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Transcription factors are crucial regulators of gene expression . Accurate quantitative definition of their intrinsic DNA binding preferences is critical to understanding their biological function . High-throughput in vitro technology has recently been used to deeply probe the DNA binding specificity of hundreds of euk...	Transcription is the process by which the information contained within DNA is copied to a short-lived molecule called RNA so that it can be transported to other areas of the cell for various purposes . Transcription factors are key components in this process . These proteins recognise and gather at specific sequences o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2015	Building accurate sequence-to-affinity models from high-throughput in vitro protein-DNA binding data using FeatureREDUCE
The lateral amygdala ( LA ) acquires differential coding of predictive and non-predictive fear stimuli that is critical for proper fear memory assignment . The neurotransmitter dopamine is an important modulator of LA activity and facilitates fear memory formation , but whether dopamine neurons aid in the establishment...	When we experience a situation that causes us to feel fearful , the brain processes information about the events that led up to it . This information is encoded by groups of nerve cells called neurons in a region of the brain called the lateral amygdala . The nerve cells communicate with each other through chemicals ca...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	A genetic link between discriminative fear coding by the lateral amygdala, dopamine, and fear generalization
We associate small numbers with the left and large numbers with the right side of space . Recent evidence from human newborns and non-human animals has challenged the primary role assigned to culture , in determining this spatial numerical association ( SNA ) . Nevertheless , the effect of individual spatial biases has...	Most of the world modern-day languages are written from left to right – but what about numbers ? As it turns out , the majority of people also represent numbers using a ‘mental line’ , with smaller numbers on the left and larger numbers on the right . Some researchers argue that this phenomenon results from the way hum...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2020	Numerical magnitude, rather than individual bias, explains spatial numerical association in newborn chicks
Toxoplasma gondii , a protozoan parasite , undergoes a complex and poorly understood developmental process that is critical for establishing a chronic infection in its intermediate hosts . Here , we applied single-cell RNA-sequencing ( scRNA-seq ) on >5 , 400 Toxoplasma in both tachyzoite and bradyzoite stages using th...	Toxoplasma gondii is a single-celled parasite that can infect most warm-blooded animals , but only reproduces sexually in domestic and wild cats . Distantly related to the malaria agent , it currently infects over a quarter of the world’s human population . Although it is benign in most cases , the condition can still ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2020	A single-parasite transcriptional atlas of Toxoplasma Gondii reveals novel control of antigen expression
The canonical action of the p85α regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase ( PI3K ) is to associate with the p110α catalytic subunit to allow stimuli-dependent activation of the PI3K pathway . We elucidate a p110α-independent role of homodimerized p85α in the positive regulation of PTEN stability and activity...	Many cancers arise due to genetic mutations that allow cells to proliferate uncontrollably . Cell proliferation and many other cell processes can be regulated through a signaling pathway that involves an enzyme called PI3K . This ‘heterodimeric’ enzyme is made up of two protein subunits , one of which is called p85α an...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Regulation of the PI3K pathway through a p85α monomer–homodimer equilibrium
The bacterial Min protein system provides a major model system for studying reaction-diffusion processes in biology . Here we present the first in vitro study of the Min system in fully confined three-dimensional chambers that are lithography-defined , lipid-bilayer coated and isolated through pressure valves . We iden...	Some proteins can spontaneously organize themselves into ordered patterns within living cells . One widely studied pattern is made in a rod-shaped bacterium called Escherichia coli by a group of proteins called the Min proteins . The pattern formed by the Min proteins allows an E . coli cell to produce two equally size...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "physics", "of", "living", "systems" ]	2016	Mapping out Min protein patterns in fully confined fluidic chambers
Little is known about venom in young developmental stages of animals . The appearance of toxins and stinging cells during early embryonic stages in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis suggests that venom is already expressed in eggs and larvae of this species . Here , we harness transcriptomic , biochemical and tran...	Some animals produce a mixture of toxins , commonly known as venom , to protect themselves from predators and catch prey . Cnidarians – a group of animals that includes sea anemones , jellyfish and corals – have stinging cells on their tentacles that inject venom into the animals they touch . The sea anemone Nematostel...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2018	Dynamics of venom composition across a complex life cycle
The p53 transcription factor is a potent suppressor of tumor growth . We report here an analysis of its direct transcriptional program using Global Run-On sequencing ( GRO-seq ) . Shortly after MDM2 inhibition by Nutlin-3 , low levels of p53 rapidly activate ∼200 genes , most of them not previously established as direc...	The growth , division and eventual death of the cells in the body are processes that are tightly controlled by hundreds of genes working together . If any of these genes are switched on ( or off ) in the wrong cell or at the wrong time , it can lead to cancer . It has been known for many years that the protein encoded ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "cancer", "biology" ]	2014	Global analysis of p53-regulated transcription identifies its direct targets and unexpected regulatory mechanisms
The striatum integrates excitatory inputs from the cortex and the thalamus to control diverse functions . Although the striatum is thought to consist of sensorimotor , associative and limbic domains , their precise demarcations and whether additional functional subdivisions exist remain unclear . How striatal inputs ar...	To fully understand how the brain works , we need to understand how different brain structures are organized and how information flows between these structures . For example , the cortex and thalamus communicate with another structure known as the basal ganglia , which is essential for controlling voluntary movement , ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	A comprehensive excitatory input map of the striatum reveals novel functional organization
The enterococcal cytolysin is a virulence factor consisting of two post-translationally modified peptides that synergistically kill human immune cells . Both peptides are made by CylM , a member of the LanM lanthipeptide synthetases . CylM catalyzes seven dehydrations of Ser and Thr residues and three cyclization react...	Enterococcus faecalis is a bacterium that is usually found living harmlessly in the gut of humans and other mammals . However , over the past few decades hospitals have noted an increase in the number of hospital-acquired infections caused by antibiotic-resistant strains of E . faecalis . Many of the E . faecalis strai...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	The enterococcal cytolysin synthetase has an unanticipated lipid kinase fold
The spinal cord has the capacity to coordinate motor activities such as locomotion . Following spinal transection , functional activity can be regained , to a degree , following motor training . To identify microcircuits involved in this recovery , we studied a population of mouse spinal interneurons known to receive d...	Circuits of nerve cells , or neurons , in the spinal cord control movement . After an injury to the spinal cord , the connections between the brain and spinal neurons may be severed , meaning that the spinal circuits can no longer work properly . This loss of communication between the brain and the spinal cord often le...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Spinal microcircuits comprising dI3 interneurons are necessary for motor functional recovery following spinal cord transection
White adipose tissue ( WAT ) remodeling is dictated by coordinated interactions between adipocytes and resident stromal-vascular cells; however , the functional heterogeneity of adipose stromal cells has remained unresolved . We combined single-cell RNA-sequencing and FACS to identify and isolate functionally distinct ...	Fat tissue , also known as white adipose tissue , specializes in storing excess calories . Much of this storage happens under the skin , but fat tissue can also build up inside the abdomen and surround organs , where it is known as ‘visceral’ fat . When visceral fat tissue is unhealthy , it may help diseases such as di...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "research", "communication", "cell", "biology" ]	2018	Identification of functionally distinct fibro-inflammatory and adipogenic stromal subpopulations in visceral adipose tissue of adult mice
One of the leading approaches to non-invasively treat a variety of brain disorders is transcranial magnetic stimulation ( TMS ) . However , despite its clinical prevalence , very little is known about the action of TMS at the cellular level let alone what effect it might have at the subcellular level ( e . g . dendrite...	The brain’s billions of neurons communicate with one another using electrical signals . Applying a magnetic field to a small area of the scalp can temporarily disrupt these signals by inducing small electrical currents in the brain tissue underneath . The currents interfere with the brain’s own electrical signals and t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) inhibits cortical dendrites
