Split (3)

train · 24.8k rows

Search is not available for this dataset

article stringlengths 4.36k 149k	summary stringlengths 32 3.35k	section_headings listlengths 1 91	keywords listlengths 0 141	year stringclasses 13 values	title stringlengths 20 281
The regulation of stem cell proliferation in plants is controlled by intercellular signaling pathways driven by the diffusible CLAVATA3 ( CLV3p ) peptide . CLV3p perception is thought to be mediated by an overlapping array of receptors in the stem cell niche including the transmembrane receptor kinase CLV1 , Receptor-L...	The proliferation of plant stem cells in above ground tissues is controlled by a suite of receptors in response to the CLAVATA3 peptide ligand . Receptor signaling in response to CLAVATA3 prevents over-proliferation of stem cells . It is unclear what the functional relationship is between the proposed CLAVATA3 receptor...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "plant", "anatomy", "gene", "regulation", "plant", "physiology", "plant", "science", "stem", "cells", "genetically", "modified", "plants", "plants", "flowering", "plants", "flower", "anatomy", "genetic", "engineering", "genetically", "modified", "organi...	2017	CLAVATA1 controls distinct signaling outputs that buffer shoot stem cell proliferation through a two-step transcriptional compensation loop
Several approaches exist to ascertain the connectivity of the brain , and these approaches lead to markedly different topologies , often incompatible with each other . Specifically , recent single-cell recording results seem incompatible with current structural connectivity models . We present a novel method that combi...	Visual perception is very important to us , something we can easily come to realize if we imagine ourselves blind . The visual system consists of numerous interconnected brain areas . If we are to understand the functioning of the visual system , then we will need to understand the connectivity between these areas . Cu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "neuroscience/theoretical", "neuroscience", "neuroscience/sensory", "systems", "computational", "biology/computational", "neuroscience" ]	2008	Combining Structural Connectivity and Response Latencies to Model the Structure of the Visual System
Cellular morphology and associated morphodynamics are widely used for qualitative and quantitative assessments of cell state . Here we implement a framework to profile cellular morphodynamics based on an adaptive decomposition of local cell boundary motion into instantaneous frequency spectra defined by the Hilbert-Hua...	Many studies in cell biology employ global shape descriptors to probe mechanisms of cell morphogenesis . Here , we implement a framework in this paper to profile cellular morphodynamics very locally . We employ the Hilbert-Huang transform ( HHT ) to extract along the entire cell edge spectra of instantaneous edge motio...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "velocity", "biosensors", "cell", "physiology", "cell", "motility", "classical", "mechanics", "engineering", "and", "technology", "light", "electromagnetic", "radiation", "cell", "polarity", "developmental", "biology", "mathematics", "statistical", "distributions", "light",...	2018	Profiling cellular morphodynamics by spatiotemporal spectrum decomposition
During cytokinesis , a contractile ring generates the constricting force to divide a cell into two daughters . This ring is composed of filamentous actin and the motor protein myosin , along with additional structural and regulatory proteins , including anillin . Anillin is a required scaffold protein that links the ac...	Human diseases such as cancer and congenital trisomies arise from loss of genetic material during cell division . Yet in most divisions , cells preserve their genetic integrity by strict coordination of cell membrane cleavage ( cytokinesis ) , with accurate separation of genetic material ( mitosis ) . Thus , understand...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "phosphorylation", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "anaphase", "hela", "cells", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "cell", "processes", "immunology", "biological", "cultures", "mitosis", "immunoprecipitation", "cytokinesis", "ce...	2017	Anillin Phosphorylation Controls Timely Membrane Association and Successful Cytokinesis
The identification of the H3K4 trimethylase , PRDM9 , as the gene responsible for recombination hotspot localization has provided considerable insight into the mechanisms by which recombination is initiated in mammals . However , uniquely amongst mammals , canids appear to lack a functional version of PRDM9 and may the...	Recombination in mammalian genomes tends to occur within highly localized regions known as recombination hotspots . These hotspots appear to be a ubiquitous feature of mammalian genomes , but tend to not be shared between closely related species despite high levels of DNA sequence similarity . This disparity has been l...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Genetic Recombination Is Targeted towards Gene Promoter Regions in Dogs
Leishmania parasites are transmitted in the presence of sand fly saliva . Together with the parasite , the sand fly injects biologically active salivary components that favorably change the environment at the feeding site . Exposure to bites or to salivary proteins results in immunity specific to these components . Mic...	In vector-borne diseases , the role of vectors has been overlooked in the search for vaccines . Nonetheless , there is a body of evidence showing the importance of salivary proteins of vectors in pathogen transmission . Leishmaniasis is a neglected vector-borne disease transmitted by sand flies . Pre-exposure to sand f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "immunology/immunity", "to", "infections" ]	2008	Immunity to Distinct Sand Fly Salivary Proteins Primes the Anti-Leishmania Immune Response towards Protection or Exacerbation of Disease
Optimists hold positive a priori beliefs about the future . In Bayesian statistical theory , a priori beliefs can be overcome by experience . However , optimistic beliefs can at times appear surprisingly resistant to evidence , suggesting that optimism might also influence how new information is selected and learned . ...	The optimism bias is regarded as one of the most prevalent and robust cognitive biases documented in psychology and behavioral economics . In individuals , trait optimism is usually measured using self-report questionnaires . However , choices in simple behavioral tasks can also be used to infer how optimistic people a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "psychology", "cognitive", "psychology", "social", "sciences", "behavior", "personality", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "neuropsychology", "cognitive", "science", "neuroscience" ]	2014	Optimism as a Prior Belief about the Probability of Future Reward
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease ( CMT ) is a heterogeneous group of peripheral neuropathies with diverse genetic causes . In this study , we identified p . I43N mutation in PMP2 from a family exhibiting autosomal dominant demyelinating CMT neuropathy by whole exome sequencing and characterized the clinical features . The a...	Isolation of causative mutation is still challenging in genetic diseases with a variety of genetic causes . We discovered a mutation in a novel gene from a family exhibiting a peripheral neuropathy by virtue of next-generation sequencing . Although the family shows characteristic clinical features of hereditary motor a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "legs", "diagnostic", "radiology", "charcot-marie-tooth", "disease", "genetic", "diseases", "limbs", "(anatomy)", "magnetic", "resonance", "imaging", "animal", "models", "mutation", "model", "organisms", "bioassays", "and", "phys...	2016	A Mutation in PMP2 Causes Dominant Demyelinating Charcot-Marie-Tooth Neuropathy
The prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in pathogenic bacteria is a major challenge to treating many infectious diseases . The spread of these genes is driven by the strong selection imposed by the use of antibacterial drugs . However , in the absence of drug selection , antibiotic resistance genes impose a fitne...	For many years , pneumococcal infections have been usually treated with β-lactams . However , the rapid emergence of β-lactam resistance has complicated the antimicrobial treatment of these infections in the last two decades . The emergence and stability of antibiotic resistance is a complex biological process driven b...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "streptococci", "medical", "microbiology", "biology", "microbiology", "bacterial", "pathogens" ]	2011	Compensatory Evolution of pbp Mutations Restores the Fitness Cost Imposed by β-Lactam Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae
Nonsyndromic hearing impairment ( NSHI ) is a highly heterogeneous condition with more than eighty known causative genes . However , in the clinical setting , a large number of NSHI families have unexplained etiology , suggesting that there are many more genes to be identified . In this study we used SNP-based linkage ...	It is known that hearing impairment running in families can be caused by mutations in more than eighty different genes . However , there are still families where the responsible gene is unknown . By studying a large Danish family with dominant inherited hearing impairment , we found that the disorder cosegregates with ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	A Novel Locus Harbouring a Functional CD164 Nonsense Mutation Identified in a Large Danish Family with Nonsyndromic Hearing Impairment
A significant increase in microcephaly incidence was reported in Northeast Brazil at the end of 2015 , which has since been attributed to an epidemic of Zika virus ( ZIKV ) infections earlier that year . Further incidence of congenital Zika syndrome ( CZS ) was expected following waves of ZIKV infection throughout Lati...	Zika virus ( ZIKV ) infection is associated with the rise of microcephaly cases observed in Northeast Brazil at the end of 2015 . For women in endemic or at-risk areas , understanding how the relationship between time of infection and microcephaly risk varies through pregnancy is important in informing family planning ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results/Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "microcephaly", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "maternal", "health", "obstetrics", "and", "gynecology", "pathogens", "geographical", "locations", "microbiology", "vector-borne", "diseases", "viruses", "developmental", ...	2018	Potential inconsistencies in Zika surveillance data and our understanding of risk during pregnancy
One of the outstanding challenges in comparative genomics is to interpret the evolutionary importance of regulatory variation between species . Rigorous molecular evolution-based methods to infer evidence for natural selection from expression data are at a premium in the field , and to date , phylogenetic approaches ha...	Comparative transcriptomic studies routinely identify thousands of genes differentially expressed between species . The central question in the field is whether and how such regulatory changes have been the product of natural selection . Can the signal of evolutionarily relevant expression divergence be detected amid t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Inferring Evolutionary Histories of Pathway Regulation from Transcriptional Profiling Data
To determine the relationship between plasma zinc values and the severity of dengue viral infection ( DVI ) and DVI-caused hepatitis . A prospective cohort study was conducted during 2008–2010 in hospitalized children aged <15 years confirmed with DVI . Complete blood count , aspartate aminotransferase ( AST ) , alanin...	Dengue viral infection ( DVI ) is endemic in tropical counties and severe DVI is a significant cause of death , especially in children . Increased vascular endothelial permeability during the defervescence stage of DVI leading to plasma leakage plays an important role in dengue disease severity . Zinc is a protective a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine" ]	2013	Is Zinc Concentration in Toxic Phase Plasma Related to Dengue Severity and Level of Transaminases?
