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article stringlengths 4.36k 149k	summary stringlengths 32 3.35k	section_headings listlengths 1 91	keywords listlengths 0 141	year stringclasses 13 values	title stringlengths 20 281
Translation is still poorly characterised at the level of individual proteins and its role in regulation of gene expression has been constantly underestimated . To better understand the process of protein synthesis we developed a comprehensive and quantitative model of translation , characterising protein synthesis sep...	Translation is the production of proteins by decoding mRNA produced in transcription , and is a part of the overall process of gene expression . Although the general theoretical background of translation is known , the process is still poorly characterised at the level of individual proteins . In particular , the quant...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology/gene", "expression", "molecular", "biology/translation", "mechanisms", "molecular", "biology/bioinformatics", "biochemistry/transcription", "and", "translation", "molecular", "biology/translational", "regulation", "computational", "biology/systems", "biology" ]	2010	A Comprehensive, Quantitative, and Genome-Wide Model of Translation
The relative contributions of additive versus non-additive interactions in the regulation of complex traits remains controversial . This may be in part because large-scale epistasis has traditionally been difficult to detect in complex , multi-cellular organisms . We hypothesized that it would be easier to detect inter...	Most complex traits and diseases are regulated by the combined influence of multiple genetic variants . However , it remains controversial whether these genetic variants independently influence complex traits , and therefore the impact of each variant could be simply added together ( additivity ) , or whether the varia...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "body", "weight", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "chemical", "compounds", "quantitative", "trait", "loci", "gene", "regulation", "population", "genetics", "carbohydrates", "organic", "compounds", "glucose", "epistasis", "physiological", "parameters", "chromosome...	2017	Widespread epistasis regulates glucose homeostasis and gene expression
Rhizobia are phylogenetically disparate α- and β-proteobacteria that have achieved the environmentally essential function of fixing atmospheric nitrogen in symbiosis with legumes . Ample evidence indicates that horizontal transfer of symbiotic plasmids/islands has played a crucial role in rhizobia evolution . However ,...	Most leguminous plants can form a symbiosis with members of a group of soil bacteria known as rhizobia . On the roots of their hosts , some rhizobia elicit the formation of specialized organs , called nodules , that they colonize intracellularly and within which they fix nitrogen to the benefit of the plant . Rhizobia ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "microbiology/plant-biotic", "interactions", "microbiology/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics" ]	2010	Experimental Evolution of a Plant Pathogen into a Legume Symbiont
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis ( SSPE ) is a late , rare and usually fatal complication of measles infection . Although a very high incidence of SSPE in Papua New Guinea ( PNG ) was first recognized 20 years ago , estimated measles vaccine coverage has remained at ≤70% since and a large measles epidemic occurred i...	Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis ( SSPE ) is a disabling and usually fatal brain disorder that typically occurs 3–10 years after acute measles infection . Papua New Guinea ( PNG ) has particularly high rates of SSPE . We report 22 cases of PNG children presenting to the provincial referral hospital in Madang Provinc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "pediatrics", "and", "child", "health/developmental", "and", "pediatric", "neurology", "infectious", "diseases/infectious", "diseases", "of", "the", "nervous", "system", "infectious", "diseases/viral", "infections", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/infectious", "dis...	2011	Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis in Papua New Guinean Children: The Cost of Continuing Inadequate Measles Vaccine Coverage
Human African trypanosomiasis ( HAT ) caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense remains highly prevalent in west and central Africa and is lethal if left untreated . The major problem is that the disease often evolves toward chronic or asymptomatic forms with low and fluctuating parasitaemia producing apparently aparasita...	Trypanosoma brucei gambiense is responsible for more than 90% of reported cases of human African trypanosomosis ( HAT ) . Infection can last for months or even years without major signs or symptoms of infection , but if left untreated , sleeping sickness is always fatal . In the present study , different T . b . gambie...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/protozoal", "infections", "infectious", "diseases/infectious", "diseases", "of", "the", "nervous", "system", "microbiology/parasitology", "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases" ]	2009	Murine Models for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Disease Progression—From Silent to Chronic Infections and Early Brain Tropism
The Trihelix Transcription factor GT2-like 1 ( GTL1 ) was previously shown to be a key regulator of ploidy-dependent trichome growth and drought tolerance . Here , we report that GTL1 plays an important role in coordinating plant immunity . We show that gtl1 mutants are compromised in the regulation of basal immunity ,...	The trihelix-transcription factor GT-2-like 1 ( GTL1 ) belongs to the seven genes containing GT-2 family of the plant-specific trihelix transcription factors . Previously , GTL1 was shown to be a key regulator of ploidy-dependent trichome growth and drought tolerance . In this report , we show that GTL1 is part of the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "phosphorylation", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "gene", "regulation", "immunology", "regulator", "genes", "genome", "analysis", "gene", "types", "mapk", "signaling", "cascades", "proteins", "gene", "expression", "biochemistry", "signal", "transduction", "cel...	2018	The Trihelix transcription factor GT2-like 1 (GTL1) promotes salicylic acid metabolism, and regulates bacterial-triggered immunity
Parasitic nematodes negatively impact human and animal health worldwide . The market withdrawal of nematicidal agents due to unfavourable toxicities has limited the available treatment options . In principle , co-administering nematicides at lower doses along with molecules that potentiate their activity could mitigate...	Many nematicides that have been used to kill plant and animal parasitic nematodes are being phased out over concerns of toxicity to humans . One potential solution to reduce toxicity is to use the nematicide at a lower concentration in combination with a second compound that together will produce a synergistic killing ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "caenorhabditis", "liquid", "chromatography", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "toxicology", "nematode", "infections", "animal", "models", "toxicity", "caenorhabditis"...	2017	The novel nematicide wact-86 interacts with aldicarb to kill nematodes
Dendritic cells are equipped with lectin receptors to sense the extracellular environment and modulate cellular responses . Human plasmacytoid dendritic cells ( pDCs ) uniquely express blood dendritic cell antigen 2 ( BDCA2 ) protein , a C-type lectin lacking an identifiable signaling motif . We demonstrate here that B...	Dendritic cells ( DCs ) are specialized sentinels in the immune system that detect invading pathogens and , upon activation , initiate immune responses . DCs express C-type lectin receptors on their surface , which facilitate antigen capture . A distinct population of DCs , called plasmacytoid DCs ( pDCs ) , display an...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "immunology", "homo", "(human)" ]	2007	BDCA2/FcεRIγ Complex Signals through a Novel BCR-Like Pathway in Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells
Interventions to interrupt transmission of malaria from humans to mosquitoes represent an appealing approach to assist malaria elimination . A limitation has been the lack of systems to test the efficacy of such interventions before proceeding to efficacy trials in the field . We have previously demonstrated the feasib...	Blocking the transmission of malaria from infected individuals to mosquitoes is an appealing approach to malaria elimination . However , at present there is no reliable experimental model to test the efficacy of transmission blocking interventions . In this study , we assessed the safety and reproducibility of our clin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "parasite", "groups", "body", "fluids", "plasmodium", "tropical", "diseases", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "parasitic", "protozoans", "parasitology", "parasitemia", "apicomplexa", "protozoans", "gastroenterolo...	2016	Safety and Reproducibility of a Clinical Trial System Using Induced Blood Stage Plasmodium vivax Infection and Its Potential as a Model to Evaluate Malaria Transmission
Neglected tropical diseases , including zoonoses such as leptospirosis , have a major impact on rural and poor urban communities , particularly in developing countries . This has led to major investment in antipoverty vaccines that focus on diseases that influence public health and thereby productivity . While the true...	Leptospirosis , also known as Weil’s disease , is spread by contact with infected animals or with water and soil containing pathogenic spirochaetes belonging to the Leptospira genus . Leptospirosis is a serious public health problem that can cause kidney failure , pulmonary complications and can be fatal . Due to its s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "leptospira", "immune", "physiology", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "immunology", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "animals", "mammals", "vaccines", "bacterial", "diseases", "negle...	2017	LigB subunit vaccine confers sterile immunity against challenge in the hamster model of leptospirosis
While sensory neurons carry behaviorally relevant information in responses that often extend over hundreds of milliseconds , the key units of neural information likely consist of much shorter and temporally precise spike patterns . The mechanisms and temporal reference frames by which sensory networks partition respons...	Neurons in sensory cortices encode objects in our sensory environment by varying the timing and number of action potentials that they emit . Brain networks that ‘decode’ this information need to partition those spike trains into their individual informative units . Experimenters achieve such partitioning by exploiting ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "auditory", "system", "visual", "system", "computational", "neuroscience", "biology", "sensory", "systems", "neuroscience", "coding", "mechanisms" ]	2012	Analysis of Slow (Theta) Oscillations as a Potential Temporal Reference Frame for Information Coding in Sensory Cortices
Hi-C and chromatin immunoprecipitation ( ChIP ) have been combined to identify long-range chromatin interactions genome-wide at reduced cost and enhanced resolution , but extracting information from the resulting datasets has been challenging . Here we describe a computational method , MAPS , Model-based Analysis of PL...	Chromatin spatial organization plays an important role in genome function . The recently developed PLAC-seq and HiChIP technologies have become powerful tools to study long-range chromatin interactions . However , the biases introduced by the ChIP procedure have added substantial difficulty in data analysis . Existing ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2019	MAPS: Model-based analysis of long-range chromatin interactions from PLAC-seq and HiChIP experiments
Separases are large proteins that mediate sister chromatid disjunction in all eukaryotes . They belong to clan CD of cysteine peptidases and contain a well-conserved C-terminal catalytic protease domain similar to caspases and gingipains . However , unlike other well-characterized groups of clan CD peptidases , there a...	The separation of sister chromatids is a crucial step in cell division and is triggered by the activation of separase , a protease that cleaves the proteins that maintain the cohesion between sister chromatids . Knowledge of the molecular structure and activation mechanism of separase is limited by the difficulty of ob...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Structural Insights into Separase Architecture and Substrate Recognition through Computational Modelling of Caspase-Like and Death Domains
