Split (3)

train · 24.8k rows

Search is not available for this dataset

article stringlengths 4.36k 149k	summary stringlengths 32 3.35k	section_headings listlengths 1 91	keywords listlengths 0 141	year stringclasses 13 values	title stringlengths 20 281
Candida albicans biofilm formation is a key virulence trait that involves hyphal growth and adhesin expression . Pyocyanin ( PYO ) , a phenazine secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa , inhibits both C . albicans biofilm formation and development of wrinkled colonies . Using a genetic screen , we identified two mutants , s...	Candida albicans is currently one of the most common causes of nosocomial infections , and causes diseases ranging from oral thrush to life-threatening systemic infections . C . albicans readily forms biofilms on implanted devices , such as catheters and dentures , and biofilms are associated with increased risk of sys...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "infectious", "diseases", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "yeast", "infections", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "catheters", "fungal", "diseases", "medical", "devices", "and", "equipment" ]	2014	Analysis of Candida albicans Mutants Defective in the Cdk8 Module of Mediator Reveal Links between Metabolism and Biofilm Formation
In chordates , neural induction is the first step of a complex developmental process through which ectodermal cells acquire a neural identity . In ascidians , FGF-mediated neural induction occurs at the 32-cell stage in two blastomere pairs , precursors respectively of anterior and posterior neural tissue . We combined...	The Chordate phylum groups vertebrates , tunicates ( including ascidians ) and cephalochordates ( amphioxus ) . These animals share a typical body plan characterized by the presence during embryonic life of a notochord and a dorsal neural tube . Ascidians , however , took a significantly different evolutionary path fro...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genome", "expression", "analysis", "functional", "genomics", "genome", "evolution", "animals", "dna", "transcription", "gene", "function", "organisms", "animal", "models", "developmental", "biology", "model", "organisms", "genome", "analysis", "sea", "squirts", "resear...	2014	An Otx/Nodal Regulatory Signature for Posterior Neural Development in Ascidians
A CpG island ( CGI ) lies at the 5′ end of the Airn macro non-protein-coding ( nc ) RNA that represses the flanking Igf2r promoter in cis on paternally inherited chromosomes . In addition to being modified on maternally inherited chromosomes by a DNA methylation imprint , the Airn CGI shows two unusual organization fea...	CpG islands are CG-rich regions associated with the majority of mammalian promoters . Although widely considered to be necessary for promoter activity , their exact function is unknown . CpG islands are mostly unmethylated during development and differentiate with notable exceptions including imprinted genes and genes ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "chromosome", "biology", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "epigenetics", "biology", "genomics", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	A Downstream CpG Island Controls Transcript Initiation and Elongation and the Methylation State of the Imprinted Airn Macro ncRNA Promoter
Dengue viruses ( DENVs ) are mosquito-borne flaviviruses and the causative agents of dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever . As there are four serotypes of DENV ( DENV1-4 ) , people can be infected multiple times , each time with a new serotype . Primary infections stimulate antibodies that mainly neutralize the se...	The four dengue virus serotypes are emerging mosquito-borne flaviviruses and the causative agents of dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome . Infected people develop protective immunity to the infecting serotype but remain susceptible to secondary infections with new serotypes . Both antibodies...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "blood", "serum", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "body", "fluids", "immune", "cells", "immunology", "tropical", "diseases", "pediatrics", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "pediatric...	2017	Dissecting the human serum antibody response to secondary dengue virus infections
Scrub typhus is endemic in the Asia-Pacific region including China , and the number of reported cases has increased dramatically in the past decade . However , the spatial-temporal dynamics and the potential risk factors in transmission of scrub typhus in mainland China have yet to be characterized . This study aims to...	Scrub typhus is a vector-borne disease carried by the chigger mite and is endemic in the Asia-Pacific region . Now scrub typhus causes a considerable burden on public health and the economy in China . We explored the spatiotemporal dynamics of scrub typhus cases in China between January 2006 and December 2014 , and exp...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "typhus", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "engineering", "and", "technology", "china", "signal", "processing", "geographical", "locations", "time", "series", "analysis", "autocorrelation", "regression", "analysis", "bacterial", "diseases", "mathematics", "statist...	2016	Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Scrub Typhus Transmission in Mainland China, 2006-2014
Some symbiotic bacteria cause remarkable reproductive phenotypes like cytoplasmic incompatibility and male-killing in their host insects . Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying these symbiont-induced reproductive pathologies are of great interest but poorly understood . In this study , Drosophila melanogaster an...	Symbiotic bacteria are ubiquitously associated with diverse insects , and affect their host biology in a variety of ways . In Drosophila fruit flies , infection with Spiroplasma symbionts often causes male-specific embryonic mortality , resulting in the production of all-female offspring . This striking phenotype is ca...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "developmental", "biology", "biology", "microbiology" ]	2014	Male-Killing Spiroplasma Induces Sex-Specific Cell Death via Host Apoptotic Pathway
Pulmonary infection is the most common risk factor for acute lung injury ( ALI ) . Innate immune responses induced by Microbe-Associated Molecular Pattern ( MAMP ) molecules are essential for lung defense but can lead to tissue injury . Little is known about how MAMP molecules are degraded in the lung or how MAMP degra...	Little is known about how MAMP molecules are degraded/inactivated and how inactivating them alters the course of inflammation in vivo . Our studies demonstrate that deficiency of acyloxyacyl hydrolase ( AOAH , a host enzyme that inactivates LPS ) , prolongs pulmonary inflammation and acute lung injury in mice challenge...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[]	2017	Acyloxyacyl hydrolase promotes the resolution of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury
To investigate the role of DNA topoisomerases in transcription , we have studied global gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells deficient for topoisomerases I and II and performed single-gene analyses to support our findings . The genome-wide studies show a general transcriptional down-regulation upon lack of...	Gene expression is controlled at many different levels to assure appropriate responses to internal and environmental changes . The effect of topological changes in the DNA double helix on gene transcription in vivo is a poorly understood factor in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression . Topological changes are c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "model", "organisms", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "molecular", "biology", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "yeast", "and", "fungal", "models", "biology", "saccharomyces", "cerevisiae", "microbiology", "chromatin", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "dna", "transcriptio...	2012	DNA Topoisomerases Maintain Promoters in a State Competent for Transcriptional Activation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Human metapneumovirus ( hMPV ) is a leading cause of acute respiratory tract infection in infants , as well as in the elderly and immunocompromised patients . No effective treatment or vaccine for hMPV is currently available . A recombinant hMPV lacking the G protein ( rhMPV-ΔG ) was recently developed as a potential v...	Human metapneumovirus ( hMPV ) , a member of the Paramyxoviridae family , is an important cause of respiratory morbidity throughout life . The contribution of viral-specific proteins to the pathogenesis of hMPV infection and immune evasion is largely unknown . Previous work has suggested that the glycoprotein G of hMPV...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "virology/vaccines", "infectious", "diseases/respiratory", "infections", "immunology/innate", "immunity", "cell", "biology/cell", "signaling" ]	2008	Human Metapneumovirus Glycoprotein G Inhibits Innate Immune Responses
The CDC recommends that healthcare settings provide influenza patients with facemasks as a means of reducing transmission to staff and other patients , and a recent report suggested that surgical masks can capture influenza virus in large droplet spray . However , there is minimal data on influenza virus aerosol sheddi...	The relative importance of direct and indirect contact , large droplet spray , and aerosols as modes of influenza transmission is not known but is important in devising effective interventions . Surgical facemasks worn by patients are recommended by the CDC as a means of reducing the spread of influenza in healthcare f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "public", "health", "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "aerosols", "influenza", "chemistry", "viral", "diseases", "mixtures", "physical", "chemistry" ]	2013	Influenza Virus Aerosols in Human Exhaled Breath: Particle Size, Culturability, and Effect of Surgical Masks
Gene networks are commonly interpreted as encoding functional information in their connections . An extensively validated principle called guilt by association states that genes which are associated or interacting are more likely to share function . Guilt by association provides the central top-down principle for analy...	The analysis of gene function and gene networks is a major theme of post-genome biomedical research . Historically , many attempts to understand gene function leverage a biological principle known as “guilt by association” ( GBA ) . GBA states that genes with related functions tend to share properties such as genetic o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "biology", "computational", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	“Guilt by Association” Is the Exception Rather Than the Rule in Gene Networks
The oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis ( Hpa ) is the causal agent of downy mildew on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and has been adapted as a model system to investigate pathogen virulence strategies and plant disease resistance mechanisms . Recognition of Hpa infection occurs when plant resistance proteins...	Understanding how pathogenic microbes suppress host defenses and extract host nutrients is crucial to engineering methods to manage pathogen spread . By delivering an arsenal of proteins called effectors into the host , pathogens can overcome various counter measures taken by plants and animals to control pathogen prol...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "chemistry", "biology", "agriculture" ]	2011	Structural Elucidation and Functional Characterization of the Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis Effector Protein ATR13
The mosquito Aedes aegypti , the principal vector of dengue virus , has recently been infected experimentally with Wolbachia: intracellular bacteria that possess potential as dengue biological control agents . Wolbachia depend on their hosts for nutrients they are unable to synthesize themselves . Consequently , compet...	Dengue is currently the most important arboviral disease in the world . With no effective treatment or commercial vaccine available , strategies to control dengue focus on its mosquito vectors , primarily Aedes aegypti . A recent effort to reduce the burden of dengue aims to replace native Ae . aegypti with those refra...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2016	Costs of Three Wolbachia Infections on the Survival of Aedes aegypti Larvae under Starvation Conditions