Production of protein containing lengthy stretches of polyglutamine encoded by multiple repeats of the trinucleotide CAG is a hallmark of Huntington’s disease ( HD ) and of a variety of other inherited degenerative neurological and neuromuscular disorders . Earlier work has shown that interference with production of th...	Huntington’s disease ( HD ) is an inherited genetic disorder that leads to degeneration of brain cells and consequently to abnormal body movements , decreased mental capacity , and death . It is one of a group of untreatable degenerative neurological and neuromuscular diseases caused by expansion of gene segments conta...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Effects on Murine Behavior and Lifespan of Selectively Decreasing Expression of Mutant Huntingtin Allele by Supt4h Knockdown
Orderly chromosome segregation during the first meiotic division requires meiotic recombination to form crossovers between homologous chromosomes ( homologues ) . Members of the minichromosome maintenance ( MCM ) helicase family have been implicated in meiotic recombination . In addition , they have roles in initiation...	Each chromosome is present in two distinct but homologous copies in diploid organisms . To generate haploid gametes suitable for fertilization , these homologous chromosomes must segregate during meiosis . To ensure correct chromosome segregation , homologous chromosomes must align and become connected by inter-homolog...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "meiosis", "homologous", "chromosomes", "spermatocytes", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "cell", "processes", "germ", "cells", "oocytes", "dna", "sperm", "homologous", "recombination", "animal", "cells", "chromosome", "biology", "proteins", "recombinant", ...	2016	Alignment of Homologous Chromosomes and Effective Repair of Programmed DNA Double-Strand Breaks during Mouse Meiosis Require the Minichromosome Maintenance Domain Containing 2 (MCMDC2) Protein
We have investigated the pathogenicity of tsetse ( Glossina pallidipes ) -transmitted cloned strains of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in vervet monkeys . Tsetse flies were confirmed to have mature trypanosome infections by xenodiagnosis , after which nine monkeys were infected via the bite of a single infected fly . C...	Sleeping sickness is caused by a species of trypanosome blood parasite that is transmitted by tsetse flies . To understand better how infection with this parasite leads to disease , we provide here the most detailed description yet of the course of infection and disease onset in vervet monkeys . One infected tsetse fly...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/infectious", "diseases", "of", "the", "nervous", "system", "infectious", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "pathology/hematology", "infectious", "diseases/protozoal", "infections" ]	2008	Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Transmitted by a Single Tsetse Fly Bite in Vervet Monkeys as a Model of Human African Trypanosomiasis
Pathogenic bacteria use interconnected multi-layered regulatory networks , such as quorum sensing ( QS ) networks to sense and respond to environmental cues and external and internal bacterial cell signals , and thereby adapt to and exploit target hosts . Despite the many advances that have been made in understanding Q...	Bacterial cells can communicate with one another about their surrounding environment . This information can be in the form of small self-secreted molecules acting as signals to activate or inhibit the expression of genes . Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an environmental bacterium that infects diverse organisms from plants t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/nosocomial", "and", "healthcare-associated", "infections", "infectious", "diseases", "microbiology/microbial", "physiology", "and", "metabolism", "biotechnology/applied", "microbiology", "microbiology", "infectious", "diseases/bacterial", "infections", "micr...	2010	Homeostatic Interplay between Bacterial Cell-Cell Signaling and Iron in Virulence
All herpesviruses have mechanisms for passing through cell junctions , which exclude neutralizing antibodies and offer a clear path to neighboring , uninfected cells . In the case of herpes simplex virus type 1 ( HSV-1 ) , direct cell-to-cell transmission takes place between epithelial cells and sensory neurons , where...	It is estimated that 67% of the global population is infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 ( HSV-1 ) . This virus resides in sensory neurons in a quiescent state but periodically reactivates , producing virus particles that travel down the axon to infect epithelial cells of the skin , where it can be transmitted to...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "flow", "cytometry", "cell", "physiology", "phosphorylation", "vero", "cells", "biological", "cultures", "microbiology", "viral", "structure", "membrane", "proteins", "cellular", "structures", "and", "organelles", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "proteins", "c...	2018	The HSV-1 mechanisms of cell-to-cell spread and fusion are critically dependent on host PTP1B
Tolerance to high levels of ethanol is an ecologically and industrially relevant phenotype of microbes , but the molecular mechanisms underlying this complex trait remain largely unknown . Here , we use long-term experimental evolution of isogenic yeast populations of different initial ploidy to study adaptation to inc...	Organisms can evolve resistance to specific stress factors , which allows them to thrive in environments where non-adapted organisms fail to grow . However , the molecular mechanisms that underlie adaptation to complex stress factors that interfere with basic cellular processes are poorly understood . In this study , w...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Adaptation to High Ethanol Reveals Complex Evolutionary Pathways
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that produces many virulence factors . Two major families of which are the staphylococcal superantigens ( SAgs ) and the Staphylococcal Superantigen-Like ( SSL ) exoproteins . The former are immunomodulatory toxins that induce a Vβ-specific activation of T cells , whil...	The ability of Staphylococcus aureus to cause disease can be attributed to the wide range of toxins and immune evasion molecules it produces . The 25-member superantigen ( SAg ) family of toxins disrupts adaptive immunity by activating large proportions of T cells . In contrast , the structurally-related 14-member Stap...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "binding", "cell", "physiology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "chemical", "characterization", "body", "fluids", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "staphylococcus", "aureus", "animal", "models", "...	2017	Staphylococcal enterotoxin-like X (SElX) is a unique superantigen with functional features of two major families of staphylococcal virulence factors
Many genes of large double-stranded DNA viruses have a cellular origin , suggesting that host-to-virus horizontal transfer ( HT ) of DNA is recurrent . Yet , the frequency of these transfers has never been assessed in viral populations . Here we used ultra-deep DNA sequencing of 21 baculovirus populations extracted fro...	While gene exchange is known to occur between viruses and their hosts , this phenomenon has never been studied at the level of the viral population . Here we report that each time a virus from the Baculoviridae family infects a moth , a large number ( dozens to hundreds ) and high diversity of moth DNA sequences ( 86 d...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "sequencing", "techniques", "invertebrates", "moths", "and", "butterflies", "microbiology", "animals", "invertebrate", "genomics", "genomic", "databases", "viral", "genome", "genome", "analysis", "sequence", "motif", "analysis", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "micr...	2016	Continuous Influx of Genetic Material from Host to Virus Populations
The mechanisms by which the gut luminal environment is disturbed by the immune system to foster pathogenic bacterial growth and survival remain incompletely understood . Here , we show that STAT2 dependent type I IFN signaling contributes to the inflammatory environment by disrupting hypoxia enabling the pathogenic S ....	The spread of invading microbes is frequently contained by an inflammatory response . Yet , some pathogenic microbes have evolved to utilize inflammation for niche generation and to support their metabolism . Here , we demonstrate that S . Typhimurium exploits type I IFN signaling , a prototypical anti-viral response ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "microbiome", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "salmonellosis", "bacterial", "diseases", "signs", "and", "symptoms", "enterobacteriaceae",...	2019	STAT2 dependent Type I Interferon response promotes dysbiosis and luminal expansion of the enteric pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium
Temperate phages infect bacteria by injecting their DNA into bacterial cells , where it becomes incorporated into the host genome as a prophage . In the genome of Bacillus subtilis 168 , an active prophage , SPβ , is inserted into a polysaccharide synthesis gene , spsM . Here , we show that a rearrangement occurs durin...	Integration of prophages into protein-coding sequences of the host chromosome generally results in loss of function of the interrupted gene . In the endospore-forming organism Bacillus subtilis strain 168 , the SPβ prophage is inserted into a previously-uncharacterized spore polysaccharide synthesis gene , spsM . In ve...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "gram", "positive", "bacteria", "viruses", "biochemistry", "bacterial", "physiology", "bacteriophages", "bacterial", "genes", "genetics", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "dna", "microbiology", "dna", "recombination", "bacterial", "spores", "organisms...	2014	Developmentally-Regulated Excision of the SPβ Prophage Reconstitutes a Gene Required for Spore Envelope Maturation in Bacillus subtilis
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus ( MERS-CoV ) causes severe respiratory infections that can be life-threatening . To establish an infection and spread , MERS-CoV , like most other viruses , must navigate through an intricate network of antiviral host responses . Besides the well-known type I interferon ( IF...	Human coronaviruses generally cause relatively mild respiratory disease . In the past 15 years , the world has witnessed the emergence of two coronaviruses with high mortality rates in humans; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus ( SARS-CoV ) in 2002 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus ( MERS-CoV ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "transfection", "fluorescence", "imaging", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "coronaviruses", "cellular", "stress", "responses", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "respiratory", "infections", "pathogens", "cell", "processes", "microbiology", "pulmonology"...	2016	Middle East Respiratory Coronavirus Accessory Protein 4a Inhibits PKR-Mediated Antiviral Stress Responses
Foodborne disease outbreaks of recent years demonstrate that due to increasingly interconnected supply chains these type of crisis situations have the potential to affect thousands of people , leading to significant healthcare costs , loss of revenue for food companies , and—in the worst cases—death . When a disease ou...	Response to foodborne disease outbreaks is complicated by globalization of our food supply chains . Rapid identification of contaminated products is essential to limit the damage caused by foodborne disease . Worldwide , foodborne disease outbreaks are responsible for $9B a year in medical costs and over $75B in econom...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results/Discussion" ]	[ "algorithms", "public", "and", "occupational", "health", "infectious", "diseases", "computer", "and", "information", "sciences", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "environmental", "health", "mathematics", "epidemiology", "health", "care", "applied", "mathematics", ...	2014	A Likelihood-Based Approach to Identifying Contaminated Food Products Using Sales Data: Performance and Challenges
