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Parasitic infections , which are among the most common infections worldwide , disproportionately affect children; however , little is known about the impact of parasitic disease on growth in very early childhood . Our objective was to document the prevalence of parasitic infections and examine their association with gr...	Parasitic infections are extremely common worldwide and children are especially vulnerable to these infections during critical periods of growth and development . There is a paucity of information about how frequently very young children ( under the age of five years ) are infected with parasites and the effects of par...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Parasitism in Children Aged Three Years and Under: Relationship between Infection and Growth in Rural Coastal Kenya
Microarrays enable comparative analyses of gene expression on a genomic scale , however these experiments frequently identify an abundance of differentially expressed genes such that it may be difficult to identify discrete functional networks that are hidden within large microarray datasets . Microarray analyses in wh...	Unlike animals , plants exhibit a prolonged period of organogenesis , generating new leaves throughout their life cycle . This ability to maintain an embryo-like state is dependent upon the activity of shoot meristems , whose dual functions are to supply an inner core of pluripotent cells that sustain the shoot meriste...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "none", "plant", "biology", "zea", "eukaryotes", "plants" ]	2007	Laser Microdissection of Narrow Sheath Mutant Maize Uncovers Novel Gene Expression in the Shoot Apical Meristem
Host innate immune defences play a critical role in restricting the intracellular propagation and pathogenesis of invading viral pathogens . Here we show that the histone H3 . 3 chaperone HIRA ( histone cell cycle regulator ) associates with promyelocytic leukaemia nuclear bodies ( PML-NBs ) to stimulate the induction ...	Host innate immune defences play critical roles in the cellular restriction of invading viral pathogens and the stimulation of adaptive immune responses . A key component in the regulation of this arm of host immunity is the rapid induction of cytokine signalling and the expression of interferon stimulated gene product...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[]	2019	The histone chaperone HIRA promotes the induction of host innate immune defences in response to HSV-1 infection
Myriad infectious and noninfectious causes of encephalomyelitis ( EM ) have similar clinical manifestations , presenting serious challenges to diagnosis and treatment . Metabolomics of cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) was explored as a method of differentiating among neurological diseases causing EM using a single CSF sampl...	Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord , known as encephalomyelitis , is a dangerous condition that can be caused by a wide range of pathogens , such as viruses and bacteria , and other medical conditions including autoimmunity or drug intoxications . Given the many possible causes , it is often difficult for clinic...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "cell", "physiology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "multiple", "sclerosis", "nervous", "system", "neurodegenerative", "diseases", "pathogens", "immunology", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology",...	2018	NMR metabolomics of cerebrospinal fluid differentiates inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system
The pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus ( SARS-CoV ) is likely mediated by disproportional immune responses and the ability of the virus to circumvent innate immunity . Using functional genomics , we analyzed early host responses to SARS-CoV infection in the lungs of adolescent cynomolgus maca...	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus ( SARS-CoV ) infection causes a progressive atypical pneumonia . In typical cases , largely confined to adult and elderly individuals , acute respiratory distress syndrome develops , and admission to an intensive care unit is required . Although these complications can be f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "primates", "viruses", "virology", "vertebrates", "animals", "mammals" ]	2007	Functional Genomics Highlights Differential Induction of Antiviral Pathways in the Lungs of SARS-CoV–Infected Macaques
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus ( MERS-CoV ) is a novel human coronavirus that emerged in 2012 , causing severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome ( ARDS ) , with a case fatality rate of ~36% . When expressed in isolation , CoV accessory proteins have been shown to interfere with innate anti...	Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus ( MERS-CoV ) is a highly pathogenic human CoV that continues to cause lethal human infections , primarily in the Middle East . Virus accessory genes are potential contributors to pathology , possibly by interfering with the innate immune response . However , understanding th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "nuclear", "import", "innate", "immune", "system", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "coronaviruses", "immune", "physiology", "cytokines", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "respiratory", "infections", "pathogens", "cell", "processes", "immunology", "...	2018	MERS-CoV 4b protein interferes with the NF-κB-dependent innate immune response during infection
Non-additive interactions between genomes have important implications , not only for practical applications such as breeding , but also for understanding evolution . In extreme cases , genes from different genomic backgrounds may be incompatible and compromise normal development or physiology . Of particular interest a...	While intraspecific hybrids are vitally important in modern agriculture because they often perform better than their inbred parents , certain hybrid combinations fail to develop normally and are inferior to their parents . We have identified an Arabidopsis thaliana hybrid with several aberrant growth phenotypes that ar...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "plant", "growth", "and", "development", "plant", "biology", "population", "genetics", "gene", "function", "plant", "science", "model", "organisms", "molecular", "genetics", "arabidopsis", "thaliana", "genetic", "polymorphism", "plant", "genetics", "biology", "evolution...	2011	Complex Evolutionary Events at a Tandem Cluster of Arabidopsis thaliana Genes Resulting in a Single-Locus Genetic Incompatibility
Transmission-blocking ( TB ) vaccines are considered an important tool for malaria control and elimination . Among all the antigens characterized as TB vaccines against Plasmodium vivax , the ookinete surface proteins Pvs28 and Pvs25 are leading candidates . These proteins likely originated by a gene duplication event ...	Plasmodium vivax is the most prevalent human malarial parasite outside Africa . The fact that patients can relapse due to the parasite dormant liver stages , among other biologic and epidemiologic characteristics of vivax malaria , facilitates the persistence of the disease in many endemic areas . These challenges have...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "sequencing", "techniques", "invertebrates", "parasite", "groups", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "plasmodium", "population", "genetics", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "parasitic", "protozoans", "parasitol...	2016	Evolution of the Transmission-Blocking Vaccine Candidates Pvs28 and Pvs25 in Plasmodium vivax: Geographic Differentiation and Evidence of Positive Selection
Streptococcus pneumoniae ( the pneumococcus ) colonizes the human nasopharynx and is a significant pathogen worldwide . Pneumolysin ( Ply ) is a multi-functional , extracellular virulence factor produced by this organism that is critical for pathogenesis . Despite the absence of any apparent secretion or cell surface a...	Pneumolysin ( Ply ) is a protein toxin produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae that contributes to the ability of this organism to cause invasive disease . Release of this protein from the bacterial cell is necessary for many of its functions but the underlying mechanisms driving this process are not well characterized . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Peptidoglycan Branched Stem Peptides Contribute to Streptococcus pneumoniae Virulence by Inhibiting Pneumolysin Release
Trypanosoma cruzi , the causal agent of Chagas disease , is monophyletic but genetically heterogeneous . It is currently represented by six genetic lineages ( Discrete Typing Units , DTUs ) designated TcI-TcVI . TcI is the most geographically widespread and genetically heterogeneous lineage , this as is evidenced by a ...	T . cruzi is a zoonotic protozoan parasite infecting mammals and widely dispersed throughout endemic Latin America . It is known to possess considerable genetic diversity , comprising six discrete genetic lineages designated Discrete Typing Units ( DTUs ) TcI-TcVI . TcI is the most genetically diverse DTU and the most ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "taxonomy", "biogeography", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "population", "genetics", "geographical", "locations", "biodiversity", "phylogenetics", "data", "management", "phylogenetic", "analysis", "population", "biology", "computer", "and", "information", "s...	2018	Dissecting the phyloepidemiology of Trypanosoma cruzi I (TcI) in Brazil by the use of high resolution genetic markers
Norovirus is the leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide . Despite recent developments in norovirus propagation in cell culture , these viruses are still challenging to grow routinely . Moreover , little is known on how norovirus infects the host cells , except that histo-blood group antigens ( HBGAs ) are important...	We determined the binding sites of six novel human norovirus specific Nanobodies ( Nano-4 , Nano-14 , Nano-26 , Nano-27 , Nano-32 , and Nano-42 ) using X-ray crystallography . The unique Nanobody recognition epitopes were correlated with their potential neutralizing capacities . We showed that one Nanobody ( Nano-26 ) ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chemical", "bonding", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "chemical", "characterization", "body", "fluids", "crystal", "structure", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "engineering", "and", "technology", "pathogens", "immunology", "condensed", "matter", ...	2017	Nanobodies targeting norovirus capsid reveal functional epitopes and potential mechanisms of neutralization
RIG-I-like receptor ( RLR ) plays a pivotal role in the detection of invading pathogens to initiate type I interferon ( IFN ) gene transcription . Since aberrant IFN production is harmful , RLR signaling is strictly regulated . However , the regulatory mechanisms are not fully understood . By expression cloning , we id...	Mammals utilize innate immune system to counteract viral infections . The host pattern-recognition receptors , such as RIG-I-like receptors ( RLRs ) , sense invading pathogens and initiate innate immune responses . RLRs are composed of three RNA helicases , RIG-I , MDA5 and LGP2 , and detect a series of RNA viruses , s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "immune", "system", "proteins", "pattern", "recognition", "receptors", "developmental", "biology", "innate", "immune", "system", "cytokines", "proteins", "molecular", "development", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "immune", "receptors", "immunology",...	2014	A Novel Function of Human Pumilio Proteins in Cytoplasmic Sensing of Viral Infection
