",
"junctional",
"complexes",
"electrophysiology",
"neuroscience",
"animals",
"gap",
"junctions",
"animal",
"models",
"caenorhabditis",
"elegans",... | 2016 | Regulation of Gap Junction Dynamics by UNC-44/ankyrin and UNC-33/CRMP through VAB-8 in C. elegans Neurons |
Both branched-chain amino acids ( BCAA ) and iron are essential nutrients for eukaryotic cells . Previously , the Zn2Cys6-type transcription factor Leu3/LeuB was shown to play a crucial role in regulation of BCAA biosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus nidulans . In this study ,... | Adaptation to the host niche is an essential attribute of pathogens . Here we found that the Zn2Cys6-type transcription factor LeuB cross-regulates branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis , nitrogen metabolism , iron acquisition via siderophores , and proteasome activity in the mold Aspergillus fumigatus . Lack of this ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Material",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"aspergillus",
"fumigatus",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"chemical",
"compounds",
"pathology",
"and",
"laboratory",
"medicine",
"aliphatic",
"amino",
"acids",
"aspergillus",
"enzymes",
"pathogens",
"gene",
"regulation",
"regulatory",
"proteins",
"microbiology"... | 2018 | The Zn2Cys6-type transcription factor LeuB cross-links regulation of leucine biosynthesis and iron acquisition in Aspergillus fumigatus |
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species ( ROS and RNS ) produced by the phagocytic cells are the most common arsenals used to kill the intracellular pathogens . However , Leishmania , an intracellular pathogen , has evolved mechanisms to survive by counterbalancing the toxic oxygen metabolites produced during infection . ... | Leishmania sp . is an obligate intracellular parasite encounter toxic oxidative and nitrosative species ( ROS and RNS ) during infection , yet a subset of parasites infect and replicate within mammalian macrophages and eventually lead to disease symptoms . Polyamine synthesis , which is essential to counter the toxic e... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"blood",
"cells",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"immune",
"cells",
"chemical",
"compounds",
"asses",
"immunology",
"microbiology",
"vertebrates",
"parasitic",
"diseases",
"protozoan",
"life",
"cycles",
"mammals",
"parasitic",
"protozoans",
"animals",
"organic... | 2016 | Genetic Manipulation of Leishmania donovani to Explore the Involvement of Argininosuccinate Synthase in Oxidative Stress Management |
Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are driven by both common and distinct underlying mechanisms of pathobiology . Both diseases , exhibit heterogeneity underscored by the variable clinical responses to therapeutic interventions . We aimed to identify disease-driving pathways and classify individuals into subpopulat... | Patients exhibiting similar phenotypical characteristics , diagnosed with the same disease , exhibit variable response to therapeutics . This is a major health care issue , due to the increased patient suffering and the socioeconomical burden that occurs . Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis constitute good examples... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"blood",
"cells",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"cluster",
"analysis",
"immune",
"cells",
"crohn's",
"disease",
"hierarchical",
"clustering",
"immunology",
"biomarkers",
"colitis",
"clinical",
"medicine",
"gastroenterology",
"and",
"hepatology",
"inflammatory",... | 2019 | I_MDS: an inflammatory bowel disease molecular activity score to classify patients with differing disease-driving pathways and therapeutic response to anti-TNF treatment |
Quorum-sensing systems mediate chemical communication between bacterial cells , coordinating cell-density-dependent processes like biofilm formation and virulence-factor expression . In the proteobacterial LuxI/LuxR quorum sensing paradigm , a signaling molecule generated by an enzyme ( LuxI ) diffuses between cells an... | Bacterial cells constantly communicate with one another by exchanging chemical signals , which constitute a rich source of information about the proximity of friends or foes in the environment . These signals can be used to coordinate the actions of cells across a population . For example , pathogenic bacteria infectin... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"synthetic",
"biology",
"biology",
"computational",
"biology",
"molecular",
"biology"
] | 2012 | Prediction by Promoter Logic in Bacterial Quorum Sensing |
Universal coverage with long-lasting insecticidal nets ( LLINs ) is a primary control strategy against Plasmodium falciparum malaria . However , its impact on the three other main species of human malaria and lymphatic filariasis ( LF ) , which share the same vectors in many co-endemic areas , is not as well characteri... | Plasmodium falciparum malaria is the principal cause of illness and death in Mozambique . However , the same mosquitoes that transmit P . falciparum parasites also transmit three other species of malaria ( P . malariae , P . ovale , and P . vivax ) and the worm that causes lymphatic filariasis . To date , we do not kno... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"parasite",
"groups",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"pathology",
"and",
"laboratory",
"medicine",
"plasmodium",
"immunology",
"tropical",
"diseases",
"geographical",
"locations",
"parasitic",
"diseases",
"parasitic",
"protozoans",
"parasitology",
"research",
"d... | 2018 | Multiplex serology for impact evaluation of bed net distribution on burden of lymphatic filariasis and four species of human malaria in northern Mozambique |
Entamoeba histolytica , the highly phagocytic protozoan causative of human amoebiasis lacks the machinery to synthesize cholesterol . Here , we investigated the presence of NPC1 and NPC2 proteins in this parasite , which are involved in cholesterol trafficking in mammals . Bioinformatics analysis revealed one Ehnpc1 an... | NPC1 and NPC2 proteins are involved in cholesterol trafficking in mammals . Using different approaches , we have detected the orthologues EhNPC1 and EhNPC2 proteins in Entamoeba histolytica . Trophozoites are particularly rich in membranes and vacuoles , but they do not possess the machinery to synthetize cholesterol .... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"blood",
