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Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by Leishmania infantum in the Mediterranean Basin , where domestic dogs and wild canids are the main reservoirs . The promastigote stage replicates and develops within the gut of blood-sucking phlebotomine sand flies . Mature promastigotes are injected in...	The protozoan parasite Leishmania infantum causes visceral leishmaniasis in humans and is responsible for a recent outbreak reported in central Spain . Domestic dogs and wild canids are the main reservoirs . The life cycle of the parasite involves two stages and two hosts . The motile promastigote stage differentiates ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "and", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "gene", "regulation", "microbiology", "sand", "flies", "cloning", "protozoan", "life", "cycles", "parasitic", "protozoans", "developmental", "biology", "protozoans", "leishmania", "bioassays", "and", "physiological", "analysis", ...	2016	Influence of the Microenvironment in the Transcriptome of Leishmania infantum Promastigotes: Sand Fly versus Culture
Wide and improper application of pyrethroid insecticides for mosquito control has resulted in widespread resistance in Aedes albopictus mosquitoes , an important dengue vector . Therefore , understanding the molecular regulation of insecticide resistance is urgently needed to provide a basis for developing novel resist...	Aedes albopictus represents a serious threat to public health as a vector for a number of arboviruses , such as dengue , Zika , and chikungunya viruses . Its ability to resist insecticides has recently been detected in several countries . However , little is known regarding molecular mechanisms that confer pyrethroid r...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion", "Conclusions" ]	[ "death", "rates", "sequencing", "techniques", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "rna", "interference", "gene", "regulation", "animals", "genome", "analysis", "epigenetics", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "rna", "sequencing", "population", ...	2018	Comparative transcriptome analysis and RNA interference reveal CYP6A8 and SNPs related to pyrethroid resistance in Aedes albopictus
In South America , the Protist parasite that causes visceral leishmaniasis , a potentially fatal human disease , is transmitted by blood-feeding female Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies . A synthetic copy of the male produced sex-aggregation pheromone offers new opportunities for vector control applications . We have pr...	Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies are the insect vectors of the Protist parasite Leishmania infantum which causes visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) in Brazil . Control of VL has focussed on vector and infected reservoir control , but despite the sustained efforts of the Brazilian Health authorities the disease burden double...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "statistics", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "vertebrates", "sand", "flies", "contingency", "tables", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "mathematics", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "infectious", "dise...	2018	Attraction of Lutzomyia longipalpis to synthetic sex-aggregation pheromone: Effect of release rate and proximity of adjacent pheromone sources
Lasting alterations in sensory input trigger massive structural and functional adaptations in cortical networks . The principles governing these experience-dependent changes are , however , poorly understood . Here , we examine whether a simple rule based on the neurons' need for homeostasis in electrical activity may ...	The adult brain is less hard-wired than traditionally thought . About ten percent of synapses in the mature visual cortex is continually replaced by new ones ( structural plasticity ) . This percentage greatly increases after lasting changes in visual input . Due to the topographically organized nerve connections from ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Model", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2013	A Simple Rule for Dendritic Spine and Axonal Bouton Formation Can Account for Cortical Reorganization after Focal Retinal Lesions
Sequence-specific binding by the human p53 master regulator is critical to its tumor suppressor activity in response to environmental stresses . p53 binds as a tetramer to two decameric half-sites separated by 0–13 nucleotides ( nt ) , originally defined by the consensus RRRCWWGYYY ( n = 0–13 ) RRRCWWGYYY . To better u...	Within human cells , the tumor suppressor p53 is the central node of regulation required to elicit multiple biological responses that include cell cycle arrest and death in response to stress or DNA damage , where mutations in p53 are a hallmark of cancer . As a master regulatory gene , p53 controls the action of targe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry/molecular", "evolution", "molecular", "biology/transcription", "initiation", "and", "activation", "molecular", "biology/molecular", "evolution", "cell", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology/genomics", "biochemistry/transcription", "and", "translation", "genetics", "a...	2008	Noncanonical DNA Motifs as Transactivation Targets by Wild Type and Mutant p53
Herpesviruses encode a characteristic serine protease with a unique fold and an active site that comprises the unusual triad Ser-His-His . The protease is essential for viral replication and as such constitutes a promising drug target . In solution , a dynamic equilibrium exists between an inactive monomeric and an act...	Herpesviruses encode a unique serine protease , which is essential for herpesvirus capsid maturation and is therefore an interesting target for drug development . In solution , this protease exists in an equilibrium of an inactive monomeric and an active dimeric form . All currently available crystal structures of herp...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Dimerization-Induced Allosteric Changes of the Oxyanion-Hole Loop Activate the Pseudorabies Virus Assemblin pUL26N, a Herpesvirus Serine Protease
The search for an HIV-1 cure has been greatly hindered by the presence of a viral reservoir that persists despite antiretroviral therapy ( ART ) . Studies of HIV-1 latency in vivo are also complicated by the low proportion of latently infected cells in HIV-1 infected individuals . A number of models of HIV-1 latency ha...	The major hindrance to an HIV cure is the ability of the virus to persist in a latent state despite antiretroviral therapy . It is difficult to study this latent state in the HIV-infected patient because only a small proportion of cells in the body are affected and current technologies are not able to identify these ce...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "t", "helper", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "antiviral", "therapy", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "retroviruses", "viruses", "immunodeficiency", "viruses...	2016	Transcriptomic Analysis Implicates the p53 Signaling Pathway in the Establishment of HIV-1 Latency in Central Memory CD4 T Cells in an In Vitro Model
Schistosomiasis is among the most neglected tropical diseases , since its mode of spreading tends to limit the contamination to people who are in contact with contaminated waters in endemic countries . Here we report the in vitro and in vivo anti-schistosomal activities of trioxaquines . These hybrid molecules are high...	Schistosomiasis is a tropical disease affecting more than 200 million people throughout the sub-tropical and tropical world . The treatment and control of schistosomiasis rely on the use of a single drug , the praziquantel and no vaccine is available . However , schistosome species with low sensitivity or resistance to...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "drug", "research", "and", "development", "drugs", "and", "devices", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "pharmacology", "biology", "zoology" ]	2012	Antischistosomal Activity of Trioxaquines: In Vivo Efficacy and Mechanism of Action on Schistosoma mansoni
To better understand the tissue-specific regulation of chromatin state in cell-fate determination and animal development , we defined the tissue-specific expression of all 36 C . elegans presumptive lysine methyltransferase ( KMT ) genes using single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization ( smFISH ) . Most KMTs we...	During animal development , the generation of diverse cell types , such as nerve cells or muscle cells , requires differential gene expression . Lysine methyltransferases ( KMTs ) help determine which regions of the genome and hence which genes are expressed in each cell type . To enable the study of KMT function in de...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "spermatocytes", "caenorhabditis", "dna-binding", "proteins", "animals", "dna", "transcription", "germ", "cells", "animal", "models", "caenorhabditis", "elegans", "model", "organisms", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "epigenetics", "chromatin", "sper...	2018	A Caenorhabditis elegans protein with a PRDM9-like SET domain localizes to chromatin-associated foci and promotes spermatocyte gene expression, sperm production and fertility
The formation of metastases is driven by the ability of cancer cells to disseminate from the site of the primary tumour to target organs . The process of dissemination is constrained by anatomical features such as the flow of blood and lymph in the circulatory system . We exploit this fact in a stochastic network model...	For most cancer patients the occurrence of metastases equals incurable disease . Despite this fact our quantitative knowledge about the process of metastatic dissemination is limited . In this manuscript we improve on a previously published mathematical model by incorporating known biological facts about metastatic spr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "cancer", "detection", "and", "diagnosis", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "classical", "mechanics", "fluid", "mechanics", "cancer", "treatment", "cancers", "and", "neoplasms", "basic", "cancer", "research", "oncology", "neurological", "tumors", "lymph", "nod...	2019	Inferring rates of metastatic dissemination using stochastic network models
Many disordered proteins function via binding to a structured partner and undergo a disorder-to-order transition . The coupled folding and binding can confer several functional advantages such as the precise control of binding specificity without increased affinity . Additionally , the inherent flexibility allows the b...	Intrinsically unstructured/disordered proteins ( IUPs/IDPs ) do not adopt a stable structure in isolation but exist as a highly flexible ensemble of conformations . Despite the lack of a well-defined structure these proteins carry out important functions . Many IUPs/IDPs function via binding specifically to other macro...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "biology/bioinformatics", "biochemistry/bioinformatics", "computational", "biology/macromolecular", "sequence", "analysis", "biochemistry/theory", "and", "simulation", "evolutionary", "biology/bioinformatics", "computational", "biology", "computational", "biology/systems",...	2009	Prediction of Protein Binding Regions in Disordered Proteins
In metabolic networks , metabolites are usually present in great excess over the enzymes that catalyze their interconversion , and describing the rates of these reactions by using the Michaelis–Menten rate law is perfectly valid . This rate law assumes that the concentration of enzyme–substrate complex ( C ) is much le...	The physiological responses of a cell to its environment are controlled by gene–protein interaction networks of great complexity . To understand how information is processed in these networks requires accurate mathematical models of the dynamical behavior of large sets of coupled chemical reactions . To avoid producing...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "eukaryotes", "computational", "biology" ]	2007	Modeling Networks of Coupled Enzymatic Reactions Using the Total Quasi-Steady State Approximation