An elevated growth temperature often inhibits plant defense responses and renders plants more susceptible to pathogens . However , the molecular mechanisms underlying this modulation are unknown . To genetically dissect this regulation , we isolated mutants that retain disease resistance at a higher growth temperature ...	It has been known that temperature modulates plant immune responses , but the molecular mechanisms underlying this modulation are unknown . Our study describes a novel finding that the NB-LRR type of R or R-like protein is the temperature-sensitive component of plant defense responses . R or R-like proteins have ‘recep...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology/plant-biotic", "interactions", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "plant", "biology/plant-environment", "interactions" ]	2010	Temperature Modulates Plant Defense Responses through NB-LRR Proteins
Cerebral sparganosis is the most serious complication of human sparganosis . Currently , there is no standard for the treatment of inoperable patients . Conventional-dose praziquantel therapy is the most reported treatment . However , the therapeutic outcomes are not very effective . High-dose praziquantel therapy is a...	Sparganosis is a rare parasitic disease with a high prevalence in East Asia . Because of limited radiological technology and clinical experience , the prevalence of cerebral sparganosis is likely underestimated in developing countries . Cerebral sparganosis is the most serious complication of human sparganosis . Curren...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "schistosoma", "invertebrates", "schistosoma", "mansoni", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "diagnostic", "radiology", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "helminths", "nervous", "syste...	2019	Follow-up study of high-dose praziquantel therapy for cerebral sparganosis
When collecting large amounts of neuroimaging data associated with psychiatric disorders , images must be acquired from multiple sites because of the limited capacity of a single site . However , site differences represent a barrier when acquiring multisite neuroimaging data . We utilized a traveling-subject dataset in...	Recently , the importance of acquiring and sharing large amounts of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging ( rs-fMRI ) data from multiple geographical locations or sites has increased . However , differences in the data acquired from multiple sites create heterogeneities that present a barrier to the analy...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "diagnostic", "radiology", "functional", "magnetic", "resonance", "imaging", "data", "acquisition", "engineering", "and", "technology", "pervasive", "developmental", "disorders", "social", "sciences", "neuroscience", "developmental",...	2019	Harmonization of resting-state functional MRI data across multiple imaging sites via the separation of site differences into sampling bias and measurement bias
A fundamental question in biology is the following: what is the time scale that is needed for evolutionary innovations ? There are many results that characterize single steps in terms of the fixation time of new mutants arising in populations of certain size and structure . But here we ask a different question , which ...	Evolutionary adaptation can be described as a biased , stochastic walk of a population of sequences in a high dimensional sequence space . The population explores a fitness landscape . The mutation-selection process biases the population towards regions of higher fitness . In this paper we estimate the time scale that ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "mutation", "natural", "selection", "genetics", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "evolutionary", "adaptation", "evolutionary", "biology", "evolutionary", "processes" ]	2014	The Time Scale of Evolutionary Innovation
Positional identities along the anterior–posterior axis of the vertebrate nervous system are assigned during gastrulation by multiple posteriorizing signals , including retinoic acid ( RA ) , fibroblast growth factors ( Fgfs ) , and Wnts . Experimental evidence has suggested that RA , which is produced in paraxial meso...	The formation of gradients of morphogens , signaling molecules that determine cell fates in a concentration-dependent manner , is a fundamental process in developmental biology . Several morphogens pattern the anterior–posterior ( head to tail ) axis of the vertebrate nervous system , including the vitamin A derivative...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "computational", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2007	Complex Regulation of cyp26a1 Creates a Robust Retinoic Acid Gradient in the Zebrafish Embryo
The maintenance of pluripotency and specification of cellular lineages during embryonic development are controlled by transcriptional regulatory networks , which coordinate specific sets of genes through both activation and repression . The transcriptional repressor RE1-silencing transcription factor ( REST ) plays imp...	Embryonic stem cells have the unique and defining property of pluripotency: the ability to differentiate into all cell types . Key transcription factors form interconnected gene regulatory networks that control pluripotency and differentiation . Recently , the transcriptional repressor RE1-silencing transcription facto...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience", "molecular", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2008	REST Regulates Distinct Transcriptional Networks in Embryonic and Neural Stem Cells
Genetic analysis of pathogenic organisms is a useful tool for linking human cases together and/or to potential environmental sources . The resulting data can also provide information on evolutionary patterns within a targeted species and phenotypic traits . However , the instruments often used to generate genotyping da...	Although genetic characterization of pathogenic organisms is a powerful tool for investigating outbreak origins and transmission , associated high upfront costs and demanding technological maintenance exclude this tool for many under-resourced laboratories . Paradoxically , resource constrained regions commonly suffer ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "taxonomy", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "microbial", "cultures", "pathogens", "biological", "cultures", "microbiology", "phylogenetics", "data", "management", "yersinia", "agarose", "gel", "electrophoresis", "mole...	2017	Low cost, low tech SNP genotyping tools for resource-limited areas: Plague in Madagascar as a model
Songs of many songbird species consist of variable sequences of a finite number of syllables . A common approach for characterizing the syntax of these complex syllable sequences is to use transition probabilities between the syllables . This is equivalent to the Markov model , in which each syllable is associated with...	Complex action sequences in many animals are organized according to syntactical rules that specify how individual actions are strung together . A critical problem for understanding the neural basis of action sequences is how to derive the syntax that captures the statistics of the sequences . Here we solve this problem...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "neuroscience/behavioral", "neuroscience", "neuroscience/motor", "systems", "neuroscience/theoretical", "neuroscience" ]	2011	A Compact Statistical Model of the Song Syntax in Bengalese Finch
The incorporation of the envelope glycoprotein complex ( Env ) onto the developing particle is a crucial step in the HIV-1 lifecycle . The long cytoplasmic tail ( CT ) of Env is required for the incorporation of Env onto HIV particles in T cells and macrophages . Here we identify the Rab11a-FIP1C/RCP protein as an esse...	Enveloped viruses must develop strategies to ensure that a sufficient quantity of their receptor-binding envelope proteins are incorporated onto the surface of viruses as they form . The HIV envelope glycoprotein is specifically incorporated onto assembling virions in relevant cells such as T lymphocytes in a manner th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunodeficiency", "viruses", "late", "expression", "factor", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "cell", "biology", "virology", "viral", "classification", "membranes", "and", "sorting", "biology", "microbiology", "viral", "replication", "retroviruses" ]	2013	Rab11-FIP1C and Rab14 Direct Plasma Membrane Sorting and Particle Incorporation of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Complex
Seasonal influenza viruses are typically restricted to the human upper respiratory tract whereas influenza viruses with greater pathogenic potential often also target extra-pulmonary organs . Infants , pregnant women , and breastfeeding mothers are highly susceptible to severe respiratory disease following influenza vi...	Influenza is known as a respiratory infectious disease . Breastfeeding allows for frequent microbial exchange between infant and mother . Although infants , pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers are more susceptible to severe respiratory disease following influenza virus infection , the mechanisms of disease severit...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Influenza Transmission in the Mother-Infant Dyad Leads to Severe Disease, Mammary Gland Infection, and Pathogenesis by Regulating Host Responses
Inorganic arsenic ( iAs ) is a carcinogen , and exposure to iAs via food and water is a global public health problem . iAs-contaminated drinking water alone affects >100 million people worldwide , including ~50 million in Bangladesh . Once absorbed into the blood stream , most iAs is converted to mono-methylated ( MMA ...	Chronic exposure to arsenic through food and drinking water is a serious global health issue , as arsenic can increase risk for cancer , cardiorespiratory diseases , and other chronic conditions . Ingested arsenic absorbed into the blood stream is metabolized ( through reduction and methylation reactions ) in order to ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genome-wide", "association", "studies", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "protein", "metabolism", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "alleles", "toxicology", "urine", "toxicity", "signs", "and", "symptoms", "genome", "analysis", "...	2019	A missense variant in FTCD is associated with arsenic metabolism and toxicity phenotypes in Bangladesh
The thalamus plays a critical role in the genesis of thalamocortical oscillations , yet the underlying mechanisms remain elusive . To understand whether the isolated thalamus can generate multiple distinct oscillations , we developed a biophysical thalamic model to test the hypothesis that generation of and transition ...	Computational modeling has served as an important tool to understand the cellular and circuit mechanisms of thalamocortical oscillations . However , most of the existing thalamic models focus on only one particular oscillatory pattern such as alpha or spindle oscillations . Thus , it remains unclear whether the same th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "physiology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "action", "potentials", "neural", "networks", "nervous", "system", "sleep", "membrane", "potential", "junctional", "complexes", "brain", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "gap", "junctions", "physiological"...	2017	Unified thalamic model generates multiple distinct oscillations with state-dependent entrainment by stimulation
Selenium is an important trace element that occurs in proteins in the form of selenocysteine ( Sec ) and in tRNAs in the form of selenouridine . Recent large-scale metagenomics projects provide an opportunity for understanding global trends in trace element utilization . Herein , we characterized the selenoproteome of ...	Selenium ( Se ) is an essential micronutrient due to its requirement for biosynthesis and function of the 21st amino acid , selenocysteine ( Sec ) . Sec is found in the active sites of selenoproteins , most of which exhibit redox function , in all three domains of life . In recent years , genome sequencing projects pro...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics" ]	2008	Trends in Selenium Utilization in Marine Microbial World Revealed through the Analysis of the Global Ocean Sampling (GOS) Project