Previous studies of the genetic landscape of Ireland have suggested homogeneity , with population substructure undetectable using single-marker methods . Here we have harnessed the haplotype-based method fineSTRUCTURE in an Irish genome-wide SNP dataset , identifying 23 discrete genetic clusters which segregate with ge...	A recent genetic study of the UK ( People of the British Isles; PoBI ) expanded our understanding of population history of the islands , using newly-developed , powerful techniques that harness the rich information embedded in chunks of genetic code called haplotypes . These methods revealed subtle regional diversity a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "geomorphology", "biogeography", "irish", "people", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "european", "union", "landforms", "population", "genetics", "geographical", "locations", "topography", "ireland", "ethnicities", "multivariate", "analysis", "mathematics", "st...	2018	Insular Celtic population structure and genomic footprints of migration
Chromosomal inversion polymorphisms are thought to play a role in adaptive divergence , but the genes conferring adaptive benefits remain elusive . Here we study 2La , a common polymorphic inversion in the African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae . The frequency of 2La varies clinally and seasonally in a pattern sugges...	A chromosomal inversion occurs when part of the chromosome breaks , rotates 180 degrees , and rejoins the broken chromosome . The result is a chromosome carrying a segment whose gene order is reversed . Whereas the physical rearrangement itself may have no direct consequences on gene function , recombination between al...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "anopheles", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2007	Localization of Candidate Regions Maintaining a Common Polymorphic Inversion (2La) in Anopheles gambiae
Memories are assumed to be formed by sets of synapses changing their structural or functional performance . The efficacy of forming new memories declines with advancing age , but the synaptic changes underlying age-induced memory impairment remain poorly understood . Recently , we found spermidine feeding to specifical...	Neurons communicate by sending impulses , in the form of secretion of neurotransmitters , across small spaces called synapses . It is these synapses that undergo structural and functional changes during formation and retrieval of memories . Though alterations in synaptic performance are believed to accompany aging , th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "plant", "anatomy", "cognitive", "neurology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "fluorescence", "imaging", "nervous", "system", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "learning", "and", "memory", "animals", "animal", "models", "plant", "science", "...	2016	Spermidine Suppresses Age-Associated Memory Impairment by Preventing Adverse Increase of Presynaptic Active Zone Size and Release
The rapid evolution of influenza viruses presents difficulties in maintaining the optimal efficiency of vaccines . Amino acid substitutions result in antigenic drift , a process whereby antisera raised in response to one virus have reduced effectiveness against future viruses . Interestingly , while amino acid substitu...	H3N2-type influenza is responsible for widespread disease and significant mortality . The virus evolves rapidly , changing its antigenic properties , allowing it to escape clearance by the immune response as well as complicating the maintenance of vaccine effectiveness . Part of this evolution has been the rapid increa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "computational", "biology/evolutionary", "modeling", "infectious", "diseases/viral", "infections", "evolutionary", "biology/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "virology/virus", "evolution", "and", "symbiosis" ]	2008	Changing Selective Pressure during Antigenic Changes in Human Influenza H3
Hepatitis B is a DNA virus that infects liver cells and can cause both acute and chronic disease . It is believed that both viral and host factors are responsible for determining whether the infection is cleared or becomes chronic . Here we investigate the mechanism of protection by developing a mathematical model of t...	Hepatitis B vaccine induces life-long protection in vaccinated individuals . In the absence of vaccination , however , hepatitis B virus can cause both self-limiting and chronic disease . We investigate whether antibodies against hepatitis B play a role in virus clearance . We developed a mathematical model that descri...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "mathematics", "applied", "mathematics", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "immunology", "physical", "sciences", "immune", "response" ]	2014	Antibody Responses during Hepatitis B Viral Infection
International melioidosis treatment guidelines recommend a minimum 10 to 14 days’ intravenous antibiotic therapy ( intensive phase ) , followed by 3 to 6 months’ oral therapy ( eradication phase ) . This approach is associated with rates of relapse , defined as recurrence following the eradication phase , that can exce...	Melioidosis is an infection caused by the soil bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei; patients usually present with pneumonia , blood-stream infection and/or skin or internal organ abscesses . Melioidosis occurs most commonly in northern Australia and parts of Southeast Asia . It has a high mortality rate and , with stan...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Intravenous Therapy Duration and Outcomes in Melioidosis: A New Treatment Paradigm
Noroviruses are major pathogens associated with acute gastroenteritis worldwide . Their RNA genomes are diverse , with two major genogroups ( GI and GII ) comprised of at least 28 genotypes associated with human disease . To elucidate mechanisms underlying norovirus diversity and evolution , we used a large-scale genom...	Efforts are underway to develop vaccines against norovirus , a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis . The purpose of our study was to understand how norovirus strains within different genotypes evolve and adapt as they are transmitted in the human population . Using large-scale genomics and computational tools develo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "organismal", "evolution", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "microbial", "mutation", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "genome", "evolution", "pathogens", "variant", "genotypes", "microbiology", "genetic", "mapping", "viruses", "rna", "viruses", "phy...	2017	Static and Evolving Norovirus Genotypes: Implications for Epidemiology and Immunity
Schistosomes cause more mortality and morbidity than any other human helminth , but control primarily relies on a single drug that kills adult worms . The newly transformed schistosomulum stage is susceptible to the immune response and is a target for vaccine development and rational drug design . To identify genes whi...	Schistosome blood flukes cause more mortality and morbidity than any other human worm infection , but current control methods primarily rely on a single drug . There is a desperate need for new approaches to control this parasite , including vaccines . People become infected when the free-swimming larva , the cercaria ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression" ]	2010	Transcriptional Changes in Schistosoma mansoni during Early Schistosomula Development and in the Presence of Erythrocytes
Acinetobacter baumannii , A . nosocomialis , and A . pittii have recently emerged as opportunistic human pathogens capable of causing severe human disease; however , the molecular mechanisms employed by Acinetobacter to cause disease remain poorly understood . Many pathogenic members of the genus Acinetobacter contain ...	Members of the genus Acinetobacter , specifically , A . baumannii , A . pittii , and A . nosocomialis , have rapidly emerged as opportunistic human pathogens particularly targeting the immunocompromised patient population . Of significant concern is the fact that many Acinetobacter-induced infections are caused by mult...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2016	Medically Relevant Acinetobacter Species Require a Type II Secretion System and Specific Membrane-Associated Chaperones for the Export of Multiple Substrates and Full Virulence
The plant hormone auxin regulates numerous growth and developmental processes throughout the plant life cycle . One major function of auxin in plant growth and development is the regulation of cell expansion . Our previous studies have shown that SMALL AUXIN UP RNA ( SAUR ) proteins promote auxin-induced cell expansion...	The plant hormone auxin is a major regulator of cell expansion , which is a fundamental cellular process essential for plant growth and development . The acid growth theory was proposed in the 1970s to explain auxin-induced cell expansion . However , the mechanistic basis of auxin-induced cell expansion via acid growth...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "anatomy", "plant", "growth", "and", "development", "enzymes", "plant", "embryo", "anatomy", "brassica", "enzymology", "phosphatases", "hormones", "membrane", "proteins", "developmental", "biology", "plant", "science", "model", "organisms", "plant", "hormones",...	2018	A subset of plasma membrane-localized PP2C.D phosphatases negatively regulate SAUR-mediated cell expansion in Arabidopsis
Entamoeba histolytica is the etiological agent of human amoebic colitis and liver abscess , and causes a high level of morbidity and mortality worldwide , particularly in developing countries . There are a number of studies that have shown a crucial role for Ca2+ and its binding protein in amoebic biology . EhCaBP5 is ...	Entamoeba histolytica is the etiologic agent of amoebiasis , a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries . The genome of this organism encodes 27 EF-hand containing calcium binding proteins suggesting an intricate Ca2+ signalling system that plays crucial role in phagocytosis and pathogenesis . Cal...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "protein", "interactions", "molecular", "complexes", "proteins", "protein", "structure", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "molecular", "biology" ]	2014	Crystal Structure of Calcium Binding Protein-5 from Entamoeba histolytica and Its Involvement in Initiation of Phagocytosis of Human Erythrocytes
Oligomerization is a functional requirement for many proteins . The interfacial interactions and the overall packing geometry of the individual monomers are viewed as important determinants of the thermodynamic stability and allosteric regulation of oligomers . The present study focuses on the role of the interfacial i...	Protein function requires a three-dimensional structure with specific dynamic features for catalytic and binding events , and , in many cases , the structure results from the assembly of more than one polypeptide chain ( also called monomer or subunit ) to form an oligomer or multimer . Proteins such as hemoglobin or c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "protein", "interactions", "enzymes", "macromolecular", "assemblies", "globular", "proteins", "protein", "structure", "biophysics", "simulations", "biochemistry", "simulations", "proteins", "enzyme", "regulation", "biology", "proteomics", "biophysics", "macromolecular", "comp...	2011	Changes in Dynamics upon Oligomerization Regulate Substrate Binding and Allostery in Amino Acid Kinase Family Members
