Split (3)

train · 24.8k rows

Search is not available for this dataset

article stringlengths 4.36k 149k	summary stringlengths 32 3.35k	section_headings listlengths 1 91	keywords listlengths 0 141	year stringclasses 13 values	title stringlengths 20 281
During lytic Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ( KSHV ) infection , the viral endonu- clease SOX promotes widespread degradation of cytoplasmic messenger RNA ( mRNA ) . However , select mRNAs , including the transcript encoding interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , escape SOX-induced cleavage . IL-6 escape is mediated through...	The ability of viruses to control the host gene expression environment is crucial to promote viral infection . Many viruses express factors that reduce host gene expression through widespread mRNA decay . However , some mRNAs escape this fate , like the transcript encoding the immunoregulatory cytokine IL-6 during KSHV...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "3'", "utr", "nucleases", "gene", "regulation", "293t", "cells", "enzymes", "messenger", "rna", "biological", "cultures", "microbiology", "dna-binding", "proteins", "enzymology", "rna", "stem-loop", "structure", "virus", "effects", "on", "host", "gene", "expression", ...	2017	Nuclease escape elements protect messenger RNA against cleavage by multiple viral endonucleases
Quorum Sensing ( QS ) drives coordinated phenotypic outcomes among bacterial populations . Its role in mediating infectious disease has led to the elucidation of numerous autoinducers and their corresponding QS signaling pathways . Among them , the Lsr ( LuxS-regulated ) QS system is conserved in scores of bacteria , a...	Bacterial behavior is responsive to a multitude of soluble molecular cues . Among them are self-secreted autoinducers that control quorum sensing ( QS ) processes . While new quorum sensing systems are constantly being discovered , several systems have been well defined in terms of their molecular and genetic topologie...	[ "Abstract", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "bacteriology", "biofilms", "cell", "motility", "swimming", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "cell", "processes", "microbiology", "biological", "locomotion", "biomechanics", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "systems", ...	2016	Quorum Sensing Desynchronization Leads to Bimodality and Patterned Behaviors
Abnormal phosphorylation and toxicity of a microtubule-associated protein tau are involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease ( AD ) ; however , what pathological conditions trigger tau abnormality in AD is not fully understood . A reduction in the number of mitochondria in the axon has been implicated in AD . ...	Abnormal phosphorylation and toxicity of a microtubule-associated protein tau are involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease ( AD ) . Tau is phosphorylated at multiple sites , and phosphorylation of tau regulates its microtubule binding and physiological functions such as regulation of microtubule stability . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "model", "organisms", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2012	Loss of Axonal Mitochondria Promotes Tau-Mediated Neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's Disease–Related Tau Phosphorylation Via PAR-1
Industry-sponsored clinical drug studies are associated with publication of outcomes that favor the sponsor , even when controlling for potential bias in the methods used . However , the influence of sponsorship bias has not been examined in preclinical animal studies . We performed a meta-analysis of preclinical stati...	Industry-sponsored clinical drug studies are associated with publication of outcomes that favor the sponsor , even when controlling for potential bias in the methods used . However , the influence of sponsorship bias has not been examined in preclinical animal studies . We performed a meta-analysis to identify whether ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "research", "funding", "non-clinical", "medicine", "science", "policy", "public", "health", "research", "assessment" ]	2014	Nonindustry-Sponsored Preclinical Studies on Statins Yield Greater Efficacy Estimates Than Industry-Sponsored Studies: A Meta-Analysis
The ability of bats and toothed whales to echolocate is a remarkable case of convergent evolution . Previous genetic studies have documented parallel evolution of nucleotide sequences in Prestin and KCNQ4 , both of which are associated with voltage motility during the cochlear amplification of signals . Echolocation in...	The convergent origins of laryngeal echolocation in two groups of bats ( Yangochiroptera and Rhinolophoidea ) and toothed whales have long been a focus of interest for biologists . We screened three candidate genes—Cdh23 , Pcdh15 , and Otof—involved in different steps in the echolocation system . Signals of parallel ev...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "parallel", "evolution", "organismal", "evolution", "forms", "of", "evolution", "animal", "evolution", "convergent", "evolution", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology", "evolutionary", "genetics" ]	2012	Parallel Evolution of Auditory Genes for Echolocation in Bats and Toothed Whales
Poor maintenance of cytotoxic factor expression among HIV-specific CD8+ T cells , in part caused by dysregulated expression of the transcription factor T-bet , is associated with HIV disease progression . However , the precise evolution and context in which CD8+ T cell cytotoxic functions become dysregulated in HIV inf...	The underlying reasons why HIV avoids immune-mediated clearance and establishes chronic infection remain undefined . Poor cytotoxic CD8+ T cell ( CTL ) killing functions and localization of CD8+ T cells to critical anatomical sites associated with virus replication and reservoir have been described during chronic HIV i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "body", "fluids", "immune", "physiology", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "spleen", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "cloning", "retroviruses", "viruses", "immunodefici...	2016	Collapse of Cytolytic Potential in SIV-Specific CD8+ T Cells Following Acute SIV Infection in Rhesus Macaques
Human African trypanosomiasis is a neglected parasitic disease that is fatal if untreated . The current drugs available to eliminate the causative agent Trypanosoma brucei have multiple liabilities , including toxicity , increasing problems due to treatment failure and limited efficacy . There are two approaches to dis...	Sleeping sickness , or human African trypanosomiasis ( HAT ) , is a deadly neglected disease for which new therapeutic options are badly needed . Current drugs have several liabilities including toxicity and route of administration limiting their efficacy to combat the disease . Our study aimed at validating a potentia...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2013	Exploring the Trypanosoma brucei Hsp83 Potential as a Target for Structure Guided Drug Design
The type III secretion systems ( TTSS ) encoded in Salmonella pathogenicity island-1 and -2 ( SPI-1 and -2 ) are virulence factors required for specific phases of Salmonella infection in animal hosts . However , the host cell types targeted by the TTSS have not been determined . To investigate this , we have constructe...	Bacteria of the Salmonella genus are important human pathogens and a leading cause of food-borne illness . Salmonella species' ability to cause disease relies on the activities of two sophisticated molecular syringes that allow the bacteria to pump proteins into cells that they infect . The activities of these syringes...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases", "pathology", "immunology", "microbiology", "mus", "(mouse)", "eubacteria" ]	2007	Analysis of Cells Targeted by Salmonella Type III Secretion In Vivo
Cystic echinococcosis ( CE ) is an important zoonotic disease caused by the cestode parasite Echinococcus granulosus . It occurs in many parts of the world where pastoral activities predominate , including the Rio Negro province of Argentina . Although CE control activities have been undertaken in the western regions o...	Hydatid disease , otherwise known as cystic echinococcosis ( CE ) , is caused by Echinococcus granulosus . The disease is common in many pastoral areas , including parts of the Rio Negro province of Argentina , and is formally recognised by the WHO as a Neglected Tropical Disease . We undertook the first scientific eva...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Pilot Field Trial of the EG95 Vaccine Against Ovine Cystic Echinococcosis in Rio Negro, Argentina: Second Study of Impact
According to recent experimental evidence , promoter architecture , defined by the number , strength and regulatory role of the operators that control transcription , plays a major role in determining the level of cell-to-cell variability in gene expression . These quantitative experiments call for a corresponding mode...	Stochastic chemical kinetics provides a framework for modeling gene regulation at the single-cell level . Using this framework , we systematically investigate the effect of promoter architecture , that is , the number , quality and position of transcription factor binding sites , on cell-to-cell variability in transcri...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "biophysics/transcription", "and", "translation", "biophysics/theory", "and", "simulation", "computational", "biology/transcriptional", "regulation" ]	2011	Effect of Promoter Architecture on the Cell-to-Cell Variability in Gene Expression
Atrial tachy-arrhytmias , such as atrial fibrillation ( AF ) , are characterised by irregular electrical activity in the atria , generally associated with erratic excitation underlain by re-entrant scroll waves , fibrillatory conduction of multiple wavelets or rapid focal activity . Epidemiological studies have shown a...	Atrial tachy-arrhythmias are associated with irregular excitation waves arising from re-entrant excitation , multiple wavelets or rapid focal activity . Identifying the origin of the irregular activity may be vital for diagnosis and treatment of the disorder . Where invasive and non-invasive methods provide approaches ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Discussion", "Conclusion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "epidemiology", "of", "aging", "engineering", "and", "technology", "applied", "mathematics", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "algorithms", "electrocardiography", "mathematics", "bioassays", "and", "physiological", "analysis", "car...	2017	Novel non-invasive algorithm to identify the origins of re-entry and ectopic foci in the atria from 64-lead ECGs: A computational study
The mammalian circadian clock uses interlocked negative feedback loops in which the heterodimeric basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor BMAL1/CLOCK is a master regulator . While there is prominent control of liver functions by the circadian clock , the detailed links between circadian regulators and downstream ta...	The circadian clock is a timing system that allows organisms to keep behavioral , physiological , and cellular rhythms in resonance with daily environmental cycles . In mammals , such clocks use transcriptional regulatory loops in which the heterodimeric transcription factor BMAL1/CLOCK plays a central role . While def...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression", "molecular", "biology/transcription", "initiation", "and", "activation", "genetics", "and", "genomics/functional", "genomics" ]	2011	Genome-Wide and Phase-Specific DNA-Binding Rhythms of BMAL1 Control Circadian Output Functions in Mouse Liver
