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Driving energy management of front-and-rear-motor-drive electric vehicle based on hybrid radial basis function
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2775Keywords:
electric vehicle, drive, energy management, optimization, torque distribution, predictive model, hardware testAbstract
This paper presents mathematical methods to develop a high-efficiency and real-time driving energy management for a front-and-rear-motor-drive electric vehicle (FRMDEV), which is equipped with an induction motor (IM) and a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). First of all, in order to develop motor-loss models for energy optimization, database of with three factors, which are speed, torque and temperature, was created to characterize motor operation based on HALTON sequence method. The response surface model of motor loss, as the function of the motor-operation database, was developed with the use of Gauss radial basis function (RBF). The accuracy of the motor-loss model was verified according to statistical analysis. Then, in order to create a two-factor energy management strategy, the modification models of the torque required by driver (Td) and the torque distribution coefficient (β) were constructed based on the state of charge (SOC) of battery and the motor temperature, respectively. According to the motor-loss models, the fitness function for optimization was designed, where the influence of the non-work on system consumption was analyzed and calculated. The optimal β was confirmed with the use of the off-line particle swarm optimization (PSO). Moreover, to achieve both high accuracy and real-time performance under random vehicle operation, the predictive model of the optimal β was developed based on the hybrid RBF. The modeling and predictive accuracies of the predictive model were analyzed and verified. Finally, a hardware-in-loop (HIL) test platform was developed and the predictive model was tested. Test results show that, the developed predictive model of β based on hybrid RBF can achieve both real-time and economic performances, which is applicable to engineering application. More importantly, in comparison with the original torque distribution based on rule algorithm, the torque distribution based on hybrid RBF is able to reduce driving energy consumption by 9.51% under urban cycle.
References
BHATTI, A. R., SALAM, Z., 2018. A rule-based energy management scheme for uninter-rupted electric vehicles charging at constant price using photovoltaic-grid system Renewable Energy, 125, 384-400.
SUN, B., GAO, S., MA, C., 2016. Mathematical Methods Applied to Economy Optimization of an Electric Vehicle with Distributed Power Train System. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2016, 4949561.
SUN, B., ZHANG, T., GAO, S., GE, W., LI, B., 2018. Design of brake force distribution model for front-and-rear-motor-drive electric vehicle based on radial basis function. Archives of Transport, 48(4), 87-98
CHINA AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY RE-SEARCH CENTER, NISSAN (CHINA) IN-VESTMENT CO., LTD., DONGFENG MOTOR COMPANY, 2015. Report on development of new energy automotive industry. Beijing: Social Sciences Literature Press.
GUO, H., HE, H., XIAO, X., 2014. A Predictive Distribution Model for Cooperative Braking System of an Electric Vehicle. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2014, 1-11.
PENG, J., HE, H., XIONG, R., 2017. Rule based energy management strategy for a series–parallel plug-in hybrid electric bus optimized by dynamic programming. Applied Energy, 185(2), 1633-1643.
KUMAR, M. S., REVANKAR, S. T., 2017. Development scheme and key technology of an electric vehicle: An overview. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, 1266-1285.
MERKISZ-GURANOWSKA, A., PIELECHA, J., 2014. Passenger cars and heavy duty vehicles exhaust emissions under real driving conditions. Archives of Transport, 31(3), 47-59.
SULAIMAN, N., HANNAN, M. A., MOHAMED, A., KER, P. J., MAJLAN, E. H., & DAUD, W. W., 2018. Optimization of energy management system for fuel-cell hybrid electric vehicles: issues and recommendations. Applied energy, 228, 2061-2079.
MUTOH, N., 2012. Driving and Braking Torque Distribution Methods for Front-and Rear-Wheel-Independent Drive-Type Electric Vehicles on Roads With Low Friction Coefficient. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 59(7), 3919-3933.
ADDERLY, S. A., MANUKIAN, D., SULLI-VAN, T. D., & SON, M., 2018. Electric vehicles and natural disaster policy implications. Energy Policy, 2018:437-448.
SUN, B., GAO, S., WANG P., ET AL., 2017. A Research on Torque Distribution Strategy for Dual-Motor Four-Wheel-Drive Electric Vehicle Based on Motor Loss Mechanism. Automotive engineering, 39(4), 386-393.
SUN, D., LAN, F.,, HE, X., 2016. Study on Adaptive Acceleration Slip Regulation for Dual-motor Four-wheel Drive Electric Vehicle. Automotive engineering, 38(5), 600-619.
SUN, B., GAO, S., WU Z., ET AL., 2017. Parameters Design and Economy Study of an Electric Vehicle with Powertrain Systems in Front and Rear Axle. International Journal of Engineering Transactions A: Basics, 29(4), 454-463.
CHEN, S. Y., WU, C. H., HUNG, Y. H., & CHUNG, C. T., 2018. Optimal strategies of energy management integrated with transmission control for a hybrid electric vehicle using dynamic particle swarm optimization. Energy, 160, 154-170.
SHI,Y., 2014. Research on energy management strategy of tandem hybrid hydraulic vehicle based on fuzzy logic, Master of Engineering, Jilin University, China.
XI, Z., 2013. Vehicle energy management: modeling, control and optimization. Beijing: China Machine Press.
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The University will welcome guests back to graduation ceremonies from April 2022 for the first time in two years. Due to the pandemic, graduation was at first run in absence only, but in-person Degree Congregations were re-introduced later in 2021, with social distancing in place and live streaming available because we wanted to offer those graduating an occasion to celebrate with their fellow students.
The University will welcome guests back to graduation ceremonies from April 2022 for the first time in two years. Due to the pandemic, graduation was at first run in absence only, but in-person Degree Congregations were re-introduced later in 2021, with social distancing in place and live streaming available because we wanted to offer those graduating an occasion to celebrate with their fellow students.
We are delighted to be looking forward to welcoming family and friends back to the Senate-House
Bridget Kendall
From 29 April, family and friends will be able to attend these historic occasions in person, although the live streaming service will continue.
Degree Congregations are ceremonial meetings of the University’s Governing Body, the Regent House, where degrees are conferred, either in person or in absence if the student is not present.
The Chair of the joint University and Colleges Working Group on Congregations, the Master of Peterhouse, Bridget Kendall, said:
“We are delighted to be looking forward to welcoming family and friends back to the Senate House at our Degree Congregations from the end of April. Graduations are normally a highlight across the academic year, but the last two years have made it challenging to hold them. Guests have been able to watch an adjusted form of ceremony online since June 2021 and have appreciated that opportunity. For that reason, the streaming service will continue, allowing those who can’t attend to participate in real-time and share in the tradition of the occasion.”
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A distress beacon is a small, lightweight device. You raise the aerial, push a button and it transmits a signal via satellites to tell rescuers you need assistance.
In New Zealand, the Rescue Coordination Centre NZ responds to all beacon activations. They work quickly to find out as many details as they can about who set off the beacon and promptly send search and rescue teams to assist.
Why you should take one
A distress beacon lets you instantly signal for help and they work almost anywhere in the world.
The beacon shows rescuers your approximate location, taking the ‘search’ out of search and rescue. The sooner rescuers can help you, the more likely you are to survive.
Call for help early
If you or someone else is in a life-threatening situation, set your beacon off. Situations can deteriorate rapidly. The sooner you activate it, the faster help can be sent to your location.
If you are unsure about when to activate the beacon, it is better to activate it and get help.
Types of beacon
Types of beacon include:
- PLB – Personal Locator Beacon designed to be carried by an individual person.
- EPIRB – Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon for use in boats and commercial vessels
- ELT – Emergency Locator Transmitter for use in aircraft
- SEND – Satellite Emergency Notification Device that allows users to send and receive messages, eg Garmin inReach, SPOT tracker.
See Rescue Coordination Centre NZ - beacons.org.nz for more information about beacons.
For most people doing outdoor activities, a PLB and/or a SEND are the right type of beacons to carry.
Difference between a PLB and SEND
Knowing the difference between a PLB and SEND (eg Garmin inReach, SPOT tracker) is important as it could impact on your safety and ability to get rescued.
PLB
PLBs are on a satellite network with good coverage across New Zealand. Batteries on some models last up to 10 years. The frequency they give out is powerful and able to get through foliage and clouds but it isn’t perfect, often a line of sight to the sky is still needed.
Some models come with both radio and satellite frequency (models with 406 Mhz and 121.5 Mhz capability) which means that when a rescue helicopter gets close, they can tune into the radio network and hone in on the PLB’s location. Newer models should also be GPS-enabled which will send your location to the rescue team.
SPOT tracker and Garmin inReach
SPOT and inReach use different satellite networks to PLBs. SPOT operates on the Globalstar satellite network and the inReach on the Iridium satellite network. They have the advantage of being able to live track you, but they rely on batteries that need charging, like you would a phone.
They use a different network to PLBs and have less coverage and a weaker signal. They might not work if you are under thick canopy, in a particularly remote location, or the weather is bad.
The inReach and some SPOT models are able to send pre-set messages or two-way communication like a phone.
The messages and emergency alerts from SPOT and inReach go through a third-party desk overseas which are then forwarded to the New Zealand Rescue Coordination Centre.
Carrying two devices
You may choose to carry a SEND and a PLB. This gives you the advantage of the two-way communication network on the SEND to update trip intentions, get weather forecasts, allow family and friends to track your movements, and give details when needing a rescue. As well as a PLB as a safer, reliable option to activate in emergencies – without the worry about signal strength or batteries dying.
Buy a beacon
Distress beacons are widely used in New Zealand with over 100,000 in circulation.
Beacons cost between $300–$500, a small price to pay to save your life.
Owning a SEND
Many SEND require an ongoing, paid subscription to send or receive any messages, whether or not it is an emergency.
Owning a PLB
All PLBs must be registered. Registering your PLB is fast, easy and free. It’s also required by law. Registration provides searchers with essential information that could save your life. Once registered there are no ongoing subscription fees.
Hire a beacon
Hiring is an affordable option if you don’t want to buy. There are hire outlets throughout New Zealand.
You can hire PLBs at these DOC Visitor Centres.
North Island:
- Kauaeranga Visitor Centre
- Tongariro National Park Visitor Centre
- Taranaki/ Egmont National Park Visitor Centre
South Island:
- Rotoiti / Nelson Lakes Visitor Centre
- Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park Visitor Centre
- Arthur’s Pass National Park Visitor Centre
- Paparoa National Park Visitor Centre
- Tititea / Mount Aspiring National Park Visitor Centre
- Whakatipu-wai-Māori / Queenstown Visitor Centre
- Westland Tai Poutini National Park Visitor Centre
Stewart Island:
- Rakiura National Park Visitor Centre
You can also hire beacons at other places, such as tramping shops. Find a hire place near you.
Beacon disposal
Old or obsolete beacons need to be disposed of carefully to ensure that they do not get activated accidentally. Return your beacon to:
- the retailer where you purchased it
- your nearest police station, or
- Rescue Coordination Centre NZ by courier.
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We don't hear anywhere near enough in the media about the work of commercializing biotech and regenerative medicine, yet this part of the path from laboratory to therapy is just as vital as the initial science. This article from the Miami Herald gives a brief overview of the current state of play for stem cells in the business and venture capital worlds. The short of it would be that many, many people are interested, and see huge potential for investment and profit. Unfortunately, the current regulatory atmosphere presents equally large risks. The current US administration, and other governments overseas, have scared off investment in regenerative medicine. Thus, more time and lives are lost to the monster of politics.
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The accumulation of senescent cells with age is one of the causes of degenerative aging, as senescent cells behave badly, emitting proteins that harm surrounding tissues. Finding a way to clearly identify senescent cells is a necessary step on the path to a targeted treatment that can destroy them, using engineered
While TRF2 is found at telomeres, where it plays an essential role in maintaining telomere integrity, little is known about the cellular localization of methylated TRF2. In this report, we have shown that methylated TRF2 is associated with the nuclear matrix and that this localization is largely free of human telomeres. We show that methylated TRF2 drastically alters its nuclear staining as normal human primary fibroblast cells approach and enter replicative senescence. This altered nuclear staining, which is found to be overwhelmingly associated with misshapen nuclei and abnormal nuclear matrix folds, can be suppressed by hTERT and it is barely detectable in transformed and cancer cell lines.We find that dysfunctional telomeres and DNA damage, both of which are potent inducers of cellular senescence, promote the altered nuclear staining of methylated TRF2, which is dependent upon the ATM-mediated DNA damage response. Collectively, these results suggest that the altered nuclear staining of methylated TRF2 may represent ATM-mediated nuclear structural alteration associated with cellular senescence. Our data further imply that methylated TRF2 can serve as a potential biomarker for cellular senescence.
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Don't have an account? Send your choice of User Name via email, and an account will be created for you. Please allow 48 hours for processing.
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FP
base
info
about FPbase
help & FAQs
how to cite FPbase
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API
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tools
spectra viewer
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Continue
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To provide the best experiences, we use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions.
Functional
Always active
The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network.
Preferences
The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user.
Statistics
The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes.The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you.
Marketing
The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes.
To provide the best experiences, we use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions.
Functional
Always active
The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network.
Preferences
The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user.
Statistics
The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes.The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you.
Marketing
The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes.
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district of Malaysia in Terengganu
Read more on Wikipedia.
Data last updated 2024-11-01.
No social media accounts found! Know some? Add them to Wikidata.
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municipality in the canton of Bern in Switzerland
Read more on Wikipedia.
Data last updated 2024-11-01.
No social media accounts found! Know some? Add them to Wikidata.
|
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Second flash that I did of Keric sucking cock :) Just an animation loop again XD More games in the HUMRcade section.
Labels: elf , flash , keric , oral
i wish i could suck keric
quiero chupar una pija asi ¡¡¡
Keric is so sexy~!
I wonder who's he blowing.. xD
I wish he would blow me like that
me to he is so fucking hot
i think he should suck my Best friend instead (hes a boy so shaadup)
I wish I could fuck keric.
I be on my shirt and tie shit, tie shit, tieI be on my shirt and tie shit, tie shitCan I show you a few things?A few things, a few things, little baby 'causeI be on my shirt and tie shit, tie shitI be on my shirt and tie shit, tie shitLet me show you a few thingsLet me show you a few thingsWait a minute, you ready, JT?I can't wait 'til I get you on the floor, good-lookingGoing out so hot, just like an ovenAnd I'll burn myself, but just had to touch itIt's so fly and it's all mineHey baby, we don't mind all the watching, hi'Cause if they study close, real close, they might learn somethingHe ain't nothing but a little doozy when he does itHe's so fly (he's so fly) tonightAnd as long as I've got my shirt and tieI'ma leave it all on the floor…
As long as I've got my shirt and tieI'ma leave it all on the floor tonightBaby got fixed up to the ninesLet me show you a few things (show you a few things)All pressed up in black and whiteAnd you're dressed in that dress I likeLove is swinging in the air tonightLet me show you a few things (show you a few things)Let me show you a few thingsShow you a few things, about love (love, love)(Let, let) let me show you a few thingsShow you a few things, about love, hey oh
Follow Me:
All processors accept major credit cards.
Note A link will be sent to your email address to download digital goods you've purchased.
More at Studio Rai29.
Humplex by Humbuged is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
All rights reserved.
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|
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Photographer Bill Wadman in Brooklyn, New York is making 365 Portraits 2017...
Why did you decide to do this project? I'm making portraits every day because it forces me to produce work constantly and subsequently keeps depression at bay. Also, it's been ten years since my original 365 Portraits project which started my professional photography career. So at about 11:40PM on New Years Eve I thought I'd jump in with both feet to do it again and so registered the @wadman365 Instagram account. Mostly new subjects plus a handful of alumni from the first set ten years later. It's just fun to spend some time getting to know new people and see where each new connection takes me. Plus it keeps me from reading too much about current events I have no control over. I guess that's a multi-level justification.
Why did you decide to do this project? I'm making portraits every day because it forces me to produce work constantly and subsequently keeps depression at bay. Also, it's been ten years since my original 365 Portraits project which started my professional photography career. So at about 11:40PM on New Years Eve I thought I'd jump in with both feet to do it again and so registered the @wadman365 Instagram account. Mostly new subjects plus a handful of alumni from the first set ten years later. It's just fun to spend some time getting to know new people and see where each new connection takes me. Plus it keeps me from reading too much about current events I have no control over. I guess that's a multi-level justification.
How has doing a yearlong/daily project affected your life? Ah well, since I've been through this before a number of times I knew what to expect. The biggest hurdle for me is the fact that I need a constant flow of new and dependable subjects because I must shoot and post every day. Logistics, scheduling, coming up with new and interesting ideas and compositions either beforehand or on the spot. All while juggling the next few day's people. It's a lot of balls in the air simultaneously. But I'm never upset that I have to shoot. It's more like getting my fix for the day. So I head to each one with a spring in my step.
The time commitment is certainly a big part of it and I feel that between the project and my paid editorial and commercial work, I don't have very many free minutes in each day. I should probably give the medal to my very understanding and supportive wife who has to deal with the daily ups/downs/sideways.
However the people I get to meet, the places we shoot, and collaborations I make are the best part. It's the experience of being with another person that's the prize. The portrait at the end of it is just the artifact of the experience. A couple week ago for example I ended up on the balcony on the 19th floor at the corner of the iconic Flatiron Building here in NYC. I was shooting a book editor whose offices are in the building and the big boss was out of town on business so we got to use his office. A place that few and certainly I would likely never have gotten to visit. It's a testament to the power of people and connections and the unpredictable collisions that can result.
The time commitment is certainly a big part of it and I feel that between the project and my paid editorial and commercial work, I don't have very many free minutes in each day. I should probably give the medal to my very understanding and supportive wife who has to deal with the daily ups/downs/sideways.
However the people I get to meet, the places we shoot, and collaborations I make are the best part. It's the experience of being with another person that's the prize. The portrait at the end of it is just the artifact of the experience. A couple week ago for example I ended up on the balcony on the 19th floor at the corner of the iconic Flatiron Building here in NYC. I was shooting a book editor whose offices are in the building and the big boss was out of town on business so we got to use his office. A place that few and certainly I would likely never have gotten to visit. It's a testament to the power of people and connections and the unpredictable collisions that can result.
See all of Bill's portraits .
Want to see the benefits of your own daily practice? Get the new book .
|
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Vision/sq
The vision statement of the Wikimedia Foundation describes our dreams, hopes and ambitions; our most radical conception of our organization and community — 20, 50, 100 years from today. It stands in contrast to the mission statement, which aims to be a more realistic description of the status quo. Our current vision statement is:
Proposals to change the statement should be made at Vision/Unstable and all proposals will be reviewed at least annually.
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Keeping track of your Monster High merch is easy! Manage your own checklist & wishlist, share them with your friends, print it out or create a dynamic forum banner!
Get started by creating your account or login.
Please use your first name, username or an appropriate nickname
You can upload JPG or PNG files up to 10MB
Check our guidelines to see which photos we accept.
By clicking Submit you agree that we can use, host and alter your photo for usage on MH Merch. Submitted photos will be evaluated before being added.
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|
By press release from NFHS.org
- Partial results of the survey are now available.
After collection of sports participation data was interrupted the previous two years by the COVID-19 pandemic, the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS) was able to compile its High School Athletics Participation Survey for the 2021-22 school year – its first official report since 2018-19.
Although the total of 7,618,054 participants in 2021-22 is down four percent from the 2018-19 figure of 7,937,491, high school sports are on the road back after schools in many states were unable to offer programs in normal fashion during portions of the 2019-20 and 2020-21 school years.
The 2021-22 total is composed of 4,376,582 boys and 3,241,472 girls, according to figures obtained from the 51 NFHS member state associations, which includes the District of Columbia.
“Given what has occurred in our country the past three years, we believe a decline of only four percent in participation totals from 2018-19 is pretty remarkable,” said Dr. Karissa Niehoff, CEO of the NFHS. “We know some states that were able to complete surveys in 2020-21 reported participation increases this past year. So, we are very optimistic that trend will continue in the years to come as schools fully recover from the effects of the 2020 shutdown.”
Among the top 10 boys sports in participants from 2018-19, golf was the only sport to register an increase – up just under four percent with 148,585 participants and surpassing tennis as the eighth-most popular sport. Golf was one of the few sports to increase on both sides of the ledger as girls participation was up one percent to 80,829 participants.
Perhaps the biggest storyline in boys participation totals, however, is the sport of football. While boys 11-player football was down three percent (1,006,013 to 973,792) – less than the overall survey average of four percent – participation in 6-, 8- and 9-player football registered a 12 percent increase – from 31,221 to 34,935.
The slight movement from 11-player to other versions was seen in school sponsorship as well. While the number of schools with 11-player football dropped by 514 (14,247 to 13,733), the number of schools offering 6-, 8- or 9-player football increased by 227 (1,563 to 1,790).
And gains by girls playing football were even greater. In all four versions of the game (11, 9, 8, 6), girls participation increased 39 percent from the 2018-19 survey – 2,604 to 3,633. Additionally, the increase in girls flag football was 40 percent – 11,209 to 15,716 participants.
Altogether, boys and girls participation in all versions of football decreased only 2.2 percent – from 1,051,047 to 1,028,976.
“Certainly, the football numbers are encouraging after the previous report from the 2018-19 season,” Niehoff said. “The movement from 11-player to other versions of the game continues to be attractive to schools in some states, and the growth of girls flag football continues to gain ground in more areas of the country.”
Beyond golf, baseball experienced the best showing among top 10 boys sports from the 2018-19 survey with a decrease of only 1,736 – 482,740 to 481,004 – and remained fourth in popularity behind football, outdoor track and field, and basketball.
The other change in the boys top 10 sports was wrestling, which nudged cross country for sixth place – 231,874 to 231,387. Wrestling was down six percent from the previous survey while cross country had the biggest decline at 14 percent.
Other boys sports outside the top 10 that experienced significant gains from 2018-19 were volleyball (up 4.6 percent) and bass fishing (10,626 participants).
Volleyball continued its rise in popularity among girls sports and was the only top 10 sport to register an increase from three years ago. With 454,153 participants, volleyball is only 2,500 participants behind track and field for the No. 1 participatory sport for girls. In addition, the emerging sport of girls sand/beach volleyball increased from 2,237 to 6,489 participants.
Among other girls top 10 sports, soccer moved ahead of basketball to No. 3 behind track and field and volleyball, with softball remaining fifth. Cross country, swimming and diving, and competitive spirit registered the biggest declines the past three years among top 10 sports with 13-percent drops.
In addition to flag football, girls wrestling continued its recent surge in popularity with a 50 percent increase since 2018-19 – 21,124 to 31,654 participants. A total of 32 states now offer separate state wrestling championships for girls.
While most of the traditional sports experienced some level of decrease since 2018-19, the 2021-22 survey showed a dramatic rise in Unified sports participation. With only 5,541 combined participants from 10 states in 2018-19, this year’s survey indicated 47,909 combined participants in almost 20 states.
In addition to Unified sports participants, the survey indicated another 7,689 combined participants in Adapted sports. The 55,598 combined participants in Unified and Adapted sports represents a 163 percent increase from three years ago.
“It is great to see a growing interest in several emerging sports, as well as programs like Unified and Adapted programs,” Niehoff said. “Our goal continues to be to involve as many students as possible in high school sports and other activity programs.”
This year’s survey indicated participation by high school students in 69 different sports, as well as 16 Adapted sports and 16 Unified sports. In addition to those previously noted, some of the more popular other sports (combined participation numbers) were bowling (57,219), field hockey (56,091), ice hockey (42,092), water polo (37,379) and weightlifting (25,257).
With an increase of about 20,000 participants, Texas topped the list of state participation with 846,161. Texas was one of 14 states that enjoyed a gain in participation since the 2018-19 survey. California retained the No. 2 position with 762,823 participants despite a drop of more than 60,000 from three years ago.
Other changes in the top 10 involved Ohio moving to No. 3 with 378,354 participants, followed by Pennsylvania (315,097), Illinois (314,839), New York (313,404), Florida (291,504), Michigan (271,423), New Jersey (264,139) and Massachusetts (215,848).
The NFHS High school Athletics Participation Survey was started in 1971 and was compiled in its current form through the 2018-19 school year and now resuming annually with the 2021-22 survey.
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Abstract
In this paper, we review systematically the role of problem-based learning (PBL) in developing soft skills in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) and other fields of studies. The Systematic Literature Review (SLR) includes the most recent empirical, review, and conceptual studies from TVET and other multiple fields of studies including medicine, humanities, and engineering between the years of 2001 and 2016 collected from four databases. A qualitative method was used to accomplish the systematic review. After the collection of articles, the selected studies were analyzed through thematic analysis. From this review, we concluded that PBL as an instructional approach has a significant role in the development of soft skills among students of various disciplines including TVET; empirical evidence is predominantly conclusive in identifying the acquisitions of various soft skills including communication skills, conflict resolution skills, leadership skills, and interpersonal skills, and finally, several factors might influence the relationship of PBL and soft skills such as duration and process of PBL instruction, role of facilitator, and awareness and training of learners. Moreover, there are fewer number of empirical studies on the role and effects of PBL approach to developing soft skills in TVET.
Keywords
Problem-Based Learning, Soft Skills, Innovative Approaches; Systematic Literature Review, Skills Development, TVET
Acknowledgements
We, all the authors would like to acknowledge the high ups of Comsats University Islamabad and Higher Education Commission Islamabad, Pakistan for providing us the consistent encouragement and as well as a platform to work in collaboration for research initiatives and professional development.
Publication Date
11-18-2020
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License.
DOI
10.46743/2160-3715/2020.4114
Recommended APA Citation
Deep, S., Ahmed, A., Suleman, N., Abbas, M., Naza, U., Shaheen, H., & Razzaq, A. (2020). The Problem-Based Learning Approach towards Developing Soft Skills: A Systematic Review. The Qualitative Report, 25(11), 4029-4054. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2020.4114
ORCID ID
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2879-475X
Included in
Arts and Humanities Commons, Curriculum and Instruction Commons, Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research Commons, Educational Leadership Commons, Educational Psychology Commons, Higher Education Administration Commons, Higher Education and Teaching Commons, Indigenous Education Commons, Language and Literacy Education Commons, Quantitative, Qualitative, Comparative, and Historical Methodologies Commons, Scholarship of Teaching and Learning Commons, Social Statistics Commons
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Aṇguttara Nikāya
VIII. Navaka Nipāta
III. Satt'Āvāsa Vagga
The Book of the Gradual Sayings
VIII. The Book of the Nines
Chapter III: Spheres of Beings
Āghāta-Paṭivinaya Suttaṃ
Strife (b) (Dispelling Strife)
Translated from the Pali by E.M. Hare.
[1] Thus have I heard:
Once the Exalted One was dwelling near Savatthī, at Jeta Grove, in Anāthapiṇḍika's Park
there the Exalted One said this to the Monks:
"Monks, there are these nine ways of dispelling strife.
What nine?
(The thought):
'He has done me harm, but wherein lies the gain to him from this?' - dispells strife;
■
so also the thoughts:
'He is doing me harm, but wherein lies the gain to him from this?'
■
'he will do me harm, but wherein lies the gain to him from this?'
■
'he has done harm to a dear and loved one of mine, but wherein lies the gain to him from this?'
■
'he is doing harm to such an one, but wherein lies the gain to him from this?'
■
'he will do harm to him, but wherein lies the gain to him from this?'
■
'he has done good to one who is not dear or loved by me, but wherein lies the gain to him from this?'
■
'he is doing good to such an one, but wherein lies the gain to him from this?'
■
'he will do good to him, but wherein lies the gain to him from this?'
These, monks, are the nine bases of dispelling strife.'
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National Olympic Committee of Uzbekistan
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Vice-Chairmen
Chairman's advisers
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Department Directors
Staff
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Doctors of the Federation
News
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Interview
Open data
Execution of the state program
Social videos
Paris-2024
Licensees of the Paris-2024 Olympics
Winners of Paris-2024
Federations
Sports Federations of Uzbekistan
International Sports Federations
Asian Games
Olympic Games
Games History
Modern games
Summer Olympic Games
Winter Olympic Games
Youth Olympic Games
Asian Games
Game History
Asian Summer Games
Asian Winter Games
Asian Beach Games
Asian Martial Arts and Indoor Games
World Arena
International Olympic Committee
IOC structure
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IOC Partners
The Olympic Movement and the Olympic Charter
Asian Olympic Council
AOC Structure
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Home
Uzbekistan At The Olympics
RIO DE JANEIRO 2016
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Noncoprime action of a cyclic group
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Date
2024-04-01
Author
Ercan, Gülin
Güloğlu, İsmail Ş.
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Cite This
Let A be a finite nilpotent group acting fixed point freely on the finite (solvable) group G by automorphisms. It is conjectured that the nilpotent length of G is bounded above by ℓ(A), the number of primes dividing the order of A counted with multiplicities. In the present paper we consider the case A is cyclic and obtain that the nilpotent length of G is at most 2ℓ(A) if |G| is odd. More generally we prove that the nilpotent length of G is at most 2ℓ(A)+c(G;A) when G is of odd order and A normalizes a Sylow system of G where c(G;A) denotes the number of trivial A-modules appearing in an A-composition series of G.
Subject Keywords
Automorphism
,
Fixed point free action
,
Nilpotent length
URI
https://hdl.handle.net/11511/108180
Journal
Journal of Algebra
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalgebra.2023.12.020
Collections
Department of Mathematics, Article
Citation Formats
IEEE
ACM
APA
CHICAGO
MLA
BibTeX
G. Ercan and İ. Ş. Güloğlu, “Noncoprime action of a cyclic group,”
Journal of Algebra
, vol. 643, pp. 1–10, 2024, Accessed: 00, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://hdl.handle.net/11511/108180.
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On Wednesday, the Venezuelan National Assembly appointed the National Electoral Commission to elect the Justices of the Peace, who will be in charge of establishing a new form of justice from the communal bases.
The ceremony took place in the Legislative Palace, where President Nicolás Maduro, the president of the national assembly Jorge Rodríguez and other authorities were present.
The commission will be made up of the Minister of Communes and Social Movements, Ángel Prado; the Minister of Education, Héctor Rodríguez, the magistrate Tania D’ Amelio; the head of the Government of Caracas, Nahum Fernández; the vice president of the National Electoral Council (CNE), Carlos Quintero, the first vice president of the national assembly, Pedro Infante and the president of the national assembly, Jorge Rodríguez.
On December 15th, elections will be held with direct and secret voting to elect the Justices of the Peace of the 5,000 communal circuits.
“This election is a fundamental step to consolidate peace and justice in our communities,” said the president of the national assembly.
Rodríguez indicated that the next step will be to activate the state electoral commissions, one for each of the 23 states.
To achieve this, they demarcated 5,000 communal circuits that correspond to 3,643 communes and communal councils.
He also specified that they will elect three justices of the peace with their corresponding substitutes in each communal circuit.
The local electoral commissions will be in charge of disseminating the requirements and regulations to be justices of the peace.
Later, between November 25th and 27th, the nomination of candidates will take place, chosen by the communal councils, the work-teams of the communes, social organizations, social movements and neighborhood associations.
On November 29th, they will publish the list of candidates for judges for each circuit, which will include a total of 5,000 lists of candidates.
Finally, the electoral campaign will begin on December 5th and will end on December 13th, followed by the election on December 15th.