During development , tissue repair , and tumor growth , most blood vessel networks are generated through angiogenesis . Vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) is a key regulator of this process and currently both VEGF and its receptors , VEGFR1 , VEGFR2 , and Neuropilin1 ( NRP1 ) , are targeted in therapeutic stra...	Blood flows through blood vessels to carry oxygen and nutrients towards , and waste away from , the cells of the body . New blood vessels are formed not only during development but also throughout life as part of normal tissue growth and repair . However , blood vessels may also form as a consequence of diseases , such...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2014	Neuropilin-1 functions as a VEGFR2 co-receptor to guide developmental angiogenesis independent of ligand binding
Iron-sulfur ( Fe-S ) clusters are essential for many cellular processes , ranging from aerobic respiration , metabolite biosynthesis , ribosome assembly and DNA repair . Mutations in NFU1 and BOLA3 have been linked to genetic diseases with defects in mitochondrial Fe-S centers . Through genetic studies in yeast , we de...	Proteins perform almost all of the tasks necessary for cells to survive . Some of these proteins need to contain collections of iron and sulfur ions known as iron-sulfur clusters to work properly . The iron-sulfur clusters are first assembled from individual ions and then attached to the correct target proteins . In hu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2016	Role of Nfu1 and Bol3 in iron-sulfur cluster transfer to mitochondrial clients
Food consumption is thought to induce sleepiness . However , little is known about how postprandial sleep is regulated . Here , we simultaneously measured sleep and food intake of individual flies and found a transient rise in sleep following meals . Depending on the amount consumed , the effect ranged from slightly ar...	Many of us have experienced feelings of sleepiness after a large meal . However , there is little scientific evidence that this “food coma” effect is real . If it is , it may vary between individuals , or depend on the type of food consumed . This variability makes it difficult to study the causes of post-meal sleepine...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Postprandial sleep mechanics in Drosophila
Schistosomes infect more than 200 million of the world's poorest people . These parasites live in the vasculature , producing eggs that spur a variety of chronic , potentially life-threatening , pathologies exacerbated by the long lifespan of schistosomes , that can thrive in the host for decades . How schistosomes mai...	Schistosomes are parasitic worms that infect and cause chronic disease in hundreds of millions of people in the developing world . A major reason these parasites are so damaging is that they are capable of living and reproducing in the human bloodstream for decades . Previous research had shown that schistosomes have a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "short", "report", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2016	Stem cell progeny contribute to the schistosome host-parasite interface
The molecular pathways underlying tumor suppression are incompletely understood . Here , we identify cooperative non-cell-autonomous functions of a single gene that together provide a novel mechanism of tumor suppression in basal keratinocytes of zebrafish embryos . A loss-of-function mutation in atp1b1a , encoding the...	Cancer can develop when cells in the body gain mutations that allow them to grow and divide rapidly . Some of these mutations may affect the activity of genes that usually act to prevent cancer from developing . Several such “tumor suppressor” genes have been identified , but it is likely that many remain undiscovered ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2016	Tumor suppression in basal keratinocytes via dual non-cell-autonomous functions of a Na,K-ATPase beta subunit
The diaphragm muscle is essential for breathing in mammals . Its asymmetric elevation during contraction correlates with morphological features suggestive of inherent left–right ( L/R ) asymmetry . Whether this asymmetry is due to L versus R differences in the muscle or in the phrenic nerve activity is unknown . Here ,...	The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that forms the floor of the rib cage , separating the lungs from the abdomen . As we breathe in , the diaphragm contracts . This causes the chest cavity to expand , drawing air into the lungs . A pair of nerves called the phrenic nerves carry signals from the spinal cord to the dia...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2017	Genetic specification of left–right asymmetry in the diaphragm muscles and their motor innervation
Gastrulation constitutes a fundamental yet diverse morphogenetic process of metazoan development . Modes of gastrulation range from stochastic translocation of individual cells to coordinated infolding of an epithelial sheet . How such morphogenetic differences are genetically encoded and whether they have provided spe...	In animals , gastrulation is a period of time in early development during which a sphere of cells is reorganized into an embryo with cells arranged into three distinct layers ( called germ layers ) . The process has changed substantially during the course of evolution and thus provides a great experimental system to in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2016	Folded gastrulation and T48 drive the evolution of coordinated mesoderm internalization in flies
Notch signaling controls a wide range of cell fate decisions during development and disease via synergistic interactions with other signaling pathways . Here , through a genome-wide genetic screen in Drosophila , we uncover a highly complex Notch-dependent genetic circuitry that profoundly affects proliferation and con...	The cells within animals are organized into tissues and organs that perform particular roles . To develop and maintain these structures , the ability of individual cells to divide and grow is strictly controlled by the activities of many proteins , including one called Notch . This protein is found in all multicellular...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	The Notch-mediated hyperplasia circuitry in Drosophila reveals a Src-JNK signaling axis
Mutualistic interactions between free-living algae and fungi are widespread in nature and are hypothesized to have facilitated the evolution of land plants and lichens . In all known algal-fungal mutualisms , including lichens , algal cells remain external to fungal cells . Here , we report on an algal–fungal interacti...	Yeast , molds and other fungi are found in most environments across the world . Many of the fungi that live on land today form relationships called symbioses with other microbes . Some of these relationships , like those formed with green algae , are beneficial and involve the exchange carbon , nitrogen and other impor...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology" ]	2019	Algal-fungal symbiosis leads to photosynthetic mycelium
Impaired angiogenesis is a hallmark of metabolically dysfunctional adipose tissue in obesity . However , the underlying mechanisms restricting angiogenesis within this context remain ill-defined . Here , we demonstrate that induced endothelial-specific depletion of the transcription factor Forkhead Box O1 ( FoxO1 ) in ...	In the body , thread-like blood vessels called capillaries weave their way through our tissues to deliver oxygen and nutrients to every cell . When a tissue becomes bigger , existing vessels remodel to create new capillaries that can reach far away cells . However , in obesity , this process does not happen the way it ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2018	Endothelial-specific FoxO1 depletion prevents obesity-related disorders by increasing vascular metabolism and growth
How the human brain controls hand movements to carry out different tasks is still debated . The concept of synergy has been proposed to indicate functional modules that may simplify the control of hand postures by simultaneously recruiting sets of muscles and joints . However , whether and to what extent synergic hand ...	The human hand can perform an enormous range of movements with great dexterity . Some common everyday actions , such as grasping a coffee cup , involve the coordinated movement of all four fingers and thumb . Others , such as typing , rely on the ability of individual fingers to move relatively independently of one ano...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	A synergy-based hand control is encoded in human motor cortical areas
Death domains ( DDs ) mediate assembly of oligomeric complexes for activation of downstream signaling pathways through incompletely understood mechanisms . Here we report structures of complexes formed by the DD of p75 neurotrophin receptor ( p75NTR ) with RhoGDI , for activation of the RhoA pathway , with caspase recr...	Cells have proteins called receptors on their surface that can bind to specific molecules on the outside of the cell . Typically , this binding activates the receptor and the activated receptor then triggers some biochemical changes inside the cell . For many receptors , the portion of the receptor inside the cell is e...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	Structural basis of death domain signaling in the p75 neurotrophin receptor