Dengue virus ( DENV ) activity has been reported in Dhaka , Bangladesh since the early 1960s with the greatest burden of dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever cases observed in 2000 . Since this time , the intensity of dengue activity has varied from year to year , and its determining factors remained relatively un...	Similar to many other tropical regions of the world , dengue is a major public health problem in Bangladesh where Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are the main vector . Through this serological survey , we present data on the magnitude ( measured in proportions ) of seroprevalence and seroconversion within 12 selected wards in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "dengue", "virus", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "immunology", "geographical", "locations", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology", "viruses", "a...	2017	Dengue seroprevalence, seroconversion and risk factors in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Both pulmonary tuberculosis ( PTB ) and intestinal helminth infection ( IHI ) affect millions of individuals every year in China . However , the national-scale estimation of prevalence predictors and prevalence maps for these diseases , as well as co-endemic relative risk ( RR ) maps of both diseases’ prevalence are no...	Pulmonary tuberculosis ( PTB ) and intestinal helminth infections ( IHI ) are infectious diseases of poverty , and both diseases affect millions of individuals every year in China . However , a neglected topic for both diseases is their co-endemicity , which mostly occurs in poor areas . This is the first time the co-e...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "economic", "analysis", "china", "population", "dynamics", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "social", "sciences", "parasitic", "diseases", "bacterial", "diseases", "population", "biology", "digestive", "system",...	2016	Co-endemicity of Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Intestinal Helminth Infection in the People’s Republic of China
Troponin C ( TnC ) is implicated in the initiation of myocyte contraction via binding of cytosolic and subsequent recognition of the Troponin I switch peptide . Mutations of the cardiac TnC N-terminal regulatory domain have been shown to alter both calcium binding and myofilament force generation . We have performed mo...	Muscle cells contract using a network of thread-like protein assemblies called myofilaments . Contraction is preceded by a signal that causes calcium to rush into the cell cytosol , where it can freely diffuse to and bind the myofilament proteins . Troponin C , a calcium sensor located on the thin filament , initiates ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "dynamics", "chemistry", "computational", "chemistry" ]	2012	Molecular Basis of Calcium-Sensitizing and Desensitizing Mutations of the Human Cardiac Troponin C Regulatory Domain: A Multi-Scale Simulation Study
Oscillatory neuronal synchronization between cortical areas has been suggested to constitute a flexible mechanism to coordinate information flow in the human cerebral cortex . However , it remains unclear whether synchronized neuronal activity merely represents an epiphenomenon or whether it is causally involved in the...	Brain activity is profoundly rhythmic and exhibits seemingly random fluctuations across a very broad frequency range ( <0 . 1 Hz to >600 Hz ) . Recently , it has become evident that these brain rhythms are not just a generic sign of the brain-at-work , but actually reflect a highly flexible mechanism for information en...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Conclusions", "Material", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "systems", "biology", "computer", "and", "information", "sciences", "psychology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "radiology", "and", "imaging", "neural", "networks", "network", "analysis", "physiology", "neurology", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "neu...	2014	Selective Modulation of Interhemispheric Functional Connectivity by HD-tACS Shapes Perception
While conventional LDL-C , HDL-C , and triglyceride measurements reflect aggregate properties of plasma lipoprotein fractions , NMR-based measurements more accurately reflect lipoprotein particle concentrations according to class ( LDL , HDL , and VLDL ) and particle size ( small , medium , and large ) . The concentrat...	Genome-wide association studies ( GWAS ) of plasma lipoprotein fractions hold great promise for understanding lipid metabolism and its central role in cardiovascular disease and related disorders . Conventional assays for lipoprotein status determine total cholesterol content of low- or high-density lipoprotein particl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "discovery", "genetics", "and", "genomics/complex", "traits", "cardiovascular", "disorders/cardiovascular", "diseases", "in", "women", "genetics", "and", "genomics/genetics", "of", "disease", "genetics", "and", "genomics/medical", "geneti...	2009	Forty-Three Loci Associated with Plasma Lipoprotein Size, Concentration, and Cholesterol Content in Genome-Wide Analysis
Hereditary factors are presumed to play a role in one third of colorectal cancer ( CRC ) cases . However , in the majority of familial CRC cases the genetic basis of predisposition remains unexplained . This is particularly true for families with few affected individuals . To identify susceptibility genes for this comm...	Many individuals with a family history of colorectal cancer have no detectable germline mutation in the known cancer predisposing genes . We aimed to identify novel susceptibility genes for this common phenotype by performing exome sequencing on 96 independent cases with familial colorectal cancer . Eighty-six patients...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Eleven Candidate Susceptibility Genes for Common Familial Colorectal Cancer
The rapidly growing amount of publicly available information from biomedical research is readily accessible on the Internet , providing a powerful resource for predictive biomolecular modeling . The accumulated data on experimentally determined structures transformed structure prediction of proteins and protein complex...	Protein interactions are central for many cellular processes . Physical characterization of these interactions is essential for understanding of life processes and applications in biology and medicine . Because of the inherent limitations of experimental techniques and rapid development of computational power and metho...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "and", "Discussions" ]	[]	2015	Text Mining for Protein Docking
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 ( HTLV-1 ) -associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis ( HAM/TSP ) is a rare chronic neuroinflammatory disease . Since the disease course of HAM/TSP varies among patients , there is a dire need for biomarkers capable of predicting the rate of disease progression . However , the...	HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis ( HAM/TSP ) is a rare neurodegenerative disease caused by infection with human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 ( HTLV-1 ) . HTLV-1 infects 10–20 million people worldwide , and , depending on the region , 0 . 25–3 . 8% of infected individuals develop HAM/TSP . As the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2013	CSF CXCL10, CXCL9, and Neopterin as Candidate Prognostic Biomarkers for HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis
Over 1 . 1 billion people worldwide are at risk for lymphatic filariasis ( LF ) , and the global burden of LF-associated lymphedema is estimated at 16 million affected people , yet country-specific estimates are poor . A house-to-house morbidity census was conducted to assess the burden and severity of lymphedema in a ...	The results presented in this article demonstrate the need to assess the clinical disease burden due to lymphatic filariasis ( LF ) in areas of the world where this disease occurs . There are effective strategies that can be implemented to reduce the suffering and morbidity associated with chronic filarial infections ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "cancer", "detection", "and", "diagnosis", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "lymphatic", "mapping", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "geographical", "locations", "tropical", "diseases", "india", "census", "parasitic", "diseases", "health", "care", ...	2016	Evaluating the Burden of Lymphedema Due to Lymphatic Filariasis in 2005 in Khurda District, Odisha State, India
Leptospirosis essentially affects human following contact with rodent urine-contaminated water . As such , it was mainly found associated with rice culture , recreational activities and flooding . This is also the reason why it has mainly been investigated in temperate as well as warm and humid regions , while arid zon...	We surveyed rodent-borne Leptospira in rodents from Niamey , the capital town of Niger , using bacterial metabarcoding , RT-PCR , sequencing , VNTR typing and GIS-based geostatistics . Two new serovars of Leptospira kirschneri were identified in Arvicanthis niloticus and Cricetomys gambianus , two species that inhabit ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Urban Market Gardening and Rodent-Borne Pathogenic Leptospira in Arid Zones: A Case Study in Niamey, Niger
The transformation of synaptic input into patterns of spike output is a fundamental operation that is determined by the particular complement of ion channels that a neuron expresses . Although it is well established that individual ion channel proteins make stochastic transitions between conducting and non-conducting s...	Neurons use electrical impulses called action potentials to transmit signals from their cell body to their axon terminals , where the impulses trigger release of neurotransmitter . Initiation of an action potential is determined by the balance of currents through ion channels in a neuron's membrane . Although it is wel...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biophysics/theory", "and", "simulation", "computational", "biology/computational", "neuroscience", "neuroscience/neuronal", "signaling", "mechanisms", "neuroscience/neuronal", "and", "glial", "cell", "biology", "neuroscience/theoretical", "neuroscience" ]	2009	Stochastically Gating Ion Channels Enable Patterned Spike Firing through Activity-Dependent Modulation of Spike Probability
Cystic echinococcosis ( CE ) is a complex disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus ( E . granulosus ) , and its immunophatogenesis is still not clearly defined . A peculiar feature of chronic CE is the coexistence of Th1 and Th2 responses . It has been suggested that Th1 cytokines are related to disease resistance , w...	Cystic echinococcosis ( CE ) is a widespread zoonosis caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus ( E . granulosus ) . CE is a complex disease , and several aspects of its immunophatogenesis are still not clearly defined . An important question is how the parasite influences the quality of the host’s immune response...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Polyfunctional Specific Response to Echinococcus Granulosus Associates to the Biological Activity of the Cysts
Trp-cage is a designed 20-residue polypeptide that , in spite of its size , shares several features with larger globular proteins . Although the system has been intensively investigated experimentally and theoretically , its folding mechanism is not yet fully understood . Indeed , some experiments suggest a two-state b...	Understanding the mechanism by which proteins find their folded state is a holy grail of computational biology . Accurate all-atom simulations have the potential to describe such a process in great detail , but , unfortunately , folding of most proteins takes place on a time scale that is still not accessible to routin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "computational", "biology/molecular", "dynamics", "biophysics/theory", "and", "simulation", "biophysics/protein", "folding" ]	2009	A Kinetic Model of Trp-Cage Folding from Multiple Biased Molecular Dynamics Simulations