Jorge Rodríguez reported that the National Electoral Council will provide all the technical support for the deployment and development of the process. Meanwhile, the military will collaborate in matters of security.
(RedRadioVE) by Ana Perdigón with Orinoco Tribune content
Translation: Orinoco Tribune
OT/BR/DZ
- November 28, 2024
- November 28, 2024
- November 28, 2024
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V"'. I EIGHT PAGES 56 COLUMNS. SCRAXTON, PA., TUESDAY HORNING, JANUARY 1, 1895. TWO CENTS A COPY. THE SLATES ARECOMPLETED Fred W. Fleitz Unsuccessful In His Candidacy for Reading Clerk. SETBACK TOR J. A. SCRAXTOX One of the Rumors of the Hay Credited Him With Gubernatorial Aspirations Four Years Hence Sam Hudson Gets an Empty Honor. Bpeclal Correspondence of The Tribune. Ilarrlsburg, Dec. 31. This has been a day of caucuses with the members of the legislature. Both partlos haw held their conferences, but, of course, those of the Republicans were the most Im portant. The Senate Republican slate committee was in session until mid night before agreeing on a list of offi cers for the senate. The members were confronted with .the difficulty of trying to fill about thirty places for which there were live times as many appli cants. It took considerable figuring to parcel out these places satisfactorily to the forty-three Republican members, yet the committee feels It has accom plished this. Edward W. Smiley, of Venango, was selected for chief clerk; James B. Carson, of Butler, reading clerk; Joseph Young, of Philadelphia, Journal clerk; II. R. Thorpe, of Mercer, executive clerk; W. J. Robinson, of Erie, message clerk; Herman P. Miller, of Dauphin, senate librarian; Rev. P. C. Hardens, of Harrlsburg, chaplain; Jo seph Wooley, of Philadelphia, clerk to Judiciary general committee; James r. JIarrah, of Beaver, sergeant-at-arms; James Rellly, of Philadelphia, superin tendent of folding room; Edward Adams, of Philadelphia, engineer; E. M. Mackln, of Philadelphia, ilreman; R. W. Greenman, of Philadelphia, assist ant sergeant-at-arms; Wlllam McAn any, of Philadelphia, watchman. The house Republican caucus was presided over by Jerome B. Niles, of Tioga. Harry Walton, of Philadelphia, was chosen speaker by acclamation. A committee of thirty, one member from each congressional district, and two a: large, was appointed to select a list of officers of the house. John R. Farr rep resented the Eleventh district on this committee. The committee has thus far been able to agree upon A. D. Fet terolf, of Montgomery, for chief clerk; Jere B. Rex, of Huntingdon, resident clerk; and E. J. Randolph, of Pittsburg, Journal clerk. The fight of the night was over the reading clerkship, for which there were four candidates, Ed ward Taylor, of Delaware; Fred W. Fleitz, of Lackawanna; Lucius Rogers, of McKean; and R. Nichols, of Craw ford. The battle waxed warm und furi ous and was undecided at midnight. Later Representatives O'Malley and Farr succeeded in landing James Watklns for reading clerk after an ex citing contest. Fred W. Fleitz was backed by the other members of the delegation for this place, but the popu lar young members threw their support to Watklns, and with the assistance of Lieutenant Governor. Watres they have fceen assured by the slate committee of his selection. Forest R. Nichols, of Crawford, has been selected for mes sage clerk, with John T. Shoener, of Schuylkill, for sergeant-at-arms. Democrats in Caucus. At a caucus tonight of the twenty nine Democrats In the house John II. Fow, of Philadelphia, was chosen perm anent chairman and Fritz, of Columbia, made the nominee for speaker. Other candidates were named as follows: Chief clerk, Samuel E. Hudson, of Rcranton; resident clerk, George M. Wangaugh, of Dauphin; reading clerk, Albert Williams, of York; Journal clerk, H. W. Bowers, of Berks; message clerk. It. M. Jacoby, of Monroe; postmaster, H. J. Fostnot, of Mllilln, and doorkeep er, William Kreidler, of Monroe. The Democrats in the senate have selected Laubach, of Northampton, for presi dent pro tern and Green of Berks for permanent chairman. The Democrats nominated Colonel Jacob S. Dillinger, of Allentown, for Journal clerk, pf Elk county, message clerk; and John Hill, of Lehigh, postmaster. Scranton's Alleged Gubernatorial Bee. The legislature will probaibly adjourn after its organization until one week from Wednesday. This will enable Speaker Walton to complete his com mittee assignments and arrange other preliminaries. Governor Paulson's message will be sent to 'the legislature tomorrow. It is a long document end is said to contain some surprises. The retiring governor will take advant age of tils opportunity to send In a valedictory full of partisan "ginger." One of today's bits of current politi cal gossip was a story to the effect that Congressman J. A. Scranton's presence In this city yesterday and today was In deference to a gubernatorial bee whWh It was said had begun to buzz in hlstiead and which looks ahead to 1898. Inasmuch us 'there has been no open au thority for such a story, and since lead ing Lackawanna Republicans deny having been consulted with reference to Ihiait kin4 of a programme, this story Is probnibly a canard, sprung by oftlco ' eeekers. It -was, .however, given a color of consistency by Mr. Scnanton's activ ity In supporting Fred W. . Fleltz's candidacy foi , house clerkship. It Is remarked her that had Fleitz won a place In the bouse organization, ha would have bee (n a good position to look aflter Scnanton's interests. If Fleitz's camdidac) fwvd any such ul terlor significance,, his defeat would eeem to Indicate tht the state organl gallon Is not warming to the Lackawan na congressman. New Faces In tin senate. The new faces In tha sena-te, which will aitrtrtaat special attention because of ' the prominence of the Hissing ones, Whose place rthey fill, indole those ot James C. Vaughan, of Lackawanna, . who replaces M. E. MoDOqald; the Bucks county Republican,. Renry G. Moyer, wiho succeeds the late Georgi , Rosi, leader of the Democratic Vide of the chamber In former sesslont; the Montgomery county Republican, ftonry v. aylor, who succeeds Dr. Arthur D. Markley; Harvey W. Haines, a York Democrat, Who will occupy the seat f "the veteran grangeir, Gerard C. Brown; Alfred W. Millelsen, the Meohanlcsbur.i Republican, who displaces the Jackson Ian Democrat, William Penn Lloyd, anl M. L. McQuown, a Clearflpld county Republican, who takes the desk of P. Gray Meek, now surveyor bf the port of Philadelphia. Another senator, who, like Mr. Saylor, of Montgomery, was sleeted upon e. platform of opposition to the re-election of Don Oajneron to the United S dates senate, is Chris C. Kaiuffman, of the Lancaster district, heretofore represented by Winfleld S. Smith. No voice was oftener heard in the senate than that of 'the Lehigh peda gogue and lawyer, Milton C. Hennlnger, wtho Is succeeded "by Harry G. Stiles, of Allentown. Grant Herring's mantle falls upon J. Henry Cochran, of Will lamsport. Ex-9tate Chairman William H. Andrews displaces the Crawford county Democ;'at!ic senator, S. J. Logan. John J. Coyle, a Republican representa tive In the last session Is the successor of Democratic Senator Monaghan, of Schuylkill. The ratio of thirty-three Republicans to seventeen Democrats Is changed to forty-three Republicans and even Democrats, In the senate. The familiar figures who agaln appear In clude all the old Philadelphlans, aind, among oUhers, Jesse M. Baker, of Dela ware; Henry D. Green, Berks; John II. Landls, Lancaster; S. J. McOarrell, Dauphin; General Gobdn, Lebanon; W. H. Hackenburg, the Northumberland champion. of an excise commission; L. R. Keefer, Schuylkill; ex-Auditor Gen eral Lemon, Blair; Messrs. Fllnn anl Upperman, Allegheny; and James S. Fruit, Mercer. Old Timers In the House. Of three conspicuous old-timers, John Cessna, B. L. Hewit and George V. Lawrence, all ex-speakers, who were leaders in the last house the first two are dead, but Mr. Lawrence will be back to introduce and battle for a con gressional apportionment bill giving to Philadelphia and Allegheny counties each an additional congressman. The best known of the other missing states men or the house, as enumerated bv a sprightly "old timer" In the press gal lery, will Include Captain Ziegler, of Adams; Emmanuel Werthelmer, of Allegheny, whose efforts at liquor legis lation always made a stir; Samuel M. LafTerty, of Allegheny, who had a hard road to travel as chairman of the com mittee that hnndled the Penrose bill to abolish the Public Building commis sion; Captain John W. Nesblt, the tow ering hickory of the Youghloghenv; uavia h. uranson, the Chester county expert on blue blood sheep; School master Edward Towksbury. the cham pion of antl-dlscrimlnatlon, anti-free passes and enforcement of all the dead letter provisions of the constitution; Samuel M. Wherry, the constitutional expounder and leuder of the Demo cratic side of the house, whose county, Cumberland, puts Republicans In both Its seats; and George E. Heyburn, of Delaware, learned In agriculture, but unsophisticated In the devious ways of the Hill." Big, eloquent Captain Sklnner.of Ful ton, is succeeded by a' Republican. The humorous Henry Butterfield, of Erie, and the Yankee make-up and address of J. Russell Thornton, of Payette, will be missed, as will also the stalwart labor exponent, M. T. Burke, of Lucku wanna; the Public Buildings ctminiia Bloners' catechlzer, M. N. Bernhard, of Lehigh; the sprightly young leader and convincing talker. Walter E. Rltter, of Lycoming; McKean county's former candidate for speaker, W. E. Burdlck; i-armer- Taggart, of Montgomery, who Is dead; S. A. Losch, of Schuylkill who was never uninteresting; C. C Thompson, of Warren, speaker of the last house, and H. M. Bortnpr, thu pas toral bard of York. i ; Other Interesting Notables. With the majority of the most widely Known of the Philadelphlans will re turn to the house appropriation conv mlttee Chairman Marshall, of Alle gheny; John Kearns, who Is just as lonely a Democrat from Allegheny as John H. Fow will be from Philadelphia; the red-headed hopeful Armstrong strategist, S. B. Cochrane; the Brad ford county Bon of Plymouth Rock, F. L. Kinner; Prohibitionist D. B. Dou thett, of Butler; Chester county's cham pion manipulator of sliding boards for Democrats with contested seats, D. Smith Talbot; George Kunkel, Dau phin's timber for the speakership; the mild-mannered editor, Ward R. Bliss, of Delaware; the Huntingdon "man who looks like Quay," P. M. Lytle; the gigantic local optlonlst, Noah Seanor, of Indiana; the persistent advocate of compulsory education, John R. Farr, of Lackawanna; the suave antl-Pen-rose-blll pleader, H. L. North,, of Mc Kean; the champion absentee of the last sesBlon, F. A. Comly, of Montgom ery, and his colleague, the Beau Brum mel of the house. Editor B. Wltman Dambly; the shrill-voiced objector and protester, John A. Klpp, of Pike, the leader of the ruqal tax agitators, Jerome B. Ntles, of Tioga; the flowery Union editor, B. K. Focht, and the oil region's mouthpiece, H. H. James, of Venango. AH the Philadelphia papers today contained notices of the tight against Fleitz. The Press had the most accu rate account. It said the Lackawanna delegation was evenly divided over the reading clerkship, part of It being for Fleitz and part for James E. Watklns, whom Representative Parr urged. Mr. Watklns had originally been a candi date for a clerkship In the state depart ment. Both General Reeder and Lleu-tenant-Governor-lect Lyon opposed Fleitz, because of his tactics In the Roblnson-Lyon fight of last spring. Compulsory Education Again. It Is as good as settled that John R. Farr will have his old chairmanship of the committee on education. Mr. Farr will again Introduce the compulsory education bill that Pattlson vetoed, and It will be unchanged in any Import ant detail. Many other Important bills relative to the public school system will be presented to the legislature for Its consideration. A bill to prevent teach ers frcrtn appearing in the schools sup ported' by the state In their religious garb has been pwpared by Representa tive Talbot, of Chester, at the instance of the Junior Order of American Me chanics and other patriotic orders, and will be offered by Mr. Talbot. Bills will also be introduced for the establish ment of township high schools, provid ing for a census by the assessors of children of school age to ascertain how many are without the benefits of educa tion and amending the law governing the annual examinations at the state normal schools so as to Increase the number of superintendents of schools to conduct the examinations from two to six and providing that the superin tendent may be taken from any locality In the state. The last three named measures have been prepared by Su perintendent of Public Instruction Schaeffer and he will put forth every effort to secure their passage. , Mr. Farr will not have the compul sory education field all to himself. Representative Seyfert, of Lancaster, who takes great Interest in school mat tors, has prepared a bill to promote public school attendance and to re strain truancy. While the 'bill does not contain the words "compulsory" and "arrest," the first section of it requires parents and guardians of children be tween the ages of 8 and 15 years to send them to a public or private school for at least sixteen consecutive weeks In each year, provided they are not be ing Instructed for a like period In the common English branches or their mental or physical condition renders attendance Inexpedient or impractica ble, or they live more than two miles from any school by the nearest trav eled road. Absences not exceeding five days during the prescribed term are permitted, but the loss of time is re quired to be made up. A violation of this section shall be a misdemeanor, punishable for the first offense by a fine not exceeding $5 and for each subse quent offense by a fine not exceeding $25, or by imprisonment not exceeding thirty days, or by both, at the discre tion of the court. The second section requires school directors or controllers to provide sufficient accommodations In their districts for all the children of school age and to appoint necessary truant officers to apprehend all child ren of the proper age who habitually frequent or loiter about public or other places and have thorn sent to school. These officers shall receive such com pensation as the directors or controllers shall provide, the money to be paid out of the school fund of the proper dis trict. A AVW U1I1CI9 rruviuvu rui. i Section three makes provision lor schools for the accommodation of ha bitual truants in separate rooms in public school buildings. In these schools all the common English branches and Industrial training shall be taught. Section lour provides for the payment of fines for violation of the act Into the proper school treasuries. Section five authorizes the superintend ent of public Instruction to appoint a competent person, at a salary of 51,800 a year, whose duty It shall be to as certain to what extent the law is com plied with In the cities and school dis tricts of the state. The superintendent of public instruction is authorized to withhold one-half of all public school moneys from any city or district which, in 'his judgment, wilfully omits and re fuses to enforce the provisions of the act, to be paid over to It when he Is convinced that it is complying with them. The act Is to go Into effect July 1, IS'JS. DUEL WITH REVOLVERS. Desperate Fight Between Dr. liicgcl and Hlllhtm Bibler. By the United Press. Easton, Pa., Dec. 31. Yesterday morning the quiet little town of Bloomsbury, N. J., nine miles from Easton, wus startled by the report that a duel had been fought between Dr. L, E. Rlegel, of that place, and William Bibler, of Philadelphia. Dr. Rlegelsaldhemade a professional call at the home of Albei t Beers, who lives near him. AVhlle there-he met Bibler, who, the doctor alleges, stole his wife's affections and broke up his household. Rlegel and Bibler began to quarrel in Mr. Beers' house and wore ordered to leave. According to the doctor's story Biblor opened lire on him with a re vllver. The doctor received a bullet through his coat collar, which plowed up the back of his head. He emptied his seven shooter at Bibler, who wns struck by one of his bullets over the heart. The bullet did not enter his body on account of a picture and a pocket book which he carried in his vest pocket. Bibler is employed as n. plumber at Philadelphia and is a cousin of the wife of Dr. Riegel. CUT HER HEAD OFF. Mc.Mullcn Kills His Wifo and Then Com mits Suicide. By the United Press. Pittsburg, Pa., Dec. 31. After quar relling together for hours William Mc Mullen, a laborer, early this morning attacked his wife with a hatchet and almost cut her head off and then cut his throat, dying in a few minutes. Mrs. McMullen survived her husband but a short time. Insurance Companies Insolvent. By the United Press. LancuBter, Pa., Dec. 81. At the sugges tion of Attorney General Honsel, Judge Livingstone today Issued a decree dissolv ing the charters of the Lancaster County Mutual Live Stock company anil the Pennsylvania Mutual fire Insurance com pany, both companies being Insolvent. Killed in a Ktinuway. By the United Press. Carlisle, Pa., Dec. 31. While returning from church lust niaht the horse at tached to a Blelgh In which were seated Thomas Anderson and wife, ran away. Mrs. Anderson was Instantly killed by be ing thrown from the sleigh, her neck be ing broken. Better Faro For Uobos. . By the United Press. Carlisle, Pa., Dec. 31. The sheriff's al lowance for boarding tramps at the jail has been ordered by Judge Sadler to be Increased from four to nine cents per day. The order covers the past three years. Balance in Treasury, By the United Press. Washington, Doc. 31. The general treas ury balance at the close of the calendar year 1894 Is stated at jlw,Ui,sa:i.ll, ot which 8(i,370,14G Is In gold. STATE NEWS PARAGRAPHS. The Ornithological society of weBtorn Pennsylvania wants to found a museum In Pittsburg. Plans for a 180,000 department of publlo safety building for Pittsburg have been almost completed. Steps are being taken to Becure the erec tion of armories for all National guard organisations located In Pittsburg. The state gets J1.300 from the estate of John Becker, ot Reading, who died a your ago without heirs or known kindred. San Francisco letter carriers wi'l be reprimanded for Issuing a New Year's ad' dress. ' Falling to Inflict a mortal wound with a shotgun, Bernard Flood, a farmer of near Oil City, gashed his arm with a butcher knife and may die from loss of blood. Frank Wlngerfelt, Joseph Wlngerfolt, Harry Miller and Joseph Anderson, rang ing In age from 12 to 14 years, were placed under $300 ball each In Pottsvllle on the charge of picking a farmer's pocket of lie. iwLfke m&l T is THE DELEVftNft FIRE TRAP Fourteen Persons Said to Have Per ished in the Plumes. VICTIMS NEARLY ALL WOMEN Vpon Being Warned of Their Danger Tbcy Became Panic Stricken and Could Not Bo Directed to the Exits-List of the Missing. By the United Press. Albany, N. Y., Dec. 31. The Delcvan House fire was the absorbing topic of conversation about the city today. Interest In It was Increased when it was learned that a number of the house employes, nearly all of them women, had been bulged to death. They had rooms on the fifth story of the building and their deaths could not have been the result of anything but fright. One of the porters who went up to warn them said today that It was Impossible to lead them to a safe exit. They sim ply went wild when they learned of the fire. The proprietors of the hotel esti mated that about fourteen people were missing. It was thought that the night clerk, Charles Rosekrans, had perished but he turned up this afternoon all right. Karly this morning Mrs. Henry II. Fooks; who jumped from the fourth story window, died at the Albany hos pltal. The others injured, who were taken to the hosplt.il, will nvover. They are: henry H. Fooks, Benjamin Hell man, Mrs. Benjamin lleilman, Edward Walsh, porter; James Hennessy, flre- mun; D. F. Brockway, E. W. Arnold. The list of the dead who perished in the flumes includes: Mrs. F. H. Hill, housekeeper: May Sullivan, chamber maid; Mrs. Ray Young, of Jamestown, linen woman; Agnes AVII.son, of Atwood, Cunada, linen woman; Bridget Fltzglb bons, puntry girl; Kate Crowley, cham ber maid; Fernando BellettI, cook; Rl cardo Telesfem, cook; Megetta Staur- ena, chnmber maid; Kmllgia Tomngln, chamber muid; Simon Meyers, employe; Thomas Cannon, employe; Annie Daly, chamber maid; Ellen Dillon, chamber maid. Missing: Mary Carey, chambermaid. So far as could be learned from the hotel authorities the above list includes those who were unsuccessful in their efforts to escape. Search For Bodies to Be Made. Streams were kept playing on the ruins all day. No attempt will be made until tomorrow to search for the bodies. The thick fire wall which divided the main building from the additions was all that kept the llames from sweeping the entire block. The guests and em ployes did not have time to save any thing, not even wearing apparel. The loss on the building Is estimated at $150,000; Insurance $160,000; and on the furniture, loss $65,000, Insurance $50,000. The rentals were Insured for $26,000. A commercial traveller who had a trunk full of Jewelry In his room, which he said was valued at $50,000, offered a reward of half the contents to any one who would get his belongings. Three men entered the building and succeeded In getting the trunk out and they were handsomely rewarded. TO LEAVE HOMESTEAD. Many Dissatisfied Steel Workers Will En- gnce In Farming. By the United Press. Pittsburg, Pa., Dec. 31. The Carnegie mills at Braddock, Homestead, Law rencevllle, Duquesne, and Beaver Falls will resume work Wednesdny morning. The new rates were generally accepted by the employes and 12,000 men will re turn Ho work Wednesday at the differ ent mills. The average reduction in wages amounts to probably IS or 20 per cent, from last year's scale. Muny of the Homestead Bteel workers who are dissatisfied with the cut made by the new scale will remove to Ashta bula county, Ohio. They will exchange their Homestead property for farms there. This has been done by about twenty Homestead families in the past two months. WITNESSES WANTED. Authorities Looking For Evidence In the Case Aguinst Boudcnot. By the United Press. Doylestown, Pa., Dec. 31. Sheriff Nicholas reached here tonight from Trenton, N. J., having In custody John Boudenot, the Hungarian boarding house keeper who Is charged with the murder of Frank Condo, at Morrlsvllle. The authorities are looking fur sev eral Italians who ore now In the an thracite coal fields of Pennsylvania and who are'suld to have been witnesses of the crime. HOMESTEAD MURDERERS. An Kf fort Is Being Made to Secure Pardon V of Three Convicts. By ths United Press. Pittsburg, Dec, 31. Andrew - Toth, George Rusnak and Michael Sabal, serving life intonces In the western penitentiary, convicted of complicity In the murder of Michael Qulnn during, MrJ& Business ft a strike riot at the Carnegie Steel works, Braddock, January 1, 1891, may be set at liberty. Recently, It Is reported, two Hungar ians near Scranton quarrelled. Charges and counter charges were made, result ing In the nrrest ot both. One charged the other with the HomPBtead murder. The officials, it is claimed, are satisfied that the sUry is a true one. Attorneys who defended the three imprisoned men are investigating the case, and believe that evidence sufficient has already ac cumulated to set free the men now In the penitentiary. From the evidence It Is known, how ever, that the three convicts were in the crowd that assaulted Engineer Qulnn, and it In believed that the new revela tion will hardly secure their pardon, MIXOOKi CITIZENS MEET. They Obtain DatuTliut Will Bo Presented to Select Council-It Touches on the Matter of Annexation. Last night a meeting of the executive committee of the citizens of Mlnooka was held at Martin MoDonough's store, and besides the committee a large number of prominent citizens attended. The object was to hear a report from the committee regarding the progress made toward annexing the district to the city. Civil Engineer Edward F. Hlewltt was present. It was I14 who prepared 'the map that" was Bent to councils showing the territory to be annexed. He suid that In the district that it is proposed to annex there are seventy eight blocks, and each block consists of f n m twelve to twen ty-fotir building lots. No lot has a narrower frontage than forty feet and many of thorn nre seventy-five feet wldo. Thre Is a uniformity of depth to alrfiost all of the lots; they are 150 feet deep. Altogether there ure 1,000 building lots In the district that can be assessed for taxes. These facts were Jotted down by the committee to present fo members of select council in order to prove that Mlnooka will not be a 'burden on the city if admitted. The committee was continued and instructed to lay the matter In a business-like way before the members of select council. LAUGHED AT HIS SENTENCE. .Murderer Garrett Takes 'tlio News of Ills Doom Very Coolly. By the United Press. Lebunon, Pa., Dec. 31. Judge Melly today overruled the motions, made by murderer Garrett's counsel In arrest of Judgment and for a new trial. At 10.30 this morning he sentenced Garrett to be hanged for the.murder of his wife. His voice trembled as he pronounced sent ence. Garrett took It coolly and laughed with his attorney after heanlng It. Be fore It was pronounced when asked If ho had anything to say the murderer said: "I have no more to say than that I have not had a fair trial. There are many more In this 'town worse than I." CAPTAIN HOWGATE'S PLEA. The Ex-Govcrnmcnt Official Says Not Guilty. By tho United Press. Washington, Dec. 31. Judge Mc Comas today over-ruled the demurrers filed by the attorneys of Captain How gate to three indictments returned by the grand Jury. Captain Howgato wns then arraigned and pleaded not guilty, but appended a further plea that the indictment was not found within three years after the alleged offence - therein, charged wns committed. The question as to whether the Indict ments were barred by the statue of lim itations was thereupon argued. SENATOR FAIR'S WILL. Tho Document Is I'nsatlsfactory to Ills Children. By the United Press. San Francisco, Dec. 31. Much specu latlon is rife over the will of the lute ex-Senator Fair. It was learned this evening through reliable sources that at least one of the children will contest the will and this contest will be sane tloned by the other two. The will la wholly unsatisfactory to the son and daughtera and will be vlg orously assaulted. BRECKINRIDGE'S CASE. Court Decides That Ho Must Pay for Do positions Taken. By the United Press. Cincinnati, O., Dec. 31. W. C. P. Breckinridge, who sued Gustavus A. Meyer to recover the receipts levied upon at his lecture Thursday night, lost his case today. The court sustained Meyer's cladm for services In taking depositions in the Pollard case a year ago. lllg Fire at Lock Haven. By the United PreBS. Lock Haven, Pa., Dec. 31. The picture frame mnmifuctory of Brown Bros., to gether with 'hrco dwellings, a barn and a number of outbulldlngB were destroyed by fire here early this morning. The loss is $16,000, Insurance, $7,000. h Lord Churchill Gains Strength, ky the United Press. London, Dec. SI. Lord Randolph Churchill was reported t midnight us gaining strength ' . , - (i A Coaon V.O U N C I U v V V 1 4 J&W I Stories of the Slaughter of Chinese Arc Confirmed. JAPANESE EKE ONLY HUMAN When They Learned That Their Country men Had Been Koastcd Alive the Sol diers Followed the Example of the English in India. By the United Press. Washington, Dec. 31. Little addition al Information concerning the reported massacre at Bort Arthur ''after the Japanese troops entered that strong' hold, lis contained In the unofficial mall from Tokio, delivered at the Japanese legation here todiiy.' One account of the battle says that in an engagement at Suchlatun, just before Port Artthur fell: "The Chinese behaved with their usual brutality, beheading the bodies of the Japanese, cutting off their hands, ripping open their stomachs and tear Ing out their livers. The mutilated bodies presented a revolting spectacle. The fury of the Japanese troops at the sight was deep, and both officers and men swore to take vengeance for their unhappy comrades." A telegram from Shanghai, published lu a Japanese newspaper, says that the Japanese itu avenge the Inhuman treat ment extended by the Chinese to their prlh-om-rs, gave no quarter to the troops that marched from Fu Chow to recap ture Chin Chow, butcut down the great er part of ithem. Four hundred Chin ese encountered and virtually annlhllat ed at Ma-Kwo-Llng are said to have been fugitives from Port Arthur. The fugitives encountered a battalion of Japanese In a narrow pass. The Chin ese fancied that their only chance of escape lay In fighting, and the result was heavy slaughter. The Stories Credited. The Japan Mall, an English newspa per published In Yokohama credits the stories of massacre in this paragraph "From Shanghai telegrams are belli circulated broadcast to the effect that the Japanese troops exhibited a merci less disposition nt Port Arthur, and that the killing of Chinese took place on an unnecessary scale. We think it very probable. Soldiers are human beings after all. When they learn that two of their countrymen have had their bones crushed and been roasted alive by the Chinese; when 'they see the awful mutl lated remains of their comrades killed or wounded In battle, small wonder If they set their teeth when next they meet the foe and kill as long us muscle and thew hold out. We know what our own troops did In India. "The Japanese, Indeed, ore so keenly watched and criticised that they must be denied, as far as possible, the luxury of revenge, but Mulvaney's story of the men that had seen their dead, applies to Japanese as well as to the British soldiers. Which of uh could hold his hand under the circumstances." KILLED THE BABY. Sad Illustration of the Folly of Teasing Children. By tho United Press. York, Pa., Dec. 31. The 3-year-old son of ,John Glutfelter, of Snyderstown killed Oils 2-months-old brother yester day. A neighbor's girl was iteaslng the boy about taking the baby home wltih her when the boy became angered and threw a pair of scissors at her. They struck- the balby lu the head, killing It Instantly. Victims of Diphtheria, By the United Press. Reading, Pa., Dec. 31. Paul, aged 5, Churles M., uged 12, Lat, aged 10, Liz lie, nged 2, children of Jacob K. Levun of Oley, this county, died within the past twenty-four hours or diphtheria. Ada, aged tf, wus buried on Saturday. Two oth era are seriously 111 and their death Is expected. TELEGRAPHIC FLASHES On charges of swindling St. Louts hotels, Dr. Martin Brandt, an ex-convlut of Pennsylvania, was arrested. Notice at Tiffin, O., that the natural gas would be turned off sent wood up from $1.25 to $8 ai cord In one day. MUslng-ex-Congressman W. H. Butler, of lown, who was thought dead, was found at work In Indianapolis. Jumping Into his Ice-box which he had connected with a gus jut, Paul Hchatt on Omaha saloon man, ended his life. After six months' secrecy, tho marriage of Mnriu Uurress, the actress, and Uuy W, Currier, of North Andover, Mass., Is made public. By mistaking the name, cltlseni of Cal lender, lu., elected Mrs. 1m VI. Castle, Jus tlce of the pence, Instead of nor husband, and she took the place. Trying to join his wife after two years. hiding, C. V. Klx, a Chicago embescler, has been arrested In Humburg, Germany, The closing up of the lottery concern of E. 'Fox & Co., Kansas City, Mo., ends the unlawful business In that state. WEATHER REPORT. For eastern Pennsylvania, fair; varuv bis winds. FiNLEY'S SPECIAL SALE OF MUSLIN To make room for Spring Stock. We are now selling a lot of slightly soiled goods at prices to close them out quickly. SET COVERS. -ALSO- iiinwiiynsjii:. A special job lot of Children's GOWNS Fine White Aprons at . about half price. FINLEY'S 610 aod 512 Lackawanna Ave. H. A. KINGSBURY AGENT FOR THE VERY BEST. 313 SPRUCE ST., SCRANTON, PA. A HAPPY NEW YEAR TO THS PEACEFUL. HONEST PEOPLE OF THE WORLD! Io wis, Rellly & Davles wish the peace ful, honest people of the world a liuupy, New Year. We ure huppy because we llvo In one of the mom M'osrieroun cities). In onn of tho Ix'Ht counties. In one of the largest states and the greatest country that man I privileged to live in. Among tne cities, towns, etc., that we wish to remember lot n iiarticiilitr wuy are the following; Wlkes-Hurre, 4reut llend, Kingston, C'onklln. Bennett, New Mllford. Forty Kort, Alford, Wyoming, Klngsley's. j J'nrsons. Foster, Miners Mills, Nicholson, -. , Mill Creek, FactoryvIlM Ltitllll, La Plume, YateiivlUe, Imlton, Plttston, Olenburn, Duryeu, Clink's Summit. Lackawanna, . Chinchilla, Taylor, v Muytleld, Avoch, Nay Aug, Jlooslc, lninmore, Mlnooka, Wlmmers. . Hancock, Miiplewood. Starlight, Luke Ariel, - Treston Park, Georgetown, Lake Oomo, Hawley, Poyntelle, Honesdule, Helmont, AVaymurt, . Pleustiiit Mount, Klmhurst, ' ; Uniondule, Moscow, Forest City, Couldshoro, Cnrbondiilo, . Tobyhannu. While Krldge, : Mount Pocono, Jermyn, Pocono Summit, Archbuld, Cresco, Wlnton. Henryvllle, lVckvtlle, Spiaguevllle, Olvphunt, Portland, Plckson City, Stiottdsburg, Throop. Water Gap, HlnKhnmton, Delaware, Sciunton, Muntiiika Chunk, Conklln Center. May thev live long and prosper Is th( wish of Lewis, Rellly & Davles, the honest and most extensive dealers In boots, shoes,! rubbers, etc.. In northeastern Pennsyl' vania. No. 114 Wyoming avenue, Scran ton, Pa. , li, . . . - - i Holiday Goods li ine Our doors are open to every lover of the beautiful, and we welcome all to see and enjoy the largest display of Holiday Goods that was ever put on exhibition in this city. Take a ' Look at the Diamond in Our AVinUow Can show you many more inside. ' V. J. WEIGH EL, 408 SPRUCE STREET, NEAR DIME BANK. r
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers
For questions about content and participation in the PA Newspaper Archive, please contact the Preservation, Conservative and Digitization department.