Genetic and molecular approaches have been critical for elucidating the mechanism of the mammalian circadian clock . Here , we demonstrate that the ClockΔ19 mutant behavioral phenotype is significantly modified by mouse strain genetic background . We map a suppressor of the ClockΔ19 mutation to a ∼900 kb interval on mo...	Circadian rhythms are biochemical , physiological and behavioral processes that follow a 24-hr cycle , responding primarily to the periods of light and dark , and they have been observed in bacteria , fungi , plants and animals . The circadian clock that drives these rhythms—which dictate our sleep patterns and other p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2013	Usf1, a suppressor of the circadian Clock mutant, reveals the nature of the DNA-binding of the CLOCK:BMAL1 complex in mice
Many intergenic long noncoding RNA ( lncRNA ) loci regulate the expression of adjacent protein coding genes . Less clear is whether intergenic lncRNAs commonly regulate transcription by modulating chromatin at genomically distant loci . Here , we report both genomically local and distal RNA-dependent roles of Dali , a ...	Traditionally genes are considered to contain all the instructions necessary to build proteins . For these instructions to be followed they need to be ‘transcribed’ into molecules called messenger RNA , which are then ‘translated’ to form the protein . Messenger RNAs are not the only type of RNA molecule made in a cell...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2014	The long non-coding RNA Dali is an epigenetic regulator of neural differentiation
The mechanisms through which cancer cells lock in altered transcriptional programs in support of metastasis remain largely unknown . Through integrative analysis of clinical breast cancer gene expression datasets , cell line models of breast cancer progression , and mutation data from cancer genome resequencing studies...	Tumors form when mistakes in the genes of a single cell allow it to multiply uncontrollably . Sometimes further mutations in genes allow the cancerous cells to escape from the tumor , enter the bloodstream and start a second cancer elsewhere in the body . However , many of the genetic changes behind this process , whic...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "cancer", "biology" ]	2014	Loss of the multifunctional RNA-binding protein RBM47 as a source of selectable metastatic traits in breast cancer
Aneuploidy causes birth defects and miscarriages , occurs in nearly all cancers and is a hallmark of aging . Individual aneuploid cells can be eliminated from developing tissues by unknown mechanisms . Cells with ribosomal protein ( Rp ) gene mutations are also eliminated , by cell competition with normal cells . Becau...	Aneuploid cells emerge when cellular division goes awry and a cell ends up with the wrong number of chromosomes , the tiny genetic structures carrying the instructions that control life’s processes . Aneuploidy can lead to fatal conditions during development , and to cancer in an adult organism . A safety mechanism may...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2021	Cell competition removes segmental aneuploid cells from Drosophila imaginal disc-derived tissues based on ribosomal protein gene dose
Nervous system function requires intracellular transport of channels , receptors , mRNAs , and other cargo throughout complex neuronal morphologies . Local signals such as synaptic input can regulate cargo trafficking , motivating the leading conceptual model of neuron-wide transport , sometimes called the ‘sushi-belt ...	Neurons are the workhorses of the nervous system , forming intricate networks to store , process and exchange information . They often connect to many thousands of other cells via intricate branched structures called neurites . This gives neurons their complex tree-like shape , which distinguishes them from many other ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Dendritic trafficking faces physiologically critical speed-precision tradeoffs
During development , biomechanical forces contour the body and provide shape to internal organs . Using genetic and molecular approaches in combination with a FRET-based tension sensor , we characterized a pulling force exerted by the elongating pharynx ( foregut ) on the anterior epidermis during C . elegans embryogen...	For an animal embryo to develop , its cells must organize themselves into tissues and organs . For example , skin and the lining of internal organs—such as the lungs and gut—are made from cells called epithelial cells , which are tightly linked to form flat sheets . In a microscopic worm called Caenorhabditis elegans ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	FBN-1, a fibrillin-related protein, is required for resistance of the epidermis to mechanical deformation during C. elegans embryogenesis
Asymmetric disassembly of the synaptonemal complex ( SC ) is crucial for proper meiotic chromosome segregation . However , the signaling mechanisms that directly regulate this process are poorly understood . Here we show that the mammalian Rho GEF homolog , ECT-2 , functions through the conserved RAS/ERK MAP kinase sig...	Most plants and animals , including humans , have cells that contain two copies of every chromosome , with one set inherited from each parent . However , reproductive cells ( such as eggs and sperm ) contain just one copy of every chromosome so that when they fuse together at fertilization , the resulting cell will hav...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	The MAP kinase pathway coordinates crossover designation with disassembly of synaptonemal complex proteins during meiosis
The segregation of eukaryotic chromosomes during mitosis requires their extensive folding into units of manageable size for the mitotic spindle . Here , we report on how phosphorylation at serine 10 of histone H3 ( H3 S10 ) contributes to this process . Using a fluorescence-based assay to study local compaction of the ...	DNA in humans , yeast and other eukaryotic organisms is packaged in structures called chromosomes . When a cell divides these chromosomes are copied and then the matching pairs are separated so that each daughter cell has a full set of its genome . To enable these events to take place , the DNA must become more tightly...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Axial contraction and short-range compaction of chromatin synergistically promote mitotic chromosome condensation
Patterning is a critical step during organogenesis and is closely associated with the physiological function of organs . Tooth root shapes are finely tuned to provide precise occlusal support to facilitate the function of each tooth type . However , the mechanism regulating tooth root patterning and development is larg...	Different teeth have different numbers of roots . Incisors and canines each have one , and molars have two or three . Roots anchor the teeth to the jawbone , and provide a route for blood and nerves to reach the tooth . Getting the shape and number of the roots right during development is important to make sure that ea...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2019	Antagonistic interaction between Ezh2 and Arid1a coordinates root patterning and development via Cdkn2a in mouse molars
Rod and cone photoreceptors are highly similar in many respects but they have important functional and molecular differences . Here , we investigate genome-wide patterns of DNA methylation and chromatin accessibility in mouse rods and cones and correlate differences in these features with gene expression , histone mark...	Vision in humans is made possible by a light-sensing sheet of cells at the back of the eye called the retina . The surface of the retina is populated by specialized sensory cells , known as rods and cones . The rod cells detect very dim light , while the cones are less sensitive to light but are used to detect color . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience", "tools", "and", "resources", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2016	Epigenomic landscapes of retinal rods and cones
How the immune system affects tissue regeneration is not well understood . In this study , we used an emerging mammalian model of epimorphic regeneration , the African spiny mouse , to examine cell-based inflammation and tested the hypothesis that macrophages are necessary for regeneration . By directly comparing infla...	The cells of the immune system are essential to defend an organism from disease . In addition , some of them are also thought to play an important role in helping injured tissues heal or even regrow . For example , when an animal is injured , immune cells such as macrophages rush to the wounded site to clear debris and...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2017	Macrophages are necessary for epimorphic regeneration in African spiny mice
The chloroplast proteome contains thousands of different proteins that are encoded by the nuclear genome . These proteins are imported into the chloroplast via the action of the TOC translocase and associated downstream systems . Our recent work has revealed that the stability of the TOC complex is dynamically regulate...	All green plants grow by converting light energy into chemical energy . They do this using a process called photosynthesis , which happens inside compartments in plant cells called chloroplasts . Chloroplasts use thousands of different proteins to make chemical energy . Some of these proteins allow the chloroplasts to ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2021	Crosstalk between the chloroplast protein import and SUMO systems revealed through genetic and molecular investigation in Arabidopsis
Cortical neurons integrate thousands of synaptic inputs in their dendrites in highly nonlinear ways . It is unknown how these dendritic nonlinearities in individual cells contribute to computations at the level of neural circuits . Here , we show that dendritic nonlinearities are critical for the efficient integration ...	Imagine that you are in the habit of checking three different weather forecasts each day , and then one day in early September the first forecast suddenly predicts snow . If you live in an area where it doesn’t normally snow in September , your initial reaction is likely to be surprise . However , you will not be quite...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Dendritic nonlinearities are tuned for efficient spike-based computations in cortical circuits
