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Staphylococcus aureus is a microorganism that causes serious diseases in the human being . This microorganism is able to escape the phagolysosomal pathway , increasing intracellular bacterial survival and killing the eukaryotic host cell to spread the infection . One of the key features of S . aureus infection is the p...	Staphylococcus aureus is a microorganism that causes serious infectious diseases such as pneumonia , endocarditis , osteomyelitis , and wound infections . This pathogen can infect various types of non-professional phagocytic cells and after internalization is able to escape the phagolysosomal compartment towards the cy...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "staphylococci", "biology", "microbiology", "bacterial", "pathogens" ]	2012	cAMP and EPAC Are Key Players in the Regulation of the Signal Transduction Pathway Involved in the α-Hemolysin Autophagic Response
G protein-coupled receptors ( GPCRs ) control cellular signaling and responses . Many of these GPCRs are modulated by cholesterol and polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) which have been shown to co-exist with saturated lipids in ordered membrane domains . However , the lipid compositions of such domains extracted fro...	Our current picture of cellular membranes depicts them as laterally heterogeneous sheets of lipids crowded with membrane proteins . These proteins often require a specific lipid environment to efficiently perform their functions . Certain neuroreceptor proteins are regulated by membrane cholesterol that is considered t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "protein", "interactions", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "membrane", "proteins", "cellular", "structures", "and", "organelles", "thermodynamics", "g", "protein", "coupled", "receptors", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "lipids", "proteins", "transmembrane", ...	2019	Reduced level of docosahexaenoic acid shifts GPCR neuroreceptors to less ordered membrane regions
In somatic cells of female placental mammals , one of the two X chromosomes is transcriptionally silenced to accomplish an equal dose of X-encoded gene products in males and females . Initiation of random X chromosome inactivation ( XCI ) is thought to be regulated by X-encoded activators and autosomally encoded suppre...	In all placental mammals , the males have only one X chromosome per diploid genome , as compared to the females who have two copies of this relatively large chromosome , carrying more than 1 , 000 genes . Hence , the evolution of the heterologous XY sex chromosome pair has resulted in an inevitable need for gene dosage...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "genetics", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2011	RNF12 Activates Xist and Is Essential for X Chromosome Inactivation
Acute renal failure is one of the most serious complications of envenoming resulting from Crotalus durissus terrificus bites . This study evaluated the relevance of hyperuricemia and oxidative stress and the effects of allopurinol and probenecid in renal dysfunction caused by direct nephrotoxicity of C . d . terrificus...	In Brazil , among registered snake bites , those by the genus Crotalus originate the highest mortality rate . The rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus is the most frequently implicated in these accidents . The kidney is a particularly vulnerable organ to the venom of this rattlesnake . In fact , the most serious co...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "herpetology", "public", "health", "medicine", "biochemistry", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "biology", "zoology", "toxic", "agents", "toxicology" ]	2011	Allopurinol Reduces the Lethality Associated with Acute Renal Failure Induced by Crotalus durissus terrificus Snake Venom: Comparison with Probenecid
Trachomatous trichiasis is one of the leading causes of preventable blindness worldwide . A relatively simple surgery can spare vision . Although this surgery is usually performed free of charge in endemic regions , multiple studies indicate that surgical refusal is common . Prior studies have attempted to examine thes...	Many international health interventions in resource-limited settings involve treatments that are fully funded by donor organizations and , therefore , available for free to those in need . Trachoma , a bacterial eye disease that can cause blindness if left untreated , has frequently been the target of surgical outreach...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "sociology", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "social", "sciences", "surgical", "and", "invasive", "medical", "procedures", "health", "care", "bacterial", "diseases", "human", "families", "tanzania", "eye", ...	2018	Why do patients refuse trichiasis surgery? Lessons and an education initiative from Mtwara Region, Tanzania
In budding yeast , transcriptional silencing , which is important to regulate gene expression and maintain genome integrity , requires silent information regulator ( Sir ) proteins . In addition , Rtt106 , a histone chaperone involved in nucleosome assembly , functions in transcriptional silencing . However , how trans...	Heterochromatin is important for the maintenance of genome stability and regulation of gene expression . Heterochromatin protein 1 ( HP1 ) , a protein that binds to histone H3 methylated at lysine 9 ( H3K9me3 ) at heterochromatin loci in mammalian cells , is dynamically regulated during the cell cycle by phosphorylatio...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "genetics", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	The SCFDia2 Ubiquitin E3 Ligase Ubiquitylates Sir4 and Functions in Transcriptional Silencing
Receptor-targeted lentiviral vectors ( LVs ) can be an effective tool for selective transfer of genes into distinct cell types of choice . Moreover , they can be used to determine the molecular properties that cell surface proteins must fulfill to act as receptors for viral glycoproteins . Here we show that LVs pseudot...	Pseudotyping of lentiviral vectors ( LVs ) with glycoproteins from other enveloped viruses has not only often been revealing in mechanistic studies of particle assembly and entry , but is also of practical importance for gene delivery . LVs pseudotyped with engineered glycoproteins allowing free choice of receptor usag...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "flow", "cytometry", "gene", "transfer", "plasmid", "construction", "mutation", "membrane", "fusion", "dna", "construction", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "gene", "delivery", "glycoproteins", "cellular", "structures", "and", "organelles", "research", "and", "ana...	2016	Receptor-Targeted Nipah Virus Glycoproteins Improve Cell-Type Selective Gene Delivery and Reveal a Preference for Membrane-Proximal Cell Attachment
Paramyxoviruses cause a wide variety of human and animal diseases . They infect host cells using the coordinated action of two surface glycoproteins , the receptor binding protein ( HN , H , or G ) and the fusion protein ( F ) . HN binds sialic acid on host cells ( hemagglutinin activity ) and hydrolyzes these receptor...	Paramyxoviruses comprise a large family of significant pathogens including Newcastle disease virus ( NDV ) , parainfluenza viruses 1-5 ( PIV1-5 ) , respiratory syncytial virus , the highly transmissible measles virus , and the emerging and deadly Nipah and Hendra viruses . Five paramyxoviruses are U . S . Department of...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "proteins", "virology", "protein", "structure", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "biology", "microbiology" ]	2013	Structure of the Parainfluenza Virus 5 (PIV5) Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase (HN) Ectodomain
The N6-methyladenosine ( m6A ) modification is the most prevalent internal RNA modification in eukaryotes . The majority of m6A sites are found in the last exon and 3’ UTRs . Here we show that the nuclear m6A reader YTHDC1 is essential for embryo viability and germline development in mouse . Specifically , YTHDC1 is re...	The N6-methyladenosine ( m6A ) modification , one type of RNA methylation , is the most abundant internal RNA modification in eukaryote messenger RNAs . m6A is specifically recognized by RNA-binding reader proteins . Here we report an essential role of the nuclear m6A reader , YTHDC1 , in embryo development and fertili...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "reproductive", "system", "3'", "utr", "messenger", "rna", "germ", "cells", "alternative", "splicing", "developmental", "biology", "oocytes", "untranslated", "regions", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "embryos", "research",...	2018	Nuclear m6A reader YTHDC1 regulates alternative polyadenylation and splicing during mouse oocyte development
The balance of global integration and functional specialization is a critical feature of efficient brain networks , but the relationship of global topology , local node dynamics and information flow across networks has yet to be identified . One critical step in elucidating this relationship is the identification of go...	Current brain connectome projects are attempting to construct a map of the structural and functional network connections in the brain . One goal of these projects is to understand how network organization determines local functions and information transfer patterns , which is essential to achieve higher cognitive brain...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	General Relationship of Global Topology, Local Dynamics, and Directionality in Large-Scale Brain Networks
IAPP , a 37 amino-acid peptide hormone belonging to the calcitonin family , is an intrinsically disordered protein that is coexpressed and cosecreted along with insulin by pancreatic islet β-cells in response to meals . IAPP plays a physiological role in glucose regulation; however , in certain species , IAPP can aggre...	IAPP , a 37 amino-acid peptide hormone belonging to the calcitonin family , is an intrinsically disordered peptide produced along with insulin by pancreatic islet β-cells in response to meals . In its functional form , IAPP acts as a synergic partner of insulin to reduce blood glucose . IAPP can , however , also play a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Structural Similarities and Differences between Amyloidogenic and Non-Amyloidogenic Islet Amyloid Polypeptide (IAPP) Sequences and Implications for the Dual Physiological and Pathological Activities of These Peptides
The influenza viruses contain a segmented , single-stranded RNA genome of negative polarity . Each RNA segment is encapsidated by the nucleoprotein and the polymerase complex into ribonucleoprotein particles ( RNPs ) , which are responsible for virus transcription and replication . Despite their importance , informatio...	The influenza viruses cause annual epidemics of respiratory disease and occasional pandemics that constitute a major public-health issue . The recent spillover of avian H5N1 and H1N1 swine influenza viruses to humans poses a serious threat of a new pandemic . These viruses contain a segmented RNA genome , which forms i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "biology/rna-protein", "interactions", "virology/viral", "replication", "and", "gene", "regulation", "infectious", "diseases/respiratory", "infections" ]	2009	The Structure of a Biologically Active Influenza Virus Ribonucleoprotein Complex