CCR5 plays immune functions and is the coreceptor for R5 HIV-1 strains . It exists in diverse conformations and oligomerization states . We interrogated the significance of the CCR5 structural diversity on HIV-1 infection . We show that envelope glycoproteins ( gp120s ) from different HIV-1 strains exhibit divergent bi...	CCR5 regulates host immune responses against pathogens . It also serves as an anchor for R5-tropic strains of HIV-1 to infect immune cells , hence contributing to development of AIDS . CCR5 exists in different forms ( e . g . conformations , oligomerization states ) , but the mechanisms that govern this diversity and i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "cell", "binding", "cell", "physiology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "ccr5", "coreceptor", "immune", "cells", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "cloning", "retroviruses", "viruses", ...	2018	CCR5 structural plasticity shapes HIV-1 phenotypic properties
Dravet syndrome ( DS ) is a genetically determined epileptic encephalopathy mainly caused by de novo mutations in the SCN1A gene . Since 2003 , we have performed molecular analyses in a large series of patients with DS , 27% of whom were negative for mutations or rearrangements in SCN1A . In order to identify new genes...	Severe epilepsies associated with cognitive impairment in children are multifarious and most affected patients are sporadic cases . Thus , there is a challenge to identify which of these epilepsies are genetically determined , since their sporadic status excludes the use of classical genetic approaches . We have used m...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "discovery", "cell", "biology/neuronal", "signaling", "mechanisms", "genetics", "and", "genomics/genetics", "of", "disease", "neurological", "disorders/epilepsy", "cell", "biology/cell", "adhesion", "genetics", "and", "genomics/medical", ...	2009	Sporadic Infantile Epileptic Encephalopathy Caused by Mutations in PCDH19 Resembles Dravet Syndrome but Mainly Affects Females
Dengue virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that has a large impact in global health . It is considered as one of the medically important arboviruses , and developing a preventive or therapeutic solution remains a top priority in the medical and scientific community . Drug discovery programs for potential dengue antivi...	Dengue , a re-emergent human disease that places nearly half of the world's population at risk , threatens to further expand in geographical distribution . The lack of an available effective dengue vaccine has encouraged the search for antiviral drugs as an alternative approach . In recent years , drug discovery throug...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "biotechnology", "virology", "biology", "microbiology", "drug", "discovery" ]	2013	High Content Screening of a Kinase-Focused Library Reveals Compounds Broadly-Active against Dengue Viruses
Reaction networks are systems in which the populations of a finite number of species evolve through predefined interactions . Such networks are found as modeling tools in many biological disciplines such as biochemistry , ecology , epidemiology , immunology , systems biology and synthetic biology . It is now well-estab...	In many biological disciplines , computational modeling of interaction networks is the key for understanding biological phenomena . Such networks are traditionally studied using deterministic models . However , it has been recently recognized that when the populations are small in size , the inherent random effects bec...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Methods", "Discussion" ]	[ "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "genetic", "networks", "synthetic", "biology", "metabolic", "networks", "signaling", "networks", "systems", "ecology", "mathematics", "algebra", "network", "analysis", "genome", "analysis", "stochastic", "processes", "compute...	2014	A Scalable Computational Framework for Establishing Long-Term Behavior of Stochastic Reaction Networks
Phosphoglycerate kinase 1 ( PGK1 ) catalyzes the reversible transfer of a phosphoryl group from 1 , 3-bisphosphoglycerate ( 1 , 3-BPG ) to ADP , producing 3-phosphoglycerate ( 3-PG ) and ATP . PGK1 plays a key role in coordinating glycolytic energy production with one-carbon metabolism , serine biosynthesis , and cellu...	Phosphoglycerate kinase ( PGK1 ) catalyzes the reversible phosphotransfer reaction from 1 , 3-bisphosphoglycerate ( 1 , 3-BPG ) to ADP to form 3-phosphoglycerate ( 3-PG ) and ATP . By controlling ATP and 3-PG levels , PGK1 plays an important role in coordinating energy production with biosynthesis and redox balance . I...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods", "and", "Materials" ]	[]	2015	Insulin and mTOR Pathway Regulate HDAC3-Mediated Deacetylation and Activation of PGK1
Characterizing the evolutionary relationships and population structure of parasites can provide important insights into the epidemiology of human disease . We examined 142 isolates of Trypanosoma brucei from all over sub-Saharan Africa using three distinct classes of genetic markers ( kinetoplast CO1 sequence , nuclear...	Trypanosoma brucei , the parasite causing human African trypanosomiasis ( sleeping sickness ) across sub-Saharan Africa is traditionally split into three subspecies: T . b . gambiense ( Tbg ) , causing a chronic form of human disease in West and Central Africa; T . b . rhodesiense ( Tbr ) , causing an acute form of hum...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "ecology/evolutionary", "ecology", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/epidemiology", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/infectious", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases/tropical", "and", "travel-associated", "diseases", "genetics", "and", "genomics/population", "gen...	2011	Phylogeography and Taxonomy of Trypanosoma brucei
Catalysis of ADP-ATP exchange by nucleotide exchange factors ( NEFs ) is central to the activity of Hsp70 molecular chaperones . Yet , the mechanism of interaction of this family of chaperones with NEFs is not well understood in the context of the sequence evolution and structural dynamics of Hsp70 ATPase domains . We ...	The heat shock protein 70 ( Hsp70 ) serves as a housekeeper in the cell , assisting in the correct folding , trafficking , and degradation of many proteins . The ATPase domain is the control unit of this molecular machine and its efficient functioning requires interactions with co-chaperones , including , in particular...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Discussion" ]	[ "computational", "biology/macromolecular", "structure", "analysis", "computational", "biology/macromolecular", "sequence", "analysis", "evolutionary", "biology/bioinformatics", "computational", "biology" ]	2010	Role of Hsp70 ATPase Domain Intrinsic Dynamics and Sequence Evolution in Enabling its Functional Interactions with NEFs
In mammals , male sex determination is governed by SRY-dependent activation of Sox9 , whereas female development involves R-spondin1 ( RSPO1 ) , an activator of the WNT/beta-catenin signaling pathway . Genetic analyses in mice have demonstrated Sry and Sox9 to be both required and sufficient to induce testicular develo...	Mammalian sex determination is controlled by the paternal transmission of the Y-linked gene , SRY . Using mouse models , it has been shown that the main , if not the only , role of Sry is to activate the transcription factor Sox9 , and these two genes are necessary and sufficient to allow male development . Indeed , de...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "animal", "models", "developmental", "biology", "animal", "genetics", "model", "organisms", "mouse", "genetics", "biology", "genetics", "of", "disease", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "cell", "fate", "determination" ]	2012	Testicular Differentiation Occurs in Absence of R-spondin1 and Sox9 in Mouse Sex Reversals
Increased expression of Notch signaling pathway components is observed in Kaposi sarcoma ( KS ) but the mechanism underlying the manipulation of the canonical Notch pathway by the causative agent of KS , Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus ( KSHV ) , has not been fully elucidated . Here , we describe the mechanism through which...	Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus ( KSHV ) is a tumour virus associated with Kaposi sarcoma ( KS ) . Most KS tumor cells are latently infected with the virus , while a small number are lytically infected and produce KSHV . The Notch signaling pathway is highly conserved and important in development and disease . Classical act...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "oncology/sarcomas", "cell", "biology/cell", "signaling", "biochemistry/cell", "signaling", "and", "trafficking", "structures", "virology/viruses", "and", "cancer", "virology/effects", "of", "virus", "infection", "on", "host", "gene", "expression" ]	2009	KSHV Manipulates Notch Signaling by DLL4 and JAG1 to Alter Cell Cycle Genes in Lymphatic Endothelia
Noma ( cancrum oris ) is a gangrenous disease of unknown etiology affecting the maxillo-facial region of young children in extremely limited resource countries . In an attempt to better understand the microbiological events occurring during this disease , we used phylogenetic and low-density microarrays targeting the 1...	Noma , or cancrum oris , is a mutilating disease affecting children in extremely limited-resource countries , suffering poor hygiene and chronic malnutrition . This devastating gangrenous disease affects the hard and soft tissues of the face . To date , the origin of the disease is still debated and current hypotheses ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2013	Microarray Analysis of Microbiota of Gingival Lesions in Noma Patients
Uridine-rich small nuclear RNAs ( snRNAs ) are the basal components of the spliceosome and play essential roles in splicing . The biogenesis of the majority of snRNAs involves 3′ end endonucleolytic cleavage of the nascent transcript from the elongating DNA-dependent RNA ploymerase II . However , the protein factors re...	snRNAs form the RNA components of the spliceosome and are required for spliceosome formation and splicing . The generation of snRNAs involves 3′ end endonucleolytic cleavage of primary snRNA transcripts ( pre-snRNAs ) . The factors responsible for pre-snRNA 3′ end cleavage are known in metazoans , but many of these com...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Experimental", "Procedure" ]	[ "biotechnology", "reverse", "transcriptase-polymerase", "chain", "reaction", "plant", "anatomy", "protein", "interactions", "brassica", "rna", "extraction", "pollen", "plant", "science", "model", "organisms", "genetically", "modified", "plants", "molecular", "biology", "t...	2016	snRNA 3′ End Processing by a CPSF73-Containing Complex Essential for Development in Arabidopsis
Trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of human trichomoniasis , the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection world-wide . Despite its prevalence , little is known about the genetic diversity and population structure of this haploid parasite due to the lack of appropriate tools . The development of a ...	The human parasite Trichomonas vaginalis causes trichomoniasis , the world's most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection . Research on T . vaginalis genetic diversity has been limited by a lack of appropriate genotyping tools . To address this problem , we recently published a panel of T . vaginalis-specific g...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "sexually", "transmitted", "diseases", "biology", "microbiology", "evolutionary", "biology", "parasitic", "diseases" ]	2012	Extensive Genetic Diversity, Unique Population Structure and Evidence of Genetic Exchange in the Sexually Transmitted Parasite Trichomonas vaginalis