There is increasing interest in the microbiome of the hepatobiliary system . This study investigated the influence of infection with the fish-borne liver fluke , Opisthorchis felineus on the biliary microbiome of residents of the Tomsk region of western Siberia . Samples of bile were provided by 56 study participants ,...	The microbiota of the alimentary tract and other sites of the body influences human health . Contrary to popular belief , the bile within the liver is not sterile , and may host a microbiome consisting of diverse species of microbes . The spectrum of microbial species and their numbers within the biliary system may be ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "microbiome", "gut", "bacteria", "bile", "microbiology", "tropical", "diseases", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "trematodes", "foodborne", "trematodiases", "gastroenterology", "and", "hepatol...	2016	Biliary Microbiota, Gallstone Disease and Infection with Opisthorchis felineus
Programs for schistosomiasis control are advancing worldwide , with many benefits noted in terms of disease reduction . Yet risk of reinfection and recurrent disease remain , even in areas with high treatment coverage . In the search for means to better prevent new Schistosoma infections , attention has returned to an ...	Infection with Schistosoma blood flukes is a leading cause of chronic parasitic disease in at-risk areas of Africa , South America , Asia , and the Philippines . Over past decades , many national programs have implemented regular drug treatment to control or prevent the advanced complications of Schistosoma infection ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Impact of Chemical-Based Mollusciciding for Control of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium Transmission
Reovirus infection leads to apoptosis in both cultured cells and the murine central nervous system ( CNS ) . NF-κB-driven transcription of proapoptotic cellular genes is required for the effector phase of the apoptotic response . Although both extrinsic death-receptor signaling pathways and intrinsic pathways involving...	Viruses injure host tissues by activating signaling pathways that trigger cell death by a process called apoptosis . Hence , blockade of apoptosis may serve as a useful strategy to dampen the severity of viral disease . However , deployment of such a strategy requires identification of host signaling networks that cont...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "virology/virulence", "factors", "and", "mechanisms" ]	2010	Bid Regulates the Pathogenesis of Neurotropic Reovirus
Ethylene is one of the most important hormones for plant developmental processes and stress responses . However , the phosphorylation regulation in the ethylene signaling pathway is largely unknown . Here we report the phosphorylation of cap binding protein 20 ( CBP20 ) at Ser245 is regulated by ethylene , and the phos...	Ethylene is one of the most essential hormones for plant developmental processes and stress responses . However , the phosphorylation regulation in the ethylene signaling pathway is largely unknown . Here we found that ethylene induces the phosphorylation of CBP20 at S245 , and the phosphorylation is involved in root g...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "phosphorylation", "sequencing", "techniques", "chemical", "compounds", "plant", "growth", "and", "development", "ethylene", "gene", "regulation", "organic", "compounds", "hormones", "developmental", "biology", "plant", "science", "micrornas", "plant", "hormones", "molecu...	2016	Phosphorylation of CBP20 Links MicroRNA to Root Growth in the Ethylene Response
Shuni virus ( SHUV ) is an orthobunyavirus that belongs to the Simbu serogroup . SHUV was isolated from diverse species of domesticated animals and wildlife , and is associated with neurological disease , abortions , and congenital malformations . Recently , SHUV caused outbreaks among ruminants in Israel , representin...	Arthropod-borne ( arbo ) viruses are notorious for causing unpredictable and large-scale epidemics and epizootics . Apart from viruses such as West Nile virus and Rift Valley fever virus that are well known to have a significant impact on human and animal health , many arboviruses remain neglected . Shuni virus ( SHUV ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "culicoides", "microbiology", "saliva", "animals", "viruses", "insect", "vectors", "veterinary", "science", "infectious", "diseases", "veterinary", "diseases", "aedes", "aegypti", "viral", "repl...	2018	Vector competence of biting midges and mosquitoes for Shuni virus
Bank voles are uniquely susceptible to a wide range of prion strains isolated from many different species . To determine if this enhanced susceptibility to interspecies prion transmission is encoded within the sequence of the bank vole prion protein ( BVPrP ) , we inoculated Tg ( M109 ) and Tg ( I109 ) mice , which exp...	Prions are infectious proteins that cause devastating neurodegenerative diseases in both humans and animals . Unlike other rodents , bank voles are highly susceptible to prions from many different species , suggesting that bank voles do not impose a “species barrier , ” which normally restricts the transmission of prio...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Retrotransmission", "of", "prion", "strains", "Transmission", "of", "prions", "to", "Tg(I109)", "mice", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "veterinary", "prion", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases", "veterinary", "diseases", "genetically", "modified", "organisms", "zoonoses", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "transgenic", "animals", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "agricultural", "biotechnolog...	2014	Evidence That Bank Vole PrP Is a Universal Acceptor for Prions
Three-dimensional microscopy is increasingly prevalent in biology due to the development of techniques such as multiphoton , spinning disk confocal , and light sheet fluorescence microscopies . These methods enable unprecedented studies of life at the microscale , but bring with them larger and more complex datasets . ...	The abundance of complex , three dimensional image datasets in biology calls for new image processing techniques that are both accurate and fast . Deep learning techniques , in particular convolutional neural networks , have achieved unprecedented accuracies and speeds across a large variety of image classification tas...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "fish", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "neural", "networks", "vibrio", "vertebrates", "light", "microscopy", "neuroscience", "animals", "animal", "models", "osteichthyes", "model", "organisms", "microscopy", "artificial", "intelligence", "experimental", "organis...	2018	Performance of convolutional neural networks for identification of bacteria in 3D microscopy datasets
Soil grains harbor an astonishing diversity of Streptomyces strains producing diverse secondary metabolites . However , it is not understood how this genotypic and chemical diversity is ecologically maintained . While secondary metabolites are known to mediate signaling and warfare among strains , no systematic measure...	Soil harbors a diverse spectrum of bacteria that secrete small molecules such as antibiotics . Streptomyces bacteria , considered the most prolific producers , have been mined for decades for novel products with therapeutic applications , yet little is known about the properties of the interaction networks these compou...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "systems", "biology", "microbial", "evolution", "biology", "microbiology", "microbial", "growth", "and", "development", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "microbial", "ecology" ]	2011	Structure and Evolution of Streptomyces Interaction Networks in Soil and In Silico
Publication bias in animal research , its extent , its predictors , and its potential countermeasures are increasingly discussed . Recent reports and conferences highlight the potential strengths of animal study registries ( ASRs ) in this regard . Others have warned that prospective registration of animal studies coul...	The manifold contributions over the last years on “publication bias” and “reproducibility crisis” in animal research initiated a debate on whether and how prospective animal study registries ( ASRs ) should be established in analogy to clinical trial registries . All recent debate , however , followed rather broad line...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "research", "funding", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "decision", "making", "engineering", "and", "technology", "social", "sciences", "neuroscience", "commercial", "law", "intellectual", "property", "clinical", "medicine", "cognitive", "psychology", "cognition",...	2016	Animal Study Registries: Results from a Stakeholder Analysis on Potential Strengths, Weaknesses, Facilitators, and Barriers
Non-structural protein 2 ( NS2 ) plays an important role in hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) assembly , but neither the exact contribution of this protein to the assembly process nor its complete structure are known . In this study we used a combination of genetic , biochemical and structural methods to decipher the role of N...	Formation of infectious virus particles ( assembly ) is a complex process by which structural proteins and the viral genome must be transferred to the same subcellular sites to allow their direct or indirect interaction . In case of the hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) , this process appears to take place in close proximity o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases", "virology/virion", "structure,", "assembly,", "and", "egress", "cell", "biology/membranes", "and", "sorting", "infectious", "diseases/viral", "infections", "biochemistry/macromolecular", "assemblies", "and", "machines" ]	2010	Structural and Functional Studies of Nonstructural Protein 2 of the Hepatitis C Virus Reveal Its Key Role as Organizer of Virion Assembly
Glossina palpalis palpalis ( G . p . palpalis ) is one of the principal vectors of sleeping sickness and nagana in Africa with a geographical range stretching from Liberia in West Africa to Angola in Central Africa . It inhabits tropical rain forest but has also adapted to urban settlements . We set out to standardize ...	G . p . palpalis is one of the principal tsetse fly vectors of African Trypanosomiasis . Its range stretches from Liberia in West Africa to Angola in Central Africa . G . p . palpalis inhabits tropical rain forest but has also adapted to urban settlements . Reduction of tsetse populations remains one of the most effect...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "african", "trypanosomiasis", "parasitic", "diseases", "parasitology", "integrated", "control", "pest", "control", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "tsetse", "fly", "animal", "management", "zoology", "veterinary", "science", "veterinary", "medicine", "infe...	2014	Standardising Visual Control Devices for Tsetse Flies: Central and West African Species Glossina palpalis palpalis
Human Cytomegalovirus ( HCMV ) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus that currently infects a large percentage of the world population . Although usually asymptomatic in healthy individuals , HCMV infection during pregnancy may cause spontaneous abortions , premature delivery , or permanent neurological disabilities in infants i...	A large percentage of the world population is infected with HCMV . As a leading viral cause of birth defects in the developed world , HCMV represents a significant public health burden . For the first time , we report that HCMV infection dysregulates the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway which is essential in r...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "obstetrics", "and", "gynecology", "microbiology", "cell", "differentiation", "developmental", "biology", "pregnancy", "obstetrics", "pregnancy", "complications", "signaling", "in", "cellular", "processes", "virulence", "factors", "and", "mechanisms", "biology",...	2012	Human Cytomegalovirus Infection Dysregulates the Canonical Wnt/β-catenin Signaling Pathway