Antibiotic-resistant infections kill approximately 23 , 000 people and cost $20 , 000 , 000 , 000 each year in the United States alone despite the widespread use of small-molecule antimicrobial combination therapy . Antibiotic combinations typically have an additive effect: the efficacy of the combination matches the s...	Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem that threatens our ability to treat systemic bacterial infections . One strategy to combat antibiotic resistance is the use of synergistic antibiotic pairs that , when combined , have activity that is considerably greater than the sum of each individual drug’s activity on its ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "antimicrobials", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "chemical", "compounds", "small", "molecules", "drugs", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "organic", "compounds", "animals", "animal", "models", "osteichthyes", "bacterial", "diseases", "developmental"...	2017	High-throughput identification and rational design of synergistic small-molecule pairs for combating and bypassing antibiotic resistance
In the past two decades some fundamental properties of cortical connectivity have been discovered: small-world structure , pronounced hierarchical and modular organisation , and strong core and rich-club structures . A common assumption when interpreting results of this kind is that the observed structural properties a...	Macroscopic regions in the grey matter of the human brain are intricately connected by white-matter pathways , forming the extremely complex network of the brain . Analysing this brain network may provide us insights on how anatomy enables brain function and , ultimately , cognition and consciousness . Various importan...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "connectomics", "neuroanatomy", "anatomy", "nervous", "system", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "neuroscience" ]	2014	Influence of Wiring Cost on the Large-Scale Architecture of Human Cortical Connectivity
Cognitive control , which continues to mature throughout adolescence , is supported by the ability for well-defined organized brain networks to flexibly integrate information . However , the development of intrinsic brain network organization and its relationship to observed improvements in cognitive control are not we...	Adolescence is a unique period of brain development , with major changes occurring across the brain at many different levels of brain functioning . At the macroscopic level , the brain is composed of individual regions that collaborate in networks to perform diverse cognitive functions . Some networks of brain regions ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	The Contribution of Network Organization and Integration to the Development of Cognitive Control
DNA polymerase ζ ( pol ζ ) is exceptionally important for maintaining genome stability . Inactivation of the Rev3l gene encoding the polymerase catalytic subunit causes a high frequency of chromosomal breaks , followed by lethality in mouse embryos and in primary cells . Yet it is not known whether the DNA polymerase a...	Translesion synthesis allows DNA replication to occur in the presence of damaged DNA . This process is mediated by low-fidelity DNA polymerases ( such as pol ζ or pol η ) that maintain genomic stability . The action of these polymerases is crucial to limit cancer . In mice , complete deletion of DNA pol ζ leads to embr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2016	The Polymerase Activity of Mammalian DNA Pol ζ Is Specifically Required for Cell and Embryonic Viability
Detailed investigations of multiparasitism are scarce in the Mekong River basin . We assessed helminth ( trematode , nematode , and cestode ) , and intestinal protozoa infections , and multiparasitism in random population samples from three different eco-epidemiological settings in Champasack province , southern Lao Pe...	Multiparsitism is a general public health concern in tropical countries , and is of particular importance in the Mekong River basin of Southeast Asia . Here , we report results obtained from an in-depth study of hepato-biliary and intestinal multiparasitism and associated risk factors in three settings of the most sout...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases/helminth", "infections", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/infectious", "diseases", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/screening", "infectious", "diseases/epidemiology", "and", "con...	2011	Helminth and Intestinal Protozoa Infections, Multiparasitism and Risk Factors in Champasack Province, Lao People's Democratic Republic
Myeloid derived suppressor cells ( MDSCs ) , which suppress anti-tumor or anti-viral immune responses , are expanded in the peripheral blood and tissues of patients/animals with cancer or viral infectious diseases . We here show that in chronic SIV infection of Indian rhesus macaques , the frequency of MDSCs in the bon...	Both cancer and infectious diseases including HIV/AIDS lead to the accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells ( MDSCs ) , which can effectively suppress anti-tumor and anti-viral T cell responses to dampen protective immunity . Using a macaque model , we found unexpectedly that the MDSCs in bone marrow ( BM ) dec...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "body", "fluids", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "immune", "physiology", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "animals", "mammals", "retroviruses", "primate...	2017	Paradoxical myeloid-derived suppressor cell reduction in the bone marrow of SIV chronically infected macaques
Immunogenicity is a major problem during the development of biotherapeutics since it can lead to rapid clearance of the drug and adverse reactions . The challenge for biotherapeutic design is therefore to identify mutants of the protein sequence that minimize immunogenicity in a target population whilst retaining pharm...	Therapeutic proteins have become an important area of pharmaceutical research and have been successfully applied to treat many diseases in the last decades . However , biotherapeutics suffer from the formation of anti-drug antibodies , which can reduce the efficacy of the drug or even result in severe adverse effects ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "engineering", "and", "technology", "synthetic", "biology", "immunology", "mutation", "synthetic", "biotherapeutics", "mathematics", "forecasting", "statistics", "(mathematics)", "protein", "structure", "predi...	2018	Population-specific design of de-immunized protein biotherapeutics
Reperfusion injury results from pathologies of cardiac myocyte physiology that develop when previously ischemic myocardium experiences a restoration of normal perfusion . Events in the development of reperfusion injury begin with the restoration of a proton gradient upon reperfusion , which then allows the sodium-proto...	Myocardial ischemia , commonly observed when arteries supplying the heart become occluded , results when cardiac tissue receives inadequate blood perfusion . In order to minimize the amount of cardiac damage , ischemic tissue must be reperfused . However , reperfusion can result in deleterious effects that leave the he...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "cell", "physiology", "medicine", "arrhythmias", "electrophysiology", "physiology", "biology", "anatomy", "and", "physiology", "cardiovascular", "system", "biophysics", "computational", "biology", "cardiovascular" ]	2011	NHE Inhibition Does Not Improve Na+ or Ca2+ Overload During Reperfusion: Using Modeling to Illuminate the Mechanisms Underlying a Therapeutic Failure
On the Zanzibar islands , United Republic of Tanzania , elimination of urogenital schistosomiasis is strived for in the coming years . This qualitative study aimed to better understand community knowledge , perceptions , and practices associated with schistosomiasis among school-aged children on Unguja and Pemba island...	On the Zanzibar islands , United Republic of Tanzania , elimination of urogenital schistosomiasis , a disease caused by infection with a blood fluke ( Schistosoma haematobium ) , locally known as kichocho , is strived for in the coming years . This study used qualitative research methods of focus groups and in-depth in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "children", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "rivers", "education", "sociology", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "teachers", "social", "sciences", "parasitic", "diseases", "age", "groups", "phys...	2016	Community Knowledge, Perceptions, and Practices Associated with Urogenital Schistosomiasis among School-Aged Children in Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania
Daily rhythms in gene expression play a critical role in the progression of circadian clocks , and are under regulation by transcription factor binding , histone modifications , RNA polymerase II ( RNAPII ) recruitment and elongation , and post-transcriptional mechanisms . Although previous studies have shown that cloc...	The circadian clock is an endogenous timing system that enables organisms to anticipate daily changes in their external environment and temporally coordinate key biological functions that are important to their survival . Central to Drosophila clockwork is a key transcription factor CLOCK ( CLK ) . CLK activates expres...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	The Catalytic and Non-catalytic Functions of the Brahma Chromatin-Remodeling Protein Collaborate to Fine-Tune Circadian Transcription in Drosophila
The identification of recurrent gene fusions in common epithelial cancers—for example , TMPRSS2/ERG in prostate cancer and EML4/ALK in nonsmall cell lung carcinomas—has raised the question of whether fusion genes are pathogenetically important also in ovarian carcinomas . The first recurrent fusion transcript in serous...	The identification of characteristic fusion genes in cancer helps us to understand how a particular cancer arises and also to improve classification and diagnosis , with a view to develop specific medical treatments that target exactly those aberrant molecules that trigger the disease . A fusion transcript presumed to ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "oncology", "medicine", "cancer", "genetics", "ovarian", "cancer", "gynecological", "tumors", "genetics", "biology", "cancers", "and", "neoplasms" ]	2014	Low Frequency of ESRRA–C11orf20 Fusion Gene in Ovarian Carcinomas
Hair is important for thermoregulation , physical protection , sensory activity , seasonal camouflage , and social interactions . Hair is generated in hair follicles ( HFs ) and , following morphogenesis , HFs undergo cyclic phases of active growth ( anagen ) , regression ( catagen ) , and inactivity ( telogen ) throug...	Hair is generated in hair follicles , complex mini-organs in the skin that are devoted to this task . All hair follicles are generated during embryonic development . The hair follicles generate a new hair shaft by cycling through stages of regression , rest , and growth continuously throughout life . The length of the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "dermatology", "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology/gene", "expression" ]	2010	Cyclic Expression of Lhx2 Regulates Hair Formation
MicroRNAs have been shown to be important regulators of inflammatory and immune responses and are implicated in several immune disorders including systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis , but their role in Lyme borreliosis remains unknown . We performed a microarray screen for expression of miRNAs in joi...	Lyme Disease is caused by infection with the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi , is transmitted through infected deer ticks ( Ixodes scapularis ) , and often leads to arthritis that can persist , even after antibiotic treatment . Here , we have identified a microRNA that is critical in modulating Lyme arthritis , but not c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "borrelia", "infection", "innate", "immune", "system", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "gene", "regulation", "immune", "activation", "immunology", "microbiology", "animal", "mo...	2014	MicroRNA-146a Provides Feedback Regulation of Lyme Arthritis but Not Carditis during Infection with Borrelia burgdorferi