Site created using open-oni software, built off the Library of Congress's chronam.
Accessibility Help
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Medium Privacy Policy
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11th polymake conference and developer meeting
You can find the original homepage of the workshop at MPI Leipzig here.
This webpage contains supplementary material, like slides, scripts and links from the workshop.
- github repository for cellular sheaves. The folder `demo` contains the jupyter notebook from the workshop.
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Module 6: Probability and Probability Distributions
Discrete Random Variables (3 of 5)
Learning OUTCOMES
- Use probability distributions for discrete and continuous random variables to estimate probabilities and identify unusual events.
Mean and Standard Deviation of a Discrete Random Variable
We now focus on the mean and standard deviation of a discrete random variable. We discuss how to calculate these measures of center and spread for this type of probability distribution, but in general we will use technology to do these calculations.
Example
The Mean of a Discrete Random Variable
At Rushmore Community College, there have been complaints about how long it takes to get food from the college cafeteria. In response, a study was conducted to record the total amount of time students had to wait to get their food. The following table gives the total times (rounded to the nearest 5 minutes) to get food for 200 randomly selected students.
Here is the frequency table.
Time (minutes) | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 |
Number of students | 30 | 52 | 62 | 40 | 16 |
Using this data, we can create a probability distribution for the random variable X = “time to get food.” As we have done before, we divide each frequency (count) by the total number of observations. For example, to calculate the probability that a student will have to wait 10 minutes to get their food we divide: (the number of students in the sample that waited 10 minutes) by (the total number of students in the sample) = 52 / 200 = 0.26.
X = Time (minutes) | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 |
P(X) | 30 / 200 = 0.15 | 52 / 200 = 0.26 | 62 / 200 = 0.31 | 40 / 200 = 0.20 | 16 / 200 = 0.08 |
Here is the corresponding probability histogram:
A comment on probability histograms
In this probability histogram, the area, instead of the height, is the probability. In general, when we work with probability histograms, the area will represent the probability, so we will not worry about the units on the y-axis. Since the area represents the probabilities, the total area is 1.
Because in this case we have the actual data in the first table, we start by using that table of actual counts to calculate the mean. However, usually all we have is the probability distribution, so we will also consider how to calculate the mean directly from this information alone.
Calculating the Mean from the Frequency Table
Time (minutes) | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 |
Number of students | 30 | 52 | 62 | 40 | 16 |
We have 200 observations that are summarized in this table. We have 30 students with a time of 5 minutes, 52 students with a time of 10 minutes, 62 students with a time of 15 minutes, and so on.
To calculate the mean (that is the average), we have to add 30 fives + 52 tens + 62 fifteens + 40 twenties + 16 twenty-fives and then divide by 200. Here is that calculation:
[latex]\frac{5(30) + 10(52) + 15(62) + 20(40) + 25(16)}{200} = 14[/latex]
So the mean time for students to get their food in the cafeteria is 14 minutes.
Calculating the Mean from the Probability Distribution
Now let’s take a closer look at the calculation we just did.
Notice that the large fraction on the left could be broken up into a sum of five smaller fractions all with the denominator 200:
[latex]\frac{5(30)}{200} + \frac{10(52)}{200} + \frac{15(62)}{200} + \frac{20(40)}{200} + \frac{25(16)}{200} = 14[/latex]
Okay, we are almost there. The last thing to do is rewrite each of these fractions like this:
[latex]5(\frac{30}{200}) + 10(\frac{52}{200}) + 15(\frac{62}{200}) + 20(\frac{40}{200}) + 25(\frac{16}{200}) = 14[/latex]
Here is the same equation with the fractions expressed as decimals:
[latex]5(0.15) + 10(0.26) + 15(0.31) + 20(0.20) + 25(0.08) = 14[/latex]
Look closely at the terms we are adding. In each case, we have the product of one of the possible values of X and its corresponding probability:
X = Time (minutes) | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 |
P(X) | 30 / 200 = 0.15 | 52 / 200 = 0.26 | 62 / 200 = 0.31 | 40 / 200 = 0.20 | 16 / 200 = 0.08 |
As we can see, the mean is just a weighted average. That is, the mean is the weighted sum of all the possible values of the random variable X, where each value is weighted by its probability.
Comment
Why Is the Mean a Weighted Average?
The mean of a discrete random variable X should give us a measure of the long-run average value for X. It therefore makes sense to count more heavily those values of X that have a high probability, because they are more likely to occur and will consequently influence the long-run average. On the other hand, those values of X with low probability will not occur very often, so they will have little effect on the long-run average. It therefore makes sense to not give them much weight in our calculation.
Formula for the Mean of a Discrete Random Variable
Earlier in the course, when we calculated the mean of a data set, we used the symbol [latex]\bar{x}[/latex] (x-bar) to represent that value. We do not use [latex]\bar{x}[/latex] to represent the mean of a random variable; instead we use [latex]\mu_x[/latex] (pronounced “mu-sub-x”).
Here is the formula that we have come up with for the mean of a discrete random variable. Note that [latex]P(x)[/latex] represents the probability of x, where x is a value of the random variable X.
Another term often used to describe the mean is expected value. It is a useful term because it reminds us that the mean of a random variable is not calculated on a fixed data set. Rather, the mean (expected value) is a measure of the expected long-term behavior of the random variable.
Try It
Drivers entering the short-term parking facility at an airport are given the option to purchase a parking permit for one of four possible time periods: ½ hour, 1 hour, 1½ hours, or 2 hours. Thus, for each driver who enters the parking facility, we can consider their choice of parking time as a discrete random variable. In this case, the random variable X has four possible values: 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2.
Assume that the probability distribution for X is given by the following table.
For example, reading from this table, it appears that there is a 15% chance that the next driver entering the parking facility will opt for a ½-hour permit. In the probability histogram, the area of each rectangle (not the height) is the probability of the corresponding x-value occurring.
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We’ve completely retooled our server recommendation. Previously we built an SME server at the $4000 CDN mark that filled most business requirements. We’ve scaled that back to a SOHO server that stretches to the SME segment for backup duties of…
The $1500 Home System attempts to accommodate the day to day uses of a family. Finances, internet access, word processing and gaming all come into play. CPU: Intel Core 2 Quad Q6600 Intel leads the CPU market right now, and…
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Every nation that invades the City gives it a new name. But before long, new invaders arrive and the City changes hands once again. The natives don’t let themselves get caught up in the unending wars. To them, their home…
A graphic novel offered serially online and now in print by Faith Erin Hicks, a wonderfully talented Canadian cartoonist. A coming-of-age tale with a spooky twist! Maggie McKay hardly knows what to do with herself. After an idyllic childhood of…
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“The Word of the Year is Fluid”: The Pandemic Brings a New Teaching Style, NYTimes, January 21, 2021
Insightful article on overcoming some of the challenges of remote teaching.
Your students may find this useful. An interesting article on applying to college during the pandemic.
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Browse by author
Lookup NU author(s): Professor Jordi Diaz ManeraORCiD
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
© 2022 The Authors. Muscle & Nerve published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.Introduction/Aims: Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is a slowly progressive muscular dystrophy without approved therapies. In this study we evaluated whether locally acting ACE-083 could safely increase muscle volume and improve functional outcomes in adults with FSHD. Methods: Participants were at least 18 years old and had FSHD1/FSHD2. Part 1 was open label, ascending dose, assessing safety and tolerability (primary objective). Part 2 was randomized, double-blind for 6 months, evaluating ACE-083240 mg/muscle vs placebo injected bilaterally every 3 weeks in the biceps brachii (BB) or tibialis anterior (TA) muscles, followed by 6 months of open label. Magnetic resonance imaging measures included total muscle volume (TMV; primary objective), fat fraction (FF), and contractile muscle volume (CMV). Functional measures included 6-minute walk test, 10-meter walk/run, and 4-stair climb (TA group), and performance of upper limb midlevel/elbow score (BB group). Strength, patient-reported outcomes (PROs), and safety were also evaluated. Results: Parts 1 and 2 enrolled 37 and 58 participants, respectively. Among 55 participants evaluable in Part 2, the least-squares mean (90% confidence interval, analysis of covariance) treatment difference for TMV was 16.4% (9.8%-23.0%) in the BB group (P <.0001) and 9.5% (3.2%-15.9%) in the TA group (P =.01). CMV increased significantly in the BB and TA groups and FF decreased in the TA group. There were no consistent improvements in functional or PRO measures in either group. The most common adverse events were mild or moderate injection-site reactions. Discussion: Significant increases in TMV with ACE-083 vs placebo did not result in consistent functional or PRO improvements with up to 12 months of treatment.
Author(s): Statland JM, Campbell C, Desai U, Karam C, Diaz-Manera J, Guptill JT, Korngut L, Genge A, Tawil RN, Elman L, Joyce NC, Wagner KR, Manousakis G, Amato AA, Butterfield RJ, Shieh PB, Wicklund M, Gamez J, Bodkin C, Pestronk A, Weihl CC, Vilchez-Padilla JJ, Johnson NE, Mathews KD, Miller B, Leneus A, Fowler M, van de Rijn M, Attie KM
Publication type: Article
Publication status: Published
Journal: Muscle and Nerve
Year: 2022
Volume: 66
Issue: 1
Pages: 50-62
Print publication date: 13/06/2022
Online publication date: 15/04/2022
Acceptance date: 09/04/2022
Date deposited: 03/07/2023
ISSN (print): 0148-639X
ISSN (electronic): 1097-4598
Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc
URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.27558
DOI: 10.1002/mus.27558
PubMed id: 35428982
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The Mermaid's Hold
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The Mermaid's Hold
The mermaid's hold within the belly of the ship of the pirates who keep her.
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License details for "The Mermaid's Hold"
This atmosphere sound has been released under the
Creative Commons Sampling Plus 1.0 License.
Creative Commons Sampling Plus 1.0 License.
List of audio files used:
- Fireplace by dobride from http://freesound.org +)
- Slow Breathing by Free Sound +)
- Paper Shuffling by GJOS from http://freesound.org +)
- Harp Improvisation by Jan Pakos +)
- a dry thunder by juskiddink from http://freesound.org +)
- Wind Massive by Massive Song +)
- Writing by sportygurl37 from http://freesound.org +)
+) Creative Commons Sampling Plus 1.0 License
Image from: Tamara Laurent
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April 10th, 2019
Sound of countryside. Sound recorded with a ZOOM H4N Pro and a Rycote Mini Wind Screen.
Son de la campagne. Son enregistré avec un ZOOM H4N Pro et une bonnette Rycote Mini Wind Screen.
My sounds are licensed under the Creative Commons 0 License but it would be a pleasure for me to hear your work so doesn’t hesitate to comment or to send me a message with your work :)
Passionné de musique, je pratique le field recording et la captation de sons pour occuper mon temps libre. J'espère que mes sons vous plairont et qu'ils vous seront utiles !
Type
Wave (.wav)
Duration
1:10.969
File size
19.5 MB
Sample rate
48000.0 Hz
Bit depth
24 bit
Channels
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2 years, 8 months ago
Coucou Samuel. Je vais utiliser ce son pour recréer un peu la campagne en colombie. C'est pour un projet avec mes potes, c'est une radionovela qui parle de la disparition forcée en Colombie à cause de la guerre.Très merci
3 years, 7 months ago
I will send you the link of my work when I have finished it.
Thank you very much. I will use them as sound effects in one of my songs. Of course I will put your name in the thanks for these sounds.
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An aerial view of crosses casting shadows at the Parque Taruma cemetery, amid the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, in Manaus, Brazil, June 15, 2020. Picture taken with a drone. REUTERS/Bruno Kelly - RC2S9H9D3KH3
With the help of two former students, Brazilian data journalist Marcelo Soares collected data showing that deaths from COVID-19 in Brazil’s cities were far higher than authorities claimed.
“In March, in the early days of the pandemic in Brazil, I was intrigued by the lack of detailed data [from] the Health ministry,” Soares said. “They only published case counts aggregated by state, with a delay in comparison to what state secretaries published.”
Using Datawrapper, Flourish, and Google’s Data Studios, Soares created interactive graphics, including a heat map that was published along with his stories in Brazilian Report.
“I began checking all the 27 states to get the city-level data,” Soares said. “States had different formats to report data, and formats changed every day, so it was hard to automatize.”
Soares visited state health secretaries every day to collect the data gathered by each municipality and found out state data was more up-to-date than the federal government’s, as the ministry was collecting them by phone.
“Even if there is a national notification system that goes right up to municipalities, there are multiple parallel systems,” Soares said.
The data came in various formats that Soares had to standardize in order to be able to analyze it all together.
“Some had HTML tables, some had micro data, some had PDF reports, and one in the Amazon published the cases only in social media cards,” he said. “In March, it was taking me half an hour a day, and it paid [off].”
By mid-April, Soares was spending three hours a day on data collection and asked two former students from a data journalism course, Pedro Teixeira and Fabio Freller, to help him.
“Curiously, both had initially studied engineering, and there they had a taste for programming before transferring to a journalism degree,” he said.
He found that different kinds of categorizations meant deaths from COVID-19 had been under reported.
“Usually COVID deaths are classified as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SRAG) deaths until they are confirmed by tests,” Soares said. Once they realized that, they supplemented their research with SRAG micro data.
Soares publishes live charts of the coronavirus research on his website Lagom Data, which gathers, analyzes, and visualizes data for newsrooms and civil society organizations.
One of the tools he used for data analysis was BigQuery by Google’s DataStudio; his query report is available here.
“This is the tool where I gather my city level data, enriched by metadata (like is it a capital, is it in the Amazon, is it on the border, etc.),” he said. “It was hosted in Google Sheets until it had 40,000 lines.”
Soon, many different media outlets started using the data, including Roda Viva, a traditional weekly interview show on São Paulo’s public television channel.
After being invited as a guest on the show, many of its viewers found their way to the website. And in late April, Soares started a subscription-based membership for Lagom Data to improve the website and pay the students who were helping him out.
By the beginning of June, TV news reported daily on the numbers collected by Lagom Data and other similar initiatives. The government then tried to stop them, but this had [the opposite] effect and actually increased the number of subscribers, including people with official positions.
“One of those new subscribers is a state planning secretary in the north of Brazil,” Soares said. “Another is a respected reproductive health researcher who left Brazil after being threatened by the government.”
Some of his new subscribers have even come to rely on Soares’s data to guide the reopening of public institutions.
“One [of the new subscribers] works in the coordination of a private school in a city in São Paulo, and needs the series for his city so they can plan when to reopen,” Soares said.
“I’m so proud of our subscribers,” he added. “[But] it wouldn’t be possible to do that without the help of the students.”
How They Did It
Soares was excited to work with Teixeira and Freller.
“Those are students whose work I knew, and it would be a nice opportunity to keep in touch and share some tricks of the trade,” he said.
Their former teacher first divided Brazil’s 27 states and made sure the groups were evenly divided by difficulty.
The primary communication was over WhatsApp, “which is our watercooler, and a Google Sheets template that they fill daily with city name, state, known COVID-19 case count, and confirmed COVID-19 death count, ” he said.
“If the city name matches the official spelling, the template returns the city code defined by IBGE, our census bureau. With that, I can match the data to other databases, like population (to calculate rates by 100,000), per capita GDP, city characteristics and so on, to enrich each data point with analysis possibilities.
“In early May, the government began publishing cases by city. For a while we compared the results and found out they became pretty similar to what we collected. So, we began collecting city data from the government and getting the students to do other analysis.”
“Fabio, for example, began working with the micro data for SRAG, a placemark classification for cases with no known cause. In March, a healthcare research institute noticed a huge spike in SRAG cases — way above the average from previous years.”
The students noticed the SRAG cases were pretty similar to COVID-19 and found that most states were testing SRAG cases to see whether they’re actually COVID-19 cases.
“Usually COVID deaths are classified as SRAG deaths until they are confirmed by tests,” Soares said. “So, when we began having more latitude to work other kinds of data, Fabio began working with SRAG microdata to see what he could pull. We constructed a time series of SRAG x COVID deaths which led to the story published at [Brazilian newspaper] Folha de S. Paulo.”
For the analysis and visualization, they used Datawrapper, Flourish, and Google’s Data Studios. “They are free, aesthetically pleasant to see and very easy to use,” Soares said.
“Datawrapper and Flourish do nice charts. In Flourish we can do animated charts. The Datawrapper maps are updated manually every day. The bar charts are automatically updated. Initially, I fed a Data Studios map from the Google Sheet, but it broke with 100 points, and that’s why I moved to Datawrapper.
“Now, I use Data Studios to make the dashboard for data hosted on BigQuery. [On the Lagom Data website], Máquina do Tempo (Time Machine) has the full series of case and death counts, as reported by states. Subnotificômetro (Underreportmeter) looks at SRAG deaths in comparison to known COVID deaths for each city, day by day.”
“Initially I was collecting the data on Google Sheets, until it became too big and I had to upload it to BigQuery, a paid tool which is part of Google Cloud Services. I keep many big databases there, including formal jobs (one line for each formal contract in Brazil, 68 million lines in 2018) and company records with full names of company partners (28 GB).”
It would have been hard to imagine a data project of this scope 15 years ago.
“That was unthinkable here in Brazil when I learned to use Access from [Knight Professor in Investigative and Enterprise Reporting] Brant Houston in 2003, in the early days of Abraji [the Brazilian Association of Investigative Journalism]. More than the tools and the cloud, detailed data was hard to come up with in Brazil. I still have the pocket CD in which Brant put a slice of US immigration records for us to analyze in class to see patterns in Brazilian emigration to the US.
“In 2002, to collect candidate assets data, Folha had to send reporters to electoral courts in all 27 states to get photocopies of property disclosure statements they delivered to be candidates. I was part of that, and I remember carrying some 40 pounds of candidate registry folders to photocopy somewhere else because the court was not prepared to charge for that many copies.
“Four years later, as a result of that work and subsequent work, those records were put online every election. With another six years, we had a freedom of information law.”
“A lot has changed here,” Soares concluded. “Usually for the better.”
Corrections: In order to clarify Soares’ role on the Roda Viva TV show and the government’s response, two corrections were made to this story on July 30, 2020.
This article was originally published here by the Investigative Journalism Education Consortium (IJEC) and is republished here with permission.
Jelter Meers is a coordinating editor at the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project and a member of the IJEC, a consortium of university journalism educators who teach investigative reporting throughout the world.
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The Pros And Cons Of Concrete Driveways
17 Aug 2018 05:35
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The surfactant allows the asphalt and water to exist collectively in a suspension. Otherwise, the two ingredients would separate, considerably like oil and water. In some situations, extra components identified as rejuvenators may be added to a fog seal. Rejuvenators soften the current asphalt binder, allowing the fog seal to a lot more totally bond with the pavement.Why bother sealing asphalt driveways ? As water permeates cracks in the material and settles down at the base, the strength of the base is compromised, resulting in the formation of potholes. Cracks filled with water are also an open invitation in the North to damage from freezing.The edges of an asphalt driveway are generally the initial spot you see cracking and crumbling simply because they do not have side supports such as that utilised when pouring concrete. You can offer some assistance by adding topsoil about just click the next document edges of the driveway and either seeding or laying sod. The developing grass will give a firm edge and drainage. You can additional protect the edges of your driveway be avoiding driving on them.Driveways are more susceptible to the components than you may possibly feel. An asphalt driveway is an investment that's properly worth defending. In the event you beloved this informative article and also you just click the next document want to receive details relating to just click the next document i implore you to pay a visit to our own web site. A tiny time spent patching and sealing can extend the life of the blacktop and boost the curb appeal—and value—of your property. There is no greater time of year to restore asphalt than right now, prior to winter arrives with its punishing climate and subfreezing temperatures.Loose stone - You want your driveway's stone to remain a part of the driveway, but it seems as even though you preserve obtaining loose stone scattered about your lawn. This is frustrating, unattractive and may result in damage to your equipment as you mow the lawn. To stay away from these difficulties, you could want to contemplate edging your driveway with Belgian blocks or concrete pavers. This will increase the look of your driveway, and it will also hold the stones and gravel in place.While Rolfe, who is 52 and has a degree in economics from Stanford, can come off at times as a caricature of the coldhearted capitalist, for the duration of his Mobile Residence University courses, he also provides voice to left-wing critiques about the profound fissures in our economy. A single in five households, he told the class, lives on less than $20,000 a year. A important portion of the 10,000 Americans who turn 65 each and every day are facing life on a fixed month-to-month earnings of $1,200 or less. He is an admitted profiteer thriving on the collateral damage brought on by our winner-take-most economy, but he also is a zealous student of the continually altering landscapes of American poverty. The bottom line is Americans as a group are getting poorer," he told his students — and while that is bad news for these living on the economic fringes, it also signifies opportunities for those willing to take benefit of the trend.Simply because of the nature of the function and pressure it will endure, your asphalt driveway will inevitably commence to create cracks. Of course, you will want to go ahead and address cracks as quickly as they create because they could let water harm that could lead to a host of other issues down the road.Clean off the dust from the area, using the garden hose with the pressure nozzle. If there is a lot of oil and grease, or if the area is otherwise badly soiled, scrub the location with a robust driveway cleaning agent. For the patch to adhere, it is extremely crucial for the cracks to be completely clean.Established in 1985, DRYCO was initially a industrial paving contractor and now contains concrete and fencing divisions. DRYCO performs with home managers, general contractors, and commercial firms to keep their most valuable assets protected and maintained. Location cold patch material in the hole to a depth of five cm (two inches). Tamp the material firmly or use a garden roller to roll it out. Continue adding the cold patch material five cm (two inches) at a time. When you have filled the hole to inside 2.five cm (1 inch) of the best, add 1 a lot more five cm (2 inch) layer of the cold patch material. This will fill the hole entirely and leave it mounded slightly. Tamp the material down as firmly as attainable. For the greatest benefits, run back and forth over the material with your automobile tyres.Not all fog seals will have the very same composition. They differ mainly in terms of their dilution ratio — in other words, the partnership among the amounts of water and asphalt. Numerous elements should be taken into consideration when deciding on the appropriate emulsion to use. These aspects incorporate traffic patterns, general climate circumstances, and the size of the aggregate utilised in the pavement.Asphalt is fantastic decision for spending budget-conscious people hunting for a durable material that is relatively straightforward to maintain. Asphalt wears well under heavy visitors, and upkeep and little repairs can often be handled with readily accessible goods. Is it very best for you? Some widespread concerns are answered below.
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The Euro+Med PlantBase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity
Euro+Med Plantbase integrates and critically evaluates information from Flora Europaea, Med-Checklist, the Flora of Macaronesia,
and from regional and national floras and checklists from the area as well as additional taxonomic and floristic literature. This is
complemented by the European taxa of several families taken from the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families and of the
Leguminosae from the International Legume Database and Information Service ILDIS (see credits for details). By 1st of February 2018 it provides access to the total European flora of vascular plants in
222 plant families.
This version of Euro+Med PlantBase is not updated any more. Updates can be found on the Euro+Med PlantBase - Preview of the new data portal.
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In her analysis the author comes to the conclusion, that Wittgensteinś conception of ethics in the end of 1920s was marked by: 1. an ambiguous and confusing explanation of the term "ethics"; 2. continuously putting stress on fact/value difference as well as on the ethical being beyond the expression; 3. introducing the difference between the relative and the absolute (ethical) use of the words "good" and "right", "value" and differentiating between relative and absolute value judgments; 4. claiming the first person discourse as the only possible ethical discourse, The shift in Wittgensteinś views of ethics consists in that 1. Wittgenstein started to use the word "ethics" in its traditional meaning; 2. in his discussions of ethics he deals with moral problems of everyday life; 3. he makes his views on the absolute judgments´ being beyond expression more accurate; 4. he takes ethics as an theoretical system; 5. he sees ethics not as one doctrine, but rather as a whole consisting of several theoretical systems; 6. the influence of language game on ethical system becomes visible. Nevertheless, considering ethics in its traditional meaning did not depress his understanding of ethics as something higher, transcendent and God related.
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Copyright © 2007 Scott D. Yelich. SOME RIGHTS RESERVED.
When stated as the author of the each original work, I own the copyright to the work and reserve all rights granted to me by such copyright, including the sole ability to grant licenses covering the work. Each work that is licensed has an individual and specific indication of the license and is licensed independently of all other works.
All other works (and miscellaneous items) not specifically stated to be covered by a license should NOT be assumed to be covered by any current or previous license and each work may, in fact, have an entirely independent license. I make no attempt to cover each license other than what is required by the licenses of those specific works. Nothing on this site or in any of the works is meant or intended to alter or imply to alter those licenses in any way. Under no circumstances should the use or reference to another work be either assumed or considered as either explicit or implicit approval of anything related to the work including the work itself, results, concepts, techniques, the author or the author's opinions, etc.
From: Creative Commons License legal code ...
UNLESS OTHERWISE MUTUALLY AGREED TO BY THE PARTIES IN WRITING, LICENSOR OFFERS THE WORK AS-IS AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE WORK, EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY OR OTHERWISE, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTIBILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NONINFRINGEMENT, OR THE ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OF ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT DISCOVERABLE. SOME JURISDICTIONS DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OF IMPLIED WARRANTIES, SO SUCH EXCLUSION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.
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Yes, the works are free. No, you do not have to create an account, provide your email address, fill out a gazillion forms, donate or even link back to me or any of my sites, even if you use any of the works on a commercial way. The only restrictions are those specifically outlined in the Creative Commons License.
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There seems to be something like a beer tasting epidemic going on lately. I don't think there is a day that goes by that I don't read about one somewhere. This has made me wonder whether these tastings add anything to Beer Culture, and the more I think about it, the more I believe they don't.
I'm not speaking here about tastings that are actually the presentation of a brewery; I'm fine with those, they usually give the chance to meet the people behind the beers and that's always interesting. I'm not speaking about beer dinners, either, those are actually culinary games where beer can be easily replaced by any other beverage and the result will be essentially the same, a new sensory experience for the partakers. It's the guided tastings what I'm talking about
I've already spoken about clowns like this one or this one, people who organise and host tastings and courses whose only goal seems to be to part fools from their money taking advantage of a fad while throwing disinformation around. Fortunately, there are serious people, who know a thing or two about beer and organise this kind of events with the best of intentions. Their goal is to enrich Beer Culture, to show beer as a beverage and not just a brand, etc. (and, sometimes, promote their shops, nothing wrong with that). Everything is cool, but then, I see a picture like this one below (source) and my heart sinks a bit.
I've seen several similar photos, people sitting as if they were at a school, taking down notes and listening attentively to what someone holding a glass is saying. It is all so serious! Or at least that is the impression I get.
The biggest issue for me, though, is the way this tastings are usually put together. A bunch of different beers with little, if any, connection among them. The idea of this is to present the infinite variety the beverage offers. But you don't need a course for that, reading labels is enough to figure that out.
In my Facebook page, Alan McLeod recommended to skip this kind of events and use the money to buy new beers every month, trusting your own ability to learn and find your own interest. Wise words! Few things are more gratifying than those we learn by ourselves. And it is drinking beer what we are talking about, not computer programming! Specialised shops and bars often have people who are able to recommend and guide, all you need is to ask.
However, it is true that there are people out there who need to be taken by the hand and shown around, who are not all that comfortable with buying something they don't know much about and maybe, this tastings help them loose that fear. But they could be done differently. Pivní Rozmanitost, for example, sometimes hosts themed tastings of beers that fall into the same category or style. You don't need to pay much attention to realise that a Stout is very different from a Weizen, just a quick look is enough; but finding the differences in four or five beers that on paper are the same, that's another thing.
But even with this and other kinds of tastings, I believe that, generally speaking, this type of event adds nothing to beer culture. Look again at the picture. Beer isn't something made to be sniffed and sipped in 0.1l measures while listening to someone lecturing what we are supposed to be tasting and smelling; beer is made to be drunk and enjoyed. If the people on the other side of the counter wants to improve our beer culture, they should help us enjoy our beers better. Brewers should give us more information and work more with shop and pub owners so their beers will reach the consumer in the best possible condition. If they fail to do that, all the rest is just bollocks.
All this rant has brought up another question, a bigger question: Does "Beer Culture" really exists or is it only a fantasy that we love the believe and spread?
Na Zdraví!
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* Tired of over-crowded classrooms, school closings & charter expansion?
* Too much testing and not enough services?
* Should all students have art, music and world languages? * Do you believe all children should have access to pre-school? * Do parents, teachers and communities need more voice in CPS?
* Concerned about discipline policies that stigmatize our youth?
* Help develop a city-wide platform for LSCs
*Learn how to hold your LSC accountable
* Learn how to run for your LSC
You do NOT need to be an LSC member to attend, ALL interested community members should come to this event to strengthen local democracy at the school level (LSCs) and at the system level (fight for an Elected, Representative School Board-Come to Springfield with us Feb 27, see info below).
Download flyers: English and Spanishversions. Note that it is NOT a "candidate summit," it is FOR the reasons above.
Democracy in Education
Rally in Springfield
Thurs, February 27th
Sponsored by:
Communities Organized for Democracy in Education(CODE)
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Nutraceutical extracts from some endemic Onosma (O. circinnata, O. bornmuelleri, and O. angustissima) species: LC–ESI-MS/MS–based polyphenol profile, antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities
View/ Open
Access
info:eu-repo/semantics/embargoedAccessDate
18.06.2021Metadata
Show full item recordCitation
Sarikurkcu, C., Sahinler, S. S., Ozer, M. S., & Sihoglu Tepe, A. (2021). Nutraceutical extracts from some endemic Onosma (O. ci rcinnata, O. bornmuelleri, and O. angustissima) species: LC–ESI‐MS/MS–based polyphenol profile, antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 45(9), e15709.Abstract
This study aimed to determine the chemical composition of methanol extracts from Onosma circinnata, Onosma bornmuelleri, and Onosma angustissima and to investigate their antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities. Spectrophotometric analysis showed that the extracts were found to be rich in chlorogenic acid, luteolin 7-glucoside, rosmarinic acid, and apigenin 7-glucoside. While O. bornmuelleri showed the highest activity in DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP tests, O. circinnata was more effective in CUPRAC, phosphomolybdenum, and ferrous ion chelating tests. While O. angustissima showed significant inhibitory activities on AChE, BChE, and tyrosinase, O. bornmuelleri and O. circinnata showed the highest inhibitory activities on alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase. It was concluded that O. circinnata and O. bornmuelleri are effective antioxidant agents and O. angustissima can be considered as an alternative agent in the medical and cosmetic industries due to its ChE and tyrosinase inhibitory activities. Novelty impact statement Biological activities of Onosma species were brought to the literature for the first time with this study. O. circinnata showed remarkable antioxidant activity. O. angustissima exhibited the highest AChE, BChE and tyrosinase inhibitory activity.
