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Stop codon readthrough ( SCR ) occurs when the ribosome miscodes at a stop codon . Such readthrough events can be therapeutically desirable when a premature termination codon ( PTC ) is found in a critical gene . To study SCR in vivo in a genome-wide manner , we treated mammalian cells with aminoglycosides and performe...	Many genes provide a set of instructions needed to build a protein , which are read by structures called ribosomes through a process called translation . The genetic information contains a short , coded instruction called a stop codon which marks the end of the protein . When a ribosome finds a stop codon it should sto...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2020	Stop codon context influences genome-wide stimulation of termination codon readthrough by aminoglycosides
The hantavirus envelope glycoproteins Gn and Gc mediate virion assembly and cell entry , with Gc driving fusion of viral and endosomal membranes . Although the X-ray structures and overall arrangement of Gn and Gc on the hantavirus spikes are known , their detailed interactions are not . Here we show that the lateral c...	Hantaviruses infect rodents and other small mammals , but do not harm them . When transmitted to humans , often through rodent urine , feces or saliva , they can cause serious and even fatal diseases . Currently , there are no known methods that effectively prevent hantavirus infections or treat the diseases that they ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2019	Molecular organization and dynamics of the fusion protein Gc at the hantavirus surface
How oocytes are transferred into an oviduct with a receptive environment remains poorly known . We found that glands of the Drosophila female reproductive tract , spermathecae and/or parovaria , are required for ovulation and to promote sperm storage . Reducing total secretory cell number by interferring with Notch sig...	Mammalian oviducts , or Fallopian tubes , convey egg cells from the ovaries to the uterus . Signalling between the ovary and oviduct , and secretory products produced throughout the reproductive tract , help to increase the likelihood of conception , minimise the loss of egg cells , and reduce the risk of ectopic pregn...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2013	Ovulation in Drosophila is controlled by secretory cells of the female reproductive tract
The cereblon modulating agents ( CMs ) including lenalidomide , pomalidomide and CC-220 repurpose the Cul4-RBX1-DDB1-CRBN ( CRL4CRBN ) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex to induce the degradation of specific neomorphic substrates via polyubiquitination in conjunction with E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes , which have until no...	Cells routinely breakdown damaged or unwanted proteins to recycle their building blocks . In humans , most of these unwanted proteins are first tagged with a chain of smaller proteins called ubiquitin , in a process known as ubiquitination . Three kinds of enzymes – named E1 , E2 and E3 – act one after the other to rec...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2018	UBE2G1 governs the destruction of cereblon neomorphic substrates
The HIV capsid is semipermeable and covered in electropositive pores that are essential for viral DNA synthesis and infection . Here , we show that these pores bind the abundant cellular polyanion IP6 , transforming viral stability from minutes to hours and allowing newly synthesised DNA to accumulate inside the capsid...	Viruses like HIV invade cells and replicate their genome to create new viruses . To hide from components of our immune system that are active inside the cell , HIV uses a protein shell called a capsid , which protects its genome from detection and destruction . However , the capsid faces an engineering challenge beyond...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2018	IP6 is an HIV pocket factor that prevents capsid collapse and promotes DNA synthesis
Despite extensive scrutiny of the myosin superfamily , the lack of high-resolution structures of actin-bound states has prevented a complete description of its mechanochemical cycle and limited insight into how sequence and structural diversification of the motor domain gives rise to specialized functional properties ....	Like miniature motors , proteins called myosins generate the forces needed for cells to move and for muscles to contract . Myosins use the energy stored in a chemical called ATP to move along filaments made from another protein called actin and produce force . The same part of the myosin protein that binds to and uses ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2017	Cryo-EM structures reveal specialization at the myosin VI-actin interface and a mechanism of force sensitivity
Membrane protein biogenesis requires the coordinated movement of hydrophobic transmembrane domains ( TMD ) from the cytosolic vestibule of the Sec61 channel into the lipid bilayer . Molecular insight into TMD integration has been hampered by the difficulty of characterizing intermediates during this intrinsically dynam...	Cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane that acts like a barrier around the cell—keeping the cell’s boundaries distinct from surrounding cells and helping to regulate the contents of the cell . This plasma membrane is made up mostly of two layers of fatty molecules , and is also studded with proteins . Some of these ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2014	An allosteric Sec61 inhibitor traps nascent transmembrane helices at the lateral gate
The size and position of mitotic spindles is determined by the lengths of their constituent microtubules . Regulation of microtubule length requires feedback to set the balance between growth and shrinkage . Whereas negative feedback mechanisms for microtubule length control , based on depolymerizing kinesins and sever...	Cells contain an extensive network of long filaments called microtubules , which are made of a protein called tubulin and are essential for a wide variety of processes such as enabling cells to divide and move . Microtubules also serve as tracks along which motor proteins transport molecules from one part of the cell t...	[ "Abstract", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "short", "report", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	Kinesin Kip2 enhances microtubule growth in vitro through length-dependent feedback on polymerization and catastrophe
Cytosolic hormone levels must be tightly controlled at the level of influx , efflux , synthesis , degradation and compartmentation . To determine ABA dynamics at the single cell level , FRET sensors ( ABACUS ) covering a range ∼0 . 2–800 µM were engineered using structure-guided design and a high-throughput screening p...	Plants are able to respond to detrimental changes in their environment—when , for example , water becomes scarce or the soil becomes too salty—in ways that minimize stress and damage caused by these changes . Hormones are chemicals that trigger the plant’s response under these circumstances . Abscisic acid is the hormo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Abscisic acid dynamics in roots detected with genetically encoded FRET sensors
Grid cells in the brain respond when an animal occupies a periodic lattice of ‘grid fields’ during navigation . Grids are organized in modules with different periodicity . We propose that the grid system implements a hierarchical code for space that economizes the number of neurons required to encode location with a gi...	In the 1930s , neuroscientists studying how rodents find their way through a maze proposed that the animals could construct an internal map of the maze inside their heads . The map was thought to enable the animals to navigate between familiar locations and also to identify shortcuts and alternative routes whenever fam...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	A principle of economy predicts the functional architecture of grid cells
Epigenetic clocks for mice were generated based on deep-sequencing analysis of the methylome . Here , we demonstrate that site-specific analysis of DNA methylation levels by pyrosequencing at only three CG dinucleotides ( CpGs ) in the genes Prima1 , Hsf4 , and Kcns1 facilitates precise estimation of chronological age ...	Epigenetic marks are chemical modifications found throughout the genome – the DNA within cells . By influencing the activity of nearby genes , the marks govern developmental processes and help cells to adapt to changes in their surroundings . Some epigenetic marks can be gained or lost with age . A lot of aging researc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2018	Epigenetic age-predictor for mice based on three CpG sites
During cortical development , the identity of major classes of long-distance projection neurons is established by the expression of molecular determinants , which become gradually restricted and mutually exclusive . However , the mechanisms by which projection neurons acquire their final properties during postnatal sta...	The cerebral cortex is part of the outer layer of the mammalian brain , and it is important for a range of processes , including sensing , movement and conscious thought . The cerebral cortex is subdivided into several areas that are deputed to different functions . Each area is composed of an astounding variety of cel...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Conclusion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Area-specific development of distinct projection neuron subclasses is regulated by postnatal epigenetic modifications