"cells",
"trophozoites",
"parasite",
"groups",
"vesicles",
"cell",
"processes",
"parasitic",
"protozoans",
"parasitology",
"membrane",
"proteins",
"apicomplexa",
"protozoans",
"red",
"blood",
"cells",
"cellular",
"structures",
"and",
"organelles",
"lipids",
"an... | 2016 | EhNPC1 and EhNPC2 Proteins Participate in Trafficking of Exogenous Cholesterol in Entamoeba histolytica Trophozoites: Relevance for Phagocytosis |
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a significant cause of nosocomial pneumonia and an alarming pathogen owing to the recent isolation of multidrug resistant strains . Understanding of immune responses orchestrating K . pneumoniae clearance by the host is of utmost importance . Here we show that type I interferon ( IFN ) signalin... | The isolation of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains has significantly narrowed , or in some settings completely removed , the therapeutic options for the treatment of Klebsiella infections . Therapies targeting the immune system rather than the pathogen represent important alternatives . Despite the clin... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"blood",
"cells",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"immune",
"cells",
"pathology",
"and",
"laboratory",
"medicine",
"pathogens",
"immunology",
"microbiology",
"immune",
"receptor",
"signaling",
"signs",
"and",
"symptoms",
"membrane",
"receptor",
"signaling",
"... | 2017 | Natural killer cell-intrinsic type I IFN signaling controls Klebsiella pneumoniae growth during lung infection |
Drug safety issues pose serious health threats to the population and constitute a major cause of mortality worldwide . Due to the prominent implications to both public health and the pharmaceutical industry , it is of great importance to unravel the molecular mechanisms by which an adverse drug reaction can be potentia... | Adverse drug reactions ( ADRs ) constitute a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide . Due to the relevance of ADRs for both public health and pharmaceutical industry , it is important to develop efficient ways to monitor ADRs in the population . In addition , it is also essential to comprehend why a drug prod... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"medicine",
"computer",
"science",
"drugs",
"and",
"devices",
"genetics",
"software",
"engineering",
"biology",
"computational",
"biology",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics"
] | 2012 | Automatic Filtering and Substantiation of Drug Safety Signals |
The intracellular bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila ( Lp ) evades destruction in macrophages by camouflaging in a specialized organelle , the Legionella-containing vacuole ( LCV ) , where it replicates . The LCV maturates by incorporating ER vesicles , which are diverted by effectors that Lp injects to take con... | The intracellular pathogens Legionella pneumophila ( Lp ) and Rickettsia prowazekii ( Rp ) inject an effector ( RalF ) that diverts the host trafficking small GTPase Arf1 . In the case of Lp , LpRalF recruits Arf1 to the Legionella-containing vacuole ( LCV ) , where the pathogen replicates . RalF proteins are related t... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [] | 2013 | A Novel Membrane Sensor Controls the Localization and ArfGEF Activity of Bacterial RalF |
In order to achieve elimination of trachoma , a country needs to demonstrate that the elimination prevalence thresholds have been achieved and then sustained for at least a two-year period . Ghana achieved the thresholds in 2008 , and since 2011 has been implementing its trachoma surveillance strategy , which includes ... | Trachoma is an eye disease caused by an infection with Chlamydia trachomatis . It is the leading cause of blindness due to infection globally . However , trachoma is both treatable and preventable through antibiotics and surgery , and may be preventable with basic hygiene improvements . Thus , the Surgery , Antibiotics... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussions"
] | [
"antimicrobials",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"face",
"pathology",
"and",
"laboratory",
"medicine",
"chlamydia",
"trachomatis",
"pathogens",
"drugs",
"tropical",
"diseases",
"geographical",
"locations",
"microbiology",
"surgical",
"and",
"invasive",
"medical"... | 2017 | Elimination of trachoma as a public health problem in Ghana: Providing evidence through a pre-validation survey |
Leprosy continues to be a public health problem in many countries . Difficulties faced by health services include late diagnosis , under-reporting of new cases , adequate monitoring of disabilities and treatment . Furthermore , systematic follow-up after completion of treatment is important , when new disabilities may ... | Leprosy is a Neglected Tropical Disease that is still common in many countries . Patients who have had leprosy often suffer long-term physical disabilities . For some patients , disabilities occur after finishing treatment or existing disabilities may get worse . We contacted 222 leprosy patients who had previously com... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"disabilities",
"cross-sectional",
"studies",
"tropical",
"diseases",
"geographical",
"locations",
"health",
"care",
"bacterial",
"diseases",
"research",
"design",
"neglected",
"tropical",
"diseases",
"research",
"and",
"analysis",... | 2018 | Grade 2 disabilities in leprosy patients from Brazil: Need for follow-up after completion of multidrug therapy |