Proliferation of bacterial pathogens in blood represents one of the most dangerous stages of infection . Growth in blood serum depends on the ability of a pathogen to adjust metabolism to match the availability of nutrients . Although certain nutrients are scarce in blood and need to be de novo synthesized by prolifera...	Bacterial growth in the bloodstream is a common manifestation of a number of bacterial infections . When growing in blood , bacteria not only have to evade the host's immune response , but also adjust their metabolism to suit availability of nutrients . Although the concentrations of various metabolites in human blood ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases", "microbiology", "eubacteria" ]	2008	Nucleotide Biosynthesis Is Critical for Growth of Bacteria in Human Blood
Pyrethroid resistance is envisioned to be a major problem for the vector control program since , at present , there are no suitable chemical substitutes for pyrethroids . Cross-resistance to knockdown agents , which are mainly used in mosquito coils and related products as spatial repellents , is the most serious conce...	Pyrethroid is one of the most successful insecticidal chemicals for controlling insect pests and vectors of household and public health importance . However , extensive treatment of photo-stable and highly effective pyrethroids sometimes causes resistance to insect populations . Resistance to pyrethroids belonging to t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology" ]	2009	Nationwide Investigation of the Pyrethroid Susceptibility of Mosquito Larvae Collected from Used Tires in Vietnam
Latently infected resting CD4+ T cells are a major barrier to HIV cure . Understanding how latency is established , maintained and reversed is critical to identifying novel strategies to eliminate latently infected cells . We demonstrate here that co-culture of resting CD4+ T cells and syngeneic myeloid dendritic cells...	Current antiretroviral drugs significantly prolong life and reduce morbidity but are unable to cure HIV . While on treatment , the virus is able to hide in resting memory T cells in a silent or “latent” form . These latently infected cells are rare and thus are hard to study using blood from HIV-infected individuals on...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Myeloid Dendritic Cells Induce HIV-1 Latency in Non-proliferating CD4+ T Cells
The essential role of the lipophosphoglycan ( LPG ) of Leishmania in innate immune response has been extensively reported . However , information about the role of the LPG-related glycoinositolphospholipids ( GIPLs ) is limited , especially with respect to the New World species of Leishmania . GIPLs are low molecular w...	Leishmania infantum ( syn . L . chagasi ) and L . braziliensis are the causative agents of VL and CL , respectively , in the New World . A vital part of the parasite's life cycle involves the circumvention of the host immune system and the infection of macrophages . This work focused on an important class of surface gl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "biochemistry", "infectious", "diseases", "immunology", "biology" ]	2012	Glycoinositolphospholipids from Leishmania braziliensis and L. infantum: Modulation of Innate Immune System and Variations in Carbohydrate Structure
Adaptive mate choice by females is an important component of sexual selection in many species . The evolutionary consequences of male mate preferences , however , have received relatively little study , especially in the context of sexual conflict , where males often harm their mates . Here , we describe a new and coun...	In many species , females are frequently subject to harassing courtship from males attempting to mate with them . These persistent male behaviors can result in females incurring substantial direct fitness costs . We set out to examine how these costs may influence adaptive potential in a species that also exhibits male...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology/sexual", "behavior", "evolutionary", "biology/animal", "behavior" ]	2009	A Cost of Sexual Attractiveness to High-Fitness Females
Promyelocytic leukemia protein ( PML ) has antiviral functions and many viruses encode gene products that disrupt PML nuclear bodies ( PML NBs ) . However , evidence of the relevance of PML NB modification for viral pathogenesis is limited and little is known about viral gene functions required for PML NB disruption in...	PML nuclear bodies ( PML NBs ) are spherical nuclear structures that are present in most human and animal cells . These bodies contribute to anti-viral defense and therefore many viruses have developed strategies to disrupt them . This interaction has been demonstrated for a number of viruses in cultured cells but litt...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biology" ]	2011	Disruption of PML Nuclear Bodies Is Mediated by ORF61 SUMO-Interacting Motifs and Required for Varicella-Zoster Virus Pathogenesis in Skin
Nrf2 , a transcriptional activator of cell protection genes , is an attractive therapeutic target for the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases , including Alzheimer’s disease ( AD ) . Current Nrf2 activators , however , may exert toxicity and pathway over-activation can induce detrimental effects . An understanding...	As our population ages the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases , including Alzheimer’s disease ( AD ) , is predicted to increase dramatically . Despite providing important symptomatic relief , existing treatments for such conditions do not slow-down disease progression , and this will cause an overwhelming future b...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Conclusions", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "neurodegenerative", "diseases", "neuroscience", "toxicology", "toxicity", "lithium", "genome", "analysis", "alzheimer", "disease", "genomics", "animal", "cells", "proteins", "chemistry...	2017	Direct Keap1-Nrf2 disruption as a potential therapeutic target for Alzheimer’s disease
Protein function is mediated by different amino acid residues , both their positions and types , in a protein sequence . Some amino acids are responsible for the stability or overall shape of the protein , playing an indirect role in protein function . Others play a functionally important role as part of active or bind...	Proteins are the main building blocks and functional molecules of the cell . Function is mediated by specific amino acid residues in a protein sequence , in a manner dependent on both their positions and types . Proteins are traditionally described as a sequence of amino acids and , when known , the experimentally dete...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "computational", "biology/protein", "structure", "prediction", "genetics", "and", "genomics/bioinformatics", "computational", "biology/genomics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/functional", "genomics" ]	2008	Protein Meta-Functional Signatures from Combining Sequence, Structure, Evolution, and Amino Acid Property Information
When making judgments in a group , individuals often revise their initial beliefs about the best judgment to make given what others believe . Despite the ubiquity of this phenomenon , we know little about how the brain updates beliefs when integrating personal judgments ( individual information ) with those of others (...	In collective decisions , both the size of groups and the confidence that each member has in their own judgment determine how much a given individual will adapt to the judgment of the group . Here , we show that judgment adaptation during collective decisions—a fundamental brain mechanism needed for fluid functioning o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "social", "influence", "cingulate", "cortex", "criminal", "justice", "system", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "diagnostic", "radiology", "functional", "magnetic", "resonance", "imaging", "criminal", "punishment", "decision", "making", "reaction", "time", "brai...	2017	Integration of individual and social information for decision-making in groups of different sizes
Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial gastro-enteritis in the developed world . It is thought to infect 2–3 million people a year in the US alone , at a cost to the economy in excess of US $4 billion . C . jejuni is a widespread zoonotic pathogen that is carried by animals farmed for meat and poultry ....	C . jejuni is a bacterium commonly found in the guts of birds and mammals . In humans , it is responsible for causing more gastro-enteritis than any other identified bacterial species . Humans may contract campylobacter from a variety of sources . Eating raw or undercooked meat or poultry , and poor food hygiene that l...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "computational", "biology/population", "genetics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "evolutionary", "biology/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "molecular", "biology/molecular", "evolution", "microbiology/microbial", "evolution", ...	2008	Tracing the Source of Campylobacteriosis
Although there is growing interest in measuring integrated information in computational and cognitive systems , current methods for doing so in practice are computationally unfeasible . Existing and novel integration measures are investigated and classified by various desirable properties . A simple taxonomy of Φ-measu...	How can one determine whether an unresponsive patient is conscious or not ? Of all the information processing in your brain that can be measured with modern sensors , which corresponds to information that you are subjectively aware of and which is unconscious ? A theory that has garnered much recent attention proposes ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "distance", "measurement", "taxonomy", "engineering", "and", "technology", "random", "variables", "neuroscience", "covariance", "data", "management", "cognitive", "neuroscience", "probability", "distribution", "mathematics", "statistics", "(mathematics)", "thermodynamics", "c...	2016	Improved Measures of Integrated Information
Dogs are considered sentinels in areas of Trypanosoma cruzi transmission risk to humans . ELISA is generally the method of choice for diagnosing T . cruzi exposure in dogs , but its performance substantially depends on the antigenic matrix employed . In previous studies , our group has developed four chimeric antigens ...	Despite dogs being considered T . cruzi’s most important domestic sentinel/reservoir and also suffering from the outcomes of the infection , there has never been a commercially available test to diagnose T . cruzi infection in dogs . As such , our group’s objective was to develop a state-of-the-art serological diagnost...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "immunology", "vertebrates", "parasitic", "diseases", "dogs", "mammals", "parasitic", "protozoans", "animals", "protozoans", "veterinary", "diagnostics", ...	2019	Performance of recombinant chimeric proteins in the serological diagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in dogs
The influenza virus is an important human pathogen , with a rapid rate of evolution in the human population . The rate of homologous recombination within genes of influenza is essentially zero . As such , where two alleles within the same gene are in linkage disequilibrium , interference between alleles will occur , wh...	Success in life is the product of many factors . Inherent ability often underlies great achievement . But other factors may play their part . The circumstances a child is born into may help or hinder his or her progress . Later events also have their effect; a life may be influenced by a lucky break , or an unforeseen ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "genomic", "evolution", "natural", "selection", "virology", "genetics", "population", "genetics", "biology", "computational", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology", "microbiology", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "viral", "evolution", "evolutionary", "theory" ]	2012	Components of Selection in the Evolution of the Influenza Virus: Linkage Effects Beat Inherent Selection