Recessive skeletal dysplasia , characterized by joint- and/or hip bone-enlargement , was mapped within the critical region for a major quantitative trait locus ( QTL ) influencing carcass weight; previously named CW-3 in Japanese Black cattle . The risk allele was on the same chromosome as the Q allele that increases c...	Livestock are typically subjected to intensive artificial selection for traits of economic value to producers . In spite of this strong selection , some major quantitative trait loci ( QTLs ) for an economically important trait never reach fixation in the population . Several studies have revealed that such QTLs are ac...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Non-synonymous FGD3 Variant as Positional Candidate for Disproportional Tall Stature Accounting for a Carcass Weight QTL (CW-3) and Skeletal Dysplasia in Japanese Black Cattle
Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease and a serious , under-reported public health problem , particularly in rural areas of Tanzania . In the Katavi-Rukwa ecosystem , humans , livestock and wildlife live in close proximity , which exposes them to the risk of a number of zoonotic infectious diseases , including ...	Leptospirosis is a disease of worldwide significance , and it is also an important zoonotic disease , particularly in developing countries . Subclinically infected rodents maintain leptospires in nature , and some that recover from the primary leptospiral infection may release the bacterium in their urine for the rest ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Predominant Leptospiral Serogroups Circulating among Humans, Livestock and Wildlife in Katavi-Rukwa Ecosystem, Tanzania
The infective schistosome cercaria develops within the intramolluscan daughter sporocyst from an undifferentiated germ ball , during which synthesis of proteins essential for infection occurs . When the aquatic cercaria locates the mammalian host it rapidly penetrates into the epidermis using glandular secretions . It ...	The schistosome cercaria develops from undifferentiated germ balls within the daughter sporocyst located in the hepatopancreas of its snail intermediate host . This is where the proteins it uses to infect humans are synthesised . After a brief free life in fresh water , if the cercaria locates a host , it infects by di...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "and", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "schistosomiasis", "functional", "genomics", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "biology", "genomics", "parasitic", "diseases", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "dna", "transcription" ]	2011	Gene Expression Patterns in Larval Schistosoma mansoni Associated with Infection of the Mammalian Host
How does the growth of a virus depend on the linear arrangement of genes in its genome ? Answering this question may enhance our basic understanding of virus evolution and advance applications of viruses as live attenuated vaccines , gene-therapy vectors , or anti-tumor therapeutics . We used a mathematical model for v...	Although many viruses are linked to diseases that adversely impact the health of their human , animal , and plant hosts , viruses could help promote wellness and treat disease if their “good traits” could be harnessed . Potentially useful virus traits include their abilities to stimulate a robust immune response , targ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "virology/viral", "replication", "and", "gene", "regulation", "computational", "biology/systems", "biology" ]	2009	Computational Fitness Landscape for All Gene-Order Permutations of an RNA Virus
Understanding the rat neurochemical connectome is fundamental for exploring neuronal information processing . By using advanced data mining , supervised machine learning , and network analysis , this study integrates over 5 decades of neuroanatomical investigations into a multiscale , multilayer neurochemical connectom...	The mammalian brain consists of a network of chemically diverse , multiscale , and multilayer neuronal wiring patterns that form the physical infrastructure underlying the processing of motoric , sensory , emotional , and cognitive information . Decades of histological track-tracing studies have generated a set of high...	[ "Abstract", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "methods", "and", "resources", "neural", "networks", "nervous", "system", "vertebrates", "neuroscience", "animals", "mammals", "data", "mining", "primates", "animal", "models", "model", "organisms", "mathematics", "brain", "map...	2017	A multiscale cerebral neurochemical connectome of the rat brain
Changes in synaptic efficacy are believed to form the cellular basis for memory . Protein synthesis in dendrites is needed to consolidate long-term synaptic changes . Many signals converge to regulate dendritic protein synthesis , including synaptic and cellular activity , and growth factors . The coordination of these...	Memory formation involves the controlled production of new proteins close to the site of input stimuli on nerve cells . Strong inputs , in combination with growth factors , stimulate the synthesis of several kinds of synaptic proteins . These new proteins are believed to participate in remodeling the contacts between c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "computational", "biology/computational", "neuroscience", "neuroscience/neural", "homeostasis", "neuroscience/neuronal", "signaling", "mechanisms", "computational", "biology/signaling", "networks", "computational", "biology/systems", "biology" ]	2009	Signaling Logic of Activity-Triggered Dendritic Protein Synthesis: An mTOR Gate But Not a Feedback Switch
Collective decision making and especially leadership in groups are among the most studied topics in natural , social , and political sciences . Previous studies have shown that some individuals are more likely to be leaders because of their social power or the pertinent information they possess . One challenge for all ...	Making decisions together to reach a consensus is one of the most important challenges of any society . In some communities , however , some leaders have more weight in the decisions than the other individuals . Similar rules exist in animal societies . Studies on animal groups have shown that some individuals are more...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "ecology/evolutionary", "ecology", "ecology/behavioral", "ecology", "evolutionary", "biology/animal", "behavior", "computational", "biology/evolutionary", "modeling", "computational", "biology/systems", "biology" ]	2010	Differences in Nutrient Requirements Imply a Non-Linear Emergence of Leaders in Animal Groups
The helminth parasite Fasciola hepatica secretes cathepsin L cysteine proteases to invade its host , migrate through tissues and digest haemoglobin , its main source of amino acids . Here we investigated the importance of pH in regulating the activity and functions of the major cathepsin L protease FheCL1 . The slightl...	Fasciola hepatica is a helminth parasite that causes liver fluke disease ( fasciolosis ) in domestic animals ( sheep and cattle ) and humans worldwide . Cathepsin L cysteine proteases ( FheCL ) are secreted by the parasite to invade its host , migrate through tissues and to degrade host haemoglobin ( Hb ) , a major sou...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "biochemistry/biocatalysis", "biochemistry/protein", "chemistry", "infectious", "diseases/helminth", "infections", "biophysics/protein", "chemistry", "and", "proteomics", "microbiology/parasitology" ]	2009	The Importance of pH in Regulating the Function of the Fasciola hepatica Cathepsin L1 Cysteine Protease
The current strategy for the elimination of onchocerciasis is based on annual or bi-annual mass drug administration with ivermectin . However , due to several limiting factors there is a growing concern that elimination of onchocerciasis cannot be achieved solely through the current strategy . Additional tools are crit...	Onchocerca volvulus is the causative agent of river blindness that infects approximately 17 million people , mostly in Africa . The current strategy for elimination of O . volvulus focuses on controlling transmission through ivermectin-based mass drug administration programs . Due to potential ivermectin resistance , t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "onchocerca", "volvulus", "immune", "cells", "helminths", "immunology", "animals", "onchocerca", "physiological", "processes", "developmental", "biology", "antibodies", "ne...	2019	Antibody responses against the vaccine antigens Ov-103 and Ov-RAL-2 are associated with protective immunity to Onchocerca volvulus infection in both mice and humans
The pathogenesis of dengue shock syndrome ( DSS , grade 3 and 4 ) is not yet completely understood . Several factors are reportedly associated with DSS , a more severe form of dengue infection that reportedly causes 50 times higher mortality compared to that of dengue patients without DSS . However , the results from t...	Dengue is one of the most common viral diseases transmitted by infected mosquitoes . It may range from asymptomatic or self-limiting dengue fever ( DF ) to severe dengue characterized by plasma leakage ( dengue hemorrhagic fever , DHF ) and dengue shock syndrome ( DSS ) . Death from dengue infection occurs mostly in DS...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2013	Factors Associated with Dengue Shock Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
A major challenge in analyzing animal behavior is to discover some underlying simplicity in complex motor actions . Here , we show that the space of shapes adopted by the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is low dimensional , with just four dimensions accounting for 95% of the shape variance . These dimensions provide a ...	A great deal of work has been done in characterizing the genes , proteins , neurons , and circuits that are involved in the biology of behavior , but the techniques used to quantify behavior have lagged behind the advancements made in these areas . Here , we address this imbalance in a domain rich enough to allow compl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "neuroscience/behavioral", "neuroscience", "biophysics", "neuroscience/motor", "systems" ]	2008	Dimensionality and Dynamics in the Behavior of C. elegans
A recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus ( SARS-CoV ) lacking the envelope ( E ) protein is attenuated in vivo . Here we report that E protein PDZ-binding motif ( PBM ) , a domain involved in protein-protein interactions , is a major determinant of virulence . Elimination of SARS-CoV E protein PBM by...	SARS-CoV caused a worldwide epidemic infecting 8000 people with a mortality of about 10% . A recombinant SARS-CoV lacking the E protein was attenuated in vivo . The E protein contains a PDZ-binding motif ( PBM ) , a domain potentially involved in the interaction with more than 400 cellular proteins , which highlights i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "innate", "immune", "system", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "emerging", "infectious", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases", "inflammation", "pathogenesis", "immune", "respo...	2014	The PDZ-Binding Motif of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Envelope Protein Is a Determinant of Viral Pathogenesis
Spinal muscular atrophy is a severe neurogenic disease that is caused by mutations in the human survival motor neuron 1 ( SMN1 ) gene . SMN protein is required for the assembly of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins and a dramatic reduction of the protein leads to cell death . It is currently unknown how the reduction of ...	Spinal muscular atrophy is a debilitating disease that affects the motor nervous system . The disease is caused by the reduction of the protein survival motor neuron ( SMN ) , which is involved in the assembly of ubiquitous small nuclear ribonucleoproteins . As SMN is required in every cell , it is important to underst...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "animal", "models", "medicine", "developmental", "biology", "drosophila", "melanogaster", "model", "organisms", "neural", "stem", "cells", "stem", "cells", "neurological", "disorders", "neurology", "biology", "cell", "differentiation", "motor", "neuron", "diseases", "ad...	2011	Survival Motor Neuron Protein Regulates Stem Cell Division, Proliferation, and Differentiation in Drosophila