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Rated 5 out of 5
by Firefox user 18132319, 9 months ago- Rated 4 out of 5by Firefox user 18719135, a day ago
- Rated 5 out of 5by Firefox user 13617961, a month ago
- Rated 3 out of 5by Firefox user 18629727, a month ago
- Rated 5 out of 5by Firefox user 18616978, 2 months ago
- Rated 5 out of 5by Firefox user 18076522, 2 months ago
- Rated 5 out of 5by Sam, 3 months agoSimple to use. Almost too simple. I clicked on the toolbar button expecting options and deleted all my history, etc. The simplicity is what makes it great. To prevent another accidental deletion, perhaps I should unpin it from toolbar.
- Rated 5 out of 5by Firefox user 18466210, 6 months ago
- Rated 4 out of 5by Firefox user 18466485, 6 months ago
- Rated 5 out of 5by Seän "frostbyte" Shepherd, 6 months ago
- Rated 5 out of 5by Firefox user 15482719, 6 months ago
- Rated 4 out of 5by Reggie L Addison, 9 months ago
- Rated 3 out of 5by Firefox user 17622706, 10 months ago
- Rated 5 out of 5by Choc1024, 10 months ago
- Rated 5 out of 5by Firefox user 15378042, 10 months ago
- Rated 5 out of 5by wraiter, 10 months ago
- Rated 5 out of 5by Firefox user 18248912, a year ago
- Rated 3 out of 5by Ken, a year ago
- Rated 2 out of 5by MartyGreg, a year agoI was hoping to be able to just click on this add-on and see all cookies on the computer to avoid going thru several steps using FF Tools...etc and select the ones I want to delete
- Rated 5 out of 5by homeboy, a year ago
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This year’s variant was in the same location as last year’s very busy one, but with some much-needed changes to the way things were run. The good news, for a start, was that the stage times over the main two stages were at least partly staggered so that not everything clashed, and with a reduced […]
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Research Article
Evaluation of Gut Associated Extracellular Enzyme-producing and Pathogen Inhibitory Microbial Community as Potential Probiotics in Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus
Koushik Ghosh
,
Sudeshna Banerjee
,
Urmi Mustafi Moon
,
Hassan Ahmad Khan
,
Dipanjan Dutta
Aquaculture Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan 713 104, West Bengal, India
Author
Correspondence author
International Journal of Aquaculture, 2017, Vol. 7, No. 23 doi: 10.5376/ija.2017.07.0023
Received: 09 Nov., 2017 Accepted: 19 Dec., 2017 Published: 29 Dec., 2017
© 2017 BioPublisher Publishing Platform
This is an open access article published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Preferred citation for this article:
Ghosh K., Banerjee S., Moon U.M., Khan H.A., and Dutta D., 2017, Evaluation of gut associated extracellular enzyme-producing and pathogen inhibitory microbial community as potential probiotics in Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, International Journal of Aquaculture, 7(23): 143-158 (doi: 10.5376/ija.2017.07.0023)
Abstract
The present study aimed at evaluation of gut associated bacteria and yeasts in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) as novel probiotics depending on extracellular digestive (amylase, protease and lipase) and degradation (cellulase, phytase, and xylanase) enzymes-producing ability, pathogen inhibition and bio-safety. The gastrointestinal (GI) tracts were taken out, separated into proximal and distal segments, homogenized, and enrichment culture was done on selective media plates for isolation of bacteria. Yeasts were isolated on yeast extract-peptone-dextreose media supplemented with antibiotics (150 mg L-1). Both, bacteria and yeasts were detected in the GI tracts of Nile tilapia. Diverse enzyme-producing microbial populations were higher in the distal segment than the proximal segment. Ten out of 97 bacteria and 5 out of 32 yeast strains were primarily selected. The bacterium ONF1P and the yeast strain ONF7.1C were noticed as the efficient exo-enzyme producing strains. Both the isolates were antagonistic against ≥2 tested fish pathogens. Both the strains were tolerant to diluted bile juice, capable to grow in fish mucus (intestinal) and compatible with previously isolated autochthonous fish gut bacteria. The isolates didn’t induce any pathological lesions or mortality in O. niloticus fingerlings. The strains ONF1P and ONF7.1C were identified as Bacillus licheniformis (KT362744) and Pichia kudriavzevii (KT582009), respectively, through 16S /18S rRNA gene fragment analyses. Extracellular enzyme-producing gut bacteria and yeast may restrain the growth of some fish pathogens and tolerate conditions within the GI tract. Further research should be directed to determine their in vivo effects on growth and disease resistance in O. niloticus.
Keywords
Nile tilapia; Bacillus; Pichia; Antagonism; Co-culture; Probiotics
International Journal of Aquaculture
• Volume 7
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Long-term Changes in Sea Surface Temperature at Selected Locations in the Sea of Oman and the Arabian Sea off Oman
Y.V.B. Sarma
1 ,
Anesh Govender
1 ,
Ebenezer S. Nyadjro
2 ,
Sergey Piontkovski
1
1. College of Agricultural and Marine Science, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box.34, Al Khod, P.C. 123, Muscat, Oman
2. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 7600 Sandpoint Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
Author
Correspondence author
International Journal of Marine Science, 2013, Vol. 3, No. 18 doi: 10.5376/ijms.2013.03.0018
Received: 08 Apr., 2013 Accepted: 19 Apr., 2013 Published: 22 Apr., 2013
© 2013 BioPublisher Publishing Platform
This is an open access article published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Preferred citation for this article:
Sarma et al., 2013, Long-term Changes in Sea Surface Temperature at Selected Locations in the Sea of Oman and the Arabian Sea off Oman, International Journal of Marine Science, Vol.3, No.18 145-150 (doi: 10.5376/ijms.2013.03.0018)
Abstract
Long-term changes in the sea surface temperature (SST) at two locations off Oman were investigated using Hadley Center SST for the period 1961~2009. A mean annual increase in SST by 0.32℃ was noticed in the Sea of Oman while an increase of 0.53℃ was noticed in the western Arabian Sea. The shift in SST is higher off Muscat than off Masirah during the study period. The bi-modal variability of the SST in the study region is successfully simulated by a cyclic model developed utilizing SST data for 1961~2009 period. An increase in summer warming and decrease in winter cooling are evident in the annual SST distribution at both the locations. The decadal variability off Masirah in the western Arabian Sea showed that the standard deviation of SST switched its character post-1990. The SST variance in Sea of Oman showed a decadal-scale change but in western Arabian Sea, it was nearly unchanged until 1990 and rapidly declined post-1990 period. The large shifts in SST apparently caused higher variability in the sea surface height (SSH) anomalies post-1990 period.
Keywords
Sea of Oman; Western Arabian Sea; Sea surface temperature; Sea level changes; Long-term SST change
International Journal of Marine Science
• Volume 3
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https://archives.bulbagarden.net/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Sky_Peak_Mountain_Path_Map.png
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The production cross-section of a top quark in association with a W boson is measured using proton-proton collisions at root s = 8 TeV. The dataset corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 20.2 fb(-1,) and was collected in 2012 by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. The analysis is performed in the single-lepton channel. Events are selected by requiring one isolated lepton (electron or muon) and at least three jets. A neural network is trained to separate the tW signal from the dominant t (t) over bar background. The cross-section is extracted from a binned profile maximum-likelihood fit to a two-dimensional discriminant built from the neural-network output and the invariant mass of the hadronically decaying W boson. The measured crosssection is sigma(tW) = 26 +/- 7 pb, in good agreement with the Standard Model expectation.
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The projects listed in this section lack any better description. They are mostly old and unmaintained now. More recent and better-documented projects can be found described in the blog section of this site, or on GitLab.
2024
- 2024-07-18 – mkg3a
2012
2011
2010
- 2010-05-30 – PuTTYJL
2009
- 2009-01-11 – fb-hitler
|
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Model Diagnostic Tools
This page links to tools used for the NorESM model evaluation.
NorESM Diagnostic Packages
NB: The wiki page for the NorESM diagnostic tools is moved!!
Last updated: 12-Dec-2020.
Please go to the following NorESM documentation page for the latest description:
Aerosol and Chemistry, Clouds and Forcing Diagnostics
In both the default CAM5-aerosol packages (MAM3,MAM7) and the Oslo-aerosol packages, the budget terms can be taken out using a variable in the namelist :
Configuring a run with more aerosol diagnostics in (NorESM2)
&phys_ctl_nl history_aerosol = .true. /
Two more diagnostics are useful:
- Enable estimates multiple calls to radiation which are necessary for effective radiative forcing estimates
- Enable diagnostics for AEROCOM
To enable this, take the file cam/src/physics/cam_oslo$ vim preprocessorDefinitions.h and copy it to your SourceMods/src.cam folder
Change both preprocessor definitions to true
#define AEROCOM #define AEROFFL
The AEROCOM-token turns on diagnostics needed for AEROCOM The AEROFFL-token tells the model to do additional radiation-diagnostics for aerosol indirect effect
Tracer Budget terms
Fields produced in monthly average files when running with budgets activated
Running with budgets activated will produce the following terms in the monthly output files:
Output variable name | Meaning | Comment |
---|---|---|
SF{Tracer} | Emissions from surface | |
GS_{Tracer} | gas phase chemistry | 3D-emissions and gas phase washout included in this term |
AQ_{Tracer} | aquous chemistry | |
{Tracer}_Mixnuc1 | Activation in clouds and evaporation of cloud droplets | |
{Tracer}_DDF | Dry deposition flux (aerosol tracers) | |
{Tracer}_SFWET | Wet deposition flux (aerosol tracers) | |
{Tracer}_condtend | loss/production in condensation/nuclation | (CAM-Oslo only) |
{Tracer}_coagTend | loss/production in coagulation | (CAM-Oslo only) |
DF_{Tracer} | dry deposition flux (gas tracers) | output with history_aerosol with CAM-Oslo only |
WD_A_{Tracer} | wet deposititon flux (gas tracers) | output with history_aerosol with CAM-Oslo only |
{Tracer}_CLXF | 3D-emissions (“external forcing”) | output with history_aerosol with CAM-Oslo only |
{Tracer}_clcoagTend | loss of tracer due to coagulation with cloud droplets | output with history_aerosol with CAM-Oslo only |
Note: Since 3D-emissions and and gas washout rates are included in the term GS_{Tracer} in the mozart chemistry solver, the individual terms can be found like this (example for SO2):
ncap2 -O -s GS_ONLY_SO2=GS_SO2-WD_A_SO2-SO2_CLXF infile.nc outfile.nc
More info on SO2 budgets (see /models/atm/cam/tools/diagnostics/ncl/ModIvsModII/ for scripts with info on all tracers):
GS_SO2 contains the SO2 budget terms for all that goes on in the chemistry-routine, which is
1) Gas phase chemistry, 2) Wet deposition, and 3) 3D-emissions.
Gas phase chemistry is both production from DMS (GS_DMS) and loss through OH (GL_OH)
For calculations of net loss, e.g. used to calculate SO2 life-times, we're interested in the
loss through OH from the chemistry-term (GL_OH).
GS_SO2 = GL_OH + SO2_CLXF - WD_A_SO2 - GS_DMS*64/62
or
GL_OH = GS_SO2 - SO2_CLXF + WD_A_SO2 + GS_DMS*64/62
Estimating chemical loss w.r.t. S (instead of SO2 or DMS), for comparison with CAM4-Oslo numbers:
net chemial loss gas phase = (GS_SO2/1.998 - SO2_CLXF + WD_A_SO2)/1.998 + GS_DMS/1.938
net chemical loss = net chemial loss gas phase + AQ_SO2/1.998
Finally, total net loss (used to calculate life-time = -load/(net loss), where load = cb_SO2/1.998):
net loss =
- WD_A_SO2/1.998 ;wet deposition in kg/m2/sec (positive in output file)
- DF_SO2/1.998 ;dry deposition in kg/m2/sec (positive in output file)
+ AQ_SO2/1.998 ;wet phase production of SO4 in kg/m2/ses (negative in output file)
+ (GS_SO2 - SO2_CLXF + WD_A_SO2)/1.998 + GS_DMS/1.938 ; net chemical loss gas phase
Looking at the aerosol budgets (CAM-Oslo only)
- Go to the directory models/atm/cam/tools/diagnostics/ncl/budgets
- Change the filename to use in the file budgets.ncl (“myFileName” around line 18). Should be for example yearly average of month-avg file in a run with budgets
- Run the script budgets.sh to create a pdf-file (output.pdf)
NCL Model Version Comparison package (Alf K)
Making ncl plots of often used aerosol and cloud fields, including ERFs, for two model versions (CAM-Oslo only)
- Make a local copy (on Linux) of the directory models/atm/cam/tools/diagnostics/ncl/ModIvsModII
- Assuming that you have produced output data from 4 simulations: two different model versions, each with PD and PI emissions, and all run with #define AEROCOM & AEROFFL:
- In ModIvsModII.csh (note: read the header info):
- - edit model info for the first model (shown to the left in the plots): modelI = CAM4-Oslo or modelI = CAM5-Oslo ?
- - provide paths and partial file names of the model data (PD and PI) for Model I (CAM4-Oslo or CAM5-Oslo) and Model II (must be CAM5-Oslo)
- - choose desired plot format (plotf=ps, eps, pdf or png)
- Run the script: ./ModIvsModII.csh
- Furthermore, to display the plots in an organized form by use of a web browser (only possible if the chosen plot format is png):
- - download htm template files from ftp://ftp.met.no/projects/noresmatm/upload/NorESM2Diagnostics/ModIvsModII/htm-templates/
- - edit general model info (only) in ModIvsModII.htm, and manually cut and paste the mass budget numbers from the script output into this file
- - copy all png (plots) and htm files to the desired output (common) directory
- - open ModIvsModII.htm in your browser: hyper-links to all other htm files, including plots, are found here
Cloud water mass and number analysis (budgets)
Configuring a run with more cloud diagnostics in NorESM2
To switch on extra output for cloud diagnostics (mass and number tendencies for liquid water and mass) change the following namelist variable:
&phys_ctl_nl history_budget = .true. /
A python script for plotting the mass and number budgets for the cloud microphysics can be found under:
models/atm/cam/tools/diagnostics/ncl/cloudBudgets
in the same branch. Copy the script to your local computer or lustre and edit the script to read the correct input file(s) (instructions inside the script). Run the script by typing:
python scriptname.py
in your terminal.
Automatic AEROCOM analysis
To prepare output so that it is processed automatically by the aerocom tools, use the script located at models/atm/cam/tools/aerocom/ in the svn repository. The script prepares files such that the idl aerocom tools prepare plots for the aerocom webinterface: URL link to NorESM on AeroCom webinterface
The script requires <ModelName>_<ExperimentName> and <Period> as input.
<Period>: for a climatological average and run choose 9999 , for nudged simulations choose the year of the meteorology
<ModelName>_<ExperimentName>: is the dataset identifier under which the plots appear on the AeroCom webinterface
in the required format
NorESM-CAM5_svn{RevisionNumber}_YYMMDD{initials}_Freetext.
Example:
“NorESM-CAM5_svn1094_151201AG_CMIP6endelig”
Initials AG: Alf Grini, AK: Alf Kirkevåg, DO: Dirk Olivie…
Where the date YYMMDD corresponds to the time when the AeroCom data preparation script has been executed.
The script creates files named like
“aerocom3_<ModelName>_<ExperimentName>_<VariableName>_<VerticalCoordinateType>_<Period>_<Frequency>.nc”
<ModelName> ⇒ eg NorESM-CAM53
<ExperimentName> ⇒ svn{RevisionNumber}_YYMMDD{initials}_Freetext
<VariableName> ⇒ aerocom variable names
<VerticalCoordinateType> ⇒ “Surface”, “Column”, “ModelLevel”, “SurfaceAtStations”, “ModelLevelAtStations”
<Period> ⇒ eg “2008”, “2010”, “9999”
<Frequency> ⇒ “timeinvariant”,”hourly”, “daily”, “monthly”, “sat1000”, “sat1330”, “sat2200”, “sat0130”
Note that VerticalCoordinateType is dependent on the variable!! It is not a question about “vertical coordinate type used in model simulations”!
The script copies files on norstore into /projects/NS2345K/CAM-Oslo/DO_AEROCOM/<ModelName>_<ExperimentName>/renamed/
ESMval CIS JASMIN platform and tools
cis tools http://www.cistools.net
Post analysis and workup of CAM diagnostics output tables
A tool for post analysis of (multiple) CAM diagnostics ASCII tables can be found in the following repository:
To get started, please follow the instructions in repository README (displayed in repository). Currently, the main analysis tool is a jupyter IPython notebook called
analysis_tool.ipynb (https://github.com/jgliss/noresm_diag_postproc/blob/master/analysis_tool.ipynb)
which includes more detailed instructions about setup and options.
Use the notebook
to download local copies of result tables using a list of URL's.
Short summary: The notebook reads multiple diagnostics files (runs) into one long table and creates heatmap plots of Bias, RMSE and RMSE relative error for a subset of variables (rows → y-axis of heatmap) vs. the individual runs (columns → xaxis).
NOTE: In the current version, you need to download all tables that you are interested in as csv or ascii into one directory, that is specified in the header of the notebook.
Variable groups can be defined in this config file:
NOTE: If you add groups to this file in your local copy of the repository, please consider sending the updated to email@example.com or to submit a pull request, so that the remote repository remains up to date.
Troubleshooting
If you run into problems, please raise an issue in the repository or contact firstname.lastname@example.org
|
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Abstract
In native extracellular matrices (ECM), cells can use matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) to degrade and remodel their surroundings. Likewise, synthetic matrices have been engineered to facilitate MMP-mediated cleavage that enables cell spreading, migration, and interactions. However, the intersection of matrix degradability and mechanical properties has not been fully considered. We hypothesized that immediate mechanical changes result from the action of MMPs on the ECM and that these changes are sensed by cells. Using atomic force microscopy (AFM) to measure cell-scale mechanical properties, we find that both fibrillar collagen and synthetic degradable matrices exhibit enhanced stress relaxation after MMP exposure. Cells respond to these relaxation differences by altering their spreading and focal adhesions. We demonstrate that stress relaxation can be tuned through the rational design of matrix degradability. These findings establish a fundamental link between matrix degradability and stress relaxation, which may impact a range of biological applications.
Table of contents This work reveals that matrix degradability, through its effects on stress relaxation, is an important cellular mechanotransduction cue. Cell-scale mechanical characterization shows that collagen gels and degradable synthetic gels display enhanced stress relaxation post-degradation. Stress relaxation is then tuned by systematically varying degradability, resulting in the regulation of cell spreading. This identifies degradability as a key chemomechanical design feature.
Competing Interest Statement
The authors have declared no competing interest.
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Fragment of Tabby Weave
Egyptian, Classical, Ancient Near Eastern Art
MEDIUM
Wool
DATES
5th–6th century C.E.
PERIOD
Late Antique Period
ACCESSION NUMBER
15.475t
CREDIT LINE
Gift of the Egypt Exploration Fund
MUSEUM LOCATION
This item is not on view
CAPTION
Coptic. Fragment of Tabby Weave, 5th–6th century C.E. Wool, 1 1/2 x 7 in. (3.8 x 17.8 cm). Brooklyn Museum, Gift of the Egypt Exploration Fund, 15.475t. Creative Commons-BY (Photo: Brooklyn Museum (in collaboration with Index of Christian Art, Princeton University), CUR.15.475T_ICA.jpg)
IMAGE
overall,
CUR.15.475T_ICA.jpg. Brooklyn Museum photograph (in collaboration with Index of Christian Art, Princeton University), 2007
"CUR" at the beginning of an image file name means that the image was created by a curatorial staff member. These study images may be digital point-and-shoot photographs, when we don\'t yet have high-quality studio photography, or they may be scans of older negatives, slides, or photographic prints, providing historical documentation of the object.
RIGHTS STATEMENT
Creative Commons-BY
You may download and use Brooklyn Museum images of this three-dimensional work in accordance with a
Creative Commons license. Fair use, as understood under the United States Copyright Act, may also apply.
Please include caption information from this page and credit the Brooklyn Museum. If you need a high resolution file, please fill out our online
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For further information about copyright, we recommend resources at the
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For more information about the Museum's rights project, including how rights types are assigned, please see our
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RECORD COMPLETENESS
Not every record you will find here is complete. More information is available for some works than for others, and some entries have been updated more recently. Records are frequently reviewed and revised, and
we welcome any additional information you might have.
|
<urn:uuid:9b8de95b-f76e-4f9c-be21-92571ad272aa>
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Catalogue of Life 2024-11-18 doi:10.48580/dgjy9
© 2022, Catalogue of Life. This online database is copyrighted by Catalogue of Life on behalf of the Catalogue of Life partners.
Unless otherwise indicated, all other content offered under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License,
Catalogue of Life, 2024-11-18.
Catalogue of Life is a Global Core Biodata Resource
The Catalogue of Life cannot guarantee the accuracy or completeness of the information in the Catalogue of Life.
Be aware that the Catalogue of Life is still incomplete and undoubtedly contains errors.
Catalogue of Life, nor any contributing database can be made liable for any direct or indirect damage arising out of the use of Catalogue of Life services.
|
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Chart showing results for inventory Value (Place: Roydon, England, Downham Market, England, King's Lynn, England, Great Yarmouth, England)(Value: 4, 0)(Testator Occupation(s): Maltster, Pipemaker)(searchtype: browse)
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2024-12-08T00:16:50Z
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Issue |
E3S Web Conf.
Volume 497, 2024
5th International Conference on Energetics, Civil and Agricultural Engineering (ICECAE 2024)
---|---|---|
Article Number | 03021 | |
Number of page(s) | 6 | |
Section | Agricultural Engineering | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202449703021 | |
Published online | 07 March 2024 |
Quality examination of ice cream products made from melon grown in Khorezm area
1 Urgench State University, 14, Khamid Alimdjan, 220100 Urgench, Uzbekistan
2 Karshi State University, 180119 Karshi, Uzbekistan
* Corresponding author: firstname.lastname@example.org
The results of qualitative examination of melon ice cream, its raw materials, preparation technology, vitamin C content in various recipes of ice cream, as well as regulatory documents on various microbiological safety standards in the product, methods for studying the necessary microbiological indicators, as well as microbiological studies of melon ice cream in storage in different conditions are presented.
© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2024
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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3.3V Automotive Step-Down Regulator – Low-Iq, Dual-Mode
This is a Dual Mode regulator intended for Automotive, battery-connected applications that operate with up to a 36V input supply. Depending on the output load, it operates either as a PWM Buck Converter or as a Low Drop-Out Linear Regulator, and is suitable for systems with low noise...
Continue ReadingHalf Bridge with Single PWM Input
This is a Half-bridge module based on the LM5104 chip, which is a high-voltage gate driver. This High-Voltage Gate Driver is designed to drive both the high-side and the low-side N-channel MOSFETs in a synchronous buck configuration. The floating high-side driver can work with supply...
Continue Reading12-95V Input – 5V Output – High Voltage DC-DC Buck Converter
This is a versatile synchronous buck DC/DC converter built using the LM5008 chip. The operating input voltage range is 12V to 95V DC, providing 5V/120-350mA output. The regulator can provide a load current of up to 350mA, but it's advisable to draw only 120mA due to the small thermal...
Continue Reading12-75V Input to 10V Output DC-DC Buck Converter
This is a versatile synchronous Buck DC/DC converter built using the LM5007 chip. It operates with an input voltage range 12V to 75VDC, and provides 10V/250mA output. The regulator can provide load current up to 400mA, but it is advisable to draw only 250mA due to the small thermal...
Continue ReadingUniversal Input AC/DC Switching Buck Regulator – 85V -265V AC Input – 5V/150mA DC Output
The project presented here is a universal input AC/DC switching buck regulator with ultra-low standby power that is capable of delivering up to 2.5W output power. The RAA223012 chip is the heart of the project which combines constant off-time control for heavy load and Pulse Frequency...
Continue Reading5V – 4A Buck Converter using NR110E
This powerful buck converter can efficiently produce 5 V@4A with an input voltage between 7V to 31V. The project is built using the NR110E chip from Sanken Semiconductor. The IC integrates the power MOSFET. With current mode control, ultra-low ESR capacitors, such as ceramic...
Continue ReadingHigh Current DC-DC Converter – 12V/6A Output from 16V to 38V DC Input
The project presented here is a low quiescent current, synchronous buck converter featuring the LTC3807. This DC-DC converts a 16V to 38V input voltage to a 12V at 6A output. The main features of this board include an internal LDO for gate drive power from VIN or EXTVCC, RUN pins, a...
Continue Reading
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The continuing growth in knowledge of cellular mechanisms - and capabilities in bioinformatics - has certainly been paying off in cancer research over the past few years - good news for the future of healthy life extension, as cancer is big concern. Many potential cures are currently in the works. InfoAging reports on yet another promising new approach: "Scientists have fixed a defect in cancer cells that allows them to avoid the normal cell-death process, and as a consequence, they eliminated leukemia cells from laboratory mice. ... BCL-2 overexpression has been noted in many types of cancer, and was first found in lymphoma cells. ... This study provides strong support for the speculation that blocking BCL-2 would be lethal to cancer cells."
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Prayer of Liberation and of Redemption
Supreme Mother,
Universal Star,
may Your Powerful Love
liberate the bonds.
May the luminous swords
of Your Holy Angels
cut away involution,
and any difficulty.
May the power of Your Healing
reconcile our heart with God,
and that united to Your Immaculate Heart,
may we live the promise
of the victorious return of Christ,
Our Lord.
Amen
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2024-12-07T23:15:17Z
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Corrigendum: RAFF-4, Magnetization Transfer and Diffusion Tensor MRI of Lysophosphatidylcholine Induced Demyelination and Remyelination in Rats
- 1Department of Medical Imaging, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- 2A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- 3Charles River Laboratories, Kuopio, Finland
- 4First Department of Neurology, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- 5Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, Untied States
- 6Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, Untied States
Remyelination is a naturally occurring response to demyelination and has a central role in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis and traumatic brain injury. Recently we demonstrated that a novel MRI technique entitled Relaxation Along a Fictitious Field (RAFF) in the rotating frame of rank n (RAFFn) achieved exceptional sensitivity in detecting the demyelination processes induced by lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) in rat brain. In the present work, our aim was to test whether RAFF4, along with magnetization transfer (MT) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), would be capable of detecting the changes in the myelin content and microstructure caused by modifications of myelin sheets around axons or by gliosis during the remyelination phase after LPC-induced demyelination in the corpus callosum of rats. We collected MRI data with RAFF4, MT and DTI at 3 days after injection (demyelination stage) and at 38 days after injection (remyelination stage) of LPC (n = 12) or vehicle (n = 9). Cell density and myelin content were assessed by histology. All MRI metrics detected differences between LPC-injected and control groups of animals in the demyelination stage, on day 3. In the remyelination phase (day 38), RAFF4, MT parameters, fractional anisotropy, and axial diffusivity detected signs of a partial recovery consistent with the remyelination evident in histology. Radial diffusivity had undergone a further increase from day 3 to 38 and mean diffusivity revealed a complete recovery correlating with the histological assessment of cell density attributed to gliosis. The combination of RAFF4, MT and DTI has the potential to differentiate between normal, demyelinated and remyelinated axons and gliosis and thus it may be able to provide a more detailed assessment of white matter pathologies in several neurological diseases.
Introduction
Myelin is essential for the proper functioning of the central nervous system. It not only accelerates the propagation of electrical impulses along myelinated fibers, but it also provides protection and nutrients to neurons (Saab and Nave, 2017). Disturbances in the integrity of myelin can cause a wide variety of motor, sensory and cognitive symptoms, and demyelination, e.g., damage or loss of myelin sheaths has been associated with several diseases including multiple sclerosis (Noseworthy et al., 2000), Alzheimer’s disease (Nasrabady et al., 2018), and traumatic brain injury (Armstrong et al., 2016a).
Remyelination is a natural regenerative response to demyelination. Both acquired and genetic demyelinations are followed by remyelination, and this has been found to play an important role especially in multiple sclerosis (Prineas and Connell, 1979; Hirano, 1989) and traumatic brain injury (Armstrong et al., 2016b). Oligodendrocytes create new myelin sheaths that cover the demyelinated axons; however, the newly formed myelin sheaths are typically thinner than the original myelin sheaths and/or may have a different structure and altered conduction properties (Zhao et al., 2005; Franklin and Ffrench-Constant, 2008). Remyelination is a key step in the patient’s recovery process, as electrical impulses propagate too slowly along demyelinated axons to allow normal brain function. Non-invasive quantitative imaging of changes in myelin content and microstructure can provide critical information about demyelination and remyelination processes and be useful for monitoring the progression of diseases and responses to treatment.
There are several methods available which can be used for imaging of demyelination, however, MRI is able to map myelin only indirectly (Heath et al., 2018). Direct detection of myelin is difficult as the movement restriction of lipid chains in the myelin bilayer causes a fast relaxation decay of the MR signal, although it may become more feasible by adopting zero echo time imaging approaches (Wilhelm et al., 2012; Seifert et al., 2017). Diffusion MRI, in particular diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), monitors the microscopic motion of water molecules that occur in brain tissues as a part of the diffusion process. As myelin sheaths restrict water diffusion, DTI can detect abnormalities in the structure of white matter, although it is not specific for the myelin compartment as many other cell structures contribute to the restriction of diffusion in tissue. Magnetization transfer (MT) MRI is an indirect method that was proposed many years ago for the detection of demyelination (Wolff and Balaban, 1989). This method utilizes the exchange of magnetization between the hydrogen nuclei of semisolid macromolecules and hydrogen protons in free water; as a consequence, semisolid tissue components such as myelin structures can modulate the MR image contrast. One limitation to the use of MT for monitoring myelin is that other macromolecular tissue components, as well as changes in the water content due to edema, also affect the MT contrast. Multi-exponential T2 can serve as a potential indicator of the myelin content in white matter. However, the relative size of the short-T2 component around 8–50 ms is defined as myelin associated water, and this has often been interpreted as the myelin content (Dula et al., 2010). While the water fraction of myelin has been found to correlate with the myelin content, the exact relationship between the short T2 component and the myelin content is not well understood (Tozer et al., 2005).