Neuronal ELAV-like ( nELAVL ) RNA binding proteins have been linked to numerous neurological disorders . We performed crosslinking-immunoprecipitation and RNAseq on human brain , and identified nELAVL binding sites on 8681 transcripts . Using knockout mice and RNAi in human neuroblastoma cells , we showed that nELAVL i...	When a gene is active , its DNA is copied into a molecule of RNA . This molecule then undergoes a process called splicing which removes certain segments , and the resulting ‘messenger RNA’ molecule is then translated into protein . Many messenger RNAs go through alternative splicing , whereby different segments can be ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Regulatory consequences of neuronal ELAV-like protein binding to coding and non-coding RNAs in human brain
Many aspects of the brain’s design can be understood as the result of evolutionary drive toward metabolic efficiency . In addition to the energetic costs of neural computation and transmission , experimental evidence indicates that synaptic plasticity is metabolically demanding as well . As synaptic plasticity is cruci...	The brain expends a lot of energy . While the organ accounts for only about 2% of a person’s bodyweight , it is responsible for about 20% of our energy use at rest . Neurons use some of this energy to communicate with each other and to process information , but much of the energy is likely used to support learning . A ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2020	Energy efficient synaptic plasticity
Understanding changes in infectiousness during SARS-COV-2 infections is critical to assess the effectiveness of public health measures such as contact tracing . Here , we develop a novel mechanistic approach to infer the infectiousness profile of SARS-COV-2-infected individuals using data from known infector–infectee p...	The risk of a person with COVID-19 spreading the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes it to others varies over the course of their infection . Transmission depends both on how much virus is in the infected person’s airway and their behaviors , such as whether they wear a mask and how many people they have contact with . Learni...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health" ]	2021	High infectiousness immediately before COVID-19 symptom onset highlights the importance of continued contact tracing
Hypoxia is a common challenge faced by bacteria during associations with hosts due in part to the formation of densely packed communities ( biofilms ) . cbb3-type cytochrome c oxidases , which catalyze the terminal step in respiration and have a high affinity for oxygen , have been linked to bacterial pathogenesis . Th...	Bacteria often form communities called biofilms to make them stronger and more ‘invincible’ . However , when these communities become too crowded , oxygen levels can drop , which makes it harder for them to survive . Some types of bacteria , such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa , have found different ways to cope with lower ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2017	An orphan cbb3-type cytochrome oxidase subunit supports Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm growth and virulence
Many pathogens possess the capacity for sex through outcrossing , despite being able to reproduce also asexually and/or via selfing . Given that sex is assumed to come at a cost , these mixed reproductive strategies typical of pathogens have remained puzzling . While the ecological and evolutionary benefits of outcross...	The existence of sex – broadly defined as the coming together of genes from different individuals – is one of the big evolutionary puzzles . Reproduction allows an organism to pass on its genes to future generations . However , while asexual and self-fertilizing individuals transmit all of their genes to their offsprin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2019	Variable opportunities for outcrossing result in hotspots of novel genetic variation in a pathogen metapopulation
We report quantitative label-free imaging with phase and polarization ( QLIPP ) for simultaneous measurement of density , anisotropy , and orientation of structures in unlabeled live cells and tissue slices . We combine QLIPP with deep neural networks to predict fluorescence images of diverse cell and tissue structures...	Microscopy is central to biological research and has enabled scientist to study the structure and dynamics of cells and their components within . Often , fluorescent dyes or trackers are used that can be detected under the microscope . However , this procedure can sometimes interfere with the biological processes being...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "physics", "of", "living", "systems", "tools", "and", "resources", "neuroscience" ]	2020	Revealing architectural order with quantitative label-free imaging and deep learning
Cancer-associated fibroblasts ( CAFs ) are a major cellular component of tumor microenvironment in most solid cancers . Altered cellular metabolism is a hallmark of cancer , and much of the published literature has focused on neoplastic cell-autonomous processes for these adaptations . We demonstrate that exosomes secr...	Cancer cells behave differently from healthy cells in many ways . Healthy cells rely on structures called mitochondria to provide them with energy via a process that requires oxygen . However cancer cells don’t rely on this process , and instead release energy by breaking down sugars outside of the mitochondria . This ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2016	Tumor microenvironment derived exosomes pleiotropically modulate cancer cell metabolism
It has been recognized for nearly a century that diet modulates aging . Despite early experiments suggesting that reduced caloric intake augmented lifespan , accumulating evidence indicates that other characteristics of the diet may be equally or more influential in modulating aging . We demonstrate that behavior , met...	The foods we eat can affect our lifespan , but it is also possible that thinking about food may have effects on our health . Choosing what to eat is one of the main ways we think about food , and most animals , including the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster , choose their foods . The effects of these choices can affec...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2021	Drosophila serotonin 2A receptor signaling coordinates central metabolic processes to modulate aging in response to nutrient choice
We wish to identify determinants of endothelial lineage . Murine embryonic stem cells ( mESC ) were fused with human endothelial cells in stable , non-dividing , heterokaryons . Using RNA-seq , it is possible to discriminate between human and mouse transcripts in these chimeric heterokaryons . We observed a temporal pa...	Endothelial cells form the inner surface of blood vessels , acting like a non-stick coating . In addition to making substances that keep blood from sticking to the vessel wall , endothelial cells generate compounds that relax the vessel , and prevent it from thickening . Endothelial cells also form capillaries , the sm...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2017	Discovery of novel determinants of endothelial lineage using chimeric heterokaryons
The capsids of non-enveloped viruses are highly multimeric and multifunctional protein assemblies that play key roles in viral biology and pathogenesis . Despite their importance , a comprehensive understanding of how mutations affect viral fitness across different structural and functional attributes of the capsid is ...	A virus is made up of genetic material that is encased with a protective protein coat called the capsid . The capsid also helps the virus to infect host cells by binding to the host receptor proteins and releasing its genetic material . Inside the cell , the virus hitchhikes the infected cell’s machinery to grow or rep...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2021	Globally defining the effects of mutations in a picornavirus capsid
Stress often affects eating behaviors , increasing caloric intake in some individuals and decreasing it in others . The determinants of feeding responses to stress are unknown , in part because this issue is rarely studied in rodents . We focused our efforts on the novelty-suppressed feeding ( NSF ) assay , which uses ...	In times of heightened anxiety – say , during a global pandemic – many of us will reach for donuts or a particularly appetizing pizza for comfort . Others , however , will tend to shun food . What underlies these differences , and , in fact , the neural and hormonal pathways at play during stress eating ( when people e...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "tools", "and", "resources", "neuroscience" ]	2022	Assessing the effects of stress on feeding behaviors in laboratory mice
Iron storage proteins are essential for cellular iron homeostasis and redox balance . Ferritin proteins are the major storage units for bioavailable forms of iron . Some organisms lack ferritins , and it is not known how they store iron . Encapsulins , a class of protein-based organelles , have recently been implicated...	People often think of the cell as the basic unit of life . Despite this , individual cells are also subdivided into many compartments , called ‘organelles’ because they act like the internal organs of the cell . For example , organelles can break down nutrients , store information in the form of DNA , or help remove wa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2019	Large protein organelles form a new iron sequestration system with high storage capacity