Adenosine 5′-triphosphate ( ATP ) is the primary energy currency of all living organisms and participates in a variety of cellular processes . Although ATP requirements during viral lifecycles have been examined in a number of studies , a method by which ATP production can be monitored in real-time , and by which ATP c...	ATP is the major energy currency of living cells . Replication of the virus genome is a physiological mechanism that is known to require energy for operations such as the synthesis of DNA or RNA and their unwinding . However , it has been difficult to comprehend how the ATP level is regulated inside single living cells...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biology" ]	2012	Visualization and Measurement of ATP Levels in Living Cells Replicating Hepatitis C Virus Genome RNA
Type I interferons ( IFNs ) are known to mediate viral control , and also promote survival and expansion of virus-specific CD8+ T cells . However , it is unclear whether signaling cascades involved in eliciting these diverse cellular effects are also distinct . One of the best-characterized anti-viral signaling mechani...	Type I interferons ( IFNs ) constitute the first line of defense against viral infections , promote antigen presentation by dendritic cells , and play a crucial role in directly stimulating anti-viral T cell responses . However , the mechanisms underlying the diverse cellular effects of Type I IFNs are not well defined...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunology/immune", "response", "immunology/innate", "immunity", "immunology", "immunology/immunity", "to", "infections", "immunology/leukocyte", "activation" ]	2010	Role of PKR and Type I IFNs in Viral Control during Primary and Secondary Infection
The Escherichia coli species represents one of the best-studied model organisms , but also encompasses a variety of commensal and pathogenic strains that diversify by high rates of genetic change . We uniformly ( re- ) annotated the genomes of 20 commensal and pathogenic E . coli strains and one strain of E . fergusoni...	Although abundant knowledge has been accumulated regarding the E . coli laboratory strain K-12 , little is known about the evolutionary trajectories that have driven the high diversity observed among natural isolates of the species , which encompass both commensal and highly virulent intestinal and extraintestinal path...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "microbiology/medical", "microbiology", "evolutionary", "biology/evolutionary", "and", "comparative", "genetics" ]	2009	Organised Genome Dynamics in the Escherichia coli Species Results in Highly Diverse Adaptive Paths
Cognitive control is the ability to coordinate multiple streams of information to prevent confusion and select appropriate behavioral responses , especially when presented with competing alternatives . Despite its theoretical and clinical significance , the neural mechanisms of cognitive control are poorly understood ....	Understanding the world and making optimal decisions requires using the most relevant information while at the same time ignoring irrelevant information , a psychological phenomenon known as “cognitive control . ” How the same population of neurons deals with multiple streams of information simultaneously is poorly und...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "neuroscience/neuronal", "signaling", "mechanisms", "neuroscience/animal", "cognition", "neuroscience/cognitive", "neuroscience" ]	2010	Dynamic Grouping of Hippocampal Neural Activity During Cognitive Control of Two Spatial Frames
Culex tritaeniorhynchus is the primary vector of Japanese encephalitis virus ( JEV ) , a leading cause of encephalitis in Asia . JEV is transmitted in an enzootic cycle involving large wading birds as the reservoirs and swine as amplifying hosts . The development of a JEV vaccine reduced the number of JE cases in regio...	Japanese encephalitis virus ( JEV ) is transmitted predominately by the mosquito , Culex tritaeniorhynchus . The primary reservoirs of the virus are wading birds , with swine serving as amplifying hosts . Despite the development of a JEV vaccine , people remain unvaccinated in endemic countries and are susceptible to J...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "mosquitoes", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "viral", "diseases", "vectors", "and", "hosts", "infectious", "disease", "modeling", "japanese", "encephalitis" ]	2012	Ecological Niche Modeling to Estimate the Distribution of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Asia
Host control of influenza A virus ( IAV ) is associated with exuberant pulmonary inflammation characterized by the influx of myeloid cells and production of proinflammatory cytokines including interferons ( IFNs ) . It is unclear , however , how the immune system clears the virus without causing lethal immunopathology ...	Influenza A virus ( IAV ) is a leading cause of respiratory infection and induces a strong acute inflammation manifested by the recruitment of monocytes and neutrophils as well as the production of proinflammatory cytokines in infected lungs . The interferons ( IFNs ) are strongly induced by IAV and are known to mediat...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2016	Functional Interplay between Type I and II Interferons Is Essential to Limit Influenza A Virus-Induced Tissue Inflammation
The sensory systems of multicellular organisms are designed to provide information about the environment and thus elicit appropriate changes in physiology and behavior . In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans , sensory neurons affect the decision to arrest during development in a diapause state , the dauer larva , and ...	The senses provide animals with information about their environment , which affects not only their behavior but also their internal state and physiological outputs . How this information is processed is still unclear . In this study , we used mutant C . elegans roundworms that had defective sensory neurons to investiga...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "animal", "models", "caenorhabditis", "elegans", "animal", "genetics", "model", "organisms", "gene", "identification", "and", "analysis", "genetics", "gene", "regulation", "molecular", "genetics", "biology", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "gene", ...	2012	Genes That Act Downstream of Sensory Neurons to Influence Longevity, Dauer Formation, and Pathogen Responses in Caenorhabditis elegans
The group of proteins that contain a thioredoxin ( Trx ) fold is huge and diverse . Assessment of the variation in catalytic machinery of Trx fold proteins is essential in providing a foundation for understanding their functional diversity and predicting the function of the many uncharacterized members of the class . T...	For any large class of proteins , far more protein sequences are known than can be examined experimentally . This is the case with the thioredoxin fold class , a large and diverse collection of proteins , some of which are known to catalyze important steps in metabolism . Some others participate in key processes like p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry/molecular", "evolution", "biochemistry/bioinformatics" ]	2009	An Atlas of the Thioredoxin Fold Class Reveals the Complexity of Function-Enabling Adaptations
Cellular networks multitask by exhibiting distinct , context-dependent dynamics . However , network states ( parameters ) that generate a particular dynamic are often sub-optimal for others , defining a source of “tension” between them . Though multitasking is pervasive , it is not clear where tension arises , what con...	Multitasking pervades our daily lives . For example , the technological devices that we increasingly rely upon are now engineered with such multifunctionality or “integration” in mind . Similarly , cellular networks also multitask in that they generate multiple , distinct dynamics according to their operating context ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "bioengineering", "biological", "systems", "engineering", "computer", "science", "computer", "modeling", "biology", "computational", "biology", "computerized", "simulations", "engineering" ]	2012	Tension and Robustness in Multitasking Cellular Networks
Anthropogenic activities are causing widespread degradation of ecosystems worldwide , threatening the ecosystem services upon which all human life depends . Improved understanding of this degradation is urgently needed to improve avoidance and mitigation measures . One tool to assist these efforts is predictive models ...	Ecosystems across the world are being rapidly degraded . This threatens their provision of natural goods and services , upon which all life depends . To be able to reduce—and one day reverse—this damage , we need to be able to predict the effects of human actions on ecosystems . Here , we present the first example of a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "population", "dynamics", "biodiversity", "marine", "biology", "biogeochemistry", "systems", "ecology", "theoretical", "ecology", "population", "biology", "geochemistry", "computer", "and", "information", "sciences", "ecosystem...	2014	Emergent Global Patterns of Ecosystem Structure and Function from a Mechanistic General Ecosystem Model
Plants possess active defense systems and can protect themselves from pathogenic invasion by secretion of a variety of small antimicrobial or antifungal proteins such as thionins . The antibacterial and antifungal properties of thionins are derived from their ability to induce open pore formation on cell membranes of p...	Host-pathogen interactions involve a multiplicity of mechanisms that coevolved for successful host resistance to pathogenic invasion or for overcoming host defenses by the pathogen . In our study , we focused on antifungal peptides called thionins that plants use for defense against a broad range of phytopathogens . Re...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunotoxicology", "plant", "science", "immunology", "biology", "microbiology", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "toxicology" ]	2013	The Secreted Antifungal Protein Thionin 2.4 in Arabidopsis thaliana Suppresses the Toxicity of a Fungal Fruit Body Lectin from Fusarium graminearum
Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections are associated with high mortality rates and occur in diverse conditions including pneumonias , cystic fibrosis and neutropenia . Quorum sensing , mediated by small molecules including N- ( 3-oxo-dodecanoyl ) homoserine lactone ( C12 ) , regulates P . aeruginosa growth and virulence . ...	Chronic and acute infections associated with P . aeruginosa constitute a major healthcare burden . Antimicrobial approaches are currently used against P . aeruginosa; however , infections are typically refractory to treatment and drug resistant strains have been isolated . As such , there is urgent need to understand m...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "bacterial", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases", "pulmonology", "gram", "negative", "cellular", "stress", "responses", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "chronic", "obstructive", "pulmonary", "diseases", "pediatric", "pulmonology", "pseudomonas", "infections", ...	2013	X-Box Binding Protein 1 (XBP1s) Is a Critical Determinant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Homoserine Lactone-Mediated Apoptosis
The senses of animals are confronted with changing environments and different contexts . Neural adaptation is one important tool to adjust sensitivity to varying intensity ranges . For instance , in a quiet night outdoors , our hearing is more sensitive than when we are confronted with the plurality of sounds in a larg...	Smell , vision , hearing—virtually all of our senses adapt their sensitivity to cope with the varying environment . Adaptation removes information about absolute stimulus intensity available to the brain , as this information is usually of little relevance for sensory representation . For some tasks , however , knowled...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	A Neural Mechanism for Time-Window Separation Resolves Ambiguity of Adaptive Coding