A novel rotating frame relaxation method operating in non-adiabatic regime, entitled Relaxation Along a Fictitious Field (RAFF) (Liimatainen et al., 2010, 2011) in the rotating frame of rank n (RAFFn) (Liimatainen et al., 2015), was recently presented and shown to have excellent sensitivity for myelin detection both in normal brain (Hakkarainen et al., 2016) and in demyelinated lesions induced by lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) injections into the corpus callosum and in the dorsal tegmental tract (Lehto et al., 2017) of the rat brain and in dysmyelination (Satzer et al., 2015) in mouse brain. The correlation of relaxation time constants detected with RAFF4 (TRAFF4) with the myelin content obtained in a previous study (Lehto et al., 2017) was ascribed to the increased sensitivity of RAFFn to slow/ultra-slow motional regimes. These have correlation times of motion in the ms range (Liimatainen et al., 2015; Satzer et al., 2015; Hakkarainen et al., 2016), likely reflecting the exchange of myelin associated water as well as the conformational dynamics of methylene functional groups within myelin. The highest correlation between relaxation time constants and the myelin content was achieved with RAFF4 and RAFF5 techniques as compared to T1, T2 and conventional spin-lock rotating frame relaxation contrasts (Satzer et al., 2015; Hakkarainen et al., 2016) in the rat brain. In addition, RAFFn provides the distinct advantage of resulting in a substantially lower specific absorption rate (SAR) as compared to conventional continuous wave (CW) (Liimatainen et al., 2010, 2015).
While our previous work demonstrated the clear advantages of RAFFn in the detection of demyelination (Lehto et al., 2017), the process of remyelination was not assessed by multimodal MRI. In the present work, we hypothesize that by combining microstructural imaging, DTI, and methods specific to myelin content, RAFFn and/or MT, it is possible to characterize both the myelin content and the integrity of myelin sheaths during remyelination. To test this hypothesis, we used LPC-induced demyelination in the rat corpus callosum, and conducted a longitudinal study using multiparametric MRI data during both the acute demyelination and chronic remyelination phases and compared the results with histological findings.
Materials and Methods
Animal Model
A total of 26 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (Charles River, Germany; 300–350 g) were used in this study. Rats were group housed with a 12 h light/12 h dark cycle and had ad libitum access to food and water. All animal procedures were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the Provincial Government of Southern Finland and conducted in accordance with the guidelines set by the European Commission Directive 2010/63/EEC.
All surgical procedures were done under inhalation anesthesia using 1.8–2.2% isoflurane in 30%/70% O2/N2O. To induce demyelinated lesions, stereotaxic injections of the LPC solution (volume of 1.5 μl; concentration: 10 mg/ml; L-α- lysophosphatidylcholine from egg yolk; L-4129 Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, United States) were administered into the corpus callosum of the rat brain with stereotactic coordinates of 0.4 mm caudal from bregma, 1.4 mm left from bregma, and 2.6 mm from the brain surface (n = 17). Control animals (n = 9) underwent the identical protocol but were injected with 1.5 μl of vehicle solution of 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer solution instead of LPC.
Pilot Study
A pilot study was first performed to clarify the time course of the demyelination/-remyelination process in the LPC model under our experimental conditions. It has been previously described that demyelination without an inflammatory reaction peaks at day 3 after LPC injection (Waxman et al., 1979; Lehto et al., 2017). However, it was our intention to determine the time course of remyelination. In the pilot experiment, 5 LPC rats were imaged at 7 T MRI (Bruker Pharmascan, Entlingen, Germany) with an actively decoupled quadrature receiver rat head coil and volume transmit coil pair every 2–3 days for 38 days using a high-resolution T2-weighted fast spin-echo (FSE) sequence with the following parameters: TR = 2.6 s, averages = 8, TEeff = 42.7 ms, rare factor = 8, FOV = 25.6 × 25.6 mm2, matrix size = 256 × 256, number of slices = 24 and slice thickness = 0.3 mm) with total imaging time of 10 min 55 s. Immediately after the final scanning, the animals were perfused for histology.
MRI Protocol to Study Demyelination and Remyelination
The remaining rats (n = 21) were imaged on day 3 after the LPC (n = 12) or vehicle (n = 9) injection, when there was already a significant demyelination without any inflammatory reaction or any signs of remyelination (Waxman et al., 1979), and again on day 38 after the injection when there should be a marked remyelination according to our pilot study. All MRI procedures were performed with the 7 T MRI system described above. The location of injections was localized using T2-weighted FSE acquisitions. The center of the imaging slice for RAFF4, MT, and DTI (middle slice), on both day 3 and day 38, was positioned to align with the center of the T2-weighted slice next (caudal) to the slice covering the injection site to exclude any mechanical damage induced by the injection.
For the relaxation and MT measurements, a FSE pulse sequence was used as the readout portion of the sequence. The parameters for the readout were TR = 4 s, TEeff = 8.3 ms, necho = 8, FOV = 32.0 × 32.0 mm2, matrix size = 256 × 256, number of slices = 1 and slice thickness = 0.5 mm with a total acquisition time of 16 min for one relaxation time constant map.
The RAFFn method has been presented in detail previously (Liimatainen et al., 2015). Here, we used RAFF4; to generate RAFFn contrast, trains of RAFFn pulses assembled in P-packets (PP–1 Pπ Pπ–1) were used as described before (Liimatainen et al., 2010). The duration of each RAFF4 pulse, defined as Tp = 4π/(√2ω1max), was set to 4.525 ms and the peak RF amplitude was γB1 = 324 Hz. The RAFF4 pulse train durations were 0, 109, 217, 326, and 434 ms. Separate measurements were performed with and without an adiabatic full passage (AFP) inversion pulse (hyperbolic secant (HS1) pulse, Tp = 8 ms, γB1 = 2,500 Hz) preceding the RAFFn pulse trains (Liimatainen et al., 2010).
RAFF4 was calculated by a non-linear least-squares fitting approach simultaneously on data obtained with initial -z′ and +z′ magnetization orientations (Liimatainen et al., 2010). Equation 1 was used to model the observed exponential decay and the approach to steady state,
Here, S0 is the initial signal intensity (t = 0), R is the relaxation rate constant describing the decay, and SSS is the steady-state intensity at t → ∞.
In acquiring MT metrics, we used the modified inversion MT protocol with two consecutive acquisitions as described previously (Mangia et al., 2011). Separate measurements were performed with the magnetization initially aligned along the +z axis during off-resonance irradiation, or -z axis to allow the signal to recover, i.e., without or with initial global inversion achieved by an adiabatic full passage (AFP) pulse, in analogy to the acquisitions with RAFF4. A square saturation pulse with γB1 = 200 Hz was placed at 8 kHz off-resonance with an incremental duration (0.0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2 s). T1sat, MSS (steady state magnetization) and M0 (fully relaxed magnetization in the absence of RF), were calculated using pixel-by-pixel analysis, as described by Mangia et al. (2011). MTR was also calculated as MTR = 1–MSS/M0.
For DTI, segmented spin-echo EPI was used with TR = 1 s, TE = 31.8 ms, nshots = 2, number of averages = 48, FOV = 21.3 × 14.4 mm2, matrix size = 170 × 115, number of slices = 5, slice thickness = 0.5 mm, b = 2,000 s/mm2, diffusion directions = 42 leading to a total acquisition time of 1 h 18 min. Mean diffusivity (MD), fractional anisotropy (FA), and radial and axial diffusivity (RD, AD) maps were calculated from DTI data. DTI data were corrected for motion and eddy current-induced image distortions using Explore DTI (Leemans et al., 2009). Relaxation time constants and parametric maps from MT and DTI were reconstructed from signal intensities using pixel-by-pixel fitting in MATLAB (MathWorks, Natick, MA) and FMRIB’s Software Library (FSL).
Region-of-Interest (ROI) Analysis
All the images from both time points were co-registered to the RAFF4 images from day 3 using Advanced Normalization Tools (ANTs)1. Two ROIs in the corpus callosum, one contralateral and one ipsilateral to the injection site, were manually drawn on T2-weighted images in every animal and transferred to the co-registered stack of parametric maps using the Aedes software package2 When drawing the ROIs, we chose one slice caudally to the injection site based on the day 3 images and we used the same location on day 38. Mean values from each ROIs from every map were used in the statistical analysis. In the vehicle injected animals, the ROIs were drawn at the vehicle injection site similarly as conducted for the LPC- injected animals.
Histological Procedures and Analysis
After the last MRI session, all animals were transcranially perfused first with 0.9% NaCl (30 ml/min, 2 min, 4°C) followed by 4% paraformaldehyde solution in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) (30 ml/min, 25 min, 4°C). After perfusion, the brains were removed from the skull, and post-fixed for 4 h in 4% paraformaldehyde solution. Then, the brains were cryoprotected in 20% glycerol in 0.02 M potassium phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4) for 36 h, and frozen in dry ice, and stored at –70°C until sectioning.
The brains were sectioned into five series of 30 μm thick coronal sections using a sliding microtome. The first series was stored in 10% formalin at room temperature, and second to fifth series were stored in a cryoprotectant tissue-collecting solution (30% ethyleneglycol, 25% glycerol in 0.05 M PBS) at –20°C until staining.
Selected sections from the first series of sections were stained with Nissl (thionin) to assess changes in the cytoarchitecture of the corpus callosum. We stained up to 10 sections covering and exceeding the lesioned area as revealed in MRI on day 3. Consecutive sections from the second series were stained with gold chloride to assess the myeloarchitecture of the corpus callosum (Laitinen et al., 2010).
The optical density of Nissl- and myelin-stained sections was quantified in locations corresponding to the ROIs in the MRI analysis. Three consecutive sections were selected based on the MRI images where the ROI was drawn for analysis. The histological sections were selected based on anatomical landmarks, and the ROIs for optical density were drawn in the same anatomical location as in the MRI images in the ipsi- and contralateral corpus callosum. The three consecutive sections represent 450 μm in the rostral-caudal direction, which provides good coverage of the slice thickness of 500 μm in MRI. High-resolution photomicrographs of both Nissl- and myelin-stained sections of the corpus callosum were obtained using a light microscope (Zeiss Axio Imager2, White Plains, NY, United States) equipped with a digital camera (Zeiss Axiocam color 506). The whole corpus callosum area was imaged in each section by using the tile mode with an objective of 20×. Acquisition, alignment and format conversion were performed with Zen software (Blue edition, v2.6, Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, United States).
The optical density (OD) on Nissl- and myelin-stained sections was quantified using ImageJ software (version 1.47, http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/, NIH, United States). First, the color photomicrographs were converted into 16-bit gray scale images, and then the gray scale was inverted to facilitate the interpretation of intensity values in the image to the intensities observed in the myelin-stained sections. We obtained the intensity values from each ROI from Nissl and myelin-stained sections. In order to correct for possible staining differences between sections and brains, the intensity values were corrected against the background intensity with no cell/myelin as in the cortical areas. OD was estimated as (Iref – Icc)/Iref, and for each ROI, the OD value was the average of the three consecutive sections. The estimation of the area of demyelination was conducted on the myelin-stained sections by selecting the area with a low content of myelin ipsi- and/or contralaterally. This selection was limited to the area of demyelination included in the previously drawn ROI for intensity.
Statistical Analysis
Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism software (version 5.03 for Windows, La Jolla, CA, United States). Numerical results are represented as mean and standard deviation. Differences between vehicle- and LPC-injected rats were assessed using the two-sample t-test, and differences between ipsi- and contralateral corpus callosum within the same brain using the paired t-test. The contribution of myelinated axons and cell density to the MRI metrics was assessed using Pearson’s linear correlation of the ROI analysis results from MRI and OD of myelin- and Nissl-stained sections. The change of the MRI parameters between days 3 and 38 was assessed using paired-samples t-test separately for ipsi- and contralateral ROIs of vehicle- and LPC-injected rats. The Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate method was used for multiple comparison corrections, and FDR-threshold q < 0.05 was chosen for statistical significance (Benjamini and Hochberg, 1995).
Results
The time course of the relative signal changes in T2-weighted images after LPC injection is shown in Figure 1. This pilot experiment showed that a clear lesion could be detected on day 3 in the corpus callosum, followed by a gradual recovery of the T2-weighted signal intensity in the subsequent time points (Figure 1G). This is consistent with the demyelination/remyelination process described for the LPC model in white matter (Woodruff and Franklin, 1999). Based on this experiment, we chose day 3 as the time point for demyelination and day 38 for remyelination.
Figure 1. T2 weighted images showing the lesion in the corpus callosum (white arrow) and its development from day 3 to day 38 (A–F). The graph represents the signal intensity ratio between lesioned and normal tissue on individual days (G).
On day 3, all the LPC animals exhibited a lesion in the MRI maps with the lesion mainly in the ipsilateral corpus callosum, but also extending to the contralateral side (Figure 2). The group-wise results and comparisons in absolute units are shown in Figure 3, while Table 1 shows relative differences and q-values (FDR corrected p-values) facilitating a comparison between modalities. The relative differences were calculated as (LPC-Vehicle)/Vehicle)∗100%. All MRI metrics revealed the significant and robust effect of demyelination following LPC-injected animals in the ipsilateral site (Figure 3). The largest relative differences were detected by RAFF4, FA and AD (48, –50, –54%, respectively), while MTR, T1sat and RD showed more modest (–18, 21, 26%) but still very clear changes between the demyelinated ipsilateral area and a similar area in vehicle treated animals (Table 1). The contralateral side also showed statistically significant but smaller changes between LPC and vehicle injected animals. Diffusion parameters, especially AD, FA and RD (–16, –22, 18%) were most sensitive at detecting the contralateral changes; these were caused most likely by the diffusion of LPC from the ipsilateral side to the contralateral side.
Figure 2. Quantitative MRI maps in the demyelination phase, on day 3: RAFF4 (A), magnetization transfer ratio, MTR (B), T1sat (C), mean diffusivity, MD (D), fractional anisotropy, FA (E), axial diffusivity, AD (F), radial diffusivity, RD (G), T2w image with lesion (H) and representative example of ROIs for analyzing the lesion on a grayscale RAFF4 map (I). White arrow points to the lesion in the corpus callosum.
Figure 3. Region of interest analysis of MRI parameters in the demyelination phase, on day 3: RAFF4 (A), magnetization transfer ratio, MTR (B), T1sat (C), mean diffusivity MD (D), fractional anisotropy, FA (E) and axial and radial diffusivity, AD (F), and RD (G). Values obtained from the ipsilateral and contralateral sides of LPC injected (n = 12) rats and from the corresponding ROI in the vehicle injected (n = 9) rats. Mean ± SD, paired (+) or unpaired (*) t-test, FDR corrected p-values: *<0.05, ** or ++<0.01, *** or +++<0.001.
On day 38, all the LPC-injected animals revealed at least a partial recovery of the lesion in the MRI maps (Figure 4). Nonetheless, significant differences were still observed on day 38 between LPC and vehicle injected animals in the ipsilateral side in all other MRI metrics except the MD (Figure 5). When comparing MRI outcomes on day 3 (demyelination) to day 38 (remyelination), significant differences were detected in all MRI metrics (Table 1). In particular, the recovery toward normal values on the ipsilateral side of the LPC injected animals was detected with RAFF4 (from 48 to 17%, difference in ipsilateral side of LPC rats, from day 3 to day 38), MTR (from –18 to –7%), T1sat (from 21 to 10%), MD (from –31 to 1%), FA (from –51 to –22%), AD (from –54 to –16%). Furthermore, RD displayed a further robust increase (from 26 to 45%) from days 3 to 38.
Figure 4. Quantitative MRI maps in the remyelination phase, on day 38. Relaxation time constant map of RAFF4 (A), magnetization transfer ratio, MTR (B), T1sat (C), mean diffusivity, MD (D), fractional anisotropy, FA (E), axial diffusivity, AD (F), radial diffusivity, RD (G), T2w image with the lesion (H) and a representative example of ROIs for analyzing lesion on a grayscale RAFF4 map (I). White arrow points to the lesion in the corpus callosum.
Figure 5. Region of interest analysis of MRI parameters in the remyelinization phase, on day 38: RAFF4 (A), magnetization transfer ratio, MTR (B), T1sat (C), mean diffusivity MD (D), fractional anisotropy, FA (E) and axial and radial diffusivity, AD (F) and RD (G). Values obtained from the ipsilateral and contralateral side of LPC injected (n = 12) rats and from the corresponding ROI in the vehicle injected (n = 9) rats. Mean ± SD, paired (+) or unpaired (*) t-test, FDR corrected p-values: + < 0.05, *** or +++<0.001.
Figure 6 shows the quantitative assessment of the histological results as well as representative examples of myelin- and Nissl-stained sections from vehicle- and LPC-injected animals. On day 38, the optical density (OD) analysis on myelin-stained sections revealed a small but significant decrease in the myelin content when comparing the ipsi- and contralateral ROIs in the corpus callosum in the LPC-injected brains (q = 0.02) (Figure 6A). We found a significant increase of the demyelinated area in animals after LPC injection in comparison to vehicle animals, ipsilaterally (q = 0.0085) but not contralaterally (q = 0.11) (Figure 6B). The demyelinated area was small as compared to the total area of the ROI analyzed in the OD analysis; these results demonstrate that the remyelination was well advanced but not completed at 38 days after the injection (Figures 6D–G). Additionally, we found that myelin alterations were taking place along the corpus callosum structure, which may be an indication of ongoing remyelinating processes (Figure 6F).
Figure 6. Histologic assessment of the myelin and Nissl stainings at 38 days after vehicle or LPC injection. OD (A) and demyelinated area (B) analyses of the myelin-stained sections, and OD analysis of the Nissl-stained (C) sections. Values were obtained from the ipsi- and contralateral corpus callosum of vehicle- (n = 9) and LPC-injected (n = 12) rats. Results are shown as mean ± SD. The unpaired t-test compared the same hemispheres between vehicle- and LPC-injected rats (**p < 0.01), and the paired t-test ipsi- and contralateral hemispheres within the same animals (++p < 0.01). Photomicrographs of vehicle- and LPC-injected animals in myelin (D–G) and Nissl (H–K) stains of representative rats. The white arrow points to the ongoing demyelinated area and the presence of gliosis, and the asterisk indicates the area with ongoing myelin alterations accompanied by gliosis. Scale bar: 1 mm (D,E,H,I) and 200 μm (F,G,J,K).
The analysis on Nissl-stained sections revealed increased cell density, which can be attributed to gliosis. The OD analysis on Nissl-stained sections showed that values in both ipsi- (q = 0.0032) and contralateral (q = 0.0085) ROIs of the corpus callosum significantly increased when comparing vehicle and LPC animals (Figure 6C). The increased cell density area overlapped with the demyelinated area (Figures 6G,K) and myelin alterations (Figures 6F,J) observed in myelin staining. These results demonstrate that the persistent demyelination was accompanied by inflammatory processes which were still ongoing at 38 days after the LPC infection.
None of the MRI parameters correlated with the OD of myelin staining in the lesion area in the remyelination phase, however, RD, FA and AD correlated with the OD assessed with Nissl staining (q < 0.05) (Table 2).
Discussion
In the present work, we investigated the capabilities of quantitative RAFF4, MTR, T1sat and DTI metrics to detect LPC-induced demyelination and remyelination in rat brain corpus callosum. We confirmed the previously demonstrated high sensitivity of RAFF4, MTR, and DTI for detecting demyelination (Lehto et al., 2017). This is the first time when RAFF4 was tested for investigating the myelination status during the remyelination phase. Our main finding was that the remyelination phase was associated with a partial recovery of RAFF4, MTR, and T1sat, FA and AD, while RD remained abnormally high and MD showed a complete recovery on day 38 after LPC injection, i.e., a time point when there was histological evidence of marked remyelination and gliosis.
Our results confirmed the sensitivity of RAFF4 and MTR to detect demyelination at 3 days after the LPC injection into the corpus callosum when only mild gliosis was present (Lehto et al., 2017). The demyelination phase was also associated with a distinct pattern in the DTI metric’s changes, namely decreases in FA, AD, and MD, and an increase in RD. In our previous study, the LPC induced demyelination in the corpus callosum was characterized by a clearly decreased myelin content as detected by myelin staining. However, in that study we also observed some remaining disorganized pockets in the myelin sheaths with myelin debris being evident in electron microscopy (Lehto et al., 2017). In the present experiments, the pattern of changes in DTI metrics in demyelination phase, was mostly consistent with our previous work, however, now we did find increased RD, a parameter which was unchanged in our previous study. The present finding is in agreement with the general view that increased RD is an indication of demyelination (Song et al., 2005). The difference to the previous study may originate from differences in LPC patches leading to more severe demyelination. This is also consistent with the somewhat relatively larger changes in RAFF4 and MTR observed in the present study as compared to those reported by Lehto et al. (2017).
The remyelination phase was characterized by a close-to-normal myelin content as confirmed by OD analysis of myelin-stained histological sections. Unlike on day 3, when only very mild gliosis was present, on day 38 increased cellular density was detected in Nissl staining, likely due to gliosis. As increased cellularity affects relaxation, MT and diffusion, this makes the interpretation of the results more complicated, resembling more realistically the human pathology where myelin damage typically triggers gliosis, and thus these pathological features overlap. At the late time point, we observed a recovery of RAFF4 toward the normal values measured in the healthy tissue, which is consistent with remyelination. It has been shown that RAFF4 is sensitive to the correlation time regime in the ms-range (Satzer et al., 2015; Hakkarainen et al., 2016), which likely corresponds to exchange and dipolar interactions of myelin and water as well as dipolar interaction with methylene groups. Therefore, the high sensitivity of RAFF4 to myelin, also during the remyelination phase, was expected.
MT showed a similar recovery toward baseline as RAFF4. However, the relative difference to controls was smaller than in RAFF4, reflecting its lower sensitivity to myelination changes in the demyelination phase. Previously, RAFF4 had been shown to correlate with myelin density to a greater extent than MT in normal brain (Hakkarainen et al., 2016) and in LPC-induced demyelinated lesions in dorsal tegmental tract (dtg) of the rat brain (Lehto et al., 2017). It should be emphasized, however, that there is a distinct difference between relaxation mechanisms during RAFF4 and MT. RAFF4 is a rotating frame method operating in the rotating frame of rank 4, and thus has contributions from longitudinal, T1r, and transverse, T2r, relaxation pathways (Liimatainen et al., 2015). In addition to anisochronous and isochronous exchange and dipolar interactions contributing to RAFF4, RAFF4 share cross-relaxation pathways with MT (van Zijl et al., 2018). Therefore, these two techniques provide only partially overlapping information when characterizing tissue integrity. This substantial distinction in the relaxation mechanisms contributing to RAFF4 and MT is reflected in the differential sensitivity of RAFF4 and MT to demyelination, dismyelination and remyelination processes in the brain (Satzer et al., 2015). It is also worth noting that RAFFn offers the possibility of achieving the desired fictitious field by making use of a frequency swept pulse which improves the flexibility in handling SAR issues in human applications (Liimatainen et al., 2015).
The pattern of changes detected in DTI metrics in the remyelination phase was likely conveying information from multiple factors including the thickness and microstructure of the myelin sheaths as well as the cell density. The partial recoveries of FA and AD are similar to those detected with RAFF4 and may reflect the rebuilding of myelin sheaths and the clearance of the myelin debris. The increase in RD is consistent with the fact that the remyelinated sheaths are structurally different from intact myelin sheaths (Raine, 1984; Oluich et al., 2012; Podbielska et al., 2013; Pfeiffer et al., 2019), i.e., they are likely more permeable to water. MD was the only MRI parameter that returned to the normal level on day 38. It is well known from cancer studies that MD inversely correlates with the cellularity of the tissue (Chenevert et al., 2000) and therefore the increased cellularity due to gliosis likely contributes to the pseudo-normalization of MD. The extension to more complex diffusion MRI models has the potential to extract more specific information related to these processes (Luo et al., 2019).
MRI changes were also detected on the contralateral side of the injection between LPC and vehicle injected animals. This is likely attributable to diffusion of LPC along axons in corpus callosum such that LPC reached also the contralateral side. Interestingly, changes in cell density in Nissl, attributed to gliosis, were pronounced on the contralateral side on day 38, probably explaining the higher sensitivity of diffusion changes than were evident with RAFF4 or MT. None of the MRI parameters correlated significantly with optical density of myelin staining in the remyelination phase. This is likely because the optical densities were close to normal in the lesioned area and therefore there was a narrow range of values both for MRI and optical density. This, together with confounding effect of gliosis on MRI parameters, explains the non-significant correlation values between MRI parameters and myelin density in the remyelination phase, even though there was an evident recovery of MRI parameters, especially RAFF4 and MTR, from demyelination values. The influence of gliosis on diffusion metrics is consistent with the earlier reports of Budde et al. (2011). Consistently, we observed a correlation between cellularity in Nissl staining and diffusion parameters but not with RAFF4 or MT parameters, further emphasizing the different sensitivities of these techniques to detect myelination and cellularity.
One limitation of our study is that in spite of careful manual alignment of histology with MRI by an expert in the field, the partial volume effect and the challenge of selecting the same ROIs in MRI and histology could have influenced our results. In addition, the limited sampling in histology vs. the slice thickness in MRI may have affected our assessments of the correlations.
Conclusion
Our data confirms the sensitivity of RAFF4 and MT for detecting the myelin content in demyelinated lesions, but now reveals that remyelination is associated with a recovery of RAFF4 and MT toward normal values. DTI metrics displayed a distinct pattern of changes in the remyelination phase, likely reflecting on-going changes not only in the myelin content but also in the architecture of the myelin sheaths as well as the presence of gliosis. The combination of RAFF4, MT and DTI has the potential to differentiate between normal, demyelinated and remyelinated axonal bundles and gliosis, thus making possible a unique non-invasive characterization of white matter pathologies in several neurological diseases. Further studies will be required to evaluate the sensitivity of multiple MRI modalities to detect remyelination in areas with more isotropic fiber distributions, where RAFF4 has demonstrated its superiority over DTI (Lehto et al., 2017).
Data Availability Statement
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
Ethics Statement
The animal study was reviewed and approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the Provincial Government of Southern Finland.
Author Contributions
KH, HL, and RS participated in the design of the work, acquisition, analysis, interpretation of data, and preparing the manuscript. AS, AN, MB, and JV participated in the design of the work and preparing the manuscript. ShM and SiM participated in the design of the work, interpretation of the data and preparing the manuscript. AS and OG participated in the design of the work, analysis, interpretation of data and preparing the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Funding
This project was received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme Under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 691110 (MICROBRADAM) and Academy of Finland.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We thank Ewen MacDonald Ph.D. for revising the language of the manuscript. The technical assistance with the microinjections, animal handling and histology by Pirjo Hakkarainen and Maarit Pulkkinen is highly appreciated.
Abbreviations
MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; MR, magnetic resonance; DTI, diffusion tensor imaging; MT, magnetization transfer; RAFF, relaxation along a fictitious field; MTR, magnetization transfer ratio; LPC, lysophosphatidylcholine; MD, mean diffusivity; FA, fractional anisotropy; RD, radial diffusivity; AD, axial diffusivity; FSL, FMRIB’s Software Library; ROI, region of interest; OD, optical density.
Footnotes
References
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Keywords: myelin, demyelination, remyelination, MRI, diffusion, rotating frame relaxation
Citation: Holikova K, Laakso H, Salo R, Shatillo A, Nurmi A, Bares M, Vanicek J, Michaeli S, Mangia S, Sierra A and Gröhn O (2021) RAFF-4, Magnetization Transfer and Diffusion Tensor MRI of Lysophosphatidylcholine Induced Demyelination and Remyelination in Rats. Front. Neurosci. 15:625167. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.625167
Received: 02 November 2020; Accepted: 01 February 2021;
Published: 04 March 2021.
Edited by:
Yu-Chien Wu, Indiana University Bloomington, United StatesReviewed by:
Yunyan Zhang, University of Calgary, CanadaMaria Concepcion Garcia Otaduy, University of São Paulo, Brazil
Copyright © 2021 Holikova, Laakso, Salo, Shatillo, Nurmi, Bares, Vanicek, Michaeli, Mangia, Sierra and Gröhn. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Olli Gröhn, b2xsaS5ncm9obkB1ZWYuZmk=
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2024-12-08T00:58:16Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066433271.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20241207224914-20241208014914-00765.warc.gz
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Prints (0)
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Description
Xenoblade Monado Sword
Design Files
File Size
RackMultipart20160628-142-1jghbpf.zip/monado.stl
36.7 MB
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Xenoblade Monado Sword
|
<urn:uuid:cda15d9a-e47a-416a-a11e-ad474758a378>
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CC-MAIN-2024-51
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https://pinshape.com/items/23039-3d-printed-xenoblade-monado-sword
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2024-12-09T04:02:31Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066460657.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20241209024434-20241209054434-00665.warc.gz
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Omer Jean (Dixon) Winborn attended Jones School from kindergarten to sixth grade, from 1955 to 1962. She recalls having many strong Black role models, including her parents William and Minnie Dixon, the Jones School custodian Mr. Perry, her pastor Rev. Carpenter, and U-M professor Albert H. Wheeler.
Larry Hunter was born in 1951 and has lived in both Ann Arbor and Ypsilanti. He’s worked in public service for years, served on Ann Arbor City Council, and earned a Juris Doctor degree in law in 2000. Larry recalls how he became politically active as a young man, organizing walkouts at his high school as a leader in the Black Student Union, as well as his involvement with the Black Panthers.
|
<urn:uuid:7ee9fa55-25a6-413b-8bd4-89b8db6e9418>
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CC-MAIN-2024-51
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https://pulp.aadl.org/taxonomy/term/19259
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2024-12-09T05:00:43Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066460657.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20241209024434-20241209054434-00665.warc.gz
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Basic information
Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira - Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research (https://www.pvb.com.br), is a bilingual journal in the form of continuous publication edited by the Colégio Brasileiro de Patologia Animal (CBPA), in partnership with the Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ). The Journal publishes original works of scientific contribution in broad sense pathology in the area of (1) Livestock Diseases, (2) Small Animal Diseases, and (3) Wildlife Medicine.
The abbreviated title of Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira is Pesq. Vet. Bras.
Indexing sources
The journal is indexed and/or abstracted by:
Sponsors
The journal is indexed and/or abstracted by:
Intellectual Property
All content of the journal, except where identified, is licensed under a Creative Commons attribution type BY.
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<urn:uuid:1491e0eb-4884-4c2d-a069-39f42c394049>
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CC-MAIN-2024-51
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https://pvb.com.br/portal/a_revista
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2024-12-09T04:04:55Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066460657.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20241209024434-20241209054434-00665.warc.gz
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From a recruiting perspective, the best engineering manager I’ve worked with established her reputation with two hires. It went like this:
ME: “We need to build an iOS team, and while we have talented engineers, we don’t have time to train the current team on iOS, it’ll be faster to hire.”
HER: “Great, who should we hire?”
ME: “Here’s the perfect profile. We’ll never get him, but he’s an incredible, well-known iOS engineer who is not only productive but also a phenomenal teacher. He’d be a perfect seed for the team. We need an engineer like him.”
HER: “Why not hire him?”
ME: “You’ll never get him. Everyone is throwing everything at him.”
Three months later, the long shot hires that I thought we had no chance at getting signed an offer letter. Two months later, same story. I mentioned an unattainable hire which was followed promptly by the hiring of that specific engineer.
You think there is a trick. You think we threw huge amounts of money at these engineers – we didn’t. Standard compensation packages. You think we promised an impossible role – we didn’t. Build the first version of an iOS application with a talented group of engineers.
There is no trick other than carving out time every single day to do the job of recruiting.