The early host response to pathogens is mediated by several distinct pattern recognition receptors . Cytoplasmic RNA helicases including RIG-I and MDA5 have been shown to respond to viral RNA by inducing interferon ( IFN ) production . Previous in vitro studies have demonstrated a direct role for MDA5 in the response t...	The innate immune system possesses an array of sensory molecules which are purposed in detecting viral nucleic acids . Our understanding of how these molecular sensors detect viral nucleic acids continues to evolve . Herein , we demonstrate that MDA5 , a member of the RIG-I-like receptor family , is involved in the det...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "virology/animal", "models", "of", "infection", "virology", "immunology/innate", "immunity", "infectious", "diseases/viral", "infections", "infectious", "diseases/respiratory", "infections", "immunology/immunity", "to", "infections", "virology/host", "antiviral", "responses" ]	2010	Melanoma Differentiation-Associated Gene 5 (MDA5) Is Involved in the Innate Immune Response to Paramyxoviridae Infection In Vivo
Surface proteins of the obligate intracellular bacterium Rickettsia typhi , the agent of murine or endemic typhus fever , comprise an important interface for host-pathogen interactions including adherence , invasion and survival in the host cytoplasm . In this report , we present analyses of the surface exposed protein...	Rickettsia typhi , a member of the typhus group ( TG ) rickettsia , is the agent of murine or endemic typhus fever – a disease exhibiting mild to severe flu-like symptoms resulting in significant morbidity . It is maintained in a flearodent transmission cycle in urban and suburban environments . The obligate intracellu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "gram", "negative", "emerging", "infectious", "diseases", "biology", "microbiology", "bacterial", "pathogens" ]	2012	Surface Proteome Analysis and Characterization of Surface Cell Antigen (Sca) or Autotransporter Family of Rickettsia typhi
Respiratory syncytial virus ( RSV ) causes severe lower respiratory tract infections , yet no vaccines or effective therapeutics are available . ALS-8176 is a first-in-class nucleoside analog prodrug effective in RSV-infected adult volunteers , and currently under evaluation in hospitalized infants . Here , we report t...	Viral RNA polymerase complexes mediate all of the enzymatic functions required for genomic replication and transcription in RNA viruses . Because of their essential role in the virus life cycle , RNA polymerases are major molecular targets for antiviral therapies . Sofosbuvir and mericitabine are related compounds belo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Molecular Basis for the Selective Inhibition of Respiratory Syncytial Virus RNA Polymerase by 2'-Fluoro-4'-Chloromethyl-Cytidine Triphosphate
Candida sp . are opportunistic fungal pathogens that colonize the skin and oral cavity and , when overgrown under permissive conditions , cause inflammation and disease . Previously , we identified a central role for the NLRP3 inflammasome in regulating IL-1β production and resistance to dissemination from oral infecti...	In this manuscript we describe a new role for a group of molecules termed the “inflammasome” that process key immune response proteins including interleukin-1-β . In previous work , we and others have shown that the NLRP3 inflammasome is important in protecting from severe fungal infections . We now show that , in addi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "model", "organisms", "immunity", "innate", "immunity", "immunology", "biology", "microbiology", "yeast", "and", "fungal", "models", "candida", "albicans" ]	2011	A Novel Role for the NLRC4 Inflammasome in Mucosal Defenses against the Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans
Threespine stickleback fish offer a powerful system to dissect the genetic basis of morphological evolution in nature . Marine sticklebacks have repeatedly invaded and adapted to numerous freshwater environments throughout the Northern hemisphere . In response to new diets in freshwater habitats , changes in craniofaci...	Understanding how traits evolve in nature remains a fundamental goal in biology . Threespine stickleback fish offer a powerful system to address this question . Ancestral marine sticklebacks have colonized new freshwater environments , where new traits evolve , including increases in tooth number . This evolved increas...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "fish", "bmp", "signaling", "gene", "regulation", "vertebrates", "marine", "biology", "marine", "fish", "animals", "osteichthyes", "freshwater", "fish", "digestive", "system", "genome", "complexity", "dentition", "genomics", "m...	2018	An intronic enhancer of Bmp6 underlies evolved tooth gain in sticklebacks
Recent advances in next-generation sequencing approaches have revolutionized our understanding of transcriptional expression in diverse systems . However , measurements of transcription do not necessarily reflect gene translation , the process of ultimate importance in understanding cellular function . To circumvent th...	Recent advances in next-generation sequencing approaches have revolutionized our understanding of transcriptional expression in diverse systems . However , transcriptional expression alone does not necessarily report gene translation , the process of ultimate importance in understanding cellular function . Ribosome pro...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "gene", "regulation", "messenger", "rna", "animals", "dna", "transcription", "animal", "models", "drosophila", "melanogaster", "model", "organisms", "protein", "synthesis", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "cellular", "structures", "and", "organelle...	2017	Development of a tissue-specific ribosome profiling approach in Drosophila enables genome-wide evaluation of translational adaptations
Rickettsial infections and Q fever present similarly to other acute febrile illnesses , but are infrequently diagnosed because of limited diagnostic tools . Despite sporadic reports , rickettsial infections and Q fever have not been prospectively studied in Central America . We enrolled consecutive patients presenting ...	Rickettsial infections and Q fever cause illness characterized by fever and non-specific symptoms and signs . Not only are these infections difficult to recognize , they are also difficult to diagnose because of limitations in existing tests for them . Despite sporadic reports , rickettsial infections and Q fever have ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "immune", "physiology", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "immunology", "geographical", "locations", "microbiology", "rickettsia", "north", "america", "bacterial", "diseases",...	2016	First Identification and Description of Rickettsioses and Q Fever as Causes of Acute Febrile Illness in Nicaragua
Most mammalian genes are able to express several splice variants in a phenomenon known as alternative splicing . Serious alterations of alternative splicing occur in cancer tissues , leading to expression of multiple aberrant splice forms . Most studies of alternative splicing defects have focused on the identification...	RNA splicing is the process by which gene products are pieced together to form a mature messenger RNA ( mRNA ) . In normal cells , RNA splicing is a tightly controlled process that leads to production of a well-defined set of mRNAs . Cancer cells , however , often produce aberrant , mis-spliced mRNAs . Such disorders h...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "computational", "biology/alternative", "splicing", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression" ]	2008	Entropy Measures Quantify Global Splicing Disorders in Cancer
Base J , β-D-glucosyl-hydroxymethyluracil , is a chromatin modification of thymine in the nuclear DNA of flagellated protozoa of the order Kinetoplastida . In Trypanosoma brucei , J is enriched , along with histone H3 variant ( H3 . V ) , at sites involved in RNA Polymerase ( RNAP ) II termination and telomeric sites i...	Trypanosoma brucei is an early-diverged parasitic protozoan that causes African sleeping sickness in humans . The genome of T . brucei is organized into polycistronic gene clusters that contain multiple genes that are co-transcribed from a single promoter . Because of this genome arrangement , it is thought that all ge...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2016	Histone H3 Variant Regulates RNA Polymerase II Transcription Termination and Dual Strand Transcription of siRNA Loci in Trypanosoma brucei
Stem cells and their niches constitute units that act cooperatively to achieve adult body homeostasis . How such units form and whether stem cell and niche precursors might be coordinated already during organogenesis are unknown . In fruit flies , primordial germ cells ( PGCs ) , the precursors of germ line stem cells ...	Tissue-specific stem cells reside in specialized microenvironments ( niches ) . How the generation of niche cells and resident stem cells is coordinated , and how their correct numerical ratios are regulated , remains poorly understood . Here , we examine the potential mechanisms of this process by analyzing the format...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "animal", "models", "developmental", "biology", "drosophila", "melanogaster", "model", "organisms", "organism", "development", "stem", "cells", "molecular", "development", "genetics", "biology", "morphogenesis", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "cell", "differentiation", "g...	2011	Coordinated Regulation of Niche and Stem Cell Precursors by Hormonal Signaling
UNC-104/KIF1A is a Kinesin-3 motor that transports synaptic vesicles from the cell body towards the synapse by binding to PI ( 4 , 5 ) P2 through its PH domain . The fate of the motor upon reaching the synapse is not known . We found that wild-type UNC-104 is degraded at synaptic regions through the ubiquitin pathway a...	The cell body and the synapse in a neuron are often separated by significant distance , which is spanned by the axon connecting the two . Transport of various cargoes along the axonal highway is very important for neuronal function . The regulation of this complex process is not well understood . Using the Caenorhabdit...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "function", "neuroscience/neuronal", "and", "glial", "cell", "biology", "cell", "biology/cytoskeleton" ]	2010	The Caenorhabditis elegans Kinesin-3 Motor UNC-104/KIF1A Is Degraded upon Loss of Specific Binding to Cargo
Enterovirus 71 ( EV71 ) is an RNA virus that causes hand-foot-mouth disease ( HFMD ) , and even fatal encephalitis in children . Although EV71 pathogenesis remains largely obscure , host immune responses may play important roles in the development of diseases . Recognition of pathogens mediated by Toll-like receptors (...	Enterovirus 71 ( EV71 ) is a highly infectious positive-stranded RNA virus that causes hand-foot-mouth disease ( HFMD ) . As a major pathogen , EV71 infection leads to host immune responses in the disease severity . Toll-like receptors ( TLRs ) can recognize pathogens to induce host immunity and inflammation . Most TLR...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "innate", "immune", "system", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "cytokines", "immune", "cells", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "gene", "regulation", "immunology", "immune", ...	2017	HRS plays an important role for TLR7 signaling to orchestrate inflammation and innate immunity upon EV71 infection
During embryonic development , vascular networks remodel to meet the increasing demand of growing tissues for oxygen and nutrients . This is achieved by the pruning of redundant blood vessel segments , which then allows more efficient blood flow patterns . Because of the lack of an in vivo system suitable for high-reso...	The blood vasculature circulates gas , nutrients , hormones , and metabolites to all organs of the body . It is indispensable for survival and already functions at very early stages of embryonic development . At this point , new blood vessels form mainly through angiogenesis—the outgrowth of new vessels from existing o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Endothelial Cell Self-fusion during Vascular Pruning