Shorter childhood telomere length ( TL ) and more rapid TL attrition are widely regarded as manifestations of stress . However , the potential effects of health interventions on child TL are unknown . We hypothesized that a water , sanitation , handwashing ( WSH ) , and nutritional intervention would slow TL attrition ...	Stress negatively affects health by causing changes in cells . As a result , excess stress may predispose people to fall ill more often or age faster . It is difficult to measure stress . Some studies suggest that measuring the ends of chromosomes , known as telomeres , may be one way to measure stress . Like the plast...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health", "medicine" ]	2017	Effects of water, sanitation, handwashing, and nutritional interventions on telomere length among children in a cluster-randomized controlled trial in rural Bangladesh
Positive-sense RNA viruses hijack intracellular membranes that provide niches for viral RNA synthesis and a platform for interactions with host proteins . However , little is known about host factors at the interface between replicase complexes and the host cytoplasm . We engineered a biotin ligase into a coronaviral r...	Coronaviruses can infect the nose and throat and are a main cause of the common cold . Infections are usually mild and short-lived , but sometimes they can turn nasty . In 2002 and 2012 , two dangerous new coronaviruses emerged and caused diseases known as SARS and MERS . These viruses caused much more serious symptoms...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2019	Determination of host proteins composing the microenvironment of coronavirus replicase complexes by proximity-labeling
Command-like descending neurons can induce many behaviors , such as backward locomotion , escape , feeding , courtship , egg-laying , or grooming ( we define ‘command-like neuron’ as a neuron whose activation elicits or ‘commands’ a specific behavior ) . In most animals , it remains unknown how neural circuits switch b...	When we choose to make one kind of movement , it often prevents us making another . We cannot move forward and backward at the same time , for example , and a horse cannot simultaneously gallop and walk . These ‘antagonistic’ behaviors often use the same group of muscles , but the muscles contract in a different order ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	MDN brain descending neurons coordinately activate backward and inhibit forward locomotion
We subjectively perceive our visual field with high fidelity , yet peripheral distortions can go unnoticed and peripheral objects can be difficult to identify ( crowding ) . Prior work showed that humans could not discriminate images synthesised to match the responses of a mid-level ventral visual stream model when inf...	As you read this digest , your eyes move to follow the lines of text . But now try to hold your eyes in one position , while reading the text on either side and below: it soon becomes clear that peripheral vision is not as good as we tend to assume . It is not possible to read text far away from the center of your line...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "neuroscience" ]	2019	Image content is more important than Bouma’s Law for scene metamers
Decidual remodelling of midluteal endometrium leads to a short implantation window after which the uterine mucosa either breaks down or is transformed into a robust matrix that accommodates the placenta throughout pregnancy . To gain insights into the underlying mechanisms , we established and characterized endometrial...	At the beginning of a human pregnancy , the embryo implants into the uterus lining , known as the endometrium . At this point , the endometrium transforms into a new tissue that helps the placenta to form . Problems in this transformation process are linked to pregnancy disorders , many of which can lead to implantatio...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2021	Modelling the impact of decidual senescence on embryo implantation in human endometrial assembloids
As the general population ages , more people are affected by eye diseases , such as retinopathies . It is therefore critical to improve imaging of eye disease mouse models . Here , we demonstrate that 1 ) rapid , quantitative 3D and 4D ( time lapse ) imaging of cellular and subcellular processes in the mouse eye is fea...	Eye diseases affect millions of people worldwide and can have devasting effects on people’s lives . To find new treatments , scientists need to understand more about how these diseases arise and how they progress . This is challenging and progress has been held back by limitations in current techniques for looking at t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2020	Mouse retinal cell behaviour in space and time using light sheet fluorescence microscopy
The human gastrointestinal tract is immature at birth , yet must adapt to dramatic changes such as oral nutrition and microbial colonization . The confluence of these factors can lead to severe inflammatory disease in premature infants; however , investigating complex environment-host interactions is difficult due to l...	Human newborns are exposed to large numbers of bacteria at birth . They must transition from the protective , sterile environment of the womb into the bacteria-rich world . The gut , in particular , must adapt as bacteria colonize it . Many of the first bacteria found in the newborn gut form the basis of the bacterial ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2017	Bacterial colonization stimulates a complex physiological response in the immature human intestinal epithelium
The design of synthetic optogenetic tools that allow precise spatiotemporal control of biological processes previously inaccessible to optogenetic control has developed rapidly over the last years . Rational design of such tools requires detailed knowledge of allosteric light signaling in natural photoreceptors . To un...	The ability to react to sunlight is important for the survival of a wide range of lifeforms . Many organisms , including humans , plants , bacteria and algae , sense light using specialized proteins called photoreceptors . These proteins are able to translate the information transported by light into various biological...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2016	Blue light-induced LOV domain dimerization enhances the affinity of Aureochrome 1a for its target DNA sequence
Transcriptional pausing underlies regulation of cellular RNA biogenesis . A consensus pause sequence that acts on RNA polymerases ( RNAPs ) from bacteria to mammals halts RNAP in an elemental paused state from which longer-lived pauses can arise . Although the structural foundations of pauses prolonged by backtracking ...	The information a cell needs to create a specific protein is encoded in a sequence of precisely organized DNA ‘letters’ . Unlocking these instructions requires an enzyme known as RNA polymerase ( RNAP for short ) , which reads the DNA segment and faithfully copies the information to form a strand of RNA . This molecule...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2019	The elemental mechanism of transcriptional pausing
The vertebrate eye originates from the eye field , a domain of cells specified by a small number of transcription factors . In this study , we show that Tcf7l1a is one such transcription factor that acts cell-autonomously to specify the eye field in zebrafish . Despite the much-reduced eye field in tcf7l1a mutants , th...	Left and right eyes develop independently , yet they consistently grow to roughly the same size in humans and other creatures . How they do this remains a mystery , though scientists have learned that both eyes originate from a single group of cells in the developing nervous system called the eye field . As development...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2019	Compensatory growth renders Tcf7l1a dispensable for eye formation despite its requirement in eye field specification
Virtually all mitochondrial matrix proteins and a considerable number of inner membrane proteins carry a positively charged , N-terminal presequence and are imported by the TIM23 complex ( presequence translocase ) located in the inner mitochondrial membrane . The voltage-regulated Tim23 channel constitutes the actual ...	The cells of animals , plants and other eukaryotic organisms contain compartments known as organelles that play many different roles . For example , compartments called mitochondria are responsible for supplying the chemical energy cells need to survive and grow . Two membranes surround each mitochondrion and energy is...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2017	Cation selectivity of the presequence translocase channel Tim23 is crucial for efficient protein import
Exercise-induced cognitive improvements have traditionally been observed following aerobic exercise interventions; that is , sustained sessions of moderate intensity . Here , we tested the effect of a 6 week high-intensity training ( HIT ) regimen on measures of cognitive control and working memory in a multicenter , r...	Exercise has beneficial effects on the body and brain . People who perform well on tests of cardiovascular fitness also do well on tests of learning , memory and other cognitive skills . So far , studies have suggested that moderate intensity aerobic exercise that lasts for 30 to 40 minutes produces the greatest improv...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "neuroscience" ]	2017	High-intensity training enhances executive function in children in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial
The time-dependent rate I ( t ) of origin firing per length of unreplicated DNA presents a universal bell shape in eukaryotes that has been interpreted as the result of a complex time-evolving interaction between origins and limiting firing factors . Here , we show that a normal diffusion of replication fork components...	Before a cell can divide , it must duplicate its DNA . In eukaryotes – organisms such as animals and fungi , which store their DNA in the cell’s nucleus – DNA replication starts at specific sites in the genome called replication origins . At each origin sits a protein complex that will activate when it randomly capture...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "short", "report", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2018	The eukaryotic bell-shaped temporal rate of DNA replication origin firing emanates from a balance between origin activation and passivation