Psychophysical and neurophysiological studies have suggested that memory is not simply a carbon copy of our experience: Memories are modified or new memories are formed depending on the dynamic structure of our experience , and specifically , on how gradually or abruptly the world changes . We present a statistical the...	When do we modify old memories , and when do we create new ones ? We suggest that this question can be answered statistically: The parsing of experience into distinct memory traces corresponds to inferences about the underlying structure of the environment . When sensory data change gradually over time , the brain infe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Conclusions", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "psychology", "cognitive", "psychology", "social", "sciences", "cognition", "computational", "neuroscience", "memory", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "computational", "biology", "cognitive", "science", "neuroscience", "learning", "and", "memory" ]	2014	Statistical Computations Underlying the Dynamics of Memory Updating
This study aimed to compare the prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex ( MTBc ) lineages between direct genotyping ( on sputum ) and indirect genotyping ( on culture ) , to characterize potential culture bias against difficult growers . Smear-positive sputa from consecutive new tuberculosis patients diagnosed...	The vast majority ( 95% ) of tuberculosis ( TB ) patients worldwide live in low-income countries , including in West-Africa . Typing the bacteria responsible for TB ( tuberculosis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex ) is important for targeted TB control . Typing is usually performed on isolates obtained after the cult...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "africans", "root", "structure", "plant", "anatomy", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "tropical", "diseases", "ethnicities", "bacterial", "diseases", "plant", "science", "geology", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "genotyping", "bacteria",...	2017	Genotypic characterization directly applied to sputum improves the detection of Mycobacterium africanum West African 1, under-represented in positive cultures
Human GWAS of obesity have been successful in identifying loci associated with adiposity , but for the most part , these are non-coding SNPs whose function , or even whose gene of action , is unknown . To help identify the genes on which these human BMI loci may be operating , we conducted a high throughput screen in D...	Human Genome Wide Association Studies have successfully found thousands of novel genetic variants associated with many diseases . While these undoubtedly point to new biology , the field has been slowed in exploiting these new findings to reach a better understanding of exactly how they confer increased risk . Many , i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genome-wide", "association", "studies", "invertebrates", "body", "weight", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "rna", "interference", "animals", "animal", "models", "drosophila", "melanogaster", "model", "organisms", "physiological", "parameters", "experimental", "o...	2018	A high throughput, functional screen of human Body Mass Index GWAS loci using tissue-specific RNAi Drosophila melanogaster crosses
A severe neurological disorder , Guillain-Barré syndrome ( GBS ) is the leading cause of acute flaccid paralysis . Enhanced surveillance of GBS in Latin America and the Caribbean ( LAC ) following the 2015–2016 Zika virus ( ZIKV ) epidemic presents an opportunity to estimate , for the first time , the regional incidenc...	A severe neurological disorder , Guillain-Barré syndrome ( GBS ) is the leading cause of acute flaccid paralysis . This is the first systematic review on GBS incidence in Latin America and the Caribbean before and during arboviral disease outbreaks . There is a large sub-regional and annual fluctuation in the incidence...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "chikungunya", "infection", "pathogens", "immunology", "geographical", "locations", "microbiology", "tropical", "diseases", "viruses", "north", "america", "clinical", "medicine", "rna",...	2019	Incidence of Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) in Latin America and the Caribbean before and during the 2015–2016 Zika virus epidemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis
The recurrent fixation of newly arising , beneficial mutations in a species reduces levels of linked neutral variability . Models positing frequent weakly beneficial substitutions or , alternatively , rare , strongly selected substitutions predict similar average effects on linked neutral variability , if the product o...	Understanding the process of adaptive evolution requires quantifying the extent to which beneficial mutations contribute to differences between species . However , fundamental parameters of adaptation , such as the rate and strength of beneficial mutations , are poorly understood and have historically been difficult to...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology/genomics", "evolutionary", "biology/evolutionary", "and", "comparative", "genetics" ]	2008	An Approximate Bayesian Estimator Suggests Strong, Recurrent Selective Sweeps in Drosophila
Determining distances to objects is one of the most ubiquitous perceptual tasks in everyday life . Nevertheless , it is challenging because the information from a single image confounds object size and distance . Though our brains frequently judge distances accurately , the underlying computations employed by the brain...	Perceiving the distance to an object can be difficult because a monocular visual image is influenced by the object's distance and size , so the object's image size alone cannot uniquely determine the distance . However , because object distance is so important in everyday life , our brains have developed various strate...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Model", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "computer", "science", "psychology", "reasoning", "social", "and", "behavioral", "sciences", "cognitive", "psychology", "psychophysics", "sensory", "perception", "computerized", "simulations", "neuroscience" ]	2011	How Haptic Size Sensations Improve Distance Perception
Idiopathic chronic diarrhea ( ICD ) is a leading cause of morbidity amongst rhesus monkeys kept in captivity . Here , we show that exposure of affected animals to the whipworm Trichuris trichiura led to clinical improvement in fecal consistency , accompanied by weight gain , in four out of the five treated monkeys . By...	Young macaques kept in captivity at Primate Research Centers often develop chronic diarrhea , which is difficult to treat because it is poorly understood . This disease shares many features with ulcerative colitis , which is an autoimmune disease affecting the intestinal tract of humans . Recently , parasitic worms hav...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "pathology", "immunology", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "gastroenterology", "and", "hepatology", "veterinary", "science", "infectious", "diseases", "veterinary", "diseases", "veterinary", "parasitology", "veterinary", "microbiology", "biology", ...	2012	Therapeutic Helminth Infection of Macaques with Idiopathic Chronic Diarrhea Alters the Inflammatory Signature and Mucosal Microbiota of the Colon
The three-dimensional structures of proteins are stabilized by the interactions between amino acid residues . Here we report a method where four distances are calculated between any two side chains to provide an exact spatial definition of their bonds . The data were binned into a four-dimensional grid and compared to ...	Knowledge of high-resolution structures of proteins is an invaluable source of information for molecular biologists . Since obtaining structures experimentally is a laborious process , using computational methods to model correctly protein structure is highly beneficial . As protein structures are stabilized by the spe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "computational", "biology/protein", "structure", "prediction", "computational", "biology/macromolecular", "structure", "analysis", "computational", "biology" ]	2009	Four Distances between Pairs of Amino Acids Provide a Precise Description of their Interaction
Humans can meaningfully report their confidence in a perceptual or cognitive decision . It is widely believed that these reports reflect the Bayesian probability that the decision is correct , but this hypothesis has not been rigorously tested against non-Bayesian alternatives . We use two perceptual categorization tas...	Humans are able to report a sense of confidence in decisions that we make . It is widely hypothesized that confidence reflects the computed probability that a decision is accurate; however , this hypothesis has not been fully explored . We use several human behavioral experiments to test a variety of models that may be...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "statistical", "noise", "ellipses", "decision", "making", "statistics", "social", "sciences", "geometry", "neuroscience", "cognitive", "psychology", "mathematics", "probability", "distribution", "cognition", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "gaussian", "noise", "...	2018	Comparing Bayesian and non-Bayesian accounts of human confidence reports
Huntingtin is a large HEAT repeat protein first identified in humans , where a polyglutamine tract expansion near the amino terminus causes a gain-of-function mechanism that leads to selective neuronal loss in Huntington's disease ( HD ) . Genetic evidence in humans and knock-in mouse models suggests that this gain-of-...	Genetic evidence in humans and mouse models of Huntington's disease suggests that the disease mutation confers a deleterious gain-of-function on huntingtin that acts through the deregulation of some aspect of the protein's normal function ( s ) . While huntingtin's function is poorly understood , its evolutionary conse...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cellular", "structures", "subcellular", "organelles", "cellular", "stress", "responses", "mechanisms", "of", "signal", "transduction", "dictyosteliomycota", "microbiology", "signaling", "in", "selected", "disciplines", "adenylyl", "cyclase", "signaling", "cascade", "cell",...	2011	Deficiency of Huntingtin Has Pleiotropic Effects in the Social Amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum
Positive feedback plays a key role in the ability of signaling molecules to form highly localized clusters in the membrane or cytosol of cells . Such clustering can occur in the absence of localizing mechanisms such as pre-existing spatial cues , diffusional barriers , or molecular cross-linking . What prevents positiv...	A large body of work has focused on the ability of positive feedback in biological networks to create either switches in time ( i . e . , cells are either in an “on” or an “off” state ) or form patterns in space ( i . e . , spatial organization in cells and tissues ) . Here , we propose a stochastic “neutral drift pola...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "systems", "biology", "mathematics", "theoretical", "biology", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2011	A Density-Dependent Switch Drives Stochastic Clustering and Polarization of Signaling Molecules
Competence is a transiently differentiated state that certain bacterial cells reach when faced with a stressful environment . Entrance into competence can be attributed to the excitability of the dynamics governing the genetic circuit that regulates this cellular behavior . Like many biological behaviors , entrance int...	When exposed to stress , organisms react by taking actions that help them protect their DNA . ComK protein is a key regulator which activates hundreds of genes , including the genes encoding the DNA-uptake and recombination systems . In Bacillus subtilis , stress in the environment activates a sequence of chemical reac...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results/Discussion" ]	[ "computational", "biology/molecular", "dynamics", "computer", "science/systems", "and", "control", "theory", "computational", "biology/systems", "biology", "computational", "biology/signaling", "networks" ]	2010	Analysis of Stochastic Strategies in Bacterial Competence: A Master Equation Approach