A key question in evolutionary genomics is how populations navigate the adaptive landscape in the presence of epistasis , or interactions among loci . This problem can be directly addressed by studying the evolution of RNA secondary structures , for which there is constraint to maintain pairing between Watson-Crick ( W... | Epistasis is an evolutionary process in which the effect of a nucleotide at one site in the genome is dependent on the presence or absence of particular nucleotides at other sites in the genome . One of the simplest types of epistasis occurs between Watson-Crick ( WC ) nucleotides in RNA secondary structures , which ar... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"and",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"epistasis",
"natural",
"selection",
"heredity",
"genetics",
"biology",
"and",
"life",
"sciences",
"molecular",
"evolution",
"population",
"genetics",
"evolutionary",
"biology",
"evolutionary",
"processes",
"evolutionary",
"genetics"
] | 2014 | Strong Epistatic Selection on the RNA Secondary Structure of HIV |
Postnatal thymic epithelial cell ( TEC ) homeostatic defect- or natural aging-induced thymic atrophy results in a decline in central T-cell tolerance establishment , which is constituted by thymocyte negative selection and cluster of differentiation ( CD ) 4+ thymic regulatory T ( tTreg ) cell generation . Emerging evi... | Chronic inflammation in the elderly is partially attributed to atrophy of the thymus—an organ that regulates the immune system—and in particular the ability of organisms to recognize their own cells—a phenomenon known as central tolerance . Immune central tolerance is established by two processes: first , immune cells ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"blood",
"cells",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"forkhead",
"box",
"immune",
"cells",
"immunology",
"animal",
"models",
"model",
"organisms",
"stem",
"cells",
"experimental",
"organism",
"systems",
"tcr",
"signaling",
"cascade",
"research",
"and",
"analys... | 2017 | Capacity of tTreg generation is not impaired in the atrophied thymus |
Plasmodium vivax causes the majority of malaria episodes outside Africa , but remains a relatively understudied pathogen . The pathology of P . vivax infection depends critically on the parasite’s ability to recognize and invade human erythrocytes . This invasion process involves an interaction between P . vivax Duffy ... | Malaria parasites must be adaptable to evade the human immune system and successfully transmit themselves to different individuals . Key to this adaptability is the fact that malaria parasite genomes are highly variable , containing mutations ranging from simple small changes in DNA sequence to complex large-scale chan... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"blood",
"cells",
"sequencing",
"techniques",
"parasite",
"groups",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"plasmodium",
"tropical",
"diseases",
"geographical",
"locations",
"parasitic",
"diseases",
"parasitic",
"protozoans",
"parasitology",
"apicomplexa",
"protozoans",
... | 2016 | Independent Origin and Global Distribution of Distinct Plasmodium vivax Duffy Binding Protein Gene Duplications |
Visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) caused by Leishmania infantum became a disease of urban areas in Brazil in the last 30 years and there has been an increase in asymptomatic L . infantum infection with these areas . A retrospective study of human VL was performed in the state of Rio Grande do Norte , Brazil , for the perio... | We studied factors associated with the changing demographics of visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) in Northeast Brazil , including environmental and socioeconomic determinants of disease , during the period 1990 to 2014 . The incidence of VL was higher in urban areas , and regions with higher levels of canine L . infantum i... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"children",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"immunology",
"tropical",
"diseases",
"geographical",
"locations",
"parasitic",
"diseases",
"parasitic",
"protozoans",
"health",
"care",
"preventive",
"medicine",
"age",
"groups",
"protozoans",
"nutrition",
"leishmania"... | 2018 | Changing demographics of visceral leishmaniasis in northeast Brazil: Lessons for the future |
Neural oscillations are ubiquitous measurements of cognitive processes and dynamic routing and gating of information . The fundamental and so far unresolved problem for neuroscience remains to understand how oscillatory activity in the brain codes information for human cognition . In a biologically relevant cognitive t... | To recognize visual information rapidly , the brain must continuously code complex , high-dimensional information impinging on the retina , not all of which is relevant , because a low-dimensional code can be sufficient for both recognition and behavior ( e . g . a fearful expression can be correctly recognized only fr... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"medicine",
"information",
"science",
"social",
"and",
"behavioral",
"sciences",
"neurological",
"disorders",
"neurology",
"information",
"theory",
"neuroimaging"
] | 2011 | Cracking the Code of Oscillatory Activity |
Programmed necrosis is a mechanism of cell death that has been described for neuronal excitotoxicity and ischemia/reperfusion injury , but has not been extensively studied in the context of exposure to bacterial exotoxins . The α-toxin of Clostridium septicum is a β-barrel pore-forming toxin and a potent cytotoxin; how... | Clostridium septicum is a highly virulent pathogen that causes spontaneous gas gangrene or clostridial myonecrosis . The essential virulence factor of C . septicum is a β-barrel toxin , α-toxin , that forms small pores in host cell membranes . This toxin is frequently described as a hemolysin , because the formation of... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"microbiology/cellular",
"microbiology",
"and",
"pathogenesis",
"microbiology/medical",
"microbiology",
"cell",
"biology/cellular",
"death",
"and",
"stress",
"responses"
] | 2009 | Programmed Cellular Necrosis Mediated by the Pore-Forming α-Toxin from Clostridium septicum |