The Recruiting Rules for Engineering
Let’s start with the ground rules. For every open job on your team, you need to spend one hour a day on recruiting-related activities. Cap that investment at 50% of your time. No open reqs? There’s still important and ongoing work you need to do on a regular basis that I’ll describe below.
Take a minute to digest that prior paragraph because it might be a shock to great many engineering managers out there. 50% of my time? Yup. But we have a fully functional and talented recruiting organization. That’s super and will make your life better, but 50% of your time still stands. Why? I’m glad you asked.
On the list of work you can do to build and maintain a healthy and productive engineering team, the work involved in discovering, recruiting, selling, and hiring the humans for your team is quite likely the most important work you can do. The humans on your team are not only responsible for all the work; they are the heartbeat of the culture. We spend a lot of time talking about culture in high technology, but the simple fact is the culture is built and cared for by the humans who do the work. Your ability to shape the culture is a function of your ability to hire a diverse set of humans who are going to be additive to that culture.
Let’s begin.
A Recruiting Primer
A good way to think about your recruiting work is to delve into how the recruiting process fits together. Here it is:
This is the hypothetical funnel chart for The Rands Software Consortium, and we’re hiring!1 I love funnel charts because they help frame multiple lenses of information into a single digestible view.
- Applications – humans who have either applied for a role or were sourced by an internal or external party.
- Screened – humans who made it past a first round screen process.
- Qualified – humans who made it through a more critical screening process. Think coding challenge or technical phone screen designed to gather more signal.
- Interviews – humans who entered the formal interview process.
- Onsites – humans who were in the building for an interview.
- Offers – humans who received an offer.
- Hires – humans who accepted their offer.
This fake graph is for roughly six months. The “In Stage” number shows you how long on average the candidate is spending in each stage, the gray percent numbers down the middle show you what percent of candidates are making it through a stage, and the “Total” number on the right shows you total candidates per stage in the period.
Before we talk about where you should be spending 50% of your time, we first need to make sure we have two agreements with our recruiting team:
- Agree upon on the states and the definitions of candidates in your pipeline. The above fake chart is just one example and your flow might be different. What are those states? How does a candidate enter and exit a specific state?
-
With #1 defined, you now need to agree to make it ridiculously easy to access this information.
With all of these reports in place and running smoothly, you can learn about the efficiency of the different parts of your recruiting process and you can ask informed questions. Where are candidates spending the most time and why? We gather the most signal at the coding exercise and the interview – shouldn’t those pass percentages be lower? How long is a candidate spending in each part of the process? Is that the experience we want them to have?
This article assumes you have a fully functional and talented recruiting team. These humans are essential to you effectively doing your part of the recruiting gig. Part of their job is to give a clear and consistent lens into both the health of the entire recruiting funnel as well as status for any candidate in any state in the pipeline. When you have this, you’ll better understand where to invest your time.
Discover, Understand, and Delight
This article is not about the traditional recruiting pipeline and the familiar work you’re already doing. This piece is about the work of recruiting you are neglecting. Let’s call this the engineering recruiting pipeline and it’s a pipeline built right on top the funnel I described above. Our different states are based not on how we measure candidate progress but the evolving mindset of the candidate traversing the process. There are three states I consider: Discover, Understand, and Delight.
Discover, first, is the state of mind of any qualified candidate who does not yet know about the opportunity on your team and at your company. It is your job to first find these humans and help them discover the desire to work with you at this company.
In recruiting parlance, those who find these candidates within recruiting are ‘sourcers.’ Their job is to look at your job description and then find humans who fit the bill. Sourcers cast their nets very wide and fill that top of funnel with as many qualified candidates as possible. Sourcing is also your job during Discovery, but your time is more targeted because you have intimate knowledge of the gig. More importantly, you have likely worked directly with humans who you know can do the job. Let’s operationalize this fact by building The Must List.
Make a list. Fire up a blank spreadsheet and start typing because you’re going to want to capture a bunch of different data and as it grows, you’re going to want to slice and dice it in different ways. This is a list of each and every person who you’ve worked with who you want to work with again. You must work with them again.
Every person. Doesn’t matter if they’re an engineer or not. Keep typing. Doesn’t matter if they’re available or not. Write down their name, their current company, their current role, and why they’re on this list. Done? Ok, put it away for a day and then come back. You missed important humans.
There are two use cases for The Must List. First, whenever a new gig opens on my team, I fire up the List and see if there is anyone on the list who might fit the bill and I mail them a friendly note. Hi. How are you? Got a gig and I must work with you again. Coffee? More often than not if we haven’t spoken recently, this human and I will get coffee regardless of their interest in the role because these are dear friends. Much more often than not, they are happy in their current gigs. Sometimes they’ll know folks who might fit the bill. Rarely, very rarely, they’ll come in for an interview. When coffee is done, I update the remaining columns in the spreadsheet: last contacted date, current status, next steps, and notes that capture their current context.
The second use case for The Must List is my monthly review. Every month or so whether or not I have a relevant open gig on my team, I review the list and see whom I have not spoken with recently. Time for a mail? Ok: Hi. How are you? Coffee? Again, they’re rarely interested in switching gigs, but if they happen to be looking, I will move mountains to work with them again.
Return on time invested in the Discover state is going to feel a lot lower than within our forthcoming Understand and Delight states because it’s hard to measure progress. There are currently 42 humans on my Must List, and if I get one of them in the building a year, I’m giddy. However, these are my people and the time spent investing in this network almost always pays unexpected dividends in ways that have nothing to do with whether I can hire them. These are my people, and they know other people who might fit the gig or who I should simply meet. They observe the world in interesting ways, and I want to hear those observations.
In Discover, you are making targeted strategic investments in your network. The reason these folks are on your Must List is that you have seen the work they can do with your own eyes. You built a bond with these folks in a prior life and these small investments of your time strengthen and reaffirm that bond. The value of this network is a function of the number and the strength of these connections.
Understand. A candidate has passed through the very crowded top of funnel and has reached the evaluation portion. If you look at the hypothetical funnel numbers, this candidate is statistically unlikely going to make it to the offer stage. Whether this particular candidate is getting an offer or not, your job is to Understand.
The recruiting funnel focus here is, “Do they have the necessary skills?” The interview process is designed to gather and triangulate this information from the candidate. Your focus during Understanding is to again consider candidate mindset. While they are getting peppered with skill qualification questions, they are also wondering, “Who is this engineering team?,” “What do they value?,” and “Where are they headed?”
Homework. Step away from your digital device this moment and ask a random engineer who is a part of your interview loops the three questions I asked above. Done? Ok, do it with another engineer. How do the answers compare? Is it the same narrative? Is it a compelling narrative?
The explanation of the culture of an engineering team is usually left to happenstance. The last few minutes of an interview where you ask the candidate, “Do you have any questions for me?” This lazy question is cast out with the hope that the candidate responds with a dull generic query like, “What’s it like to work here?” You respond with your well-practiced recital of “I love it here!” and “We’re solving hard problems!” which sounded great six months ago, but now sounds, well, rehearsed.
Your responsibility is to make sure the candidates understand your mission, culture, and values.2 While they will organically pick up some of this content during interviews, you need to make sure it’s one person’s job to responsibly and clearly tell the engineering story. This is not an interview; the point is to clearly explain the shape of the place they might work and – bonus points – you are going to organically learn about them during the discussion of the character of your company.
There are two scenarios for a candidate passing through Understand. Scenario A: they receive an offer and the time spent understanding paves the way to a rich offer conversation and allows them to hit the ground running when they arrive. Scenario B: they don’t get an offer, but they leave clear about you, the character of your team, and your mission. Recruiters call the time spent interviewing “the candidate experience” and I would suggest that whether they get an offer or not, Understanding is the cornerstone of exceptional candidate experience.
Delight. Congratulations! You’re making an offer to an engineer. Going back and looking at those funnel ratios, you can see this is a statistically unlikely event. Let’s not screw it up, ok?
New managers erroneously think when we make an offer that, “We’ve made a hire!” Experienced managers and recruiters know “They’re not here until they are sitting in that chair.” If you and your recruiting team have done your work, the presentation of the offer is a formality because you already know their life situation and goals. Offer construction, presentation, and negotiation is an entire other article, but it’s a clear sign that you missed critical information somewhere in the candidate experience if the negotiation process is unexpectedly laborious or littered with surprises.
And they accept! Hooray! We’re still not done because they are still not sitting in that chair. Let’s welcome them. Let’s Delight them.
The nightmare scenario is a candidate declining an offer they already accepted. I think it’s professionally bad form, but it happens more often than you’d expect. Put yourself back in their shoes: they likely have an existing gig where everyone knows their name and they know where the good coffee lives. Even after a phone screen, an at home coding exercise, a day-long round of interviews, two other phone calls, and assorted emails, you and your engineering team remain an unknown quantity. In the middle of the night, when the demons of doubt show up, you represent an uncertain future and your job during Delight is to help them imagine their future here.
Reflecting on my experience in this state, I think of how I act after I’ve accepted the offer. After the initial high of receiving and accepting the offer passes, what do I do? I reread the offer letter. I review the benefits. I go to the company website and I examine every word. What am I looking for? Why am I continuing to research? I continue to vet my decision.
The offer letter is an important document. It contains the definitive details of compensation and benefits and these are important facts, but during this critical time of consideration, I want these future co-workers delighted with a Real Offer Letter.
I send the Real Offer Letter a week before the start date. I write a note each time that captures the following:
- My current observations of the company, the team, and our collective challenges.
- The first three large projects I expect the new hire to work on, why I think these projects are important, and why I think the new hire is uniquely qualified to work on them.
- As best as I can, I explain the growth path for the new hire.
Nothing in this letter should be news. In fact, if there are any surprises in this note, there was a screw-up up somewhere in the funnel. The purpose of this letter is to acknowledge that we are done with the business of hiring, and we are now beginning the craft of the work.
During the post-offer-accept time, most companies send a note… a gift. I’ve received (and appreciated) flowers, a terrarium, and brief handwritten notes. Thoughtful gifts, but small thoughts. At a time when a new hire is deeply considering their change of their career, I want them chewing on the big thoughts. I want them understanding the humans they are joining and their mission. I want them to concretely understand what they will be working on, and I want them to understand the potential upside for their career.
50% of Your Time
The work of recruiting is a shared responsibility. Yes, you can be a successful hiring manager devoting less than 50% of your time. Yes, all of funnel work can be completed by a recruiter; many of my best recruiting moves came from watching and working with talented recruiters.
The situation I want to avoid is a hiring manager who delegates the entire recruiting process to their fully functional and talented recruiting team. For Discover, Understand, and Delight there are critical leadership skills you need to learn and refine. In Discover, it’s understanding the power of persistent serendipitous networking, in Understanding it’s both understanding how to tell the tale of your company as well as being able to understand the tale of the candidate. Finally, in Delight, it’s the ability to discern what is the best way to delight this candidate at a time when their worry and risk aversion is the strongest.
Recruiting and engineering must have a symbolic force-multiple relationship because the work they do together – the work of building a healthy and productive team – defines the success of your team and your company.
- Not really. This is fake data, but it’s fake data based on experience. I’m making a couple of assumptions regarding this fake company. It’s around 500 employees. It’s in hyper-growth which means is has 100+ open reqs. Your company or team likely is likely in a different stage of growth, but much of the strategy of this piece still applies. ↩
- Yes, this means you’ve defined your mission, culture, and values and everyone agrees with these definitions. ↩
|
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|
CC-MAIN-2024-51
|
https://randsinrepose.com/archives/how-to-recruit/
|
2024-12-09T04:37:34Z
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066460657.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20241209024434-20241209054434-00665.warc.gz
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Emma & Co. have fired up a new Apple weblog. Aptly called “macblog.org“, the new site features the writing talents of a collection of Apple enthusiasts. Plus, they’ve got delicious looking candied apples. Worth a look.
Dunstan continues to piss me off with his extreme attention to detail and apparently limitless creativity. Dammit. At first glance, the site does not appear radically different, but spend some time and prepare for awe. Why hasn’t someone snapped this talent up? Or have they?
MT-Blacklist for Moveable Type 3 has entered a beta state which appears to be an actual beta… glad someone remembers what that means. Unfortunately, I’m still manually deleting comment spam every morning… and night. Grrrrrrrr.
|
<urn:uuid:a0b617b4-4335-4833-a9a9-01c3f7b63b6a>
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CC-MAIN-2024-51
|
https://randsinrepose.com/archives/saturday-mornin/
|
2024-12-09T04:55:18Z
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066460657.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20241209024434-20241209054434-00665.warc.gz
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Universität Rostock, 2021
Abstract: The work addresses simple but efficient model descriptions in a combination with advanced control and estimation approaches to achieve an accurate tracking of the desired trajectories. The proposed control designs are capable of fully exploiting the wide operation range of HSTs within the system configuration limits. A new trajectory planning scheme for the output tracking that uses both the primary and secondary control inputs was developed. Simple models or even purely data-driven models are envisaged and deployed to develop several advanced control approaches for HST systems.
doctoral thesis free access
|
<urn:uuid:c8861232-6ce7-4306-8c7e-1331f2e50d3c>
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CC-MAIN-2024-51
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https://rosdok.uni-rostock.de/resolve/id/rosdok_disshab_0000002660
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2024-12-09T04:50:16Z
|
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Here's a list of places you can listen to our podcasts, containing some of the funniest calls done by us to scammers:
https://open.spotify.com/show/5n7X7Zf8mWCZPnIxqc1trthttps://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/t ... 1552619215
Click
HERE for webcam blackmail/sextortion help.
Do
NOT email me for sextortion help. Use the link above. If you ignore this, your message
WILL be deleted.
|
<urn:uuid:5f4388b7-12d7-447c-945b-71fca96c3f68>
|
CC-MAIN-2024-51
|
https://scamsurvivors.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=82&t=112336&p=296089&sid=f6a8c72bc9ca01914045da31221f8d4f
|
2024-12-09T02:58:53Z
|
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The Walk (movie)
The movie stars Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Ben Kingsley, Charlotte Le Bon, James Badge Dale, Ben Schwartz, and Steve Valentine. The movie was released by TriStar Pictures on September 30, 2015, in the United States in IMAX 3D, and on October 9 in regular 2D and 3D. The film was dedicated to the victims of the September 11 attacks in 2001.
Other websites
change
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CC-MAIN-2024-51
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https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walk_(movie)
|
2024-12-09T04:08:54Z
|
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Who we are
Our Vision
Our vision is for everyone living in WANA and the diaspora to be able to access and engage with the internet, mobile services, and other networked spaces safely and without fear of censorship, surveillance, or repercussion.
Our mission
We advance digital rights in the West Asia and North Africa region through research, campaigns, and advocacy. We encourage users to engage with digital technology, media, and social networks responsibly and critically.
Our belief
We believe in the transformative power of access to information and self-expression, both online and offline. We assert that these rights are essential to peaceful, dynamic, and prosperous societies.
Our impact
Our innovative initiatives have had substantial and measurable effects on public discourse around the Arab world. Not only have our research and campaigns shed light on some of the most pressing issues of our digital lives, they’ve also been covered by some of the region’s largest media outlets.
SMEX’s influence is ever-growing as we branch out and create new networks designed to defend, secure and expand digital rights.
Our story
We at SMEX champion the notion that the internet is a public space made for all, which is why we’ve been committed to keeping the internet accessible, free and open.
Over the past fifteen years, we have worked to urge policymakers to improve their policies, disseminated valuable information through articles and training sessions, organized conferences, conducted comprehensive investigations, and continue to advocate for free, fair, and secure access to digital resources.
What we do
We’re an ambitious and smart team with a shared mission
Researching Internet Law & Policy
People are oftentimes unaware of what digital laws and policies dictate, or are unfamiliar with their complicated terminology. Our research is aimed towards understanding the laws and policies that govern online activity and informing the public about their rights in a more concise and comprehensible way.
Advocating For An Open, Secure Internet
By fostering the creation of networks between journalists, activists, non-profits, and media organizations, SMEX pushes for a free and open internet, without restrictions set by governments or private corporations.
Tracking Digital Rights Violations
Service providers, along with state and non-state actors, have been known to infringe on our rights as service-users and citizens through digital means. SMEX constantly checks and investigates claims of violations such as restrictions on freedom of expression or breaches of consumers’ terms and agreements. By keeping a watchful eye, we call out violators and inform the public on how their rights have been infringed upon.
Keeping You Safe Online
Accessing the internet can sometimes prove to be a liability, with private companies extracting users’ personal data, governments practicing censorship and surveillance against their citizens, and non-state actors extorting end-users for money using malware. SMEX works to ensure everyone’s safety online to make accessing digital platforms more secure.
Producing Localized Resources
As one of the main organizations dealing with digital issues in the WANA region, SMEX creates informational spaces and material to disseminate best online practices. Through these activities, we reach a broad spectrum of end-users to further our common goals of digital rights and freedom.
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<urn:uuid:817dfd00-bfc2-445e-83d7-3ce794e575ab>
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CC-MAIN-2024-51
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https://smex.org/about-us/
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2024-12-09T04:01:04Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066460657.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20241209024434-20241209054434-00665.warc.gz
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by-nc-sa
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This sentence was initially added as a translation of sentence #6814780Sie gestatten?.
license chosen by Mithridates, November 23, 2018
added by Mithridates, November 23, 2018
linked by Mithridates, November 23, 2018
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<urn:uuid:56570ab5-d74a-4ad4-af57-323d4479d185>
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CC-MAIN-2024-51
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https://tatoeba.org/en/sentences/show/7497288
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2024-12-09T04:24:54Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066460657.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20241209024434-20241209054434-00665.warc.gz
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by
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Matt Rempe joined his rookie season with the New York Rangers during the Stadium Series against the New York Islanders. Rempe is 6 foot 7 inch, 240 lbs forward, with aggressive play on the ice. His National Hockey League (NHL) debut began in late February. Within his first ten games, he has managed to be in four fights, 54 penalty minutes and two ejections. Rempe is one of the most discussed players in the league. He is gaining a reputation as what fans would call an enforcer.
Throughout the years, the enforcer title has been slowly phased out. This isn’t to say that players will not drop their gloves or play a physical game, but Rempe has put himself into a different category.
“His coach needs to get a grip on the number of hits he has,” senior Riley Friedman said. “He can end up being a really good player, but if his style of play stays the same, I think it could be a big issue.”
Being a Ranger for less than a month, Rempe had been suspended for the four consecutive games due to his brutal hit on Mar. 11th against New Jersey Devils player Jonas Siegenthaler. He was charged with misconduct in the second period of the 3-1 Rangers win against the Devils. Sigenthalar had just taken a shot in the attack zone when Rempe skated over to him and threw his elbow onto Sigenthalar’s head. After further review, the officials gave the Rangers a five-minute penalty. This didn’t put the Rangers at a disadvantage due to their strong team this season.
After the game, a March 12 ESPN article confirmed that Devils coach Travis Green wanted Rempe to be suspended. Green believed that Rempe had intent to injure the Devil’s defensemen. Although people can argue that the contact was inevitable since Rempe was bracing himself for the boards, the NHL Department of Safety ruled that Rempe raised his arm, resulting in his mischeck.
“He’s going to be a menace in the league,” Toronto Maples Leafs player Ryan Reaves said. “He’s like 6-9 or something. He’s just really lanky, for sure the biggest guy I ever fought.”
Often, Rempe is compared to Ryan Reaves, an enforcer with over 75 NHL fights. Reaves used to be the enforcer on the Rangers, so when they were playing against each other, they got into a brawl.
Fan’s concerns are being raised about the extent of his fights. Physical players in sports, especially NHL enforcers, have shorter life spans simply for the player’s safety. This is mainly due to chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Statistically, an enforcer does not generate many points and isn’t a consistent part of the team, according to a March 5 article from The Guardian.
Rempemania has taken over the fanbase as they cheer for their rookie. Despite the concerns, Rangers fans have been all about Rempe. They advocate that fighting is a critical part of the game. Players and fans have seen the increased energy every time Rempe steps on the ice, indicating that this enforcer will do the Rangers justice.
“I love him, he’s a great player,” senior Luke Romano said. “He will definitely give us some great grit in the playoffs.”
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<urn:uuid:df537f8c-079a-405c-a29b-0c6c6d5b698d>
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CC-MAIN-2024-51
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https://thewessexwire.com/16354/5-sports/rempe-turns-heads-as-rookie-enforcer-for-the-rangers/
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2024-12-09T04:24:30Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066460657.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20241209024434-20241209054434-00665.warc.gz
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S1 Data -
Introduction
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in communication, social interaction, and repetitive behavior. The declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020 resulted in significant changes in daily life due to restrictive measures. This period posed particular challenges for families with children living with autism, given the limitations in medical care and social services.
Objective
This study aimed to understand how families with autistic children perceive stress during the pandemic and the coping strategies employed in unexpected situations.
Method
A total of 44 families with children with ASD and 300 control families, including 44 control families in a matched subsample, were included in the study. To assess stress and parental coping with COVID-19-related stress, the Responses to Stress Questionnaire (Adult Self-Report RSQ–COVID-19) was utilized.
Results
Caregivers of autistic children experienced significantly higher stress levels (p = .027, d = 0.479) during the pandemic, with notable stressors such as limited access to medical care and challenges associated with remote work. Despite expectations, coping strategy differences were not statistically significant.
Conclusion
Families and supporters of children with autism naturally encounter various experiences and challenges stemming from their additional needs. Our study’s results highlight an accentuation of stress during challenging situations. As these situations may recur in the future, there is a need to design and implement support plans for these families, appropriate intervention programs, and preparations for the utilization of telemedicine tools.
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<urn:uuid:0ff406b2-5b3d-48fe-ac6d-c1d88c0fc4da>
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CC-MAIN-2024-51
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https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/S1_Data_-/27631614?file=50300667
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2024-12-10T08:25:16Z
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Datatilsynet (Denmark) - 2022-441-12449
Datatilsynet - 2022-441-12449 | |
---|---|
Authority: | Datatilsynet (Denmark) |
Jurisdiction: | Denmark |
Relevant Law: | Article 32(1) GDPR |
Type: | Investigation |
Outcome: | Violation Found |
Started: | |
Decided: | 15.07.2022 |
Published: | 19.07.2022 |
Fine: | n/a |
Parties: | Salling Group |
National Case Number/Name: | 2022-441-12449 |
European Case Law Identifier: | n/a |
Appeal: | n/a |
Original Language(s): | Danish |
Original Source: | Datatilsynet (in DA) |
Initial Contributor: | Vadym Kublik |
The Danish DPA reprimanded the largest Danish retail group for violating Article 32(1) GDPR by storing passwords in plain text which made personal data accessible to unauthorised persons. It also ordered the controller to inform the affected data subjects about the data breach.
English Summary
Facts
Salling Group (the controller) is Denmark's largest retail group which serves 11 million customers per week. In 2021, they implemented a system allowing customers to shop on its websites (namely Føtex, Bilka, Netto, Salling and Carl Junior) using the same username and password (Salling Group profile). The controller also established a monitoring tool to record incidents and events about customers' access to the websites. However, in May 2022, the controller found that the monitoring system's log file stored customers' usernames and unencrypted passwords for the website "hjem.foetex.dk" by mistake. As a result, 146 people employed by the controller had technical access to the data. If an unauthorised person used the login credentials, they could access the customer's name, address, email address, telephone number, masked card information and purchase history. The controller reported the breach to the DPA.
Holding
The DPA held that in systems with confidential information about a large number of users, higher requirements must be placed on the controller to prevent unauthorised access to the data. In particular, the controller must store passwords in irreversible encrypted form at all times and in a way that ensures that they are not immediately readable and that it is not possible to recreate the password in a readable format. The DPA also emphasised that storing passwords in plain text poses a high risk to data subjects because they can be misused internally and because shopping platforms are known to be a common target of cyberattacks. Therefore, storing passwords in a readable format in a log file violates Article 32(1) GDPR. Consequently, the DPA reprimanded the Salling Group for the violation and ordered it to notify affected data subjects about the breach by 1 August 2022.
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English Machine Translation of the Decision
The decision below is a machine translation of the Danish original. Please refer to the Danish original for more details.
Serious criticism of Salling Group for storing passwords in clear text Date: 15-07-2022 Decision Private companies Serious criticism Order Reported breach of personal data security Notification of breach of personal data security Processing security Password Unauthorized access The Danish Data Protection Authority expresses serious criticism of Salling Group for having stored a number of customers' passwords in plain text format in a log file from the grocery group's websites. An error that persisted for more than a year. Journal number: 2022-441-12449 Summary The Salling Group uses a common login – the Salling Group profile – so that the username and password can be used on all the services where the Salling Group profile provides access, including Føtex's, Bilkas', Nettos', Salling's and Carl Junior's websites. In 2021, Salling Group implemented a monitoring tool to register incidents and events - including logins - on the group's websites individually. Due to a human error, the customers' passwords were not encrypted before they were stored in the system's log file when the customers logged in to the website hjem.foetex.dk. As a result, up to 146 internal users in the Salling Group were given technical access to read both usernames and passwords for a number of customers who had logged in on the website. If this access were used, it would be possible to obtain access to the name, address, email address, telephone number and any masked payment card information and purchase history of a number of Salling Group's customers. Serious criticism and injunction Based on the case, the Danish Data Protection Authority expresses serious criticism that Salling Group's processing of personal data has not taken place in accordance with the rules in the data protection regulation, article 32, subsection 1. on processing security. The Danish Data Protection Authority has also ordered Salling Group to notify the customers whose passwords have been stored unencrypted in the log for the monitoring tool before 1 August 2022. Passwords must always be encrypted Personal data in the form of passwords must always be processed in a way that ensures sufficient security for the personal data in question, including protection against unauthorized access and processing. Passwords must thus be stored at all times in an irreversible encrypted form and in a way that ensures that they are not immediately readable and that it is not possible to recreate the password in a readable format. Storing passwords in readable format (plain text) in a log file does not meet this requirement. It is the Danish Data Protection Authority's assessment that passwords that can be read in plain text can therefore be subject to abuse, which is why the risk for those registered is high. Decision Salling Group A/S (hereafter Salling Group) reported a breach of personal data security on 5 May 2022. The report has the following reference number: c80d4e631d9e0fe5b57609d8230d7e05508c10a6 This decision replaces the Danish Data Protection Authority's decision of 7 July 2022, as the Danish Data Protection Authority has, at the request of Salling Group, corrected a number of factual information and reassessed the decision. 1. Case presentation It appears from the case that in 2021 Salling Group implemented a service for recording incidents and events in connection with customers' access to a number of Salling Group's websites. By mistake, the customers' passwords were not encrypted before they were stored in the log for the monitoring tool that registered incidents and events on the website hjem.foetex.dk, which is why up to 146 internal users in the Salling Group had technical access to read usernames and passwords for a number customers who logged in to the website hjem.foetex.dk. 2. Decision After a review of the case, the Danish Data Protection Authority finds that there are grounds for expressing serious criticism that Salling Group's processing of personal data has not taken place in accordance with the rules in the data protection regulation[1] article 32, subsection 1. The Danish Data Protection Authority also instructs Salling Group to notify, before 1 August 2022, the customers whose passwords have been stored unencrypted in the log for the monitoring tool and thus have been accessible to up to 146 of Salling Group's employees. The order is announced in accordance with the data protection regulation, article 58, subsection 2, letter e. Below follows a closer review of the case and a rationale for the Data Protection Authority's decision. 3. Salling Group's comments Salling Group has stated in the notification to the Danish Data Protection Authority of 6 May 2022, and subsequent consultation and telephone follow-up, that in 2021 Salling Group implemented a system for use by customers to access a number of Salling Group's websites individually. From 7 January 2021, Salling Group employees tested the entire flow in the system from purchasing to delivery at the home address. Public access to the service was granted on 1 February 2021, after which customers were given access to log in via the service on the website hjem.foetex.dk and the other services to which the Salling Group profile provides access, including Føtex, Bilka, Netto, Salling and Carl Junior. Customers could then make purchases on any of these pages. On 6 May 2022, the Salling Group found that customers' usernames and unencrypted passwords were stored in the system's log file for the website hjem.foetex.dk by mistake, after which the system was taken out of service. An investigation showed that, by mistake, an employee had not switched on masking/encryption of passwords in the monitoring tool that logged incidents and events on the website hjem.foetex.dk, whereby customers' usernames and passwords from this system were stored in plain text in the log for one month at a time. The information has not been accessed in any way via the system's front end. The error was corrected, the unencrypted log data was deleted and the system was put back into operation. The Salling Group points out that only 146 people within the Salling Group have had technical access to the log files in question; of these, it is estimated that there were only 5 who had the necessary technical knowledge to be able to search for the information. Salling Group states that these 5 employees are all internal employees, are subject to Salling Group's instructions and otherwise employed in positions of a confidential nature, which is why Salling Group considers that the risk for those registered is not high. Salling Group states in the response to the hearing that if an unauthorized person gained access to the username and password, that person would be able to log on to other Sallings Group services where the Salling Group profile provides access - of course depending on which services the username and password in question were valid for - and thereby gaining access to name, address, email address, telephone number, and any masked card information and purchase history. There is also a theoretical probability that the customer may have used the same email address and password for other services with other data controllers, and unauthorized access to the unencrypted passwords could thus hypothetically give access to e.g. social media, streaming services, email accounts or the like. 4. Reason for the Data Protection Authority's decision The Danish Data Protection Authority assumes from Salling Group's notification of 6 May 2022, the subsequent consultation response and telephone follow-up that Salling Group has stored a number of the company's customers' passwords in the log for Salling Group's monitoring tool, without these being encrypted, whereby up to 146 employees had access to usernames and passwords for a number of customers. If this access were used, it would be possible to gain access to the name, address, email address, telephone number, as well as any masked payment card information and purchase history for a number of Salling Group's customers. The Danish Data Protection Authority is of the opinion that personal data in the form of passwords must be processed in a way that ensures sufficient security for the personal data in question, including protection against unauthorized access and processing. Passwords must therefore be stored in irreversible encrypted form at all times and in a way that ensures that these are not immediately readable and that it is not possible to recreate the password in a readable format. Storing passwords in a readable format in a log file does not, in the opinion of the supervisory authority, meet the requirements of Article 32, paragraph 1 of the Data Protection Regulation. 1. The Danish Data Protection Authority is of the opinion that passwords that can be read or stored in clear text can be subject to abuse. In addition, the Danish Data Protection Authority is of the opinion that it is a known risk scenario that the compromise of trading platforms and logging information on these are often made the subject of external attacks or that internal access is used unjustifiably. It is therefore the Danish Data Protection Authority's assessment that this risk for the data subjects is relatively high. 4.1. Article 32 of the Data Protection Regulation It follows from the data protection regulation article 32, subsection 1, that the data controller must take appropriate technical and organizational measures to ensure a level of security appropriate to the risks involved in the data controller's processing of personal data. The data controller thus has a duty to identify the risks that the data controller's processing poses to the data subjects and to ensure that appropriate security measures are introduced to protect the data subjects against these risks. The Danish Data Protection Authority is of the opinion that the requirement cf. Article 32 for adequate security will normally mean that in systems with confidential information about a large number of users, higher requirements must be placed on the care of the data controller in ensuring that there is no unauthorized access to personal data, that a procedure is carried out for regular testing, assessment and evaluation of the effectiveness of the technical and organizational measures to ensure processing security and that, as the data controller, you ensure that information about registered persons, including confidential information, does not come to the knowledge of unauthorized persons. 4.2. Decision Based on the above, the Danish Data Protection Authority finds that Salling Group - by collecting and storing customers' passwords in the log for the company's monitoring tool without these being encrypted - has not taken appropriate organizational and technical measures to ensure a level of security that suits the risks that are in the company's processing of personal data, cf. the data protection regulation, article 32, subsection 1. After a review of the case, the Danish Data Protection Authority finds that there are grounds for expressing serious criticism that Salling Group's processing of personal data has not taken place in accordance with the rules in the data protection regulation, article 32, subsection 1. When choosing a response, the Danish Data Protection Authority emphasized the fact that there are a large number of customers whose passwords were stored and were available in a readable format, which could have serious consequences for the customers if their personal data fell into unauthorized hands. Salling Group has informed the Danish Data Protection Authority that the error has been corrected so that unencrypted passwords are no longer stored in the monitoring tool's log. Furthermore, Salling Group has definitively deleted all backward-looking user data from the log files. 5. Injunction The Danish Data Protection Authority finds grounds to notify Salling Group of an order to notify the customers whose passwords have been stored unencrypted in the log of the company's monitoring tool and thus have been accessible to up to 146 of Salling Group's employees. The order is announced in accordance with the data protection regulation, article 58, subsection 2, letter e. The Danish Data Protection Authority assumes that a number of customers' passwords have been stored in clear text and that up to 146 employees had access to the information. Regardless of the fact that the log only went back 30 days, the Danish Data Protection Authority finds that – given that access rights were granted to up to 146 users and that the information contained, among other things, name, address, email address, telephone number, and any masked card information and purchase history for a number of customers – considered to the known risk scenarios, means that there is probably a high risk to the rights and freedoms of the data subjects. The Danish Data Protection Authority therefore considers that the data subjects must be notified in accordance with Article 34 of the Data Protection Regulation. The deadline for compliance with the order is 1 August 2022. The Danish Data Protection Authority must request to receive confirmation that the order has been complied with by the same date. According to the Data Protection Act[2] § 41, subsection 2, no. 5, anyone who fails to comply with an order issued by the Danish Data Protection Authority pursuant to Article 58, subsection of the Data Protection Regulation shall be punished with a fine or imprisonment for up to 6 months. 2, letter e. [1] Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons in connection with the processing of personal data and on the free exchange of such data and on the repeal of Directive 95/46/EC (general regulation on data protection). [2] Act No. 502 of 23 May 2018 on supplementary provisions to the regulation on the protection of natural persons in connection with the processing of personal data and on the free exchange of such information (the Data Protection Act).