Autophagy is a conserved degradative pathway used as a host defense mechanism against intracellular pathogens . However , several viruses can evade or subvert autophagy to insure their own replication . Nevertheless , the molecular details of viral interaction with autophagy remain largely unknown . We have determined ...	Autophagy is a highly regulated cellular degradative pathway for recycling of long-lived proteins and damaged organelles . Autophagy is also used by host cells as a defense mechanism against intracellular pathogens . Autophagy can degrade pathogens or pathogen-derived molecules trapped within specialized vesicles named...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "systems", "biology", "viral", "immune", "evasion", "immunity", "virology", "immunity", "to", "infections", "immunology", "biology", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2011	IRGM Is a Common Target of RNA Viruses that Subvert the Autophagy Network
Pyrosequencing of PCR-amplified fragments that target variable regions within the 16S rRNA gene has quickly become a powerful method for analyzing the membership and structure of microbial communities . This approach has revealed and introduced questions that were not fully appreciated by those carrying out traditional...	Microbial communities are notoriously difficult to analyze because of their inaccessibility via culturing and high diversity . Next generation sequencing technologies have made it possible to obtain deep sampling coverage of the 16S rRNA gene; however , interpretation of the resulting data is complicated by the inabili...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "microbiology/environmental", "microbiology", "computational", "biology/comparative", "sequence", "analysis", "computational", "biology/genomics" ]	2010	The Effects of Alignment Quality, Distance Calculation Method, Sequence Filtering, and Region on the Analysis of 16S rRNA Gene-Based Studies
Kinesins are nano-sized biological motors which walk by repeating a mechanochemical cycle . A single kinesin molecule is able to transport its cargo about 1 μm in the absence of external loads . However , kinesins perform much longer range transport in cells by working collectively . This long range of transport by a t...	Kinesins are molecular motors which work when they bind to tracks called microtubules ( MTs ) . In a cell , cargoes of kinesins are transported to very distant destinations compared to a short transport ability of single kinesins . To study this difference , we establish a novel quantitative model capable of capturing ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Models", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Highly Loaded Behavior of Kinesins Increases the Robustness of Transport Under High Resisting Loads
We address the question of color-space interactions in the brain , by proposing a neural field model of color perception with spatial context for the visual area V1 of the cortex . Our framework reconciles two opposing perceptual phenomena , known as simultaneous contrast and chromatic assimilation . They have been pre...	The color perception produced by an image heavily depends on the spatial distribution of its colors . From this “color in context” phenomenon , extensively studied in psychophysics for decades , has arisen the question in neuroscience of how color and space interact in the brain . Visual signals are indeed processed in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "ocular", "anatomy", "brain", "social", "sciences", "light", "neuroscience", "electromagnetic", "radiation", "perception", "cognitive", "psychology", "luminance", "visible", "light", "vision", "animal", "cells", "visual", "cortex...	2019	A neural field model for color perception unifying assimilation and contrast
Crossovers mediate the accurate segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis . The widely conserved pch2 gene of Drosophila melanogaster is required for a pachytene checkpoint that delays prophase progression when genes necessary for DSB repair and crossover formation are defective . However , the underlying pr...	Meiosis is a specialized cell division in which diploid organisms form haploid gametes for sexual reproduction . This is accomplished by a single round of replication followed by two consecutive divisions . At the first meiotic division , the segregation of homologous chromosomes in most organisms is dependent upon gen...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/animal", "genetics", "cell", "biology/nuclear", "structure", "and", "function", "molecular", "biology/recombination", "molecular", "biology/chromosome", "structure", "genetics", "and", "genomics/chromosome", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics...	2010	Chromosome Axis Defects Induce a Checkpoint-Mediated Delay and Interchromosomal Effect on Crossing Over during Drosophila Meiosis
Stably suppressed viremia during ART is essential for establishing reliable simian models for HIV/AIDS . We tested the efficacy of a multidrug ART ( highly intensified ART ) in a wide range of viremic conditions ( 103–107 viral RNA copies/mL ) in SIVmac251-infected rhesus macaques , and its impact on the viral reservoi...	Novel research aimed at finding a cure for AIDS requires animal models responding to human antiretroviral drugs . However , there have been few antiretrovirals cross-active against the simian viruses . In this study , we expanded the arsenal of drugs active against the simian retrovirus SIVmac251 and showed that this v...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "immunopathology", "animal", "models", "of", "infection", "antivirals", "viral", "persistence", "and", "latency", "virology", "viral", "nucleic", "acid", "immunology", "biology", "microbiology", "viral", "replication" ]	2012	A Highly Intensified ART Regimen Induces Long-Term Viral Suppression and Restriction of the Viral Reservoir in a Simian AIDS Model
Trypanosoma cruzi parasites are the causative agents of Chagas disease . These parasites infect cardiac and gastrointestinal tissues , leading to local inflammation and tissue damage . Digestive Chagas disease is associated with perturbations in food absorption , intestinal traffic and defecation . However , the impact...	Host-parasite interactions are usually studied as a binary system , without considering the role of the host microbiota . This work integrates microbiome research into the study of gastrointestinal Chagas disease . We show that T . cruzi infection perturbs the fecal microbiome and metabolome , indicating functional cha...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Conclusions" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "microbiome", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology", "parasitic", "diseases", "parasitic", "protozoans", "metabolomics", "protozoans", "metabolites", "gastroenterology", "and", "hepatology", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "mic...	2018	Experimental Chagas disease-induced perturbations of the fecal microbiome and metabolome
Hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) , a major cause of chronic liver disease in humans , is the focus of intense research efforts worldwide . Yet structural data on the viral envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2 are scarce , in spite of their essential role in the viral life cycle . To obtain more information , we developed an effic...	Little is known about the structure of the envelope glycoproteins of the hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) , in spite of their essential role in the viral cycle of this major human pathogen . Here , we determined the connectivity of the 9 disulfide bonds formed by the strictly conserved 18 cysteines of the ectodomain of HCV gl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry/molecular", "evolution", "virology/virion", "structure,", "assembly,", "and", "egress", "biochemistry/protein", "folding", "virology", "virology/host", "invasion", "and", "cell", "entry" ]	2010	The Disulfide Bonds in Glycoprotein E2 of Hepatitis C Virus Reveal the Tertiary Organization of the Molecule
The co-infection cases involving dixenous Leishmania spp . ( mostly of the L . donovani complex ) and presumably monoxenous trypanosomatids in immunocompromised mammalian hosts including humans are well documented . The main opportunistic parasite has been identified as Leptomonas seymouri of the sub-family Leishmaniin...	In this work we performed a comprehensive evaluation of the infective potential of Leptomonas seymouri , repeatedly isolated from kala-azar patients infected by Leishmania donovani in India and neighboring countries , and have tested the capacity of this monoxenous trypanosomatid to utilize the sand fly vectors permiss...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Leptomonas seymouri: Adaptations to the Dixenous Life Cycle Analyzed by Genome Sequencing, Transcriptome Profiling and Co-infection with Leishmania donovani
Hypervirulent strains of Clostridium difficile have emerged over the past decade , increasing the morbidity and mortality of patients infected by this opportunistic pathogen . Recent work suggested the major C . difficile virulence factor , TcdB , from hypervirulent strains ( TcdBHV ) was more cytotoxic in vitro than T...	Clostridium difficile is a spore-forming bacterium that contaminates hospitals and infects patients undergoing antibiotic therapy . C . difficile is now the leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea in developed countries . Most concerning has been the recent increase in mortality of C . difficile patients due to the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/bacterial", "infections", "microbiology/medical", "microbiology" ]	2010	Variations in TcdB Activity and the Hypervirulence of Emerging Strains of Clostridium difficile
Lentiviruses are able to establish persistent infection in their respective hosts despite a potent type-I interferon ( IFN-I ) response following transmission . A number of IFN-I-induced host factors that are able to inhibit lentiviral replication in vitro have been identified , and these studies suggest a role for IFN...	The innate immune system is an important host defense against viral infection . Recently , there has been significant interest in characterizing the innate immune response to HIV-1 infection , in particular the role of type-I interferon ( IFN-I ) . Understanding the interaction of HIV-1 with the innate immune system is...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "cell", "physiology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "viral", "structure", "animals", "mammals", "retroviruses", "prima...	2016	Adapting SHIVs In Vivo Selects for Envelope-Mediated Interferon-α Resistance
Japanese encephalitis virus ( JEV ) , a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes fatal neurological disease in humans , is one of the most important emerging pathogens of public health significance . JEV represents the JE serogroup , which also includes West Nile , Murray Valley encephalitis , and St . Louis encephalitis ...	A group of mosquito-borne flaviviruses that cause fatal encephalitis in humans is among the most important of all emerging human pathogens of global significance . This group includes Japanese encephalitis ( JE ) , West Nile , St . Louis encephalitis , and Murray Valley encephalitis viruses . In this work , we have dev...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases", "of", "the", "nervous", "system", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "viral", "diseases", "encephalitis", "japanese", "encephalitis" ]	2014	A Molecularly Cloned, Live-Attenuated Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine SA14-14-2 Virus: A Conserved Single Amino Acid in the ij Hairpin of the Viral E Glycoprotein Determines Neurovirulence in Mice