The anaphase-promoting complex ( APC ) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase which controls ubiquitination and degradation of multiple cell cycle regulatory proteins . During infection , human cytomegalovirus ( HCMV ) , a widespread pathogen , not only phosphorylates the APC coactivator Cdh1 via the multifunctional viral kinase pU...	In this study , we report an intriguing mechanism used by human cytomegalovirus ( HCMV ) to regulate a cellular E3 ubiquitin ligase , the anaphase promoting complex ( APC ) . The ability to hijack the ubiquitin-proteasome system for regulating protein degradation and to manipulate the cell cycle for viral genome synthe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "virology", "cytomegalovirus", "infection", "biology", "microbiology", "viral", "diseases" ]	2012	Proteasome-Dependent Disruption of the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Anaphase-Promoting Complex by HCMV Protein pUL21a
Hashimoto's thyroiditis ( HT ) is the most common of all thyroid diseases and is characterized by abundant lymphocyte infiltrate and thyroid impairment , caused by various cell- and antibody-mediated immune processes . Viral infections have been suggested as possible environmental triggers , but conclusive data are not...	Hashimoto's thyroiditis ( HT ) is a very common autoimmune disease of the thyroid . In addition to genetic background , several viruses , including herpesviruses , have been suggested to play a role as possible environmental triggers of disease , but conclusive data are still lacking . The anecdotal presence of human h...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "clinical", "immunology", "virology", "autoimmune", "diseases", "immunology", "biology", "microbiology", "viral", "diseases" ]	2012	Virologic and Immunologic Evidence Supporting an Association between HHV-6 and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
Experiencing certain events triggers the acquisition of new memories . Although necessary , however , actual experience is not sufficient for memory formation . One-trial learning is also gated by knowledge of appropriate background information to make sense of the experienced occurrence . Strong neurobiological eviden...	We introduce and evaluate a new biologically-motivated learning rule for neural networks . The proposed mechanism explains why it is easier to acquire knowledge when it relates to known background information than when it is completely novel . We posit that this “background information-gated” ( BIG ) learning emerges f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	A Neural Mechanism for Background Information-Gated Learning Based on Axonal-Dendritic Overlaps
Brazil remains the country in the Americas with the highest prevalence of schistosomiasis . A combination of control efforts and development , however , has sharply reduced its intensity and distribution . The acquisition of specific schistosome populations may be dependent on host characteristics such as sex , age , g...	Schistosomiasis is one of the world's most important parasitic infections . Its elimination has proved difficult even in countries such as Brazil where access to treatment is readily available . Infection is the result of human contact with surface water where there are infected snails , so that human biology and habit...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2013	Characteristics of the Human Host Have Little Influence on Which Local Schistosoma mansoni Populations Are Acquired
Vaults are the largest known cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein structures and may function in innate immunity . The vault shell self-assembles from 96 copies of major vault protein and encapsulates two other proteins and a small RNA . We crystallized rat liver vaults and several recombinant vaults , all among the largest n...	Vaults are large barrel-shaped particles found in the cytoplasm in all mammalian cells , which may function in innate immunity . As naturally occurring nanoscale capsules , vaults may be useful objects to engineer as delivery vehicles . In this study , we propose an atomic structure for the thin outer shell of the vaul...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "molecular", "biology" ]	2007	Draft Crystal Structure of the Vault Shell at 9-Å Resolution
Cathepsin B ( CatB ) is a cysteine proteolytic enzyme widely expressed in various cells and mainly located in the lysosomes . It contributes to the pathogenesis and development of many diseases . However , the role of CatB in viral myocarditis ( VMC ) has never been elucidated . Here we generated the VMC model by intra...	Severe VMC could lead to sudden cardiac death especially in youths , and is also the most common cause of secondary dilated cardiomyopathy . However , we still lack effective and specific clinical treatments currently . Therefore , further exploration of the pathogenesis and new therapeutic targets are urgently needed ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "death", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "lysosomes", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "cardiovascular", "physiology", "cardiovascular", "anatomy", "immunology", "cell", "processes", "animal", "models", "model", "organisms", "signs", "and",...	2018	Cathepsin B aggravates coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis through activating the inflammasome and promoting pyroptosis
This paper presents a data analysis framework to uncover relationships between health conditions , age and sex for a large population of patients . We study a massive heterogeneous sample of 1 . 7 million patients in Brazil , containing 47 million of health records with detailed medical conditions for visits to medical...	Age and sex of a patient can be directly related to susceptibilities to certain medical conditions . We present a method to generate clusters of human phenotype , based on the age of the population . This method helps extract knowledge on age and sex from the data . The age and sex correlations with disease conditions ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chickenpox", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "medical", "doctors", "elderly", "medical", "personnel", "age", "distribution", "geographical", "locations", "health", "care", "age", "groups", "health", "care", "providers", "population", "biology", "population", ...	2018	Age density patterns in patients medical conditions: A clustering approach
The precise anatomical location of gene expression is an essential component of the study of gene function . For most model organisms this task is usually undertaken via visual inspection of gene expression images by interested researchers . Computational analysis of gene expression has been developed in several model ...	An important component of research into the function of genes in the developing organism is an understanding of both when and where the gene is expressed . Well established molecular techniques can be used to colour the embryo in regions where the gene of interest appears , and researchers will photograph such treated ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "morphogenic", "segmentation", "applied", "mathematics", "vertebrates", "pigments", "animals", "xenopus", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "algorithms", "animal", "models", "developmental", "biology", "model", "organisms", "amphibians", "mathematics", "materials", "science"...	2018	New methods for computational decomposition of whole-mount in situ images enable effective curation of a large, highly redundant collection of Xenopus images
The process of assigning a finite set of tags or labels to a collection of observations , subject to side conditions , is notable for its computational complexity . This labeling paradigm is of theoretical and practical relevance to a wide range of biological applications , including the analysis of data from DNA micro...	What mathematicians call the “labeling problem” underlies difficulties in interpreting many classes of complex biological data . To derive valid inferences from multiple , noisy datasets , one must consider all possible combinations of the data to find the solution that best matches the experimental evidence . Exhausti...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "mathematics", "biotechnology/protein", "chemistry", "and", "proteomics", "biophysics/experimental", "biophysical", "methods", "computational", "biology", "chemical", "biology/protein", "chemistry", "and", "proteomics" ]	2009	Probabilistic Interaction Network of Evidence Algorithm and its Application to Complete Labeling of Peak Lists from Protein NMR Spectroscopy
Human cystic echinococcosis ( CE ) is highly endemic in the Tibetan regions of Sichuan where most families keep guard dogs and where there are considerable numbers of ownerless/stray dogs . Strong Buddhist beliefs do not allow for elimination of stray dogs , and many strays are actually fed and adopted by households or...	Human cystic echinococcosis ( CE ) is highly endemic in Tibetan regions of Sichuan . As part of a control program for CE in Datangma district , Ganzi County , necropsy of strays and coproantigen-ELISA of all dogs was carried out prior to and post-drug treatment to determine the efficacy of the treatment for control . E...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/helminth", "infections" ]	2009	Echinococcus granulosus Infection and Options for Control of Cystic Echinococcosis in Tibetan Communities of Western Sichuan Province, China
CD8+ T cells can exert both protective and harmful effects on the virus-infected host . However , there is no systematic method to identify the attributes of a protective CD8+ T cell response . Here , we combine theory and experiment to identify and quantify the contribution of all HLA class I alleles to host protectio...	A large immune response to the retrovirus HTLV-1 does not always prevent HTLV-1-associated diseases . Indeed , it has been shown that CD8+ T cells may contribute towards the inflammatory disease associated with HTLV-1 infection . This observation has led to the hypothesis that it is the ‘quality’ of the immune response...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "virology/immune", "evasion", "immunology/antigen", "processing", "and", "recognition", "genetics", "and", "genomics/genetics", "of", "the", "immune", "system", "immunology/immune", "response", "immunology/genetics", "of", "the", "immune", "system", "immunology", "computati...	2010	HLA Class I Binding of HBZ Determines Outcome in HTLV-1 Infection
The interaction among multiple microbial strains affects the spread of infectious diseases and the efficacy of interventions . Genomic tools have made it increasingly easy to observe pathogenic strains diversity , but the best interpretation of such diversity has remained difficult because of relationships with host an...	Pathogens are structured in multiple strains that interact and co-circulate on the same host population . This ecological diversity affects , in many cases , the spread dynamics and the efficacy of vaccination and antibiotic treatment . Thus understanding its biological and host-behavioral drivers is crucial for outbre...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "community", "structure", "pathogens", "microbiology", "staphylococcus", "aureus", "network", "analysis", "relative", "abundance", "distri...	2019	Host contact dynamics shapes richness and dominance of pathogen strains
The Independent Action Hypothesis ( IAH ) states that pathogenic individuals ( cells , spores , virus particles etc . ) behave independently of each other , so that each has an independent probability of causing systemic infection or death . The IAH is not just of basic scientific interest; it forms the basis of our cu...	The Independent Action Hypothesis ( IAH ) is a basic claim in pathogen biology that underlies risk analysis for various national and international health organizations . It states that infecting pathogens act independently of one another and has proven difficult to test directly . Here we demonstrate that cooperation b...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Bacterial Cooperation Causes Systematic Errors in Pathogen Risk Assessment due to the Failure of the Independent Action Hypothesis
Simultaneous changes in ion concentrations , glutamate , and cell volume together with exchange of matter between cell network and vasculature are ubiquitous in numerous brain pathologies . A complete understanding of pathological conditions as well as normal brain function , therefore , hinges on elucidating the molec...	Pathological conditions such as seizure , migraine , traumatic brain injury , and stroke are associated with extreme changes in ion concentrations and glutamate , cell swelling , and heavy exchange of matter between neurons , glia , and vasculature . However , current experimental tools are capable of measuring only a ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "neurochemistry", "action", "potentials", "nervous", "system", "depolarization", "membrane", "potential", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "physiological", "processes", "homeostasis", "neurotransmitters", "neuronal", "dendrites", "...	2017	The role of glutamate in neuronal ion homeostasis: A case study of spreading depolarization