Zn2+-finger proteins comprise one of the largest protein superfamilies with diverse biological functions . The ATM substrate Chk2-interacting Zn2+-finger protein ( ASCIZ; also known as ATMIN and ZNF822 ) was originally linked to functions in the DNA base damage response and has also been proposed to be an essential cof...	ASCIZ is a DNA damage response protein that has been proposed to be a regulator and stabilizing co-factor of the ATM kinase , mutations of which lead to a syndrome involving neurological and immune dysfunctions , tumour predisposition , and X-ray hypersensitivity . To study Asciz function in vivo , we have generated a ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology/embryology", "biochemistry/replication", "and", "repair", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "function", "developmental", "biology/organogenesis", "molecular", "biology/dna", "repair" ]	2010	Dual Functions of ASCIZ in the DNA Base Damage Response and Pulmonary Organogenesis
Tyrosine kinases are regarded as excellent targets for chemical drug therapy of carcinomas . However , under strong purifying selection , drug resistance usually occurs in the cancer cells within a short term . Many cases of drug resistance have been found to be associated with secondary mutations in drug target , whic...	Cancers can eventually confer drug resistance to the continued medication . In most cases , mutations occurred in a drug target can attenuate the binding affinity of the drugs . Here , we studied the drug resistance mechanisms of the mutations G2032R in the ROS1 tyrosine kinase in fusion-type NSCLC . It is well known t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "computational", "biology" ]	2014	P-loop Conformation Governed Crizotinib Resistance in G2032R-Mutated ROS1 Tyrosine Kinase: Clues from Free Energy Landscape
In isolated populations underdominance leads to bistable evolutionary dynamics: below a certain mutant allele frequency the wildtype succeeds . Above this point , the potentially underdominant mutant allele fixes . In subdivided populations with gene flow there can be stable states with coexistence of wildtypes and mut...	Underdominance is a component of natural evolution: homozygotes – of either wildtypes or mutants – are advantageous . This can play a role in speciation and as a method to establish artificial genetic constructs in wild populations . The polymorphic state of wildtype and mutant alleles is unstable . However , in subdiv...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Models", "Results/Discussion" ]	[ "genetic", "polymorphism", "theoretical", "biology", "natural", "selection", "population", "genetics", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology", "gene", "flow", "genetic", "drift", "evolutionary", "theory" ]	2011	Stability Properties of Underdominance in Finite Subdivided Populations
During disease progression to AIDS , HIV-1 infected individuals become increasingly immunosuppressed and susceptible to opportunistic infections . It has also been demonstrated that multiple subsets of dendritic cells ( DC ) , including DC-SIGN ( + ) cells , become significantly depleted in the blood and lymphoid tissu...	HIV-1 infected individuals become increasingly immunocompromised and susceptible to opportunistic infection during disease progression , which is associated with significant reduction of the dendritic cell number in the peripheral blood or secondary lymphoid tissues . Because dendritic cells are the most powerful antig...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "clinical", "immunology", "immunology", "biology", "microbiology", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "hematology" ]	2013	Binding of HIV-1 gp120 to DC-SIGN Promotes ASK-1-Dependent Activation-Induced Apoptosis of Human Dendritic Cells
The diversity of T-cell receptors recognizing foreign pathogens is generated through a highly stochastic recombination process , making the independent production of the same sequence rare . Yet unrelated individuals do share receptors , which together constitute a “public” repertoire of abundant clonotypes . The TCR r...	The enormous diversity of T-cell receptor ( TCR ) molecules allows our adaptive immune system to recognize and fight infections . TCRs are formed through the stochastic rearrangement of DNA . By analysing human repertoire sequences of identical twins using a statistical model for TCR formation , we identified T-cells t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "sequencing", "techniques", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "immune", "cells", "immunology", "cloning", "neuroscience", "learning", "and", "memory", "twins", "sequence", "assembly", "tools", "developmental", "biology", "cog...	2017	Persisting fetal clonotypes influence the structure and overlap of adult human T cell receptor repertoires
RNA interference ( RNAi ) utilizes small interfering RNAs ( siRNAs ) to direct silencing of specific genes through transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms . The siRNA guides can originate from exogenous ( exo–RNAi ) or natural endogenous ( endo–RNAi ) sources of double-stranded RNA ( dsRNA ) . In Caenorhabd...	RNA interference ( RNAi ) has become a widely used approach for silencing genes of interest . This tool is possible because endogenous RNA silencing pathways exist broadly across organisms , including humans , worms , and plants . The general RNAi pathway utilizes small ∼21-nucleotide RNAs to target specific protein-co...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biology" ]	2012	The miR-35-41 Family of MicroRNAs Regulates RNAi Sensitivity in Caenorhabditis elegans
Plant pathogens with a broad host range are able to infect plant lineages that diverged over 100 million years ago . They exert similar and recurring constraints on the evolution of unrelated plant populations . Plants generally respond with quantitative disease resistance ( QDR ) , a form of immunity relying on comple...	Plant disease resistance is mediated by molecular components depending on pathogens infection strategy . Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating plant pathogenic fungus notorious for its ability to infect a wide variety of plant species by rapidly triggering cell death . Plant exhibit a response designated as quantit...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "taxonomy", "brassica", "phylogenetics", "plant", "science", "model", "organisms", "data", "management", "phylogenetic", "analysis", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "plant", "genomics", "plant", "pathology", "convergent", "evolution", "plants", "re...	2017	Parallel evolution of the POQR prolyl oligo peptidase gene conferring plant quantitative disease resistance
Comparing and aligning protein sequences is an essential task in bioinformatics . More specifically , local alignment tools like BLAST are widely used for identifying conserved protein sub-sequences , which likely correspond to protein domains or functional motifs . However , to limit the number of false positives , th...	Deciphering the functions of the different proteins of an organism constitutes a first step toward the understanding of its biology . Because they provide strong clues regarding protein functions , domains occupy a key position among the relevant annotations that can be assigned to a protein . Protein domains are seque...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "parasite", "groups", "markov", "models", "plasmodium", "split-decomposition", "method", "parasitology", "multiple", "alignment", "calculation", "apicomplexa", "mathematics", "sequence", "motif", "analysis", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "sequence", "analysis", ...	2018	Improving pairwise comparison of protein sequences with domain co-occurrence
Differentiation , distribution and immune regulation of human IL-22-producing T cells in infections remain unknown . Here , we demonstrated in a nonhuman primate model that M . tuberculosis infection resulted in apparent increases in numbers of T cells capable of producing IL-22 de novo without in vitro Ag stimulation ...	TB remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among infectious diseases worldwide . Protective immunity against TB in humans remains poorly characterized , although the importance of CD4 T cells is well described in HIV-related TB . Similarly , little is known about the role of newly-defined T helper ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases", "immunology/immune", "response", "immunology", "infectious", "diseases/respiratory", "infections", "infectious", "diseases/bacterial", "infections", "immunology/immunity", "to", "infections" ]	2010	Differentiation, Distribution and γδ T Cell-Driven Regulation of IL-22-Producing T Cells in Tuberculosis
Potassium ( K+ ) is required by plants for growth and development , and also contributes to immunity against pathogens . However , it has not been established whether pathogens modulate host K+ signaling pathways to enhance virulence and subvert host immunity . Here , we show that the effector protein AvrPiz-t from the...	Plant nutritional status can greatly influence plant immunity in response to pathogen invasion . Rice blast , a devastating rice disease caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Magnaporthe oryzae , causes a significant reduction in yield and affects food security . In this study , we demonstrate that the M . oryzae secrete...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "plant", "anatomy", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "brassica", "electrophysiology", "plant", "physiology", "neuroscience", "fungi", "plant", "science", "rice", "ion", "channels", "model", "organisms", "genetically", "modified", "plants", "expe...	2018	The fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae suppresses innate immunity by modulating a host potassium channel
Visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) is a major health problem in developing countries . The untreated disease is fatal , available treatment is expensive and often toxic , and drug resistance is increasing . Improved treatment options are needed . Paromomycin was shown to be an efficacious first-line treatment with low toxic...	Visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) is a fatal parasitic disease with 500 , 000 new cases each year according to WHO estimates . New and better treatment options are urgently needed in disease endemic areas due to the long courses , toxicity and development of resistance to current treatments . Recently , the antibiotic paro...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases" ]	2010	Geographical Variation in the Response of Visceral Leishmaniasis to Paromomycin in East Africa: A Multicentre, Open-Label, Randomized Trial
The Type IV Secretion System ( T4SS ) is the only bacterial secretion system known to translocate both DNA and protein substrates . The VirB/D4 system from Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a typical T4SS . It facilitates the bacteria to translocate the VirD2-T-DNA complex to the host cell cytoplasm . In addition to protein...	Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes crown gall disease ( tumors ) in agriculturally important plant species . It initiates infection through its Ti plasmid , which integrates a portion of its own DNA ( T-DNA ) into that of the host genome . The T-DNA is bound to VirD2 relaxase , and this complex is required for the effici...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "biomacromolecule-ligand", "interactions", "agrochemicals", "protein", "folding", "crop", "diseases", "biology", "biophysics", "agriculture" ]	2014	Dimerization of VirD2 Binding Protein Is Essential for Agrobacterium Induced Tumor Formation in Plants
Histoplasma capsulatum comprises a worldwide complex of saprobiotic fungi mainly found in nitrogen/phosphate ( often bird guano ) enriched soils . The microconidia of Histoplasma species may be inhaled by mammalian hosts , and is followed by a rapid conversion to yeast that can persist in host tissues causing histoplas...	Histoplasmosis is a potentially severe fungal disease of mammals caused by Histoplasma capsulatum . The highest incidence of the disease is reported on the American continent , and approximately 30% of HIV and histoplasmosis co-infections are fatal . Previous studies have suggested at least 7 phylogenetic species withi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results/Discussion" ]	[ "taxonomy", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "histoplasmosis", "population", "genetics", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "animals", "mammals", "animal", "phylogenetics", "organisms", "phylogenetics", "data", ...	2016	Worldwide Phylogenetic Distributions and Population Dynamics of the Genus Histoplasma