Dysfunction of the noradrenergic ( NE ) neurons is implicated in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder ( BPD ) . ErbB4 is highly expressed in NE neurons , and its genetic variation has been linked to BPD; however , how ErbB4 regulates NE neuronal function and contributes to BPD pathogenesis is unclear . Here we find tha...	Bipolar disorder is a mental illness that affects roughly 1 in 100 people worldwide . It features periods of depression interspersed with episodes of mania – a state of delusion , heightened excitation and increased activity . Evidence suggests that changes in a brain region called the locus coeruleus contribute to bip...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	ErbB4 deletion in noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus induces mania-like behavior via elevated catecholamines
Infection by Toxoplasma gondii leads to massive changes to the host cell . Here , we identify a novel host cell effector export pathway that requires the Golgi-resident aspartyl protease 5 ( ASP5 ) . We demonstrate that ASP5 cleaves a highly constrained amino acid motif that has similarity to the PEXEL-motif of Plasmod...	Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite that is thought to infect over two billion people worldwide . Often these infections cause no noticeable symptoms , but can cause serious illness in people with weakened immune systems . Toxoplasma parasites must enter human cells in order to survive . To dramatically increase their chan...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2015	An aspartyl protease defines a novel pathway for export of Toxoplasma proteins into the host cell
Recovery from serious neurological injury requires substantial rewiring of neural circuits . Precisely-timed electrical stimulation could be used to restore corrective feedback mechanisms and promote adaptive plasticity after neurological insult , such as spinal cord injury ( SCI ) or stroke . This study provides the f...	The spine houses a network of neurons that relays electric signals from the brain cells to the muscles . When the spine is injured , some of these neurons may be damaged and their connections to the muscles broken . As a result , the muscles they command become weak , and movement is impaired . It is possible to streng...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Closed-loop neuromodulation restores network connectivity and motor control after spinal cord injury
Autoinducers are small signaling molecules that mediate intercellular communication in microbial populations and trigger coordinated gene expression via ‘quorum sensing’ . Elucidating the mechanisms that control autoinducer production is , thus , pertinent to understanding collective microbial behavior , such as virule...	Bacteria and other microbes can communicate with each other using chemical languages . They release small signaling molecules called autoinducers into their surroundings and sense the levels of the autoinducers in the environment . The response to these autoinducers – known as quorum sensing – can regulate how whole co...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Set-up", "of", "the", "quorum-sensing", "model", "Results", "of", "numerical", "simulations", "Results", "of", "mathematical", "analysis", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2017	Ecological feedback in quorum-sensing microbial populations can induce heterogeneous production of autoinducers
Cell junctions are scaffolds that integrate mechanical and chemical signaling . We previously showed that a desmosomal cadherin promotes keratinocyte differentiation in an adhesion-independent manner by dampening Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor ( EGFR ) activity . Here we identify a potential mechanism by which desmos...	The outer layer of skin – the epidermis – forms a critical barrier against a range of stresses from the environment . The epidermis itself consists of multiple layers of cells that are constantly being renewed . New cells are made in the deepest layer and move upwards until they eventually reach the skin’s surface . Du...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2017	Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor neddylation is regulated by a desmosomal-COP9 (Constitutive Photomorphogenesis 9) signalosome complex
Humans and other animals routinely identify and attend to sensory stimuli so as to rapidly acquire rewards or avoid aversive experiences . Emotional arousal , a process mediated by the amygdala , can enhance attention to stimuli in a non-spatial manner . However , amygdala neural activity was recently shown to encode s...	In our everyday lives , we are surrounded by stimuli that compete for our attention . However , the brain pays more attention to some stimuli—such as those that signal rewards or warn of potential threats—than to others . These stimuli receive extra attention because they activate a structure deep within the brain call...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Amygdala neural activity reflects spatial attention towards stimuli promising reward or threatening punishment
Alternative splicing ( AS ) creates proteomic diversity from a limited size genome by generating numerous transcripts from a single protein-coding gene . Tissue-specific regulators of AS are essential components of the gene regulatory network , required for normal cellular function , tissue patterning , and embryonic d...	Abnormalities affecting the head and face – such as a cleft lip or palate – are among the most common of all birth defects . These tissues normally develop from cells in the embryo known as the neural crest cells , and specifically a subset of these cells called the cranial neural crest cells . Most cases of cleft lip ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2019	Neural crest-specific deletion of Rbfox2 in mice leads to craniofacial abnormalities including cleft palate
Using several longitudinal datasets describing putative factors affecting influenza incidence and clinical data on the disease and health status of over 150 million human subjects observed over a decade , we investigated the source and the mechanistic triggers of influenza epidemics . We conclude that the initiation of...	Influenza – or ‘the flu’ – is a contagious disease which sweeps across the globe like clockwork , claiming tens of thousands of lives . This is known as ‘seasonal flu’ . Many scientists have tried to identify the factors that spark these yearly outbreaks . Some past studies have found that seasonal flu occurs when air ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health", "medicine" ]	2018	Conjunction of factors triggering waves of seasonal influenza
Passive mechanisms of mate guarding are used by males to promote sperm precedence with little cost , but these tactics can be disadvantageous for their mates and other males . Mated females of the plant bug Lygus hesperus are rendered temporarily unattractive by seminal fluids containing myristyl acetate and geranylger...	In many animal species , males guard females to prevent rivals from mating so that they can be sure that they fathered the female’s offspring . Some guarding methods work even when the male is not present . For example , the semen of some male insects contains chemicals known as antiaphrodisiacs that repel other males ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology" ]	2017	An insect anti-antiaphrodisiac
Axon injury triggers dramatic changes in gene expression . While transcriptional regulation of injury-induced gene expression is widely studied , less is known about the roles of RNA binding proteins ( RBPs ) in post-transcriptional regulation during axon regeneration . In C . elegans the CELF ( CUGBP and Etr-3 Like Fa...	Nerve cells or neurons carry information around the body along projections known as axons . An injury or trauma , such as a stroke , can damage the axons and lead to permanent disability because the damaged axons fail to regenerate over long distances . Axon damage triggers large changes in the activity of many genes t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	CELF RNA binding proteins promote axon regeneration in C. elegans and mammals through alternative splicing of Syntaxins
Metabolic pathways in eubacteria and archaea often are encoded by operons and/or gene clusters ( genome neighborhoods ) that provide important clues for assignment of both enzyme functions and metabolic pathways . We describe a bioinformatic approach ( genome neighborhood network; GNN ) that enables large scale predict...	DNA molecules are polymers in which four nucleotides—guanine , adenine , thymine , and cytosine—are arranged along a sugar backbone . The sequence of these four nucleotides along the DNA strand determines the genetic code of the organism , and can be deciphered using various genome sequencing techniques . Microbial gen...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2014	Prediction and characterization of enzymatic activities guided by sequence similarity and genome neighborhood networks
In theory , sensory perception should be more accurate when more neurons contribute to the representation of a stimulus . However , psychophysical experiments that use larger stimuli to activate larger pools of neurons sometimes report impoverished perceptual performance . To determine the neural mechanisms underlying ...	People usually find it easier to see things when they are big and bright , but there are occasionally exceptions . One example concerns moving objects: when they are small , we can identify their direction of motion easily , but this becomes much more difficult for larger objects . This decreased perceptual sensitivity...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	A neural basis for the spatial suppression of visual motion perception