Meiotic crossovers ( COs ) generate genetic diversity and are critical for the correct completion of meiosis in most species . Their occurrence is tightly constrained but the mechanisms underlying this limitation remain poorly understood . Here we identified the conserved AAA-ATPase FIDGETIN-LIKE-1 ( FIGL1 ) as a negat... | Sexually reproducing species produce offspring that are genetically unique from one another , despite having the same parents . This uniqueness is created by meiosis , which is a specialized cell division . After meiosis each parent transmits half of their DNA , but each time this occurs , the 'half portion' of DNA tra... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [] | 2015 | AAA-ATPase FIDGETIN-LIKE 1 and Helicase FANCM Antagonize Meiotic Crossovers by Distinct Mechanisms |
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes ( CTLs ) are important immune effectors against intra-cellular pathogens . These cells search for infected cells and kill them . Recently developed experimental methods in combination with mathematical models allow for the quantification of the efficacy of CTL killing in vivo and , hence , for t... | The immune response mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes ( CTLs ) , which kill infected cells , is thought to be essential to control viral infections . Experiments offer data which allow one to address the efficacy of this cell population in vivo and to estimate characterizing parameters . However , it is unclear which... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"virology/host",
"antiviral",
"responses",
"immunology",
"immunology/immune",
"response",
"computational",
"biology"
] | 2009 | Investigating CTL Mediated Killing with a 3D Cellular Automaton |
RecA plays a key role in homologous recombination , the induction of the DNA damage response through LexA cleavage and the activity of error-prone polymerase in Escherichia coli . RecA interacts with multiple partners to achieve this pleiotropic role , but the structural location and sequence determinants involved in t... | In eubacteria , genome integrity is in large part orchestrated by RecA , which directly participates in recombination , induction of DNA damage response through LexA repressor cleavage and error-prone DNA synthesis . Yet , most of the interaction sites necessary for these vital processes are largely unknown . By compar... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"bacteriology",
"medicine",
"microbial",
"mutation",
"genetic",
"mutation",
"protein",
"interactions",
"drugs",
"and",
"devices",
"dna-binding",
"proteins",
"microbiology",
"escherichia",
"coli",
"phylogenetics",
"protein",
"structure",
"pharmacology",
"bacterial",
"pathoge... | 2011 | Separation of Recombination and SOS Response in Escherichia coli RecA Suggests LexA Interaction Sites |
The role of dopamine in behaviour and decision-making is often cast in terms of reinforcement learning and optimal decision theory . Here , we present an alternative view that frames the physiology of dopamine in terms of Bayes-optimal behaviour . In this account , dopamine controls the precision or salience of ( exter... | Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that has been implicated in a wide variety of cognitive and motor functions; it is depleted in Parkinson's disease , disrupted in schizophrenia and plays a central role in working memory , reinforcement learning and other cognitive functions . In this paper , we present a straightforward ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"theoretical",
"biology",
"biology",
"neuroscience"
] | 2012 | Dopamine, Affordance and Active Inference |
Malaria transmission is known to be strongly impacted by temperature . The current understanding of how temperature affects mosquito and parasite life history traits derives from a limited number of empirical studies . These studies , some dating back to the early part of last century , are often poorly controlled , ha... | Many of the mosquito and parasite life history traits that combine to influence the transmission intensity of malaria ( e . g . , adult mosquito longevity , biting rate , the developmental period of the parasite within the mosquito , and the proportion of mosquitoes that become infectious ) are strongly temperature sen... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"death",
"rates",
"invertebrates",
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"parasite",
"groups",
"methods",
"and",
"resources",
"body",
"fluids",
"plasmodium",
"tropical",
"diseases",
"vector-borne",
"diseases",
"parasitic",
"diseases",
"animals",
"parasitic",
"protozo... | 2017 | Quantifying the effects of temperature on mosquito and parasite traits that determine the transmission potential of human malaria |
Cooperative transcription factor binding at cis-regulatory sites in the genome drives robust eukaryotic gene expression , and many such sites must be coordinated to produce coherent transcriptional programs . The transcriptional program leading to motile cilia formation requires members of the DNA-binding forkhead ( Fo... | The multiciliated cell extends hundreds of motile cilia to produce fluid flow in the airways and other organ systems . The formation of this specialized cell type requires the coordinated expression of hundreds of genes in order to produce all the protein parts motile cilia require . While a relatively small number of ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"forkhead",
"box",
"gene",
"regulation",
"regulatory",
"proteins",
"dna-binding",
"proteins",
"vertebrates",
"animals",
"xenopus",
"dna",
"transcription",
"animal",
"models",
"model",
"organisms",
"amphibians",
"experimental",
"organism",
"systems",
"transcription",
"fact... | 2017 | Rfx2 Stabilizes Foxj1 Binding at Chromatin Loops to Enable Multiciliated Cell Gene Expression |
Teleost fishes , thanks to their rapid evolution of sex determination mechanisms , provide remarkable opportunities to study the formation of sex chromosomes and the mechanisms driving the birth of new master sex determining ( MSD ) genes . However , the evolutionary interplay between the sex chromosomes and the MSD ge... | In stark contrast to mammals and birds , a high proportion of teleosts have homomorphic sex chromosomes and display a high diversity of sex determining genes . Yet , population level knowledge of both the sex chromosome and the master sex determining gene is only available for the Japanese medaka , a model species . He... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Material",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"reproductive",