Soil-transmitted helminth ( STH ) infections are a leading cause of disability and disease burden in school-age children of worm-endemic regions . Their effect on school absenteeism , however , remains unclear . The World Health Organization currently recommends delivering mass deworming and health hygiene education th...	Soil-transmitted helminths ( STHs ) are intestinal parasites that infect over 2 billion people in the world . Children infected with STHs often experience growth delays and perform poorly in school . However , the specific effects of STH infections on school absenteeism in children are not well understood . In this stu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "public", "and", "occupational", "health", "helminth", "infections", "infectious", "diseases", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "trichuriasis", "global", "health", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "hookworm", "diseases", "tropical", "diseases", "soil-transmitt...	2014	Effects of a Post-Deworming Health Hygiene Education Intervention on Absenteeism in School-Age Children of the Peruvian Amazon
Mycoplasmas are commonly described as the simplest self-replicating organisms , whose evolution was mainly characterized by genome downsizing with a proposed evolutionary scenario similar to that of obligate intracellular bacteria such as insect endosymbionts . Thus far , analysis of mycoplasma genomes indicates a low ...	Mycoplasmas are cell wall–lacking prokaryotes that evolved from ancestors common to Gram-positive bacteria by way of massive losses of genetic material . With their minimal genome , mycoplasmas are considered to be the simplest free-living organisms , yet several species are successful pathogens of man and animal . In ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases", "microbiology", "evolutionary", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "eubacteria" ]	2007	Being Pathogenic, Plastic, and Sexual while Living with a Nearly Minimal Bacterial Genome
Diversity-generating retroelements ( DGRs ) recognize novel ligands through massive protein sequence variation , a property shared uniquely with the adaptive immune response . Little is known about how recognition is achieved by DGR variable proteins . Here , we present the structure of the Bordetella bacteriophage DGR...	The immune system long has been considered unique in its capacity to recognize alien molecules . This anticipatory recognition depends on a repertoire of receptors—antibodies and T cell receptors—with binding sites capable of accommodating trillions of different amino acid sequence combinations . A similar capacity was...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "biochemistry" ]	2008	Selective Ligand Recognition by a Diversity-Generating Retroelement Variable Protein
In chronic viral infections , persistent antigen presentation causes progressive exhaustion of virus-specific CD8+ T cells . It has become clear , however , that virus-specific naïve CD8+ T cells newly generated from the thymus can be primed with persisting antigens . In the setting of low antigen density and resolved ...	During thymocyte development , cells that recognize self-antigens are specifically deleted by the process known as negative selection . However , some pathogens disseminate to the thymus , and can induce foreign antigen presentation within this organ , resulting in potentially harmful clonal deletion of pathogen-specif...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immune", "cells", "immunity", "t", "cells", "immunity", "to", "infections", "immunology", "immune", "tolerance", "biology", "immune", "response" ]	2014	Infection of Adult Thymus with Murine Retrovirus Induces Virus-Specific Central Tolerance That Prevents Functional Memory CD8+ T Cell Differentiation
When modern humans left Africa ca . 60 , 000 years ago ( 60 kya ) , they were already infected with Helicobacter pylori , and these bacteria have subsequently diversified in parallel with their human hosts . But how long were humans infected by H . pylori prior to the out-of-Africa event ? Did this co-evolution predate...	We previously showed that the population history of H . pylori may be used as a marker for human migrations , including the demonstration that humans carried H . pylori out of Africa 60 , 000 years ago during their recent global expansions . But how long were humans infected by H . pylori prior to the out-of-Africa eve...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology", "microbiology", "bacterial", "evolution", "evolutionary", "genetics", "bacterial", "pathogens", "host-pathogen", "interaction" ]	2012	Age of the Association between Helicobacter pylori and Man
Animals enhance sensory acquisition from a specific direction by movements of head , ears , or eyes . As active sensing animals , echolocating bats also aim their directional sonar beam to selectively “illuminate” a confined volume of space , facilitating efficient information processing by reducing echo interference a...	It is well known that animals move their eyes , ears , and heads towards stimuli of interest to selectively gather information in complex environments . Interestingly , lingual-echolocating fruit bats , which generate sonar signals for object localization by clicking their tongues , can rapidly switch the direction of ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "diagnostic", "radiology", "engineering", "and", "technology", "vertebrates", "neuroscience", "animals", "mammals", "animal", "signaling", "and", "communication", "animal", "behavior", "tongue", "remote", "sensing", "audio", "equ...	2017	Tongue-driven sonar beam steering by a lingual-echolocating fruit bat
In higher eukaryotes , most mRNAs that encode secreted or membrane-bound proteins contain elements that promote an alternative mRNA nuclear export ( ALREX ) pathway . Here we report that ALREX-promoting elements also potentiate translation in the presence of upstream nuclear factors . These RNA elements interact direct...	About one-fifth of the protein-coding genes in the human genome code for secreted and/or membrane-bound proteins . In the nucleus these genes are transcribed into messenger RNAs ( mRNAs ) , which are then exported to the cytoplasm . These mRNAs are then transported to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum where they...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "rna", "cellular", "structures", "subcellular", "organelles", "rna", "transport", "nucleic", "acids", "protein", "translation", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "cell", "nucleus", "biology", "molecular", "cell", "biology" ]	2013	RanBP2/Nup358 Potentiates the Translation of a Subset of mRNAs Encoding Secretory Proteins
Perception involves two types of decisions about the sensory world: identification of stimulus features as analog quantities , or discrimination of the same stimulus features among a set of discrete alternatives . Veridical judgment and categorical discrimination have traditionally been conceptualized as two distinct c...	In daily life , we constantly face two types of perceptual decisions: to identify an object feature ( what is the speed of that car ? ) or to discriminate the same feature among two or more possible categories ( is that car going faster than the speed limit ? ) . These decision processes appear to involve very differen...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "neuroscience/behavioral", "neuroscience", "neuroscience/theoretical", "neuroscience" ]	2008	A Common Cortical Circuit Mechanism for Perceptual Categorical Discrimination and Veridical Judgment
The complement system functions during the early phase of infection and directly mediates pathogen elimination . The recent identification of complement-like factors in arthropods indicates that this system shares common ancestry in vertebrates and invertebrates as an immune defense mechanism . Thioester ( TE ) -contai...	Hosts are equipped with sophisticated machineries for detecting and eliminating invading viruses before they cause significant physiological damage . Unlike mammals which have both innate and adaptive immune systems , insects rely solely on the innate immune system to limit viral infection . Mosquitoes are natural vect...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "antimicrobials", "invertebrates", "innate", "immune", "system", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "immune", "activation", "immunology", "microbiology", "animals", "viral", "vectors", "emerging", "infectious", "diseases"...	2014	Complement-Related Proteins Control the Flavivirus Infection of Aedes aegypti by Inducing Antimicrobial Peptides
Insecticide resistance in mosquito populations threatens recent successes in malaria prevention . Elucidating patterns of genetic structure in malaria vectors to predict the speed and direction of the spread of resistance is essential to get ahead of the ‘resistance curve’ and to avert a public health catastrophe . Her...	Malaria control currently relies heavily on insecticide-based vector control interventions . Unfortunately , resistance to insecticides threatens the continued effectiveness of these measures . Metabolic resistance , caused by increased detoxification of insecticides , presents the greatest threat to vector control , y...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Conclusion", "Methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "population", "genetics", "geographical", "locations", "malawi", "animals", "genetic", "mapping", "population", "biology", "insect", "vectors", "africa", "agrochemicals", "epidemiology", "disease", "vectors", "inse...	2017	Genomic Footprints of Selective Sweeps from Metabolic Resistance to Pyrethroids in African Malaria Vectors Are Driven by Scale up of Insecticide-Based Vector Control
Latent membrane protein 1 ( LMP1 ) is the major oncoprotein of Epstein-Barr virus ( EBV ) . In transgenic mice , LMP1 promotes increased lymphoma development by 12 mo of age . This study reveals that lymphoma develops in B-1a lymphocytes , a population that is associated with transformation in older mice . The lymphoma...	Epstein-Barr virus ( EBV ) is linked to the development of multiple cancers , including post-transplant lymphoma , Hodgkin disease , and nasopharyngeal carcinoma . Latent membrane protein 1 ( LMP1 ) is expressed in many EBV-associated cancers and is responsible for most of the altered cellular growth properties that ar...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "oncology", "viruses", "cell", "biology", "virology", "mus", "(mouse)", "animals", "mammals" ]	2007	EBV Latent Membrane Protein 1 Activates Akt, NFκB, and Stat3 in B Cell Lymphomas
The formation and maintenance of the apical ectodermal ridge ( AER ) is critical for the outgrowth and patterning of the vertebrate limb . The induction of the AER is a complex process that relies on integrated interactions among the Fgf , Wnt , and Bmp signaling pathways that operate within the ectoderm and between th...	In this report we examined the functional roles of Sp6 and Sp8 during limb development using compound loss-of-function mutants . Sp6 and Sp8 , two members of the Sp gene family , are expressed in the limb bud ectoderm and function downstream of WNT/βcatenin signaling for Fgf8 induction . The analysis of the allelic ser...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "embryology", "developmental", "biology", "mutation", "animal", "genetics", "molecular", "development", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "morphogenesis", "pattern", "formation", "gene", "function" ]	2014	Sp6 and Sp8 Transcription Factors Control AER Formation and Dorsal-Ventral Patterning in Limb Development