Nutrient homeostasis—the maintenance of relatively constant internal nutrient concentrations in fluctuating external environments—is essential to the survival of most organisms . Transcriptional regulation of plasma membrane transporters by internal nutrient concentrations is typically assumed to be the main mechanism ...	Homeostasis , the ability to maintain relatively constant internal conditions in the face of fluctuating environments , is fundamental to many biological processes . In nutrient homeostasis , a model homeostatic system , homeostasis is typically thought to be achieved through negative feedback regulation of the plasma ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "The", "general", "criterion", "for", "global", "perfect", "homeostasis", "Flux-dependent", "regulation", "can", "achieve", "global", "perfect", "homeostasis", "Comparison", "and", "combination", "of", "activity-dependent", "downregulation", "a...	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "chemical", "compounds", "mechanisms", "of", "signal", "transduction", "phosphates", "gene", "regulation", "cell", "processes", "homeostatic", "mechanisms", "physiological", "processes", "homeostasis", "cell", "growth", "cellular",...	2017	Achieving global perfect homeostasis through transporter regulation
Trichothecenes are a family of terpenoid toxins produced by multiple genera of fungi , including plant and insect pathogens . Some trichothecenes produced by the fungus Fusarium are among the mycotoxins of greatest concern to food and feed safety because of their toxicity and frequent occurrence in cereal crops , and t...	Toxins produced by pathogens can contribute to infection and/or colonization of hosts . Some toxins consist of a family of metabolites with similar but distinct chemical structures . This structural variation can affect biological activity , which in turn likely contributes to adaptation to different environments , inc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "taxonomy", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "fusarium", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "fungal", "genetics", "pathogens", "microbiology", "fungal", "structure", "fungi", "phylogenetics", "data", "management", "plant", "science", "phylogenetic", "...	2018	Evolution of structural diversity of trichothecenes, a family of toxins produced by plant pathogenic and entomopathogenic fungi
Memory CD8 T cells can provide protection from re-infection by respiratory viruses such as influenza and SARS . However , the relative contribution of memory CD8 T cells in providing protection against respiratory syncytial virus ( RSV ) infection is currently unclear . To address this knowledge gap , we utilized a pri...	Memory CD8 T cells have been shown to provide protection against many respiratory viruses . However , the ability of memory CD8 T cells to provide protection against RSV has not been extensively examined . Unexpectedly , mice with pre-existing CD8 T cell memory , in the absence of memory CD4 T cells and antibodies , ex...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "respiratory", "infections", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "cloning", "orthomyxoviruses", "pulmonology", "viruses", "clinical", "medici...	2018	Memory CD8 T cells mediate severe immunopathology following respiratory syncytial virus infection
Study of human executive function focuses on our ability to represent cognitive rules independently of stimulus or response modality . However , recent findings suggest that executive functions cannot be modularized separately from perceptual and motor systems , and that they instead scaffold on top of motor action sel...	Humans’ ability to create abstract rule structures contributes greatly to intelligence and higher cognitive functions as it affords flexible re-use across various sensory-motor transformations . However , how such rule structures develop through learning is poorly understood . Models of this process imply that cognitiv...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "learning", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "decision", "making", "nervous", "system", "motor", "system", "fingers", "experimental", "design", "limbs", "(anatomy)", "social", "sciences", "neuroscience", "learning", "and", "memory", "motor", "neurons", "resear...	2016	Motor Demands Constrain Cognitive Rule Structures
Changes in gene regulation may be important in evolution . However , the evolutionary properties of regulatory mutations are currently poorly understood . This is partly the result of an incomplete annotation of functional regulatory DNA in many species . For example , transcription factor binding sites ( TFBSs ) , a m...	Changes in gene expression have been suggested to play a major role in mammalian evolution . In eukaryotes , gene expression is primarily controlled by sites , such as transcription factor binding sites ( TFBSs ) , located in the noncoding region of the genome . The majority of these TFBSs remain unannotated , however ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression", "evolutionary", "biology/human", "evolution", "evolutionary", "biology/evolutionary", "and", "comparative", "genetics", "evolutionary", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics/population", "genetics" ]	2008	Selective Constraints in Experimentally Defined Primate Regulatory Regions
Parasitoid wasps are important natural enemies of arthropod hosts in natural and agricultural ecosystems and are often associated with viruses or virion-like particles . Here , we report a novel negative-stranded RNA virus from a parasitoid wasp ( Pteromalus puparum ) . The complete viral genome is 12 , 230 nucleotides...	Although a few viruses with RNA genomes have been discovered in parasitoid wasps , their numbers are limited and their effects on the wasps have rarely been determined . Unambiguous negative-sense , single-stranded RNA [ ( - ) ssRNA] viruses in parasitoids wasps have not been described . In this report , we identify a ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "reproductive", "system", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "developmental", "biology", "pupae", "genome", "analysis", ...	2017	A novel negative-stranded RNA virus mediates sex ratio in its parasitoid host
Human movements show several prominent features; movement duration is nearly independent of movement size ( the isochrony principle ) , instantaneous speed depends on movement curvature ( captured by the 2/3 power law ) , and complex movements are composed of simpler elements ( movement compositionality ) . No existing...	No existing theory successfully accounts for several amazing properties of biological movements: dependence of movement speed on path curvature , isochrony ( movement duration is nearly independent of its size ) and the construction of more complex movements from simpler building blocks . Here we present a new theory o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "neuroscience/motor", "systems", "mathematics", "neuroscience/theoretical", "neuroscience" ]	2009	Movement Timing and Invariance Arise from Several Geometries
Stress , pervasive in society , contributes to over half of all work place accidents a year and over time can contribute to a variety of psychiatric disorders including depression , schizophrenia , and post-traumatic stress disorder . Stress impairs higher cognitive processes , dependent on the prefrontal cortex ( PFC ...	When faced with stressful situations , normal thought processes can be impaired including the ability to focus attention or make decisions requiring deep thought . These effects can result in accidents at the workplace and in combat , jeopardizing the lives of others . To date , the effect of stress on the way neurons ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "working", "memory", "cognitive", "neuroscience", "mathematics", "neurophysiology", "computational", "neuroscience", "single", "neuron", "function", "statistics", "biology", "neuropsychology", "neuroscience", "learning", "and", "memory", "probability", "theory" ]	2012	Stress-Induced Impairment of a Working Memory Task: Role of Spiking Rate and Spiking History Predicted Discharge
A blend of compounds ( pentanoic acid , guaiacol , δ-octalactone and geranylacetone ) identified in waterbuck ( Kobus defassa ) body odour referred to as waterbuck repellent compounds ( WRC ) and a synthetic repellent 4-methylguaiacol have previously been shown to repel tsetse flies from the morsitans group . However ,...	Tsetse flies are divided into three taxonomic groups: morsitans , palpalis and fusca . Flies from the morsitans and palpalis groups are the main vectors of trypanosoma parasites that cause human and animal African trypanosomiasis . The chemical 4-methylguaiacol and waterbuck ( Kobus defassa ) , a known non-preferred ho...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "geomorphology", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "landforms", "african", "trypanosomiasis", "topography", "tropical", "diseases", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "parasitic", "protozoans", "glossina", "protozoans", "odorants",...	2019	Responses of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes to visually attractive stationary devices baited with 4-methylguaiacol and certain repellent compounds in waterbuck odour
The three-dimensional positions of immune cells can be tracked in live tissues precisely as a function of time using two-photon microscopy . However , standard methods of analysis used in the field and experimental artifacts can bias interpretations and obscure important aspects of cell migration such as directional mi...	Migration is fundamental to immune cell function , and accurate quantitative methods are crucial for analyzing and interpreting migration statistics . However , existing methods of analysis cannot uniquely describe cell behavior and suffer from various limitations . This complicates efforts to address questions such as...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Heterogeneous CD8+ T Cell Migration in the Lymph Node in the Absence of Inflammation Revealed by Quantitative Migration Analysis
The Schistosoma mansoni Venom-Allergen-Like proteins ( SmVALs ) are members of the SCP/TAPS ( Sperm-coating protein/Tpx-1/Ag5/PR-1/Sc7 ) protein superfamily , which may be important in the host-pathogen interaction . Some of these molecules were suggested by us and others as potential immunomodulators and vaccine candi...	The Schistosoma mansoni Venom Allergen Like proteins ( SmVALs ) have been identified in the Transcriptome and Post-Genomic studies as targets for immune interventions . Two secreted members of the family were obtained as recombinant proteins in the native conformation . Antibodies produced against them showed that SmVA...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "vaccination", "clinical", "immunology", "immunity", "immunology", "biology" ]	2012	Schistosoma mansoni Venom Allergen Like Proteins Present Differential Allergic Responses in a Murine Model of Airway Inflammation
Diverse Polycomb repressive complexes 1 ( PRC1 ) play essential roles in gene regulation , differentiation and development . Six major groups of PRC1 complexes that differ in their subunit composition have been identified in mammals . How the different PRC1 complexes are recruited to specific genomic sites is poorly un...	Polycomb group proteins assemble in two major repressive multi-subunit complexes ( PRC1 and PRC2 ) , which play important roles in many physiological processes , including stem cell maintenance , differentiation , cell cycle control and cancer . In mammals , six different groups of PRC1 complexes exist ( PRC1 . 1 to PR...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "binding", "cell", "physiology", "chemical", "characterization", "dna-binding", "proteins", "cloning", "sequence", "motif", "analysis", "mammalian", "genomics", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "sequence", "analysis",...	2018	MGA, L3MBTL2 and E2F6 determine genomic binding of the non-canonical Polycomb repressive complex PRC1.6