The SNAREs SNAP25 and SNAP23 are proteins that are initially cytosolic after translation , but then become stably attached to the cell membrane through palmitoylation of cysteine residues . For palmitoylation to occur , membrane association is a prerequisite , but it is unclear which motif may increase the affinities o...	Cells often communicate with each other by releasing chemicals that normally are stored in small membrane-bound compartments called vesicles . For example , when a neuron is stimulated , vesicles merge with its cell membrane and release their content into a gap between itself and other neurons . This complicated proces...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2017	Electrostatic anchoring precedes stable membrane attachment of SNAP25/SNAP23 to the plasma membrane
When choosing actions , we can act decisively , vacillate , or suffer momentary indecision . Studying how individual decisions unfold requires moment-by-moment readouts of brain state . Here we provide such a view from dorsal premotor and primary motor cortex . Two monkeys performed a novel decision task while we recor...	Some decisions are easy to make . We know almost immediately what outcome we want to achieve and what actions are required to do so . But other decisions involve more deliberation: there may be more factors to consider or more at stake , or the best course of action may simply not be immediately apparent . Under such c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Vacillation, indecision and hesitation in moment-by-moment decoding of monkey motor cortex
Hox proteins are well-established developmental regulators that coordinate cell fate and morphogenesis throughout embryogenesis . In contrast , our knowledge of their specific molecular modes of action is limited to the interaction with few cofactors . Here , we show that Hox proteins are able to interact with a wide r...	In all animals , it is important that cells are correctly organised into tissues and organs . This organisation starts in the embryo , and cells are instructed to perform different roles depending on their position within the body . A family of proteins called the Hox proteins coordinates the organisation of the cells ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2015	Inhibitory activities of short linear motifs underlie Hox interactome specificity in vivo
Animals collect sensory information from the world and make adaptive choices about how to respond to it . Here , we reveal a network motif in the brain for one of the most fundamental behavioral choices made by bilaterally symmetric animals: whether to respond to a sensory stimulus by moving to the left or to the right...	Humans and other vertebrate animals constantly make choices about whether to respond to the left or to the right . Do they look left or right; turn left or right; reach left or right ? In humans , the distinction between left and right is so fundamental that it has entered our collective thinking . Many societies defin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	A circuit motif in the zebrafish hindbrain for a two alternative behavioral choice to turn left or right
When mammalian cells detect a viral infection , they initiate a type I interferon ( IFNs ) response as part of their innate immune system . This antiviral mechanism is conserved in virtually all cell types , except for embryonic stem cells ( ESCs ) and oocytes which are intrinsically incapable of producing IFNs . Despi...	Living cells are under constant attack from disease-causing agents , such as viruses and bacteria . As a result , they have evolved various protective mechanisms to fight off these agents . One of the most important ways that an animal cell protects itself from infection is through the interferon response , which warns...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine" ]	2019	MicroRNA-deficient mouse embryonic stem cells acquire a functional interferon response
Sodium/proton antiporters are essential for sodium and pH homeostasis and play a major role in human health and disease . We determined the structures of the archaeal sodium/proton antiporter MjNhaP1 in two complementary states . The inward-open state was obtained by x-ray crystallography in the presence of sodium at p...	Although the membrane that surrounds a cell is effective at separating the inside of a cell from the outside environment , certain molecules and ions must enter or leave the cell for it to work correctly . Proteins embedded in the cell membrane , called transporters , ensure this occurs . Transporters that are found in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2014	Structure and transport mechanism of the sodium/proton antiporter MjNhaP1
Mutation and natural selection shape the genetic variation in natural populations . Here , we directly estimated the spontaneous mutation rate by sequencing new Drosophila mutation accumulation lines maintained with minimal natural selection . We inferred strong stabilizing natural selection on quantitative traits beca...	A key challenge in evolutionary biology is to understand how genetic variation – differences in the DNA of individuals in a population – is generated and maintained to create the enormous diversity that exists in nature . Mutations to the DNA introduce new variation , but these are constantly removed from populations b...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2016	Spontaneous mutations and the origin and maintenance of quantitative genetic variation
Emerging evidence suggests that the nervous system is involved in tumor development in the periphery , however , the role of the central nervous system remains largely unknown . Here , by combining genetic , chemogenetic , pharmacological , and electrophysiological approaches , we show that hypothalamic oxytocin ( Oxt ...	Colorectal ( or ‘bowel’ ) cancer killed nearly a million people in 2018 alone: it is , in fact , the second leading cause of cancer death globally . Lifestyle factors and inflammatory bowel conditions such as chronic colitis can heighten the risk of developing the disease . However , research has also linked to the dev...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience", "cancer", "biology" ]	2021	Stimulation of hypothalamic oxytocin neurons suppresses colorectal cancer progression in mice
In the antisaccade task , which is considered a sensitive assay of cognitive function , a salient visual cue appears and the participant must look away from it . This requires sensory , motor-planning , and cognitive neural mechanisms , but what are their unique contributions to performance , and when exactly are they ...	How do you decide what to do next ? Your behavior at any given moment is usually the result of a competition between internal and external factors . Internal factors include your existing plans , goals and knowledge . External factors include events happening in the world around you . When out driving , for example , y...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2019	Voluntary and involuntary contributions to perceptually guided saccadic choices resolved with millisecond precision
Holliday junctions ( HJs ) are key DNA intermediates in homologous recombination . They link homologous DNA strands and have to be faithfully removed for proper DNA segregation and genome integrity . Here , we present the crystal structure of human HJ resolvase GEN1 complexed with DNA at 3 . 0 Å resolution . The GEN1 c...	Factors like ultraviolet radiation and harmful chemicals can damage DNA inside living cells , which can lead to breaks that form across both strands in the DNA double helix . “Homologous recombination” is one of the major mechanisms by which cells repair these double-strand breaks . During this process , the broken DNA...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	Human Holliday junction resolvase GEN1 uses a chromodomain for efficient DNA recognition and cleavage
The access of Transcription Factors ( TFs ) to their cognate DNA binding motifs requires a precise control over nucleosome positioning . This is especially important following DNA replication and during mitosis , both resulting in profound changes in nucleosome organization over TF binding regions . Using mouse Embryon...	A single cell contains several meters of DNA which must be tightly packaged to fit inside . Typically , the DNA is wound around proteins , like a thread around many spools , to form more compact structures called nucleosomes . Before a cell divides in two , however , it needs first to access and replicate its DNA so th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2019	CTCF confers local nucleosome resiliency after DNA replication and during mitosis
Recently , a small-molecule communication mechanism was discovered in a range of Bacillus-infecting bacteriophages , which these temperate phages use to inform their lysis-lysogeny decision . We present a mathematical model of the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of such viral communication and show that a communic...	Bacteriophages , or phages for short , are viruses that need to infect bacteria to multiply . Once inside a cell , phages follow one of two strategies . They either start to replicate quickly , killing the host in the process; or they lay dormant , their genetic material slowly duplicating as the bacterium divides . Th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2021	Repeated outbreaks drive the evolution of bacteriophage communication
Actin filaments and microtubules create diverse cellular protrusions , but intermediate filaments , the strongest and most stable cytoskeletal elements , are not known to directly participate in the formation of protrusions . Here we show that keratin intermediate filaments directly regulate the morphogenesis of micror...	Cells adopt a wide array of irregular and bumpy shapes , which are scaffolded by an internal structure called the cytoskeleton . This network of filaments can deform the cell membrane the way tent poles frame a canvas . Cells contain three types of cytoskeleton elements ( actin filaments , intermediate filaments , and ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2020	Keratins and plakin family cytolinker proteins control the length of epithelial microridge protrusions