"system",
"gonads",
"sequence",
"assembly",
"tools",
"developmental",
"biology",
"genome",
"analysis",
"molecular",
"biology",
"techniques",
"morphogenesis",
"research",
"and",
"analysis",
"methods",
"sequence",
"... | 2019 | Identification of the master sex determining gene in Northern pike (Esox lucius) reveals restricted sex chromosome differentiation |
Aminoglycoside antibiotics target the ribosomal decoding A-site and are active against a broad spectrum of bacteria . These compounds bind to a highly conserved stem-loop-stem structure in helix 44 of bacterial 16S rRNA . One particular aminoglycoside , paromomycin , also shows potent antiprotozoal activity and is used... | Rational design of novel therapeutics relies on the knowledge and understanding of potential drug targets . Historically , the majority of therapeutics have not been rationally designed , but empirically discovered . Paromomycin , an aminoglycoside with antibacterial activity , has been found to show considerable activ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine",
"parasite",
"groups",
"african",
"trypanosomiasis",
"microbiology",
"parasitic",
"diseases",
"parasitology",
"prokaryotic",
"models",
"model",
"organisms",
"neglected",
"tropical",
"diseases",
"infectious",
"diseases",
"protozoan",
"models",
"biology",
"chagas",... | 2011 | Genetic Reconstruction of Protozoan rRNA Decoding Sites Provides a Rationale for Paromomycin Activity against Leishmania and Trypanosoma |
Visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) is an important public health problem in south-eastern Nepal affecting very poor rural communities . Since 2005 , Nepal is involved in a regional initiative to eliminate VL . This study assessed the economic impact of VL on households and examined whether the intensified VL control efforts... | Visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) is a parasitic disease and is fatal if untreated . VL mainly affects poor populations in rural areas and has important socio-economic consequences to the household because of high expenditures to access treatment and coping strategies to cover the costs of care . Since 2005 , the governmen... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine",
"infectious",
"diseases",
"social",
"and",
"behavioral",
"sciences",
"non-clinical",
"medicine",
"health",
"economics",
"leishmaniasis",
"neglected",
"tropical",
"diseases",
"economics"
] | 2013 | The Household Costs of Visceral Leishmaniasis Care in South-eastern Nepal |
Mechanisms underlying speciation in plants include detrimental ( incompatible ) genetic interactions between parental alleles that incur a fitness cost in hybrids . We reported on recessive hybrid incompatibility between an Arabidopsis thaliana strain from Poland , Landsberg erecta ( Ler ) , and many Central Asian A . ... | In plants , naturally evolving disease resistance ( R ) genes can cause autoimmunity when combined with different genetic backgrounds . This phenomenon , called immune-related hybrid incompatibility ( HI ) , leads to growth inhibition and fitness loss due to inappropriate activation of defense . HI likely reflects diff... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"plant",
"science",
"genetics",
"plant",
"pathology",
"plant",
"genetics",
"biology",
"and",
"life",
"sciences"
] | 2014 | Analysis of a Plant Complex Resistance Gene Locus Underlying Immune-Related Hybrid Incompatibility and Its Occurrence in Nature |
Despite great efforts over several decades , our best models of primary visual cortex ( V1 ) still predict spiking activity quite poorly when probed with natural stimuli , highlighting our limited understanding of the nonlinear computations in V1 . Recently , two approaches based on deep learning have emerged for model... | Predicting the responses of sensory neurons to arbitrary natural stimuli is of major importance for understanding their function . Arguably the most studied cortical area is primary visual cortex ( V1 ) , where many models have been developed to explain its function . However , the most successful models built on neuro... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"neural",
"networks",
"brain",
"vertebrates",
"social",
"sciences",
"neuroscience",
"animals",
"mammals",
"geometry",
"aspect",
"ratio",
"primates",
"mathematics",
"vision",
"neuronal",
"tuning",
"old",
"world",
"monkeys",
"com... | 2019 | Deep convolutional models improve predictions of macaque V1 responses to natural images |
The olfactory information that is received by the insect brain is encoded in the form of spatiotemporal patterns in the projection neurons of the antennal lobe . These dense and overlapping patterns are transformed into a sparse code in Kenyon cells in the mushroom body . Although it is clear that this sparse code is t... | Odor recognition in the insect brain is amazingly fast but still not fully understood . It is known that recognition is performed in three stages . In the first stage , the sensors respond to an odor by displaying a reproducible neuronal pattern . This code is turned , in the second and third stages , into a sparse cod... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [] | 2015 | Modelling Odor Decoding in the Antennal Lobe by Combining Sequential Firing Rate Models with Bayesian Inference |
Buruli ulcer is a neglected tropical disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans . This skin disease is the third most common mycobacterial disease and its rapid diagnosis and treatment are necessary . Polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) is considered to be the most sensitive method for the laboratory confirmation of Buruli... | Buruli ulcer is a neglected tropical disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans that may result in severe skin ulceration if left untreated . Quantitative PCR ( qPCR ) is the most sensitive method for diagnosing Buruli ulcer , but is difficult to perform in endemic areas . We overcame these problems by developing an easy... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [] | 2015 | Development of a Dry-Reagent-Based qPCR to Facilitate the Diagnosis of Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection in Endemic Countries |