African animal trypanosomosis ( AAT ) , transmitted by tsetse flies and tick-borne diseases are the main constraints to livestock production in sub-Saharan Africa . Vector control methods such as pour-on offer individual protection against ticks but not against tsetse so far , for which protection has always been commu...	In sub-Saharan Africa , tsetse and tick borne disease are the main constraints to livestock production . Providing farmers effective products to control animal pests is a challenging task in the context of increasing resistance to insecticide in many vectors and reduction of available insecticide molecules . Moreover ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion", "and", "Conclusion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "livestock", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "ixodes", "ruminants", "geographical", "locations", "vertebrates", "animals", "mammals", "glossina", "tsetse", "fly", "ticks", "infectious", "disease", "control", "insect", "vectors", "africa", "vete...	2016	Insecticide and Repellent Mixture Pour-On Protects Cattle against Animal Trypanosomosis
Bacteria constantly face stress conditions and therefore mount specific responses to ensure adaptation and survival . Stress responses were believed to be predominantly regulated at the transcriptional level . In the phototrophic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides the response to singlet oxygen is initiated by alternati...	Bacteria are frequently exposed to disadvantageous conditions , like elevated temperatures or nutrient depletion . The ability to maintain viable populations is based on cellular stress responses , which are regulated in a complex manner with different outputs on different regulatory levels . For example , mRNA levels ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "systems", "biology", "genome", "expression", "analysis", "spectrometric", "identification", "of", "proteins", "prokaryotic", "models", "cellular", "stress", "responses", "model", "organisms", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "microbial", "physiology", "protein", "abundanc...	2013	Integrative “Omics”-Approach Discovers Dynamic and Regulatory Features of Bacterial Stress Responses
The [Het-s] prion of the fungus Podospora anserina represents a good model system for studying the structure-function relationship in amyloid proteins because a high resolution solid-state NMR structure of the amyloid prion form of the HET-s prion forming domain ( PFD ) is available . The HET-s PFD adopts a specific β-...	Prions are infectious protein particles causing fatal diseases in mammals . Prions correspond to self-perpetuating amyloid protein polymers . Prions also exist in fungi where they behave as cytoplasmic infectious elements . The [Het-s] prion of the fungus Podospora anserina constitutes a favorable model for the analysi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "mycology", "microbial", "physiology", "proteins", "prions", "protein", "structure", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "microbiology", "fungal", "physiology", "defense", "proteins" ]	2014	Contribution of Specific Residues of the β-Solenoid Fold to HET-s Prion Function, Amyloid Structure and Stability
In most species , males do not abandon offspring or reduce paternal care when they are cuckolded by other males . This apparent lack of adjustment of paternal investment with the likelihood of paternity presents a potential challenge to our understanding of what drives selection for paternal care . In a comparative ana...	In most species where it has been studied , males do not abandon or reduce paternal care when they are cuckolded by other males . These observations have presented a long-standing challenge to our understanding of what drives selection for paternal care . Our analysis of cuckolded fathers from 50 species of birds , fis...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "evolutionary", "ecology", "animal", "behavior", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology", "behavioral", "ecology" ]	2013	Why Do Cuckolded Males Provide Paternal Care?
HIV-1 replicates via a low-fidelity polymerase with a high mutation rate; strong conservation of individual nucleotides is highly indicative of the presence of critical structural or functional properties . Identifying such conservation can reveal novel insights into viral behaviour . We analysed 3651 publicly availabl...	HIV-1 is a very rapidly mutating organism , however some parts of its genetic material change more than others . We looked for coding regions of HIV-1 that change relatively little , by turning the problem of finding such regions into a problem in signal processing , and solving this using a novel analytical approach t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "sequencing", "techniques", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "microbiology", "retroviruses", "viruses", "immunodeficiency", "viruses", "rna", "viruses", "genome", "analysis", "sequence", "motif", "analysis...	2019	A scale-free analysis of the HIV-1 genome demonstrates multiple conserved regions of structural and functional importance
The host response to mycobacterial infection depends on host and pathogen genetic factors . Recent studies in human populations suggest a strain specific genetic control of tuberculosis . To test for mycobacterial-strain specific genetic control of susceptibility to infection under highly controlled experimental condit...	Susceptibility to mycobacterial infection results from a complex interaction between host and bacterial genetic factors . To examine the effect of host and pathogen genetic variability on the control of mycobacterial infection , we infected a panel of genetically related recombinant congenic ( RC ) mouse strains with t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/bacterial", "infections", "genetics", "and", "genomics/complex", "traits", "infectious", "diseases", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2010	Strain-Specific Differences in the Genetic Control of Two Closely Related Mycobacteria
Clostridium difficile infections have become a major healthcare concern in the last decade during which the emergence of new strains has underscored this bacterium's capacity to cause persistent epidemics . c-di-GMP is a bacterial second messenger regulating diverse bacterial phenotypes , notably motility and biofilm f...	c-di-GMP is a bacterial intracellular signalling molecule regulating motility , biofilm formation , cell cycle control , or virulence in Gram-negative bacteria . The function and importance of this molecule still remain unknown in Gram-positive bacteria , even in important emerging pathogens such as Clostridium diffici...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "medicine", "microbial", "metabolism", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "bacterial", "biochemistry", "microbial", "growth", "and", "development", "infectious", "diseases", "microbial", "physiology", "medical", "microbiology", "microbial", "patho...	2011	c-di-GMP Turn-Over in Clostridium difficile Is Controlled by a Plethora of Diguanylate Cyclases and Phosphodiesterases
cis-regulatory DNA sequences known as enhancers control gene expression in space and time . They are central to metazoan development and are often responsible for changes in gene regulation that contribute to phenotypic evolution . Here , we examine the sequence , function , and genomic location of enhancers controllin...	In order for a gene to be active , it must be turned on , or “expressed . ” Instructions determining when , where , and how much a gene will be expressed are encoded by DNA sequences known as enhancers . The precise DNA sequence of a particular enhancer changes over evolutionary time , which may or may not change its e...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology/developmental", "molecular", "mechanisms", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression", "evolutionary", "biology/evolutionary", "and", "comparative", "genetics" ]	2010	Nomadic Enhancers: Tissue-Specific cis-Regulatory Elements of yellow Have Divergent Genomic Positions among Drosophila Species
PhoQ/PhoP is a central two-component system involved in magnesium homeostasis , pathogenicity , cell envelope composition , and acid resistance in several bacterial species . The small RNA GcvB is identified here as a novel direct regulator of the synthesis of PhoQ/PhoP in Escherichia coli , and this control relies on ...	Regulation of bacterial gene expression participates in the ability of these microorganisms to quickly adapt to their environment . This regulation can occur at every level of gene expression . For instance , two-component systems are involved in transcriptional control , while small RNAs usually act at the post-transc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "gene", "regulation", "genetics", "gene", "expression", "molecular", "genetics", "biology", "microbiology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2013	Post-Transcriptional Control of the Escherichia coli PhoQ-PhoP Two-Component System by Multiple sRNAs Involves a Novel Pairing Region of GcvB
The importance of honey bees to the world economy far surpasses their contribution in terms of honey production; they are responsible for up to 30% of the world's food production through pollination of crops . Since fall 2006 , honey bees in the U . S . have faced a serious population decline , due in part to a phenome...	High rates of honey bee mortality continue to threaten food security and apicultural industries worldwide . At least some of these losses are likely the result of viral infections . Application of RNAi technologies in the treatment and management of disease promises new solutions to disease problems through the natural...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "molecular", "biology/post-translational", "regulation", "of", "gene", "expression", "infectious", "diseases", "microbiology/immunity", "to", "infections", "pathology", "virology/new", "therapies,", "including", "antivirals", "and", "immunotherapy", "virology",...	2010	Large-Scale Field Application of RNAi Technology Reducing Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus Disease in Honey Bees (Apis mellifera, Hymenoptera: Apidae)
The identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis genes necessary for persistence in vivo provides insight into bacterial biology as well as host defense strategies . We show that disruption of M . tuberculosis membrane protein PerM ( Rv0955 ) resulted in an IFN-γ-dependent persistence defect in chronic mouse infection ...	The success of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) as a human pathogen is due to ability to persist in chronic infection , despite a robust adaptive immune response by the host . The mechanisms by which Mtb achieves this are , however , poorly understood . Here we show that a novel integral membrane protein , Rv0955/Per...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Disruption of an M. tuberculosis Membrane Protein Causes a Magnesium-dependent Cell Division Defect and Failure to Persist in Mice
Most empirical and theoretical studies have shown that sex increases the rate of evolution , although evidence of sex constraining genomic and epigenetic variation and slowing down evolution also exists . Faster rates with sex have been attributed to new gene combinations , removal of deleterious mutations , and adapta...	The role of sex in driving genetic variation and the speed at which new species emerge has been debated for over a century . There is experimental and theoretical evidence that sex increases genetic variation and the speed at which new species emerge , although evidence that sex reduces variation and slows the formatio...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "theoretical", "biology", "ecology", "genetics", "biology", "computational", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	Does Sex Speed Up Evolutionary Rate and Increase Biodiversity?