The pattern and frequency of insertions that enable transposable elements to remain active in a population are poorly understood . The retrotransposable element R2 exclusively inserts into the 28S rRNA genes where it establishes long-term , stable relationships with its animal hosts . Previous studies with laboratory s...	Transposable elements are abundant selfish components of all eukaryotic genomes . Despite the elaborate mechanisms eukaryotes have evolved to control these elements , they continue to proliferate . Here , we study R2 retrotransposons , highly successful elements that only insert into a site within the 28S rRNA genes of...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "biology/nucleolus", "and", "nuclear", "bodies", "genetics", "and", "genomics/population", "genetics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/chromosome", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology/genomics" ]	2009	The Pattern of R2 Retrotransposon Activity in Natural Populations of Drosophila simulans Reflects the Dynamic Nature of the rDNA Locus
To determine whether treatment of intestinal parasitic infections improves cognitive function in school-aged children , we examined changes in cognitive testscores over 18 months in relation to: ( i ) treatment-related Schistosoma japonicum intensity decline , ( ii ) spontaneous reduction of single soil-transmitted hel...	Parasitic worm infections are associated with cognitive impairment and lower academic achievement for infected relative to uninfected children . However , it is unclear whether curing or reducing worm infection intensity improves child cognitive function . We examined the independent associations between: ( i ) Schisto...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "infectious", "disease", "epidemiology", "parasitic", "diseases", "helminth", "infection", "hookworm", "infection", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "ascariasis", "infectious", "diseases", "soil-transmitted", "helmi...	2012	Treatment for Schistosoma japonicum, Reduction of Intestinal Parasite Load, and Cognitive Test Score Improvements in School-Aged Children
To date , no immunization of humans or animals has elicited broadly neutralizing sera able to prevent HIV-1 transmission; however , elicitation of broad and potent heavy chain only antibodies ( HCAb ) has previously been reported in llamas . In this study , the anti-HIV immune responses in immunized llamas were studied...	Developing a vaccine against HIV-1 is a priority , but it remains unclear whether immunizations in humans can elicit potent broadly neutralizing antibodies able to prevent HIV-1 transmission . Llamas possess heavy chain only antibodies and conventional heavy and light chain antibodies . We previously reported the heavy...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "organisms", "immunodeficiency", "viruses", "viruses", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "clinical", "immunology", "medical", "microbiology", "viral", "pathogens", "microbial", "pathogens", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "immunology", "microbiology", "vaccinatio...	2014	Molecular Evolution of Broadly Neutralizing Llama Antibodies to the CD4-Binding Site of HIV-1
Cells can maintain their functions despite fluctuations in intracellular parameters , such as protein activities and gene expression levels . This commonly observed biological property of cells is called robustness . On the other hand , these parameters have different limitations , each reflecting the property of the s...	Normal cell functioning is dependent on balance between protein interactions and gene regulations . Although the balance is often perturbed by environmental changes , mutations , and noise in biochemical reactions , cellular systems can maintain their function despite these perturbations . This property of cells , call...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology/cell", "growth", "and", "division", "computational", "biology/systems", "biology", "biochemistry/theory", "and", "simulation", "computational", "biology/molecular", "genetics" ]	2010	Fragilities Caused by Dosage Imbalance in Regulation of the Budding Yeast Cell Cycle
The Escherichia coli curved DNA binding protein A ( CbpA ) is a poorly characterised nucleoid associated factor and co-chaperone . It is expressed at high levels as cells enter stationary phase . Using genetics , biochemistry , and genomics , we have examined regulation of , and DNA binding by , CbpA . We show that Fis...	Compaction of chromosomal DNA is a fundamental process that impacts on all aspects of cellular biology . However , our understanding of chromosome organisation in bacteria is poorly developed . Since bacteria are amongst the most abundant living organisms on the planet , this represents a startling gap in our knowledge...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "model", "organisms", "genetics", "biology", "genomics", "microbiology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2013	E. coli Fis Protein Insulates the cbpA Gene from Uncontrolled Transcription
Extracellular cues affect signaling , metabolic , and regulatory processes to elicit cellular responses . Although intracellular signaling , metabolic , and regulatory networks are highly integrated , previous analyses have largely focused on independent processes ( e . g . , metabolism ) without considering the interp...	Cellular systems comprise many diverse components and component interactions spanning signal transduction , transcriptional regulation , and metabolism . Although signaling , metabolic , and regulatory activities are often investigated independently of one another , there is growing evidence that considerable interplay...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Discussion" ]	[ "cell", "biology/cell", "signaling", "computational", "biology/transcriptional", "regulation", "mathematics", "computational", "biology/metabolic", "networks", "computational", "biology/signaling", "networks", "computational", "biology/molecular", "dynamics", "computational", "biol...	2008	Dynamic Analysis of Integrated Signaling, Metabolic, and Regulatory Networks
Traditional approaches to the problem of parameter estimation in biophysical models of neurons and neural networks usually adopt a global search algorithm ( for example , an evolutionary algorithm ) , often in combination with a local search method ( such as gradient descent ) in order to minimize the value of a cost f...	Parameter estimation is a problem of central importance and , perhaps , the most laborious task in biophysical modeling of neurons and neural networks . An emerging trend is to treat parameter estimation in this context as yet another statistical inference problem , which can be tackled using well-established methods f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "mathematics", "statistics", "biology", "computational", "biology", "neuroscience", "probability", "theory" ]	2012	A Self-Organizing State-Space-Model Approach for Parameter Estimation in Hodgkin-Huxley-Type Models of Single Neurons
Eukaryotic mRNAs undergo a cycle of transcription , nuclear export , and degradation . A major challenge is to obtain a global , quantitative view of these processes . Here we measured the genome-wide nucleocytoplasmic dynamics of mRNA in Drosophila cells by metabolic labeling in combination with cellular fractionation...	All mRNAs start from production in the nucleus , undergo exportation through nuclear pores and finally are degraded in the cytoplasm . A comprehensive characterization of the kinetic rates of all mRNAs is an important prerequisite for a global understanding of the regulation of the transcriptome and the cell . By condu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "rna-binding", "proteins", "radiochemistry", "messenger", "rna", "animals", "invertebrate", "genomics", "dna", "transcription", "nuclear", "decay", "animal", "models", "drosophila", "melanogaster", "model", "organisms", "experimental", "organism", "systems"...	2017	Comprehensive analysis of nucleocytoplasmic dynamics of mRNA in Drosophila cells
Uterine leiomyosarcomas ( ULMSs ) are aggressive smooth muscle tumors associated with poor clinical outcome . Despite previous cytogenetic and molecular studies , their molecular background has remained elusive . To examine somatic variation in ULMS , we performed exome sequencing on 19 tumors . Altogether , 43 genes w...	Uterine leiomyosarcomas are rare , malignant smooth muscle tumors with a poor 5-year survival and high recurrence rate . They account for 1–2% of all uterine malignancies with an estimated incidence of 0 . 4/100 , 000 women per year . The symptoms and signs of this tumor type widely overlap with those of common benign ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cancer", "detection", "and", "diagnosis", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "chromosome", "structure", "and", "function", "insertion", "mutation", "cancers", "and", "neoplasms", "oncology", "telomeres", "mutation", "nonsense", "mutation", "frameshift", "mutation...	2016	Exome Sequencing of Uterine Leiomyosarcomas Identifies Frequent Mutations in TP53, ATRX, and MED12
Translational control and messenger RNA ( mRNA ) decay represent important control points in the regulation of gene expression . In yeast , the major pathway for mRNA decay is initiated by deadenylation followed by decapping and 5′–3′ exonucleolytic digestion of the mRNA . Proteins that activate decapping , such as the...	Translation of mRNA into protein and turnover of mRNA are two points at which cells can exert regulatory control of gene expression , thereby ensuring that the protein products are present in cells and tissues at the appropriate time and place . The DDX6 family of DEAD box helicases , exemplified by the yeast protein D...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "genetics", "biology", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	The DEAD-Box Protein Dhh1 Promotes Decapping by Slowing Ribosome Movement
The rise of multi-drug resistant ( MDR ) and extensively drug resistant ( XDR ) tuberculosis around the world , including in industrialized nations , poses a great threat to human health and defines a need to develop new , effective and inexpensive anti-tubercular agents . Previously we developed a chemical systems bio...	The rise of multi-drug resistant ( MDR ) and extensively drug resistant ( XDR ) tuberculosis around the world , including in industrialized nations , poses a great threat to human health . This resistance highlights the need to develop new , effective and inexpensive anti-tubercular agents . Unfortunately , conventiona...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "computational", "biology/macromolecular", "structure", "analysis", "pharmacology/drug", "resistance", "pharmacology/drug", "development", "biotechnology/small", "molecule", "chemistry", "infectious", "diseases/bacterial", "infections", "pharmacology/adverse", "reactions", "computati...	2009	Drug Discovery Using Chemical Systems Biology: Repositioning the Safe Medicine Comtan to Treat Multi-Drug and Extensively Drug Resistant Tuberculosis
Skin sores caused by Group A streptococcus ( GAS ) infection are a major public health problem in remote Aboriginal communities . Skin sores are often associated with scabies , which is evident in scabies intervention programs where a significant reduction of skin sores is seen after focusing solely on scabies control ...	Skin sores , also known as impetigo , are highly contagious bacterial skin infections , which are found commonly in school children and occasionally in adults . Skin sores are prevalent in disadvantaged or resource-poor settings . In Australia , about two thirds of Aboriginal children suffer from skin sores by their fi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "dermatology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "clinical", "research", "design", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "australia", "group", "a", "streptococcal", "infection", "parasitic", "diseases", "research", "design", "bacterial", "diseases", ...	2018	Scabies and risk of skin sores in remote Australian Aboriginal communities: A self-controlled case series study