Polyamines are essential compounds to all living organisms and in the specific case of Trypanosoma cruzi , the causative agent of Chagas disease , they are exclusively obtained through transport processes since this parasite is auxotrophic for polyamines . Previous works reported that retinol acetate inhibits Leishmani...	Polyamines are polycationic compounds essential for the regulation of cell growth and differentiation . In contrast with other protozoa , Trypanosoma cruzi , the etiological agent of Chagas disease , is auxotrophic for polyamines; therefore the intracellular availability of these molecules depends exclusively on transp...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "cell", "death", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "chemical", "compounds", "cell", "processes", "microbiology", "protozoan", "life", "cycles", "parasitic", "protozoans", "organic", "compounds", "developmental", "biology", "trypomastigotes", "protozoans", "pharmace...	2017	Trypanocidal Effect of Isotretinoin through the Inhibition of Polyamine and Amino Acid Transporters in Trypanosoma cruzi
Actin cables are linear cytoskeletal structures that serve as tracks for myosin-based intracellular transport of vesicles and organelles in both yeast and mammalian cells . In a yeast cell undergoing budding , cables are in constant dynamic turnover yet some cables grow from the bud neck toward the back of the mother c...	Based on published cell experiments , we propose a novel mechanism of length control of actin cables in budding yeast cells . The key feature of this “antenna mechanism” is negative feedback of the cable length on the activity of formins , which are proteins that attach to the growing ends of actin filaments and cataly...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Antenna Mechanism of Length Control of Actin Cables
The CD4 binding site ( CD4bs ) on the envelope glycoprotein is a major site of vulnerability that is conserved among different HIV-1 isolates . Many broadly neutralizing antibodies ( bNAbs ) to the CD4bs belong to the VRC01 class , sharing highly restricted origins , recognition mechanisms and viral escape pathways . W...	CD4bs is a central viral vulnerability site and isolation of new anti-HIV-1 CD4bs broadly neutralizing antibodies ( bNAbs ) provides information about viral escape mechanisms . Here we describe a new anti-HIV-1 bNAb that was isolated from an HIV-1 infected donor . The antibody , 179NC75 , targets the CD4 binding site i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	A New Glycan-Dependent CD4-Binding Site Neutralizing Antibody Exerts Pressure on HIV-1 In Vivo
The major virulence strategy of phytopathogenic bacteria is to secrete effector proteins into the host cell to target the immune machinery . AvrPto and AvrPtoB are two such effectors from Pseudomonas syringae , which disable an overlapping range of kinases in Arabidopsis and Tomato . Both effectors target surface-local...	The bacteria Pseudomonas syringae is a pathogen of many crop species and one of the model pathogens for studying plant and bacterial arms race coevolution . In the current model , plants perceive bacteria pathogens via plasma membrane receptors , and recognition leads to the activation of general defenses . In turn , b...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "plant", "cell", "biology", "microbiology", "signaling", "in", "selected", "disciplines", "plant", "science", "crops", "plant", "microbiology", "plant", "signaling", "crop", "diseases", "biology", "agriculture", "biochemistry", "plant", "biochemistry...	2013	The Tomato Prf Complex Is a Molecular Trap for Bacterial Effectors Based on Pto Transphosphorylation
With a national program initiated recently to reduce transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in the People's Republic of China ( P . R . China ) , there is an urgent need for accessible , quality-assured diagnostics for case detection , surveillance , and program monitoring of chemotherapy efficacy and other control inte...	With the advantages of higher sensitivity and simpler ease of use over stool examination , antibody-detection methods have been integrated into programs for schistosomiasis control in the People's Republic of China after the notable decrease of prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma japonicum infection . We compared t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases/helminth", "infections" ]	2011	Evaluation of Immunoassays for the Diagnosis of Schistosoma japonicum Infection Using Archived Sera
The acts of learning and memory are thought to emerge from the modifications of synaptic connections between neurons , as guided by sensory feedback during behavior . However , much is unknown about how such synaptic processes can sculpt and are sculpted by neuronal population dynamics and an interaction with the envir...	The ability of a brain to learn has been studied at various levels . However , a large gap exists between behavioral studies of learning and memory and studies of cellular plasticity . In particular , much remains unknown about how cellular plasticity scales to affect network population dynamics . In previous studies ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "neuroscience/behavioral", "neuroscience", "neuroscience", "computational", "biology/computational", "neuroscience" ]	2008	Shaping Embodied Neural Networks for Adaptive Goal-directed Behavior
Cysticidal treatment of neurocysticercosis , an infection of humans and pig brains with Taenia solium , results in an early inflammatory response directed to cysts causing seizures and focal neurological manifestations . Treatment-induced pericystic inflammation and its association with blood brain barrier ( BBB ) dysf...	Neurocysticercosis is caused by infection of the brain with the larval ( cyst ) stage of the tape worm Taenia solium in humans and pigs . Antiparasitic drug treatment is compromised by worsening of neurological symptoms during therapy due to reactive inflammation triggered by the dying parasite . The immune mechanisms ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Post-treatment Vascular Leakage and Inflammatory Responses around Brain Cysts in Porcine Neurocysticercosis
Infection with Epstein-Barr virus ( EBV ) is highly prevalent worldwide , and it has been associated with infectious mononucleosis and severe diseases including Burkitt lymphoma , Hodgkin lymphoma , nasopharyngeal lymphoma , and lymphoproliferative disorders . Although EBV has been the focus of extensive research , muc...	Many factors influence individual differences in susceptibility to infectious disease , including genetic factors of the host . Here we use several genome-wide investigative tools ( linkage , association , joint linkage and association , and the analysis of gene expression data ) to search for host genetic factors infl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "genome-wide", "association", "studies", "major", "histocompatibility", "complex", "heredity", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "immunology", "biology", "human", "genetics", "genetics", "of", "disease", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "immunoglobulins" ]	2013	A Genome-Wide Integrative Genomic Study Localizes Genetic Factors Influencing Antibodies against Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen 1 (EBNA-1)
The Gloeobacter violaceus ligand-gated ion channel ( GLIC ) has been extensively studied by X-ray crystallography and other biophysical techniques . This provided key insights into the general gating mechanism of pentameric ligand-gated ion channel ( pLGIC ) signal transduction . However , the GLIC is activated by lowe...	Pentameric ligand-gated ion channels are an important class of receptors that are involved in many neurological diseases . They have been extensively studied but a full understanding of their mechanism of action has yet to be achieved . In an effort to bypass obstacles in the research of human receptors , bacterial ver...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "and", "conclusion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "protons", "ion", "channel", "gating", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "crystal", "structure", "condensed", "matter", "physics", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "germ", "cells", "oocytes", "ion", "channels", "protein", "structure", "crystallography", "nico...	2017	Full mutational mapping of titratable residues helps to identify proton-sensors involved in the control of channel gating in the Gloeobacter violaceus pentameric ligand-gated ion channel
Cap-snatching was first discovered in influenza virus . Structures of the involved domains of the influenza virus polymerase , namely the endonuclease in the PA subunit and the cap-binding domain in the PB2 subunit , have been solved . Cap-snatching endonucleases have also been demonstrated at the very N-terminus of th...	Arenaviruses occur worldwide and can cause severe , often fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans . Vaccines and effective treatments are not available . Arenaviruses replicate in the cytoplasm of infected cells and since they cannot synthesize cap-structures they use a mechanism called cap-snatching to steal cap structures ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "crystal", "structure", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "condensed", "matter", "physics", "microbiology", "viral", "structure", "orthomyxoviruses", "viruses", "rna", "viruses", "protein", "structure", "...	2017	Structural insights into reptarenavirus cap-snatching machinery
IFN-I production is a characteristic of HIV/SIV primary infections . However , acute IFN-I plasma concentrations rapidly decline thereafter . Plasmacytoid dendritic cells ( pDC ) are key players in this production but primary infection is associated with decreased responsiveness of pDC to TLR 7 and 9 triggering . IFNα ...	Chronic immune activation is a characteristic of HIV infection and a key contributor to CD4 T-cell depletion and progression to AIDS . Persistent up-regulation of interferon-induced genes ( ISG ) is associated with chronic immune activation and is a molecular signature of the progression of SIV infection in non-human-p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "immune", "cells", "cytokines", "immunity", "hiv", "innate", "immunity", "antigen-presenting", "cells", "immune", "defense", "immunology", "immunity", "to", "infections", "biology", "lymphoid", "organs", "viral", "diseases", "retrov...	2014	Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Dynamics Tune Interferon-Alfa Production in SIV-Infected Cynomolgus Macaques
In a previous study , we showed that centromere repositioning , that is the shift along the chromosome of the centromeric function without DNA sequence rearrangement , has occurred frequently during the evolution of the genus Equus . In this work , the analysis of the chromosomal distribution of satellite tandem repeat...	Centromeres are the functional elements controlling chromosome segregation during cell division . Vertebrate centromeres , which typically contain large amounts of tandem repeats ( satellite DNA ) , are highly conserved for function but not for DNA sequence , suggesting that centromeric function is mainly determined by...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/comparative", "genomics", "evolutionary", "biology/evolutionary", "and", "comparative", "genetics" ]	2010	Uncoupling of Satellite DNA and Centromeric Function in the Genus Equus
Prion proteins are known to misfold into a range of different aggregated forms , showing different phenotypic and pathological states . Understanding strain specificities is an important problem in the field of prion disease . Little is known about which PrPSc structural properties and molecular mechanisms determine pr...	Prion diseases are caused by the accumulation of a cellular prion protein with an altered conformation , which acts as a catalyst for the further recruitment and the modification of the normal form of the protein . Protein polymerization appears to have a central role in the progression of the disease , an aspect share...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/prion", "diseases", "computational", "biology/systems", "biology" ]	2009	Investigating the Conformational Stability of Prion Strains through a Kinetic Replication Model