An important task performed by a neuron is the selection of relevant inputs from among thousands of synapses impinging on the dendritic tree . Synaptic plasticity enables this by strenghtening a subset of synapses that are , presumably , functionally relevant to the neuron . A different selection mechanism exploits the...	Neurons are constantly bombarded by thousands of inputs . Synaptic plasticity is generally accepted as a mechanism to select certain inputs by strengthening their synapses while reducing the effects of others by weakening them . Another biophysical mechanism to select inputs is through membrane resonance that enhances ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "specimen", "preparation", "and", "treatment", "mechanical", "treatment", "of", "specimens", "cellular", "neuroscience", "specimen", "disruption", "neuronal", "morphology", "computational", "neuroscience", "single", "neuron", "function", "biology", "and", "life", "science...	2014	Spatially Distributed Dendritic Resonance Selectively Filters Synaptic Input
The Genographic Project is studying the genetic signatures of ancient human migrations and creating an open-source research database . It allows members of the public to participate in a real-time anthropological genetics study by submitting personal samples for analysis and donating the genetic results to the database...	The Genographic Project was launched in 2005 to address anthropological questions on a global scale using genetics as a tool . Samples are collected in two ways . First , the project comprises a consortium of ten scientific teams from around the world united by a core ethical and scientific framework that is responsibl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "homo", "(human)", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "computational", "biology" ]	2007	The Genographic Project Public Participation Mitochondrial DNA Database
Behavioural inhibition is a key anxiety-like behaviour in rodents and humans , distinct from avoidance of danger , and reduced by anxiolytic drugs . In some situations , it is not clear how behavioural inhibition minimises harm or maximises benefit for the agent , and can even appear counterproductive . Extant explanat...	Behavioural inhibition is observed in situations of anxiety , both in animals and humans . In some situations , it is not clear how it minimises harm or maximises benefit for the agent , and can even appear counterproductive . This prevents an understanding of the underlying neural computations . Here , we furnish the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Models" ]	[]	2015	Anxiety-Like Behavioural Inhibition Is Normative under Environmental Threat-Reward Correlations
In order to metastasize , cancer cells need to acquire a motile phenotype . Previously , development of this phenotype was thought to rely on the acquisition of selected , random mutations and thus would occur late in cancer progression . However , recent studies show that cancer cells disseminate early , implying the ...	Cancer progression has been depicted as a linear process , during which the incipient cancer cell sequentially accumulates mutations that confer the ability to metastasize . However , recent studies show that cancer cells disseminate early , before such mutations can accumulate , implying the existence of a different ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "oncology", "medicine", "immune", "cells", "immunology", "biology" ]	2011	Mesenchymal Transition and Dissemination of Cancer Cells Is Driven by Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Infiltrating the Primary Tumor
Growth and maintenance of hydatid cysts produced by Echinococcus granulosus have a high requirement for host lipids for biosynthetic processes , membrane building and possibly cellular and developmental signalling . This requires a high degree of lipid trafficking facilitated by lipid transporter proteins . Members of ...	Echinococcus granulosus is the causative agent of hydatidosis , a zoonotic infection that affects humans and livestock , representing a public health and economic burden in many countries . Since the parasites are unable to synthesise most of their lipids de novo , they must acquire them from the host and then deliver ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "apolipoproteins", "protein", "interactions", "parasitic", "diseases", "protein", "structure", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "echinococcosis", "infectious", "diseases", "lipids", "proteins", "lipoproteins", "biology", "recombinant", "proteins", "biophysics"...	2012	Direct Interaction between EgFABP1, a Fatty Acid Binding Protein from Echinococcus granulosus, and Phospholipid Membranes
Sustaining a balanced intestinal microbial community is critical for maintaining intestinal health and preventing chronic inflammation . The gut is a highly dynamic environment , subject to periodic waves of peristaltic activity . We hypothesized that this dynamic environment is a prerequisite for a balanced microbial ...	Intestinal health depends on maintaining a balanced microbial community within the highly dynamic environment of the intestine . Every few minutes , this environment is rocked by peristaltic waves of muscular contraction and relaxation through a process regulated by the enteric nervous system ( ENS ) . We hypothesized ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Conclusion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "microbiome", "gut", "bacteria", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "vibrio", "immunology", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "animals", "animal", "models", "osteichthyes", "model", ...	2017	The enteric nervous system promotes intestinal health by constraining microbiota composition
Change detection is a classic paradigm that has been used for decades to argue that working memory can hold no more than a fixed number of items ( “item-limit models” ) . Recent findings force us to consider the alternative view that working memory is limited by the precision in stimulus encoding , with mean precision ...	Working memory is a fundamental aspect of human cognition . It allows us to remember bits of information over short periods of time and make split-second decisions about what to do next . Working memory is often tested using a change detection task: subjects report whether a change occurred between two subsequent visua...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "working", "memory", "cognitive", "neuroscience", "computational", "neuroscience", "psychophysics", "biology", "sensory", "perception", "neuroscience" ]	2013	No Evidence for an Item Limit in Change Detection
Rabies is a fatal encephalitis caused by viruses belonging to the genus Lyssavirus of the family Rhabdoviridae . It is a viral disease primarily affecting mammals , though all warm blooded animals are susceptible . Experimental rabies virus infection in birds has been reported , but naturally occurring infection of bir...	Rabies is a fatal viral disease affecting humans and other animals . Though all warm blooded animals are susceptible to this disease , rabies is commonly observed in mammals . Birds can be experimentally infected with this virus; however , naturally occurring rabies infection in birds has been reported very rarely . We...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Natural Rabies Infection in a Domestic Fowl (Gallus domesticus): A Report from India
Evolution depends on the manner in which genetic variation is translated into new phenotypes . There has been much debate about whether organisms might have specific mechanisms for “evolvability , ” which would generate heritable phenotypic variation with adaptive value and could act to enhance the rate of evolution . ...	One controversy in evolutionary biology concerns whether there might be plausible explanations for the rapid evolution of complex traits . An extreme and fascinating example of protein conformational change , the prion , offers a framework for this concept . Prion proteins are responsible for neurodegenerative diseases...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neurological", "disorders", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2008	Prion Switching in Response to Environmental Stress
An object in the peripheral visual field is more difficult to recognize when surrounded by other objects . This phenomenon is called “crowding” . Crowding places a fundamental constraint on human vision that limits performance on numerous tasks . It has been suggested that crowding results from spatial feature integrat...	Visual crowding refers to the phenomenon that objects become more difficult to recognize when other objects surround them . Recently there has been an explosion of studies on crowding , driven , in part , by the belief that understanding crowding will help to understand a range of visual behaviours , including object r...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "neuroscience/sensory", "systems", "computational", "biology/computational", "neuroscience" ]	2010	A Neurophysiologically Plausible Population Code Model for Feature Integration Explains Visual Crowding
In recent years , the primate malaria Plasmodium knowlesi has emerged in human populations throughout South East Asia , with the largest hotspot being in Sabah , Malaysian Borneo . Control efforts are hindered by limited knowledge of where and when people get exposed to mosquito vectors . It is assumed that exposure oc...	The primate knowlesi malaria has now emerged in human populations throughout South East Asia . Our limited knowledge of where and when people get exposed to the vector ( Anopheles balabacensis ) has resulted in poor control measures , although it is assumed that exposure occurs primarily when people are working in fore...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "parasite", "groups", "plasmodium", "tropical", "diseases", "vertebrates", "parasitic", "diseases", "parasitic", "protozoans", "animals", "parasitology", "mammals", "primates", "apicomplexa", "protozoans", "molecular...	2016	Investigating the Contribution of Peri-domestic Transmission to Risk of Zoonotic Malaria Infection in Humans
Neuroprosthetic brain-computer interfaces are systems that decode neural activity into useful control signals for effectors , such as a cursor on a computer screen . It has long been recognized that both the user and decoding system can adapt to increase the accuracy of the end effector . Co-adaptation is the process w...	Brain-computer interfaces are systems which allow a user to control a device in their environment via their neural activity . The system consists of hardware used to acquire signals from the brain of the user , algorithms to decode the signals , and some effector in the world that the user will be able to control , suc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Encoder-Decoder Optimization for Brain-Computer Interfaces
Clostridium difficile is a Gram-positive spore-forming anaerobe and a major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea . Disruption of the commensal microbiota , such as through treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics , is a critical precursor for colonisation by C . difficile and subsequent disease . Furthermore , fai...	Clostridium difficile is a bacterium responsible for causing the majority of antibiotic associated diarrhoea outbreaks world-wide . In the United States of America , C . difficile infects half a million people annually . Antibiotics disrupt the natural protective gut microbiota , rendering people susceptible to C . dif...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "gram", "negative", "bacteria", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "gut", "bacteria", "microbiome", "chemical", "compounds", "phosphates", "nmr", "spectroscopy", "microbiology", "animal", "models", "model", "organisms", "metabolites", "experimental",...	2018	Para-cresol production by Clostridium difficile affects microbial diversity and membrane integrity of Gram-negative bacteria