Alphaviruses are RNA viruses transmitted between vertebrate hosts by arthropod vectors , primarily mosquitoes . How arthropods counteract alphaviruses or viruses per se is not very well understood . Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model system for studying innate immunity against bacterial and fungal infections ....	Alphaviruses are arthropod-borne viruses maintained primarily in an endemic cycle between mosquitoes and rodents or birds . Transmission to humans may result in wide ranging symptoms from subclinical to fatal encephalitis . While infection of vertebrates causes disease , infection of mosquitoes results in a life-long ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "virology/effects", "of", "virus", "infection", "on", "host", "gene", "expression", "virology/host", "antiviral", "responses", "virology/viral", "replication", "and", "gene", "regulation", "virology" ]	2009	A Novel System for the Launch of Alphavirus RNA Synthesis Reveals a Role for the Imd Pathway in Arthropod Antiviral Response
The debilitating human disease schistosomiasis is caused by infection with schistosome parasites that maintain a complex lifecycle alternating between definitive ( human ) and intermediate ( snail ) hosts . While much is known about how the definitive host responds to schistosome infection , there is comparably less in...	Members of the genus Biomphalaria represent air-breathing ( pulmonate ) aquatic gastropod molluscs of great medical importance . The majority of species are obligatory intermediate hosts of the trematode flatworm Schistosoma mansoni , a pathogen responsible for the devastating neglected tropical disease schistosomiasis...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Schistosome", "products", "modulate", "the", "transcription", "of", "Conclusions" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "diagnostic", "radiology", "enzymes", "split-decomposition", "method", "enzymology", "invertebrate", "genomics", "magnetic", "resonance", "imaging", "multiple", "alignment", "calculation", "sequence", "motif", "analysis", "epigenetic...	2017	The Biomphalaria glabrata DNA methylation machinery displays spatial tissue expression, is differentially active in distinct snail populations and is modulated by interactions with Schistosoma mansoni
Invasion of human erythrocytes is essential for Plasmodium falciparum parasite survival and pathogenesis , and is also a complex phenotype . While some later steps in invasion appear to be invariant and essential , the earlier steps of recognition are controlled by a series of redundant , and only partially understood ...	Plasmodium parasites cause more than 200 million cases of malaria each year . All the symptoms of malaria are caused after Plasmodium parasites invade human red blood cells . Once inside , they grow , multiply and break open the red blood cells to release new parasites . This cycle is repeated every 48 hours , rapidly ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "parasite", "groups", "genetic", "hybrids", "quantitative", "trait", "loci", "plasmodium", "cloning", "parasitology", "apicomplexa", "red", "blood", "cells", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "animal", "c...	2018	A forward genetic screen reveals a primary role for Plasmodium falciparum Reticulocyte Binding Protein Homologue 2a and 2b in determining alternative erythrocyte invasion pathways
Differentiation into well-defined patterns and tissue growth are recognized as key processes in organismal development . However , it is unclear whether patterns are passively , homogeneously dilated by growth or whether they remodel during tissue expansion . Leaf vascular networks are well-fitted to investigate this i...	The development of an organism involves a coordination between the differentiation of cells in well-defined spatial patterns and the growth of tissues towards their target shapes . While extensive research has addressed each of these key processes , their coordination has received less attention . In particular , when ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "infographics", "plant", "anatomy", "ellipses", "classical", "mechanics", "condensed", "matter", "physics", "mechanical", "stress", "anisotropy", "geometry", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "plant", "science", "mathematics", "materials", "science", "damage", "mechanics",...	2016	Mechanical Stress Induces Remodeling of Vascular Networks in Growing Leaves
Nutrigenomics investigates relationships between nutrients and all genome-encoded molecular entities . This holistic approach requires systems biology to scrutinize the effects of diet on tissue biology . To decipher the adipose tissue ( AT ) response to diet induced weight changes we focused on key molecular ( lipids ...	Obesity is an excess fat mass leading to metabolic diseases . Dietary management is a conventional strategy to promote weight loss . As energy buffering , in the form of esterified fatty acids , and secretory organ , the adipose tissue has a pivotal role in obesity and its related complications . A comprehensive insigh...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	System Model Network for Adipose Tissue Signatures Related to Weight Changes in Response to Calorie Restriction and Subsequent Weight Maintenance
Cystic echinococcosis ( CE ) is a globally occurring zoonosis , whereas alveolar echinococcosis ( AE ) is endemic only in certain parts of the Northern Hemisphere . The socioeconomic impact of human echinococcosis has been shown to be considerable in highly endemic regions . However , detailed data on direct healthcare...	Cystic and alveolar echinococcosis , caused by E . granulosus and E . multilocularis , both occur in humans in Austria . Lesions may develop at any site , with the liver being most frequently affected . Morbidity–especially for alveolar echinococcosis–can be significant and treatment may include major surgery or long-t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "diagnostic", "radiology", "european", "union", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "social", "sciences", "parasitic", "diseases", "surgical", "and", "invasive", "medical", "procedures", "health", "care", "magnet...	2019	Evaluation of direct costs associated with alveolar and cystic echinococcosis in Austria
Yersinia pestis , the causative agent of plague , is typically transmitted by the bite of an infected flea . Many aspects of mammalian innate immune response early after Y . pestis infection remain poorly understood . A previous study by our lab showed that neutrophils are the most prominent cell type recruited to the ...	Flea-borne transmission is central to the natural history of the plague bacillus Yersinia pestis , and infection within the context of flea feeding may affect the pathogenesis of bubonic plague . We analyzed the mammalian host response to Y . pestis in the skin immediately after transmission by its natural vector , the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Dermal Neutrophil, Macrophage and Dendritic Cell Responses to Yersinia pestis Transmitted by Fleas
A wide spectrum of disease severity has been described for Human African Trypanosomiasis ( HAT ) due to Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense ( T . b . rhodesiense ) , ranging from chronic disease patterns in southern countries of East Africa to an increase in virulence towards the north . However , only limited data on the c...	Sleeping sickness , or Human African Trypanosomiasis ( HAT ) , caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense is one of the most neglected tropical diseases . It affects mainly rural , poor East African populations and has very high socio-economic impacts . T . b . rhodesiense HAT is an acute disease; patients quickly progre...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "virology/immunodeficiency", "viruses", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/epidemiology", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/infectious", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases/protozoal", "infections", "infecti...	2011	Clinical Presentation of T.b. rhodesiense Sleeping Sickness in Second Stage Patients from Tanzania and Uganda
Dengue includes a broad range of symptoms , ranging from fever to hemorrhagic fever and may occasionally have alternative clinical presentations . Many possible viral genetic determinants of the intrinsic virulence of dengue virus ( DENV ) in the host have been identified , but no conclusive evidence of a correlation b...	Dengue virus constitutes a significant public health problem in tropical regions of the world . Despite the high morbidity and mortality of this infection , no effective antiviral drugs or vaccines are available for the treatment or prevention of dengue infections . The profile of clinical signs associated with dengue ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "virulence", "factors", "and", "mechanisms", "virology", "emerging", "viral", "diseases", "biology", "microbiology" ]	2012	Synergistic Interactions between the NS3hel and E Proteins Contribute to the Virulence of Dengue Virus Type 1
Rickettsia conorii conorii is the etiological agent of Mediterranean spotted fever , which is transmitted by the brown dog tick , Rhipicephalus sanguineus . The relationship between the Rickettsia and its tick vector are still poorly understood one century after the first description of this disease . An entomological ...	The bacterium Rickettsia conorii conorii is the etiological agent of Mediterranean spotted fever ( MSF ) , which is a life-threatening infectious disease that is transmitted by Rhipicephalus sanguineus , the brown dog tick . Rh . sanguineus-R . conorii conorii relationships in the wild are still poorly understood one c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "ecology", "epidemiology", "environmental", "epidemiology", "infectious", "disease", "epidemiology", "biology", "population", "biology", "public", "health" ]	2012	Why Are There So Few Rickettsia conorii conorii-Infected Rhipicephalus sanguineus Ticks in the Wild?