Previous work revealed that conditional depletion of the core proteasome subunits PrcB and PrcA impaired growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro and in mouse lungs , caused hypersusceptibility to nitric oxide ( NO ) and impaired persistence of the bacilli during chronic mouse infections . Here , we show that gene...	The eukaryotic proteasome is ubiquitous and essential for many basic cellular processes . In contrast to most bacteria , which do not express a proteasome , Mycobacterium tuberculosis encodes a proteasome predicted to be essential or required for optimal growth of the pathogen . Genetic silencing of the proteasome core...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/bacterial", "infections", "microbiology/microbial", "physiology", "and", "metabolism", "microbiology/cellular", "microbiology", "and", "pathogenesis" ]	2010	The Mycobacterium tuberculosis Proteasome Active Site Threonine Is Essential for Persistence Yet Dispensable for Replication and Resistance to Nitric Oxide
Animals must respond selectively to specific combinations of salient environmental stimuli in order to survive in complex environments . A task with these features , biconditional discrimination , requires responses to select pairs of stimuli that are opposite to responses to those stimuli in another combination . We i...	Learning to associate relevant stimuli in our environment is important for survival . For example , identification of an object , such as an edible fruit , may require us to recognize a unique combination of features – color , shape , size – each of which is present in other , perhaps inedible , objects . Thus , how th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "neuroscience/behavioral", "neuroscience", "neuroscience/neural", "homeostasis", "neuroscience/neurodevelopment", "neuroscience/neuronal", "and", "glial", "cell", "biology", "computational", "biology", "neuroscience/theoretical", "neuroscience" ]	2011	Synaptic Plasticity and Connectivity Requirements to Produce Stimulus-Pair Specific Responses in Recurrent Networks of Spiking Neurons
SAMHD1 is a newly identified anti-HIV host factor that has a dNTP triphosphohydrolase activity and depletes intracellular dNTP pools in non-dividing myeloid cells . Since DNA viruses utilize cellular dNTPs , we investigated whether SAMHD1 limits the replication of DNA viruses in non-dividing myeloid target cells . Inde...	Various viral pathogens such as HIV-1 , herpes simplex virus ( HSV ) and vaccinia virus infect terminally-differentiated/non-dividing macrophages during the course of viral pathogenesis . Unlike dividing cells , non-dividing cells lack chromosomal DNA replication , do not enter the cell cycle , and harbor very low leve...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "herpes", "simplex", "virology", "biology", "microbiology", "viral", "diseases", "viral", "replication" ]	2013	Host Factor SAMHD1 Restricts DNA Viruses in Non-Dividing Myeloid Cells
Actin , nucleation-promoting factors ( NPFs ) , and the actin-related protein 2/3 complex ( Arp2/3 ) are key elements of the cellular actin polymerization machinery . With nuclear actin polymerization implicated in ever-expanding biological processes and the discovery of the nuclear import mechanisms of actin and NPFs ...	Actin is one of the most abundant molecules in eukaryotic cells . Actin polymerization is a process that nucleates actin monomers into filamentous structures , and this cellular process is frequently used by viruses to facilitate virus multiplication in host cells . Arp2/3 , the central regulator of actin polymerizatio...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "processes", "microbiology", "light", "microscopy", "viral", "structure", "nucleocapsids", "microscopy", "densitometry", "cellular", "structures", "and", "organelles", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "contractile", "proteins", "actins", "actin", "polymer...	2016	Autographa californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus Ac34 Protein Retains Cellular Actin-Related Protein 2/3 Complex in the Nucleus by Subversion of CRM1-Dependent Nuclear Export
Myopia is the most common ocular disorder worldwide , and high myopia in particular is one of the leading causes of blindness . Genetic factors play a critical role in the development of myopia , especially high myopia . Recently , the exome sequencing approach has been successfully used for the disease gene identifica...	People with myopia see near objects more clearly than objects far away . Myopia is the most common ocular disorder worldwide , with a high prevalence in Asian ( 40%–70% ) and Caucasian ( 20%–30% ) populations . Although the etiologies of myopia have not yet been established , previous studies have indicated the involve...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetic", "mutation", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "molecular", "genetics", "biology", "human", "genetics", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "autosomal", "dominant" ]	2011	Exome Sequencing Identifies ZNF644 Mutations in High Myopia
Autoregulation of nodulation ( AON ) is a long-distance signalling regulatory system maintaining the balance of symbiotic nodulation in legume plants . However , the intricacy of internal signalling and absence of flux and biochemical data , are a bottleneck for investigation of AON . To address this , a new computatio...	Endogenous signals , such as phytohormones , play a vital role in plant development and function , controlling processes such as flowering , branching , disease response , and nodulation . However , the signalling mechanisms are so subtle and so complex that details about them remain largely unknown . In this study , w...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "computational", "biology" ]	2010	Computational Complementation: A Modelling Approach to Study Signalling Mechanisms during Legume Autoregulation of Nodulation
Upregulation of xCT , the inducible subunit of a membrane-bound amino acid transporter , replenishes intracellular glutathione stores to maintain cell viability in an environment of oxidative stress . xCT also serves as a fusion-entry receptor for the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ( KSHV ) , the causative age...	Herpesviruses are the most common etiologic agents of cancer in patients with suppressed immune function , and the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ( KSHV ) is one of the most common causes of cancer in this setting . KSHV infection of new cell targets is critical for tumor progression , and a better understandi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "oncology", "microbiology", "virology" ]	2010	Upregulation of xCT by KSHV-Encoded microRNAs Facilitates KSHV Dissemination and Persistence in an Environment of Oxidative Stress
At the molecular level , the evolution of new traits can be broadly divided between changes in gene expression and changes in protein-coding sequence . For proteins , the evolution of novel functions is generally thought to proceed through sequential point mutations or recombination of whole functional units . In Sacch...	Hybrids of the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces eubayanus ( lager-brewing yeasts ) dominate the modern brewing industry . S . cerevisiae , also known as baker’s yeast , is well-known for its role in industry and scientific research . Less well recognized is S . eubayanus , which was only discovered as ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "chemical", "compounds", "carbohydrates", "organic", "compounds", "glucose", "fungi", "model", "organisms", "protein", "structure", "prediction", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "protein", "structure", "evolutionary", "adaptation", "saccharomyces", "research", "and",...	2019	Evolution of a novel chimeric maltotriose transporter in Saccharomyces eubayanus from parent proteins unable to perform this function
The signaling of Toll-like receptors ( TLRs ) induces host defense against microbial invasion . Protein posttranslational modifications dynamically shape the strength and duration of the signaling pathways . It is intriguing to explore whether de-SUMOylation could modulate the TLR signaling . Here we identified SUMO-sp...	Given the double-edged nature of the TLR functions , the strength and duration of the TLR signaling are dynamically modulated via protein posttranslational modifications , which ensure that the invading microbes are quickly eliminated and the damages to the host are reduced to the minimum . Besides the ubiquitin , ubiq...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "signal", "transduction", "inflammation", "immunity", "innate", "immunity", "immunology", "biology", "molecular", "cell", "biology" ]	2013	Negative Regulation of TLR Inflammatory Signaling by the SUMO-deconjugating Enzyme SENP6
Interferon regulatory factors ( IRF ) -3 and IRF-7 are master transcriptional factors that regulate type I IFN gene ( IFN-α/β ) induction and innate immune defenses after virus infection . Prior studies in mice with single deletions of the IRF-3 or IRF-7 genes showed increased vulnerability to West Nile virus ( WNV ) i...	West Nile virus ( WNV ) is a mosquito-transmitted virus that infects birds , horses , and humans and has become an emerging infectious disease threat in the Western Hemisphere . In humans , WNV can invade into the brain and spinal cord and destroy neurons , causing severe neurological disease , particularly in the immu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/viral", "infections", "microbiology/innate", "immunity", "microbiology/immunity", "to", "infections", "immunology/innate", "immunity" ]	2009	Induction of IFN-β and the Innate Antiviral Response in Myeloid Cells Occurs through an IPS-1-Dependent Signal That Does Not Require IRF-3 and IRF-7
Meiotic recombination by crossovers ( COs ) is tightly regulated , limiting its key role in producing genetic diversity . However , while COs are usually restricted in number and not homogenously distributed along chromosomes , we show here how to disrupt these rules in Brassica species by using allotriploid hybrids ( ...	In organisms with sexual reproduction , meiosis generates gametes containing half of the genetic material of parents . During this process , the reciprocal exchanges between the homologous chromosomes due to crossovers ( COs ) ensure their proper segregation as well as the generation of diversity . However , the number...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "meiosis", "homologous", "chromosomes", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "cell", "processes", "chromosome", "mapping", "dna", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "homologous", "recombination", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "gene", "mapping", "...	2017	Amplifying recombination genome-wide and reshaping crossover landscapes in Brassicas
Generalized linear models ( GLMs ) represent a popular choice for the probabilistic characterization of neural spike responses . While GLMs are attractive for their computational tractability , they also impose strong assumptions and thus only allow for a limited range of stimulus-response relationships to be discovere...	An essential goal of sensory systems neuroscience is to characterize the functional relationship between neural responses and external stimuli . Of particular interest are the nonlinear response properties of single cells . Inherently linear approaches such as generalized linear modeling can nevertheless be used to fit...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2013	Beyond GLMs: A Generative Mixture Modeling Approach to Neural System Identification
Eukaryotic circadian clocks rely on transcriptional feedback loops . In Drosophila , the PERIOD ( PER ) and TIMELESS ( TIM ) proteins accumulate during the night , inhibit the activity of the CLOCK ( CLK ) /CYCLE ( CYC ) transcriptional complex , and are degraded in the early morning . The control of PER and TIM oscill...	Circadian clocks adjust the physiology and behavior of organisms to the day/night cycle and rely on molecular feedback loops that generate daily oscillations of transcription . In the Drosophila fruit fly , the PERIOD ( PER ) and TIMELESS ( TIM ) proteins coordinate the clock–they accumulate during the night , form a c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "biology", "neuroscience", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	CULLIN-3 Controls TIMELESS Oscillations in the Drosophila Circadian Clock