The most frequent form of pairwise synthetic lethality ( SL ) in metabolic networks is known as plasticity synthetic lethality . It occurs when the simultaneous inhibition of paired functional and silent metabolic reactions or genes is lethal , while the default of the functional partner is backed up by the activation ...	Synthetic lethality ( SL ) , in which the combined knockout of two nonessential genes or reactions is lethal , has direct applications in recognising targets for therapeutic treatment of complex diseases and for fighting against undesired resistance . Typically , SL interactions are reported in pairs . We propose a cha...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "carbohydrate", "metabolism", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "gut", "bacteria", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "metabolic", "networks", "microbiology", "glucose", "metabolism", "escherichia", "coli", "bacterial", "dise...	2018	Metabolic plasticity in synthetic lethal mutants: Viability at higher cost
MicroRNA-22 ( miR-22 ) is emerging as a critical regulator in organ development and various cancers . However , its role in normal hematopoiesis and leukaemogenesis remains unclear . Here , we detected its increased expression during monocyte/macrophage differentiation of HL-60 , THP1 cells and CD34+ hematopoietic stem...	We found that miR-22 is transcriptionally activated by PU . 1 during monocyte/macrophage differentiation and miR-22 promotes the differentiation via targeting MECOM ( EVI1 ) mRNA and further increasing interaction between c-Jun and PU . 1 . We also show that miR-22 is a tumor repressor and that PU . 1-miR-22-MECOM regu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "acute", "myeloid", "leukemia", "flow", "cytometry", "transfection", "leukemias", "chromosome", "staining", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "luciferase", "myeloid", "leukemia", "gene", "regulation", "enzymes", "messenger", "rna", "cancers", "and", "neoplasms", ...	2016	The PU.1-Modulated MicroRNA-22 Is a Regulator of Monocyte/Macrophage Differentiation and Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Most known thioredoxin-type proteins ( Trx ) participate in redox pathways , using two highly conserved cysteine residues to catalyze thiol-disulfide exchange reactions . Here we demonstrate that the so far unexplored Trx2 from African trypanosomes ( Trypanosoma brucei ) lacks protein disulfide reductase activity but f...	African trypanosomes are the causative agents of human sleeping sickness and Nagana cattle disease . These strictly extracellular pathogens multiply in the blood and body fluids of their mammalian hosts and the tsetse fly vector , where efficient redox regulation is essential for parasite survival . While most organism...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "luciferase", "rna", "interference", "chemical", "compounds", "enzymes", "enzymology", "parasitic", "diseases", "parasitic", "protozoans", "organic", "compounds", "trypanosoma", "brucei", "protozoans", "amino", "acids", "energy-pro...	2019	An essential thioredoxin-type protein of Trypanosoma brucei acts as redox-regulated mitochondrial chaperone
During mammalian development , neuromuscular junctions and some other postsynaptic cells transition from multiple- to single-innervation as synaptic sites are exchanged between different axons . It is unclear whether one axon invades synaptic sites to drive off other inputs or alternatively axons expand their territory...	Early in development , neurons make multiple synaptic connections with their target cells . Over time , many of these connections disappear , leaving behind a fraction of the original connections . Because this pruning occurs when mammals first leave the uterus , it's thought that this type of remodeling may serve to s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "motor", "systems", "developmental", "neuroscience", "synaptic", "plasticity", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2012	Reversing the Outcome of Synapse Elimination at Developing Neuromuscular Junctions In Vivo: Evidence for Synaptic Competition and Its Mechanism
West Nile Virus ( WNV ) , a member of the genus Flavivirus , is one of the most widely distributed arboviruses in the world . Despite some evidence for circulation of WNV in countries summarized by the World Health Organization as the Eastern Mediterrian Regional Office ( EMRO ) , comprehensive knowledge about its epid...	West Nile Virus ( WNV ) is a mosquito-borne Flavivirus belonging to the Flaviviridae family , which is endemic in a vast geographical area , including the EMRO region . However , the epidemiology of WNV in the EMRO region remains poorly understood . To address this gap , we performed a systematic review on WNV prevalen...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion", "Conclusions" ]	[ "reverse", "transcriptase-polymerase", "chain", "reaction", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "geographical", "locations", "microbiology", "vector-borne", "diseases", "viruses",...	2019	Epidemiology of West Nile Virus in the Eastern Mediterranean region: A systematic review
Endogenous retroviruses ( ERVs ) , the remnants of retroviral infections in the germ line , occupy ~8% and ~10% of the human and mouse genomes , respectively , and affect their structure , evolution , and function . Yet we still have a limited understanding of how the genomic landscape influences integration and fixati...	Approximately half of the human genome is composed of repetitive elements . Yet we do not completely understand why certain elements insert in particular genomic locations , and what determines which elements are retained and which are eliminated from the genome . To address these questions we studied endogenous retrov...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "functional", "genomics", "chromosome", "structure", "and", "function", "centromeres", "dna-binding", "proteins", "human", "genomics", "mathematics", "mammalian", "genomics", "epigenetics", "dna", "dna", "methylation", "chromatin", "discrete", "mathematics", "combinatorics"...	2016	Integration and Fixation Preferences of Human and Mouse Endogenous Retroviruses Uncovered with Functional Data Analysis
Stem cells reside in specialised microenvironments , or niches , which often contain support cells that control stem cell maintenance and proliferation . Hedgehog ( Hh ) proteins mediate homeostasis in several adult niches , but a detailed understanding of Hh signalling in stem cell regulation is lacking . Studying the...	The Drosophila ovary contains a well-defined stem cell niche that hosts 2–3 germline stem cells ( GSCs ) . The Hedgehog ( Hh ) family of signalling proteins mediates cellular homeostasis in several adult tissues , and here we decipher the detailed mechanism of action of Hh in the adult female GSC niche . We demonstrate...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "stem", "cells", "biology" ]	2012	Cytoneme-Mediated Delivery of Hedgehog Regulates the Expression of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins to Maintain Germline Stem Cells in Drosophila
Hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) requires the liver specific micro-RNA ( miRNA ) , miR-122 , to replicate . This was considered unique among RNA viruses until recent discoveries of HCV-related hepaciviruses prompting the question of a more general miR-122 dependence . Among hepaciviruses , the closest known HCV relative is th...	It has been known for more than 10 years that the hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) genome binds two copies of the liver-specific microRNA ( miRNA ) , miR-122 . But until recently , it was unknown whether this interaction was unique to HCV or also conserved among other hepaciviruses . Now , due to our expanded view of the hepa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "binding", "transfection", "cell", "physiology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "gene", "regulation", "hepacivirus", "pathogens", "biological", "cultures", "293t", "cells", "microbiology", "viruses", "micro...	2017	miRNA independent hepacivirus variants suggest a strong evolutionary pressure to maintain miR-122 dependence
Bacterial communities associated with roots impact the health and nutrition of the host plant . The dynamics of these microbial assemblies over the plant life cycle are , however , not well understood . Here , we use dense temporal sampling of 1 , 510 samples from root spatial compartments to characterize the bacterial...	Plant roots are colonized by complex communities of bacterial and archaeal microbiota from the soil , with the potential to affect plant nutrition and fitness . Although root-associated microbes are known to have the potential to be utilized to promote crop productivity , their exploitation has been hindered by a lack ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "microbiome", "microbiology", "seasons", "developmental", "biology", "plant", "science", "rice", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "plant", "ecology", "plants", "flowering", "plants", "microbial", "genomics", "research",...	2018	Compositional shifts in root-associated bacterial and archaeal microbiota track the plant life cycle in field-grown rice
Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli colonize the human gut and can spread to other body sites to induce diseases such as urinary tract infections , sepsis , and meningitis . A complete understanding of the infection process is hindered by both the inherent genetic diversity of E . coli and the large number of u...	Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli ( ExPEC ) cause the majority of urinary tract infections , and are also able to infect the bloodstream , meninges , and various other sites within the human host . These infections are becoming increasingly difficult to treat as ExPEC strains gain resistance to many of the an...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	The Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli Factor RqlI Constrains the Genotoxic Effects of the RecQ-Like Helicase RqlH
The molecular mechanisms by which floral homeotic genes act as major developmental switches to specify the identity of floral organs are still largely unknown . Floral homeotic genes encode transcription factors of the MADS-box family , which are supposed to assemble in a combinatorial fashion into organ-specific multi...	Most regulatory genes encode transcription factors , which modulate gene expression by binding to regulatory sequences of their target genes . In plants in particular , which genes are directly controlled by these transcription factors , and the molecular mechanisms of target gene recognition in vivo , are still largel...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology" ]	2009	Target Genes of the MADS Transcription Factor SEPALLATA3: Integration of Developmental and Hormonal Pathways in the Arabidopsis Flower
The Polycomb group ( PcG ) and trithorax group ( trxG ) genes play crucial roles in development by regulating expression of homeotic and other genes controlling cell fate . Both groups catalyse modifications of chromatin , particularly histone methylation , leading to epigenetic changes that affect gene activity . The ...	Transposons are parasitic genetic elements that proliferate within their hosts’ genomes . Because rampant transposition is usually deleterious , hosts have evolved ways to inhibit the activity of transposons . In plants , this genome defence is provided by the Polycomb group ( PcG ) proteins and/or the DNA methylation ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Kicking against the PRCs – A Domesticated Transposase Antagonises Silencing Mediated by Polycomb Group Proteins and Is an Accessory Component of Polycomb Repressive Complex 2
Animal coordinated movement interactions are commonly explained by assuming unspecified social forces of attraction , repulsion and alignment with parameters drawn from observed movement data . Here we propose and test a biologically realistic and quantifiable biosonar movement interaction mechanism for echolocating ba...	Collective movements of flocking birds or shoaling fish are amongst the most fascinating natural phenomena , and everyone has experienced the challenges of walking through a moving crowd . What information individuals use for movement coordination is , however , very difficult to know , except for echolocating bats . T...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Delayed Response and Biosonar Perception Explain Movement Coordination in Trawling Bats