Translation is a core cellular process carried out by a highly conserved macromolecular machine , the ribosome . There has been remarkable evolutionary adaptation of this machine through the addition of eukaryote-specific ribosomal proteins whose individual effects on ribosome function are largely unknown . Here we sho...	Ribosomes are structures within cells that are responsible for making proteins . Molecules called messenger RNAs ( or mRNAs ) , which contain genetic information derived from the DNA of a gene , pass through ribosomes that then “translate” that information to build proteins . Although all living cells contain ribosomes...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2016	The ribosomal protein Asc1/RACK1 is required for efficient translation of short mRNAs
Autism Spectrum Disorder ( ASD ) is the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder in the United States and often co-presents with sleep problems . Sleep problems in ASD predict the severity of ASD core diagnostic symptoms and have a considerable impact on the quality of life of caregivers . Little is known , however ,...	Autism spectrum disorder ( ASD ) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder in the United States . People with ASD tend to have difficulties with communication and social interactions , restricted interests , and may repeat certain behaviors . They also often struggle to fall or stay asleep . Sleep deprivation may ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2019	Shank3 modulates sleep and expression of circadian transcription factors
Understanding the relation between genotype and phenotype remains a major challenge . The difficulty of predicting individual mutation effects , and particularly the interactions between them , has prevented the development of a comprehensive theory that links genotypic changes to their phenotypic effects . We show tha...	Mutations are changes to DNA that provide the raw material upon which evolution can act . Therefore , to understand evolution , we need to know the effects of mutations , and how those mutations interact with each other ( a phenomenon referred to as epistasis ) . So far , few mathematical models allow scientists to pre...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2017	On the mechanistic nature of epistasis in a canonical cis-regulatory element
When a human catches a ball , they estimate future target location based on the current trajectory . How animals , small and large , encode such predictive processes at the single neuron level is unknown . Here we describe small target-selective neurons in predatory dragonflies that exhibit localized enhanced sensitivi...	Catching a ball requires a person to track the speed and direction of a small moving target often against a cluttered and varying background . Predatory insects , like dragonflies , face a similar challenge when they pursue their prey through the air . The task is made a little easier , however , by the fact that most ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	A predictive focus of gain modulation encodes target trajectories in insect vision
Efficient detection and reaction to negative signals in the environment is essential for survival . In social situations , these signals are often ambiguous and can imply different levels of threat for the observer , thereby making their recognition susceptible to contextual cues – such as gaze direction when judging f...	Facial expressions can communicate important social signals , and understanding these signals can be essential for surviving threatening situations . Past studies have identified changes to brain activity and behavior in response to particular social threats , but it is not clear how the brain processes information fro...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Anxiety dissociates the adaptive functions of sensory and motor response enhancements to social threats
Excitatory and inhibitory synapses are the brain’s most abundant synapse types . However , little is known about their formation during critical periods of motor skill learning , when sensory experience defines a motor target that animals strive to imitate . In songbirds , we find that exposure to tutor song leads to e...	A wide range of species use complex sounds to communicate , including humans and songbirds like zebra finches . During a critical period of learning , infants and young animals learn how to remember and discriminate this ‘language’ from other sounds . However , the changes that happen in the brain during this learning ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Excitatory and inhibitory synapse reorganization immediately after critical sensory experience in a vocal learner
Maintenance of muscle function requires assembly of contractile proteins into highly organized sarcomeres . Mutations in Kelch-like protein 41 ( KLHL41 ) cause nemaline myopathy , a fatal muscle disorder associated with sarcomere disarray . We generated KLHL41 mutant mice , which display lethal disruption of sarcomeres...	Together with the tendon and joints , muscles move our bones by contracting and relaxing . Muscles are formed of bundles of lengthy cells , which are made up of small units called sarcomeres . To contract , the proteins in the sarcomere need to be able to slide past each other . In healthy muscle cells , the proteins i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2017	KLHL41 stabilizes skeletal muscle sarcomeres by nonproteolytic ubiquitination
Filopodial dynamics are thought to control growth cone guidance , but the types and roles of growth cone dynamics underlying neural circuit assembly in a living brain are largely unknown . To address this issue , we have developed long-term , continuous , fast and high-resolution imaging of growth cone dynamics from ax...	Genes encode complicated developmental processes , but it is clear that genetic information cannot encode each and every individual connection that forms between the nerve cells in a brain . Instead , the individual cells and nerve endings must make decisions during brain development . Up until now , few examples were ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Filopodial dynamics and growth cone stabilization in Drosophila visual circuit development
Fibrolamellar carcinoma ( FLC ) is a rare liver cancer . FLCs uniquely produce DNAJ-PKAc , a chimeric enzyme consisting of a chaperonin-binding domain fused to the Cα subunit of protein kinase A . Biochemical analyses of clinical samples reveal that a unique property of this fusion enzyme is the ability to recruit heat...	Fibrolamellar carcinoma ( or FLC for short ) is a rare type of liver cancer that affects teenagers and young adults . FLC tumors are often resistant to standard radiotherapy or chemotherapy treatments . The only way to treat FLC is to remove tumors by surgery . However , often the tumors come back after initial treatme...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2019	An acquired scaffolding function of the DNAJ-PKAc fusion contributes to oncogenic signaling in fibrolamellar carcinoma
Limited understanding of infant pain has led to its lack of recognition in clinical practice . While the network of brain regions that encode the affective and sensory aspects of adult pain are well described , the brain structures involved in infant nociceptive processing are less well known , meaning little can be in...	Doctors long believed that infants do not feel pain the way that older children and adults do . Instead , they believed that the infants' responses to discomfort were reflexes . Based on these beliefs , it was a routine practice to perform surgery on infants without suitable pain relief up until the late 1980s . Even n...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "neuroscience" ]	2015	fMRI reveals neural activity overlap between adult and infant pain
Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma is a pediatric soft-tissue sarcoma caused by PAX3/7-FOXO1 fusion oncogenes and is characterized by impaired skeletal muscle development . We developed human PAX3-FOXO1 -driven zebrafish models of tumorigenesis and found that PAX3-FOXO1 exhibits discrete cell lineage susceptibility and transfor...	One of the most common cancers in children and adolescents is rhabdomyosarcoma , a cancer of soft tissue such as muscle , tendon or cartilage . The fusion of DNA on two different chromosomes causes the most aggressive form of rhabdomyosarcoma . The fused DNA produces an abnormal protein called PAX3-FOXO1 . During norma...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2018	PAX3-FOXO1 transgenic zebrafish models identify HES3 as a mediator of rhabdomyosarcoma tumorigenesis
Analysis of brain ultrastructure using electron microscopy typically relies on chemical fixation . However , this is known to cause significant tissue distortion including a reduction in the extracellular space . Cryo fixation is thought to give a truer representation of biological structures , and here we use rapid , ...	For many years , scientists have used chemicals to preserve brain tissue to observe its fine structure using high power microscopes . Korogod et al . now show that these chemicals , or fixatives , cause the tissue to shrink , giving the false impression that the cells are tightly packed together . This has led to misin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Ultrastructural analysis of adult mouse neocortex comparing aldehyde perfusion with cryo fixation
Caspase-8 is a key player in extrinsic apoptosis and its activity is often downregulated in cancer . However , human Caspase-8 expression is retained in some tumors , including glioblastoma ( GBM ) , suggesting that it may support cancer growth in these contexts . GBM , the most aggressive of the gliomas , is character...	Cancer cells are different to normal cells in various ways . Most cancer cells , for example , delete or switch off the gene for a protein called Caspase-8 . This is because this protein is best known for promoting cell death and stopping tumor cells from growing . However , some cancers keep the gene for Caspase-8 swi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "cell", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2017	Caspase-8 contributes to angiogenesis and chemotherapy resistance in glioblastoma