Cancer cells adopt various modes of migration during metastasis . How the ubiquitination machinery contributes to cancer cell motility remains underexplored . Here , we report that tripartite motif ( TRIM ) 59 is frequently up-regulated in metastatic breast cancer , which is correlated with advanced clinical stages and...	Cancer cell metastasis is the primary cause of mortality in cancer patients . Changes in cell morphology are critical for cancer cell motility and metastasis , and this process requires spatiotemporal control of the turnover or stabilization of signaling components that regulate cell polarity . Autophagy—a highly regul...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "phosphorylation", "cell", "death", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "breast", "tumors", "cell", "processes", "cancers", "and", "neoplasms", "basic", "cancer", "research", "oncology", "immunologic", "techniques", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "spec...	2018	TRIM59 promotes breast cancer motility by suppressing p62-selective autophagic degradation of PDCD10
Putrescine belongs to the large group of polyamines , an essential class of metabolites that exists throughout all kingdoms of life . The Salmonella speF gene encodes an inducible ornithine decarboxylase that produces putrescine from ornithine . Putrescine can be also synthesized from arginine in a parallel metabolic p...	Polyamines are widely distributed in nature , they bind nucleic acids and proteins and although their exact mechanism of action is not clear , their effect on fundamental cellular functions is well documented . The canonical biosynthesis pathway of polyamines is conserved and begins with speF encoding ornithine decarbo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chemical", "compounds", "nucleases", "enzymes", "messenger", "rna", "dna-binding", "proteins", "enzymology", "organic", "compounds", "rna", "stem-loop", "structure", "basic", "amino", "acids", "amino", "acids", "translation", "termination", "cellular", "structures", "a...	2019	mRNA dynamics and alternative conformations adopted under low and high arginine concentrations control polyamine biosynthesis in Salmonella
Studies of reproductive isolation between homoploid hybrid species and their parent species have rarely been carried out . Here we investigate reproductive barriers between a recently recognized hybrid bird species , the Italian sparrow Passer italiae and its parent species , the house sparrow P . domesticus and Spanis...	Hybridization between two species has the potential to create a third , hybrid species . However this process , known as hybrid speciation , is thought to be unlikely because it requires reproductive barriers against both parent species to develop despite the barriers between parents being weak enough to allow for the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "speciation", "genetics", "introgression", "population", "genetics", "hybridization", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology", "genomic", "evolution", "evolutionary", "processes", "evolutionary", "genetics" ]	2014	Evidence for Mito-Nuclear and Sex-Linked Reproductive Barriers between the Hybrid Italian Sparrow and Its Parent Species
Public health responses to outbreaks of dengue , chikungunya , and Zika virus have been stymied by the inability to control the primary vector , Aedes aegypti mosquitos . Consequently , the need for novel approaches to Aedes vector control is urgent . Placement of three autocidal gravid ovitraps ( AGO traps ) in ~85% o...	Aedes species mosquitos transmit pathogens of public health importance , including dengue , Zika , and chikungunya viruses . No tools exist to control these mosquitos that sustainably and effectively prevent human infections . Autocidal gravid ovitraps ( AGO traps ) have been shown to sustainably reduce Aedes populatio...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "togaviruses", "chikungunya", "infection", "pathogens", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology", "geographical", "locations"...	2019	Autocidal gravid ovitraps protect humans from chikungunya virus infection by reducing Aedes aegypti mosquito populations
Plant plasma membrane localized pattern recognition receptors ( PRRs ) detect extracellular pathogen-associated molecules . PRRs such as Arabidopsis EFR and rice XA21 are taxonomically restricted and are absent from most plant genomes . Here we show that rice plants expressing EFR or the chimeric receptor EFR::XA21 , c...	Plants possess multi-layered immune recognition systems . Early in the infection process , plants use receptor proteins to recognize pathogen molecules . Some of these receptors are present in only in a subset of plant species . Transfer of these taxonomically restricted immune receptors between plant species by geneti...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Transgenic Expression of the Dicotyledonous Pattern Recognition Receptor EFR in Rice Leads to Ligand-Dependent Activation of Defense Responses
The poly ( A ) leader at the 5’-untranslated region ( 5’-UTR ) is an unusually striking feature of all poxvirus mRNAs transcribed after viral DNA replication ( post-replicative mRNAs ) . These poly ( A ) leaders are non-templated and of heterogeneous lengths; and their function during poxvirus infection remains a long-...	Poxviruses continue to impact public health significantly , despite the eradication of smallpox , the deadliest disease in human history . As a tool , poxviruses are being engineered to treat various infectious diseases and multiple cancers . All poxvirus mRNAs transcribed after viral DNA replication have a poly ( A ) ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "transfection", "luciferase", "hela", "cells", "enzymes", "gene", "regulation", "messenger", "rna", "biological", "cultures", "enzymology", "microbiology", "cell", "cultures", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "small", "inte...	2017	The 5'-poly(A) leader of poxvirus mRNA confers a translational advantage that can be achieved in cells with impaired cap-dependent translation
The release of neurotransmitters from synapses obeys complex and stochastic dynamics . Depending on the recent history of synaptic activation , many synapses depress the probability of releasing more neurotransmitter , which is known as synaptic depression . Our understanding of how synaptic depression affects the info...	Fatigue is an intrinsic property of living systems and synapses are no exception . Synaptic depression reduces the ability of synapses to release vesicles in response to an incoming action potential . Whether synaptic depression simply reflects the exhaustion of neuronal resources or whether it serves some additional f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "plant", "anatomy", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "action", "potentials", "neurochemistry", "vesicles", "chemical", "compounds", "nervous", "system", "nucleus", "accumbens", "membrane", "potential", "brain", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "organic", "comp...	2019	Short-term synaptic depression can increase the rate of information transfer at a release site
To better understand dengue fever in the elderly , we compared clinical features , World Health Organization ( WHO ) dengue classification and outcomes between adult ( <60 ) and elderly ( ≥60 ) dengue patients . We explored the impact of co-morbidity and hospital-acquired infection ( HAI ) on clinical outcomes in the e...	Dengue is a neglected tropical disease that is increasingly affecting elderly patients; however , there is a paucity of data on clinical presentation and outcomes in this group . The limited data suggests that elderly dengue patients have the highest case-fatality rate but the pathogenesis of mortality in elderly dengu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences" ]	2014	Challenges in Dengue Fever in the Elderly: Atypical Presentation and Risk of Severe Dengue and Hospita-Acquired Infection
Our understanding of how chromosomes structurally organize and dynamically interact has been revolutionized through the lens of long-chain polymer physics . Major protein contributors to chromosome structure and dynamics are condensin and cohesin that stochastically generate loops within and between chains , and entrap...	The spatiotemporal organization of the genome plays an important role in cellular processes involving DNA , but remains poorly understood , especially in the nucleolus , which does not facilitate conventional techniques . Polymer chain models have shown ability in recent years to make accurate predictions of the dynami...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chemical", "bonding", "chromosome", "structure", "and", "function", "applied", "mathematics", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "algorithms", "chromosome", "mapping", "mathematics", "materials", "science", "network", "analysis", "genome", "analysis", "molecular", "biology...	2019	Transient crosslinking kinetics optimize gene cluster interactions
The PAF complex ( Paf1C ) has been shown to regulate chromatin modifications , gene transcription , and RNA polymerase II ( PolII ) elongation . Here , we provide the first genome-wide profiles for the distribution of the entire complex in mammalian cells using chromatin immunoprecipitation and high throughput sequenci...	Gene transcription can be regulated through multiple mechanisms , such as histone modifications that create structural changes of the chromatin leading to gene activation or suppression , or regulation of the 3’ cleavage site of the mRNA , known as alternative cleavage and polyadenylation ( APA ) , resulting in the gen...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2016	PAF Complex Plays Novel Subunit-Specific Roles in Alternative Cleavage and Polyadenylation
Schistosomiasis is a disease of major public health importance in sub-Saharan Africa . Immunoregulation begins early in schistosome infection and is characterized by hyporesponsiveness to parasite and bystander antigens , suggesting that a schistosome infection at the time of immunization could negatively impact the in...	Vaccines are a mainstay for the prevention of morbidity and mortality to numerous infectious diseases . Concurrent schistosomiasis infection at the time of immunizations has been implicated in the impairment of protective immune responses to vaccines . We asked if schistosomiasis at the initiation of the hepatitis B va...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "schistosoma", "invertebrates", "schistosoma", "mansoni", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "helminths", "immunology", "tropical", "diseases", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "liver", "diseases", "vaccines"...	2016	Schistosoma mansoni Infection Can Jeopardize the Duration of Protective Levels of Antibody Responses to Immunizations against Hepatitis B and Tetanus Toxoid
Viruses transmitted by small mammals and arthropods serve as global threats to humans . Most emergent and re-emergent viral agents are transmitted by these groups; therefore , the development of high-throughput screening methods for the detection and surveillance of such viruses is of great interest . In this study , w...	Viruses transmitted by small mammals and blood-feeding insects represent global threats to humans . Most emergent viral agents are transmitted by these groups; therefore , the development of methods for the detection and surveillance of such viruses is of great interest . Here , we describe a DNA microchip platform ( S...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Material", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "dengue", "virus", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "togaviruses", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "pathogens", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "animals", "alphaviruses", "mammals", "viruse...	2016	DNA Microarray Platform for Detection and Surveillance of Viruses Transmitted by Small Mammals and Arthropods