The adult frog retina retains a reservoir of active neural stem cells that contribute to continuous eye growth throughout life . We found that Yap , a downstream effector of the Hippo pathway , is specifically expressed in these stem cells . Yap knock-down leads to an accelerated S-phase and an abnormal progression of ...	In animals , stem cells divide to produce the new cells needed to grow and renew tissues and organs . Understanding the biology of these cells is of the utmost importance for developing new treatments for a wide range of human diseases , including neurodegenerative diseases and cancer . Before a stem cell divides , it ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2015	YAP controls retinal stem cell DNA replication timing and genomic stability
Desmoplasia , a fibrotic mass including cancer-associated fibroblasts ( CAFs ) and self-sustaining extracellular matrix ( D-ECM ) , is a puzzling feature of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma ( PDACs ) . Conflicting studies have identified tumor-restricting and tumor-promoting roles of PDAC-associated desmoplasia , sugge...	Tumors are not entirely made out of cancerous cells . They contain many other components – referred to as tumor stroma – that may either encourage or hinder the tumor’s growth . Tumor stroma includes non-cancerous cells and a framework of fibrous sugary proteins , called the extracellular matrix , which surround and si...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2017	Matrix-regulated integrin αvβ5 maintains α5β1-dependent desmoplastic traits prognostic of neoplastic recurrence
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 ( GSK-3 ) is a key regulator of many cellular signaling pathways . Unlike most kinases , GSK-3 is controlled by inhibition rather than by specific activation . In the insulin and several other signaling pathways , phosphorylation of a serine present in a conserved sequence near the amino term...	Cells need to be able to respond to changes in the body , such as changes in hormone levels or the arrival of a pathogen such as a virus . Proteins acting in signaling pathways—where one protein switches ‘on’ or ‘off’ the next protein in the pathway—allow the detection of different changes or signals to be translated i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2014	Structural basis of GSK-3 inhibition by N-terminal phosphorylation and by the Wnt receptor LRP6
COVID-19 patients can present with pulmonary edema early in disease . We propose that this is due to a local vascular problem because of activation of bradykinin 1 receptor ( B1R ) and B2R on endothelial cells in the lungs . SARS-CoV-2 enters the cell via ACE2 that next to its role in RAAS is needed to inactivate des-A...	The COVID-19 pandemic represents an unprecedented threat to global health . Millions of cases have been confirmed around the world , and hundreds of thousands of people have lost their lives . Common symptoms include a fever and persistent cough and COVID-19 patients also often experience an excess of fluid in the lung...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Clinical", "observations", "Bradykinin-induced", "local", "pulmonary", "angioedema", "Targeted", "treatment", "and", "timing", "of", "interventions", "Conclusions" ]	[ "short", "report", "medicine", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2020	Kallikrein-kinin blockade in patients with COVID-19 to prevent acute respiratory distress syndrome
Biomarkers of low-grade inflammation have been associated with susceptibility to a severe infectious disease course , even when measured prior to disease onset . We investigated whether metabolic biomarkers measured by nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) spectroscopy could be associated with susceptibility to severe pne...	National policies for mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic include stricter measures for people considered to be at high risk of severe and potentially fatal cases of the disease . Although older age and pre-existing health conditions are strong risk factors , it is poorly understood why susceptibility varies so widely in ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health", "medicine" ]	2021	Metabolic biomarker profiling for identification of susceptibility to severe pneumonia and COVID-19 in the general population
The fish-hunting marine cone snail Conus geographus uses a specialized venom insulin to induce hypoglycemic shock in its prey . We recently showed that this venom insulin , Con-Ins G1 , has unique characteristics relevant to the design of new insulin therapeutics . Here , we show that fish-hunting cone snails provide a...	Insulin is a hormone critical for maintaining healthy blood sugar levels in humans . When the insulin system becomes faulty , blood sugar levels become too high , which can lead to diabetes . At the moment , the only effective treatment for one of the major types of diabetes are daily insulin injections . However , des...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2019	Fish-hunting cone snail venoms are a rich source of minimized ligands of the vertebrate insulin receptor
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I ( RIG-I ) initiates a rapid innate immune response upon detection and binding to viral ribonucleic acid ( RNA ) . This signal activation occurs only when pathogenic RNA is identified , despite the ability of RIG-I to bind endogenous RNA while surveying the cytoplasm . Here we show that AT...	When a virus invades a cell , it commandeers the cell's replication machinery to make copies of the virus' genetic material . Some viruses , such as those that cause influenza or measles , store their genetic information in the form of ribonucleic acid ( RNA ) molecules . When a virus is first detected inside an animal...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2015	Establishing the role of ATP for the function of the RIG-I innate immune sensor
SOX2 positive pituitary stem cells ( PSCs ) are specified embryonically and persist throughout life , giving rise to all pituitary endocrine lineages . We have previously shown the activation of the STK/LATS/YAP/TAZ signalling cascade in the developing and postnatal mammalian pituitary . Here , we investigate the funct...	The pituitary is a gland inside the head that releases hormones that control major processes in the body including growth , fertility and stress . Diseases of the pituitary gland can prevent the body from producing the appropriate amounts of hormones , and also include tumours . A population of stem cells in the pituit...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine" ]	2019	Homeostatic and tumourigenic activity of SOX2+ pituitary stem cells is controlled by the LATS/YAP/TAZ cascade
Clonally transmissible cancers are tumour lineages that are transmitted between individuals via the transfer of living cancer cells . In marine bivalves , leukaemia-like transmissible cancers , called hemic neoplasia ( HN ) , have demonstrated the ability to infect individuals from different species . We performed whol...	In humans and other animals , cancer cells divide excessively , forming tumours or flooding the blood , but they rarely spread to other individuals . However , some animals , including dogs , Tasmanian devils and bivalve molluscs like clams , cockles and mussels , can develop cancers that are transmitted from one indiv...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "short", "report", "cancer", "biology" ]	2022	Mitochondrial genome sequencing of marine leukaemias reveals cancer contagion between clam species in the Seas of Southern Europe
The DNA repair protein RAD52 is an emerging therapeutic target of high importance for BRCA-deficient tumors . Depletion of RAD52 is synthetically lethal with defects in tumor suppressors BRCA1 , BRCA2 and PALB2 . RAD52 also participates in the recovery of the stalled replication forks . Anticipating that ssDNA binding ...	Cells are constantly in danger of losing or scrambling critical genetic information because of DNA damage . To cope with this stress , cells have numerous DNA repair systems . One of these systems – homology-directed DNA repair – involves the proteins BRCA1 and BRCA2 , which are often missing or defective in breast and...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2016	Small-molecule inhibitors identify the RAD52-ssDNA interaction as critical for recovery from replication stress and for survival of BRCA2 deficient cells
The liver X receptors ( LXRs ) are transcriptional regulators of lipid homeostasis that also have potent anti-inflammatory effects . The molecular basis for their anti-inflammatory effects is incompletely understood , but has been proposed to involve the indirect tethering of LXRs to inflammatory gene promoters . Here ...	Inflammation is a normal part of the immune response to infection or tissue damage . However , increased inflammation has been linked to diseases such as obesity , diabetes and atherosclerosis ( in which the walls of the arteries become hardened ) . These same diseases have also been linked to problems with the product...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	LXRs link metabolism to inflammation through Abca1-dependent regulation of membrane composition and TLR signaling
TMEM16A and TMEM16B are calcium-activated chloride channels ( CaCCs ) with important functions in mammalian physiology . Whether distant relatives of the vertebrate TMEM16 families also form CaCCs is an intriguing open question . Here we report that a TMEM16 family member from Drosophila melanogaster , Subdued ( CG1671...	Ions are at the root of most processes that occur in the body , so they must be able to move in and out of cells . However , because they have an electric charge , ions are not usually able to pass through the fatty membrane that encloses all cells . Instead , they must be imported or exported by a variety of dedicated...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2013	Subdued, a TMEM16 family Ca2+-activated Cl− channel in Drosophila melanogaster with an unexpected role in host defense