Chronic infections represent a continuous battle between the host's immune system and pathogen replication . Many protozoan parasites have evolved a cyst lifecycle stage that provides it with increased protection from environmental degradation as well as endogenous host mechanisms of attack . In the case of Toxoplasma ... | Described here is a novel mechanism of protozoan cyst clearance in the CNS during chronic infection . These data show the presence of a population of alternatively activated macrophages in the brain that secrete the active chitinase , AMCase , in response to chitin in the cyst wall . Using both chemical and genetic inh... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"medicine",
"infectious",
"diseases",
"immunity",
"innate",
"immunity",
"immune",
"defense",
"immunology",
"biology",
"immunity",
"to",
"infections",
"parasitic",
"diseases",
"immune",
"response",
"toxoplasmosis"
] | 2012 | Chitinase Dependent Control of Protozoan Cyst Burden in the Brain |
Leishmania ( Viannia ) braziliensis is a parasite recognized as the most important etiologic agent of mucosal leishmaniasis ( ML ) in the New World . In Amazonia , seven different species of Leishmania , etiologic agents of human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis , have been described . Isolated cases of ML have been described f... | Leishmaniasis is considered a neglected disease with 1 . 5 million new cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis ( CL ) occurring each year . In the Amazon region and in the Americas in general , ML is caused by Leishmania ( Viannia ) braziliensis , though in rare cases it has been related to other species . ML , which is assoc... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"infectious",
"diseases"
] | 2011 | Mucosal Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis in the Brazilian Amazon |
Sleeping sickness , also called human African trypanosomiasis , is transmitted by the tsetse , a blood-sucking fly confined to sub-Saharan Africa . The form of the disease in West and Central Africa is carried mainly by species of tsetse that inhabit riverine woodland and feed avidly on humans . In contrast , the vecto... | To identify where to look for new strategies to limit the contact between tsetse and humans , and so reduce the transmission of sleeping sickness , we examined various factors influencing the numbers of tsetse caught from men . Catches were increased if the men walked , or travelled a little faster on a truck , and wer... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"entomology",
"biology",
"zoology"
] | 2012 | Where, When and Why Do Tsetse Contact Humans? Answers from Studies in a National Park of Zimbabwe |
Neglected tropical diseases ( NTDs ) are communicable diseases that impact approximately 1 billion people , but receive relatively little research , funding , and attention . Many NTDs have similar treatments , epidemiology , and geographic distribution , and as a result , the integration of control efforts can improve... | Neglected tropical diseases ( NTDs ) are communicable diseases that impact billions of people but receive disproportionately little attention from researchers and funders . Many of these diseases have similarities in their epidemiology and control measures , rendering the integration of control programs a practical opt... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"medicine",
"and",
"health",
"sciences",
"tropical",
"diseases",
"parasitic",
"diseases",
"integrated",
"control",
"health",
"care",
"bacterial",
"diseases",
"health",
"services",
"administration",
"and",
"management",
"pest",
"control",
"neglected",
"tropical",
"diseas... | 2018 | Organization of oversight for integrated control of neglected tropical diseases within Ministries of Health |
The bactericidal function of macrophages against pneumococci is enhanced by their apoptotic demise , which is controlled by the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1 . Here , we show that lysosomal membrane permeabilization ( LMP ) and cytosolic translocation of activated cathepsin D occur prior to activation of a mitochondrial... | Tissue macrophages frequently undergo a program of cell death , termed apoptosis , following sustained ingestion and killing of bacteria . In macrophages , induction of apoptosis enhances bacterial killing when macrophages' initial killing capacity is exhausted . We have investigated the mechanism of apoptosis in macro... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"infectious",
"diseases/bacterial",
"infections",
"immunology/immune",
"response",
"respiratory",
"medicine/respiratory",
"infections",
"cell",
"biology/cellular",
"death",
"and",
"stress",
"responses"
] | 2011 | A Cardinal Role for Cathepsin D in Co-Ordinating the Host-Mediated Apoptosis of Macrophages and Killing of Pneumococci |
The aging brain shows a progressive loss of neuropil , which is accompanied by subtle changes in neuronal plasticity , sensory learning and memory . Neurophysiologically , aging attenuates evoked responses—including the mismatch negativity ( MMN ) . This is accompanied by a shift in cortical responsivity from sensory (... | While studies of aging are widely framed in terms of their demarcation of degenerative processes , the brain provides a unique opportunity to uncover the adaptive effects of getting older . Though intuitively reasonable , that life-experience and wisdom should reside somewhere in human cortex , these features have elud... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"computational",
"neuroscience",
"biology",
"computational",
"biology",
"anatomy",
"and",
"physiology",
"neuroscience",
"neuroimaging"
] | 2014 | The Brain Ages Optimally to Model Its Environment: Evidence from Sensory Learning over the Adult Lifespan |