The major etiological agent of rabies , rabies virus ( RABV ) , accounts for tens of thousands of human deaths per annum . The majority of these deaths are associated with rabies cycles in dogs in resource-limited countries of Africa and Asia . Although routine rabies diagnosis plays an integral role in disease surveil...	Rabies is a neglected disease that primarily affects poor rural communities of the developing world . Lack of surveillance , related to limited diagnostic capabilities , contributes to the underestimation of the burden of this disease . Here we report an evaluation of the direct immunohistochemical test ( dRIT ) as a m...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "viral", "disease", "diagnosis", "microbiology", "virology" ]	2014	Comparison of Biotinylated Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies in an Evaluation of a Direct Rapid Immunohistochemical Test for the Routine Diagnosis of Rabies in Southern Africa
The tripartite complex AcrAB-TolC is the major efflux system in Escherichia coli . It extrudes a wide spectrum of noxious compounds out of the bacterium , including many antibiotics . Its active part , the homotrimeric transporter AcrB , is responsible for the selective binding of substrates and energy transduction . B...	In nature , bacteria have to resist several toxic threats to be able to survive , from bile acids in intestines up to antibiotics . The Escherichia coli bacterium , which usually is a commensal inhabitant of human intestines , can also acquire pathogenic properties which would harm the human body . To dispose of toxic ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "computational", "biology/molecular", "dynamics", "computer", "science/applications", "biochemistry/membrane", "proteins", "and", "energy", "transduction" ]	2010	Functional Rotation of the Transporter AcrB: Insights into Drug Extrusion from Simulations
RANTES ( CCL5 ) is a chemokine expressed by many hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cell types that plays an important role in homing and migration of effector and memory T cells during acute infections . The RANTES receptor , CCR5 , is a major target of anti-HIV drugs based on blocking viral entry . However , defects...	Chemokines are small proteins that attract cells and play complex roles in coordinating immune responses . RANTES is one such chemokine that attracts many different cell types . The receptor for RANTES , CCR5 , is also a coreceptor for HIV and drugs blocking the RANTES∶CCR5 pathway are in clinical use to treat HIV-infe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "immunology", "biology", "microbiology" ]	2011	A Role for the Chemokine RANTES in Regulating CD8 T Cell Responses during Chronic Viral Infection
Infection , survival , and proliferation of pathogenic bacteria in humans depend on their capacity to impair host responses and acquire nutrients in a hostile environment . Among such nutrients is heme , a co-factor for oxygen storage , electron transport , photosynthesis , and redox biochemistry , which is indispensab...	Pathogenic bacteria cause infection in humans as found in periodontitis , which is a chronic inflammation of the gums caused by Porphyromonas gingivalis . As part of the infective process , bacteria must acquire nutrients to survive and multiply at the infection site , and among such nutrients is heme . This is an iron...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry/biocatalysis", "biochemistry/protein", "folding", "biochemistry/biomacromolecule-ligand", "interactions", "infectious", "diseases/bacterial", "infections", "chemical", "biology/macromolecular", "chemistry", "infectious", "diseases/antimicrobials", "and", "drug", "resistan...	2009	Unique Structure and Stability of HmuY, a Novel Heme-Binding Protein of Porphyromonas gingivalis
Mitotic recombination can result in loss of heterozygosity and chromosomal rearrangements that shape genome structure and initiate human disease . Engineered double-strand breaks ( DSBs ) are a potent initiator of recombination , but whether spontaneous events initiate with the breakage of one or both DNA strands remai...	Chromosome breakage during mitosis is a threat to genome stability , and duplex integrity can be restored through the process of homologous recombination . Although double-strand breaks ( DSBs ) are a potent initiator of mitotic recombination , their role in the initiation of spontaneous events is less clear . During r...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "chemical", "compounds", "carbohydrates", "galactose", "organic", "compounds", "chromatids", "surgical", "and", "invasive", "medical", "procedures", "fungi", "model", "organisms", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "dna", "ge...	2018	DNA strand-exchange patterns associated with double-strand break-induced and spontaneous mitotic crossovers in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Cell migration requires dynamic regulation of cell–cell signaling and cell adhesion . Both of these processes involve endocytosis , lysosomal degradation , and recycling of ligand–receptor complexes and cell adhesion molecules from the plasma membrane . Neural crest ( NC ) cells in vertebrates are highly migratory cell...	The neural crest is a highly migratory population of embryonic cells , which requires Wnt signaling at several stages to promote migration and cell fate decisions . Intracellular trafficking of Wnt receptors and associated proteins can affect the timing and intensity of Wnt signaling . An obvious question is whether pr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "cell", "biology", "cell", "biology", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "developmental", "biology" ]	2014	Rabconnectin-3a Regulates Vesicle Endocytosis and Canonical Wnt Signaling in Zebrafish Neural Crest Migration
Zika virus ( ZIKV ) is a little known arbovirus until it caused a major outbreak in the Pacific Island of Yap in 2007 . Although the virus has a wide geographic distribution , most of the known vectors are sylvatic Aedes mosquitoes from Africa where the virus was first isolated . Presently , Ae . aegypti is the only kn...	The prominence of Ae . albopictus as a major vector came to light during the global pandemic of chikungunya . The continual global expansion of Ae . albopictus coupled with data from competence studies that show its ability to transmit more than 20 arboviruses has fuelled growing concerns that this mosquito may alter t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "mosquitoes", "entomology", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "vector", "biology", "virology", "emerging", "viral", "diseases", "biology", "microbiology", "zoology", "viral", "vectors" ]	2013	Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse): A Potential Vector of Zika Virus in Singapore
Vaccinia virus ( VACV ) uses microtubules for export of virions to the cell surface and this process requires the viral protein F12 . Here we show that F12 has structural similarity to kinesin light chain ( KLC ) , a subunit of the kinesin-1 motor that binds cargo . F12 and KLC share similar size , pI , hydropathy and ...	Vaccinia virus ( VACV ) , the vaccine used to eradicate smallpox , exploits the host cell motor kinesin-1 to export virus particles to the cell surface . We demonstrate that the VACV F12 protein has structural similarity with kinesin light chain ( KLC ) and facilitates viral transport using a kinesin binding sequence (...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "virology/virion", "structure,", "assembly,", "and", "egress", "infectious", "diseases/viral", "infections", "biochemistry/cell", "signaling", "and", "trafficking", "structures", "cell", "biology/cytoskeleton" ]	2010	Vaccinia Protein F12 Has Structural Similarity to Kinesin Light Chain and Contains a Motor Binding Motif Required for Virion Export
Renal angiomyolipoma is a kidney tumor in the perivascular epithelioid ( PEComa ) family that is common in patients with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex ( TSC ) and Lymphangioleiomyomatosis ( LAM ) but occurs rarely sporadically . Though histologically benign , renal angiomyolipoma can cause life-threatening hemorrhage and ...	We performed comprehensive genome analysis of a kidney tumor called angiomyolipoma . These tumors are known to develop in most individuals who have Tuberous Sclerosis Complex ( TSC ) and those who have sporadic lymphangioleiomyomatosis ( LAM ) , and are seen rarely in the general population . In these angiomyolipomas ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "mutation", "deletion", "mutation", "point", "mutation", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "genomics", "anatomy", "nonsense", "mutation", "genome", "analysis", "human", "genetics", "genetics", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "renal", "system", "kidneys", ...	2016	Whole Exome Sequencing Identifies TSC1/TSC2 Biallelic Loss as the Primary and Sufficient Driver Event for Renal Angiomyolipoma Development
All animal cells use the motor cytoplasmic dynein 1 ( dynein ) to transport diverse cargo toward microtubule minus ends and to organize and position microtubule arrays such as the mitotic spindle . Cargo-specific adaptors engage with dynein to recruit and activate the motor , but the molecular mechanisms remain incompl...	The large size and complex organization of animal cells make the correct and efficient distribution of intracellular content a challenge . The solution is to use motor proteins , which harness energy from ATP hydrolysis to walk along actin filaments or microtubules , for directional transport of cargo . The multi-subun...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "processes", "cloning", "neuroscience", "dyneins", "molecular", "motors", "molecular", "cloning", "altmetrics", "nerve", "fibers", "mitochondria", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "bioenergetics", "cellular", "structures", "and", "organelles", "motor", "prote...	2019	A transient helix in the disordered region of dynein light intermediate chain links the motor to structurally diverse adaptors for cargo transport
Extrachromosomal genetic elements such as bacterial endosymbionts and plasmids generally exhibit AT-contents that are increased relative to their hosts’ DNA . The AT-bias of endosymbiotic genomes is commonly explained by neutral evolutionary processes such as a mutational bias towards increased A+T . Here we show exper...	Genomes of endosymbiotic bacteria are commonly more AT-rich than the ones of their free-living relatives . Interestingly , genomes of other intracellular elements like plasmids or bacteriophages also tend to be richer in AT than the genomes of their hosts . The AT-bias of endosymbiotic genomes is commonly explained by ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "antimicrobials", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "intracellular", "pathogens", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "pathogens", "plasmids", "drugs", "microbiology", "nucleotides", "antibiotics"...	2019	Selective advantages favour high genomic AT-contents in intracellular elements
Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders caused by aberrant metabolism of the cellular prion protein ( PrPC ) . In genetic forms of these diseases , mutations in the globular C-terminal domain are hypothesized to favor the spontaneous generation of misfolded PrP conformers ( including the transmissible PrPS...	Prion diseases are transmissible fatal neurodegenerative diseases caused by aberrant metabolism of the cellular prion protein ( PrPC ) . The transmissible agent is PrPSc , a misfolded version ( conformer ) of PrP capable of converting PrPC into PrPSc . PrPSc can be generated de novo in inherited prion diseases due to s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology/membranes", "and", "sorting", "neurological", "disorders/prion", "diseases", "biochemistry/protein", "folding" ]	2009	Selective Processing and Metabolism of Disease-Causing Mutant Prion Proteins