Neutralizing antibodies ( NAb ) able to react to heterologous viruses are generated during natural HIV-1 infection in some individuals . Further knowledge is required in order to understand the factors contributing to induction of cross-reactive NAb responses . Here a well-established model of experimental pathogenic i...	In a longitudinal study of clinical and evolutionary responses to transient treatment in 12 experimentally-infected macaques , subjects show clear stratification into two groups based on viral load , immunological response , and evolutionary factors . Subjects that controlled viremia following withdrawal of treatment d...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/hiv", "infection", "and", "aids", "virology/animal", "models", "of", "infection", "immunology/immunity", "to", "infections", "evolutionary", "biology/bioinformatics" ]	2010	Generation of Neutralizing Antibodies and Divergence of SIVmac239 in Cynomolgus Macaques Following Short-Term Early Antiretroviral Therapy
Cellular and viral microRNAs ( miRNAs ) are involved in many different processes of key importance and more than 10 , 000 miRNAs have been identified so far . In general , relatively little is known about their biological functions in mammalian cells because their phenotypic effects are often mild and many of their tar...	Micro RNAs ( miRNAs ) are small , non-coding RNAs that bind to mRNA transcripts and abrogate their protein coding functions . Only a few of their mRNA targets are known , although miRNAs are found in all multicellular organisms and certain viruses . In particular , members of the herpesvirus family encode a surprisingl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "virology/persistence", "and", "latency", "virology/virulence", "factors", "and", "mechanisms", "cell", "biology/cell", "growth", "and", "division", "virology/viruses", "and", "cancer", "oncology/hematological", "malignancies" ]	2010	Micro RNAs of Epstein-Barr Virus Promote Cell Cycle Progression and Prevent Apoptosis of Primary Human B Cells
The Nav1 . 7 channel critically contributes to the excitability of sensory neurons , and gain-of-function mutations of this channel have been shown to cause inherited erythromelalgia ( IEM ) with neuropathic pain . In this study , we report a case of a severe phenotype of IEM caused by p . V1316A mutation in the Nav1 ....	The gain-of-function mutation ( p . V1316A ) of the Nav1 . 7 channel causes inherited erythromelalgia ( IEM ) , a disease characterized by extremely enhanced activity in relevant neural tissues that results in neuropathic pain . We found that the p . V1316A mutation alters the basic gating properties of the channel , l...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "sequencing", "techniques", "ion", "channel", "gating", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "depolarization", "membrane", "potential", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "mutation", "ion", "channels", "physiological", "parameters", "body", "temperature", "molecular",...	2016	The Biophysical Basis Underlying Gating Changes in the p.V1316A Mutant Nav1.7 Channel and the Molecular Pathogenesis of Inherited Erythromelalgia
Alternatively activated macrophages ( AAM ) that accumulate during chronic T helper 2 inflammatory conditions may arise through proliferation of resident macrophages or recruitment of monocyte-derived cells . Liver granulomas that form around eggs of the helminth parasite Schistosoma mansoni require AAM to limit tissue...	Macrophages will adopt different characteristics based on different types of inflammatory responses . During infection by parasitic helminths such as Schistosoma mansoni , macrophages adopt an “alternatively activated” or M2 phenotype ( AAM ) . These AAM are important for protecting liver hepatocytes from damage caused...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "innate", "immune", "system", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "immunity", "host-pathogen", "interactions", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "immunology", "immunoregulation", "microbiology", "pathogenesis", "paras...	2014	Ly6Chigh Monocytes Become Alternatively Activated Macrophages in Schistosome Granulomas with Help from CD4+ Cells
Elucidating the causes of congenital heart defects is made difficult by the complex morphogenesis of the mammalian heart , which takes place early in development , involves contributions from multiple germ layers , and is controlled by many genes . Here , we use a conditional/invertible genetic strategy to identify the...	Congenital heart defects , the most common birth defect , are thought mainly to arise through interactions among multiple genes . We studied atrial septal defects ( a common type of heart defect ) in a mouse model of Cornelia de Lange Syndrome , in which loss of one copy of the Nipbl gene produces frequent developmenta...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "And", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "cardiovascular", "anatomy", "cardiac", "ventricles", "alleles", "ventricular", "septal", "defects", "animal", "models", "developmental", "biology", "model", "organisms", "embryos", "morphogenesis", "research", "and", "analysis", ...	2016	Conditional Creation and Rescue of Nipbl-Deficiency in Mice Reveals Multiple Determinants of Risk for Congenital Heart Defects
Legionella pneumophila is a facultative intracellular bacterium that lives in aquatic environments where it parasitizes amoeba . However , upon inhalation of contaminated aerosols it can infect and replicate in human alveolar macrophages , which can result in Legionnaires’ disease , a severe form of pneumonia . Upon ex...	Legionella pneumophila is a motile gram-negative bacterium found mainly in fresh water environments where it replicates in amoeba . It uses a molecular syringe to inject effector molecules into these predatory host cells , reprograming them to support L . pneumophila growth . Upon inhalation of contaminated aerosols , ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "antimicrobials", "bacteriology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "lysosomes", "immune", "cells", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "drugs", "immunology", "microbiology", "antibacterials", "pharmacology", "cellular", "st...	2016	Neutrophil and Alveolar Macrophage-Mediated Innate Immune Control of Legionella pneumophila Lung Infection via TNF and ROS
T cell cross-reactivity between different strains of the same virus , between different members of the same virus group , and even between unrelated viruses is a common occurrence . We questioned here how an intervening infection with a virus containing a sub-dominant cross-reactive T cell epitope would affect protecti...	The purpose of vaccination against viruses is to induce strong neutralizing antibody responses that inactivate viruses on contact and strong T cell responses that attack and kill virus-infected cells . Some viruses , however , like HIV and hepatitis C virus , are only weakly controlled by neutralizing antibody , so T c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "vaccination", "clinical", "immunology", "immunity", "virology", "vaccine", "development", "biology", "microbiology", "immunology" ]	2012	Loss of Anti-Viral Immunity by Infection with a Virus Encoding a Cross-Reactive Pathogenic Epitope
Current vector control programs are largely dependent on pyrethroids , which are the most commonly used and only insecticides recommended by the World Health Organization for insecticide-treated nets ( ITNs ) . However , the rapid spread of pyrethroid resistance worldwide compromises the effectiveness of control progra...	Successful population control of mosquitoes is key to preventing transmission and epidemics of mosquito-borne diseases . This strategy relies heavily on insecticides , particularly pyrethroids . However , widespread pyrethroid resistance has hindered vector control implementation and sustainability . Generally , pyreth...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Development of Resistance to Pyrethroid in Culex pipiens pallens Population under Different Insecticide Selection Pressures
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome ( HFRS ) is a rodent-borne disease caused by many serotypes of hantaviruses . In China , HFRS has been recognized as a severe public health problem with 90% of the total reported cases in the world . This study describes the spatiotemporal dynamics of HFRS cases in China and identi...	Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome ( HFRS ) is a rodent-borne viral disease caused by many serotypes of hantaviruses . In China , HFRS has been recognized as a severe public health problem and accounts for 90% of the reported cases in the world . We examined the spatiotemporal dynamics of HFRS cases in China during ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "public", "and", "occupational", "health", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "epidemiology" ]	2014	Spatiotemporal Transmission Dynamics of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome in China, 2005–2012
Passive forces in sarcomeres are mainly related to the giant protein titin . Titin’s extensible region consists of spring-like elements acting in series . In skeletal muscles these elements are the PEVK segment , two distinct immunoglobulin ( Ig ) domain regions ( proximal and distal ) , and a N2A portion . While dista...	We provide a simple and stable algorithm to determine the exact solution of passive forces in a half sarcomere in length-ramp simulations . The approach is applicable to a wide range of stochastic models of protein unfolding .	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Models", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "myofibrils", "muscle", "tissue", "muscle", "contraction", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "probability", "distribution", "mathematics", "statistics", "(mathematics)", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "muscle", "physiolog...	2016	Computing Average Passive Forces in Sarcomeres in Length-Ramp Simulations
Pathogen perception by the plant innate immune system is of central importance to plant survival and productivity . The Arabidopsis protein RIN4 is a negative regulator of plant immunity . In order to identify additional proteins involved in RIN4-mediated immune signal transduction , we purified components of the RIN4 ...	Plants are continuously exposed to microorganisms . In order to resist infection , plants rely on their innate immune system to inhibit both pathogen entry and multiplication . We investigated the function of the Arabidopsis protein RIN4 , which acts as a negative regulator of plant innate immunity . We biochemically i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology/plant-biotic", "interactions", "biochemistry/biomacromolecule-ligand", "interactions", "microbiology/innate", "immunity" ]	2009	RIN4 Functions with Plasma Membrane H+-ATPases to Regulate Stomatal Apertures during Pathogen Attack
Maximizing growth and survival in the face of a complex , time-varying environment is a common problem for single-celled organisms in the wild . When offered two different sugars as carbon sources , microorganisms first consume the preferred sugar , then undergo a transient growth delay , the “diauxic lag , ” while ind...	When microorganisms encounter multiple sugars , they often consume a preferred sugar ( such as glucose ) before consuming alternative sugars ( such as galactose ) . In experiments on laboratory strains of yeast , cells typically stop growing when the preferred sugar runs out , and start growing again only after taking ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Natural Variation in Preparation for Nutrient Depletion Reveals a Cost–Benefit Tradeoff
The Vibrio cholerae bacterium is the agent of cholera . The capacity to produce the cholera toxin , which is responsible for the deadly diarrhea associated with cholera epidemics , is encoded in the genome of a filamentous phage , CTXφ . Rolling-circle replication ( RCR ) is central to the life cycle of CTXφ because am...	One of the major strategies to prevent Cholera epidemics is the development of oral vaccines based on live attenuated Vibrio cholerae strains . The most promising vaccine strains have been obtained by deletion of the cholera toxin genes , which are harboured in the genome of an integrated phage , CTXϕ . However , they ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	CTXφ Replication Depends on the Histone-Like HU Protein and the UvrD Helicase