Recent data suggest that Nef-mediated downmodulation of TCR-CD3 may protect SIVsmm-infected sooty mangabeys ( SMs ) against the loss of CD4+ T cells . However , the mechanisms underlying this protective effect remain unclear . To further assess the role of Nef in nonpathogenic SIV infection , we cloned nef alleles from...	The accessory Nef protein is commonly considered a “pathogenicity” factor of primate lentiviruses . However , SIVs do not cause disease in their natural hosts , although they all encode nef genes and sustain high levels of viremia . To better understand the role of Nef in natural nonpathogenic SIV infection , we compar...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "virology/virulence", "factors", "and", "mechanisms", "virology/virus", "evolution", "and", "symbiosis", "virology/immunodeficiency", "viruses", "virology/mechanisms", "of", "resistance", "and", "susceptibility,", "including", "host", "genetics", "virology/immune", "evasion" ]	2008	Inefficient Nef-Mediated Downmodulation of CD3 and MHC-I Correlates with Loss of CD4+ T Cells in Natural SIV Infection
Neural processing rests on the intracellular transformation of information as synaptic inputs are translated into action potentials . This transformation is governed by the spike threshold , which depends on the history of the membrane potential on many temporal scales . While the adaptation of the threshold after spik...	A neuron is a tiny computer that transforms electrical inputs into electrical outputs . While neurons have been investigated and modeled for many decades , some aspects remain elusive . Recently , it was demonstrated that the membrane ( voltage ) state of a neuron determines its threshold to spiking . In the present st...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "action", "potentials", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "neural", "networks", "depolarization", "membrane", "potential", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "computational", "neuroscience", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods",...	2016	Adaptive Spike Threshold Enables Robust and Temporally Precise Neuronal Encoding
Thousands of loci in the human and mouse genomes give rise to circular RNA transcripts; at many of these loci , the predominant RNA isoform is a circle . Using an improved computational approach for circular RNA identification , we found widespread circular RNA expression in Drosophila melanogaster and estimate that in...	Last year , we reported that circular RNA isoforms , previously thought to be very rare , are actually a pervasive feature of eukaryotic gene expression programs; indeed , the major RNA isoform from hundreds of human genes is a circle . Previous novel RNA species that initially appeared to be special cases , of dubious...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Cell-Type Specific Features of Circular RNA Expression
Viral protein neutralizing antibodies have been developed but they are limited only to the targeted virus and are often susceptible to antigenic drift . Here , we present an alternative strategy for creating virus-resistant cells and animals by ectopic expression of a nucleic acid hydrolyzing catalytic 3D8 single chain...	Most strategies for developing virus-resistant transgenic cells and animals are based on the concept of virus-derived resistance , in which dysfunctional virus-derived products are expressed to interfere with the pathogenic process of the virus in transgenic cells or animals . However , these viral protein targeting ap...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "cell", "biology", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "molecular", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	A Nucleic-Acid Hydrolyzing Single Chain Antibody Confers Resistance to DNA Virus Infection in HeLa Cells and C57BL/6 Mice
Community-based public health campaigns , such as those used in mass deworming , vitamin A supplementation and child immunization programs , provide key healthcare interventions to targeted populations at scale . However , these programs often fall short of established coverage targets . The purpose of this systematic ...	Many public health platforms provide decentralized interventions outside of health facilities , including mass drug administration for neglected tropical diseases , immunizations , vitamin supplementation , and others . The purpose of these community-based public health platforms is to reach large proportions of popula...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "children", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "tropical", "diseases", "parasitic", "diseases", "pediatrics", "vaccines", "age", "groups", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "infectious", "disease", "control", "onchocerciasis", "families", "public", "and", "occu...	2018	Strategies to improve treatment coverage in community-based public health programs: A systematic review of the literature
Dengue-suppressing Wolbachia strains are promising tools for arbovirus control , particularly as they have the potential to self-spread following local introductions . To test this , we followed the frequency of the transinfected Wolbachia strain wMel through Ae . aegypti in Cairns , Australia , following releases at 3...	Wolbachia are bacteria that live inside insect cells . In insects that act as viral vectors , Wolbachia can suppress virus transmission to new hosts . Wolbachia have been experimentally introduced into Aedes aegypti mosquito populations to reduce the transmission of dengue , Zika , and other arboviruses that cause huma...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "animals", "wolbachia", "seasons", "mathematics", "statistics", "(mathematics)", "population", "biology", "insect", "vectors", "bacteria", "infectious", "diseases", "geography", "aedes", "aegypti", "disease", "vect...	2017	Local introduction and heterogeneous spatial spread of dengue-suppressing Wolbachia through an urban population of Aedes aegypti
Interactions in protein networks may place constraints on protein interface sequences to maintain correct and avoid unwanted interactions . Here we describe a “multi-constraint” protein design protocol to predict sequences optimized for multiple criteria , such as maintaining sets of interactions , and apply it to char...	Computational methods have recently led to remarkable successes in the design of molecules with novel functions . These approaches offer great promise for creating highly selective molecules to accurately control biological processes . However , to reach these goals modeling procedures are needed that are able to defin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "biophysics", "none", "computational", "biology" ]	2007	Design of Multi-Specificity in Protein Interfaces
Q fever is a common cause of febrile illness and community-acquired pneumonia in resource-limited settings . Coxiella burnetii , the causative pathogen , is transmitted among varied host species , but the epidemiology of the organism in Africa is poorly understood . We conducted a systematic review of C . burnetii epid...	Coxiella burnetii is a bacterium that can cause acute and chronic fever illness and pneumonia in humans . It is also a known cause of abortion in livestock species , and is principally transmitted to humans through contact with infected animal birth products . With growing awareness of the over-diagnosis and misclassif...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "bacterial", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases", "veterinary", "diseases", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "veterinary", "bacteriology", "q", "fever", "veterinary", "science" ]	2014	Epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii Infection in Africa: A OneHealth Systematic Review
The potent vasoconstrictor peptides , endothelin 1 ( ET-1 ) and angiotensin II control adaptation of blood vessels to fluctuations of blood pressure . Previously we have shown that the circulating level of ET-1 is regulated through its proteolytic cleavage by secreted serine carboxypeptidase , cathepsin A ( CathA ) . H...	Arterial blood pressure is regulated by small peptide hormones ( vasoactive peptides ) that cause contraction or relaxation of the arterial wall . The blood and tissue levels of these peptides are controlled by two mechanisms: through their synthesis and through their inactivation by the enzymes that are capable of cle...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "biochemistry", "hemodynamics", "protein", "metabolism", "proteins", "plasma", "proteins", "biocatalysis", "vascular", "biology", "regulatory", "proteins", "biology", "hypertension", "metabolism", "cardiovascular" ]	2014	Serine Carboxypeptidase SCPEP1 and Cathepsin A Play Complementary Roles in Regulation of Vasoconstriction via Inactivation of Endothelin-1
Dengue virus infection is the most common arthropod-borne disease of humans and its geographical range and infection rates are increasing . Health policy decisions require information about the disease burden , but surveillance systems usually underreport the total number of cases . These may be estimated by multiplyin...	Dengue is the most common disease transmitted by a mosquito , with about 100–200 million infections occurring each year in more than 100 tropical and subtropical countries . Policy-makers require accurate information about the number of symptomatic dengue episodes to make informed decisions concerning dengue control st...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "socioeconomic", "aspects", "of", "health", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "epidemiological", "methods", "epidemiology", "global", "health", "dengue", "fever", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "spatial", "epidemiology"...	2013	Use of Expansion Factors to Estimate the Burden of Dengue in Southeast Asia: A Systematic Analysis
mRNA half-lives are transcript-specific and vary over a range of more than 100-fold in eukaryotic cells . mRNA stabilities can be regulated by sequence-specific RNA-binding proteins ( RBPs ) , which bind to regulatory sequence elements and modulate the interaction of the mRNA with the cellular RNA degradation machinery...	Messenger RNAs ( mRNAs ) are the molecules that relay the information from genes ( DNA ) to proteins . Cells contain different amounts of each mRNA type depending on their function and their situation . The quantity of each mRNA depends on the balance between its production ( transcription ) and its degradation ( mRNA ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "organisms", "biochemistry", "rna-binding", "proteins", "rna", "fungi", "proteins", "gene", "regulatory", "networks", "genetics", "schizosaccharomyces", "pombe", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "molecular", "genetics", "computational", "biology", "schizosaccharomyces"...	2014	Systematic Analysis of the Role of RNA-Binding Proteins in the Regulation of RNA Stability
Multilevel selection has been indicated as an essential factor for the evolution of complexity in interacting RNA-like replicator systems . There are two types of multilevel selection mechanisms: implicit and explicit . For implicit multilevel selection , spatial self-organization of replicator populations has been sug...	The origin of life has ever been attracting scientific inquiries . The RNA world hypothesis suggests that , before the evolution of DNA and protein , primordial life was based on RNA-like molecules both for information storage and chemical catalysis . In the simplest form , an RNA world consists of RNA molecules that c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Models", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "computational", "biology/evolutionary", "modeling", "evolutionary", "biology", "chemical", "biology/directed", "molecular", "evolution" ]	2009	Multilevel Selection in Models of Prebiotic Evolution II: A Direct Comparison of Compartmentalization and Spatial Self-Organization