New frontier settlements across the Amazon Basin pose a major challenge for malaria elimination in Brazil . Here we describe the epidemiology of malaria during the early phases of occupation of farming settlements in Remansinho area , Brazilian Amazonia . We examine the relative contribution of low-density and asymptom...	Despite decades of control efforts , malaria remains a major public health concern in Brazil . A large proportion of the 243 , 000 cases diagnosed per year originate from areas of recent colonization in the densely forested Amazon Basin . This population-based longitudinal study addresses the epidemiology of malaria du...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "epidemiology", "tropical", "diseases", "malaria", "parasitic", "diseases" ]	2014	Epidemiology of Disappearing Plasmodium vivax Malaria: A Case Study in Rural Amazonia
Evidence is mounting that the evolution of gene expression plays a major role in adaptation and speciation . Understanding the evolution of gene regulatory regions is indeed an essential step in linking genotypes and phenotypes and in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying evolutionary change . The common vi...	With the advent of new sequencing technologies , the evolution of gene expression regulation is becoming a subject of intensive research . In this paper , we report an entirely new phenomenon acting on the evolution of gene regulatory sequences . We show that in a small genomic region around genes there is a selection ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Model", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Enhancer Runaway and the Evolution of Diploid Gene Expression
C . elegans inhabit environments that require detection of diverse stimuli to modulate locomotion in order to avoid unfavourable conditions . In a mammalian context , a failure to appropriately integrate environmental signals can lead to Parkinson’s , Alzheimer’s , and epilepsy . Provided that the circuitry underlying ...	Multiple environmental cues are sensed by an organism in order to coordinate behavioral responses . Consequently , organisms must be able to simultaneously detect and integrate multiple external stimuli in order to appropriately modify their behavior . Identifying the unique circuits mediating the response to individua...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "cell", "motility", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "neurochemistry", "nose", "face", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "caenorhabditis", "nervous", "system", "pathogens", "neuroscience", "biological", "locomotion", "biomechanics", "a...	2016	NPR-9, a Galanin-Like G-Protein Coupled Receptor, and GLR-1 Regulate Interneuronal Circuitry Underlying Multisensory Integration of Environmental Cues in Caenorhabditis elegans
Data assimilation is a valuable tool in the study of any complex system , where measurements are incomplete , uncertain , or both . It enables the user to take advantage of all available information including experimental measurements and short-term model forecasts of a system . Although data assimilation has been used...	Mathematical models are developed to better understand interactions between components of a system that together govern the overall behavior . Mathematical models of sleep have helped to elucidate the neuronal cell groups that are involved in promoting sleep and wake behavior and the transitions between them . However ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "control", "theory", "sleep", "applied", "mathematics", "anatomy", "and", "physiology", "physiological", "processes", "control", "engineering", "mathematics", "computational", "neuroscience", "biology", "nonlinear", "dynamics", "systems", "biology", "control", "systems", ...	2012	Reconstructing Mammalian Sleep Dynamics with Data Assimilation
Migraine can be sub-classified not only according to presence of migraine aura ( MA ) or absence of migraine aura ( MO ) , but also by additional features accompanying migraine attacks , e . g . photophobia , phonophobia , nausea , etc . all of which are formally recognized by the International Classification of Headac...	Migraine is among the most common and debilitating neurological disorders . Diagnostic criteria for migraine recognize a variety of symptoms including a primary dichotomous classification for the presence or absence of aura , typically a visual disturbance phenomenon , as well as others such as sensitivity to light or ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "neuroscience", "neurobiology", "of", "disease", "and", "regeneration", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "signs", "and", "symptoms", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "migraine", "gene", "regulatory", "networks", "genetic", "association", "studies", ...	2014	Selectivity in Genetic Association with Sub-classified Migraine in Women
Five species of Ebola virus ( EBOV ) have been identified , with nucleotide differences of 30–45% between species . Four of these species have been shown to cause Ebola hemorrhagic fever ( EHF ) in humans and a fifth species ( Reston ebolavirus ) is capable of causing a similar disease in non-human primates . While exa...	Ebola virus ( EBOV ) is a highly pathogenic virus , capable of causing Ebola hemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates . Five species of EBOV have been identified . To examine whether infection with one EBOV species results in antibodies that cross-react with other EBOV species , we selected groups of human di...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "viral", "hemorrhagic", "fevers", "infectious", "diseases", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "viral", "diseases", "ebola", "hemorrhagic", "fever" ]	2011	Serologic Cross-Reactivity of Human IgM and IgG Antibodies to Five Species of Ebola Virus
HIV-1 particle production is driven by the Gag precursor protein Pr55Gag . Despite significant progress in defining both the viral and cellular determinants of HIV-1 assembly and release , the trafficking pathway used by Gag to reach its site of assembly in the infected cell remains to be elucidated . The Gag trafficki...	The viral Gag protein is both necessary and sufficient for the assembly of a new generation of virus particles . There has been a significant amount of debate in recent years regarding the site in the cell at which HIV-1 assembly takes place . Of particular interest has been the site of assembly in macrophages , a cell...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "virology/immunodeficiency", "viruses" ]	2008	Real-Time Visualization of HIV-1 GAG Trafficking in Infected Macrophages
For cells to function , the concentrations of all proteins in the cell must be maintained at the proper levels ( proteostasis ) . This task – complicated by cellular stresses , protein misfolding , aggregation , and degradation – is performed by a collection of chaperones that alter the configurational landscape of a g...	To maintain proper amounts of folded , functional proteins , cells use systems of chaperones to correct misfolded proteins , disassemble aggregates , and provide sheltered environments in which proteins fold to their native structure . Typically , an individual system is studied in isolation , and its effects on a give...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Quantifying Chaperone-Mediated Transitions in the Proteostasis Network of E. coli
Mycolactones are a family of polyketide-derived macrolide exotoxins produced by Mycobacterium ulcerans , the causative agent of the chronic necrotizing skin disease Buruli ulcer . The toxin is synthesized by polyketide synthases encoded by the virulence plasmid pMUM . The apoptotic , necrotic and immunosuppressive prop...	Buruli ulcer is a chronic necrotizing skin disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans . The characteristic histopathological features of Buruli ulcer , severe destruction of subcutaneous tissue with minimal inflammation in the core of the lesion , are primarily attributed to the cytotoxic activity of mycolactone , the ma...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "biochemistry", "biology", "microbiology", "molecular", "cell", "biology" ]	2013	Structure-Activity Relationship Studies on the Macrolide Exotoxin Mycolactone of Mycobacterium ulcerans
Adenosine-to-inosine modification of RNA molecules ( A-to-I RNA editing ) is an important mechanism that increases transciptome diversity . It occurs when a genomically encoded adenosine ( A ) is converted to an inosine ( I ) by ADAR proteins . Sequencing reactions read inosine as guanosine ( G ) ; therefore , current ...	The traditional view of mRNA as a pure intermediate between DNA and protein has changed in the last decades since the discovery of numerous RNA processing pathways . A frequent RNA modification is A-to-I editing , or the conversion of adenosine ( A ) to inosine ( I ) . Since inosine is read as a guanosine ( G ) , A-to-...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "sequence", "analysis", "genome", "expression", "analysis", "genome", "analysis", "tools", "genomics", "rna", "processing", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "biology", "computational", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "transcriptomes" ]	2011	Identification of Widespread Ultra-Edited Human RNAs
Intercellular communication in adjacent cell layers determines cell fate and polarity , thus orchestrating tissue specification and differentiation . Here we use the maize stomatal apparatus as a model to investigate cell fate determination . Mutations in ZmBZU2 ( bizui2 , bzu2 ) confer a complete absence of subsidiary...	In the grasses , individual stomatal complexes comprise a pair of dumbbell-shaped guard cells associated with two subsidiary cells and the pore , which together play essential roles in the exchange of CO2 and O2 , in xylem transport , and in transpiration . However , little is known about grass stomatal complex develop...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "plant", "anatomy", "stem", "anatomy", "engineering", "and", "technology", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "cell", "processes", "brassica", "stomata", "plant", "science", "model", "organisms", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "plant"...	2019	BZU2/ZmMUTE controls symmetrical division of guard mother cell and specifies neighbor cell fate in maize
Protein promiscuity is of considerable interest due its role in adaptive metabolic plasticity , its fundamental connection with molecular evolution and also because of its biotechnological applications . Current views on the relation between primary and promiscuous protein activities stem largely from laboratory evolut...	Interpretations of evolutionary processes at the molecular level have been determined to a significant extent by the concept of “trade-off” , the idea that improving a given feature of a protein molecule by mutation will likely bring about deterioration in other features . For instance , if a protein is able to carry o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "biology" ]	2012	Probing the Mutational Interplay between Primary and Promiscuous Protein Functions: A Computational-Experimental Approach
Atrial fibrillation ( AF ) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia , but our knowledge of the arrhythmogenic substrate is incomplete . Alternans , the beat-to-beat alternation in the shape of cardiac electrical signals , typically occurs at fast heart rates and leads to arrhythmia . However , atrial alternans have been o...	Atrial fibrillation is an irregular heart rhythm affecting millions of people worldwide . Effective treatment of this cardiac disorder relies upon our detailed knowledge and understanding of the mechanisms that lead to arrhythmia . Recent clinical observations have suggested that alternans , a phenomenon where the shap...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "bioengineering", "biomedical", "engineering", "engineering", "and", "technology", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "computational", "biology", "biophysics", "biophysical", "simulations" ]	2014	Disrupted Calcium Release as a Mechanism for Atrial Alternans Associated with Human Atrial Fibrillation