The baculovirus is a classic example of a parasite that alters the behavior or physiology of its host so that progeny transmission is maximized . Baculoviruses do this by inducing enhanced locomotory activity ( ELA ) that causes the host caterpillars to climb to the upper foliage of plants . We previously reported that...	Pathogens are known to usurp or alter the behavior of their hosts for their own benefit . Such behavior modification by animal and even plant viruses is widely observed in insect hosts . One of the earliest documented examples of such behavior modification is Wipfelkrankheit , a baculovirus-induced disease that causes ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "pest", "control", "biology", "microbiology", "evolutionary", "biology", "agriculture" ]	2012	The Baculovirus Uses a Captured Host Phosphatase to Induce Enhanced Locomotory Activity in Host Caterpillars
Circadian rhythms enable organisms to synchronise the processes underpinning survival and reproduction to anticipate daily changes in the external environment . Recent work shows that daily ( circadian ) rhythms also enable parasites to maximise fitness in the context of ecological interactions with their hosts . Becau...	How cycles of asexual replication by malaria parasites are coordinated to occur in synchrony with the circadian rhythms of the host is a long-standing mystery . We reveal that rhythms associated with the time-of-day that hosts feed are responsible for the timing of rhythms in parasite development . Specifically , we al...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "parasite", "replication", "tropical", "diseases", "parasitic", "diseases", "parasitic", "protozoans", "biological", "locomotion", "parasitology", "circadian", "oscillators", "protozoans", "physiological", "parameters", "body", "temp...	2018	Timing of host feeding drives rhythms in parasite replication
Phenotypic variance heterogeneity across genotypes at a single nucleotide polymorphism ( SNP ) may reflect underlying gene-environment ( G×E ) or gene-gene interactions . We modeled variance heterogeneity for blood lipids and BMI in up to 44 , 211 participants and investigated relationships between variance effects ( P...	Most contemporary studies of gene-environment interactions focus on gene variants that are known to bear strong and reliable associations with the traits of interest . The strategy is intuitive because it helps limit the number of tests performed by focusing on a relatively small number of gene variants . However , thi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genome-wide", "association", "studies", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "quantitative", "trait", "loci", "sociology", "social", "sciences", "physical", "activity", "mathematics", "statistics", "(mathematics)", "genome", "analysis", "research", "and", "analysis",...	2017	Ranking and characterization of established BMI and lipid associated loci as candidates for gene-environment interactions
Trypanosoma cruzi , an intracellular protozoan parasite that infects humans and other mammalian hosts , is the etiologic agent in Chagas disease . This parasite can invade a wide variety of mammalian cells . The mechanism ( s ) by which T . cruzi invades its host cell is not completely understood . The activation of ma...	Trypanosoma cruzi , an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease in humans and results in the development of cardiomyopathy , is a major health problem in endemic areas . This parasite can invade a wide variety of mammalian cells . The mechanisms by which these parasites invade their host cells are no...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "biochemistry/cell", "signaling", "and", "trafficking", "structures", "infectious", "diseases/protozoal", "infections", "immunology/immunity", "to", "infections" ]	2011	Trypanosoma cruzi Utilizes the Host Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor in Invasion
Sterol biosynthesis is a crucial pathway in eukaryotes leading to the production of cholesterol in animals and various C24-alkyl sterols ( ergostane-based sterols ) in fungi , plants , and trypanosomatid protozoa . Sterols are important membrane components and precursors for the synthesis of powerful bioactive molecule...	Leishmania parasites are transmitted through the bite of sandflies causing a spectrum of serious diseases in humans . Current drugs are inadequate and no safe vaccine is available . These parasites produce different types of sterols from humans , making the sterol synthesis pathway a valuable target of selective inhibi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "lipids", "metabolism", "kinetoplastids", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "protozoology", "microbiology", "sterols", "lipid", "metabolism", "parasitology", "parasite", "physiology" ]	2014	Sterol Biosynthesis Is Required for Heat Resistance but Not Extracellular Survival in Leishmania
Successful host colonization by bacteria requires sensing and response to the local ionic milieu , and coordination of responses with the maintenance of ionic homeostasis in the face of changing conditions . We previously discovered that Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) responds synergistically to chloride ( Cl- ) an...	Tuberculosis is the leading cause of death from infectious diseases globally , and knowledge of the fundamental biology underlying successful host colonization by Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) is critical for understanding its pathogenicity . Our study focuses on one such important facet—the ability of Mtb to sens...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "vesicles", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "electrophoretic", "mobility", "shift", "assay", "pathogens", "immunology", "membrane", "potential", "microbiology", "electrophysiology"...	2019	Potassium response and homeostasis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis modulates environmental adaptation and is important for host colonization
Human waste is used as an agricultural fertilizer in China and elsewhere . Because the eggs of many helminth species can survive in environmental media , reuse of untreated or partially treated human waste , commonly called night soil , may promote transmission of human helminthiases . We conducted an open cohort study...	Many people use human waste as an agricultural fertilizer , often called “night soil . ” If the waste is not properly treated , the use of night soil may promote the spread of infectious diseases . We suspected that night soil use may facilitate the spread of the water-borne disease , schistosomiasis , as some schistos...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Associations between Schistosomiasis and the Use of Human Waste as an Agricultural Fertilizer in China
The disease cryptococcosis , caused by the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans , is acquired directly from environmental exposure rather than transmitted person-to-person . One explanation for the pathogenicity of this species is that interactions with environmental predators select for virulence . However , co-incubation o...	Many diseases are contracted from the environment , rather than from sick people . It is unclear why those species are able to cause disease , since the selective pressures in the environment are presumed to be very different from those found within the host . Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungus that causes life-threat...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "microbial", "mutation", "genetic", "mutation", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "gene", "function", "mutation", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "mutation", "types", "fungal", "evolution", "microbial", "evolution", "cell", "growth", "molecular", "genetics",...	2012	DNA Mutations Mediate Microevolution between Host-Adapted Forms of the Pathogenic Fungus Cryptococcus neoformans
The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the principal vector of dengue and yellow fever flaviviruses . Temephos is an organophosphate insecticide used globally to suppress Ae . aegypti larval populations but resistance has evolved in many locations . Quantitative Trait Loci ( QTL ) controlling temephos survival in Ae . aegypti l...	The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the principal vector of dengue and yellow fever flaviviruses . Due to a lack of effective drugs or vaccines , if an epidemic of dengue fever occurs in the near future , the first line of defense will involve the use of insecticides to suppress adult populations of Ae . aegypti . Unfortunat...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences" ]	2014	QTL Mapping of Genome Regions Controlling Temephos Resistance in Larvae of the Mosquito Aedes aegypti
Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes severe sight-threatening corneal infections , with the inflammatory response to the pathogen being the major factor resulting in damage to the cornea that leads to loss of visual acuity . We found that mice deficient for macrophage migration inhibitory factor ( MIF ) , a key regulator of i...	Pseudomonas aeruginosa can induce infections that lead to a rapid loss of visual function . The current therapy includes antibiotic treatment which reduces the bacterial burden; nevertheless , tissue damage occurs as a result of an uncontrolled inflammation . Therefore , new therapeutic approaches are needed that will ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunology/immunity", "to", "infections", "immunology/innate", "immunity" ]	2010	Inhibition of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Ameliorates Ocular Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Induced Keratitis
In allosteric regulation , an effector molecule binding a protein at one site induces conformational changes , which alter structure and function at a distant active site . Two key challenges in the computational modeling of allostery are the prediction of the structure of one allosteric state starting from the structu...	A common means of biological regulation is allostery , in which an effector molecule binds to one site on a protein and induces a conformational change which changes activity at a distant active site . Frequently high resolution structures are determined for one state of an allosteric protein but not the other . To pro...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "computational", "biology/protein", "structure", "prediction", "biophysics/biomacromolecule-ligand", "interactions" ]	2009	Computation of Conformational Coupling in Allosteric Proteins
Both theory and experiments have demonstrated that sex can facilitate adaptation , potentially yielding a group-level advantage to sex . However , it is unclear whether this process can help solve the more difficult problem of the maintenance of sex within populations . Using experimental populations of the facultative...	For well over a century , biologists have wondered why sex is such a common mode of reproduction , given the immediate 2-fold fitness cost entailed by the reduced number of offspring per parent . The most classic explanation is that sex is favoured because it helps to generate the variation necessary for adaptation . W...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "ecology", "adaptation", "population", "genetics", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology", "evolutionary", "processes" ]	2012	The Evolution of Sex Is Favoured During Adaptation to New Environments
Hsp90 is a molecular chaperone essential for protein folding and activation in normal homeostasis and stress response . ATP binding and hydrolysis facilitate Hsp90 conformational changes required for client activation . Hsp90 plays an important role in disease states , particularly in cancer , where chaperoning of the ...	Dynamic processes underlie the functions of all proteins . Hence , to understand , control , and design protein functions in the cell , we need to unravel the basic principles of protein dynamics . This is fundamental in studying the mechanisms of a specific class of proteins known as molecular chaperones , which overs...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "biophysics/protein", "folding", "biophysics/theory", "and", "simulation", "pharmacology/drug", "development", "biophysics/biomacromolecule-ligand", "interactions", "computational", "biology", "computational", "biology/molecular", "dynamics" ]	2009	Modeling Signal Propagation Mechanisms and Ligand-Based Conformational Dynamics of the Hsp90 Molecular Chaperone Full-Length Dimer
Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase ( IMPDH ) catalyzes an essential step in the biosynthesis of guanine nucleotides . This reaction involves two different chemical transformations , an NAD-linked redox reaction and a hydrolase reaction , that utilize mutually exclusive protein conformations with distinct catalytic res...	Many enzymes have the remarkable ability to catalyze several different chemical transformations . For example , IMP dehydrogenase catalyzes both an NAD-linked redox reaction and a hydrolase reaction . These reactions utilize distinct catalytic residues and protein conformations . How did Nature construct such a complic...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "computational", "biology" ]	2008	An Enzymatic Atavist Revealed in Dual Pathways for Water Activation
Dengue virus ( DENV ) circulates in human and sylvatic cycles . Sylvatic strains are both ecologically and evolutionarily distinct from endemic viruses . Although sylvatic dengue cycles occur in West African countries and Malaysia , only a few cases of mild human disease caused by sylvatic strains and one single case o...	Dengue viruses are mosquito borne pathogens that cause up to 100 million infections annually . Dengue viruses circulate in either humans or non-human primates in two separate cycles: human and sylvatic . All four different serotypes infect humans causing frequent epidemics and severe disease , including hemorrhagic fev...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "emerging", "infectious", "diseases", "virology", "emerging", "viral", "diseases", "dengue", "fever", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "travel-associated", "diseases", "biology", "microbiology" ]	2011	First Report of Sylvatic DENV-2-Associated Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in West Africa
In reward learning , the integration of NMDA-dependent calcium and dopamine by striatal projection neurons leads to potentiation of corticostriatal synapses through CaMKII/PP1 signaling . In order to elicit the CaMKII/PP1-dependent response , the calcium and dopamine inputs should arrive in temporal proximity and must ...	A response towards an environmental stimulus could be reinforced if it elicits a reward . On the subcellular level , the environmental stimulus and the reward signal lead to a transient increase in striatal calcium- and dopamine-signaling , respectively . The integration of calcium and dopamine signals , which is impor...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "phosphorylation", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "neurochemistry", "chemical", "compounds", "signaling", "networks", "brain", "neuroscience", "organic", "compounds", "adenylyl", "cyclase", "signaling", "cascade", "hormones", "network", "analysis", "amines", "ne...	2016	Role of DARPP-32 and ARPP-21 in the Emergence of Temporal Constraints on Striatal Calcium and Dopamine Integration
Indonesia reports the second highest dengue disease burden in the world; these data are from passive surveillance reports and are likely to be significant underestimates . Age-stratified seroprevalence data are relatively unbiased indicators of past exposure and allow understanding of transmission dynamics . To better ...	Indonesia reported to the WHO the world’s second highest average number of dengue cases and the highest in Asia from 2004 to 2010 . These passive surveillance reports vary widely within the country and are likely to be a severe under-estimation of the full disease burden as frequently only dengue haemorrhagic fever is ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "dengue", "virus", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "demography", "pathogens", "geographical", "locations", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology", "indonesia", "viruses", "age", "groups", "rna", "viruses", "neglecte...	2017	Dengue seroprevalence and force of primary infection in a representative population of urban dwelling Indonesian children
Mutations in ribosomal protein ( RP ) genes can result in the loss of erythrocyte progenitor cells and cause severe anemia . This is seen in patients with Diamond-Blackfan anemia ( DBA ) , a pure red cell aplasia and bone marrow failure syndrome that is almost exclusively linked to RP gene haploinsufficiency . While th...	The p53 tumor suppressor is the most commonly mutated gene in human cancers . However , cancer cells exploit multiple mechanisms to silence the p53 pathway in addition to inactivation of the p53 gene . We previously reported that one of these mechanisms is found in tumor cells with ribosomal protein ( RP ) gene mutatio...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Ribosomal Protein Mutations Result in Constitutive p53 Protein Degradation through Impairment of the AKT Pathway
Biological systems produce phenotypes that appear to be robust to perturbation by mutations and environmental variation . Prior studies identified genes that , when impaired , reveal previously cryptic genetic variation . This result is typically interpreted as evidence that the disrupted gene normally increases robust...	Natural populations typically harbor much genetic variation . Some of this variation is cryptic — it does not affect observed traits except if the organism is exposed to a major environmental or genetic perturbation . One often-proposed explanation for the revelation of cryptic genetic variation is that the perturbatio...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "mutation", "model", "organisms", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "genetic", "polymorphism", "chromosome", "biology", "population", "genetics", "yeast", "and", "fungal", "models", "biology", "evolutionary", "theory", "evolutionary", "biology", "saccharomyces", "cerevisiae...	2013	Histone Variant HTZ1 Shows Extensive Epistasis with, but Does Not Increase Robustness to, New Mutations
In bistable vision , subjective perception wavers between two interpretations of a constant ambiguous stimulus . This dissociation between conscious perception and sensory stimulation has motivated various empirical studies on the neural correlates of bistable perception , but the neurocomputational mechanism behind en...	In bistable vision , perception spontaneously alternates between two different interpretations of a constant ambiguous stimulus . Here , we show that such spontaneous perceptual transitions can be parsimoniously described by a Bayesian predictive coding model . Using simulated , behavioural and fMRI data , we provide e...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "diagnostic", "radiology", "functional", "magnetic", "resonance", "imaging", "brain", "social", "sciences", "neuroscience", "magnetic", "resonance", "imaging", "perception", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "cognitive", "psychology...	2017	A predictive coding account of bistable perception - a model-based fMRI study
DNA in eukaryotes is packaged into a chromatin complex , the most basic element of which is the nucleosome . The precise positioning of the nucleosome cores allows for selective access to the DNA , and the mechanisms that control this positioning are important pieces of the gene expression puzzle . We describe a large-...	DNA in eukaryotes is packaged into a chromatin complex , the most basic element of which is the nucleosome . The precise positioning of the nucleosome cores allows for selective access to the DNA , and the mechanisms that control this positioning are important pieces of the gene expression puzzle . In this work , we de...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "biology/bioinformatics", "molecular", "biology/chromatin", "structure", "computational", "biology/genomics", "computational", "biology" ]	2010	Learning a Weighted Sequence Model of the Nucleosome Core and Linker Yields More Accurate Predictions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Homo sapiens
Cholinergic neurons in the striatum are thought to play major regulatory functions in motor behaviour and reward . These neurons express two vesicular transporters that can load either acetylcholine or glutamate into synaptic vesicles . Consequently cholinergic neurons can release both neurotransmitters , making it dif...	The neurotransmitters dopamine and acetylcholine play opposite roles in the striatum ( a brain region involved in motor control and reward-related behaviour ) , and their balance is thought to be critical for striatal function . Acetylcholine in the striatum has been linked to a number of functions , including control ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "neuropsychiatric", "disorders", "neurochemistry", "mental", "health", "anatomy", "and", "physiology", "neuroscience", "motor", "systems", "neurotransmitters", "neurological", "system", "neuroimaging", "nervous", "system", "physiology", "biology", "psychiatry", ...	2011	Elimination of the Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter in the Striatum Reveals Regulation of Behaviour by Cholinergic-Glutamatergic Co-Transmission
The evolutionarily conserved Hippo ( Hpo ) signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in organ size control by balancing cell proliferation and cell death . Here , we reported the identification of Par-1 as a regulator of the Hpo signaling pathway using a gain-of-function EP screen in Drosophila melanogaster . Overexpressi...	An organism's organ size is determined by cell number , the size of each cell , and the distance between cells . All of these factors are controlled by the coordination of different cell signaling pathways and other mechanisms . The Hippo signaling pathway controls organ size by restricting the number of cells that mak...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "biology" ]	2013	Par-1 Regulates Tissue Growth by Influencing Hippo Phosphorylation Status and Hippo-Salvador Association
An Argonaute homolog and a functional Dicer have been identified in the ancient eukaryote Giardia lamblia , which apparently lacks the ability to perform RNA interference ( RNAi ) . The Giardia Argonaute plays an essential role in growth and is capable of binding specifically to the m7G-cap , suggesting a potential inv...	Gene regulation in Giardia lamblia , a primitive parasitic protozoan responsible for the diarrheal disease giardiasis , is poorly understood . There is no consensus promoter sequence . A simple eight–base pair AT-rich region is sufficient to initiate gene transcription in this organism . Thus , the main control of gene...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "biology/translation", "mechanisms", "molecular", "biology/translational", "regulation", "microbiology/parasitology" ]	2008	snoRNA, a Novel Precursor of microRNA in Giardia lamblia
The Chikungunya virus infection zones have now quickly spread from Africa to parts of Asia , North America and Europe . Originally thought to trigger a disease of only mild symptoms , recently Chikungunya virus caused large-scale fatalities and widespread economic loss that was linked to recent virus genetic mutation a...	Chikungunya virus ( CHIKV ) is transmitted by mosquitoes and causes a human disease clinically characterized by sudden appearance of high fever , rash , headache , nausea , and severe joint pain ( the defining symptom ) . Chikungunya was identified in Africa and the word Chikungunya means that which bends up , describi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "diagnostic", "medicine", "clinical", "immunology", "drugs", "and", "devices", "endocrinology", "global", "health", "immunology", "biology", "microbiology", "molecular", "cell", "biology", ...	2011	Inflammatory Cytokine Expression Is Associated with Chikungunya Virus Resolution and Symptom Severity
Within the last 10 years Zika virus ( ZIKV ) has caused unprecedented epidemics of human disease in the nations and territories of the western Pacific and South America , and continues to escalate in both endemic and non-endemic regions . We evaluated the vector competence of Australian mosquitoes for ZIKV to assess th...	Zika virus was first isolated in Uganda in 1947 and exists in a transmission cycle between mosquitoes and non-human primates or humans . Whilst most clinical infections result in a self-limiting febrile illness , Zika virus has recently been linked to neurological syndromes , such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and congeni...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "pathogens", "geographical", "locations", "microbiology", "australia", "rna", "extraction", "saliva", "...	2016	Assessment of Local Mosquito Species Incriminates Aedes aegypti as the Potential Vector of Zika Virus in Australia