Trachoma is chronic kerato conjunctivitis , which is caused by repeated infection with Chlamydia trachomatis bacterium . It is hyper endemic in many rural areas of Ethiopia . The objective of this study was to measure the effect of water , sanitation and hygiene interventions on active trachoma in selected woredas of N...	Trachoma is an infectious disease of the eye , which is caused by repeated infection with Chlamydia trachomatis bacterium . The disease is the leading cause of preventable blindness . Ethiopia is the most trachoma affected country in the world . The World Health Organization ( WHO ) recommends Water , Sanitation and Hy...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "and", "materials", "Results", "Conclusions" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "water", "resources", "education", "sociology", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "social", "sciences", "health", "care", "bacterial", "diseases", "eye", "diseases...	2017	Effect of water, sanitation and hygiene interventions on active trachoma in North and South Wollo zones of Amhara Region, Ethiopia: A Quasi-experimental study
Finding bacterial cellular targets for developing novel antibiotics has become a major challenge in fighting resistant pathogenic bacteria . We present a novel compound , Relacin , designed to inhibit ( p ) ppGpp production by the ubiquitous bacterial enzyme RelA that triggers the Stringent Response . Relacin inhibits ...	The development of new antibacterial agents has become the major demand for fighting against pathogenic bacteria . The identification of new unexplored cellular targets in this combat is essential to prevent a possible return to the pre-antibiotic era . Traditional antibiotics target essential cellular components such ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicinal", "chemistry", "chemical", "biology", "microbial", "pathogens", "microbial", "control", "chemistry", "biology", "microbiology", "microbial", "growth", "and", "development" ]	2012	Relacin, a Novel Antibacterial Agent Targeting the Stringent Response
Infection by enveloped coronaviruses ( CoVs ) initiates with viral spike ( S ) proteins binding to cellular receptors , and is followed by proteolytic cleavage of receptor-bound S proteins , which prompts S protein-mediated virus-cell membrane fusion . Infection therefore requires close proximity of receptors and prote...	Enveloped viruses rank among the most dangerous zoonotically emerging pathogens . Their cell entry often requires multiple transmembrane proteins in the target cell , which may interact with each other to promote viral-cell membrane fusion . Susceptibility to virus infection may correlate with these transmembrane prote...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "coronaviruses", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "enzymes", "pathogens", "293t", "cells", "biological", "cultures", "microbiology", "enzymology", "viruses", "membrane", "...	2017	The tetraspanin CD9 facilitates MERS-coronavirus entry by scaffolding host cell receptors and proteases
Gene regulatory networks consist of direct interactions but also include indirect interactions mediated by metabolites and signaling molecules . We describe how these indirect interactions can be derived from a model of the underlying biochemical reaction network , using weak time-scale assumptions in combination with ...	The regulation of gene expression is tightly interwoven with metabolism and signal transduction . A realistic view of gene regulatory networks should therefore not only include direct interactions resulting from transcription regulation , but also indirect regulatory interactions mediated by metabolic effectors and sig...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "microbiology/microbial", "physiology", "and", "metabolism", "computational", "biology/metabolic", "networks", "computational", "biology/systems", "biology", "computational", "biology/transcriptional", "regulation" ]	2010	The Carbon Assimilation Network in Escherichia coli Is Densely Connected and Largely Sign-Determined by Directions of Metabolic Fluxes
Chromosome segregation in bacteria occurs concomitantly with DNA replication , and the duplicated regions containing the replication origin oriC are generally the first to separate and migrate to their final specific location inside the cell . In numerous bacterial species , a three-component partition machinery called...	Accurate transmission of the genetic information relies on replication and segregation , two processes essential to all living organisms . In bacteria , these processes occur concomitantly . Replication of the bacterial circular chromosome initiates at a single specific sequence called oriC , and proceed bi-directional...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "microbiology", "operons", "light", "microscopy", "pseudomonas", "aeruginosa", "nucleoproteins", "microscopy", "genetic", "elements", "bacterial", "genetics",...	2016	Regional Control of Chromosome Segregation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
MicroRNAs ( miRNAs ) are small , non-coding RNAs that play essential roles in plant growth , development , and stress response . We conducted a genome-wide survey of maize miRNA genes , characterizing their structure , expression , and evolution . Computational approaches based on homology and secondary structure model...	MicroRNAs are non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally and play roles in diverse pathways including those acting on development and responses to stress . Here , we describe a genome-wide computational prediction of maize miRNA genes and their characterization with respect to expression , put...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/genomics", "computational", "biology/comparative", "sequence", "analysis", "plant", "biology/plant", "genetics", "and", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics/plant", "genetics", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2009	A Genome-Wide Characterization of MicroRNA Genes in Maize
The macaque parasite Plasmodium knowlesi is a significant concern in Malaysia where cases of human infection are increasing . Parasites infecting humans originate from genetically distinct subpopulations associated with the long-tailed ( Macaca fascicularis ( Mf ) ) or pig-tailed macaques ( Macaca nemestrina ( Mn ) ) ....	Plasmodium knowlesi , a common malaria parasite of long-tailed and pig-tailed macaques , is now recognized as a significant cause of human malaria , accounting for up to 70% of malaria cases in certain areas in Southeast Asia including Malaysian Borneo . Rapid human population growth , deforestation and encroachment on...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "taxonomy", "parasite", "groups", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "plasmodium", "dna-binding", "proteins", "vertebrates", "animals", "mammals", "parasitology", "parasitic", "protozoans", "genetic", "mapping", "primate...	2017	Analysis of nuclear and organellar genomes of Plasmodium knowlesi in humans reveals ancient population structure and recent recombination among host-specific subpopulations
Pathogens switching to new hosts can result in the emergence of new infectious diseases , and determining which species are likely to be sources of such host shifts is essential to understanding disease threats to both humans and wildlife . However , the factors that determine whether a pathogen can infect a novel host...	Emerging infectious diseases such as SARS , HIV and swine-origin influenza have all been recently acquired by humans from other species . Understanding the reasons why parasites jump between different host species is essential to allow us to predict future threats and understand the causes of disease emergence . Here w...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "epidemiology", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2011	Host Phylogeny Determines Viral Persistence and Replication in Novel Hosts
Dihydrodipicolinate synthase ( DHDPS ) catalyzes the first committed step in the diaminopimelate pathway of bacteria , yielding amino acids required for cell wall and protein biosyntheses . The essentiality of the enzyme to bacteria , coupled with its absence in humans , validates DHDPS as an antibacterial drug target ...	Interactions between proteins and ligands underpin many important biological processes , such as binding of substrates to their cognate enzymes in the process of catalysis . These interactions are complex , often requiring several intermediate steps to fully transition into the bound state . Here , we have used computa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "crystal", "structure", "chemical", "compounds", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "protein", "interactions", "markov", "models", "pathogens", "ketones", "condensed", "matter", "physics", "microbiology", "pyruvate", "...	2016	Dynamic Modelling Reveals ‘Hotspots’ on the Pathway to Enzyme-Substrate Complex Formation
Glutamate homeostasis in the brain is maintained by glutamate transporter mediated accumulation . Impaired transport is associated with several neurological disorders , including stroke and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis . Crystal structures of the homolog transporter GltPh from Pyrococcus horikoshii revealed large stru...	We used the archaeal homolog GltPh of the human glutamate transporters to refine our understanding how large scale conformational changes are translated into substrate translocation . We identified the structural changes that accompany substrate transport and convert the energy stored in the ion gradient into a directi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Refinement of the Central Steps of Substrate Transport by the Aspartate Transporter GltPh: Elucidating the Role of the Na2 Sodium Binding Site
Quiescence and gametogenesis represent two distinct survival strategies in response to nutrient starvation in budding yeast . Precisely how environmental signals are sensed by yeast cells to trigger quiescence and gametogenesis is not fully understood . A conserved signalling module consisting of Greatwall kinase , End...	The fundamental property of a cell is to sense changes in the environment and then respond in a way that maximizes its chances of survival . When diploid budding yeast cells are subjected to complete nutrient starvation they have two possible fates , namely quiescence and gametogenesis . Quiescent cells have reduced ra...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biology", "and", "life", "sciences" ]	2014	The Rim15-Endosulfine-PP2ACdc55 Signalling Module Regulates Entry into Gametogenesis and Quiescence via Distinct Mechanisms in Budding Yeast
The Escherichia coli chemotaxis network is a model system for biological signal processing . In E . coli , transmembrane receptors responsible for signal transduction assemble into large clusters containing several thousand proteins . These sensory clusters have been observed at cell poles and future division sites . D...	Cells arrange their components—proteins , lipids , and nucleic acids—in organized and reproducible ways to optimize the activities of these components and , therefore , to improve cell efficiency and survival . Eukaryotic cells have a complex arrangement of subcellular structures such as membrane-bound organelles and c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "microbiology/microbial", "growth", "and", "development", "biophysics/macromolecular", "assemblies", "and", "machines" ]	2009	Self-Organization of the Escherichia coli Chemotaxis Network Imaged with Super-Resolution Light Microscopy
Cellular efficiency in protein translation is an important fitness determinant in rapidly growing organisms . It is widely believed that synonymous codons are translated with unequal speeds and that translational efficiency is maximized by the exclusive use of rapidly translated codons . Here we estimate the in vivo tr...	Although an amino acid can be encoded by multiple synonymous codons , these codons are not used equally frequently in a genome . Biased codon usage is believed to improve translational efficiency because it is thought that preferentially used codons are translated faster than unpreferred ones . Surprisingly , we find s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genomics", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "genetics", "biology", "computational", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	Balanced Codon Usage Optimizes Eukaryotic Translational Efficiency