A concept fundamental to viral pathogenesis is that infection induces specific changes within the host cell , within specific tissues , or within the entire animal . These changes are reflected in a cascade of altered transcription patterns evident during infection . However , elucidation of this cascade in vivo has be...	A major element of viral pathogenesis is the induction of specific changes within the infected host , often reflected in altered gene expression patterns . However , revealing these changes in vivo has been limited by an inability to distinguish changes within the minority of infected cells from that in surrounding uni...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "viruses", "infectious", "diseases", "virology", "immunology", "microbiology", "mus", "(mouse)" ]	2007	A Two-Phase Innate Host Response to Alphavirus Infection Identified by mRNP-Tagging In Vivo
Prediction of response to specific cancer treatments is complicated by significant heterogeneity between tumors in terms of mutational profiles , gene expression , and clinical measures . Here we focus on the response of Estrogen Receptor ( ER ) + post-menopausal breast cancer tumors to aromatase inhibitors ( AI ) . We...	Breast cancer is the second most common type of cancer in women , with an incidence rate of over 250 , 000 cases per year , and breast cancer cases show significant heterogeneity in clinical and omic measures . Estrogen receptor positive ( ER+ ) tumors typically grow in response to estrogen , and in post menopausal wom...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "breast", "tumors", "cancer", "treatment", "protein", "interaction", "networks", "enzymology", "cancers", "and", "neoplasms", "hormones", "oncology", "mutation", "network", "analysis", "aromatase", "inhibitors", "pharmacology", "...	2019	Network-guided prediction of aromatase inhibitor response in breast cancer
Sepsis is a consequence of systemic bacterial infections leading to hyper activation of immune cells by bacterial products resulting in enhanced release of mediators of inflammation . Endotoxin ( LPS ) is a major component of the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria and a critical factor in pathogenesis of sepsis ....	Sepsis is one of the leading causes of death contributing to mortality as high as 54 percent in intensive care units across the world . Hyper inflammation induced by bacteria or bacterial products through Toll like receptors leads to sepsis and hence current approaches are directed towards blockade such receptors . Whi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "biology", "veterinary", "science" ]	2012	Chitohexaose Activates Macrophages by Alternate Pathway through TLR4 and Blocks Endotoxemia
Influenza A viral infections have been identified as the etiologic agents for historic pandemics , and contribute to the annual mortality associated with acute viral pneumonia . While both innate and acquired immunity are important in combating influenza virus infection , the mechanism connecting these arms of the immu...	Influenza viruses cause annual epidemics and occasional pandemics that have claimed the lives of millions . Both innate and acquired immunity are essential for protection against influenza virus , and Notch and Notch ligands provide a key bridge between innate and acquired immunity . However , the role of Notch system ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "immune", "cells", "cytokines", "respiratory", "infections", "antigen-presenting", "cells", "immunity", "to", "infections", "immunology", "pulmonology", "adaptive", "immunity", "infectious", "diseases", "inflammation", "t", "cells", "biology", "infectious", "d...	2011	The Critical Role of Notch Ligand Delta-like 1 in the Pathogenesis of Influenza A Virus (H1N1) Infection
Loiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by infection with the filarial parasite Loa loa . It is a disease considered by many to be benign . Several reports of trans border importation of the Loa loa worm amongst immigrants and visitors from endemic regions of the world exist . In most cases an adult subconjuncti...	Subconjunctival adult Loa loa is one of the ocular manifestations of paraisitosis by Loa loa , which is categorized as a neglected benign disease . Loa loa transmission has predominantly been amongst inhabitants in rural communities in Nigeria , one of the countries in the endemic belt of Africa . However we report a c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "and", "discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pruritus", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "social", "sciences", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "neuroscience", "nematode", "infections", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "eyes", "afr...	2018	Removal of adult subconjunctival Loa loa amongst urban dwellers in Nigeria
The genetic code relates nucleotide sequence to amino acid sequence and is shared across all organisms , with the rare exceptions of lineages in which one or a few codons have acquired novel assignments . Recoding of UGA from stop to tryptophan has evolved independently in certain reduced bacterial genomes , including ...	The genetic code , which relates DNA sequence to protein sequence , is nearly universal across all life . Examples of recodings do exist , but new instances are rare . Genomes that exhibit recodings typically have other extreme properties , including reduced size , reduced gene sets , and low guanine plus cytosine ( GC...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "evolutionary", "biology/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "microbiology/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics" ]	2009	Origin of an Alternative Genetic Code in the Extremely Small and GC–Rich Genome of a Bacterial Symbiont
Despite the increased use of vaccination in several Asian countries , Japanese Encephalitis ( JE ) remains the most important cause of viral encephalitis in Asia in humans with an estimated 68 , 000 cases annually . Considered a rural disease occurring mainly in paddy-field dominated landscapes where pigs are amplifyin...	Japanese Encephalitis Virus ( JEV ) is the most important cause of viral encephalitis in Asia in humans with an estimated 68 , 000 cases annually . The disease is considered a mainly rural one because it occurs mainly in rural areas dominated by paddy fields where the main mosquito species vector of JEV breed . However...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "livestock", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pig", "models", "immunology", "geographical", "locations", "vertebrates", "animals", "mammals", "animal", "models", "preventive", "medicine", "model", "organisms", "infectious", "disease", "control", ...	2016	Intensive Circulation of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Peri-urban Sentinel Pigs near Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Wuchereria bancrofti , Brugia malayi and Brugia timori infect over 100 million people worldwide and are the causative agents of lymphatic filariasis . Some parasite carriers are amicrofilaremic whilst others facilitate mosquito-based disease transmission through blood-circulating microfilariae ( Mf ) . Recent findings ...	Lymphatic filariasis is a disfiguring and debilitating neglected tropical disease caused by filarial parasitic nematodes including Brugia malayi . The immune mechanisms that drive host tolerance and host resistance to blood circulating microfilariae are not yet fully understood . In this study , we investigate the inte...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "engineering", "and", "technology", "nucleases", "deoxyribonucleases", "enzymes", "immunology", "manufacturing", "processes", "dna-binding", "proteins", "enzymology", "parasitic",...	2017	Human Leukocytes Kill Brugia malayi Microfilariae Independently of DNA-Based Extracellular Trap Release
Many plants release airborne volatile compounds in response to wounding due to pathogenic assault . These compounds serve as plant defenses and are involved in plant signaling . Here , we study the effects of pectin methylesterase ( PME ) -generated methanol release from wounded plants ( “emitters” ) on the defensive r...	The mechanical wounding of plant leaves , which is one of the first steps in pathogen infection and herbivore attack , activates signal transduction pathways and airborne signals to fend off harmful organisms . The mechanisms by which these signals promote plant immunity remain elusive . Here , we demonstrate that plan...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "agriculture", "biology" ]	2012	Airborne Signals from a Wounded Leaf Facilitate Viral Spreading and Induce Antibacterial Resistance in Neighboring Plants
SIVmac239 infection of rhesus macaques ( RMs ) results in AIDS despite the generation of a strong antiviral cytotoxic T lymphocyte ( CTL ) response , possibly due to the emergence of viral escape mutants that prevent recognition of infected cells by CTLs . To determine the anatomic origin of these SIV mutants , we long...	Strong antiviral CD8+ T lymphocytes limit SIV replication by recognizing short pathogen-derived peptide epitopes . The cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses specific for this highly mutable virus can select for viruses bearing mutations that prevent CD8+ T cell recognition of cells infected with these escape mutants . To det...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immune", "cells", "immunity", "to", "infections", "immunology", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "immunodeficiency", "viruses", "adaptive", "immunity", "animal", "models", "of", "infection", "viral", "immune", "evasion", "t", "cells", "biology", "viral",...	2011	Viral CTL Escape Mutants Are Generated in Lymph Nodes and Subsequently Become Fixed in Plasma and Rectal Mucosa during Acute SIV Infection of Macaques
Infection with Wuchereria bancrofti can cause severe disease characterized by subcutaneous fibrosis and extracellular matrix remodeling . Matrix metalloproteinases ( MMPs ) are a family of enzymes governing extracellular remodeling by regulating cellular homeostasis , inflammation , and tissue reorganization , while ti...	Lymphatic filariasis afflicts over 120 million people worldwide . While the infection is mostly clinically asymptomatic , approximately 40 million people suffer from overt , morbid clinical pathology characterized by swelling of the scrotal area and lower limbs ( hydrocele and lymphedema ) . Host immunologic factors th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "immunology", "biology" ]	2012	Altered Circulating Levels of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Inhibitors Associated with Elevated Type 2 Cytokines in Lymphatic Filarial Disease
The role of RNA polymerase III ( Pol III ) in developing vertebrates has not been examined . Here , we identify a causative mutation of the second largest Pol III subunit , polr3b , that disrupts digestive organ development in zebrafish slim jim ( slj ) mutants . The slj mutation is a splice-site substitution that caus...	The transmission of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA to protein depends on the function of a large number of small noncoding RNA molecules . The genes encoding these RNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase III ( Pol III ) , a 17-subunit protein complex whose structure is closely related to that of RNA polym...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "molecular", "biology", "developmental", "biology" ]	2007	Mutation of RNA Pol III Subunit rpc2/polr3b Leads to Deficiency of Subunit Rpc11 and Disrupts Zebrafish Digestive Development