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<urn:uuid:400e2306-6736-4097-b991-284cf56bc27b>
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CC-MAIN-2024-51
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https://gdprhub.eu/index.php?title=Datatilsynet_(Denmark)_-_2022-441-12449
|
2024-12-10T09:30:06Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066057523.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20241210071103-20241210101103-00789.warc.gz
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<urn:uuid:a22eeebf-7388-4551-9f9d-ab17b73ed94e>
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CC-MAIN-2024-51
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https://goobi.tib.eu/viewer/image/830289488/998/LOG_0132/
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2024-12-10T09:37:22Z
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The NBER Innovation Information Initiative (I3), a data collaborative for open innovation data and related analytics, tools, and metrics, is starting a graduate student fellows program to promote contributions to open innovation data.
This summer, the I3 will award five fellowships of $1500 each to graduate students in economics, innovation or related fields. The fellowships aim to broaden the range of datasets and tools made accessible to the innovation research community, and to support a new generation of researchers in producing and sharing high-quality, re-usable research data and code. Applications are due May 25, 2023.
Fellowships will support students to:
(1) contribute new datasets, with notes, code and/or metadata to the I3 Index, an open-source platform for sharing innovation data.
(2) develop "user guides'' documenting how to use specific datasets; and/or describing challenges and opportunities in working with specific types of data, tackling specific types of problems, linking specific datasets etc.
The fellowships will run from June-November 2023, with a time commitment of no more than 30 hours. Members of the I3 steering committee will provide feedback and be available to answer questions before the submission of the final deliverable. As part of the program, we will also run workshops on research data skills and tools---in the model of Carpentries workshops previously organized for the I3---which the fellows are encouraged to attend.
As this is the first time the program has run, the remit is quite open-ended, and we are excited for students to shape the output. If you have ideas for projects beyond the types described above, feel free to contact Bhaven Sampat ([email protected]) and/or Agnes Cameron ([email protected]), or just submit.
Please submit your proposal using this google form by May 25, 2023.
Chosen fellows can be in any country (though the workshops will be held in European/EST time zones), and should currently be studying for a masters or PhD (applications also accepted from anyone who has graduated in the past 6 months).
Update: presentations about the work will be shared at the 2023 Technical Working Group, and a report linked to from here.
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<urn:uuid:923634fc-4f43-420b-97d8-5404cf37ae5d>
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CC-MAIN-2024-51
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https://iii.pubpub.org/pub/l5o2gcxw/release/3
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2024-12-10T08:36:30Z
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[Page 131]Review of Joseph M. Spencer, 1 Nephi: A Brief Theological Introduction (Provo, UT: The Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship, 2020). 146 pages. $9.99 (paperback).
Abstract: Joseph Spencer’s intimate familiarity with the Book of Mormon text, based upon years of close textual study and informed by a well- developed theological sensibility, is in full evidence in this lead-off volume in Neal A. Maxwell Institute’s new series of books on the various books of the Book of Mormon. Leaving to prophets and apostles the responsibility for “declaring official doctrine,” this new series approaches the book with the tools of the “scholarly practice” of theology. In Spencer’s case at least, his practice is understood to be (1) informed by an emphasis on grace that is skeptical of claims of personal righteousness and (2) very much engaged with contemporary moral and social issues grounded in a fundamental concern for “equality.” Accordingly, Spencer’s reading is much more interested in “what God is doing in history with what we call the Abrahamic covenant” than with the more popular (non-scholarly) concerns of “everyday faithful living;” it is also more interested in Nephi’s “realistic” and “mature” regret over his youthful over-boldness than in his confident statements of righteous faith. In the end, Spencer’s extremely careful but theologically tendentious reading alerts us very skillfully to certain features of Nephi’s imperfect humanity but reveals a consistent preoccupation with any possible faults in the prophet that might be extracted from an ingenious reading of the text. Finally, concerning women in the Book of Mormon, Spencer again expertly raises provocative questions about barely heard female voices but is too eager to frame these questions from the standpoint of the “modern sensibility” of “sexual egalitarianism.”
[Page 132]Joseph Spencer’s academic qualifications for batting lead-off in the Neal A. Maxwell Institute’s important new series of books on the various books of the Book of Mormon are notable. Professor Spencer, who has taught in BYU’s ancient scripture department since 2015, is author of two previous books closely examining the Book of Mormon text1 as well as scores of articles, chapters, and reviews on these and related topics. He is co-editor of the Book of Mormon Series (in which the present title appears) as well as editor of the Maxwell Institute’s Journal of Book of Mormon Studies. (Let us note as well that Joseph Spencer holds a PhD in philosophy and has also published extensively in that demanding field of scholarship.) As he demonstrates in the present work, Spencer has devoted years of close and faithful study to the Book of Mormon and has much to offer the reader who is willing to join him in a fresh and searching engagement with an ancient and inspired text.
Interpretive Grace
Professor Spencer emphasizes that his approach to 1 Nephi is theological. “My first purpose in the following pages is … to show how much we miss in 1 Nephi — how much we miss that’s of a theological nature” (3). In this he echoes the series introduction: “This series focuses particularly on theology — the scholarly practice of exploring a scriptural text’s implications and its lens on God’s work in the world” (viii). It seems that the meaning of this “scholarly practice” is best understood (again from the series introduction) “as opposed to [that is, as distinct from] authoritative doctrine,” that is, “as, literally, reasoned ‘God talk’” (viii). This series, we read, intends to engage “each scriptural book’s theology on its own terms” (viii) without imposing any “single approach to theology or scriptural interpretation” (ix). Thus, the Maxwell Institute’s editorial approach enacts a rather abrupt division of labor between “prophets and apostles [in] their unique role of declaring official doctrines” (viii) and the theologian’s scholarly practice of reasoned engagement with the scriptural text. From this point of view, it seems, it would be surprising if prophets reasoned or if a theologian’s reasonings reckoned with prophetic authority.2 The series introduction concludes quite decorously [Page 133]with a dedication to Elder Maxwell’s “apostolic conviction that there is always more to learn from the Book of Mormon and much to be gained from our faithful search for Christ in its pages” (ix), as distinct, to be sure, from the official declaration of definitive doctrines.
If a “theological” approach is not to be confused with one that takes its bearings by “authoritative doctrine,” then what kind of “God-talk” will serve as Spencer’s interpretive touchstone? “And this might be the truest sign of prophecy,” Spencer writes, “that it comes through those God exalts despite their human nature” (5, emphasis added). This insight or sensibility sets the tone of Spencer’s theology and thus of his interpretation of 1 Nephi. To remember that prophets are, like us, “earthen vessels” (6; quoting 2 Corinthians 4:7), is to look at scripture as “an astonishing textual embodiment of grace” (5, emphasis added). With this in mind, the author will minimize any evidence of Nephi’s own virtue or righteousness and highlight or, rather, seek out evidence — even the most subtle and indirect — of the prophet’s all-too-human nature. And this interpretive choice, we will see, aligns nicely with Spencer’s interest in the “questions [that] are most pressing right now, two decades into the twenty-first century” (4). (Direct attention to these contemporary questions occupies the second half of this book.) As we keep in mind both our dependence on grace and the contemporary issues that swirl around us, Spencer promises (in a characteristically self-effacing resort to the first person plural) to “show how much we miss in 1 Nephi — how much we miss that’s of a theological nature” (3).
Textual Structure and Covenantal History
Along with this theological emphasis on grace/earthen vessels, Spencer’s interpretive method relies heavily on his very searching investigations of the overarching structure of Nephi’s writings (with due attention, of course, to the original chaptering). The theological purpose of the book can only come to light after we “ask how 1 Nephi is organized” (12). There is reason to believe that this organization is very careful and deliberate, [Page 134]since the account we are reading was written decades after the events recounted. Spencer proposes that the main theme or underlying concern of 1 Nephi is the “intertribal conflict between Nephites and Lamanites” (12). Attention to this concern leads Spencer to “connect Nephi’s vision to Isaiah and Isaiah to Nephi’s vision” (21), and this attention culminates in the major thesis of his interpretation: “For the most part, then, Isaiah’s prophecies aren’t for Nephi about everyday faithful living. They’re about the long-term destiny of Israel” (22). Spencer is willing to indulge more naïve readers who look at 1 Nephi as “a collection of illustrative stories, vignettes modeling faith amid adversity” (22), as “just another means to the end of feeling the Spirit and receiving direction for our lives” (23), but he is clear that “Nephi asks us to read his work primarily in a different way” (22). In particular, while “we’re certainly free to read 1 Nephi 8 as an allegory for our individual struggles to prove faithful” (30), Spencer strikingly suggests, mainly on the basis of “the sudden shift in the dream-scape, specifically when Laman and Lemuel refuse the tree,” (29) that “the numberless concourses are the children of Laman and Lemuel — perhaps especially in the last days” (29), and thus that “the dream is primarily about Lehi’s two oldest sons” (29). “Nephi’s vision is about getting the children of Laman and Lemuel into God’s presence” (32).
Spencer is thus much more interested in “what God is doing in history with what we call the Abrahamic covenant” (35) than with the more commonplace concerns of “everyday faithful living” (22). Concretely, this means seeing the Book of Mormon as “the iron rod that leads latter-day Lamanites — and Gentiles with them — along the gospel path” (36). From this perspective, the apostasy is less a matter of “early Christians jettison[ing] specific ordinances” than it is of forgetting “the covenants of the Lord, which he hath made unto the House of Israel” (35; 1 Nephi 13:23), as these have to do with the destiny of “latter-day Lamanites” (36). This is the meaning of Nephi’s “likening” to Isaiah: “The two stories, Nephi’s and Isaiah’s, are one, although occurring among different branches of Israel” (41).
“We should share Nephi’s obsession with the history of the Abrahamic covenant. Perhaps we should even share his obsession with Isaiah” (43). Why Spencer’s focus on this “obsession?” And just what follows from it? Although he recognizes — as any passably attentive reader of Nephi must — that “Christ is the hero of the covenantal story Nephi has to tell” (61), that “to know Christ is to know the covenant, for Nephi” (62), Spencer seems determined to emphasize what we might call the historical and communalist features of Christ and the covenant. [Page 135]This historical-covenantal “obsession” inevitably tends to the neglect of the plain meaning of the gospel for every faithful individual as this is explained by Nephi himself in his wonderful concluding statement of the “doctrine of Christ” in 2 Nephi 31. Is it not in Jesus Christ and his doctrine of faith, repentance, baptism, the gift of the Holy Ghost, and enduring to the end, that the Lord universalizes his covenant for all people? Why then would a student of Nephi’s prophecies wish to set the “historical” and “covenantal” meaning of Nephi’s teaching against the doctrine of Christ as it applies to each of us individually?3
[Page 136]Against “Individualism”
The answer to this question seems to emerge later in Spencer’s book,4 in the context of a discussion of Nephi’s killing of Laban:
Nephi learned through his encounter with the Spirit that God’s purposes are bigger than our own. The communal and the covenantal are to be privileged above our individual – and often selfish – concerns. We’re proud of our modern individualism, but Nephi’s story suggests there’s something important beyond our cloistered concerns. We’re not to be hermits, demonstrating our individual righteousness to God and others in our withdrawal from the world. We’re meant to live together in love, jointly keeping the commandments and making wherever we live a land of promise. (80, emphasis added)
This remarkable confessional statement provides the key, I think, to understanding Spencer’s obsessions. He has already told us that a certain understanding of “grace” provides his theological touchstone, that is, that human beings are exalted, not so much through excellent personal qualities or the ongoing work of perfecting individual human nature, but “despite their human nature” (5). From this point of view, any preoccupation with “individual righteousness” can be classified with the “selfish” concerns of “modern individualism.” Such spiritualized selfishness, from Spencer’s point of view, constitutes a “withdrawal from the world,” where “the world” is interpreted, not, say, as the allurement of a Great and Spacious Building, but as the commitment “to live together in love, jointly keeping the commandments and making wherever we live a land of promise” (80, emphasis added). Spencer’s historical-covenantal [Page 137]focus is thus rigorously associated with his theology of grace. And this theology of grace, despite the concession to “commandments” (qualified by jointly), implies a de-emphasis, at least, on personal righteousness, which would entail “our withdrawal from the world,” and a distinct collective-historical turn towards “making wherever we live a land of promise” by “living together in love.”
Spencer’s highlighting of Nephi’s preoccupation with the historical and collective Abrahamic covenant as it applies particularly to the descendants of the Lamanites is an important contribution to our understanding of Nephi’s prophetic voice. Perhaps the central question the author puts to the reader is whether the collective-historical interpretation of grace — as opposed to the faithful individual’s quest for salvation, enduring to the end while “relying wholly upon the merits of him who is mighty to save” (2 Nephi 31:19), according to the doctrine of Christ — best serves the cause of Israel’s redemption.
As noted above, the other main fruit of Spencer’s theology of grace- based interpretation is his emphasis on Nephi’s quite flawed humanity, especially in his relations with his less righteous — or, shall we say, less-than-cooperative — brothers, Laman and Lemuel. Now, anyone who has read 2 Nephi 4 has heard Nephi himself confessing and grieving over his own imperfect humanity, and the context of this confession certainly suggests that Nephi’s vexations have to do with his relations with his now thoroughly alienated brethren. Certainly Spencer is right, as Noel Reynolds showed long ago,5 that Nephi’s authorial perspective has much to do with the “intertribal conflict between Nephites and Lamanites” (12). The subtitle of 1 Nephi refers, after all, to the prophet’s “reign and ministry.” But Spencer wants to suggest further that a close reading of Nephi’s text reveals his intention to apologize for his mistreatment of Laman and Lemuel:
We’re apt to feel that Nephi is unfair to his understandably baffled brothers and that maybe they were right to see Nephi as self-righteous and judgmental. If so, shouldn’t we worry that Nephi lacks common feeling, that he was spiritually gifted but socially clueless? And could someone like that really be a reliable guide to living a rich spiritual life in community with others? (67) … Among these more human figures, Nephi looks almost pathologically faithful. (83)
[Page 138]This criticism of Nephi6 perfectly fits the mold of Spencer’s interpretive scheme: Nephi went wrong in that he prioritized “judgmental” personal righteousness over the grace-enabled understanding that makes possible a communal spiritual life, “a rich spiritual life in community with others” (67). Spencer grants that Nephi is “neither dismissive nor mean” to his brothers, but he does blame Nephi for being “paternalistic” (95). From this point of view, the narrative of 1 Nephi appears “as an aspect of national propaganda,” a propaganda that the rest of the story in the Book of Mormon suggests “worked too well” (85).
To be sure, Spencer’s purpose is ultimately to vindicate Nephi insofar as the prophet eventually realized the error of his ways, and it is from the perspective of this mature recognition and communal spirituality that the books of Nephi were written. The point of bringing to light and emphasizing Nephi’s “foibles” is “to make clear that we follow the prophets precisely because of what God does through them, not because of what or who they are on their own” (96, emphasis in original). For Spencer, Nephi’s resolute statement of his readiness to obey the Lord’s commandments in what is surely one of the most quoted passages in the Book of Mormon (1 Nephi 3:7, “I will go and do … ”) is an example of the prophet’s youthful self-righteousness, later corrected or adjusted by his more “realistic” and “mature” statement that the Lord nourishes and strengthens those who keep the commandments and provides “means whereby they can accomplish the thing which he has commanded them” (1 Nephi 17:3).
I must say I am underwhelmed by the supposed contrast between these statements. More generally, I would say that Nephi’s humanity is evident enough throughout his account (nowhere more than in 2 Nephi 4, to be sure), and needs no deepening through the attribution of immature and anti-social self-righteousness. There is no reason to contend, in response to Spencer’s preoccupation with “humanizing” Nephi, that the prophet never made a misstep he regretted. But Spencer is perhaps a little overconfident of his capacity to judge the youthful Nephi. Is it a fault to be humorless and overly serious when coming out of a conversation with the Father and the Son into a squabble with faithless brothers who refuse to believe their own father and his claims to visions? And how much slack should Nephi have given Laman and Lemuel, who were known to have schemed and even attempted on multiple occasions to murder Nephi or his father, ultimately being restrained only by divine interventions? The fact that Nephi dwells so little on these facts in his writing seems indeed to point to his decades [Page 139]of distance from the events being reported — but not quite to the kind of change of heart Spencer perceives. Nephi has certainly put the events of 1 Nephi into a much larger perspective by the time of his writing, but perhaps not a perspective that questions his earlier righteousness in quite the way or to the degree that Spencer aims to show.
The Theological Questions of Modern Morality
We will touch more lightly on the rest of the second half of Spencer’s 1 Nephi, “Part II, The Theological Questions of 1 Nephi.” Interestingly, these theological questions arise not from the great questions of the theological tradition (the Godhead, salvation, atonement, etc.), which, to be sure, have been addressed to some degree in Part I as they emerge from the text, but from the characteristic preoccupations of contemporary social progressives, or let us say of younger Latter-day Saints influenced by a contemporary, progressive moral-political framework. Thus, the question of personal morality — pushed aside or demoted in Spencer’s account of Nephi and his brethren, as it relates to the “doctrine of Christ,” in favor of the collective-covenantal perspective — now returns in force, but from a contemporary moral perspective not drawn from but superimposed upon scripture. From this perspective, Spencer imagines his reader asking, or invites his reader to ask, whether, since “prophets aren’t infallible … could [Nephi] get something so seriously wrong that he leads us astray?” (67).
The first such “theological question” Spencer engages, in Chapter 4, is the classic one of Laban’s death. His discussion of this hard case is careful and rewarding. Much to his credit, the author invites his readers to adopt a critical attitude concerning “strictly rational ethical demands” in “an increasingly secularized world” (70). He here seems to identify rational rather narrowly, I would say, with a liberal-secular view of “public reason,” in which reason is defined a priori as excluding any religious or otherwise soulful considerations. In any case, Spencer shows himself ready to allow the Lord to “smash the rational and ethical idols we’re tempted to place before the God of faith and obedience” (71).
But Spencer dismisses rather abruptly one sort of the argument that might be considered “rational” — namely, one that would justify Nephi’s action as “excusable homicide under the public law of the time” (69), quite confident that the argument from legality to morality is of little worth, that “ethical questions generally eclipse legal questions for good reason” (70). I can see Spencer’s point, but is there not good reason to regard positive laws as practical instantiations and indispensable [Page 140]determinations of ethical norms? Surely the legal deserves to be taken into account as an essential domain of the ethical.
In keeping with his overall approach, Spencer seems somewhat over-eager to interpret Nephi’s killing of Laban as another example of his maturation from self-righteous youth to mature, covenant-focused prophet. That is, he is eager to distinguish motives that might well be considered as two aspects of one righteous motive: Nephi’s interest in being a righteous person — a desire “tainted with a competitive spirit” (78) — as opposed to his obedience to divine commands understood as instrumental to “God’s covenantal promises to whole peoples” (78). When he cannot quite prove this distinction from the text, Spencer resorts to leading questions: “Was [Nephi] interested in keeping commandments, or did he treat the commandments primarily as something to force himself into his role as ruler and teacher? … Is he depressed, aware that he has perhaps overreached? Or is he as confident as ever? We don’t know” (76). No, in fact, we do not. And we have no reason to assume such overreach unless we insist a priori on dividing personal righteousness from covenantal promises.
Spencer’s reading finally supports a faithful approach to the text in that he is ready to accept Nephi’s action as commanded — or rather constrained — by the Spirit. (Spencer is convinced this distinction is important.) Indeed, he pushes back against those who adopt a “self- congratulating intellectual superiority” and are thus scandalized by the story of Laban’s slaying. It’s “hard to be critical without being hypocritical” (80), he wisely notices. But, characteristically, he reaches out to Nephi’s critics and, braving his own warnings about hypocrisy, judges that “there are motes in Nephi’s eyes, to be sure — maybe even beams” (80). Nephi is redeemed, from this point of view, by the fact that Nephi’s own story, when read closely enough, shows that “he seems to hope we’ll see those motes, or even those beams” (80).
Joseph Spencer’s extremely careful reading certainly alerts us very skillfully to certain features of Nephi’s imperfect humanity. But it seems to me that the author’s own theological priorities — a certain understanding of grace motivates his determination to drive a wedge between personal righteousness and salvation and the collective- covenantal — consistently lead him to overstate Nephi’s faults.
Women and Feminism
There is much that is valuable and, I think, quite original in Spencer’s chapter 6 (“The Women”) on women and sexuality. He rightly draws our [Page 141]attention to Jacob 3:6, which seems to tie the Lord’s eventual mercy toward the Lamanites to what Spencer calls their “relative gender parity” (103). Once again, the author seems more confident than the textual evidence supports that the story of Nephites and Lamanites over ten centuries can be significantly structured around Lamanite superiority in terms of sexual morality and the treatment of women. It must be granted to Spencer’s thesis that there is a striking and disturbing resonance between Jacob’s condemnation of Nephite sexual practices very early in the story and Moroni’s shocking revelations at the very end (Moroni 9:9-10). It must be noted, still, that the Lamanites are hardly models of morality,7 and Moroni’s late judgment against the Nephites takes the form of an equivalence with the Lamanites: “this great abomination of the Lamanites … doth not exceed that of our people” (Moroni 9:9). Spencer is certainly right, in any case, to draw our attention to the sexual violence at the heart of Moroni’s accusation of his own people.
Spencer also provides a very richly suggestive comparison between the “conflict between the sexes” (113) in the persons of Sariah and Lehi, on one hand, and the second-generation conflict between Nephi and Laman, in which the question of women’s suffering is wholly subordinated to “rivalry between Israelite men … in their own fights for dominance and inheritance” (113). But are we sure we want to reduce Nephi’s struggle with his brethren to a fight for dominance or inheritance? More generally, the very expressions by which Spencer frames the Nephite/Lamanite comparison on sex and gender points once again to a certain excess or arbitrary tendency in Spencer’s rhetorical framing of scriptural teachings and theological problems. What the prophet Jacob frames as monogamous chastity (as opposed to polygamy, concubinage, and whoredoms), Spencer expresses in keeping with the contemporary preoccupation with “gender parity” (103). Thus a very natural and surely legitimate concern for the mostly silent struggles of womankind is fitted to a distinctly contemporary ideological frame. Nephi’s readers are urged to look for “a promise of sexual egalitarianism” and examples of “women willing to resist oppression” (113–14). This “oppression” seems to include any circumstances in which a woman’s commitment to her “social role” (106, 115) might seem to trump her individual self- expression. It must be said that Spencer decidedly wavers here in his own critique of “modern individualism.” In fact he plainly judges all earlier societies as “oppressive cultures” from the standpoint of our [Page 142]apparently unimpeachable modern sensibilities. This is the standpoint from which “the Nephites’ ‘imperfections’” (114) — including, to be sure, Nephi’s own — are scrutinized. If some belief or habit or social role tends to “make us cringe today” (114), this seems to provide a sufficient basis for moral judgment. At least, for Spencer, Nephi deserves credit for his “struggle against those attitudes” (114) that we have at last overcome in the name of the “modern sensibility” of “sexual egalitarianism.”
To be sure, Professor Spencer acknowledges that even we (that is, we modern egalitarians) are all still struggling, since “we’re as enmeshed in oppressive cultures as the prophets of the past” (115). But in this very acknowledgement, the author seems to convict living prophets as much as the rest of us; the implication is that the prophets were and are as enmeshed as we are, and that only modern moralists can begin to escape the oppression inherited from less enlightened times in that moment of awakening in which our individual consciousness is liberated from our “social roles,” and thus from complicity in the oppression that modern prophets don’t yet clearly see. The prophets are included in the convicted “we,” and the author situates himself among those awakening from “oppression.”
Invoking once again the convicting first person plural, Spencer confesses that “we’re almost certainly blind to our own prejudices” (115).
I suppose we can agree on that.
My dear young brothers and sisters, these surely are the latter days, and the Lord is hastening His work to gather Israel. That gathering is the most important thing taking place on earth today. Nothing else compares in magnitude, nothing else compares in importance, nothing else compares in majesty. And if you choose to, if you want to, you can be a big part of it. You can be a big part of something big, something grand, something majestic!
When we speak of the gathering, we are simply saying this fundamental truth: every one of our Heavenly Father’s children, on both sides of the veil, deserves to hear the message of the restored gospel of Jesus Christ. They decide for themselves if they want to know more. …
My question tonight to every one of you between the ages of 12 and 18 is this: Would you like to be a big part of the greatest challenge, the greatest cause, and the greatest work on earth today? …
Every child of our Heavenly Father deserves the opportunity to choose to follow Jesus Christ, to accept and receive His gospel with all of its blessings — yes, all the blessings that God promised to the lineage of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, who, as you know, is also known as Israel.
My dear extraordinary youth, you were sent to earth at this precise time, the most crucial time in the history of the world, to help gather Israel. There is nothing happening on this earth right now that is more important than that. There is nothing of greater consequence. Absolutely nothing.
This gathering should mean everything to you. This is the mission for which you were sent to earth. (Russell M. Nelson, “Hope of Israel,” Worldwide Youth Devotional, June 3, 2018, https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/new-era/2018/08-se/hope-of-israel.)
To inquire further into the reasoning behind Spencer’s obsession with covenantal-collective history as opposed to the gospel as addressed to individuals would lead us to examine Spencer’s impressive earlier writings on the Book of Mormon, and especially his On Typology (see, in the volume under review, endnotes 1.2, 2.1, and 4.1). The substantive question of Israel’s covenant is bound up for Spencer with the textual-structural question of the divisions of Nephi’s text. Surprisingly (at least to me), Spencer (following a 1986 article by Frederick W. Axelgard; see endnote 1.2) advocates not Nephi’s own division between 1 Nephi and 2 Nephi, but a division between 2 Nephi 5 and 6. This division serves an argument that emphasizes Isaiah’s prophecies and Nephi’s “likening” of them over Nephi’s concluding doctrinal chapters, and especially the remarkable “doctrine of Christ” set forth in 2 Nephi 31 in which Nephi is uniquely instructed by the Father and the Son. In Spencer’s structural scheme, this powerful and luminous chapter can only figure as a kind of epilogue to the main treatment of Israel- and Lamanite-directed prophecy.
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About Antimatter
Antimatter, a UK melancholic rock band, is the project of longtime member Mick Moss. The project was formed in 1997 by Duncan Patterson (former bassist/songwriter of Anathema) and Moss. The pair released three albums together - Saviour, Lights Out and Planetary Confinement. Shortly after the completion of Planetary Confinement, Patterson left to start another band called Íon. Moss continued and released the project’s fourth album, Leaving Eden, following with 2009’s 'Live@An Club', (released on his own label Music In Stone), 2010's Alternative Matter and 2012's Fear Of A Unique Identity. Most recently Moss has released the 6th Antimatter album, The Judas Table, in 2015.
The earlier Antimatter albums, Saviour and Lights Out, focused on melodic vocal lines (often by guest female vocalists), dark electronica and balanced on the borderline between gothic and trip hop. Planetary Confinement marked the start of a shift towards more of an acoustic based melancholic rock sound. Leaving Eden, with Mick Moss as the only songwriter and singer, continues in this direction and also gives electric guitars a more prominent role. The result is a heavier sounding album, with little trace of the ambient sound of early Antimatter. The album Fear Of A Unique Identity presents a more layered, energetic picture, mixing all of Antimatter's past textures with a New Wave feel.
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Regional level priority setting in agricultural research and the evolution of SACCAR of SADCC
chapter
posted on 2024-09-06, 06:11 authored by M.L. KyomoThe decision to launch the Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) on April, 1980 was made by Heads of States in Southern Africa. These, at the time included Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Namibia, which gained independence on March 21,1990, joined SADCC on April 1,1990 — the day the organisation was celebrating its tenth Anniversary. Before 1980, the SADCC member states had been assisting each other in fighting for political independence. In the declaration, "Southern Africa: Toward Economic Liberation", these states declared their commitment to pursue policies aimed at economic liberation and the integrated development of their national economies. They identified areas in which, working in harmony, they could guide national development toward providing goods and services presently obtained from outside the region and thus weave a fabric of self-sufficiency through regional cooperation. The identified areas were the productive sectors of food, agriculture and natural resources; energy, industry and trade; mining and tourism. They also identified the key service sectors, human resource development and transport and communication. The main objective was to improve the welfare of member state citizens through creation of jobs, services, improved food security and allowing them to participate in intra-regional trade.
A research paper on inter-regional agricultural research priorities in Southern Africa with the main objective of averting food insecurity in the region.
A research paper on inter-regional agricultural research priorities in Southern Africa with the main objective of averting food insecurity in the region.