Previously , we discovered a conserved interaction between RB proteins and the Condensin II protein CAP-D3 that is important for ensuring uniform chromatin condensation during mitotic prophase . The Drosophila melanogaster homologs RBF1 and dCAP-D3 co-localize on non-dividing polytene chromatin , suggesting the existen...	The retinoblastoma protein ( pRB ) is a tumor suppressor protein known for its ability to repress transcription of E2F-dependent genes and induce cell cycle arrest . We have previously shown that RB proteins in Drosophila and human cells interact with the Condensin II subunit , CAP-D3 , in an E2F-independent manner . C...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunity", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "molecular", "genetics", "biology", "immunology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	A Shared Role for RBF1 and dCAP-D3 in the Regulation of Transcription with Consequences for Innate Immunity
No therapeutics or vaccines currently exist for human coronaviruses ( HCoVs ) . The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-associated coronavirus ( SARS-CoV ) epidemic in 2002–2003 , and the recent emergence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus ( MERS-CoV ) in April 2012 , emphasize the high probability of future...	RNA viruses have high mutation rates ( 10−3 to 10−5 mutations/nucleotide/round of replication ) , allowing for rapid viral adaptation in response to selective pressure . While RNA viruses have long been considered unable to correct mistakes during replication , CoVs such as SARS-CoV and the recently emerged MERS-CoV ar...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "mechanisms", "of", "resistance", "and", "susceptibility", "virology", "biology", "microbiology" ]	2013	Coronaviruses Lacking Exoribonuclease Activity Are Susceptible to Lethal Mutagenesis: Evidence for Proofreading and Potential Therapeutics
Numerous bacterial pathogens manipulate host cell processes to promote infection and ultimately cause disease through the action of proteins that they directly inject into host cells . Identification of the targets and molecular mechanisms of action used by these bacterial effector proteins is critical to understanding...	Many bacterial pathogens use specialized secretion systems to deliver effector proteins directly into host cells . The effector proteins mediate the subversion or inhibition of host cell processes to promote survival of the pathogens . Although these proteins are critical elements of pathogenesis , relatively few are w...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "infectious", "diseases", "cell", "biology", "mammals", "microbiology", "computational", "biology", "mus", "(mouse)", "molecular", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "eubacteria", "saccharomyces" ]	2007	Yeast Functional Genomic Screens Lead to Identification of a Role for a Bacterial Effector in Innate Immunity Regulation
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma ( NHL ) represents a diverse group of hematological malignancies , of which follicular lymphoma ( FL ) is a prevalent subtype . A previous genome-wide association study has established a marker , rs10484561 in the human leukocyte antigen ( HLA ) class II region on 6p21 . 32 associated with increase...	Earlier studies have established a marker rs10484561 , in the HLA class II region on 6p21 . 32 , associated with increased follicular lymphoma ( FL ) risk . Here , in a three-stage genome-wide association study of 1 , 428 FL cases and 6 , 581 controls , we identified a second independent FL–associated marker on 6p21 . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "hematology/lymphomas", "and", "chronic", "lymphoblastic", "leukemia", "oncology", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "discovery", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics/complex", "traits", "genetics", "and", "genomics/genetics", "of...	2011	GWAS of Follicular Lymphoma Reveals Allelic Heterogeneity at 6p21.32 and Suggests Shared Genetic Susceptibility with Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma
Large-scale genome rearrangements have been observed in cells adapting to various selective conditions during laboratory evolution experiments . However , it remains unclear whether these types of mutations can be stably maintained in populations and how they impact the evolutionary trajectories . Here we show that chr...	Large-scale chromosomal rearrangements are often associated with dramatic phenotypic changes such as cancer cell formation . It has been speculated that large-scale chromosomal rearrangements may play a crucial role at the early stages of adaptation , since they can quickly change the expression level of multiple genes...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "cell", "biology", "genetics", "biology", "genomics", "evolutionary", "biology", "microbiology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2013	Dynamic Large-Scale Chromosomal Rearrangements Fuel Rapid Adaptation in Yeast Populations
Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating glia of the central nervous system and ensure rapid saltatory conduction . Shortage or loss of these cells leads to severe malfunctions as observed in human leukodystrophies and multiple sclerosis , and their replenishment by reprogramming or cell conversion strategies is an importa...	Developmental or acquired defects of oligodendrocytes or their myelin sheaths impairs saltatory nerve conduction in the central nervous system and thus leads to severe neurological diseases . Strategies to regenerate or replace these cells require a deeper understanding of the regulatory processes that underlie their g...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Elevated In Vivo Levels of a Single Transcription Factor Directly Convert Satellite Glia into Oligodendrocyte-like Cells
Rare genetic variants , identified by in-detail resequencing of loci , may contribute to complex traits . We used the apolipoprotein A-I gene ( APOA1 ) , a major high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) gene , and population-based resequencing to determine the spectrum of genetic variants , the phenotypic characteristics of th...	Rare genetic variants , identified by in-detail resequencing of loci , may contribute to complex traits . We used the apolipoprotein A-I gene ( APOA1 ) , a major high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) gene , and population-based resequencing to determine the spectrum of genetic variants , the phenotypic characteristics of th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "quantitative", "traits", "lipids", "proteins", "lipoproteins", "biology", "biochemistry", "phenotypes", "heredity", "genetics", "apolipoprotein", "genes", "genetics", "of", "disease", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "complex", "traits" ]	2012	Population-Based Resequencing of APOA1 in 10,330 Individuals: Spectrum of Genetic Variation, Phenotype, and Comparison with Extreme Phenotype Approach
Debate over repealing the ivory trade ban dominates conferences of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ( CITES ) . Resolving this controversy requires accurate estimates of elephant population trends and rates of illegal killing . Most African savannah elephant population...	Forest elephants , perhaps a distinct species of African elephant , occur in the forests of West and Central Africa . Compared to the more familiar savannah elephant of Eastern and Southern Africa , forest elephant biology and their conservation status are poorly known . To provide robust scientific data on the status ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "ecology", "mammals" ]	2007	Forest Elephant Crisis in the Congo Basin
Rabies continues to be a major public health problem in the Philippines , where 200–300 human cases were reported annually between 2001 and 2011 . Understanding the phylogeography of rabies viruses is important for establishing a more effective and feasible control strategy . We performed a molecular analysis of rabies...	Rabies continues to be a major public health problem in the Philippines . We conducted a molecular epidemiological study of rabies using the complete glycoprotein ( G ) gene from 235 animal brain samples collected in the Philippines between 2004 and 2010 . We identified three major clades and two distinct genogroups in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "rabies", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "molecular", "epidemiology", "epidemiology", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "public", "health" ]	2013	Genetic Diversity and Geographic Distribution of Genetically Distinct Rabies Viruses in the Philippines
Phages , like many parasites , tend to have small genomes and may encode autonomous functions or manipulate those of their hosts' . Recombination functions are essential for phage replication and diversification . They are also nearly ubiquitous in bacteria . The E . coli genome encodes many copies of an octamer ( Chi ...	Bacterial viruses , called bacteriophages , are extremely abundant in the biosphere . They have key roles in the regulation of bacterial populations and in the diversification of bacterial genomes . Among these viruses , lambdoid phages are very abundant in enterobacteria and exchange genetic material very frequently ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Manipulating or Superseding Host Recombination Functions: A Dilemma That Shapes Phage Evolvability
Translocation of the Helicobacter pylori ( Hp ) cytotoxin-associated gene A ( CagA ) effector protein via the cag-Type IV Secretion System ( cag-T4SS ) into host cells is a hallmark of infection with Hp and a major risk factor for severe gastric diseases , including gastric cancer . To mediate the injection of CagA , H...	The Cag Type IV secretion system of Helicobacter pylori ( Hp ) interacts with host cell integrins and injects the bacterial oncoprotein CagA into host cells thereby contributing to inflammation and carcinogenesis during chronic infection . Binding of β1 integrin receptors by the CagA protein and the type IV secretion s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "binding", "flow", "cytometry", "cell", "physiology", "bacteriology", "phosphorylation", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "molecular", "probe", "techniques", "path...	2018	Integrin but not CEACAM receptors are dispensable for Helicobacter pylori CagA translocation
L locus resistance ( R ) proteins are nucleotide binding ( NB-ARC ) leucine-rich repeat ( LRR ) proteins from flax ( Linum usitatissimum ) that provide race-specific resistance to the causal agent of flax rust disease , Melampsora lini . L5 and L6 are two alleles of the L locus that directly recognize variants of the f...	The biotrophic fungus Melampsora lini is the causal agent of flax rust disease . Flax produces immune-receptor proteins that recognize fungal effector proteins , and subsequently signal the activation of plant defense responses . Here we report the molecular details of interactions between L-locus immune-receptors and ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "plant", "biology", "immunology", "plant", "science", "crops", "plant", "pathology", "genetically", "modified", "organisms", "crop", "diseases", "biology", "agriculture", "immunity", "innate", "immunity", "plant", "pathogens", "agricultural", "biotechnolo...	2012	Intramolecular Interaction Influences Binding of the Flax L5 and L6 Resistance Proteins to their AvrL567 Ligands