Many studies have been devoted to understand the mechanisms used by pathogenic bacteria to exploit human hosts . These mechanisms are very diverse in the detail , but share commonalities whose quantification should enlighten the evolution of virulence from both a molecular and an ecological perspective . We mined the l...	Every pathogen is unique and uses distinctive combinations of specific mechanisms to exploit the human host . Yet , several common themes in the ways pathogens use these mechanisms can be found among distantly related bacteria . The understanding of these common themes provides useful concepts and uncovers important pr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "genomics", "biology", "computational", "biology", "microbiology" ]	2012	Immune Subversion and Quorum-Sensing Shape the Variation in Infectious Dose among Bacterial Pathogens
Spontaneous activity is commonly observed in a variety of cortical states . Experimental evidence suggested that neural assemblies undergo slow oscillations with Up ad Down states even when the network is isolated from the rest of the brain . Here we show that these spontaneous events can be generated by the recurrent ...	Spontaneous bursts of activity , commonly observed in the brain , can be understood in terms of error-correcting computation within a neural network . Bursts arise automatically in a network that is inefficiently correcting its internal representation .	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "action", "potentials", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "neural", "networks", "engineering", "and", "technology", "signal", "processing", "membrane", "potential", "signaling", "networks", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "signal", "filtering", "network", "ana...	2017	Computational Account of Spontaneous Activity as a Signature of Predictive Coding
Cryptococcus gattii and Cryptococcus neoformans are encapsulated yeasts that can produce a solid tumor-like mass or cryptococcoma . Analogous to malignant tumors , the microenvironment deep within a cryptococcoma is acidic , which presents unique challenges to host defense . Analogous to malignant cells , NK cells kill...	Immune responses that protect from infection must occur in a variety of unique and potentially hostile environments . Within these environments , acidosis causes profound affects on protective responses . Low pH can occur in focal tumor-like infections , such as in a cryptococcoma produced by the fungal pathogen Crypto...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cryptococcosis", "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases", "of", "the", "nervous", "system", "immune", "cells", "respiratory", "infections", "clinical", "immunology", "immunity", "nk", "cells", "immune", "defense", "immunology", "fungal", "disease...	2013	An Acidic Microenvironment Increases NK Cell Killing of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii by Enhancing Perforin Degranulation
The effects on cell physiology of gene order within the bacterial chromosome are poorly understood . In silico approaches have shown that genes involved in transcription and translation processes , in particular ribosomal protein ( RP ) genes , localize near the replication origin ( oriC ) in fast-growing bacteria sugg...	Increasing evidence indicates that nucleoid spatiotemporal organization is crucial for bacterial physiology since these microorganism lack compartmentalized nucleus . However , it is still unclear how gene order within the chromosome can influence cell physiology . Here , by systematically relocating ribosomal protein ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Genomic Location of the Major Ribosomal Protein Gene Locus Determines Vibrio cholerae Global Growth and Infectivity
Zika virus ( ZIKV ) is an arbovirus primarily transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes . Like most viral infections , ZIKV viremia varies over several orders of magnitude , with unknown consequences for transmission . To determine the effect of viral concentration on ZIKV transmission risk , we exposed field-derived Ae . aegypt...	The number of people at risk for contracting Zika virus ( ZIKV ) is difficult to estimate accurately because most infected hosts are asymptomatic and the relationship between variation in host viremia and transmission to local mosquitoes is unclear . Controlling ZIKV transmission remains a major challenge due to lack o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "pathogens", "vector-borne", "diseases", "microbiology", "saliva", "animals", "viral", "vectors", "viru...	2018	Estimating the effects of variation in viremia on mosquito susceptibility, infectiousness, and R0 of Zika in Aedes aegypti
Discoveries made over the past ten years have provided evidence that invertebrate antiparasitic responses may be primed in a sustainable manner , leading to the failure of a secondary encounter with the same pathogen . This phenomenon called “immune priming” or "innate immune memory" was mainly phenomenological . The d...	Schistosomiasis is the second most widespread tropical parasitic disease after malaria . It is caused by flatworms of the genus Schistosoma . Its life cycle is complex and requires certain freshwater snail species as the intermediate host . Given the limited options for treating S . mansoni infections , much research h...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2016	A Shift from Cellular to Humoral Responses Contributes to Innate Immune Memory in the Vector Snail Biomphalaria glabrata
The RAD9-RAD1-HUS1 ( 9-1-1 ) complex is a heterotrimeric PCNA-like clamp that responds to DNA damage in somatic cells by promoting DNA repair as well as ATR-dependent DNA damage checkpoint signaling . In yeast , worms , and flies , the 9-1-1 complex is also required for meiotic checkpoint function and efficient complet...	Meiosis is a specialized cell division process in which germ cells undergo two cell divisions to produce haploid progeny . Two processes , genetic recombination and chromosome pairing/synapsis , are critical for successful meiosis and the production of gametes with high chromosomal integrity . The RAD9-RAD1-HUS1 ( 9-1-...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "meiosis", "animal", "genetics", "genetic", "mutation", "chromosome", "structure", "and", "function", "gene", "function", "animal", "models", "telomeres", "model", "organisms", "molecular", "genetics", "chromatin", "chromosome", "biology", "biology", "mouse", "cell", ...	2013	Conditional Inactivation of the DNA Damage Response Gene Hus1 in Mouse Testis Reveals Separable Roles for Components of the RAD9-RAD1-HUS1 Complex in Meiotic Chromosome Maintenance
Caveolin-1 ( Cav1 ) is a scaffold protein and pathogen receptor in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract . Chronic infection of gastric epithelial cells by Helicobacter pylori ( H . pylori ) is a major risk factor for human gastric cancer ( GC ) where Cav1 is frequently down-regulated . However , the function of Cav...	Infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori ( H . pylori ) mainly affects children in the developing countries who are at risk to progress to gastric cancer ( GC ) as adults after many years of persistent infection , especially with strains which are positive for the oncogenic virulence factor CagA . Eradication o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "oncology", "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "gastroenterology", "and", "hepatology", "biology", "microbiology", "molecular", "cell", "biology" ]	2013	Caveolin-1 Protects B6129 Mice against Helicobacter pylori Gastritis
Chikungunya virus ( CHIKV ) is a re-emerging arbovirus known to cause chronic myalgia and arthralgia with high morbidity . CHIKV is now considered endemic in many countries across Asia and Africa . In this study , the susceptibility of various human , mammalian and mosquito cell lines to CHIKV infection was evaluated ....	This study revealed the differences in susceptibility of various human , mammalian and mosquito cell lines to CHIKV infection . CHIKV infection was found to be cell-type dependent and virus-strain specific . Additionally , two human muscle cell lines , SJCRH30 ( rhabdomyosarcoma cell line ) and HSMM ( human skeletal mu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "togaviruses", "chikungunya", "infection", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "muscle", "tissue", "chemical", "compounds", "ge...	2019	Macropinocytosis dependent entry of Chikungunya virus into human muscle cells
Genes and genomes can evolve through interchanging genetic material , this leading to reticular evolutionary patterns . However , the importance of reticulate evolution in eukaryotes , and in particular of horizontal gene transfer ( HGT ) , remains controversial . Given that metabolic pathways with taxonomically-patchy...	One of the most relevant findings in evolution was that lineages , either genes or genomes , can evolve through interchanging genetic material . For example , exon shuffling can lead to genes with complete novel functions , and genomes can acquire novel functionalities by means of horizontal gene transfer ( HGT ) . Whe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "taxonomy", "oomycetes", "chemical", "compounds", "microbiology", "nitrates", "phylogenetics", "data", "management", "fungi", "phylogenetic", "analysis", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "sequence", "analysis", "computer", "and", "information", "sciences", "seque...	2019	Reticulate evolution in eukaryotes: Origin and evolution of the nitrate assimilation pathway
The scabies mite , Sarcoptes scabiei , is an obligate parasite of the skin that infects humans and other animal species , causing scabies , a contagious disease characterized by extreme itching . Scabies infections are a major health problem , particularly in remote Indigenous communities in Australia , where co-infect...	The scabies mite is a skin parasite that infects humans and other animal species , causing scabies , a contagious disease characterized by extreme itching . Scabies infections are a major health problem in developing countries and in indigenous Australian populations , where scabies is associated with pyoderma ( skin s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pig", "models", "population", "genetics", "tropical", "diseases", "computational", "biology", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "invertebrate", "genomics", "animal", "models", "model", "organisms", "ectoparasiti...	2016	Mitochondrial Genome Sequence of the Scabies Mite Provides Insight into the Genetic Diversity of Individual Scabies Infections
Cleft formation during submandibular salivary gland branching morphogenesis is the critical step initiating the growth and development of the complex adult organ . Previous experimental studies indicated requirements for several epithelial cellular processes , such as proliferation , migration , cell-cell adhesion , ce...	Branching morphogenesis is a complex and dynamic embryonic process that creates the structure of many adult organs , including the salivary gland . During this process , many cellular changes occur in the epithelial cells , including changes in cell-cell adhesions , cell-extracellular matrix ( matrix ) adhesions , cell...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Material", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2013	Cell-Based Multi-Parametric Model of Cleft Progression during Submandibular Salivary Gland Branching Morphogenesis
Cilia are important sensory organelles , which are thought to be essential regulators of numerous signaling pathways . In Caenorhabditis elegans , defects in sensory cilium formation result in a small-body phenotype , suggesting the role of sensory cilia in body size determination . Previous analyses suggest that lack ...	Caenorhabditis elegans is a 1–2 mm long nematode . Its body size is controlled by sensory inputs; some mutants with defects in sensory perception grow into small size ( 20%–30% decrease in body volume ) , although the animals seem to feed normally . The EGL-4 cGMP-dependent protein kinase and the GCY-12 guanylyl cyclas...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics", "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience/sensory", "systems" ]	2010	A Novel zf-MYND Protein, CHB-3, Mediates Guanylyl Cyclase Localization to Sensory Cilia and Controls Body Size of Caenorhabditis elegans