Growing experimental evidence indicates that , in addition to the physical virion components , the non-structural proteins of hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) are intimately involved in orchestrating morphogenesis . Since it is dispensable for HCV RNA replication , the non-structural viral protein NS2 is suggested to play a c...	Hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) causes major health problems worldwide . Understanding the major steps of the life cycle of this virus is essential to developing new and more efficient antiviral molecules . Virus assembly is the least understood step of the HCV life cycle . Growing experimental evidence indicates that , in a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "virology/virion", "structure,", "assembly,", "and", "egress", "virology" ]	2011	NS2 Protein of Hepatitis C Virus Interacts with Structural and Non-Structural Proteins towards Virus Assembly
Cyclin A is critical for cellular DNA synthesis and S phase progression of the cell cycle . Human cytomegalovirus ( HCMV ) can reduce cyclin A levels and block cellular DNA synthesis , and cyclin A overexpression can repress HCMV replication . This interaction has only been previously observed in HCMV as murine CMV doe...	Cyclins are evolutionarily conserved proteins that associate with cyclin-dependent kinases ( CDKs ) to regulate phosphorylation of multiple substrates to promote cell-cycle progression . Many viruses manipulate the cell cycle in order to create an environment suitable for replication; however , only few examples exist ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Cyclin A Degradation by Primate Cytomegalovirus Protein pUL21a Counters Its Innate Restriction of Virus Replication
A defect in the PKA1 gene encoding the catalytic subunit of cyclic adenosine 5′-monophosphate ( cAMP ) –dependent protein kinase A ( PKA ) is known to reduce capsule size and attenuate virulence in the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans . Conversely , loss of the PKA regulatory subunit encoded by pkr1 results in o...	The ability of pathogens to regulate the export of proteins and other macromolecules is an important aspect of the infection process . The fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans causes life-threatening infections in individuals with AIDS and delivers several virulence factors to the cell surface . These factors includ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "yeast", "and", "fungi", "infectious", "diseases", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "microbiology" ]	2007	Transcriptional Regulation by Protein Kinase A in Cryptococcus neoformans
Visceral leishmaniasis is the most severe form of leishmaniasis . Worldwide , approximately 20% of zoonotic human visceral leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania infantum , also known as Leishmania chagasi in Latin America . Current diagnostic methods are not accurate enough to identify Leishmania-infected animals and m...	Visceral leishmaniasis is the most severe form among leishmaniasis , being a neglected disease caused by a protozoan parasite . Its transmission through phlebotominae bites , between dogs and humans , classifies it as a zoonotic disease . It is caused by the specie Leishmania infantum ( = L . chagasi ) and represents 2...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "gene", "expression", "and", "vector", "techniques", "biochemistry", "veterinary", "parasitology", "proteins", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "recombinant", "proteins", "molecular", "biology", "parasitology", "molecular", "biol...	2015	Novel Recombinant Multiepitope Proteins for the Diagnosis of Asymptomatic Leishmania infantum-Infected Dogs
Knowledge of the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying the separation of dendritic and axonal compartments is not only crucial for understanding the assembly of neural circuits , but also for developing strategies to correct defective dendrites or axons in diseases with subcellular precision . Previous studies ha...	Dendrites and axons are the input and output compartments of a neuron , respectively . Understanding how dendrites and axons are separated during neuronal development may help in developing strategies to correct defective neurons in neurological disorders and injuries . We show here that an evolutionarily conserved mol...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "neuroscience", "cellular", "neuroscience", "neuronal", "morphology", "biology", "neuroscience", "neural", "circuit", "formation" ]	2013	Bimodal Control of Dendritic and Axonal Growth by the Dual Leucine Zipper Kinase Pathway
Although flea-borne rickettsiosis is endemic in Los Angeles County , outbreaks are rare . In the spring of 2015 three human cases of flea-borne rickettsiosis among residents of a mobile home community ( MHC ) prompted an investigation . Fleas were ubiquitous in common areas due to presence of flea-infested opossums and...	Outbreaks of flea-borne rickettsiosis are rare despite the endemic status in Los Angeles County . In the spring of 2015 three human cases of flea-borne rickettsiosis among residents of a mobile home community ( MHC ) prompted an investigation . Fleas were found in all common areas at the MHC due to presence of flea-inf...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "rickettsia", "mammals", "animals", "marsupials", "clinical", "medicine", "fleas", "infectio...	2018	A 2015 outbreak of flea-borne rickettsiosis in San Gabriel Valley, Los Angeles County, California
A major barrier to curing HIV-1 is the long-lived latent reservoir that supports re-emergence of HIV-1 upon treatment interruption . Targeting this reservoir will require mechanistic insights into the establishment and maintenance of HIV-1 latency . Whether T cell signaling at the time of HIV-1 infection influences pro...	Activation of CD4+ T cells facilitates HIV-1 infection; however , whether there are minimal signals required for the establishment of infection , replication , and latency has not been explored . To determine how T cell signaling influences HIV-1 infection and the generation of latently infected cells , we used chimeri...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "engineering", "and", "technology", "pathogens", "signal", "processing", "immunology", "microbiology", "dna", "transcription", "retroviruses", "vi...	2019	Strength of T cell signaling regulates HIV-1 replication and establishment of latency
Nutrient acquisition is a critical determinant for the competitive advantage for auto- and osmohetero- trophs alike . Nutrient limited growth is commonly described on a whole cell basis through reference to a maximum growth rate ( Gmax ) and a half-saturation constant ( KG ) . This empirical application of a Michaelis-...	Relating environmental nutrient concentration and nutrient acquisition to cell growth is an important feature of numerical simulations describing ecological systems of microbes . Here we investigate the critical role of the combined effects of maximum growth rate , cell size , motion , and elemental stoichiometry on nu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "cell", "motility", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "phytoplankton", "chemical", "compounds", "animals", "nitrates", "nutrition", "materials", "science", "materials", "physics", "sedimentation", "plants", "chemistry", "algae", "physics", "stoichi...	2018	Effects of growth rate, cell size, motion, and elemental stoichiometry on nutrient transport kinetics
Infection with Listeria monocytogenes strains that enter the host cell cytosol leads to a robust cytotoxic T cell response resulting in long-lived cell-mediated immunity ( CMI ) . Upon entry into the cytosol , L . monocytogenes secretes cyclic diadenosine monophosphate ( c-di-AMP ) which activates the innate immune sen...	Current vaccines are successful at generating neutralizing antibodies , however there is a pressing medical need to find adjuvants that yield long-lived memory T cells . Immunization with the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes induces a robust protective immune response mediated by cytotoxic lymphocytes that are efficien...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2014	STING-Dependent Type I IFN Production Inhibits Cell-Mediated Immunity to Listeria monocytogenes
Iron plays an essential role in many biological processes , but also catalyzes the formation of reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) , which can cause molecular damage . Iron homeostasis is therefore a critical determinant of fitness . In Caenorhabditis elegans , insulin/IGF-1 signaling ( IIS ) promotes growth and reproduct...	Iron plays a role in many biological processes , including energy generation and DNA replication . But to maintain health , levels of cellular iron must be just right: too much or too little iron can cause illnesses , such as anemia and hemochromatosis , respectively . Animals therefore carefully control their iron lev...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "genetics", "biology", "metabolism", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	Insulin/IGF-1 and Hypoxia Signaling Act in Concert to Regulate Iron Homeostasis in Caenorhabditis elegans
Processing of unattended threat-related stimuli , such as fearful faces , has been previously examined using group functional magnetic resonance ( fMRI ) approaches . However , the identification of features of brain activity containing sufficient information to decode , or “brain-read” , unattended ( implicit ) fear p...	Brain activity is increasingly characterized by patterns of pair-wise correlations ( large-scale functional connectivity ) across the whole brain obtained from Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ( BOLD ) functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) . Typically this is done during resting states ( i . e . no presented stimu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "psychology", "social", "and", "behavioral", "sciences", "behavior", "biology", "computational", "biology", "neuroscience", "neuroimaging" ]	2012	Decoding Unattended Fearful Faces with Whole-Brain Correlations: An Approach to Identify Condition-Dependent Large-Scale Functional Connectivity
In the Indian subcontinent , about 200 million people are at risk of developing visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) . In 2005 , the governments of India , Nepal and Bangladesh started the first regional VL elimination program with the aim to reduce the annual incidence to less than 1 per 10 , 000 by 2015 . A mathematical mod...	Visceral Leishmaniasis is a neglected , life-threatening disease affecting the poorest of the poor . It has received more attention in light of the regional VL elimination program . A deterministic compartmental model was developed to estimate parameters for L . donovani transmission and to optimise intervention succes...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "infectious", "disease", "epidemiology", "population", "dynamics", "parasitic", "diseases", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "population", "biology", "infectious", "disease", "control", "infectious", "diseases", "...	2011	Visceral Leishmaniasis in the Indian Subcontinent: Modelling Epidemiology and Control
Studying a gene’s regulatory mechanisms is a tedious process that involves identification of candidate regulators by transcription factor ( TF ) knockout or over-expression experiments , delineation of enhancers by reporter assays , and demonstration of direct TF influence by site mutagenesis , among other approaches ....	In-depth studies of gene regulatory mechanisms employ a variety of experimental approaches such as identifying a gene’s enhancer ( s ) and testing its variants through reporter assays , followed by transcription factor mis-expression or knockouts , site mutagenesis , etc . The biologist is often faced with the challeng...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Material", "and", "methods", "Discussion" ]	[ "information", "entropy", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "gene", "regulation", "experimental", "design", "research", "design", "regulator", "genes", "probability", "distribution", "mathematics", "gene", "types", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", ...	2018	An information theoretic treatment of sequence-to-expression modeling

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.