Depending on the epidemiological setting , a variable proportion of leprosy patients will suffer from excessive pro-inflammatory responses , termed type-1 reactions ( T1R ) . The LRRK2 gene encodes a multi-functional protein that has been shown to modulate pro-inflammatory responses . Variants near the LRRK2 gene have ...	A major challenge of current leprosy control is the management of host pathological immune responses coined Type-1 Reactions ( T1R ) . T1R are characterized by acute inflammatory episodes whereby cellular immune responses are directed against host peripheral nerve cells . T1R affects up half of all leprosy patients and...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "genome-wide", "association", "studies", "mycobacterium", "leprae", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "population", "genetics", "tropical", "diseases", "alleles", "multivariate", "analysis", "bacterial", "diseases", "linkage", "disequilibrium", "mathematics", "statis...	2016	A Missense LRRK2 Variant Is a Risk Factor for Excessive Inflammatory Responses in Leprosy
Successful embryogenesis is a critical rate limiting step for the survival and transmission of parasitic worms as well as pathology mediated by them . Hence , blockage of this important process through therapeutic induction of apoptosis in their embryonic stages offers promise for developing effective anti-parasitic me...	Pathogenic nematodes currently infect billions of people around the world and pose serious challenges to the economic welfare and public health in most developing countries . At present , limitations of existing therapies warrant identification of new anti-parasitic drugs/drug targets to effectively treat and control n...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "biology", "veterinary", "science" ]	2011	Caspase Dependent Programmed Cell Death in Developing Embryos: A Potential Target for Therapeutic Intervention against Pathogenic Nematodes
The HolC-HolD ( χψ ) complex is part of the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme ( Pol III HE ) clamp-loader . Several lines of evidence indicate that both leading- and lagging-strand synthesis are affected in the absence of this complex . The Escherichia coli ΔholD mutant grows poorly and suppressor mutations that restore gr...	Both replication polymerases and single-stranded DNA binding proteins ( SSB , which associate with single-stranded DNA exposed transiently during replication ) are ubiquitous and show high levels of functional and structural conservation across all species . Among the nine different polypeptides that compose the bacter...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "microbial", "mutation", "dna", "replication", "genetics", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "dna", "microbiology", "dna", "synthesis", "gene", "function" ]	2014	ssb Gene Duplication Restores the Viability of ΔholC and ΔholD Escherichia coli Mutants
Visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) is expanding in Brazil and in other South American countries , a process that has been associated with the urbanization of the disease . This study analyzes the spatial and temporal distribution of VL in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais and identifies the areas with higher risks of tran...	This article presents the spatial and temporal distribution of visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) in Minas Gerais State and identifies the greater risk areas of transmission . This study is both timely and substantive because Minas Gerais is an important Brazilian state in the number of cases of visceral leishmaniasis . The...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "kala-azar", "urban", "geography", "animal", "types", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "domestic", "animals", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "social", "sciences", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "inf...	2017	Spatial and temporal trends of visceral leishmaniasis by mesoregion in a southeastern state of Brazil, 2002-2013
Despite intensive study , most of the specific genetic factors that contribute to variation in human height remain undiscovered . We conducted a family-based linkage study of height in a unique cohort of very large nuclear families from a founder ( Jewish ) population . This design allowed for increased power to detect...	Rare variants with large effects have been suggested to account for some of the missing heritability of height , but detection of such variants in genome-wide association studies ( GWAS ) requires very large sample sizes due to their low frequencies . Here , we designed a unique study of height , in which we sought to ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "genome-wide", "association", "studies", "jewish", "people", "quantitative", "trait", "loci", "variant", "genotypes", "alleles", "genetic", "mapping", "ethnicities", "mathematics", "genome", "analysis", "molecular", "genetics", "discrete", "mathematics", "combinatorics", ...	2019	Analysis of the genetic basis of height in large Jewish nuclear families
Expression of genes of the locus of enterocyte effacement ( LEE ) is essential for adherence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli ( EHEC ) to intestinal epithelial cells . Gut factors that may modulate LEE gene expression may therefore influence the outcome of the infection . Because nitric oxide ( NO ) is a critical ...	Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli ( EHEC ) O157:H7 are food-borne pathogens for humans causing bloody diarrhea and , especially in children under five years old , kidney damages leading to death in 5% of cases . Antibiotics are contra-indicated because they are suspected to increase the severity of the disease . There...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "escherichia", "coli", "biochemistry", "neurochemistry", "immunity", "neurochemicals", "nitric", "oxide", "innate", "immunity", "microbial", "pathogens", "immunology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "biology", "microbiology", "pathogenesis", "bacterial", "pathogens" ]	2014	NsrR, GadE, and GadX Interplay in Repressing Expression of the Escherichia coli O157:H7 LEE Pathogenicity Island in Response to Nitric Oxide
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA ) is a leading cause of morbidity and death . Phenol-soluble modulins ( PSMs ) are recently-discovered toxins with a key impact on the development of Staphylococcus aureus infections . Allelic variants of PSMs and their potential impact on pathogen success during infec...	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA ) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality and a great concern for public health . The CC30 MRSA lineage is especially notorious for causing bloodstream infections with complications such as seeding into organs . In our study , we show that this lineage produces an ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "methicillin-resistant", "staphylococcus", "aureus", "infectious", "diseases", "bacterial", "diseases", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "staphylococcus", "medical", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interactions", "microb...	2014	Production of an Attenuated Phenol-Soluble Modulin Variant Unique to the MRSA Clonal Complex 30 Increases Severity of Bloodstream Infection
Previous work has shown that asymmetry in viral phylogenies may be indicative of heterogeneity in transmission , for example due to acute HIV infection or the presence of ‘core groups’ with higher contact rates . Hence , evidence of asymmetry may provide clues to underlying population structure , even when direct infor...	Phylogenetic trees of viruses sampled from different individuals provide clues to the dynamics of transmission . The extent to which the tree is asymmetric may be influenced by biological factors such as differences in infectiousness or contact rates between individuals , but also by nuisance factors such as the patter...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Measuring Asymmetry in Time-Stamped Phylogenies
To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying paramutation , we examined the role of Unstable factor for orange1 ( Ufo1 ) in maintaining paramutation at the maize pericarp color1 ( p1 ) and booster1 ( b1 ) loci . Genetic tests revealed that the Ufo1-1 mutation disrupted silencing associated with paramutation at bot...	Natural allelic variability is crucial for genetic improvement . While the genetic mechanisms leading to such variation have been studied in depth , relatively less is known about the role of epigenetic mechanisms in generation of allelic diversity . Paramutation is a phenomenon in which one allele can silence another ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "plant", "science", "plant", "biology", "genetics", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	Maize Unstable factor for orange1 Is Required for Maintaining Silencing Associated with Paramutation at the pericarp color1 and booster1 Loci
Tuberculosis is a current major world-health problem , exacerbated by the causative pathogen , Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) , becoming increasingly resistant to conventional antibiotic treatment . Mtb is able to counteract the bactericidal mechanisms of leukocytes to survive intracellularly and develop a niche pe...	Tuberculosis is a mycobacterial disease that was a major cause of death until the discovery of antibiotics in the mid-twentieth century . However , TB is once again on the rise , with the emergence of strains that are multi-drug resistant . Mycobacteria are specialists in evading immune cell killing and use host immune...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Hypoxia Inducible Factor Signaling Modulates Susceptibility to Mycobacterial Infection via a Nitric Oxide Dependent Mechanism
EBV causes human B-cell lymphomas and transforms B cells in vitro . EBNA3C , an EBV protein expressed in latently-infected cells , is required for EBV transformation of B cells in vitro . While EBNA3C undoubtedly plays a key role in allowing EBV to successfully infect B cells , many EBV+ lymphomas do not express this p...	Epstein-Barr virus is associated with multiple human B-cell malignancies and transforms B cells in vitro into immortalized cell lines . The EBV protein , EBNA3C , inhibits expression of the tumor suppressor protein , p16 , and is required for EBV transformation of B cells in vitro . Here , we show that an EBNA3C-delete...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Note", "in", "Proof" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "immunology", "cell", "processes", "cancers", "and", "neoplasms", "oncology", "hematologic", "cancers", "and", "related", "disorders", "animal",...	2018	An EBNA3C-deleted Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) mutant causes B-cell lymphomas with delayed onset in a cord blood-humanized mouse model
Sleep spindles are brief oscillatory events during non-rapid eye movement ( NREM ) sleep . Spindle density and synchronization properties are different in MEG versus EEG recordings in humans and also vary with learning performance , suggesting spindle involvement in memory consolidation . Here , using computational mod...	The density of sleep spindles has been shown to correlate with memory consolidation . Sleep spindles occur more often in human MEG than EEG recordings . We developed a thalamocortical network model that is capable of spontaneous generation of spindles across cortical layers and that captures the essential statistical f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "learning", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "sleep", "brain", "electrophysiology", "brain", "electrophysiology", "social", "sciences", "neuroscience", "learning", "and", "memory", "physiological", "processes", "clinical", "medicine", "cognitive", "psychology", "b...	2018	Thalamocortical and intracortical laminar connectivity determines sleep spindle properties

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