Lymphatic filariasis , onchocerciasis , schistosomiasis , soil-transmitted helminths , and trachoma are the five most prevalent neglected tropical diseases in the world , and each is frequently treated with mass drug administrations . We performed a survey of neglected tropical diseases experts to elicit their opinions...	Mass drug administrations are used for each of the five most common neglected tropical diseases: lymphatic filariasis , onchocerciasis , schistosomiasis , soil-transmitted helminths , and trachoma . Three of these infections—lymphatic filariasis , onchocerciasis , and trachoma—are officially targeted for elimination , ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2013	Elimination and Eradication of Neglected Tropical Diseases with Mass Drug Administrations: A Survey of Experts
In developing countries , education to health-care professionals is a cornerstone in the battle against neglected tropical diseases ( NTD ) . Studies evaluating the level of knowledge of medical students in clinical and socio-demographic aspects of NTD are lacking . Therefore , a cross-sectional study was conducted amo...	Since the promulgation of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals in 2000 and the posterior creation of the WHO’s Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases five years later; encouraging progress in the diagnosis , treatment and prevention of these infectious diseases has been made . However , million...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Medical Student Knowledge of Neglected Tropical Diseases in Peru: A Cross-Sectional Study
Buruli ulcer is an infectious disease involving the skin , caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans . This disease is associated with areas where the water is slow-flowing or stagnant . However , the exact mechanism of transmission of the bacillus and the development of the disease through human activities is unknown . A case-...	Buruli ulcer ( BU ) is a neglected tropical infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans . While BU is associated with areas where the water is slow-flowing or stagnant , the exact mechanism of transmission of the bacillus is unknown , impairing efficient control programs . Two hypotheses are proposed in the lit...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion", "Conclusion" ]	[ "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/epidemiology" ]	2007	Risk Factors for Buruli Ulcer: A Case Control Study in Cameroon
The question of which strategy is employed in human decision making has been studied extensively in the context of cognitive tasks; however , this question has not been investigated systematically in the context of perceptual tasks . The goal of this study was to gain insight into the decision-making strategy used by h...	For any task , the utility function specifies the goal to be achieved . For example , in taking a multiple-choice test , the utility is the total number of correct answers . An optimal decision strategy for a task is one that maximizes the utility . Because the utility functions and decision strategies used in percepti...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "neuroscience/cognitive", "neuroscience", "neuroscience/sensory", "systems", "computational", "biology/computational", "neuroscience", "neuroscience/experimental", "psychology", "neuroscience/theoretical", "neuroscience" ]	2010	Probability Matching as a Computational Strategy Used in Perception
During a blood meal , female sand flies , vectors of Leishmania parasites , inject saliva into the host skin . Sand fly saliva is composed of a large variety of components that exert different pharmacological activities facilitating the acquisition of blood by the insect . Importantly , proteins present in saliva are a...	Leishmaniasis results from an infection by Leishmania parasites that are transmitted through the bites of infected sand flies . This disease affects millions of people worldwide . Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis is widespread in Central Tunisia and constitutes an actual public health problem . Leishmania major , the e...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Validation of Recombinant Salivary Protein PpSP32 as a Suitable Marker of Human Exposure to Phlebotomus papatasi, the Vector of Leishmania major in Tunisia
Genes and pathways that allow cells to cope with oncogene-induced stress represent selective cancer therapeutic targets that remain largely undiscovered . In this study , we identify a RhoJ signaling pathway that is a selective therapeutic target for BRAF mutant cells . RhoJ deletion in BRAF mutant melanocytes modulate...	BRAFV600E is the most common mutation in human melanomas , and kinase inhibitors that block BRAFV600E signaling can rapidly induce tumor regression but only modestly improve melanoma long-term survival . In this study , we identify a novel therapeutic vulnerability for BRAF mutant melanoma tumors . Targeting RhoJ signa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "death", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "cancer", "treatment", "cell", "processes", "biological", "cultures", "cancers", "and", "neoplasms", "basic", "cancer", "research", "epithelial", "cells", "oncology", "animal", "models", "model", "organisms", ...	2017	The RhoJ-BAD signaling network: An Achilles’ heel for BRAF mutant melanomas
Sleep spindles and K-complexes ( KCs ) define stage 2 NREM sleep ( N2 ) in humans . We recently showed that KCs are isolated downstates characterized by widespread cortical silence . We demonstrate here that KCs can be quasi-synchronous across scalp EEG and across much of the cortex using electrocorticography ( ECOG ) ...	EEG in the most common stage of human sleep is dominated by K-complexes ( KCs ) and sleep spindles ( bursts of 10–14 Hz oscillations ) occupying the thalamus and cortex . Recently , we discovered that KCs are brief moments when the cortex becomes almost completely silent . Here , using recordings directly from the cort...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "physiological", "processes", "computational", "neuroscience", "physiology", "sleep", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "computational", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2014	Synchronization of Isolated Downstates (K-Complexes) May Be Caused by Cortically-Induced Disruption of Thalamic Spindling
Monocytes consist of two well-defined subsets , the Ly6C+ and Ly6C– monocytes . Both CD11b+ myeloid cells populations have been proposed to infiltrate tissues during inflammation . While infiltration of Ly6C+ monocytes is an established pathogenic factor during hepatic inflammation , the role of Ly6C– monocytes remains...	The liver is not only a central organ for efficient metabolism of nutrients and for toxin clearance , but also for immune surveillance , including elimination of intravascular infections . However , excess of nutrients like fat or of toxins like alcohol and certain medications , as well as infections can trigger overac...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Ly6C- Monocytes Regulate Parasite-Induced Liver Inflammation by Inducing the Differentiation of Pathogenic Ly6C+ Monocytes into Macrophages
The newly emerged mosquito-borne Zika virus poses a major public challenge due to its ability to cause significant birth defects and neurological disorders . The impact of sexual transmission is unclear but raises further concerns about virus dissemination . No specific treatment or vaccine is currently available , thu...	Zika is an emerging mosquito-borne infection for which vaccines or specific treatments are not available to combat and control its rapid dissemination and deleterious effects . This work describes a novel strategy for the development of a virus-like particle ( VLP ) based Zika vaccine and shows its effectiveness when t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "dengue", "virus", "viral", "vaccines", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "viruses", "vaccines", "preventive", "medicin...	2017	Zika virus-like particle (VLP) based vaccine
Magnetosomes of magnetotactic bacteria contain well-ordered nanocrystals for magnetic navigation and have recently emerged as the most sophisticated model system to study the formation of membrane bounded organelles in prokaryotes . Magnetosome biosynthesis is thought to begin with the formation of a dedicated compartm...	One of the most intriguing examples for membrane-bounded prokaryotic organelles are magnetosomes which consist of well-ordered chains of perfectly shaped magnetic nanocrystals that in many aquatic bacteria serve as geomagnetic field sensors to direct their swimming towards microoxic zones at the bottom of natural water...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "vesicles", "crystal", "structure", "biomineralization", "condensed", "matter", "physics", "operons", "light", "microscopy", "physiological", "processes", "crystals", "microscopy", "materials", "science", "dna", "crystallography", ...	2016	Genetic and Ultrastructural Analysis Reveals the Key Players and Initial Steps of Bacterial Magnetosome Membrane Biogenesis
Direct manipulation of brain activity can be used to investigate causal brain-behavior relationships . Current noninvasive neural stimulation techniques are too coarse to manipulate behaviors that correlate with fine-grained spatial patterns recorded by fMRI . However , these activity patterns can be manipulated by hav...	By repeatedly stimulating fine-grained patterns of neural activity , it is possible to manipulate behaviors associated with these patterns . While millimeter-scale patterns cannot yet be targeted with noninvasive brain stimulation , some people can learn to self-stimulate these activity patterns if they receive real-ti...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "learning", "cognitive", "neurology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "diagnostic", "radiology", "functional", "magnetic", "resonance", "imaging", "engineering", "and", "technology", "signal", "processing", "social", "sciences", "neuroscience", "learning", "and",...	2017	Self-regulation strategy, feedback timing and hemodynamic properties modulate learning in a simulated fMRI neurofeedback environment
One of the most frequently mutated proteins in human B-lineage leukemia is the transcription factor PAX5 . These mutations often result in partial rather than complete loss of function of the transcription factor . While the functional dose of PAX5 has a clear connection to human malignancy , there is limited evidence ...	The use of modern high throughput DNA-sequencing has dramatically increased our ability to identify genetic alterations associated with cancer . However , while the mutations per se are rather easily identified , our understanding of how these mutations impact cellular functions and drive malignant transformation is mo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "cell", "binding", "cell", "physiology", "leukemias", "chemical", "characterization", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "gene", "regulation", "regulatory", "proteins", "dna-binding", "proteins", "cancers", "and", "neoplasms", "dna", "transcription", "oncology", "...	2019	PAX5 is part of a functional transcription factor network targeted in lymphoid leukemia
RAD6 is known to suppress duplication-mediated gross chromosomal rearrangements ( GCRs ) but not single-copy sequence mediated GCRs . Here , we found that the RAD6- and RAD18-dependent post-replication repair ( PRR ) and the RAD5- , MMS2- , UBC13-dependent error-free PRR branch acted in concert with the replication str...	Genome instability is a hallmark of many cancers and underlies many inherited disorders that cause a predisposition to cancer . The human genome has many different types of duplicated sequences that can lead to genome instability by recombination-mediated pathways . We previously discovered that duplication-mediated ch...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/comparative", "genomics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/chromosome", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics/genetics", "of", "disease", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/cancer", "genetics" ]	2010	Post-Replication Repair Suppresses Duplication-Mediated Genome Instability