Intracellular pH ( pHi ) dynamics is increasingly recognized as an important regulator of a range of normal and pathological cell behaviors . Notably , increased pHi is now acknowledged as a conserved characteristic of cancers and in cell models is confirmed to increase proliferation and migration as well as limit apop...	An individual can develop cancer if cells in their body gain genetic mutations that enable the cells to divide more rapidly and move—or metastasize—to other tissues and organs . These mutations can alter the chemistry of the cell; for example , the inside of a cancer cell is much more alkaline ( has a higher pH ) than ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2015	Increased H+ efflux is sufficient to induce dysplasia and necessary for viability with oncogene expression
Immunity to malaria is often considered slow to develop but this only applies to defense mechanisms that function to eliminate parasites ( resistance ) . In contrast , immunity to severe disease can be acquired quickly and without the need for improved pathogen control ( tolerance ) . Using Plasmodium chabaudi , we sho...	Malaria is a parasitic infection spread by mosquitoes that causes hundreds of millions of cases each year . People are most likely to die from malaria the first time they are infected – usually when they are young children . Among those who survive , however , few will develop severe symptoms again , even though they a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2021	Inducible mechanisms of disease tolerance provide an alternative strategy of acquired immunity to malaria
Numerous challenges have impeded HIV-1 vaccine development . Among these is the lack of a convenient small animal model in which to study antibody elicitation and efficacy . We describe a chimeric Rhabdo-Immunodeficiency virus ( RhIV ) murine model that recapitulates key features of HIV-1 entry , tropism and antibody s...	One of the main obstacles to developing a vaccine against HIV-1 is teaching the immune system to recognize the envelope proteins on the surface of the virus , which are also found on infected cells . Envelope proteins allow HIV-1 to attach to and infect a type of human immune cell known as a T-cell , by interacting wit...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2019	Rhabdo-immunodeficiency virus, a murine model of acute HIV-1 infection
The prefrontal cortex ( PFC ) is thought to orchestrate cognitive dynamics . However , in tests of bistable visual perception , no direct evidence supporting such presumable causal roles of the PFC has been reported except for a recent work . Here , using a novel brain-state-dependent neural stimulation system , we ide...	A cube that seems to shift its spatial arrangement as you keep looking; the elegant silhouette of a pirouetting dancer , which starts to spin in the opposite direction the more you stare at it; an illustration that shows two profiles – or is it a vase ? These optical illusions are examples of bistable visual perception...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2021	Causal roles of prefrontal cortex during spontaneous perceptual switching are determined by brain state dynamics
Insufficient protein-folding capacity in the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) induces the unfolded protein response ( UPR ) . In the ER lumen , accumulation of unfolded proteins activates the transmembrane ER-stress sensor Ire1 and drives its oligomerization . In the cytosol , Ire1 recruits HAC1 mRNA , mediating its non-co...	Proteins are built based on instructions in template molecules called messenger RNAs ( or mRNAs ) , which are copied from the DNA of genes . As they are made , proteins must fold into a specific three-dimensional shape and some proteins pass into a compartment in the cell , called the endoplasmic reticulum , in which t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Specificity in endoplasmic reticulum-stress signaling in yeast entails a step-wise engagement of HAC1 mRNA to clusters of the stress sensor Ire1
Correct wiring is crucial for the proper functioning of the nervous system . Molecular gradients provide critical signals to guide growth cones , which are the motile tips of developing axons , to their targets . However , in vitro , growth cones trace highly stochastic trajectories , and exactly how molecular gradient...	For your brain to work , millions of nerve cells have to be connected together precisely . To achieve this , growing nerve fibres navigate through the developing brain by following chemical cues . One important such cue is how the concentration of a chemical varies with distance across the brain . This variation is kno...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	A mathematical model explains saturating axon guidance responses to molecular gradients
The calcium-activated chloride channel TMEM16A is a member of a conserved protein family that comprises ion channels and lipid scramblases . Although the structure of the scramblase nhTMEM16 has defined the architecture of the family , it was unknown how a channel has adapted to cope with its distinct functional proper...	Cell membranes are made up of two layers of oily molecules , called lipids , embedded with a variety of proteins . Each type of membrane protein carries out a particular activity for the cell , and many are involved in transporting other molecules from one side of the membrane to the other . The TMEM16 proteins are a l...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2017	Structural basis for anion conduction in the calcium-activated chloride channel TMEM16A
Dystroglycan is a cell membrane receptor that organizes the basement membrane by binding ligands in the extracellular matrix . Proper glycosylation of the α-dystroglycan ( α-DG ) subunit is essential for these activities , and lack thereof results in neuromuscular disease . Currently , neither the glycan synthesis path...	Dystroglycan is a protein that is critical for the proper function of many tissues , especially muscles and brain . Dystroglycan helps to connect the structural network inside the cell with the matrix outside of the cell . The extracellular matrix fills the space between the cells to serve as a scaffold and hold cells ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2014	The glucuronyltransferase B4GAT1 is required for initiation of LARGE-mediated α-dystroglycan functional glycosylation
Human performance at categorizing natural visual images surpasses automatic algorithms , but how and when this function arises and develops remain unanswered . We recorded scalp electrical brain activity in 4–6 months infants viewing images of objects in their natural background at a rapid rate of 6 images/second ( 6 H...	Putting names to faces can sometimes be challenging , but humans are generally extremely good at recognising faces . Computers , on the other hand , often find it difficult to categorize a face as a face . Indeed , a major challenge in face recognition arises because faces come in many different shapes and sizes . More...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Rapid categorization of natural face images in the infant right hemisphere
Invasion of erythrocytes by Plasmodial merozoites is a composite process involving the interplay of several proteins . Among them , the Plasmodium falciparum Cysteine-Rich Protective Antigen ( PfCyRPA ) is a crucial component of a ternary complex , including Reticulocyte binding-like Homologous protein 5 ( PfRH5 ) and ...	Malaria is one of the deadliest infectious diseases worldwide , killing over 400 , 000 people a year . About 200 million people are infected every year , placing a huge social and medical burden especially on developing countries . Microscopic parasites known as Plasmodium are responsible for causing this disease . Pla...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2017	Structure of the malaria vaccine candidate antigen CyRPA and its complex with a parasite invasion inhibitory antibody
Exposure to early-life adversity ( ELA ) increases the risk for psychopathologies associated with amygdala-prefrontal cortex ( PFC ) circuits . While sex differences in vulnerability have been identified with a clear need for individualized intervention strategies , the neurobiological substrates of ELA-attributable di...	Having a traumatic childhood increases the risk a person will develop anxiety disorders later in life . Early life adversity affects men and women differently , but scientists do not yet know why . Learning more could help scientists develop better ways to prevent or treat anxiety disorders in men and women who experie...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2020	Altered corticolimbic connectivity reveals sex-specific adolescent outcomes in a rat model of early life adversity
The localisation of oskar mRNA to the posterior of the Drosophila oocyte defines where the abdomen and germ cells form in the embryo . Kinesin 1 transports oskar mRNA to the oocyte posterior along a polarised microtubule cytoskeleton that grows from non-centrosomal microtubule organising centres ( ncMTOCs ) along the a...	Many cells are asymmetric or polarized , which allows them to perform the tasks necessary for an organism to live and grow . In these polarized cells , the top and bottom , left and right , and front and back parts are different from one another . To achieve this , cells actively move molecules to the locations in the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2017	Localised dynactin protects growing microtubules to deliver oskar mRNA to the posterior cortex of the Drosophila oocyte