Leishmania spp . is a protozoan parasite and the causative agent of leishmaniasis . Thymidine kinase ( TK ) catalyses the transfer of the γ-phosphate of ATP to 2’-deoxythymidine ( dThd ) forming thymidine monophosphate ( dTMP ) . L . major Type II TK ( LmTK ) has been previously shown to be important for infectivity of... | The DNA within the genome of an organism encodes all the information , firstly for reproduction and secondly for translation into proteins—the workhorses of a biological cell . Proteins carry out a host of essential biological activities within the cell . A full understanding of a protein now requires determination of ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods",
"Results",
"and",
"Discussion"
] | [] | 2015 | Structural and Kinetic Characterization of Thymidine Kinase from Leishmania major |
To achieve the extreme nuclear condensation necessary for sperm function , most histones are replaced with protamines during spermiogenesis in mammals . Mature sperm retain only a small fraction of nucleosomes , which are , in part , enriched on gene regulatory sequences , and recent findings suggest that these retaine... | That not all histones are replaced by protamines in the sperm nucleus during spermiogenesis has been known for almost three decades , along with the notion that protamines do not bear any specific epigenetic information whereas histones typically carry posttranslational modifications with epigenetic regulatory function... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"cellular",
"stress",
"responses",
"animal",
"genetics",
"teratology",
"cell",
"processes",
"histone",
"modification",
"gene",
"function",
"developmental",
"biology",
"organism",
"development",
"genome",
"analysis",
"molecular",
"development",
"epigenetics",
"chromatin",
... | 2014 | Paternal Poly (ADP-ribose) Metabolism Modulates Retention of Inheritable Sperm Histones and Early Embryonic Gene Expression |
CD4+ T-cell loss is the hallmark of HIV-1 infection . CD4 counts fall more rapidly in advanced disease when CCR5-tropic viral strains tend to be replaced by X4-tropic viruses . We hypothesized: ( i ) that the early dominance of CCR5-tropic viruses results from faster turnover rates of CCR5+ cells , and ( ii ) that X4-t... | Loss of CD4+ T-cells is the cardinal feature of HIV/AIDS , resulting in pathological susceptibility to opportunistic infections . Mechanisms underlying CD4-depletion remain unclear , although the role of chronic immune activation is now well-recognized . Selectivity of the virus for its co-receptor target ( either chem... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"medicine",
"immunopathology",
"infectious",
"diseases",
"immune",
"cells",
"clinical",
"immunology",
"immunity",
"sexually",
"transmitted",
"diseases",
"aids",
"hiv",
"t",
"cells",
"immunity",
"to",
"infections",
"retrovirology",
"and",
"hiv",
"immunopathogenesis",
"vi... | 2013 | Accelerated In Vivo Proliferation of Memory Phenotype CD4+ T-cells in Human HIV-1 Infection Irrespective of Viral Chemokine Co-receptor Tropism |
Wolbachia is a maternal transmitted endosymbiotic bacterium that is estimated to infect up to 65% of insect species . The ability of Wolbachia to both induce viral interference and spread into mosquito vector population makes it possible to develop Wolbachia as a biological control agent for dengue control . While Wolb... | Transmitted by mosquitoes , dengue virus causes the most important arbovirus disease in humans . Increasing problems in insecticide resistance and the lack of drugs and vaccines make it urgent to develop novel strategies for dengue control . Wolbachia is a maternally transmitted Gram-negative endosymbiotic bacterium th... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"emerging",
"viral",
"diseases",
"microbiology",
"host-pathogen",
"interaction",
"viral",
"vectors",
"emerging",
"infectious",
"diseases",
"zoology",
"biology",
"mosquitoes",
"entomology",
"vector",
"biology",
"virology",
"co-infections",
"microbial",
"control",
"antivirals... | 2012 | Wolbachia Induces Density-Dependent Inhibition to Dengue Virus in Mosquito Cells |
De novo mutations affect risk for many diseases and disorders , especially those with early-onset . An example is autism spectrum disorders ( ASD ) . Four recent whole-exome sequencing ( WES ) studies of ASD families revealed a handful of novel risk genes , based on independent de novo loss-of-function ( LoF ) mutation... | The genetic underpinnings of autism spectrum disorder ( ASD ) have proven difficult to determine , despite a wealth of evidence for genetic causes and ongoing effort to identify genes . Recently investigators sequenced the coding regions of the genomes from ASD children along with their unaffected parents ( ASD trios )... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"medicine",
"disease",
"mapping",
"neuropsychiatric",
"disorders",
"mathematics",
"mental",
"health",
"child",
"psychiatry",
"epidemiology",
"statistics",
"genetics",
"biology",
"human",
"genetics",
"genetics",
"of",
"disease",
"statistical",
"methods",
"psychiatry"
] | 2013 | Integrated Model of De Novo and Inherited Genetic Variants Yields Greater Power to Identify Risk Genes |
Actin capping and cross-linking proteins regulate the dynamics and architectures of different cellular protrusions . Eps8 is the founding member of a unique family of capping proteins capable of side-binding and bundling actin filaments . However , the structural basis through which Eps8 exerts these functions remains ... | One of the key components of the cytoskeleton of cells is actin , which allows cells to move . Actin-based motility is involved in many biological processes , such as intestinal development , intracellular trafficking and cell migration . Actin monomers are individual building blocks that can be linked together to form... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"biochemistry",
"cell",
"biology",
"biochemistry/chemical",
"biology",
"of",
"the",
"cell",
"biochemistry/protein",
"chemistry",
"cell",
"biology/developmental",
"molecular",
"mechanisms",
"cell",
"biology/cytoskeleton"
] | 2010 | Molecular Basis for the Dual Function of Eps8 on Actin Dynamics: Bundling and Capping |