Due to noisy motor commands and imprecise and ambiguous sensory information , there is often substantial uncertainty about the relative location between our body and objects in the environment . Little is known about how well people manage and compensate for this uncertainty in purposive movement tasks like grasping . ...	Optimal sensorimotor control models actions as decisions that maximize the desirableness of outcomes , where the desirableness is captured by an expected cost or utility to each action sequence . These models provide explanations for many aspects of our ability to compensate for uncertainty , but they have not been app...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "neuroscience/behavioral", "neuroscience", "neuroscience/cognitive", "neuroscience", "neuroscience/sensory", "systems", "neuroscience/motor", "systems", "mathematics/statistics", "neuroscience/experimental", "psychology" ]	2009	Grasping Objects with Environmentally Induced Position Uncertainty
Long-term memories are thought to depend upon the coordinated activation of a broad network of cortical and subcortical brain regions . However , the distributed nature of this representation has made it challenging to define the neural elements of the memory trace , and lesion and electrophysiological approaches provi...	Memory retrieval is thought to involve the coordinated activation of multiple regions of the brain , rather than localized activity in a specific region . In order to visualize networks of brain regions activated by recall of a fear memory in mice , we quantified expression of an activity-regulated gene ( c-fos ) that ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "connectomics", "behavioral", "neuroscience", "neuroanatomy", "biology", "neuroscience", "learning", "and", "memory", "neuroimaging", "animal", "cognition" ]	2013	Identification of a Functional Connectome for Long-Term Fear Memory in Mice
Control of the Riverine ( Palpalis ) group of tsetse flies is normally achieved with stationary artificial devices such as traps or insecticide-treated targets . The efficiency of biconical traps ( the standard control device ) , 1×1 m black targets and small 25×25 cm targets with flanking nets was compared using elect...	Sleeping Sickness ( Human African Trypanosomiasis ) is a serious threat to health and development in sub-Saharan Africa . Currently there are no vaccines or prophylactic drugs available to prevent contraction of the disease . Consequently vector control is the only method of disease prevention . In many areas , especia...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "biology" ]	2011	Improving the Cost-Effectiveness of Visual Devices for the Control of Riverine Tsetse Flies, the Major Vectors of Human African Trypanosomiasis
Brazilian Spotted Fever ( BSF ) , caused by the bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii , is the tick-borne disease that generates the largest number of human deaths in the world . In Brazil , the current increase of BSF human cases has been associated with the presence and expansion of capybaras Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris , wh...	A stochastic model for the spread of R . rickettsii among the Amblyomma sculptum tick vector and the Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris , amplifier host , was formulated . We found that the introduction of a single infected capybara , with at least one infected attached tick , is enough to trigger the disease in a non-endemic a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "and", "discussion" ]	[ "death", "rates", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "ixodes", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "demography", "pathogens", "geographical", "locations", "microbiology", "rickettsia", "animals", "developmental", "biology", "nymphs", "tick...	2017	Transmission dynamics and control of Rickettsia rickettsii in populations of Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris and Amblyomma sculptum
Leptospirosis is an important zoonotic disease in the Pacific Islands . In Fiji , two successive cyclones and severe flooding in 2012 resulted in outbreaks with 576 reported cases and 7% case-fatality . We conducted a cross-sectional seroprevalence study and used an eco-epidemiological approach to characterize risk fac...	Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection transmitted from animals to humans , and many outbreaks are associated with flooding . Globally , leptospirosis is responsible for at least a million cases of severe illness each year , and many deaths . The bacteria are excreted in the urine of infected animals; humans can become...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "livestock", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "ruminants", "infectious", "disease", "epidemiology", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "vertebrates", "census", "animals", "mammals", "bacterial", "diseases", "research", "design", "farms", "floodin...	2016	Human Leptospirosis Infection in Fiji: An Eco-epidemiological Approach to Identifying Risk Factors and Environmental Drivers for Transmission
Pandemic community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates ( CA-MRSA ) predominantly encode the Panton-Valentine leukocidin ( PVL ) , which can be associated with severe infections . Reports from non-indigenous Sub-Saharan African populations revealed a high prevalence of PVL-positive isolates . T...	Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that colonizes humans worldwide . The anterior nares are its main ecological niche . Carriers of S . aureus are at a higher risk of developing invasive infections . Few reports indicated a different clonal structure and profile of virulence factors in S . aureus isolates from Sub-Sa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "geography", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "social", "and", "behavioral", "sciences", "diagnostic", "medicine", "epidemiology", "global", "health", "public", "health" ]	2011	Population Structure of Staphylococcus aureus from Remote African Babongo Pygmies
Neurotrophins and their receptors control a number of cellular processes , such as survival , gene expression and axonal growth , by activating multiple signalling pathways in peripheral neurons . Whether each of these pathways controls a distinct developmental process remains unknown . Here we describe a novel knock-i...	Sensory neurons located in dorsal root ganglia are critical for perception of various stimuli by transmitting information from their peripheral targets to the spinal cord . During embryonic development , distinct populations of sensory neurons are defined based on expression of neurotrophin receptors Trks . Pain and te...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "neuroscience", "developmental", "neuroscience", "peripheral", "nervous", "system", "biology", "neuroscience", "neurophysiology" ]	2014	Uncoupling of Molecular Maturation from Peripheral Target Innervation in Nociceptors Expressing a Chimeric TrkA/TrkC Receptor
Administration of ivermectin ( IVM ) as part of mass drug administration ( MDA ) campaigns for onchocerciasis and/or lymphatic filariasis ( LF ) has been suspended in areas co-endemic for Loa loa due to severe post-treatment adverse events ( SAEs ) associated with high-burden of infection ( >30 , 000 mf/ml ) . One simp...	Mass drug administration ( MDA ) efforts with ivermectin-based regimens for onchocerciasis and for lymphatic filariasis in Africa have been suspended in certain areas that are co-endemic for Loa loa infection . This is due to the serious adverse events ( encephalopathy and death ) that can develop following ivermectin ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "public", "and", "occupational", "health", "infectious", "diseases", "helminth", "infections", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "filariasis", "disease", "eradication", "global", "health", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "lymphatic", "filariasis", "tropical", ...	2014	Repurposed Automated Handheld Counter as a Point-of-Care Tool to Identify Individuals ‘At Risk’ of Serious Post-Ivermectin Encephalopathy
Upon starvation for glucose or any other core nutrient , yeast cells exit from the mitotic cell cycle and acquire a set of G0-specific characteristics to ensure long-term survival . It is not well understood whether or how cell cycle progression is coordinated with the acquisition of different G0-related features durin...	The vast majority of eukaryotic cells exist in a non-proliferating state known as G0 . However , how cells transit into , and survive during , the G0 state is poorly understood . Dysregulation of the G0 state leads to age-related diseases such as Alzheimer’s or cancers . We have revealed that the yeast Mck1 and Rim15 k...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	The Yeast GSK-3 Homologue Mck1 Is a Key Controller of Quiescence Entry and Chronological Lifespan
Neurotropic arboviral infections are an important cause of encephalitis . A zoonotic , vector-borne alphavirus , Madariaga virus ( MADV; formerly known as South American eastern equine encephalitis virus ) , caused its first documented human outbreak in 2010 in Darien , Panama , where the genetically similar Venezuelan...	Arthropod-borne viruses are important causes of encephalitis . In 2010 , the first documented human outbreak of the mosquito-borne , zoonotic Madariaga virus ( MADV ) occurred in the Darien region of Panama . Neither its epidemiology nor its transmission cycle is understood . In this study , the authors searched for po...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "livestock", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "ruminants", "immunology", "vertebrates", "animals", "mammals", "cereal", "crops", "marsupials", "rice", "model", "organisms", "crops", "antibodies", "immunologi...	2016	Epidemiology of Emergent Madariaga Encephalitis in a Region with Endemic Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis: Initial Host Studies and Human Cross-Sectional Study in Darien, Panama
Primary Biliary Cholangitis ( PBC ) is a chronic autoimmune liver disease characterised by progressive destruction of intrahepatic bile ducts . The strongest genetic association is with HLA-DQA1*04:01 , but at least three additional independent HLA haplotypes contribute to susceptibility . We used dense single nucleoti...	Primary Biliary Cholangitis ( PBC ) is a chronic autoimmune liver disease that exhibits strong genetic associations , especially with variants in the human leukocyte antigen ( HLA ) gene region . Here we use dense single nucleotide polymorphism ( SNP ) data from the largest PBC study to date ( 2861 cases , 8514 control...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "chemical", "compounds", "electricity", "immunology", "variant", "genotypes", "population", "genetics", "organic", "compounds", "genetic", "mapping", "clinical", "medicine", "electrostatics", "amino", "acid", "substitution", "gastr...	2018	Amino acid residues in five separate HLA genes can explain most of the known associations between the MHC and primary biliary cholangitis
The cancer stem cell hypothesis , that a small population of tumour cells are responsible for tumorigenesis and cancer progression , is becoming widely accepted and recent evidence has suggested a prognostic and predictive role for such cells . Intra-tumour heterogeneity , the diversity of the cancer cell population wi...	The Cancer Stem Cell ( CSC ) hypothesis , the idea that a small population of tumour cells have the capacity to seed and grow the tumour , and intra-tumour heterogeneity , the diversity of the cancer cell population within the tumour of an individual patient , have long been considered the basis of potential prognostic...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Intra-Tumour Signalling Entropy Determines Clinical Outcome in Breast and Lung Cancer

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.