Although decades of studies have produced a generalized model for tetrapod limb development , urodeles deviate from anurans and amniotes in at least two key respects: their limbs exhibit preaxial skeletal differentiation and do not develop an apical ectodermal ridge ( AER ) . Here , we investigated how Sonic hedgehog (...	Salamanders are a group of amphibians that are well-known for their ability to regenerate lost limbs and other body parts . At the turn of the twentieth century , researchers used salamander embryos as models to understand the basic concepts of how limbs develop in other four-limbed animals , including amphibians , mam...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2019	Fgf-signaling is compartmentalized within the mesenchyme and controls proliferation during salamander limb development
Circadian oscillations emerge from transcriptional and post-translational feedback loops . An important step in generating rhythmicity is the translocation of clock components into the nucleus , which is regulated in many cases by kinases . In mammals , the kinase promoting the nuclear import of the key clock component...	Anyone who has crossed multiple time zones on a long flight will be familiar with jet lag , and that feeling of wanting to sleep at lunchtime and eat in the middle of the night . Many bodily processes , including appetite and wakefulness , roughly follow a 24-hour cycle . These cycles are known as circadian rhythms , f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2019	Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) regulates the circadian clock
The postnatal neurodevelopmental disorder Rett syndrome , caused by mutations in MECP2 , produces a diverse array of symptoms , including loss of language , motor , and social skills and the development of hand stereotypies , anxiety , tremor , ataxia , respiratory dysrhythmias , and seizures . Surprisingly , despite t...	Rett syndrome is a childhood brain disorder that mainly affects girls and causes symptoms including anxiety , tremors , uncoordinated movements and breathing difficulties . Rett syndrome is caused by mutations in a gene called MECP2 , which is found on the X chromosome . Males with MECP2 mutations are rare but have mor...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Restoration of Mecp2 expression in GABAergic neurons is sufficient to rescue multiple disease features in a mouse model of Rett syndrome
Salivary glands , such as submandibular glands ( SMGs ) , are composed of branched epithelial ductal networks that terminate in acini that together produce , transport and secrete saliva . Here , we show that the transcriptional regulator Yap , a key effector of the Hippo pathway , is required for the proper patterning...	Our mouths are continually bathed by saliva – a thick , clear liquid that helps us to swallow and digest our food and protects us against infections . Saliva is produced by and released from salivary glands , which are organs that contain a branched network of tubes . Salivary glands can only properly develop if immatu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2017	The Hippo pathway effector YAP is an essential regulator of ductal progenitor patterning in the mouse submandibular gland
The architecture of corticobasal ganglia pathways allows for many routes to inhibit a planned action: the hyperdirect pathway performs fast action cancellation and the indirect pathway competitively constrains execution signals from the direct pathway . We present a novel model , principled off of basal ganglia circuit...	Imagine you are playing baseball . You can decide not to swing the bat at the incoming ball if you see that it is a wild pitch that will be way outside the strike zone; this is known as reactive control . Alternatively , you may decide not to move because you were coached never to swing at the first pitch ( proactive c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Competing basal ganglia pathways determine the difference between stopping and deciding not to go
Pheromones play an important role in the behavior , ecology , and evolution of many organisms . The structure of many insect pheromones typically consists of a hydrocarbon backbone , occasionally modified with various functional oxygen groups . Here we show that sex-specific triacylclyerides ( TAGs ) are broadly conser...	For animals , the ultimate purpose of life is to have sex , as nothing is more important than passing down your genes to future generations . A wide range of strategies are therefore employed throughout nature to maximize the chances of sexual success , from ostentatious courtship rituals to the subtle subliminal signa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2014	Sex-specific triacylglycerides are widely conserved in Drosophila and mediate mating behavior
Animals and humans need to move deftly and flexibly to adapt to environmental demands . Despite a large body of work on the neural control of walking in invertebrates and vertebrates alike , the mechanisms underlying the motor flexibility that is needed to adjust the motor behavior remain largely unknown . Here , we in...	Walking along a curve or turning is a complex manoeuvre for the nervous system , as it must coordinate different leg movements on each side of the body . Rhythmic processes such as walking are controlled by networks of neurons called central pattern generators . The resulting movements can be adjusted by feedback from ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Body side-specific control of motor activity during turning in a walking animal
The heterotetrameric AP and F-COPI complexes help to define the cellular map of modern eukaryotes . To search for related machinery , we developed a structure-based bioinformatics tool , and identified the core subunits of TSET , a 'missing link' between the APs and COPI . Studies in Dictyostelium indicate that TSET is...	Eukaryotes make up almost all of the life on Earth that we can see around us , and include organisms as diverse as animals , fungi , plants , slime moulds , and seaweeds . The defining feature of eukaryotes is that , unlike nearly all bacteria , they have membrane-bound compartments—such as the nucleus—within their cel...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Characterization of TSET, an ancient and widespread membrane trafficking complex
Mutations in the catalytic subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase ( PIK3CA ) and other PI3K-AKT pathway components have been associated with cancer and a wide spectrum of brain and body overgrowth . In the brain , the phenotypic spectrum of PIK3CA-related segmental overgrowth includes bilateral dysplastic megalencephaly ...	An enzyme called PI3K is involved in a major signaling pathway that controls cell growth . Mutations in this pathway have devastating consequences . When such mutations happen in adults , they can lead to cancer . Mutations that occur in embryos can cause major developmental birth defects , including abnormally large b...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Mouse models of human PIK3CA-related brain overgrowth have acutely treatable epilepsy
How dietary selection affects genome evolution to define the optimal range of nutrient intake is a poorly understood question with medical relevance . We have addressed this question by analyzing Drosophila simulans and sechellia , recently diverged species with differential diet choice . D . sechellia larvae , special...	Animals meet their nutritional needs in a variety of ways . Some animals are specialists feeding only on one type of food; others are generalists that can choose many different kinds of food depending on the situation . Despite these differences in diet , animals have similar needs for basic cellular metabolism . This ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2018	Natural variation in sugar tolerance associates with changes in signaling and mitochondrial ribosome biogenesis
Ascorbic acid ( vitamin C ) is an enzyme co-factor in eukaryotes that also plays a critical role in protecting photosynthetic eukaryotes against damaging reactive oxygen species derived from the chloroplast . Many animal lineages , including primates , have become ascorbate auxotrophs due to the loss of the terminal en...	Animals , plants , algae and other eukaryotic organisms all need vitamin C to enable many of their enzymes to work properly . Vitamin C also protects plant and algal cells from damage by molecules called reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) , which can be produced when these cells harvest energy from sunlight in a process c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2015	Evolution of alternative biosynthetic pathways for vitamin C following plastid acquisition in photosynthetic eukaryotes
Although it is often tacitly assumed that gene regulatory interactions are finely tuned , how accurate gene regulation could evolve from a state without regulation is unclear . Moreover , gene expression noise would seem to impede the evolution of accurate gene regulation , and previous investigations have provided cir...	Genes are stretches of DNA that contain the instructions needed to make proteins and other molecules . By changing how much protein is produced from each gene ( i . e . , its expression ) , many organisms—including humans—can produce a wide variety of cell types with very different behaviors . Similarly , single-celled...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2015	Expression noise facilitates the evolution of gene regulation
Endocannabinoids are recently recognized regulators of brain development , but molecular effectors downstream of type-1 cannabinoid receptor ( CB1R ) -activation remain incompletely understood . We report atypical coupling of neuronal CB1Rs , after activation by endo- or exocannabinoids such as the marijuana component ...	Our brains are full of cells called neurons , which are connected to each other in complex networks that send messages around the brain . The way the neurons connect to each other , known as brain wiring , differs widely between individuals . Moreover , our brain wiring changes in response to our environment and experi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2014	Cannabinoid-induced actomyosin contractility shapes neuronal morphology and growth