The extent and strength of epistasis is commonly unresolved in genetic studies , and observed epistasis is often difficult to interpret in terms of biological consequences or overall genetic architecture . We investigated the prevalence and consequences of epistasis by analyzing four body composition phenotypes—body we...	The role of statistical epistasis in the genetic architecture of complex traits has been of great interest to the genetics community since Fisher introduced the concept in 1918 . However , assessing epistasis in human and model organism populations has been impeded by limited statistical power . To mitigate this limita...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "quantitative", "trait", "loci", "alleles", "bone", "network", "analysis", "genetic", "interactions", "computer", "and", "information", "sciences", "lipids", "network", "motifs", "bone", "density", "fats", "connective", "tissue...	2016	Weak Epistasis Generally Stabilizes Phenotypes in a Mouse Intercross
The phytohormone abscisic acid ( ABA ) plays important roles during seed germination and early seedling development . Here , we characterized the function of the Arabidopsis WRKY6 transcription factor in ABA signaling . The transcript of WRKY6 was repressed during seed germination and early seedling development , and i...	The WRKY6 protein is a WRKY transcription factor which plays important roles in plant pathogen defense , phosphate translocation , and arsenate resistance . This study demonstrated that the expression of WRKY6 was obviously repressed during seed germination and significantly induced by exogenous ABA . In the presence o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "plant", "anatomy", "electrophoretic", "mobility", "shift", "assay", "gene", "regulation", "regulatory", "proteins", "dna-binding", "proteins", "plant", "physiology", "plant", "science", "transcription", "factors", "seedlings", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "plant...	2016	Arabidopsis WRKY6 Transcription Factor Acts as a Positive Regulator of Abscisic Acid Signaling during Seed Germination and Early Seedling Development
While there is accumulating evidence for the importance of the metabolic cost of information in sensory systems , how these costs are traded-off with movement when sensing is closely linked to movement is poorly understood . For example , if an animal needs to search a given amount of space beyond the range of its visi...	Animals thrive by sensing their environment and using the information they've gathered to guide their movement . But collecting better information can result in less efficient movement: Bicycling while standing up on the pedals may help you see over obstacles ahead of you , but it causes more air drag , forcing your le...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "neuroscience/behavioral", "neuroscience", "neuroscience/sensory", "systems", "neuroscience/motor", "systems", "computational", "biology/computational", "neuroscience", "evolutionary", "biology/animal", "behavior" ]	2010	Energy-Information Trade-Offs between Movement and Sensing
Temperate phages , the bacterial viruses able to enter in a dormant prophage state in bacterial genomes , are present in the majority of bacterial strains for which the genome sequence is available . Although these prophages are generally considered to increase their hosts’ fitness by bringing beneficial genes , studie...	Dormant bacterial viruses , or prophages , are found in the genomes of almost all bacteria , but their impact on bacterial host fitness is largely unknown . Through experiments in mice , supported by a mathematical model , we quantified the activity of Escherichia coli prophage λ in monoxenic mouse gut , as well as its...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "organismal", "evolution", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "gut", "bacteria", "bacteriophages", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "mice", "animals", "mammals", "viruses", "animal", "models", "dna", "damage", "model", "organisms", "microbial", "evol...	2016	Carriage of λ Latent Virus Is Costly for Its Bacterial Host due to Frequent Reactivation in Monoxenic Mouse Intestine
An important application of the RNA interference ( RNAi ) pathway is its use as a small RNA-based regulatory system commonly exploited to suppress expression of target genes to test their function in vivo . In several published experiments , RNAi has been used to inactivate components of the RNAi pathway itself , a pro...	RNA interference is a gene regulatory system in which small RNA molecules turn off genes that have similar sequences to the small RNAs . This has become a powerful tool because a researcher can use RNA interference to turn off any gene of interest in order to test its function . There is great interest in identifying t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "mathematics", "molecular", "biology", "computational", "biology/systems", "biology" ]	2008	Modeling Recursive RNA Interference
Tick-borne encephalitis virus ( TBEV ) is transferred to humans by ticks . The virus causes tick-borne encephalitis ( TBE ) with symptoms such as meningitis and meningoencephalitis . About one third of the patients suffer from long-lasting sequelae after clearance of the infection . Studies of the immune response durin...	Tick-borne encephalitis virus ( TBEV ) belongs to the flavivirus family and causes tick-borne encephalitis . This is a severe meningoencephalitic disease with no available treatment . Detailed studies of the immune response during human TBEV infection are essential to understand host responses to TBE and for the develo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Specificity and Dynamics of Effector and Memory CD8 T Cell Responses in Human Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Infection
Alveolar echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the metacestode of Echinococcus multilocularis . Many species of small mammals , including arvicolid rodents or Ochotona spp . , are natural intermediate hosts of the cestode . The main aim of this study was to identify natural intermediate hosts of E . multilocul...	Small mammals , especially rodents , coexist with humans , particularly in rural areas where they become infected with the larval stages of Echinococcus multilocularis via ingestion of eggs in feces from infected carnivores . As prey for carnivores , small mammals have an important role in the life cycle of E . multilo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "echinococcosis", "infectious", "diseases", "biology", "microbiology", "zoology", "parasitic", "diseases", "parasitology" ]	2013	Molecular Identification of Echinococcus multilocularis Infection in Small Mammals from Northeast, Iran
While bacterial symbionts influence a variety of host cellular responses throughout development , there are no documented instances in which symbionts influence early embryogenesis . Here we demonstrate that Wolbachia , an obligate endosymbiont of the parasitic filarial nematodes , is required for proper anterior-poste...	Filarial nematodes are responsible for a number of neglected tropical diseases . The vast majority of these human parasites harbor the bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia . Wolbachia are essential for filarial nematode survival and reproduction , and thus are a promising anti-filarial drug target . Understanding the molec...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "molecular", "motors", "cell", "biology", "fertilization", "symbiosis", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "species", "interactions", "cellular", "structures", "and", "organelles", "mutualism", "parasitology" ]	2014	Co-evolution between an Endosymbiont and Its Nematode Host: Wolbachia Asymmetric Posterior Localization and AP Polarity Establishment
During embryonic development , the positional information provided by concentration gradients of maternal factors directs pattern formation by providing spatially dependent cues for gene expression . In the fruit fly , Drosophila melanogaster , a classic example of this is the sharp on–off activation of the hunchback (...	Pattern formation during embryonic development , or morphogenesis , is one of the most intriguing problems in biology , entailing the sequence of processes by which a relatively simple system , the fertilized egg , becomes a mature organism . In these processes , the genetic information , stored at the molecular scale ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "physics/interdisciplinary", "physics", "computational", "biology/transcriptional", "regulation", "cell", "biology/morphogenesis", "and", "cell", "biology", "mathematics", "biophysics/theory", "and", "simulation", "developmental", "biology/pattern", "formation", "biochemistry/theor...	2008	Spatial Bistability Generates hunchback Expression Sharpness in the Drosophila Embryo
Leishmaniasis is a debilitating disease caused by the parasite Leishmania . There is extensive clinical polymorphism , including variable responsiveness to treatment . We study Leishmania donovani parasites isolated from visceral leishmaniasis patients in Nepal that responded differently to antimonial treatment due to ...	Visceral leishmaniasis is caused by a parasite called Leishmania donovani , which every year infects about half a million people and claims several thousand lives . Existing treatments are now becoming less effective due to the emergence of drug resistance . Improving our understanding of the mechanisms used by the par...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "cell", "biology/microbial", "physiology", "and", "metabolism", "computational", "biology/synthetic", "biology", "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology/parasitology", "infectious", "diseases/protozoal", "infections", "infectious", "diseases/antimi...	2010	Metabolomics to Unveil and Understand Phenotypic Diversity between Pathogen Populations
Trypanosoma brucei , the causative agent of African sleeping sickness , is transmitted to its mammalian host by the tsetse . In the fly , the parasite’s surface is covered with invariant procyclin , while in the mammal it resides extracellularly in its bloodstream form ( BF ) and is densely covered with highly immunoge...	Many parasites undergo major changes in lifestyle as they cycle between their vectors and their hosts . We use Trypanosoma brucei , the causative agent of human and animal African Trypanosomiasis , as a model to study how these changes are regulated and maintained at the level of gene expression . T . brucei lives in t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Bromodomain Proteins Contribute to Maintenance of Bloodstream Form Stage Identity in the African Trypanosome
Staphylococcus aureus colonizes the nose , throat , skin , and gastrointestinal ( GI ) tract of humans . GI carriage of S . aureus is difficult to eradicate and has been shown to facilitate the transmission of the bacterium among individuals . Although staphylococcal colonization of the GI tract is asymptomatic , it in...	Staphylococcus aureus persistently colonizes ~20% of the human population , and 40–60% of humans are intermittently colonized by this bacterium . The most common reservoir for S . aureus is the anterior nares , and the incidence of staphylococcal disease in higher in individuals who are colonized . Rectal colonization ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Staphylococcus aureus Colonization of the Mouse Gastrointestinal Tract Is Modulated by Wall Teichoic Acid, Capsule, and Surface Proteins
Malaria control efforts have a significant impact on the epidemiology and parasite population dynamics . In countries aiming for malaria elimination , malaria transmission may be restricted to limited transmission hot spots , where parasite populations may be isolated from each other and experience different selection ...	With intensified malaria control in endemic countries , there have been dramatic changes of malaria epidemiology . One of such changes is the increased proportion of Plasmodium vivax malaria , a demonstration of resilience of this parasite to control efforts . In Thailand , malaria has been largely eliminated from the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "parasitology" ]	2014	The Plasmodium vivax Merozoite Surface Protein 3β Sequence Reveals Contrasting Parasite Populations in Southern and Northwestern Thailand