New vector control paradigms expanding the use of spatial repellents are promising , but there are many gaps in our knowledge about how repellents work and how their long-term use might affect vector populations over time . Reported here are findings from a series of in vitro studies that investigated the plasticity an...	There is growing evidence to support the expanded use of spatial repellents for vector control , but there are still many uncertainties about how repellents work and how their long term use may impact vector populations over time . Here , we conducted a series of in vitro experiments that investigated spatial repellent...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Insensitivity to the Spatial Repellent Action of Transfluthrin in Aedes aegypti: A Heritable Trait Associated with Decreased Insecticide Susceptibility
To elucidate the history of living and extinct elephantids , we generated 39 , 763 bp of aligned nuclear DNA sequence across 375 loci for African savanna elephant , African forest elephant , Asian elephant , the extinct American mastodon , and the woolly mammoth . Our data establish that the Asian elephant is the close...	The living elephants are the last survivors of a once highly successful mammalian order , the Proboscidea , which includes extinct species such as the iconic woolly mammoth ( Mammuthus primigenius ) and the American mastodon ( Mammut americanum ) . Despite numerous studies , the phylogenetic relationships of the modern...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology/paleontology", "evolutionary", "biology/genomics" ]	2010	Genomic DNA Sequences from Mastodon and Woolly Mammoth Reveal Deep Speciation of Forest and Savanna Elephants
The intrahepatic immune environment is normally biased towards tolerance . Nonetheless , effective antiviral immune responses can be induced against hepatotropic pathogens . To examine the immunological basis of this paradox we studied the ability of hepatocellularly expressed hepatitis B virus ( HBV ) to activate immu...	Hepatitis B virus ( HBV ) infection is responsible for more than 500 , 000 deaths annually as a result of the immune-mediated chronic liver damage it induces . The HBV specific CD8+ T cell response contributes to the pathogenesis of liver disease and viral clearance , and the failure to induce and/or sustain a vigorous...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "hepatitis", "hepatitis", "b", "immune", "cells", "gastroenterology", "and", "hepatology", "virology", "t", "cells", "immunology", "biology", "microbiology", "viral", "diseases", "liver", "diseases" ]	2013	CD40 Activation Rescues Antiviral CD8+ T Cells from PD-1-Mediated Exhaustion
Usutu ( USUV ) and Zika ( ZIKV ) viruses are emerging arboviruses of significant medical and veterinary importance . These viruses have not been studied as well as other medically important arboviruses such as West Nile ( WNV ) , dengue ( DENV ) , or chikungunya ( CHIKV ) viruses . As such , information regarding the b...	Usutu and Zika viruses are arboviruses of significant medical and veterinary outbreaks in recent years . Currently , standard laboratory methods for these viruses are limited to 2–3 cell lines . Here , our studies demonstrate that Zika and Usutu viruses are able to replicate in cells from a wide range of animal cell li...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "japanese", "encephalitis", "virus", "dengue", "virus", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "togaviruses", "pathogens", "biological", "cultures", "microbiology", "animals", "alphaviruses", "viruses", "chi...	2016	Working with Zika and Usutu Viruses In Vitro
Spike timing-dependent plasticity ( STDP ) has been shown to enable single neurons to detect repeatedly presented spatiotemporal spike patterns . This holds even when such patterns are embedded in equally dense random spiking activity , that is , in the absence of external reference times such as a stimulus onset . Her...	In vivo neural responses to stimuli are known to have a lot of variability across trials . If the same number of spikes is emitted from trial to trial , the neuron is said to be reliable . If the timing of such spikes is roughly preserved across trials , the neuron is said to be precise . Here we demonstrate both analy...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "computer", "science", "mathematics", "applied", "mathematics", "biology", "computerized", "simulations", "neuroscience" ]	2011	STDP Allows Fast Rate-Modulated Coding with Poisson-Like Spike Trains
Correlated inter-domain motions in proteins can mediate fundamental biochemical processes such as signal transduction and allostery . Here we characterize at structural level the inter-domain coupling in a multidomain enzyme , Adenylate Kinase ( AK ) , using computational methods that exploit the shape information enco...	Most proteins contain several domains , and inter-domain motions play important roles in their biological functions . Describing the various inter-domain orientations that multi-domain proteins adopt at equilibrium is challenging , but key for understanding the relationship between protein structure and function . When...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "computational", "chemistry", "molecular", "dynamics", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "chemistry", "physical", "sciences", "computational", "biology", "molecular", "mechanics", "biophysics", "biophysical", "simulations" ]	2014	Correlated Inter-Domain Motions in Adenylate Kinase
All positive strand ( +RNA ) viruses of eukaryotes replicate their genomes in association with membranes . The mechanisms of membrane remodeling in infected cells represent attractive targets for designing future therapeutics , but our understanding of this process is very limited . Elements of autophagy and/or the sec...	Eukaryotic cells feature astonishing complexity of regulatory networks , yet control over this fine-tuned machinery is easily overrun by viruses with expression of just a handful of proteins . One of the striking examples of such hostile take-over is the rewiring of normal cellular membrane metabolism by ( + ) RNA viru...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "cell", "biology", "virology", "membranes", "and", "sorting", "viral", "replication", "complex", "biology", "microbiology", "viral", "replication" ]	2013	Increased Long Chain acyl-Coa Synthetase Activity and Fatty Acid Import Is Linked to Membrane Synthesis for Development of Picornavirus Replication Organelles
Neglected Tropical Diseases ( NTDs ) not only cause health and life expectancy loss , but can also lead to economic consequences including reduced ability to work . This article describes a systematic literature review of the effect on the economic productivity of individuals affected by one of the five worldwide most ...	Neglected Tropical Diseases ( NTDs ) not only have impact on health and life expectancy of mostly disadvantaged populations , but can also lead to economic consequences , including reduced ability to work . Investments in health improvement of the populations affected by NTDs would also help to increase economic growth...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "tropical", "diseases", "database", "searching", "parasitic", "diseases", "bacterial", "diseases", "filariasis", "eye", "diseases", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "onchocerciasis", "lymphatic", "filariasis", "blindness", "res...	2016	Productivity Loss Related to Neglected Tropical Diseases Eligible for Preventive Chemotherapy: A Systematic Literature Review
Homologous recombination ( HR ) mediates one of the major mechanisms of trypanosome antigenic variation by placing a different variant surface glycoprotein ( VSG ) gene under the control of the active expression site ( ES ) . It is believed that the majority of VSG switching events occur by duplicative gene conversion ...	Trypanosoma brucei , the causative agent of African sleeping sickness , escapes the host immune response through a mechanism known as the antigenic variation . Each individual trypanosome expresses a single species of surface antigenic protein at any time yet possesses an infinite potential to express different surface...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/genetics", "of", "disease", "molecular", "biology/recombination", "molecular", "biology/dna", "repair", "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases" ]	2010	TOPO3α Influences Antigenic Variation by Monitoring Expression-Site-Associated VSG Switching in Trypanosoma brucei
Leishmaniasis is an intracellular parasitic infection transmitted to humans via the sandfly . Approximately 350 million people are at risk of contracting the disease and an estimated 1 . 6 million new cases occur annually . Of the two main forms , visceral and cutaneous , the visceral form is fatal in 85–90% of untreat...	Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne parasite infection , transmitted to humans by sandflies . It is estimated to cause 1 . 6 million new cases of disease annually . Of the two main forms , so-called “visceral” and “cutaneous” , the visceral form is fatal in 85–90% of untreated cases . This literature review provides a comp...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "and", "Discussion" ]	[ "public", "health", "medicine", "preventive", "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "global", "health", "leishmaniasis", "parasitic", "diseases" ]	2013	A Review of Preventative Methods against Human Leishmaniasis Infection
BRCA1 promotes DNA repair through interactions with multiple proteins , including CtIP and FANCJ ( also known as BRIP1/BACH1 ) . While CtIP facilitates DNA end resection when de-acetylated , the function of FANCJ in repair processing is less well defined . Here , we report that FANCJ is also acetylated . Preventing FAN...	The BRCA1–Fanconi anemia ( FA ) pathway is required for both tumor suppression and cell survival , particularly following treatment with DNA damaging agents that induce DNA interstrand crosslinks ( ICLs ) . ICL processing by the BRCA–FA pathway includes promotion of homologous recombination ( HR ) and DNA damage tolera...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biology" ]	2012	FANCJ/BACH1 Acetylation at Lysine 1249 Regulates the DNA Damage Response
Nuclear domain 10 ( ND10 ) components are restriction factors that inhibit herpesviral replication . Effector proteins of different herpesviruses can antagonize this restriction by a variety of strategies , including degradation or relocalization of ND10 proteins . We investigated the interplay of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Asso...	Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus ( KSHV ) establishes a lifelong persistent infection in humans and is associated with tumors and lymphoproliferative disease , particularly upon immunosuppression . The virus has to overcome cellular intrinsic immunity in order to initiate viral protein expression and genome repl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "immunology", "microbiology", "cancers", "and", "neoplasms", "epstein-barr", "virus", "infectious", "mononucleosis", "oncology", "hiv", "opportunistic", "infections", "infectious", "diseases", "bone", "and", "soft",...	2014	Kaposi's Sarcoma Associated Herpesvirus Tegument Protein ORF75 Is Essential for Viral Lytic Replication and Plays a Critical Role in the Antagonization of ND10-Instituted Intrinsic Immunity
Mammary gland development commences during embryogenesis with the establishment of a species typical number of mammary primordia on each flank of the embryo . It is thought that mammary cell fate can only be induced along the mammary line , a narrow region of the ventro-lateral skin running from the axilla to the groin...	Mammary glands are the most characteristic feature of all mammals . The successful growth and function of the mammary glands is vital for the survival of offspring since the secreted milk is the main nutritional source of a new-born . Ectodysplasin ( Eda ) is a signaling molecule that regulates the formation of skin ap...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Ectodysplasin/NF-κB Promotes Mammary Cell Fate via Wnt/β-catenin Pathway