Calcium channel blockers ( CCBs ) are prescribed to patients with Marfan syndrome for prophylaxis against aortic aneurysm progression , despite limited evidence for their efficacy and safety in the disorder . Unexpectedly , Marfan mice treated with CCBs show accelerated aneurysm expansion , rupture , and premature leth...	Marfan syndrome is a disorder that affects the body's connective tissues , which maintain the structure of the body and support organs and other tissues . People with Marfan syndrome have connective tissues that can stretch more than those of other people , which put them at increased risk of a life-threatening tear in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "medicine" ]	2015	A deleterious gene-by-environment interaction imposed by calcium channel blockers in Marfan syndrome
Bathymodiolus mussels live in symbiosis with intracellular sulfur-oxidizing ( SOX ) bacteria that provide them with nutrition . We sequenced the SOX symbiont genomes from two Bathymodiolus species . Comparison of these symbiont genomes with those of their closest relatives revealed that the symbionts have undergone gen...	Although bacteria are commonly associated with causing illness , many are actually beneficial to the organism they live in or on . The phenomenon of one species helping another to survive is known as symbiosis . Animals thrive at hydrothermal vents in the deep sea because of their partnerships with symbiotic bacteria ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2015	Abundant toxin-related genes in the genomes of beneficial symbionts from deep-sea hydrothermal vent mussels
Von Hippel-Landau ( VHL ) protein is a potent tumor suppressor regulating numerous pathways that drive cancer , but mutations in VHL are restricted to limited subsets of malignancies . Here we identified a novel mechanism for VHL suppression in tumors that do not have inactivating mutations . Using developmental proces...	Glioblastoma is the deadliest form of brain cancer , and the rate of patient survival has not significantly improved over the past 70 years . This cancer arises when glial cells , which provide support and insulation to nerve cells , develop mutations that alter the activity of certain genes or alter the role they play...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2017	Daam2 driven degradation of VHL promotes gliomagenesis
The control principles behind robust cyclic regeneration of hair follicles ( HFs ) remain unclear . Using multi-scale modeling , we show that coupling inhibitors and activators with physical growth of HFs is sufficient to drive periodicity and excitability of hair regeneration . Model simulations and experimental data ...	Skin includes hundreds of thousands of hair follicles that cycle through different stages of activity . Each follicle grows hair , sometimes ( in the case of long hairs like human head hair and horse tail hairs ) for several years , before losing it . The follicle then goes through a resting stage before starting to gr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2017	A multi-scale model for hair follicles reveals heterogeneous domains driving rapid spatiotemporal hair growth patterning
Recent sequencing studies have extensively explored the somatic alterations present in the nuclear genomes of cancers . Although mitochondria control energy metabolism and apoptosis , the origins and impact of cancer-associated mutations in mtDNA are unclear . In this study , we analyzed somatic alterations in mtDNA fr...	The DNA in a cell's nucleus must be copied faithfully , and divided equally , when a cell divides to produce two new cells . Mistakes—or mutations—are sometimes made during the copying process , and mutations can also be introduced by exposing DNA to damaging agents known as mutagens , such as UV light or cigarette smo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2014	Origins and functional consequences of somatic mitochondrial DNA mutations in human cancer
Amyloid precursor protein ( APP ) is enriched at the synapse , but its synaptic function is still poorly understood . We previously showed that GABAergic short-term plasticity is impaired in App knock-out ( App-/- ) animals , but the precise mechanism by which APP regulates GABAergic synaptic transmission has remained ...	Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia . One of the hallmarks of the disease is the formation of sticky protein clumps called amyloid plaques in the brain . These plaques are formed from specific fragments of a protein called APP . The intact form of APP is essential for synapses ( the junctions across...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	APP modulates KCC2 expression and function in hippocampal GABAergic inhibition
In vertebrate development , the sequential and rhythmic segmentation of the body axis is regulated by a “segmentation clock” . This clock is comprised of a population of coordinated oscillating cells that together produce rhythmic gene expression patterns in the embryo . Whether individual cells autonomously maintain o...	The timing and pattern of gene activity in cells can be very important . For example , precise gene activity patterns in 24-hour circadian clocks help to set daily cycles of rest and activity in organisms . In such scenarios , cells often communicate with each other to coordinate the activity of their genes . To fully ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "physics", "of", "living", "systems", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2016	Persistence, period and precision of autonomous cellular oscillators from the zebrafish segmentation clock
Sphingolipids are important structural components of cell membranes and prominent signaling molecules controlling cell growth , differentiation , and apoptosis . Sphingolipids are particularly abundant in the brain , and defects in sphingolipid degradation are associated with several human neurodegenerative diseases . ...	All cells in the brain start life as stem cells which are yet to have a defined role in the body . A wide range of molecules and chemical signals guide stem cells towards a neuronal fate , including a group of molecules called sphingolipids . These molecules sit in the membrane surrounding the cell and play a pivotal r...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "cell", "biology" ]	2021	SIRT1 regulates sphingolipid metabolism and neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells through c-Myc-SMPDL3B
Centromeres vary greatly in size and sequence composition , ranging from ‘point’ centromeres with a single cenH3-containing nucleosome to ‘regional’ centromeres embedded in tandemly repeated sequences to holocentromeres that extend along the length of entire chromosomes . Point centromeres are defined by sequence , whe...	During cell division , the chromosomes in the original cell must be replicated and these ‘sister chromosomes’ must then be divided equally between the two new daughter cells . At first , the sister chromosomes are held together near a region called the centromere , which is important because the microtubules that pull ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2014	Holocentromeres are dispersed point centromeres localized at transcription factor hotspots
Cancer clone evolution takes place within tissue ecosystem habitats . But , how exactly tumors arise from a few malignant cells within an intact epithelium is a central , yet unanswered question . This is mainly due to the inaccessibility of this process to longitudinal imaging together with a lack of systems that mode...	There are now drugs to treat many types of cancer , but questions still remain around how these diseases start in the first place . Researchers think that tumor growth begins when a single cell suffers damage to certain sites in its DNA that eventually cause it to divide uncontrollably . That damaged cell , and its des...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources", "cancer", "biology" ]	2020	Tracking cells in epithelial acini by light sheet microscopy reveals proximity effects in breast cancer initiation
The dynamics of predator-prey pursuit appears complex , making the development of a framework explaining predator and prey strategies problematic . We develop a model for terrestrial , cursorial predators to examine how animal mass modulates predator and prey trajectories and affects best strategies for both parties . ...	A pursuit between a predator and its prey involves complex strategies . Prey often make sudden sharp turns when running to evade a predator . Any predator that cannot turn quickly enough will have to run further to catch up with the prey again , thus potentially allowing the prey to pull away from the predator . The ti...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology" ]	2015	Mass enhances speed but diminishes turn capacity in terrestrial pursuit predators
Cytoplasmic dynein is the predominant minus-end-directed microtubule ( MT ) motor in most eukaryotic cells . In addition to transporting vesicular cargos , dynein helps to organize MTs within MT networks such as mitotic spindles . How dynein performs such non-canonical functions is unknown . Here we demonstrate that dy...	When cells divide , they must also divide their contents . In particular , both ‘mother’ and ‘daughter’ cells require full sets of chromosomes , which must first be duplicated , and then evenly distributed between the cells . Protein filaments called microtubules form a network that helps to accurately segregate the ch...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2013	Cytoplasmic dynein crosslinks and slides anti-parallel microtubules using its two motor domains