The mechanical unfolding of proteins is a cellular mechanism for force transduction with potentially broad implications in cell fate . Despite this , the mechanism by which protein unfolding elicits differential downstream signalling pathways remains poorly understood . Here , we used protein engineering , atomic force...	Mechano-induced conformational changes and the unfolding of protein domains are cornerstones of mechanotransduction and regulate the interaction of proteins with other molecules . Talin is a prominent molecule in focal adhesions and one of the few proteins that simultaneously connects integrin receptors in the cell mem...	[ "Abstract", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "chemical", "compounds", "gene", "regulation", "focal", "adhesions", "carcinomas", "cancers", "and", "neoplasms", "green", "fluorescent", "protein", "light", "microscopy", "gastrointestinal", "tumors", "organic", "compounds", "li...	2018	Mechanotransduction in talin through the interaction of the R8 domain with DLC1
Behavior is among the most dynamic animal phenotypes , modulated by a variety of internal and external stimuli . Behavioral differences are associated with large-scale changes in gene expression , but little is known about how these changes are regulated . Here we show how a transcription factor ( TF ) , ultraspiracle ...	Animals use behavior as one of the principal means of meeting their basic needs and responding flexibly to changes in their environment . An emerging insight is that changes in behavior are associated with massive changes in gene expression in the brain , but we know relatively little about how these changes are regula...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "systems", "biology", "genome", "analysis", "tools", "genetics", "biology", "genomics", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	The Transcription Factor Ultraspiracle Influences Honey Bee Social Behavior and Behavior-Related Gene Expression
Somatic hypermutation ( SH ) generates point mutations within rearranged immunoglobulin ( Ig ) genes of activated B cells , providing genetic diversity for the affinity maturation of antibodies . SH requires the activation-induced cytidine deaminase ( AID ) protein and transcription of the mutation target sequence , bu...	During the B cell immune response , immunoglobulin ( Ig ) genes are subject to a unique mutation process known as somatic hypermutation that allows the immune system to generate high-affinity antibodies . Somatic hypermutation preferentially affects Ig genes , relative to other genes , and this is important in preventi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "And", "Methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "immune", "cells", "immunology", "dna", "transcription", "dna", "antibodies", "immune", "system", "proteins", "white", "blood", "cells", "animal", "cells", "proteins", "gene", "expression", "dna", "modification", "immune", "response", "biochemistry",...	2014	Targeting Of Somatic Hypermutation By immunoglobulin Enhancer And Enhancer-Like Sequences
Visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) is a deadly vector-borne disease . Approximately 90% of Indian VL cases occur in Bihar , where the sand fly , Phlebotomus argentipes , is the principal vector . Sand fly control in Bihar consists of indoor residual spraying ( IRS ) , the practice of spraying the inner walls of village dwel...	Visceral leishmaniasis is a disease caused by a deadly vector-borne parasite ( Leishmania donovani ) transmitted to man by phlebotomine sand flies . Indoor residual spraying ( IRS ) , performed within village dwellings , is the primary means of sand fly control performed in Bihar , India and more explicit methods of ev...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "livestock", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "ruminants", "tropical", "diseases", "vertebrates", "sand", "flies", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "mammals", "diptera", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "infectious", "di...	2018	Bionomics of Phlebotomus argentipes in villages in Bihar, India with insights into efficacy of IRS-based control measures
A hallmark feature of Williams-Beuren Syndrome ( WBS ) is a generalized arteriopathy due to elastin deficiency , presenting as stenoses of medium and large arteries and leading to hypertension and other cardiovascular complications . Deletion of a functional NCF1 gene copy has been shown to protect a proportion of WBS ...	Williams-Beuren Syndrome ( WBS ) is a rare developmental disorder characterized by distinctive facial , neurobehavioral , and cardiovascular features , caused by a heterozygous loss of genetic material ( deletion ) at the 7q11 . 23 chromosomal band . Elastin protein deficiency , due to deletion of one copy of the ELN g...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "animal", "models", "medicine", "model", "organisms", "genetics", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "cardiovascular" ]	2012	Reduction of NADPH-Oxidase Activity Ameliorates the Cardiovascular Phenotype in a Mouse Model of Williams-Beuren Syndrome
Hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) infection induces formation of a membranous web structure in the host cell cytoplasm where the viral genome replicates and virions assemble . The membranous web is thought to concentrate viral components and hide viral RNA from pattern recognition receptors . We have uncovered a role for nucle...	Hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) is a positive strand RNA virus and is a major cause of liver disease worldwide , affecting more than 170 million individuals . Infection of cells with HCV leads to rearrangement of cytoplasmic host cell membranes into viral replication and assembly complexes collectively known as the membranou...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Hepatitis C Virus-Induced Cytoplasmic Organelles Use the Nuclear Transport Machinery to Establish an Environment Conducive to Virus Replication
Trypanosoma brucei ( T . b . ) gambiense Human African trypanosomiasis ( HAT; sleeping sickness ) is a fatal disease . Until 2009 , available treatments for 2nd stage HAT were complicated to use , expensive ( eflornithine monotherapy ) , or toxic , and insufficiently effective in certain areas ( melarsoprol ) . Recentl...	Sleeping sickness is a neglected tropical disease affecting people in Sub-Saharan Africa , most of them in poor , rural settings . If not treated , the disease usually progresses into a serious stage affecting the central nervous system , causing severe sleep disturbances , as well as other neurological and psychiatric...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "african", "trypanosomiasis", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases" ]	2012	In-Hospital Safety in Field Conditions of Nifurtimox Eflornithine Combination Therapy (NECT) for T. b. gambiense Sleeping Sickness
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus ( SARS-CoV ) in 2002 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus ( MERS-CoV ) in 2012 has generated enormous interest in the biodiversity , genomics and cross-species transmission potential of coronaviruses , especially those from bats , the second mos...	Recombination is commonly reported in coronaviruses , and is an important mechanism by which these viruses generate genetic diversity . To date , however , most such recombination events involve homologous sequences among related viruses . We discovered a novel bat coronavirus that possesses a divergent but functional ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "sequencing", "techniques", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "coronaviruses", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "microbiology", "reoviruses", "plasmid", "construction", "viruses", "amino", "acid", "sequence", "analysis", "rna", "viruses", ...	2016	A Bat-Derived Putative Cross-Family Recombinant Coronavirus with a Reovirus Gene
Thousands of regions in gametes have opposing methylation profiles that are largely resolved during the post-fertilization epigenetic reprogramming . However some specific sequences associated with imprinted loci survive this demethylation process . Here we present the data describing the fate of germline-derived methy...	Differences in gamete DNA methylation is subject to genome-wide reprogramming during preimplantation development to establish an embryo with an epigenetic state compatible with totipotency . DNA sequences associated with imprinted differentially methylated regions ( DMRs ) are largely protected from this process , reta...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "blastocysts", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "reproductive", "system", "germ", "cells", "developmental", "biology", "oocytes", "epigenetics", "dna", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "embryos", "dna", "methylation", "chromatin", "sperm", "research", "and"...	2016	Human Oocyte-Derived Methylation Differences Persist in the Placenta Revealing Widespread Transient Imprinting
Cyclic dimeric GMP ( c-di-GMP ) is a bacterial second messenger that modulates many biological processes . Although its role in bacterial pathogenesis during mammalian infection has been documented , the role of c-di-GMP in a pathogen's life cycle within a vector host is less understood . The enzootic cycle of the Lyme...	The Lyme disease pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi has two sets of two-component systems , Hk1-Rrp1 and Hk2-Rrp2 . The Hk2-Rrp2 signaling system has been shown to modulate differential expression of numerous surface lipoprotein genes and to play an essential role in spirochete transformation from a tick colonizer to a mamm...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "biology", "microbiology" ]	2011	Cyclic di-GMP is Essential for the Survival of the Lyme Disease Spirochete in Ticks
Retinal prosthesis technologies require that the visual system downstream of the retinal circuitry be capable of transmitting and elaborating visual signals . We studied the capability of plastic remodeling in late blind subjects implanted with the Argus II Retinal Prosthesis with psychophysics and functional MRI ( fMR...	The majority of pathologies leading to blindness are related to diseases of the photoreceptors , such as retinitis pigmentosa ( RP ) . A wide variety of different methods are being developed in the attempt to partially restore vision in blind people , including a retinal prosthesis that uses electrical stimulation of t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "diagnostic", "radiology", "functional", "magnetic", "resonance", "imaging", "social", "sciences", "neuroscience", "surgical", "and", "invasive", "medical", "procedures", "magnetic", "resonance", "imaging", "brain"...	2016	Visual BOLD Response in Late Blind Subjects with Argus II Retinal Prosthesis
The phenotypic effect of a gene is normally described by the mean-difference between alternative genotypes . A gene may , however , also influence the phenotype by causing a difference in variance between genotypes . Here , we reanalyze a publicly available Arabidopsis thaliana dataset [1] and show that genetic varianc...	The most well-studied effects of genes are those leading to different phenotypic means for alternative genotypes . A less well-explored type of genetic control is that resulting in a heterogeneity in variance between genotypes . Here , we reanalyze a publicly available Arabidopsis thaliana GWAS dataset to detect geneti...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "genome-wide", "association", "studies", "genetic", "networks", "plant", "growth", "and", "development", "plant", "biology", "plant", "physiology", "epistasis", "genome", "analysis", "tools", "plant", "science", "model", "organisms", "trait", "locus", "analysis", "ara...	2012	Inheritance Beyond Plain Heritability: Variance-Controlling Genes in Arabidopsis thaliana
GATA transcription factors play critical roles in cellular differentiation and development . However , their roles in mature tissues are less understood . In C . elegans larvae , the transcription factor ELT-2 regulates terminal differentiation of the intestine . It is also expressed in the adult intestine , where it w...	C . elegans provides a tractable genetic model to study the regulation of the evolutionarily conserved innate immune system . One of the central signaling modules of innate immunity in all organisms is the p38 pathway , which has been studied extensively in C . elegans . Such studies identified the transcription factor...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	The Developmental Intestinal Regulator ELT-2 Controls p38-Dependent Immune Responses in Adult C. elegans
The finding of power law scaling in neural recordings lends support to the hypothesis of critical brain dynamics . However , power laws are not unique to critical systems and can arise from alternative mechanisms . Here , we investigate whether a common time-varying external drive to a set of Poisson units can give ris...	The analysis of complex systems in nature introduces several challenges , because typically a number of parameters either remain unobserved or cannot be controlled . In particular , it can be challenging to disentangle the dynamics generated within the system from that imposed by the environment . With this difficulty ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "action", "potentials", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "neural", "networks", "membrane", "potential", "brain", "electrophysiology", "vertebrates", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "animals", "mammals", "number", "theory", "primates", "generating", "functions",...	2018	Can a time varying external drive give rise to apparent criticality in neural systems?