Genome-wide association studies ( GWAS ) have identified 14 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms ( tagSNPs ) that are associated with the risk of colorectal cancer ( CRC ) , and several of these tagSNPs are near bone morphogenetic protein ( BMP ) pathway loci . The penalty of multiple testing implicit in GWAS increa...	Genome-wide association studies ( GWAS ) have identified several colorectal cancer ( CRC ) susceptibility polymorphisms near genes that encode proteins in the bone morphogenetic protein ( BMP ) pathway . However , most of the inherited susceptibility to CRC remains unexplained . We investigated three of the best candid...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "oncology", "genome-wide", "association", "studies", "medicine", "genetic", "causes", "of", "cancer", "cancer", "genetics", "gastroenterology", "and", "hepatology", "genetics", "cancer", "risk", "factors", "biology", "gastrointestinal", "cancers", "genetics", "of", "dis...	2011	Multiple Common Susceptibility Variants near BMP Pathway Loci GREM1, BMP4, and BMP2 Explain Part of the Missing Heritability of Colorectal Cancer
Escherichia coli ST131 is a globally disseminated , multidrug resistant clone responsible for a high proportion of urinary tract and bloodstream infections . The rapid emergence and successful spread of E . coli ST131 is strongly associated with antibiotic resistance; however , this phenotype alone is unlikely to expla...	The emergence and rapid dissemination of new bacterial pathogens presents multiple challenges to healthcare systems , including the need for rapid detection , precise diagnostics , effective transmission control and effective treatment . E . coli ST131 is an example of a recently emerged multidrug resistant pathogen th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	The Serum Resistome of a Globally Disseminated Multidrug Resistant Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Clone
The Unfolded Protein Response ( UPR ) maintains homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) and defends against ER stress , an underlying factor in various human diseases . During the UPR , numerous genes are activated that sustain and protect the ER . These responses are known to involve the canonical UPR transcri...	Proteins that are placed in membranes or secreted are produced in a cellular structure called the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) . An accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER contributes to many disease states , including diabetes and neurodegeneration . The ER protects against a toxic buildup of misfolded proteins b...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Integration of the Unfolded Protein and Oxidative Stress Responses through SKN-1/Nrf
Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to L . braziliensis ( CL ) is characterized by a positive delayed type hypersensitivity test ( DTH ) leishmania skin test ( LST ) and high IFN-γ production to soluble leishmania antigen ( SLA ) . The LST is used for diagnosis of CL and for identification of individuals exposed to leishmania ...	Both control of L . braziliensis infection and development of cutaneous leishmaniasis ( CL ) are dependent on the host immunological response . Due to the difficulty of finding parasites in leishmanial lesions , a delayed type hypersensitivity reaction - leishmania skin test ( LST ) , is widely used to diagnose CL . In...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "epidemiology", "immunology", "biology" ]	2012	IFN-γ Production to Leishmania Antigen Supplements the Leishmania Skin Test in Identifying Exposure to L. braziliensis Infection
Kindler Syndrome ( KS ) , characterized by transient skin blistering followed by abnormal pigmentation , skin atrophy , and skin cancer , is caused by mutations in the FERMT1 gene . Although a few KS patients have been reported to also develop ulcerative colitis ( UC ) , a causal link to the FERMT1 gene mutation is unk...	Mutations in FERMT1 , coding for the Kindlin-1 protein , cause Kindler Syndrome in humans , characterized by skin blistering , atrophy , and cancer . Recent reports showed that some Kindler Syndrome patients additionally suffer from ulcerative colitis . However , it is unknown whether this is caused by loss of Kindlin-...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "dermatology/pediatric", "skin", "diseases,", "including", "genetic", "diseases", "dermatology/photodermatology", "and", "skin", "aging", "immunology/immune", "response", "gastroenterology", "and", "hepatology/inflammatory", "bowel", "disease", "genetics", "and"...	2008	Loss of Kindlin-1 Causes Skin Atrophy and Lethal Neonatal Intestinal Epithelial Dysfunction
The epidemic spread of infectious diseases is ubiquitous and often has a considerable impact on public health and economic wealth . The large variability in the spatio-temporal patterns of epidemics prohibits simple interventions and requires a detailed analysis of each epidemic with respect to its infectious agent and...	The way potentially infectious contacts are made strongly influences how fast and how widely epidemics spread in their host population . Therefore , it is important to assess changes in contact behavior throughout an epidemic; these may occur due to external factors , such as demographic change , or as a side effect of...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "physics/interdisciplinary", "physics", "evolutionary", "biology/sexual", "behavior", "mathematics", "biophysics/theory", "and", "simulation", "computational", "biology/evolutionary", "modeling", "infectious", "diseases/hiv", "infection", "and", "aids", "public", "health", "and...	2010	Untangling the Interplay between Epidemic Spread and Transmission Network Dynamics
The interdependence of selective cues during development of regulatory T cells ( Treg cells ) in the thymus and their suppressive function remains incompletely understood . Here , we analyzed this interdependence by taking advantage of highly dynamic changes in expression of microRNA 181 family members miR-181a-1 and m...	T cells are pivotal in orchestrating an adaptive immune response . They are produced in the thymus and undergo selection processes resulting in elimination of nonfunctional and self-reactive cells in order to prevent autoimmune disease . One type of T cells , called regulatory T cells ( Treg cells ) , is generated eith...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "forkhead", "box", "natural", "antisense", "transcripts", "gene", "regulation", "immunology", "micrornas", "stem", "cells", "tcr", "signaling", "cascade", "immune", "system", "proteins", "...	2019	miR-181a/b-1 controls thymic selection of Treg cells and tunes their suppressive capacity
Routine entomological monitoring data are used to quantify the abundance of Ae . aegypti . The public health utility of these indicators is based on the assumption that greater mosquito abundance increases the risk of human DENV transmission , and therefore reducing exposure to the vector decreases incidence of infecti...	In this study , we compared measures of entomological risk collected through routine household entomological monitoring by estimating an association with human DENV infection . Longitudinal entomological and human serology data from Iquitos , Peru , were used to test associations between Ae . aegypti indices and the 6-...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "animals", "research", "design", "developmental", "biology", "pupae", "surveys", "infectious", "disease", "control", "insect", "vectors", "zoology", "research", "and"...	2017	The relationship between entomological indicators of Aedes aegypti abundance and dengue virus infection
The analysis of the activity of neuronal cultures is considered to be a good proxy of the functional connectivity of in vivo neuronal tissues . Thus , the functional complex network inferred from activity patterns is a promising way to unravel the interplay between structure and functionality of neuronal systems . Here...	The architecture of neuronal cultures is the result of an intricate self-organization process that balances structural and dynamical demands . We observe that when the motility of neurons is allowed , these neurons organize into compact clusters . These neuronal assemblies have an intrinsic synchronous activity that ma...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "complex", "systems", "physics", "computer", "and", "information", "sciences", "systems", "science", "mathematics", "neural", "networks", "applied", "mathematics", "biophysics", "theory", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "physical", "sciences", "computational", "bi...	2014	Emergence of Assortative Mixing between Clusters of Cultured Neurons
Elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem and interruption of transmission in selected areas are key goals of the World Health Organization for 2025 . Conventional parasitological methods are insensitive for the detection of light-intensity infections . Techniques with high sensitivity and specificity a...	The World Health Organization aspires to eliminate snail fever ( schistosomiasis ) as a public health problem and to interrupt the transmission of this disease in selected areas by 2025 . Efforts to achieve these goals are currently being intensified . As a result , the prevalence and intensity of infection will declin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Sensitivity and Specificity of a Urine Circulating Anodic Antigen Test for the Diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium in Low Endemic Settings
The natural evolution of rabies virus ( RABV ) provides a potent example of multiple host shifts and an important opportunity to determine the mechanisms that underpin viral emergence . Using 321 genome sequences spanning an unprecedented diversity of RABV , we compared evolutionary rates and selection pressures in vir...	Zoonoses account for most recently emerged infectious diseases of humans , although little is known about the evolutionary mechanisms involved in cross-species virus transmission . Understanding the evolutionary patterns and processes that underpin such cross-species transmission is of importance for predicting the spr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "&", "Methods" ]	[ "sequencing", "techniques", "taxonomy", "organismal", "evolution", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "animals", "mammals", "dogs", "animal", "phylogenetics", "phylogenetics", "data", "management", "phylogenetic", "analysis", "microbial", "evolution", "molecular", "biology", "t...	2016	Large-Scale Phylogenomic Analysis Reveals the Complex Evolutionary History of Rabies Virus in Multiple Carnivore Hosts
Virions are thought to contain all the essential proteins that govern virus egress from the host cell and initiation of replication in the target cell . It has been known for some time that influenza virions contain nine viral proteins; however , analyses of other enveloped viruses have revealed that proteins from the ...	Viruses are released from infected cells in the form of virions , which contain all the essential factors necessary for initiating infection in a new target cell . For influenza virus , it is known that virions contain the viral genome , a lipid envelope , and at least nine viral proteins . We performed a detailed prot...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "virology/virion", "structure,", "assembly,", "and", "egress", "virology/host", "invasion", "and", "cell", "entry", "virology" ]	2008	Cellular Proteins in Influenza Virus Particles
In most mammals , including mice and humans , meiotic recombination is determined by the meiosis specific histone methytransferase PRDM9 , which binds to specific DNA sequences and trimethylates histone 3 at lysine-4 and lysine-36 at the adjacent nucleosomes . These actions ensure successful DNA double strand break for...	Meiotic recombination increases genetic diversity by ensuring novel combination of alleles passing correctly to the next generation . In most mammals , the meiotic recombination sites are determined by histone methyltransferase PRDM9 . These sites are proposed to become associated with the chromosome axis with the part...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "meiosis", "chromosome", "staining", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "reproductive", "system", "spermatocytes", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "cell", "processes", "germ", "cells", "animal", "models", "fungi", "model", "organisms", "experimental"...	2018	CXXC1 is not essential for normal DNA double-strand break formation and meiotic recombination in mouse