Morphogenesis emerges from complex multiscale interactions between genetic and mechanical processes . To understand these processes , the evolution of cell shape , proliferation and gene expression must be quantified . This quantification is usually performed either in full 3D , which is computationally expensive and t...	Animals , plants and other multicellular organisms develop their distinctive three-dimensional shapes as they grow . This process—called morphogenesis—is influenced by many genes and involves communication between cells to control the ability of individual cells to divide and grow . The precise timing and location of e...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "developmental", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2015	MorphoGraphX: A platform for quantifying morphogenesis in 4D
The 14th–18th century pandemic of Yersinia pestis caused devastating disease outbreaks in Europe for almost 400 years . The reasons for plague’s persistence and abrupt disappearance in Europe are poorly understood , but could have been due to either the presence of now-extinct plague foci in Europe itself , or successi...	A bacterium called Yersina pestis is responsible for numerous human outbreaks of plague throughout history . It is carried by rats and other rodents and can spread to humans causing what we conventionally refer to as plague . The most notorious of these plague outbreaks – the Black Death – claimed millions of lives in ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2016	Eighteenth century Yersinia pestis genomes reveal the long-term persistence of an historical plague focus
We perform a comprehensive integrative analysis of multiple structural MR-based brain features and find for the first-time strong evidence relating inter-individual brain structural variations to a wide range of demographic and behavioral variates across a large cohort of young healthy human volunteers . Our analyses r...	For years , scientists have tried to explain human behavior by measuring brain characteristics . During the first half of the 19th century , craniometry , the science of taking measurements of the skull , was a popular field of research and cognitive abilities as well as many behaviors were associated with different sk...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2019	Inter-individual differences in human brain structure and morphology link to variation in demographics and behavior
Mechanical loading , such as caused by exercise , stimulates bone formation by osteoblasts and increases bone strength , but the mechanisms are poorly understood . Osteocytes reside in bone matrix , sense changes in mechanical load , and produce signals that alter bone formation by osteoblasts . We report that the ion ...	Bone size and strength depend on physical activity . Increased forces on the skeleton , such as those that occur during exercise , trigger more bone formation and make bones stronger . Conversely , reduced forces , caused for example by the lack physical activity , cause bone loss and increase the risk of fractures . B...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2019	Stimulation of Piezo1 by mechanical signals promotes bone anabolism
How pancreatic β-cells acquire function in vivo is a long-standing mystery due to the lack of technology to visualize β-cell function in living animals . Here , we applied a high-resolution two-photon light-sheet microscope for the first in vivo imaging of Ca2+activity of every β-cell in Tg ( ins:Rcamp1 . 07 ) zebrafis...	When the amount of sugar in our body rises , specialised cells known as β-cells respond by releasing insulin , a hormone that acts on various organs to keep blood sugar levels within a healthy range . These cells cluster in small ‘islets’ inside our pancreas . If the number of working β-cells declines , diseases such a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "developmental", "biology" ]	2019	In vivo imaging of β-cell function reveals glucose-mediated heterogeneity of β-cell functional development
Transport of biologically active molecules across tight epithelial barriers is a major challenge preventing therapeutic peptides from oral drug delivery . Here , we identify a set of synthetic glycosphingolipids that harness the endogenous process of intracellular lipid-sorting to enable mucosal absorption of the incre...	To work properly , drugs need to be absorbed efficiently into the body . Medications that are injected directly into the bloodstream are often quickly transported to the organs or tissues they target . But injections are not always convenient , and many patients would instead prefer to swallow a pill or tablet . If a d...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2018	Mucosal absorption of therapeutic peptides by harnessing the endogenous sorting of glycosphingolipids
In many species , within-group conflict leads to immediate avoidance of potential aggressors or increases in affiliation , but no studies have investigated delayed post-conflict management behaviour . Here , we experimentally test that possibility using a wild but habituated population of dwarf mongooses ( Helogale par...	Social animals that live in groups often have disagreements over access to mates and food . Even fleeting in-group disputes can be costly , disrupting relationships , wasting time and energy , or causing injury if aggression escalates . So , much like humans , many social animals , including primates , birds and dogs ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2021	Experimental evidence for delayed post-conflict management behaviour in wild dwarf mongooses
The final identity of a differentiated neuron is determined by multiple signaling events , including activity dependent calcium transients . Non-canonical Frizzled2 ( Fz2 ) signaling generates calcium transients that determine neuronal polarity , neuronal migration , and synapse assembly in the developing vertebrate br...	The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is an aerial acrobat . These insects can suddenly change direction in less than one hundredth of a second , explaining why a moving fly can be so difficult to swat . To perform their aerial manoeuvres , the flies continually combine information from multiple senses , including visi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Maturation of a central brain flight circuit in Drosophila requires Fz2/Ca2+ signaling
Understanding T cell function in vivo is of key importance for basic and translational immunology alike . To study T cells in vivo , we developed a new knock-in mouse line , which expresses a fusion protein of granzyme B , a key component of cytotoxic granules involved in T cell-mediated target cell-killing , and monom...	Cytotoxic , or killer , T cells are a key part of the immune system . They carry a lethal mixture of toxic chemicals , stored in packages called cytotoxic granules . Killer T cells inject the contents of these granules into infected , cancerous or otherwise foreign cells , forcing them to safely self-destruct . In test...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "tools", "and", "resources", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2020	Studying the biology of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vivo with a fluorescent granzyme B-mTFP knock-in mouse
Unrelated genes establish head-to-tail polarity in embryos of different fly species , raising the question of how they evolve this function . We show that in moth flies ( Clogmia , Lutzomyia ) , a maternal transcript isoform of odd-paired ( Zic ) is localized in the anterior egg and adopted the role of anterior determi...	With very few exceptions , animals have ‘head’ and ‘tail’ ends that develop when they are an embryo . The genes involved in specifying these ends vary between species and even closely-related animals may use different genes for the same roles . For example , the products of two unrelated genes called bicoid in fruit fl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2019	Embryo polarity in moth flies and mosquitoes relies on distinct old genes with localized transcript isoforms
Changes in cancer cell identity can alter malignant potential and therapeutic response . Loss of the pulmonary lineage specifier NKX2-1 augments the growth of KRAS-driven lung adenocarcinoma and causes pulmonary to gastric transdifferentiation . Here , we show that the transcription factors FoxA1 and FoxA2 are required...	Among all cancers , lung cancers cause the most deaths worldwide . There are many different types of lung cancer , each of which contain lung cancer cells that look different . As a general rule , lung cancer cells that look the most like healthy lung cells are the least aggressive . Cancer cells that take on the appea...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2018	FoxA1 and FoxA2 drive gastric differentiation and suppress squamous identity in NKX2-1-negative lung cancer
Reliably detecting unexpected sounds is important for environmental awareness and survival . By selectively reducing responses to frequently , but not rarely , occurring sounds , auditory cortical neurons are thought to enhance the brain's ability to detect unexpected events through stimulus-specific adaptation ( SSA )...	In everyday life , we are often exposed to a mix of different sounds . An essential task for our brain is to separate the important sounds from the unimportant ones . For example , stepping out onto a busy street , you may at first be very aware of the noise of traffic . Later , you may start to ignore the din and inst...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Complementary control of sensory adaptation by two types of cortical interneurons
Eukaryotic cells deploy autophagy to eliminate invading microbes . In turn , pathogens have evolved effector proteins to counteract antimicrobial autophagy . How adapted pathogens co-opt autophagy for their own benefit is poorly understood . The Irish famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans secretes the effector protein...	With its long filaments reaching deep inside its prey , the tiny fungi-like organism known as Phytophthora infestans has had a disproportionate impact on human history . Latching onto plants and feeding on their cells , it has caused large-scale starvation events such as the Irish or Highland potato famines . Many spec...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology" ]	2021	An oomycete effector subverts host vesicle trafficking to channel starvation-induced autophagy to the pathogen interface