Crossovers ( COs ) play a critical role in ensuring proper alignment and segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis . How the cell balances recombination between CO vs . noncrossover ( NCO ) outcomes is not completely understood . Further lacking is what constrains the extent of DNA repair such that multiple ...	A critical component of successful reproduction is ensuring that the correct number of chromosomes is distributed to the gametes ( i . e . sperm , eggs ) . Incorrect numbers of chromosomes in our gametes can directly result in infertility , miscarriages and developmental disabilities such as Down syndrome . Gamete prod...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "computer", "and", "information", "sciences" ]	2014	Controlling Meiotic Recombinational Repair – Specifying the Roles of ZMMs, Sgs1 and Mus81/Mms4 in Crossover Formation
As interest in the therapeutic and biotechnological potentials of bacteriophages has grown , so has value in understanding their basic biology . However , detailed knowledge of infection cycles has been limited to a small number of model bacteriophages , mostly infecting Escherichia coli . We present here the first ana...	The increase of the proportion of multidrug resistant bacterial strains is alarming and alternative ways to treat infections are necessary such as the use of the natural enemies of bacteria , also known as phage therapy . However , explorations of the molecular mechanisms underlying the viral cycle of bacteriophages ha...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "bacteriophages", "pathogens", "microbiology", "pseudomonas", "aeruginosa", "viruses", "virus", "effects", "on", "host", "gene", "expression", "bacterial", "diseases", "pseudomonas", ...	2016	Next-Generation “-omics” Approaches Reveal a Massive Alteration of Host RNA Metabolism during Bacteriophage Infection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Neurons in the brain express intrinsic dynamic behavior which is known to be stochastic in nature . A crucial question in building models of neuronal excitability is how to be able to mimic the dynamic behavior of the biological counterpart accurately and how to perform simulations in the fastest possible way . The wel...	Computational modeling is of importance in striving to understand the complex dynamic behavior of a neuron . In neuronal modeling , the function of the neuron's components , including the cell membrane and voltage-dependent ion channels , is typically described using deterministic ordinary differential equations that a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "mathematics", "computer", "science/applications", "computational", "biology/computational", "neuroscience" ]	2008	Stochastic Differential Equation Model for Cerebellar Granule Cell Excitability
Type III secretion systems ( T3SS ) are nano-syringes used by a wide range of Gram-negative pathogens to promote infection by directly injecting effector proteins into targeted host cells . Translocation of effectors is triggered by host-cell contact and requires assembly of a pore in the host-cell plasma membrane , wh...	Type III secretion systems ( T3SSs ) are molecular syringes used by a wide variety of Gram-negative pathogens to directly deliver proteins ( effectors ) into host cells , allowing the bacteria to cause disease . Injection of proteins is triggered by host-cell contact , but how the machinery to deliver effectors is asse...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "chemical", "compounds", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "pathogens", "microbiology", "organic", "compounds", "epithelial", "cells", "pseudomonas", "aeruginosa", "membrane"...	2016	The Type III Secretion Translocation Pore Senses Host Cell Contact
Loiasis is a parasitic infection endemic in the African rain forest caused by the filarial nematode Loa loa . Loiasis can be co-endemic with onchocerciasis and/or lymphatic filariasis . Ivermectin , the drug used in the control of these diseases , can induce serious adverse reactions in patients with high L loa microfi...	Loiasis is a big obstacle for the elimination of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis in Central Africa in areas where loiasis is endemic . In these areas , some subjects who are heavily infected ( microfilaraemia > 30 000 microfilariae/ml blood ) can develop severe and serious adverse reactions to ivermectin . In r...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "onchocerca", "volvulus", "clinical", "research", "design", "tropical", "diseases", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "onchocerca", "research", "design", "filariasis", "pharmaceutics", "neglected", "tropical", "d...	2016	Effect of Two or Six Doses 800 mg of Albendazole Every Two Months on Loa loa Microfilaraemia: A Double Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial
XRN2 is a conserved 5’→3’ exoribonuclease that complexes with proteins that contain XRN2-binding domains ( XTBDs ) . In Caenorhabditis elegans ( C . elegans ) , the XTBD-protein PAXT-1 stabilizes XRN2 to retain its activity . XRN2 activity is also promoted by 3' ( 2' ) , 5'-bisphosphate nucleotidase 1 ( BPNT1 ) through...	XRN2 is a conserved eukaryotic protein that controls gene expression by degrading or processing various types of RNA . Here we find that XRN2 negatively regulates its own levels in the nematode C . elegans . In response to reduction of XRN2 activity , this self-repression is alleviated , increasing xrn-2 mRNA and thus ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "sequencing", "techniques", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "rna", "interference", "caenorhabditis", "gene", "regulation", "messenger", "rna", "operons", "animals", "animal", "models", "caenorhabditis", "elegans", "model", "organisms", "dna", "...	2016	XRN2 Autoregulation and Control of Polycistronic Gene Expresssion in Caenorhabditis elegans
Aedes aegypti is the vector of some of the most important vector-borne diseases like dengue , chikungunya , zika and yellow fever , affecting millions of people worldwide . The cellular processes that follow a blood meal in the mosquito midgut are directly associated with pathogen transmission . We studied the homeosta...	Aedes mosquitoes are important vectors of arboviruses , representing a major threat to public health . While feeding on blood , mosquitoes address the challenges of digestion and preservation of midgut homeostasis . Damaged or senescent cells must be constantly replaced by new cells to maintain midgut epithelial integr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "dengue", "virus", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "pathogens", "cell", "processes", "microbiology", "animals", "viruses", "mitosis", ...	2018	Regulation of midgut cell proliferation impacts Aedes aegypti susceptibility to dengue virus
MicroRNAs ( miRNAs ) are post-transcriptional regulators that bind to their target mRNAs through base complementarity . Predicting miRNA targets is a challenging task and various studies showed that existing algorithms suffer from high number of false predictions and low to moderate overlap in their predictions . Until...	MicroRNA genes ( miRNAs ) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate the expression levels of mRNAs post-transcriptionally . miRNAs are critical in many important biological processes , like development , and are important markers for many diseases . Identifying the targets of miRNAs is not an easy task . Recent developme...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genome", "analysis", "tools", "genomics", "genetic", "networks", "biophysic", "al", "simulations", "regulatory", "networks", "biology", "computational", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "transcriptomes" ]	2012	Novel Modeling of Combinatorial miRNA Targeting Identifies SNP with Potential Role in Bone Density
Zoonotic schistosomiasis in Asia , caused by Schistosoma japonicum , remains a major public health concern in China and the Philippines . The developing epidemiological and socio-economic picture of the disease in endemic areas necessitates the development of affordable and highly accurate field diagnostics as an impor...	Schistosomiasis japonica remains prevalent in China and in the Philippines . The current changes in the epidemiological and socio-economic picture in the endemic areas makes it imperative that affordable and more sensitive field diagnostics are developed as an important component to evaluate ongoing integrated control ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "schistosoma", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "helminths", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "schistosomiasis", "japonica", "age", "groups", "neglected", "trop...	2019	Comparison of Kato Katz, antibody-based ELISA and droplet digital PCR diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica: Lessons learnt from a setting of low infection intensity
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma ( PC ) is a lethal malignancy that is familial or associated with genetic syndromes in 10% of cases . Gene-based surveillance strategies for at-risk individuals may improve clinical outcomes . However , familial PC ( FPC ) is plagued by genetic heterogeneity and the genetic basis for the major...	Pancreatic cancer ( PC ) remains one of the most lethal malignancies , with a 5-year survival rate of only 9% . Approximately 10% of PC occurs in families or in patients with hereditary mutations that are known to cause PC . The genetic causes of familial PC remain largely unknown . Using a new statistical method , we ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "cancer", "detection", "and", "diagnosis", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "clinical", "research", "design", "statistics", "cancer", "risk", "factors", "geographical", "locations", "oncology", "dna", "damage", "research", "design", "multivariate", "analysis", ...	2019	A region-based gene association study combined with a leave-one-out sensitivity analysis identifies SMG1 as a pancreatic cancer susceptibility gene
The essential transactivator function of the HIV Tat protein is regulated by multiple posttranslational modifications . Although individual modifications are well characterized , their crosstalk and dynamics of occurrence during the HIV transcription cycle remain unclear . We examine interactions between two critical m...	One of the remaining questions in HIV research is how the virus establishes a dormant ( latent ) stage and thereby escapes eradication by current antiretroviral therapy . Latently infected T cells do not produce significant amounts of viral genomes or viral proteins due to the silencing of a specific step in the viral ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "hiv", "viral", "diseases" ]	2011	Activation of HIV Transcription by the Viral Tat Protein Requires a Demethylation Step Mediated by Lysine-specific Demethylase 1 (LSD1/KDM1)
Dengue fever is a rapidly growing public health problem in many parts of the tropics and sub-tropics in the world . While there are existing studies on the economic burden of dengue fever in some of dengue-endemic countries , cost components are often not standardized , making cross-country comparisons challenging . Fu...	Dengue fever is a major public health concern in many parts of South-East Asia and South America . In addition to countries where dengue has been highly prevalent for many years , there is a growing concern on the undocumented burden of dengue in Africa . Following the successful execution of the first-round economic b...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "social", "sciences", "health", "care", "vaccines", "inpatients", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "infectious", "disease", "control", "patients", "africa", "infectious", "...	2019	A multi-country study of the economic burden of dengue fever based on patient-specific field surveys in Burkina Faso, Kenya, and Cambodia
This Short Report received both positive and negative reviews by experts . The Academic Editor has written an accompanying Primer that we are publishing alongside this article ( https://doi . org/10 . 1371/journal . pbio . 3000112 ) . The linked Primer presents a complementary expert perspective; it discusses how the c...	The ability to perceive and recognise a reflected mirror image as self is considered a hallmark of cognition across species . Here , we show that a fish , the cleaner wrasse , shows behavioural responses that can be interpreted as passing the mark ( or mirror ) test , a classic test for self-awareness in animals . We a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "fish", "classical", "mechanics", "engineering", "and", "technology", "social", "sciences", "vertebrates", "neuroscience", "animals", "throat", "animal", "behavior", "cognition", "reflection", "optical", "equipment", "zoology", "...	2019	If a fish can pass the mark test, what are the implications for consciousness and self-awareness testing in animals?