Neurons in higher cortical areas , such as the prefrontal cortex , are often tuned to a variety of sensory and motor variables , and are therefore said to display mixed selectivity . This complexity of single neuron responses can obscure what information these areas represent and how it is represented . Here we demonst...	Many neuroscience experiments today involve using electrodes to record from the brain of an animal , such as a mouse or a monkey , while the animal performs a task . The goal of such experiments is to understand how a particular brain region works . However , modern experimental techniques allow the activity of hundred...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Demixed principal component analysis of neural population data
Heterochromatic domains are enriched with repressive histone marks , including histone H3 lysine 9 methylation , written by lysine methyltransferases ( KMTs ) . The pre-replication complex protein , origin recognition complex-associated ( ORCA/LRWD1 ) , preferentially localizes to heterochromatic regions in post-replic...	The genetic material inside cells is contained within molecules of DNA . In animals and other eukaryotes , the DNA is tightly wrapped around proteins called histones to form a compact structure known as chromatin . There are two forms of chromatin: loosely packed chromatin tends to contain genes that are highly active ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	The preRC protein ORCA organizes heterochromatin by assembling histone H3 lysine 9 methyltransferases on chromatin
KCC2 is a neuron-specific K+-Cl– cotransporter essential for establishing the Cl- gradient required for hyperpolarizing inhibition in the central nervous system ( CNS ) . KCC2 is highly localized to excitatory synapses where it regulates spine morphogenesis and AMPA receptor confinement . Aberrant KCC2 function contrib...	Neurons in the brain talk to each other by releasing chemicals called neurotransmitters . These neurotransmitters can either increase ( 'excite' ) or decrease ( 'inhibit' ) the activity of other neurons . Inhibitory neurotransmission uses the chemical GABA as a neurotransmitter . When a neuron releases GABA it is like ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Native KCC2 interactome reveals PACSIN1 as a critical regulator of synaptic inhibition
Recent studies posit a role for non-coding RNAs in epithelial ovarian cancer ( EOC ) . Combining small RNA sequencing from 179 human serum samples with a neural network analysis produced a miRNA algorithm for diagnosis of EOC ( AUC 0 . 90; 95% CI: 0 . 81–0 . 99 ) . The model significantly outperformed CA125 and functio...	Ovarian cancer is a major cause of cancer death among women . A woman’s survival often hinges on doctors detecting the tumor before it has spread beyond the ovary . Unfortunately , most women with ovarian cancer are not diagnosed until they have symptoms – such as pelvic pain , bloating , swelling of the abdomen or app...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2017	Diagnostic potential for a serum miRNA neural network for detection of ovarian cancer
Mitochondria play important roles in cellular processes and disease , yet little is known about how the transcriptional regime of the mitochondrial genome varies across individuals and tissues . By analyzing >11 , 000 RNA-sequencing libraries across 36 tissue/cell types , we find considerable variation in mitochondrial...	Mitochondria are like the batteries of our cells; they perform the essential task of turning nutrients into chemical energy . A cell relies on its mitochondria for its survival , but they are not completely under the cell’s control . Mitochondria have their own DNA , separate from the cell’s DNA which is stored in the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2019	Nuclear genetic regulation of the human mitochondrial transcriptome
The six-subunit Origin Recognition Complex ( ORC ) is believed to be an essential eukaryotic ATPase that binds to origins of replication as a ring-shaped heterohexamer to load MCM2-7 and initiate DNA replication . We have discovered that human cell lines in culture proliferate with intact chromosomal origins of replica...	Most of the DNA in human cells is packaged into structures called chromosomes . Before a cell divides , the DNA in each chromosome is carefully copied . This process begins at multiple sites ( known as origins ) on each chromosome . A group of six proteins collectively known as the Origin Recognition Complex ( or ORC f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Two subunits of human ORC are dispensable for DNA replication and proliferation
The poor efficacy of seasonal influenza virus vaccines is often attributed to pre-existing immunity interfering with the persistence and maturation of vaccine-induced B cell responses . We previously showed that a subset of vaccine-induced B cell lineages are recruited into germinal centers ( GCs ) following vaccinatio...	When the immune system encounters a disease-causing pathogen , it releases antibodies that can bind to specific regions of the bacterium or virus and help to clear the infection . These proteins are generated by B cells which , upon detecting the pathogen , can begin to mutate and alter the structure of the antibody th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2021	Human B cell lineages associated with germinal centers following influenza vaccination are measurably evolving
Alterations in global mRNA decay broadly impact multiple stages of gene expression , although signals that connect these processes are incompletely defined . Here , we used tandem mass tag labeling coupled with mass spectrometry to reveal that changing the mRNA decay landscape , as frequently occurs during viral infect...	The nucleus of a cell harbors DNA , which contains all information needed to build an organism . The instructions are stored as a genetic code that serves as a blueprint for making proteins – molecules that are important for almost every process in the body – and to assemble cells . But first , the code on the DNA need...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2018	Changes in mRNA abundance drive shuttling of RNA binding proteins, linking cytoplasmic RNA degradation to transcription
The voltage-gated potassium channel KV7 . 1 and the auxiliary subunit KCNE1 together form the cardiac IKs channel , which is a proposed target for future anti-arrhythmic drugs . We previously showed that polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) activate KV7 . 1 via an electrostatic mechanism . The activating effect was ab...	The muscle cells in the heart must contract and relax in a coordinated way for the heart to pump blood efficiently around the body . Different ions flow in and out of these cells , which are known as cardiomyocytes , to control when they contract and relax . The ions enter and leave by passing through channel proteins ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2018	KCNE1 tunes the sensitivity of KV7.1 to polyunsaturated fatty acids by moving turret residues close to the binding site
HLA-restricted T cell responses can induce antitumor effects in cancer patients . Previous human T cell research has largely focused on the few HLA alleles prevalent in a subset of ethnic groups . Here , using a panel of newly developed peptide-exchangeable peptide/HLA multimers and artificial antigen-presenting cells ...	The immune system is the body’s way of defending itself , offering protection against diseases such as cancer . But to remove the cancer cells , the immune system must be able to identify them as different from the rest of the body . All cells break down proteins into shorter fragments , known as peptides , that are di...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2020	Landscape mapping of shared antigenic epitopes and their cognate TCRs of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes in melanoma
After endocytosis , membrane proteins can recycle to the cell membrane or be degraded in lysosomes . Cargo ubiquitylation favors their lysosomal targeting and can be regulated by external signals , but the mechanism is ill-defined . Here , we studied the post-endocytic trafficking of Jen1 , a yeast monocarboxylate tran...	The plasma membrane that surrounds cells contains many different proteins that perform tasks such as detecting signals sent to the cell , and transporting molecules into or out of the cell . To adapt to changing conditions , cells remodel their membrane to change how much of each type of protein is present . A process ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Integrated control of transporter endocytosis and recycling by the arrestin-related protein Rod1 and the ubiquitin ligase Rsp5
We have identified a replication-independent histone variant , Hist2h2be ( referred to herein as H2be ) , which is expressed exclusively by olfactory chemosensory neurons . Levels of H2BE are heterogeneous among olfactory neurons , but stereotyped according to the identity of the co-expressed olfactory receptor ( OR ) ...	A hallmark of the nervous systems of all mammals is their capacity to undergo changes in function that are shaped by experience . This phenomenon underlies the ability of our brains to develop properly and to learn , and also enables various sensory systems—including the visual , auditory and olfactory systems—to perfo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2012	The activity-dependent histone variant H2BE modulates the life span of olfactory neurons
Many transcription factors co-express with their homologs to regulate identical target genes , however the advantages of such redundancies remain elusive . Using single-cell imaging and microfluidics , we study the yeast general stress response transcription factor Msn2 and its seemingly redundant homolog Msn4 . We fin...	Cells respond to environmental signals by activating proteins called transcription factors . These bind to the DNA that is stored in the cell nucleus and turn on specific genes to make gene products . Many of these transcription factors move in and out of the nucleus once activated . Different environmental signals aff...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2016	Dynamic control of gene regulatory logic by seemingly redundant transcription factors

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