Neuronal activity is associated with transmembrane ionic redistribution , which can lead to an osmotic imbalance . Accordingly , activity-dependent changes of the membrane potential are sometimes accompanied by changes in intracellular and/or extracellular volume . Experimental data that include distributions of ions a...	We have developed software that calculates membrane potential and cell volume that result from redistribution of principal ions ( K+ , Na+ , and Cl- ) during normal cellular activity and experimental manipulations . Calculations in the model are done by an iterative charge-difference method that makes few assumptions a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "membrane", "potential", "ions", "anions", "permeability", "electrophysiology", "materials", "science", "cations", "cellular", "structures", "and", "organelles", "physical", "chemistry", "chemistry", "cell", "membranes", "hyperpola...	2019	The logic of ionic homeostasis: Cations are for voltage, but not for volume
The viral population of HIV-1 , like many pathogens that cause systemic infection , is structured and differentiated within the body . The dynamics of cellular immune trafficking through the blood and within compartments of the body has also received wide attention . Despite these advances , mathematical models , which...	When a person is infected with HIV , the initial peak level of virus in the blood is usually very high before a lower , relatively stable level is reached and maintained for the duration of the chronic infection . This stable level is known as the set-point viral load ( SPVL ) and is associated with severity of infecti...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "cell", "death", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "body", "fluids", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "population", "dynamics", "immunology", "cell", "processes", "microbiology", "simulation", "and", "modeling", ...	2016	Large Variations in HIV-1 Viral Load Explained by Shifting-Mosaic Metapopulation Dynamics
Long non-coding RNAs contribute to dosage compensation in both mammals and Drosophila by inducing changes in the chromatin structure of the X-chromosome . In Drosophila melanogaster , roX1 and roX2 are long non-coding RNAs that together with proteins form the male-specific lethal ( MSL ) complex , which coats the entir...	In both fruit flies and humans , males and females have different sets of sex chromosomes . This generates differences in gene dosage that must be compensated for by adjusting the transcriptional output of most genes located on the X-chromosome . The specific recognition and targeting of the X-chromosome is essential f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "x", "chromosome", "inactivation", "gene", "regulation", "histone", "acetylation", "euchromatin", "histone", "modification", "epigenetics", "molecular", "genetics", "chromatin", "heterochromatin", "chromosome", "biology", "proteins", "gene", "expression", "biochemistry", "c...	2014	Non-coding roX RNAs Prevent the Binding of the MSL-complex to Heterochromatic Regions
To determine the effect of helminth infection during pregnancy on the cognitive and motor functions of one-year-old children . Six hundred and thirty five singletons born to pregnant women enrolled before 29 weeks of gestation in a trial comparing two intermittent preventive treatments for malaria were assessed for cog...	The WHO recommends anthelmintics for pregnant women after their first trimester but the benefits remain unequivocal . Although the consequences of helminth infection during pregnancy on the health of pregnant women have been well studied , the impact on the early development of offspring has been understudied . Studies...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Impact of Helminth Infection during Pregnancy on Cognitive and Motor Functions of One-Year-Old Children
Human heading perception based on optic flow is not only accurate , it is also remarkably robust and stable . These qualities are especially apparent when observers move through environments containing other moving objects , which introduce optic flow that is inconsistent with observer self-motion and therefore uninfor...	Humans have little difficulty moving around in dynamic environments containing other moving objects . Previous research has demonstrated that moving objects may induce biases in perceived heading in some circumstances . Nevertheless , heading perception is surprisingly robust and stable . Even when large moving objects...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "classical", "mechanics", "fluid", "mechanics", "social", "sciences", "neuroscience", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "systems", "science", "mathematics", "vision", "neuronal", "tuning", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "computer", "and", "information", "scien...	2016	Competitive Dynamics in MSTd: A Mechanism for Robust Heading Perception Based on Optic Flow
HoxA genes exhibit central roles during development and causal mutations have been found in several human syndromes including limb malformation . Despite their importance , information on how these genes are regulated is lacking . Here , we report on the first identification of bona fide transcriptional enhancers contr...	Hox genes encode transcription factors with crucial roles during development . These genes are grouped in four different clusters names HoxA , B , C , and D . Mutations in genes of the HoxA and D clusters have been found in several human syndromes , affecting in some cases limb development . Despite their essential rol...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Clustering of Tissue-Specific Sub-TADs Accompanies the Regulation of HoxA Genes in Developing Limbs
Progression of a cell through the division cycle is tightly controlled at different steps to ensure the integrity of genome replication and partitioning to daughter cells . From published experimental evidence , we propose a molecular mechanism for control of the cell division cycle in Caulobacter crescentus . The mech...	The cell cycle is the sequence of events by which a growing cell replicates all its components and divides them more or less evenly between two daughter cells . The timing and spatial organization of these events are controlled by gene–protein interaction networks of great complexity . A challenge for computational bio...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "in", "vitro", "microbiology", "computational", "biology", "eubacteria" ]	2008	A Quantitative Study of the Division Cycle of Caulobacter crescentus Stalked Cells
Considering that mutations in known prostate cancer ( PrCa ) predisposition genes , including those responsible for hereditary breast/ovarian cancer and Lynch syndromes , explain less than 5% of early-onset/familial PrCa , we have sequenced 94 genes associated with cancer predisposition using next generation sequencing...	Prostate cancer ( PrCa ) is the most frequent cancer diagnosed in men worldwide , estimated to be responsible for the death of 27 , 540 men in the United States in 2015 . Contrarily to other cancer types , the genetic contribution to the 10–20% of PrCa cases occurring in families with aggregation of the disease is larg...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "detection", "and", "diagnosis", "deletion", "mutation", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "cancer", "risk", "factors", "genetic", "diseases", "oncology", "mutation", "hereditary", "nonpolyposis", "colorectal", "cancer", "nonsense", "mutation", "mutatio...	2018	Targeted next generation sequencing identifies functionally deleterious germline mutations in novel genes in early-onset/familial prostate cancer
We used a bivariate ( multivariate ) linear mixed-effects model to estimate the narrow-sense heritability ( h2 ) and heritability explained by the common SNPs ( hg2 ) for several metabolic syndrome ( MetS ) traits and the genetic correlation between pairs of traits for the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities ( ARIC ) g...	The narrow-sense heritability of a trait such as body-mass index is a measure of the variability of the trait between people that is accounted for by their additive genetic differences . Knowledge of these genetic differences provides insight into biological mechanisms and hence treatments for diseases . Genome-wide as...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "heredity", "genetics", "biology", "human", "genetics", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	Heritability and Genetic Correlations Explained by Common SNPs for Metabolic Syndrome Traits
The within-host evolution of influenza is a vital component of its epidemiology . A question of particular interest is the role that selection plays in shaping the viral population over the course of a single infection . We here describe a method to measure selection acting upon the influenza virus within an individual...	The evolution of the influenza virus is of great importance for human health . Through evolution , current influenza viruses develop the ability to infect people who have been vaccinated against earlier strains . New strains of influenza that infect birds and pigs could evolve to infect and spread between people , caus...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "organismal", "evolution", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "influenza", "population", "genetics", "microbiology", "population", "modeling", "microbial", "evolution", "infectious", "diseases", "viral", "immune", "evasi...	2014	Identifying Selection in the Within-Host Evolution of Influenza Using Viral Sequence Data
Current antiretroviral therapy is effective in suppressing but not eliminating HIV-1 infection . Understanding the source of viral persistence is essential for developing strategies to eradicate HIV-1 infection . We therefore investigated the level of plasma HIV-1 RNA in patients with viremia suppressed to less than 50...	Combination antiretroviral therapy is effective in reducing , but not eliminating , HIV-1 replication . Residual viremia during suppressive antiretroviral therapy may arise from a number of sources , including reservoirs of long-lived virus-producing cells , or ongoing complete cycles of viral replication . Here , we u...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "viruses", "infectious", "diseases", "virology" ]	2007	ART Suppresses Plasma HIV-1 RNA to a Stable Set Point Predicted by Pretherapy Viremia
Neuropeptide signaling influences animal behavior by modulating neuronal activity and thus altering circuit dynamics . Insect flight is a key innate behavior that very likely requires robust neuromodulation . Cellular and molecular components that help modulate flight behavior are therefore of interest and require inve...	Neuropeptides play an important role in modulating neuronal properties such as excitability and synaptic strength and thereby influence innate behavioral outputs . In flying insects , neuromodulation of flight has been primarily attributed to monoamines . In this study , we have used the genetically amenable fruit fly ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "neurochemistry", "chemical", "compounds", "dopaminergics", "depolarization", "membrane", "potential", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "insect", "flight", "biological", "locomotion", "animals", "flight", "(biology...	2018	FMRFa receptor stimulated Ca2+ signals alter the activity of flight modulating central dopaminergic neurons in Drosophila melanogaster

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