Drosophila is a well recognized model of several human diseases , and recent investigations have demonstrated that Drosophila can be used as a model of human heart failure . Previously , we described that optical coherence tomography ( OCT ) can be used to rapidly examine the cardiac function in adult , awake flies . T... | Heart failure is a common cardiovascular disease that is characterized by problems with the ability of the heart muscle to contract , called impaired systolic function , and an enlarged heart chamber . Model systems of human heart failure are necessary to facilitate the screening and identification of genes and genetic... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"cell",
"biology/cell",
"signaling",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics/disease",
"models",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics/genetics",
"of",
"disease",
"cardiovascular",
"disorders",
"cardiovascular",
"disorders/heart",
"failure"
] | 2010 | Affecting Rhomboid-3 Function Causes a Dilated Heart in Adult Drosophila |
Cytokinesis in gram-negative bacteria requires the constriction of all three cell envelope layers: the inner membrane ( IM ) , the peptidoglycan ( PG ) cell wall and the outer membrane ( OM ) . In order to avoid potentially lethal breaches in cell integrity , this dramatic reshaping of the cell surface requires tight c... | Gram-negative bacterial cells are surrounded by a complex cell envelope consisting of two membranes , the inner and outer membranes , with a layer of cell wall matrix sandwiched between them . Antibiotics have a difficult time penetrating this envelope such that it represents a major drug-resistance determinant of this... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"flow",
"cytometry",
"cell",
"physiology",
"cell",
"walls",
"periplasm",
"cell",
"cycle",
"and",
"cell",
"division",
"cell",
"processes",
"microbiology",
"light",
"microscopy",
"microscopy",
"cellular",
"structures",
"and",
"organelles",
"research",
"and",
"analysis",... | 2017 | NlpD links cell wall remodeling and outer membrane invagination during cytokinesis in Escherichia coli |
The brain is thought to generate internal predictions to optimize behaviour . However , it is unclear whether predictions signalling is an automatic brain function or depends on task demands . Here , we manipulated the spatial/temporal predictability of visual targets , and the relevance of spatial/temporal information... | As natural environments change , animals need to continuously learn and update predictions about their current context to optimize behaviour . According to predictive coding , a general principle of brain function is the propagation of both neural predictions from hierarchically higher to lower brain regions and of the... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"learning",
"social",
"sciences",
"neuroscience",
"learning",
"and",
"memory",
"hearing",
"cognitive",
"psychology",
"cognition",
"brain",
"mapping",
"computational",
"neuroscience",
"convolution",
"vision",
"neuroimaging",
"coding",
"mechanisms",
"research",
"and",
"anal... | 2017 | Task relevance modulates the behavioural and neural effects of sensory predictions |
RNA-binding proteins play a central role in post-transcriptional mechanisms that control gene expression . Identification of novel RNA-binding proteins in fungi is essential to unravel post-transcriptional networks and cellular processes that confer identity to the fungal kingdom . Here , we carried out the functional ... | The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most damaging diseases of cultivated rice worldwide and an emerging disease on wheat , impacting on global food security . We identify a M . oryzae virulence-deficient mutant defective in the production of a RNA-binding protein ( called RBP35 ) . Clear orthologues ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"biotechnology",
"microbial",
"metabolism",
"protein",
"interactions",
"plant",
"biology",
"gene",
"regulation",
"microbiology",
"host-pathogen",
"interaction",
"fungal",
"physiology",
"gene",
"function",
"eukaryotic",
"cells",
"fungi",
"plant",
"science",
"rice",
"model"... | 2011 | Fungal Virulence and Development Is Regulated by Alternative Pre-mRNA 3′End Processing in Magnaporthe oryzae |
The complement cascade in mammalian blood can damage the alimentary tract of haematophagous arthropods . As such , these animals have evolved their own repertoire of complement-inactivating factors , which are inadvertently exploited by blood-borne pathogens to escape complement lysis . Unlike the bloodstream stages , ... | Blood feeding arthropods are exploited by blood borne parasites as vectors of transmission . Trypanosoma brucei , a salivarian trypanosome species , must survive , migrate and differentiate in the tsetse until they become mature , mammalian-infective forms within the fly salivary glands . This constitutes a significant... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"molecular",
"biology",
"biology",
"and",
"life",
"sciences",
"parasitology"
] | 2015 | Tsetse GmmSRPN10 Has Anti-complement Activity and Is Important for Successful Establishment of Trypanosome Infections in the Fly Midgut |
Quorum sensing ( QS ) in vitro controls production of plant cell wall degrading enzymes ( PCWDEs ) and other virulence factors in the soft rotting enterobacterial plant pathogen Pectobacterium atrosepticum ( Pba ) . Here , we demonstrate the genome-wide regulatory role of QS in vivo during the Pba–potato interaction , ... | Many Gram-negative bacteria use a population density-dependent regulatory mechanism called quorum sensing ( QS ) to control the production of virulence factors during infection . In the bacterial plant pathogen Pectobacterium atrosepticum ( formerly Erwinia carotovora subsp . atroseptica ) , an important model for QS ,... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results/Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"Methods"
] | [
"microbiology/cellular",
"microbiology",
"and",
"pathogenesis",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics/functional",
"genomics"
] | 2008 | Quorum Sensing Coordinates Brute Force and Stealth Modes of Infection in the Plant Pathogen Pectobacterium atrosepticum |
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