RNA-binding proteins play myriad roles in regulating RNAs and RNA-mediated functions . In bacteria , the RNA chaperone Hfq is an important post-transcriptional gene regulator . Using live-cell super-resolution imaging , we can distinguish Hfq binding to different sizes of cellular RNAs . We demonstrate that under norma...	Messenger RNAs or mRNAs are molecules that the cell uses to transfer the information stored in the cell’s DNA so it can be used to make proteins . Bacteria can regulate their levels of mRNA molecules , and they can therefore control how many proteins are being made , by producing a different type of RNA called small re...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2021	Dynamic interactions between the RNA chaperone Hfq, small regulatory RNAs, and mRNAs in live bacterial cells
Transmission of respiratory pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2 depends on patterns of contact and mixing across populations . Understanding this is crucial to predict pathogen spread and the effectiveness of control efforts . Most analyses of contact patterns to date have focused on high-income settings . Here , we conduct a...	Infectious diseases , particularly those caused by airborne pathogens like SARS-CoV-2 , spread by social contact , and understanding how people mix is critical in controlling outbreaks . To explore these patterns , researchers typically carry out large contact surveys . Participants are asked for personal information (...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health" ]	2021	Social contact patterns and implications for infectious disease transmission – a systematic review and meta-analysis of contact surveys
Homeostatic regulation of the partial pressure of CO2 ( PCO2 ) is vital for life . Sensing of pH has been proposed as a sufficient proxy for determination of PCO2 and direct CO2-sensing largely discounted . Here we show that connexin 26 ( Cx26 ) hemichannels , causally linked to respiratory chemosensitivity , are direc...	A number of gaseous molecules , including nitric oxide and carbon monoxide , play important roles in many cellular processes by acting as signalling molecules . Surprisingly , however , it has long been assumed that carbon dioxide – a gaseous molecule that is produced during cellular metabolism – is not a signalling mo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2013	CO2 directly modulates connexin 26 by formation of carbamate bridges between subunits
The chromatophore of purple bacteria is an intracellular spherical vesicle that exists in numerous copies in the cell and that efficiently converts sunlight into ATP synthesis , operating typically under low light conditions . Building on an atomic-level structural model of a low-light-adapted chromatophore vesicle fro...	Photosynthesis , or the conversion of light energy into chemical energy , is a process that powers almost all life on Earth . Plants and certain bacteria share similar processes to perform photosynthesis , though the purple bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides uses a photosynthetic system that is much less complex than th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "physics", "of", "living", "systems", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2016	Overall energy conversion efficiency of a photosynthetic vesicle
Many organisms lose the capacity to regenerate damaged tissues as they mature . Damaged Drosophila imaginal discs regenerate efficiently early in the third larval instar ( L3 ) but progressively lose this ability . This correlates with reduced damage-responsive expression of multiple genes , including the WNT genes win...	The ability of many animals to regenerate damaged tissues decreases as they age , for example , newborn mice can regenerate damaged heart tissue while older mice cannot . Researchers are trying to discover why older animals lose the ability to regenerate , which may help us to develop therapies that can regenerate dama...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Localized epigenetic silencing of a damage-activated WNT enhancer limits regeneration in mature Drosophila imaginal discs
Rabex-5 and Rabaptin-5 function together to activate Rab5 and further promote early endosomal fusion in endocytosis . The Rabex-5 GEF activity is autoinhibited by the Rabex-5 CC domain ( Rabex-5CC ) and activated by the Rabaptin-5 C2-1 domain ( Rabaptin-5C21 ) with yet unknown mechanism . We report here the crystal str...	Cells need to allow various molecules to pass through the plasma membrane on their surface . Some molecules have to enter the cell , whereas others have to leave . Cells rely on a process called endocytosis to move large molecules into the cell . This involves part of the membrane engulfing the molecule to form a ‘bubb...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2014	Molecular mechanism for Rabex-5 GEF activation by Rabaptin-5
We make choices based on the values of expected outcomes , informed by previous experience in similar settings . When the outcomes of our decisions consistently violate expectations , new learning is needed to maximize rewards . Yet not every surprising event indicates a meaningful change in the environment . Even when...	Nobody likes waiting – we opt for online shopping to avoid standing in lines , grow impatient in traffic , and often prefer restaurants that serve food quickly . When making decisions , humans and other animals try to maximize the benefits by weighing up the costs and rewards associated with a situation . Many regions ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Complementary contributions of basolateral amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex to value learning under uncertainty
Changes in expression patterns may occur when organisms are presented with new environmental challenges , for example following migration or genetic changes . To elucidate the mechanisms by which the translational machinery adapts to such changes , we perturbed the tRNA pool of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by tRNA gene del...	Genes contain the blueprints for the proteins that are essential for countless biological functions and processes , and the path that leads from a particular gene to the corresponding protein is long and complex . The genetic information stored in the DNA must first be transcribed to produce a messenger RNA molecule , ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2013	tRNA genes rapidly change in evolution to meet novel translational demands
The prokaryotic CRISPR ( clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats ) -associated protein , Cas9 , has been widely adopted as a tool for editing , imaging , and regulating eukaryotic genomes . However , our understanding of how to select single-guide RNAs ( sgRNAs ) that mediate efficient Cas9 activity is inco...	Many bacteria have a type of immune system known as CRISPR that can target and cut foreign DNA to protect it against viruses . Recently , the CRISPR system was adapted to allow scientists to easily manipulate the genome of humans and many other organisms . However , unlike the loosely organized DNA found in bacteria , ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "short", "report" ]	2016	Nucleosomes impede Cas9 access to DNA in vivo and in vitro
The vertebrate eye primordium consists of a pseudostratified neuroepithelium , the optic vesicle ( OV ) , in which cells acquire neural retina or retinal pigment epithelium ( RPE ) fates . As these fates arise , the OV assumes a cup shape , influenced by mechanical forces generated within the neural retina . Whether th...	Rounded eyeballs help to optimize vision – but how do they acquire their distinctive shape ? In animals with backbones , including humans , the eye begins to form early in development . A single layer of embryonic tissue called the optic vesicle reorganizes itself into a two-layered structure: a thin outer layer of cel...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2021	Stretching of the retinal pigment epithelium contributes to zebrafish optic cup morphogenesis
Within a single generation time a growing yeast cell imports ∼14 million ribosomal proteins ( r-proteins ) into the nucleus for ribosome production . After import , it is unclear how these intrinsically unstable and aggregation-prone proteins are targeted to the ribosome assembly site in the nucleolus . Here , we repor...	The production of a protein in a cell starts with a region of DNA being transcribed to produce a molecule of messenger RNA . A large molecular machine called ribosome then reads the information in the messenger RNA molecule to produce a protein . Ribosomes themselves are made of RNA and several different proteins calle...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	A RanGTP-independent mechanism allows ribosomal protein nuclear import for ribosome assembly
Bitter compounds elicit an aversive response . In Drosophila , bitter-sensitive taste neurons coexpress many members of the Gr family of taste receptors . However , the molecular logic of bitter signaling is unknown . We used an in vivo expression approach to analyze the logic of bitter taste signaling . Ectopic or ove...	Insects and other animals use their sense of taste to tell if their food is safe to eat . Plant toxins , for example , often have a bitter flavor that animals can detect and avoid . Fruit flies have many bitter-sensitive nerve cells , but it is not known how the receptors on these nerve cells signal the detection of bi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Bitter taste receptors confer diverse functions to neurons

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