Rift Valley fever virus ( RVFV; genus Phlebovirus , family Bunyaviridae ) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic pathogen which can cause hemorrhagic fever , neurological disorders or blindness in humans , and a high rate of abortion in ruminants . MP-12 strain , a live-attenuated candidate vaccine , is attenuated in the M- and ...	Upon outbreak of zoonotic viral diseases in herds of animals , early detection of naturally infected animals and prevention of further viral spread are important for minimizing the impact of outbreak in the society . Vaccination may compromise the identification of infected animals since both natural infection and vacc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "emerging", "viral", "diseases", "immunology", "microbiology", "rift", "valley", "fever", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "infectious", "disease", "control", "veterinary", "science", "veterinary", "medicine", "...	2013	Characterization of Rift Valley Fever Virus MP-12 Strain Encoding NSs of Punta Toro Virus or Sandfly Fever Sicilian Virus
Vector ticks possess a unique system that enables them to digest large amounts of host blood and to transmit various animal and human pathogens , suggesting the existence of evolutionally acquired proteolytic mechanisms . We report here the molecular and reverse genetic characterization of a multifunctional cysteine pr...	Ticks are important ectoparasites among the blood-feeding arthropods and serve as vectors of many deadly diseases of humans and animals . Of tick-transmitted pathogens , Babesia , an intracellular haemoprotozoan parasite causing a malaria-like disease , called babesiosis , gain increasing interest due to its zoonotic s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/protozoal", "infections", "microbiology/cellular", "microbiology", "and", "pathogenesis", "microbiology/medical", "microbiology", "microbiology/parasitology" ]	2008	A Cysteine Protease Is Critical for Babesia spp. Transmission in Haemaphysalis Ticks
Revealing the dispersal of dengue viruses ( DENV ) in time and space is central to understanding their epidemiology . However , the processes that shape DENV transmission patterns at the scale of local populations are not well understood , particularly the impact of such factors as human population movement and urbaniz...	Dengue virus ( DENV ) is the cause of the most common vector-borne viral disease of humans , and is at particularly high prevalence in parts of Southeast Asia . Most studies of DENV transmission have focused on very local or international movement patterns , and have not explored how DENV moves through an endemic regio...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/infectious", "diseases", "microbiology", "evolutionary", "biology/evolutionary", "and", "comparative", "genetics" ]	2010	Phylogeography of Recently Emerged DENV-2 in Southern Viet Nam
Schistosomes are blood-dwelling parasitic helminths which produce eggs in order to facilitate transmission . Intestinal schistosomes lay eggs in the mesenteries , however , it is unclear how their eggs escape the vasculature to exit the host . Using a murine model of infection , we reveal that Schistosoma mansoni explo...	Schistosomes are parasitic helminths that parasitise >200 million people worldwide . Adult worm pairs of intestinal schistosomes lay their eggs in the mesenteric veins from which the eggs need to pass into the lumen prior to excretion and completion of their life cycle . However , it is not known how eggs transfer from...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "zoology", "immunology", "biology", "lymphoid", "organs", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "parasitology", "helminthology", "immune", "system" ]	2012	Blood Flukes Exploit Peyer's Patch Lymphoid Tissue to Facilitate Transmission from the Mammalian Host
Mitochondrial dysfunction can increase oxidative stress and extend lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans . Homeostatic mechanisms exist to cope with disruptions to mitochondrial function that promote cellular health and organismal longevity . Previously , we determined that decreased expression of the cytosolic pentose ph...	There are a growing number of studies linking mitochondrial dysfunction to enhanced longevity , especially in the nematode C . elegans . The reasons for these pro-longevity effects have been elusive , but one current model is that adaptive responses to mitochondrial inhibition promote organismal health and stress resis...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "rna", "interference", "caenorhabditis", "oxidative", "stress", "animals", "animal", "models", "physiological", "processes", "developmental", "biology", "caenorhabditis", "elegans", "model", "organisms", "organism", ...	2017	Transaldolase inhibition impairs mitochondrial respiration and induces a starvation-like longevity response in Caenorhabditis elegans
The neocortex and thalamus provide a core substrate for perception , cognition , and action , and are interconnected through different direct and indirect pathways that maintain specific dynamics associated with functional states including wakefulness and sleep . It has been shown that a lack of excitation , or enhance...	The thalamus is involved in the relay and processing of most sensory information , and provides an interface between subcortical structures and the neocortex . However , disruptions in the subcortical communication with the thalamus are known to lead to thalamo-cortical dysrhythmia ( TCD ) , which is linked to symptoms...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "action", "potentials", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "membrane", "potential", "brain", "electrophysiology", "brain", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "signs", "and", "symptoms", "brain", "mapping", "bioassays",...	2016	The Impact of Cortical Lesions on Thalamo-Cortical Network Dynamics after Acute Ischaemic Stroke: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study
The single-dose benzimidazoles used against Trichuris trichiura infections in humans are not satisfactory . Likewise , the benzimidazole , fenbendazole , has varied efficacy against Trichuris suis whereas Oesophagostomum dentatum is highly sensitive to the drug . The reasons for low treatment efficacy of Trichuris spp ...	The human whipworm Trichuris trichiura is together with the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides and the hookworms Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator Americanus the most common intestinal worms worldwide . Together they place more than 5 billion people at risk of infection . The current global control strategy against these w...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "veterinary", "diseases", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "veterinary", "pharmacology", "veterinary", "science", "veterinary", "medicine" ]	2014	Trichuris suis and Oesophagostomum dentatum Show Different Sensitivity and Accumulation of Fenbendazole, Albendazole and Levamisole In Vitro
The side population ( SP ) assay , a technique used in cancer and stem cell research , assesses the activity of ABC transporters on Hoechst staining in the presence and absence of transporter inhibition , identifying SP and non-SP cell ( NSP ) subpopulations by differential staining intensity . The interpretation of th...	A common method of evaluating stemness among pluripotent cells or cancer cells is the side population assay , a flow cytometry technique which identifies a subgroup of cells that exhibit differences in dye fluorescence upon blocking of a membrane transporter . A technical limitation of this assay is that it relies on t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Conclusion", "Materials", "&", "Methods" ]	[ "flow", "cytometry", "nuclear", "staining", "radii", "geometry", "probability", "distribution", "mathematics", "cytometry", "skewness", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "staining", "specimen", "preparation", "and", "treatment", "probability", "density", "probabil...	2016	Kinetic Modeling of ABCG2 Transporter Heterogeneity: A Quantitative, Single-Cell Analysis of the Side Population Assay
Natural killer T ( NKT ) cell development depends on recognition of self-glycolipids via their semi-invariant Vα14i-TCR . However , to what extent TCR-mediated signals determine identity and function of mature NKT cells remains incompletely understood . To address this issue , we developed a mouse strain allowing condi...	Immune system natural killer T ( NKT ) cells help to protect against certain strains of bacteria and viruses , and suppress the development of autoimmune diseases and cancer . However , NKT cells are also central mediators of allergic responses . The recognition of one's own glycolipid antigens ( self-glycolipids ) in ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunopathology", "adaptive", "immunity", "animal", "genetics", "inflammation", "immune", "cells", "cytokines", "antigen", "processing", "and", "recognition", "immunity", "immune", "activation", "genetics", "t", "cells", "immunology", "allergy", "and", "hypersensitivity"...	2013	NKT Cell-TCR Expression Activates Conventional T Cells in Vivo, but Is Largely Dispensable for Mature NKT Cell Biology
Magnesium is an essential divalent metal that serves many cellular functions . While most divalent cations are maintained at relatively low intracellular concentrations , magnesium is maintained at a higher level ( ∼0 . 5–2 . 0 mM ) . Three families of transport proteins were previously identified for magnesium import:...	Magnesium ions are essential for life , and , correspondingly , all organisms must encode for proteins to transport them . Three classes of bacterial proteins ( CorA , MgtE and MgtA/B ) have previously been identified for transport of the ion . This current study introduces a new route of magnesium import , which , mor...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "organismal", "evolution", "microbial", "metabolism", "cellular", "stress", "responses", "gene", "regulation", "cell", "processes", "bacillus", "microbiology", "bacterial", "biochemistry", "prokaryotic", "models", "model", "organisms", "molecular", "cell", ...	2014	Transport of Magnesium by a Bacterial Nramp-Related Gene
The integrity of the intestinal epithelium is crucial for the barrier function of the gut . Replenishment of the gut epithelium by intestinal stem cells contributes to gut homeostasis , but how the differentiated enterocytes are protected against stressors is less well understood . Here we use the Drosophila larval hin...	The gut epithelium forms the first barrier against pathogens and stressors in the gut lumen , and a loss of this defence function can result in intestinal diseases . Damage in the gut epithelium triggers the proliferation of intestinal stem cells to replenish the epithelium . However , little is known about how the ent...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "death", "gene", "networks", "cellular", "stress", "responses", "mechanisms", "of", "signal", "transduction", "gene", "function", "c-jun", "n-terminal", "kinase", "signaling", "cascade", "crosstalk", "apoptotic", "signaling", "mapk", "signaling", "cascades", "...	2011	MK2-Dependent p38b Signalling Protects Drosophila Hindgut Enterocytes against JNK-Induced Apoptosis under Chronic Stress