In a previous study , we found that Trichinella spiralis muscle larva excretory and secretory proteins ( ES-P ) most likely activate collagen synthesis via TGF-β/Smad signaling , and this event could influence collagen capsule formation . In order to identify the specific collagen inducing factor , ES-P was fractionate...	Trichinella spiralis can make collagen capsules in host muscle cells during its life cycle , which encapsulates muscle stage larvae . Many investigators have tried to reveal the complex mechanism behind this collagen capsule architecture , and it has been suggested that several serine proteases in excretory-secretory p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "enzymes", "enzymology", "collagens", "serine", "proteases", "developmental", "biology", "muscle", "proteins", "proteins", "gene", "expression", "life", "cycles", "recombinant", "proteins", "biochemistry", "signal", "transduction", "cell", "biology", "genetics", "tgf-beta...	2018	Identification of a host collagen inducing factor from the excretory secretory proteins of Trichinella spiralis
Control of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) requires Th1-type immunity , of which CD8+ T cells play a unique role . High frequency Mtb-reactive CD8+ T cells are present in both Mtb-infected and uninfected humans . We show by limiting dilution analysis that nonclassically restricted CD8+ T cells are uni...	About one-third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) , yet thanks to a robust immune response most infected people remain healthy . CD8 T cells are unique in detecting intracellular infections . Surprisingly , Mtb-reactive CD8 T cells are found in humans with no prior exposure t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunology/antigen", "processing", "and", "recognition", "microbiology/immunity", "to", "infections", "respiratory", "medicine/respiratory", "infections", "immunology/immune", "response", "microbiology/innate", "immunity", "immunology/innate", "immunity", "immunology", "infectious...	2010	Human Mucosal Associated Invariant T Cells Detect Bacterially Infected Cells
Although heterotypic secondary infection with dengue virus ( DENV ) is associated with severe disease , the majority of secondary infections are mild or asymptomatic . The mechanisms of antibody-mediated protection are poorly understood . In 2010 , 108 DENV3-positive cases were enrolled in a pediatric hospital-based st...	Dengue is the most common mosquito-borne viral illness in humans , with 3 billion people at risk for infection . Four different dengue virus serotypes ( DENV1–4 ) cause the disease , which can be either inapparent or present with flu-like symptoms ( Dengue Fever , aka “breakbone fever” ) . The disease can be more sever...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "humoral", "immunity", "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "immunity", "virology", "emerging", "viral", "diseases", "immunity", "to", "infections", "immunology", "dengue", "biology", "microbiology", "viral", "diseases", "immune", "response" ]	2013	Correlation between Dengue-Specific Neutralizing Antibodies and Serum Avidity in Primary and Secondary Dengue Virus 3 Natural Infections in Humans
Tuberculosis ( TB ) is a devastating disease to mankind that has killed more people than any other infectious disease . Despite many efforts and successes from the scientific and health communities , the prospect of TB elimination remains distant . On the one hand , sustainable public health programs with affordable an...	Tuberculosis ( TB ) is the number 1 killer in the world due to a bacterial infection . The study of this disease through clinical and epidemiological data and through the use of different experimental models has provided important knowledge on the role of the immune response generated during infection . This is critica...	[ "Abstract", "General", "introduction", "In", "vivo", "models", "in", "TB", "research", "Human-based", "in", "vitro", "models", "in", "TB", "research", "Organoids", "as", "infection", "models", "Lung", "organoids", "in", "TB", "research", "Conclusions" ]	[ "organoids", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "animal", "models", "of", "disease", "biological", "cultures", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology", "animal", "models", "bacterial", "diseases", "developmental", "biology", "review", "model", "organisms", "organis...	2017	Experimental study of tuberculosis: From animal models to complex cell systems and organoids
A recent trend in drug development is to identify drug combinations or multi-target agents that effectively modify multiple nodes of disease-associated networks . Such polypharmacological effects may reduce the risk of emerging drug resistance by means of attacking the disease networks through synergistic and synthetic...	Selective inhibition of specific panels of multiple protein targets provides an unprecedented potential for improving therapeutic efficacy of anticancer agents . We introduce a computational systems pharmacology strategy , which uses the concept of target inhibition networks to predict effective multi-target combinatio...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2013	Target Inhibition Networks: Predicting Selective Combinations of Druggable Targets to Block Cancer Survival Pathways
Low adherence to multidrug therapy against leprosy ( MDT ) is still an important obstacle of disease control , and may lead to remaining sources of infection , incomplete cure , irreversible complications , and multidrug resistance . We performed a population-based study in 78 municipalities in Tocantins State , centra...	Leprosy is still a public health problem in Brazil , and low adherence to multidrug therapy against leprosy ( MDT ) is an important obstacle of disease control . This may lead to remaining sources of infection , incomplete cure , complications , and multidrug resistance . We performed a study in 78 municipalities in ce...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "epidemiology", "infectious", "disease", "epidemiology", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "leprosy", "infectious", "disease", "control", "public", "health" ]	2011	Interruption and Defaulting of Multidrug Therapy against Leprosy: Population-Based Study in Brazil's Savannah Region
Despite considerable research efforts , little is yet known about key epidemiological parameters of H5N1 highly pathogenic influenza viruses in their avian hosts . Here we show how these parameters can be estimated using a limited number of birds in experimental transmission studies . Our quantitative estimates , based...	Outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in poultry first occurred in China in 1996 . Since that time , the virus has become endemic in Asia , and has been the cause of outbreaks in Africa and Europe . Although many aspects of H5N1 virus biology have been studied in detail , surprisingly little is known abou...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "virology/vaccines", "virology/animal", "models", "of", "infection", "virology/emerging", "viral", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases/viral", "infections", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/infectious", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases/epidemiology", "and", "control"...	2009	Estimation of Transmission Parameters of H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus in Chickens
Adenosine-5’-triphosphate ( ATP ) is generally regarded as a substrate for energy currency and protein modification . Recent findings uncovered the allosteric function of ATP in cellular signal transduction but little is understood about this critical behavior of ATP . Through extensive analysis of ATP in solution and ...	The endogenous ATP can be regarded as a substrate and an allosteric modulator in cellular signal transduction . We analyzed the properties of allosteric and substrate ATP-binding sites and found that the allosteric ATP-binding sites are less conserved than the substrate ATP-binding sites . Allosteric ATP molecules adop...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "computational", "biology" ]	2014	The Structural Basis of ATP as an Allosteric Modulator
Knowing brain connectivity is of great importance both in basic research and for clinical applications . We are proposing a method to infer directed connectivity from zero-lag covariances of neuronal activity recorded at multiple sites . This allows us to identify causal relations that are reflected in neuronal populat...	Changes in brain connectivity are considered an important biomarker for certain brain diseases . This directly raises the question of accessibility of connectivity from measured brain signals . Here we show how directed effective connectivity can be inferred from continuous brain signals , like fMRI . The main idea is ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "diagnostic", "radiology", "functional", "magnetic", "resonance", "imaging", "neural", "networks", "particle", "physics", "random", "variables", "neuroscience", "covariance", "colliders", "magnetic", "resonance", "imaging", "simula...	2018	From correlation to causation: Estimating effective connectivity from zero-lag covariances of brain signals
Mutant dwarf and calorie-restricted mice benefit from healthy aging and unusually long lifespan . In contrast , mouse models for DNA repair-deficient progeroid syndromes age and die prematurely . To identify mechanisms that regulate mammalian longevity , we quantified the parallels between the genome-wide liver express...	To identify mechanisms that regulate mammalian longevity , we have quantified the expression parallels of a number of long-lived mice that show delayed aging and DNA repair mutants that age and die prematurely . Unexpectedly , we found significant , genome-wide similarities and a widespread overlap of over-represented ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "biology/bioinformatics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/animal", "genetics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/bioinformatics", "molecular", "biology/dna", "repair" ]	2008	Delayed and Accelerated Aging Share Common Longevity Assurance Mechanisms
Mycobacterium abscessus is considered the most common respiratory pathogen among the rapidly growing non-tuberculous mycobacteria . Infections with M . abscessus are increasingly found in patients with chronic lung diseases , especially cystic fibrosis , and are often refractory to antibiotic therapy . M . abscessus ha...	The incidence of non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections has recently increased and has even surpassed tuberculosis as a public health concern in many developed countries . These infections require long treatment regimens that are often unsuccessful . Among these , Mycobacterium abscessus has emerged as perhaps the mo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "granulomas", "immunology", "vertebrates", "light", "microscopy", "animals", "animal", "models", "osteichthyes", "developmental", "biology", "model", "organisms", "microscopy", "confocal", "mi...	2016	Mycobacterium abscessus-Induced Granuloma Formation Is Strictly Dependent on TNF Signaling and Neutrophil Trafficking
Plasticity in the oculomotor system ensures that saccadic eye movements reliably meet their visual goals—to bring regions of interest into foveal , high-acuity vision . Here , we present a comprehensive description of sensorimotor learning in saccades . We induced continuous adaptation of saccade amplitudes using a dou...	Constant adjustments of saccade metrics maintain oculomotor accuracy under changing environments . This error-driven learning can be induced experimentally by manipulating the targeting error of eye movements . Here , we investigate oculomotor learning in healthy participants in response to a sinusoidally evolving erro...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion", "Conclusions" ]	[ "learning", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "statistics", "applied", "mathematics", "social", "sciences", "neuroscience", "learning", "and", "memory", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "algorithms", "cognitive", "psychology", "mathematics", "systems", "science", ...	2019	A generative learning model for saccade adaptation

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