There is considerable debate on the health impacts of soil-transmitted helminth infections . We assessed effects of deworming on physical fitness and strength of children in an area in Yunnan , People's Republic of China , where soil-transmitted helminthiasis is highly endemic . The double-blind , randomized , placebo-...	Children from the developing world are often burdened with intestinal worms due to poor water supply , sanitation , and hygiene . However , the assessment of the burden due to intestinal worms is difficult , and thus , the benefits of deworming are unclear . In this study , we determined the effect of deworming on the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "helminth", "infections", "infectious", "diseases", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "tropical", "diseases", "soil-transmitted", "helminthiases", "parasitic", "diseases" ]	2014	Effect of Deworming on Physical Fitness of School-Aged Children in Yunnan, China: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial
During the adaptive evolution of a particular trait , some selectively fixed mutations may be directly causative and others may be purely compensatory . The relative contribution of these two classes of mutation to adaptive phenotypic evolution depends on the form and prevalence of mutational pleiotropy . To investigat...	During adaptive phenotypic evolution , some of the associated genetic changes may contribute directly to changes in the selected trait ( causative mutations ) and other changes may ameliorate the negative side-effects of the causative changes ( compensatory mutations ) . To assess the nature of such changes and their r...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Conclusions", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "heme", "deletion", "mutation", "chemical", "compounds", "ions", "anions", "site-directed", "mutagenesis", "organic", "compounds", "substitution", "mutation", "mutation", "amino", "acid", "substitution", "amino", "acids", "evolutionary", "adaptation", "molecular", "biolog...	2018	Molecular basis of hemoglobin adaptation in the high-flying bar-headed goose
Schistosoma eggs cause chronic liver inflammation and a complex disease characterized by hepatic fibrosis ( HF ) and splenomegaly ( SplM ) . FOXP3+ Tregs could regulate inflammation , but it is unclear where these cells are produced and what roles they play in human schistosomiasis . We investigated blood and spleen FO...	Schistosomes are human parasites that cause severe hepatic disease in their host . They cause chronic inflammation when their eggs become trapped in small hepatic vessels . Most subjects from areas in which schistosomes are endemic display lifelong infection , and liver inflammation progresses to advanced hepatic fibro...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2016	FOXP3+ Regulatory T Cells in Hepatic Fibrosis and Splenomegaly Caused by Schistosoma japonicum: The Spleen May Be a Major Source of Tregs in Subjects with Splenomegaly
Gene expression in chloroplasts is controlled primarily through the regulation of translation . This regulation allows coordinate expression between the plastid and nuclear genomes , and is responsive to environmental conditions . Despite common ancestry with bacterial translation , chloroplast translation is more comp...	Translation of mRNA into protein is the main step for the regulation of gene expression in the chloroplast , the photosynthetic organelle of plant cells . Translation is conducted by the ribosome , a large macromolecular machine composed of RNA and protein . Studies have shown that the composition of the chloroplast ri...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "biochemistry", "cell", "biology", "in", "vitro", "molecular", "biology" ]	2007	Structure of the Chloroplast Ribosome: Novel Domains for Translation Regulation
The development of sex-specific traits , including the female-specific ability to bite humans and vector disease , is critical for vector mosquito reproduction and pathogen transmission . Doublesex ( Dsx ) , a terminal transcription factor in the sex determination pathway , is known to regulate sex-specific gene expres...	Only adult female mosquitoes , which require blood meals for reproduction , bite humans and spread diseases . The genes that regulate development of sex-specific traits may therefore represent novel targets for mosquito control . Here , we examine the effects of silencing the sex-determination gene doublesex ( dsx ) du...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion", "Conclusion" ]	[]	2015	siRNA-Mediated Silencing of doublesex during Female Development of the Dengue Vector Mosquito Aedes aegypti
microRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that are important regulators of gene expression in a range of animals , including nematodes . We have analysed a cluster of four miRNAs from the pathogenic nematode species Haemonchus contortus that are closely linked in the genome . We find that the cluster is conserved only in cla...	Different species of parasitic worms release microRNAs , small non-coding RNA molecules , some of which are known to interact with host genes to alter the immune response . We characterized a cluster of four microRNAs from Haemonchus contortus , an important parasitic nematode of livestock . The miRNA cluster appeared ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "cdna", "libraries", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "gene", "regulation", "split-decomposition", "method", "rna", "extraction", "database", "searching", "parasitic", "diseases", "multiple", "alignment", "calculation", "micrornas", "lymph", "nodes", "lymphatic", ...	2017	Conservation of a microRNA cluster in parasitic nematodes and profiling of miRNAs in excretory-secretory products and microvesicles of Haemonchus contortus
RNA silencing mediated by small RNAs ( sRNAs ) is a conserved regulatory process with key antiviral and antimicrobial roles in eukaryotes . A widespread counter-defensive strategy of viruses against RNA silencing is to deploy viral suppressors of RNA silencing ( VSRs ) , epitomized by the P19 protein of tombusviruses ,...	Multiple and complex layers of defense help plants to combat pathogens . A first line of defense relies on the detection , via dedicated host-encoded receptors , of signature molecules ( so called pathogen-associated molecular patterns , PAMPs ) produced by pathogens . In turn , this PAMP-triggered immunity ( PTI ) may...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "plant", "pathogens", "plant", "pathology", "plant", "science", "biology" ]	2013	Extreme Resistance as a Host Counter-counter Defense against Viral Suppression of RNA Silencing
Hereditary footpad hyperkeratosis ( HFH ) represents a palmoplantar hyperkeratosis , which is inherited as a monogenic autosomal recessive trait in several dog breeds , such as e . g . Kromfohrländer and Irish Terriers . We performed genome-wide association studies ( GWAS ) in both breeds . In Kromfohrländer we obtaine...	The palms and soles of mammals are covered by the palmoplantar epidermis , which has to bear immense mechanical forces and has therefore a special composition in comparison to the epidermis on regular skin . We studied a Mendelian disease in dogs , termed hereditary footpad hyperkeratosis ( HFH ) . HFH affected dogs de...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "sequencing", "techniques", "genome-wide", "association", "studies", "dermatology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "animal", "welfare", "animal", "genetics", "animal", "breeding", "genome", "sequencing", "genome", "analysis", "molecular", "biology", "techniques"...	2014	A Mutation in the FAM83G Gene in Dogs with Hereditary Footpad Hyperkeratosis (HFH)
While many transcriptional regulators of pluripotent and terminally differentiated states have been identified , regulation of intermediate progenitor states is less well understood . Previous high throughput cellular resolution expression studies identified dozens of transcription factors with lineage-specific express...	Animals develop as one initial cell , the fertilized egg , repeatedly divides and its progeny differentiate , ultimately producing diverse cell types . This occurs in large part by the expression of unique combinations of regulatory genes , such as transcription factors , in precursors of each cell type . These early f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	The Bicoid Class Homeodomain Factors ceh-36/OTX and unc-30/PITX Cooperate in C. elegans Embryonic Progenitor Cells to Regulate Robust Development
The regular array of distally pointing hairs on the mature Drosophila wing is evidence for the fine control of Planar Cell Polarity ( PCP ) during wing development . Normal wing PCP requires both the Frizzled ( Fz ) PCP pathway and the Fat/Dachsous ( Ft/Ds ) pathway , although the functional relationship between these ...	Planar Cell Polarity ( PCP ) describes the orientation of a cell within the plane of a cell layer . The precise control of PCP has been shown to be vital for normal development in both vertebrates and invertebrates , and failures of PCP have been implicated in human disease . Studies in the fruit fly Drosophila have id...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology/developmental", "molecular", "mechanisms", "cell", "biology/cell", "signaling" ]	2011	Two Frizzled Planar Cell Polarity Signals in the Drosophila Wing Are Differentially Organized by the Fat/Dachsous Pathway
There is increasing evidence that the microcirculation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases . Changes in retinal vascular caliber reflect early microvascular disease and predict incident cardiovascular events . We performed a genome-wide association study to identify genetic variants a...	The microcirculation plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular diseases . Retinal vascular caliber changes reflect early microvascular disease and predict incident cardiovascular events . In order to identify genetic variants associated with retinal vascular caliber , we performed a genome-wide assoc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "ophthalmology/retinal", "disorders", "cardiovascular", "disorders/vascular", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics/population", "genetics" ]	2010	Four Novel Loci (19q13, 6q24, 12q24, and 5q14) Influence the Microcirculation In Vivo
What are the minimal requirements to sustain an asymmetric cell cycle ? Here we use mathematical modelling and forward genetics to reduce an asymmetric cell cycle to its simplest , primordial components . In the Alphaproteobacterium Caulobacter crescentus , cell cycle progression is believed to be controlled by a cycli...	Cell cycle regulation is remarkably complex and the fundamental principles difficult to understand , even in simple cells . The bacterium Caulobacter crescentus is a popular model organism to study cell cycle regulation due to the two different daughter cells resulting from cell division: a mobile “swarmer” cell and a ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "systems", "biology", "prokaryotic", "models", "model", "organisms", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "dna", "modification", "theoretical", "biology", "caulobacter", "crescentus", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "regulatory", "networks", "epigenetics", "biology", "comput...	2013	Computational and Genetic Reduction of a Cell Cycle to Its Simplest, Primordial Components

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.