Microbial populations founded by a single clone and propagated under resource limitation can become polymorphic . We sought to elucidate genetic mechanisms whereby a polymorphism evolved in Escherichia coli under glucose limitation and persisted because of cross-feeding among multiple adaptive clones . Apart from a 29 ...	Experimental evolution of asexual species has shown that multiple genotypes can arise from a single ancestor and stably coexist ( e unibus plurum ) . Although facilitated by environmental heterogeneity , this phenomenon also occurs in simple , homogeneous environments provisioned with a single limiting nutrient . We so...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics/functional", "genomics", "microbiology/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "evolutionary", "biology/genomics", "evol...	2009	E Unibus Plurum: Genomic Analysis of an Experimentally Evolved Polymorphism in Escherichia coli
Dietary restriction ( DR ) extends lifespan in a wide variety of species , yet the underlying mechanisms are not well understood . Here we show that the Caenorhabditis elegans HNF4α-related nuclear hormone receptor NHR-62 is required for metabolic and physiologic responses associated with DR-induced longevity . nhr-62 ...	Dietary restriction extends the life span of diverse species across taxa , yet the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood . In humans there are clear health benefits associated with DR such as improved serum cholesterol and lipid levels . In Caenorhabditis elegans , genes implicated in the TOR pathway , autophagy ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "animal", "models", "aging", "caenorhabditis", "elegans", "animal", "genetics", "model", "organisms", "rna", "interference", "genetic", "screens", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "population", "biology", "biology", "gene", "function" ]	2013	Dietary Restriction Induced Longevity Is Mediated by Nuclear Receptor NHR-62 in Caenorhabditis elegans
Although vertebrates harbor bacterial communities in their gastrointestinal tract whose composition is host-specific , little is known about the mechanisms by which bacterial lineages become selected . The goal of this study was to characterize the ecological processes that mediate host-specificity of the vertebrate gu...	The bacterial communities found in the vertebrate gastrointestinal tract are remarkably stable and host-specific . However , the ecological and molecular processes that facilitate the selection of microbial symbionts and the exclusion of detrimental bacteria are not well understood . Here , we explore the mechanisms th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Molecular Characterization of Host-Specific Biofilm Formation in a Vertebrate Gut Symbiont
Enteropathogenic E . coli ( EPEC ) is an extracellular diarrheagenic human pathogen which infects the apical plasma membrane of the small intestinal enterocytes . EPEC utilizes a type III secretion system to translocate bacterial effector proteins into its epithelial hosts . This activity , which subverts numerous sign...	Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli ( EPEC ) are pathogenic bacteria that cause infantile diarrhea . Upon ingestion , EPEC reaches the small intestine , where an injection device termed the type III secretion system is utilized to inject a set of effector proteins from the bacteria into the host cell . These proteins man...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "flow", "cytometry", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "vesicles", "diagnostic", "radiology", "hela", "cells", "biological", "cultures", "cell", "processes", "light", "microscopy", "membrane", "proteins", "microscopy", "cell", "cultures", "confocal", "microscopy"...	2019	Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli remodels host endosomes to promote endocytic turnover and breakdown of surface polarity
Cilia-related proteins are believed to be involved in a broad range of cellular processes . Retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator interacting protein 1-like ( RPGRIP1L ) is a ciliary protein required for ciliogenesis in many cell types , including epidermal keratinocytes . Here we report that RPGRIP1L is also involved ...	The desmosome is a type of intercellular junction , essential for cells to adhere to one another . Abnormalities in desmosomes can cause disorders in the hair , skin , and heart , some of which are severe or even fatal . Here , we discovered that RPGRIP1L , a protein known to regulate cilia formation and function , is ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "physiology", "keratinocytes", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "gene", "regulation", "cell", "processes", "junctional", "complexes", "epithelial", "cells", "membrane", "proteins", "immunologic", "techniques", "cellular", "structures", "and", "organelles",...	2019	RPGRIP1L is required for stabilizing epidermal keratinocyte adhesion through regulating desmoglein endocytosis
In 2012 the WHO formally recognised that infants and preschool children are at significant risk of schistosomiasis and qualify for treatment with praziquantel ( PZQ ) . Targeted surveys determining both the performance and safety of this drug are now needed in endemic areas . We have formally assessed parasitological c...	Although there is now extensive evidence for infection in preschool-aged children , and even a change in WHO guidelines endorsing treatment of this young age class in endemic areas , very little work has been published on the performance of praziquantel in children below the age of six . Previous work on praziquantel p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "public", "health", "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "schistosomiasis", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "drug", "policy", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "parasitic", "diseases" ]	2012	Performance and Safety of Praziquantel for Treatment of Intestinal Schistosomiasis in Infants and Preschool Children
The WHO’s early-release guideline for antiretroviral treatment ( ART ) of HIV infection based on a recent trial conducted in 34 countries recommends starting treatment immediately upon an HIV diagnosis . Therefore , the test-and-treat strategy may become more widely used in an effort to scale up HIV treatment and curb ...	HIV is endemic in populations of MSM in Western countries . As ART reduces transmission risk , increased testing and treatment rates are expected to lower HIV incidence . However , concerns are that in MSM populations changing risk behavior may counteract the impact of ART on transmission . Using a mathematical model ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "death", "rates", "hiv", "infections", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "demography", "pathogens", "microbiology", "retroviruses", "viruses", "immunodeficiency", "viruses", "probability", "distribution", "mathematics", ...	2016	Impact of Heterogeneity in Sexual Behavior on Effectiveness in Reducing HIV Transmission with Test-and-Treat Strategy
Methylation of DNA and of Lysine 9 on histone H3 ( H3K9 ) is associated with gene silencing in many animals , plants , and fungi . In Neurospora crassa , methylation of H3K9 by DIM-5 directs cytosine methylation by recruiting a complex containing Heterochromatin Protein-1 ( HP1 ) and the DIM-2 DNA methyltransferase . W...	Eukaryotic genomes are composed of distinct structural and functional domains marked by various covalent modifications of histone proteins and , in some organisms , by methylation of cytosine bases in DNA . Gene-rich euchromatin exists in a relatively open conformation , facilitating DNA transactions such as transcript...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "biology/histone", "modification", "biochemistry", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "discovery", "genetics", "and", "genomics/nuclear", "structure", "and", "function", "genetics", "and", "genomics/chromosome", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "...	2010	DNA Methylation and Normal Chromosome Behavior in Neurospora Depend on Five Components of a Histone Methyltransferase Complex, DCDC
Outer membrane vesicles ( OMVs ) are important tools in bacterial virulence but their role in the pathogenesis of infections caused by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli ( EHEC ) O157 , the leading cause of life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome , is poorly understood . Using proteomics , electron and confocal lase...	Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli ( EHEC ) O157 , the leading EHEC group causing diarrhea and the life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans , produce several virulence factors which play distinct roles in the pathogenesis of these diseases . However , the mechanisms of their secretion and host cell injury a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "death", "fluorescence", "imaging", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "lysosomes", "toxins", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "molecular", "probe", "techniques", "pathogens", "endoplasmic", "reticulum", "cell", "processes", "immunoblotting", ...	2017	Host cell interactions of outer membrane vesicle-associated virulence factors of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157: Intracellular delivery, trafficking and mechanisms of cell injury
In nature , many microorganisms form specialized complex , multicellular , surface-attached communities called biofilms . These communities play critical roles in microbial pathogenesis . The fungal pathogen Candida albicans is associated with catheter-based infections due to its ability to establish biofilms . The tra...	C . albicans infections frequently involve the formation of biofilms on implanted devices such as indwelling catheters . These complex communities of surface-associated fungal cells embedded in a matrix of extracellular polysaccharides protect C . albicans from host defences and antifungal agents . In recent years , se...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biology" ]	2012	The NDR/LATS Kinase Cbk1 Controls the Activity of the Transcriptional Regulator Bcr1 during Biofilm Formation in Candida albicans
Studies based on cell-free systems and on in vitro–cultured living cells support the concept that many cellular processes , such as transcription initiation , are highly dynamic: individual proteins stochastically bind to their substrates and disassemble after reaction completion . This dynamic nature allows quick adap...	The accepted model of eukaryotic mRNA production is that transcription factors spend most of their time diffusing throughout the cell nucleus , encountering gene promoters ( their substrate ) in a random fashion and binding to them for a very short time . A similar modus operandi has been accepted as a paradigm for int...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "molecular", "biology/dna", "repair", "molecular", "biology/transcription", "initiation", "and", "activation" ]	2009	Differentiation Driven Changes in the Dynamic Organization of Basal Transcription Initiation
Lassa virus is an enveloped , bi-segmented RNA virus and the most prevalent and fatal of all Old World arenaviruses . Virus entry into the host cell is mediated by a tripartite surface spike complex , which is composed of two viral glycoprotein subunits , GP1 and GP2 , and the stable signal peptide . Of these , GP1 bin...	Lassa virus is a zoonotic , hemorrhagic fever-causing pathogen . Because the virus can spread as an aerosol and there are no approved vaccines or specific antiviral drugs currently available , it poses a major impact on human health , affecting annually up to half a million people in West-African countries . Entry of t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "crystal", "structure", "built", "structures", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "engineering", "and", "technology", "pathogens", "condensed", "matter", "physics", "microbiology", "viral", "structure", "viruses", "mem...	2016	Acidic pH-Induced Conformations and LAMP1 Binding of the Lassa Virus Glycoprotein Spike

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