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2024-12-10T09:42:41Z
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The library is looking for students interested in becoming College Assistants for the Fall 2023 semester. Interested students should email Administrative Specialist, Suraya Choudhury or stop by the library during open hours to fill out an application.
See below for more information about the position.
Job Title: Library College Assistant – Hourly
Location: NYC College of Technology
Full/Part Time: Part-Time
Regular/Temporary: Regular
Contract Title: College Assistant
FLSA: Non-Exempt
Closing Date: Open until filled
Availability: 10-15 hours per week; daytime, evenings, and weekends
Campus Specific Information
The Ursula C. Schwerin Library at New York City College of Technology has positions available for College Assistants in the following operational units: Circulation Services, Multimedia Lab, Periodicals and Internet Lab.
General Duties
– Perform technical operations in areas including library circulation, collection processing, and maintenance
– Manage routine workflows during evening and weekend hours including the circulation cash register
– Provide service to library users in person and by phone: answer questions, enforce policies
– Uses online system to perform various tasks in both circulation and technical services
– Assist students with computer use, printing, scanners, and other technical support needs
Preferred Qualifications
– Must be prompt and responsible
– Prior work experience in a library is a plus
– Ability to multitask and follow complex instructions
– Demonstrated success working both individually and in collaborative environments –
– Excellent judgment and professionalism
– Strong interpersonal skills
– Knowledge of Microsoft Office
Compensation
$15.61 per hour
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2024-12-10T10:08:31Z
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Energy production – mainly the burning of fossil fuels – accounts for around three-quarters of global greenhouse gas emissions. Not only is energy production the largest driver of climate change, but the burning of fossil fuels and biomass also comes at a large cost to human health: at least five million deaths are attributed to air pollution each year.
The world therefore needs to shift away from fossil fuels to an energy mix dominated by low-carbon sources of energy – renewable technologies and nuclear power.
What does our energy mix look like today? What countries have the 'cleanest' energy mix? And are we making progress in shifting towards a low-carbon energy system?
This article focuses on the breakdown of energy sources: how they vary across the world and how this is changing over time.
In the energy domain, there are many different units thrown around – joules, exajoules, million tonnes of oil equivalents, barrel equivalents, British thermal units, and terawatt-hours, to name a few. This can be confusing, and make comparisons difficult. So at Our World in Data, we try to maintain consistency by converting all energy data to watt-hours. We do this to compare energy data across different metrics and sources.
Today when we think about energy mixes we think about a diverse range of sources – coal, oil, gas, nuclear, hydropower, solar, wind, and biofuels. But If we look back a couple of centuries ago, our energy mixes were relatively homogeneous. And the transition from one source to another was incredibly slow.
In the chart shown we see global primary energy consumption dating back to the year 1800. This earlier data is sourced from Vaclav Smil's work Energy Transitions: Global and National Perspectives.1 Data from 1965 onwards comes from the latest release of Energy Institute’s Statistical Review of World Energy.2
We see that until the mid-19th century, traditional biomass – the burning of solid fuels such as wood, crop waste, or charcoal – was the dominant energy source used worldwide. But with the Industrial Revolution came the rise of coal; followed by oil, gas; and hydropower by the turn of the 20th century.
It wasn't until the 1960s that nuclear energy was added to the mix. What is often referred to as 'modern renewables' – solar and wind – were only added much later, in the 1980s.
What Vaclav Smil – and other researchers studying these long-term energy transitions across countries – highlights in his work is the slow rate at which energy transitions have occurred in the past. The speed and scale of the energy transition we need today in switching from fossil fuels to low-carbon energy is therefore a new challenge, very different from the past.
Let's look at our energy mix today, and explore what sources we draw upon.
In the interactive chart shown, we see the primary energy mix broken down by fuel or generation source.
Globally we get the largest amount of our energy from oil, followed by coal, gas, and hydroelectric power. However, other renewable sources are now growing quickly.
These charts show the breakdown of the energy mix by country. First is the higher-level breakdown by fossil fuels, nuclear, and renewables. Then the specific breakdown by source, including coal, gas, oil, nuclear, hydro, solar, wind, and other renewables (which include bioenergy, wave, and tidal).
This is given in terms of per capita consumption.
Around three-quarters of global greenhouse gas emissions come from the burning of fossil fuels for energy.3 To reduce global emissions we need to shift our energy systems away from fossil fuels to low-carbon energy sources. We need to ‘decarbonize’.
How big is this challenge? How much of our energy currently comes from low-carbon sources?
In this chart, we see the breakdown of global primary energy consumption.4
Here we take primary energy based on the ‘substitution method’ for energy accounting. For those interested in energy accounting methods, at the end of this post, we look at comparisons of direct versus substitution methods. The quick summary is that this accounting method tries to account for the energy lost from the inefficiencies in fossil fuel production and aims to provide the appropriate comparison of how much more low-carbon energy we would need to replace fossil fuels in the energy mix. It’s one of the preferred accounting methods used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).5
Approximately one-sixth of global primary energy comes from low-carbon sources. Low-carbon sources are the sum of nuclear energy and renewables – which includes hydropower, wind, solar, bioenergy, geothermal, and wave and tidal.6
Hydropower and nuclear account for most of our low-carbon energy, but wind and solar are growing quickly.
This interactive map shows the share of primary energy that comes from low-carbon sources across countries.
Globally, our progress in shifting towards a low-carbon economy has been slow. That may leave us pessimistic about a path forward. But some countries – often some of the world’s richest countries who have high carbon footprints – show us that significant progress on decarbonizing our energy systems is possible. They still have a long way to go but are moving in the right direction.
Poorer countries face a bigger challenge: they must grow their economies, giving their populations access to energy, and healthcare and alleviating poverty whilst avoiding the carbon-intensive pathways today’s rich countries have taken. To do this, they need clean energy to be cheap, undercutting fossil fuel alternatives. In this regard, the world’s richest countries also have a role to play: the scale-up of low-carbon energy should help to drive down costs. We have already seen this effect with the rapid decline in solar prices in recent years.
Three-quarters of global greenhouse gas emissions come from the burning of fossil fuels for energy.7 To tackle climate change, we must transition away from fossil fuels and decarbonize our energy systems.
The world now gets approximately one-sixth of its energy from low-carbon sources – either nuclear or renewables. How has this changed over time?
Does our track record give us reason to be optimistic that we can quickly decarbonize?
In the chart below we see the share of global energy that comes from low-carbon sources. We’ve certainly made progress since half a century ago: while global energy consumption increased almost 4-fold, the share of low-carbon sources has nearly tripled.
In the chart, we see the share of global energy that comes from fossil fuels, renewables, and nuclear. The sum of the top two is what we want to increase.
Part of this slow progress is due to the fact that much of the gains made in renewables have been offset by a decline in nuclear energy. Renewables have been growing while nuclear has been rolled back.8
Overall, this means that the combined share from low-carbon sources has increased by less than we might have expected. Having renewables and nuclear pulling in the same direction would certainly have helped. But it wouldn’t be enough: the rate of progress would still have been slow.
But we’re still fooling ourselves in looking at this progress through the lens of what share of our energy is low-carbon.
When it comes to greenhouse gas emissions, the atmosphere does not care about shares, only absolutes. That is what ultimately determines the amount of CO2 we emit, and the rate at which it accumulates in the atmosphere.
Global energy consumption is not stagnant, but growing. And in the past years, it has been growing too quickly for renewables and nuclear to keep up.
In the chart here we see primary energy consumption in absolute terms for each source. We continue to produce more energy from fossil fuels – particularly oil and gas – each year.
Low-carbon energy is certainly growing across the world – undoubtedly a sign of progress.
Decarbonization is happening. But not nearly fast enough. To achieve the necessary progress for the climate, we need to see its growth not only meet our new energy demands each year but also start displacing existing fossil fuels in the energy mix much faster.
Fossil fuels are the sum of coal, oil, and gas. Combined, they are the largest source of global emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2). We therefore want to shift our energy systems away from fossil fuels towards low-carbon energy sources.
This interactive map shows the share of primary energy that comes from fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas summed together) across the world.
Coal has been a critical energy source and a mainstay in global energy production for centuries.
But it's also the most polluting energy source: both in terms of the amount of CO2 it produces per unit of energy, and the amount of local air pollution it creates. Moving away from coal energy is important for climate change as well as human health.
This interactive map shows the share of primary energy that comes from coal across the world.
Oil is the world's largest energy source today. It is the dominant source of energy for the transport sector in particular.
This interactive map shows the share of primary energy that comes from oil across the world.
Natural gas has, for decades, lagged behind coal and oil as an energy source. But today its consumption is growing rapidly – often as a replacement for coal in the energy mix. Gas is a major provider of electricity production and a key source of heat.
This interactive map shows the share of primary energy that comes from gas across the world.
Nuclear energy – alongside hydropower – has been a key source of low-carbon energy for many countries across the world in recent decades. But there are large differences in the role of nuclear – some countries rely heavily on it for energy production; others produce no energy at all from it.
This interactive map shows the share of primary energy that comes from nuclear in each country.
Renewable energy is a collective term used to capture several different energy sources. 'Renewables' typically include hydropower, solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, and wave and tidal energy.
This interactive map shows the share of primary energy that comes from renewables (the sum of all renewable energy technologies) across the world.
The share of energy we get from individual renewable technologies – solar, or wind, for example – is given in the sections below.
Hydroelectric power has been an influential low-carbon energy technology for many countries for over half a century. Globally, it is still the largest source of renewable energy.
This interactive map shows the share of primary energy that comes from hydropower across the world.
Solar energy is a relatively new energy technology but is growing very quickly.
This interactive map shows the share of primary energy that comes from solar technologies across the world.
This interactive map shows the share of primary energy that comes from wind (both onshore and offshore) across the world.
Endnotes
Vaclav Smil (2017). Energy Transitions: Global and National Perspectives.
Note that this data presents primary energy consumption via the ‘substitution method’. The ‘substitution method’ – in comparison to the ‘direct method’ – attempts to correct for the inefficiencies (energy wasted as heat during combustion) in fossil fuel and biomass conversion. It does this by correcting nuclear and modern renewable technologies to their ‘primary input equivalents’ if the same quantity of energy would be produced from fossil fuels.
The remaining quarter comes from industrial processes (such as cement production), agriculture, land use change, and waste.
This is based on primary energy data published annually in the Energy Institute’s Statistical Review of World Energy.
Krey V., O. Masera, G. Blanford, T. Bruckner, R. Cooke, K. Fisher-Vanden, H. Haberl, E. Hertwich, E. Kriegler, D. Mueller, S. Paltsev, L. Price, S. Schlömer, D. Ürge-Vorsatz, D. van Vuuren, and T. Zwickel, 2014: Annex II: Metrics & Methodology. In: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Edenhofer, O., R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J. Savolainen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow, T. Zwickel and J.C. Minx (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
The emissions from these sources are not necessarily zero – the mining of materials, production, maintenance, and decommissioning of these technologies may produce some carbon, but per unit of energy this is very small relative to fossil fuels. Schlömer S., T. Bruckner, L. Fulton, E. Hertwich, A. McKinnon, D. Perczyk, J. Roy, R. Schaeffer, R. Sims, P. Smith, and R. Wiser, 2014: Annex III: Technology-specific cost and performance parameters. In: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Edenhofer, O., R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J. Savolainen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow, T. Zwickel and J.C. Minx (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
The remaining quarter comes from industrial processes (mainly cement production), agriculture, land use change, and waste.
This is even clearer when we focus on global electricity production: nuclear declined almost as much as renewables gained.
Cite this work
Our articles and data visualizations rely on work from many different people and organizations. When citing this article, please also cite the underlying data sources. This article can be cited as:
Hannah Ritchie and Pablo Rosado (2020) - “Energy Mix” Published online at OurWorldinData.org. Retrieved from: 'https://ourworldindata.org/energy-mix' [Online Resource]
BibTeX citation
@article{owid-energy-mix,
author = {Hannah Ritchie and Pablo Rosado},
title = {Energy Mix},
journal = {Our World in Data},
year = {2020},
note = {https://ourworldindata.org/energy-mix}
}
Reuse this work freely
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Dr D R Llewellyn, vice-chancellor, University of Waikato (18 March 1967). Pae Korokī, accessed 10/12/2024, https://paekoroki.tauranga.govt.nz/nodes/view/73095
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Database Open Access
I-CARE: International Cardiac Arrest REsearch consortium Database
Edilberto Amorim , Wei-Long Zheng , Jong Woo Lee , Susan Herman , Mohammad Ghassemi , Adithya Sivaraju , Nicolas Gaspard , Jeannette Hofmeijer , Michel J A M van Putten , Matthew Reyna , Gari Clifford , Brandon Westover
Published: June 16, 2023. Version: 2.0 <View latest version>
I-CARE is now available on Google Cloud (June 22, 2023, 1:23 p.m.)
When using this resource, please cite:
(show more options)
Amorim, E., Zheng, W., Lee, J. W., Herman, S., Ghassemi, M., Sivaraju, A., Gaspard, N., Hofmeijer, J., van Putten, M. J. A. M., Reyna, M., Clifford, G., & Westover, B. (2023). I-CARE: International Cardiac Arrest REsearch consortium Database (version 2.0). PhysioNet. https://doi.org/10.13026/avek-0p97.
Please include the standard citation for PhysioNet:
(show more options)
Goldberger, A., Amaral, L., Glass, L., Hausdorff, J., Ivanov, P. C., Mark, R., ... & Stanley, H. E. (2000). PhysioBank, PhysioToolkit, and PhysioNet: Components of a new research resource for complex physiologic signals. Circulation [Online]. 101 (23), pp. e215–e220.
Abstract
The International Cardiac Arrest REsearch consortium (I-CARE) Database includes baseline clinical information and continuous electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings from comatose patients following cardiac arrest. The patients were admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) in one of seven academic hospitals in the U.S. and Europe and monitored for several hours to several days. The long-term neurological function of the patients was determined using the Cerebral Performance Category scale.
Background
More than 6 million cardiac arrests happen every year worldwide, with survival rates ranging from 1% to 10% depending on geographic location [1]. Severe brain injury is the main determinant of poor outcome for patients surviving cardiac arrest resuscitation [1,2]. Most patients surviving to ICU admission will be comatose, and 50% to 80% will have life-sustaining therapies withdrawn due to a perceived poor neurological prognosis [3].
Brain monitoring with EEG aims to reduce the subjectivity in neurologic prognostication following cardiac arrest [4-9]. Clinical neurophysiologists have identified numerous patterns of brain activity that help to predict prognosis following cardiac arrest, including the presences of reduced voltage, burst suppression (alternating periods of high and low voltage), seizures, and a variety of seizure-like patterns [8]. The evolution of EEG patterns over time may provide additional predictive information [6,7]. However, qualitative interpretation of continuous EEG is laborious, expensive, and requires review from neurologists with advanced training in neurophysiology who are unavailable in most medical centers.
Automated analysis of continuous EEG and other data has the potential to improve prognostic accuracy and to increase access to brain monitoring where experts are not readily available [6,7]. However, the datasets used in most studies typically only have small numbers of patients (<100) from single hospitals, which are unsuitable for deployment of several types of machine learning methods for EEG data analysis. To overcome this limitation the International Cardiac Arrest REsearch consortium (I-CARE) assembled a large collection of clinical, EEG, and ECG data with neurologic outcomes from comatose patients following cardiac arrest. The I-CARE dataset includes seven hospitals from the United States and Europe.
Methods
The database originates from seven academic hospitals in the U.S. and Europe led by investigators part of the International Cardiac Arrest REsearch consortium (I-CARE).
- Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands (Jeannette Hofmeijer).
- Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (Barry J. Ruijter, Marleen C. Tjepkema-Cloostermans, Michel J. A. M. van Putten).
- Erasme Hospital, Brussels, Belgium (Nicolas Gaspard).
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (Edilberto Amorim, Wei-Long Zheng, Mohammad Ghassemi, and M. Brandon Westover).
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (Jong Woo Lee).
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (Susan T. Herman).
- Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, USA (Adithya Sivaraju).
This database consists of clinical, EEG, and ECG data from adult patients with out-of-hospital or in-hospital cardiac arrest who had return of heart function (i.e., return of spontaneous circulation [ROSC]) but remained comatose - defined as the inability to follow verbal commands and a Glasgow Coma Score inferior or equal to 8.
The initial database release contains data for over 32,712 hours of data in 80,809 recording segments from 607 patients - this is the public training set for the George B. Moody PhysioNet Challenge 2023. This database release does not contain data from the remaining 413 patients that we are retaining as the hidden validation and test sets for the Challenge.
All patients were admitted to an ICU and had their brain activity monitored with continuous EEG. Monitoring was typically started within hours of cardiac arrest and continued for several hours to several days depending on the patient's condition, so the recording start time and duration varies from patient to patient. This database includes EEG data and, when possible, ECG data for each patient. This project contains the part of the database that we have shared as a public training set for the PhysioNet Challenge 2023; the remainder of the database has been retained as private validation and test sets for the Challenge. Data from one hospital system were omitted from the training and validation sets to assess generalizability to unseen data.
Clinical Data
Patient information recorded at the time of admission (age, sex, and a hospital identifier), location of arrest (out or in-hospital), type of cardiac rhythm recorded at the time of resuscitation (shockable rhythms include ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia and non-shockable rhythms include asystole and pulseless electrical activity), and the time between cardiac arrest and ROSC. Patient temperature after cardiac arrest is controlled using a closed-loop feedback device (TTM) in most patients unless there are contraindications such as severe and difficult to control hypotension or delay in hospital admission. For patients undergoing TTM, the temperature level can be controlled at either 36 or 33 degrees Celsius.
Neurological Prognostication and Outcome Assessment
All participating hospitals have protocols for multimodal neurological prognostication that follow international guideline recommendations. Formal neurological prognostication is deferred until the normothermia phase and confounding from sedatives can be minimized.
Patient Outcomes
Clinical outcome was determined prospectively in two centers by phone interview (at 6 months from ROSC), and at the remaining five hospitals retrospectively through chart review (at 3-6 months from ROSC). Neurological function was determined using the best Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) scale [10]. CPC is an ordinal scale ranging from 1 to 5, ranging from good neurological function to death.
De-identification
Clinical and EEG data were de-identified. Patients with age above 89 years old are listed with age "90". EEG timestamps are organized based on the time elapsed since ROSC. The hospital identifiers do not identify the hospital name.
Data Description
EEG Data
All EEG signal data are provided in WFDB format, with the signal data are stored in MATLAB MAT files (MAT v4 format). For example, the binary signal file 0284_001_004_EEG.mat
contains the first segment of the EEG signal data, starting at 4 hours, 7 minutes, and 23 seconds after cardiac arrest and ending at 4 hours, 59 minutes, and 59 seconds after cardiac arrest, for patient 0284 of the I-CARE patient cohort. The plain text header file 0284_001_004_EEG.hea
describes the contents of this signal file as well as the start time, stop time, and utility frequency (i.e., powerline frequency or mains frequency) for the data.
When possible, the channel names have been standardized between and within different hospitals. Different channels are available for different hospitals and different patients, including those from the same hospital. Even when a channel has been provided, it may be disconnected or noisy. The channels are organized into an EEG group, an ECG group, a reference (REF) group, and an other (OTHER) group:
- EEG: Fp1, Fp2, F7, F8, F3, F4, T3, T4, C3, C4, T5, T6, P3, P4, O1, O2, Fz, Cz, Pz, Fpz, Oz, F9
- ECG: ECG, ECG1, ECG2, ECGL, ECGR
- REF: RAT1, RAT2, REF, C2, A1, A2, BIP1, BIP2, BIP3, BIP4, Cb2, M1, M2, In1-Ref2, In1-Ref3
- OTHER: SpO2, EMG1, EMG2, EMG3, LAT1, LAT2, LOC, ROC, LEG1, LEG2
The recordings were segmented so that each segment ends at the hour, or the end of the recording, whichever occurs first. Noisy recordings with artifacts were intentionally preserved [11].
Clinical Data and Patient Outcome
The following clinical data is contained in each .txt file:
Age (in years): Number
Sex: Male, Female
Hospital: A, B, C, D, E, F
ROSC (return of spontaneous circulation, in minutes): Time from cardiac arrest to return of spontaneous circulation
OHCA (out-of-hospital cardiac arrest): True = out of hospital cardiac arrest, False = in-hospital cardiac arrest
Shockable Rhythm: True = shockable rhythm, False = non-shockable rhythm
TTM (targeted temperature management; in Celsius): 33, 36, or NaN for no TTM
Outcome: Good (CPC score of 1-2), Poor (CPC score of 3-5)
CPC: Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) score (ordinal scale 1-5)
- CPC = 1: good neurological function and independent for activities of daily living
- CPC = 2: moderate neurological disability but independent for activities of daily living
- CPC = 3: severe neurological disability
- CPC = 4: unresponsive wakefulness syndrome [previously known as vegetative state]
- CPC = 5: dead.
We have grouped CPC scores in two categories:
- “Good outcome”: CPC = 1 or 2
- “Poor outcome”: CPC = 3, 4, or 5
Usage Notes
These data are in a WFDB-compatible format, and WFDB packages can be used to read them.
We have implemented example prediction algorithms in MATLAB and Python that read the data:
- MATLAB example at [12].
- Python example at [13].
Release Notes
By downloading the data, you agree not to repost the data or to publish or otherwise share any work that uses the data, in full or in part, before the end of the PhysioNet Challenge 2023 except to the Computing in Cardiology conference.
Ethics
Data collection and analysis was performed under independent Institutional Review Board approvals at participating hospitals, and a data sharing agreement was made among participating hospitals. This was a retrospective analysis of data obtained as part of the usual care and the requirement for informed consent was waived.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the American Heart Association (20CDA35310297), CURE Epilepsy Foundation (Taking Flight Award), Neurocritical Care Society (NCS research training fellowship), Weil-Society of Critical Care Medicine Research Grant, the NIH (1K23NS090900, 1R01NS102190, 1R01NS102574, 1R01NS107291, 1K23NS119794, R01EB030362), Epilepsiefonds (NEF 14-18), and Dutch Heart Foundation (2018T070).
Conflicts of Interest
M.V.P. is founder of Clinical Science Systems. Clinical Science Systems did not contribute funding nor played any role in the study. M.B.W. is a co-founder of Beacon Biosignals. Beacon Biosignals neither contributed funding nor played any role in the study.
References
- Yan, S., Gan, Y., Jiang, N. et al. The global survival rate among adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients who received cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 24, 61 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-2773-2.
- Dankiewicz J, Cronberg T, Lilja G, et al. Hypothermia versus Normothermia after Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:2283–2294.
- Elmer J, Torres C, Aufderheide TP, Austin MA, Callaway CW, Golan E, Herren H, Jasti J, Kudenchuk PJ, Scales DC, Stub D, Richardson DK, Zive DM; Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium. Association of early withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy for perceived neurological prognosis with mortality after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2016 May;102:127-35. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2016.01.016. Epub 2016 Feb 3. PMID: 26836944; PMCID: PMC4834233.
- Amorim E, Rittenberger JC, Zheng JJ, et al. Continuous EEG monitoring enhances multimodal outcome prediction in hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Resuscitation. 2016;109:121–126.
- Hofmeijer J, Beernink TMJ, Bosch FH, Beishuizen A, Tjepkema-Cloostermans MC, van Putten MJAM. Early EEG contributes to multimodal outcome prediction of postanoxic coma. Neurology. 2015;85:137–143.
- Zheng W-L, Amorim E, Jing J, et al. Predicting neurological outcome in comatose patients after cardiac arrest with multiscale deep neural networks. Resuscitation. 2021;169:86–94.
- Zheng W-L, Amorim E, Jing J, et al. Predicting Neurological Outcome from Electroencephalogram Dynamics in Comatose Patients after Cardiac Arrest with Deep Learning. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. Epub 2021.:1–1.
- Khazanova D, Douglas VC, Amorim E. A matter of timing: EEG monitoring for neurological prognostication after cardiac arrest in the era of targeted temperature management. Minerva Anestesiol. 2021;87:704–713.
- Ruijter BJ, van Putten MJAM, van den Bergh WM, Tromp SC, Hofmeijer J. Propofol does not affect the reliability of early EEG for outcome prediction of comatose patients after cardiac arrest. Clin Neurophysiol Off J Int Fed Clin Neurophysiol. 2019;130:1263–1270.
- Taccone FS, Horn J, Storm C, et al. Death after awakening from post-anoxic coma: the “Best CPC” project. Crit Care Lond Engl. 2019;23:107.
- International Cardiac Arrest EEG Consortium (ICARE) Dataset with Deep Learning. https://github.com/bdsp-core/icare-dl.
- PhysioNet 2023 Challenge MATLAB Example. https://github.com/physionetchallenges/matlab-example-2023
- PhysioNet 2023 Challenge Python Example. https://github.com/physionetchallenges/python-example-2023
Access
Access Policy:
Anyone can access the files, as long as they conform to the terms of the specified license.
Discovery
Corresponding Author
Files
Total uncompressed size: 1.5 TB.
Access the files
- Access the files using the Google Cloud Storage Browser here. Login with a Google account is required.
-
Access the data using the Google Cloud command line tools (please refer to the gsutil
documentation for guidance):
gsutil -m -u YOUR_PROJECT_ID cp -r gs://i-care-2.0.physionet.org DESTINATION
-
Download the files using your terminal:
wget -r -N -c -np https://physionet.org/files/i-care/2.0/
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Not too long ago we thought that very little of the eukaryotic genome was ever transcribed. We also thought that the only non-coding RNAs were tRNAs and rRNAs. Now we know that other RNAs play roles in gene regulation and the degradation of spent cellular DNA or unwanted foreign DNA. These are discussed in detail below.
A. Ribosomes
The riboswitches is a bacterial transcription mechanism for regulating gene expression. While this mechanism is not specifically post-transcriptional, it is included here because the action occurs after transcription initiation and aborts completion of an mRNA. When the mRNA for an enzyme in the guanine synthesis pathway is transcribed, it folds into stem-&-loop structures. Enzyme synthesis will continue for as long as the cell needs to make guanine. But if guanine accumulates in the cell, excess guanine will bind stem-loop elements near the 5’ end of the mRNA, causing the RNA polymerase and the partially completed mRNA dissociate from the DNA, prematurely ending transcription. The basis of guanine riboswitch regulation of expression of a guanine synthesis pathway enzyme is shown below.
The ability to form folded, stem-loop structures at the 5’ ends of bacterial mRNAs seems to have allowed the evolution of translation regulation strategies. Whereas guanine interaction with the stem-loop structure of an emerging 5’ mRNA can abort its own transcription, similar small metabolite/mRNA and even protein/mRNA interactions can also regulate (in this case prevent) translation. As we will see shortly, 5’ mRNA folded structures also play a role in eukaryotic translation regulation.
B. CRISPR/Cas: RNA-Protein Complex of a Prokaryotic Adaptive Immune System
In higher organisms, the immune system is adaptive. It remembers prior exposure to a pathogen, and can thus mount a response to a second exposure to the same pathogen. The discovery of an ‘adaptive immune system’ in many prokaryotes (bacteria, archaebacteria) was therefore something of a surprise.
CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat) RNAs are derived from phage transcripts that have interacted with CRISPR-Associated (Cas) proteins. They make up the CRISPR/Cas system that seems to have evolved to fight of viral infection by targeting phage DNA for destruction. When viral DNA gets into a cell during a phage infection, it can generate a CRISPR/Cas gene array in the bacterial genome, with spacer DNA sequences separating repeats of the CRISPR genes. These remnants of a phage infection are the memory of this prokaryotic immune system. When a phage attempts to re-infect a previously exposed cell, spacer RNAs and Cas genes are transcribed. After Cas mRNA translation, the Cas protein and spacer RNAs will engage and target the incoming phage DNA for destruction to prevent infection. Thus, the CRISPR/Cas systems (there is more than one!) remember prior phage attacks, and transmit that memory to progeny cells. The CRISPR/Cas9 system in Streptococcus pyogenes is one of the simplest of these immune defense systems (illustrated below).
The CRISPR/Cas gene array consists of the following components:
- Cas: Genes native to host cells
- CRISPR: 24-48 bp repeats native to host cells
- Spacer DNA: DNA between CRISPR repeats: typically, phage DNA from prior phage infection or plasmid transformation
- leader DNA: Contains promoter for CRISPR/spacer RNA transcription
- tracr gene: Encodes transcription activator (tracr) RNA (not all systems)
Let's look at CRISPR/Cas in action.
1. The CRISPR/Cas Immune Response
Consider the mechanism of action of this prokaryotic immune system. The action begins when infectious phage DNA gets into the cell, as drawn below.
Let’s summarize what has happened here:
a) Incoming phage DNA was detected after phage infection.
b) Then the tracr and Cas genes are transcribed along with the CRISPR/spacer region. Cas mRNAs are translated to make the Cas protein. Remember, the spacer DNAs in the CRISPR region are the legacy of a prior phage infection.
c) CRISPR/spacer RNA forms hydrogen bonds with a complementary region of the tracr RNA as the two RNAs associate with Cas proteins.
d) Cas protein endonucelases hydrolyze spacer RNA from CRISPR RNA sequences. The spacer RNAs remain associated with the complex while the actual, imperfectly palindromic CRISPR sequences (shown in blue in the illustration above) fall off.
In the next steps, phage-derived spacer RNAs, now called guide RNAs (or gRNAs) ‘guide’ mature Cas9/tracrRNA/spacer RNA complexes to new incoming phage DNA resulting from a phage attack. The association of the complex with the incoming phage DNA and subsequent events are illustrated below.
Once again, let’s summarize:
a) Spacer (i.e., gRNA) in the complex targets incoming phage DNA.
b) Cas helicase unwinds incoming phage DNA at complementary regions.
c) gRNA H-bonds to incoming phage DNA.
d) Cas endonucleases create a double-stranded break (hydrolytic cleavage) at specific sites in incoming phage DNA. Because precise site DNA strand cleavage is guided by RNA molecules, CRISPR/Cas endonucleases are classified as type V restriction enzymes.
e) The incoming phage DNA is destroyed and a new phage infection is aborted.
Check out here to learn more about how bacteria acquire spacer DNAs, and therefore how this primitive adaptive immune system ‘remembers’) in the first place
2. Using CRISPR/Cas to Edit/Engineer Genes
Early studies demonstrated the reproducible cleavage of incoming phage DNA at specific nucleotides. Several labs quickly realized that it might be possible to adapt the system to cut DNA at virtually any specific nucleotide in a target DNA! It has turned out that the system works both in vivo and in vitro, allowing virtually unlimited potential for editing genes and RNAs in a test tube… or in any cell. Here is the basic process:
a) Engineer gDNA with a Cas-specific DNA sequence that targets a desired target in genomic DNA.
b) Fuse the gDNA to tracr DNA to make a single guide DNA (sgDNA) so that it can be made as a single guide transcript (sgRNA).
c) Engineer a CRISPR/Cas9 gene array that substitutes this sgDNA for its original spacer DNAs.
d) Place engineered array in a plasmid next to regulated promoters.
e) Transform cells by ‘electroporation’ (works for almost any cell type!)
f) Activate the promoter to transcribe the CRISPR/Cas9 genes…
The applications are powerful… and controversial!
3. The Power and the Controversy
The application of gene editing with CRISPR/Cas systems has already facilitated studies of gene function in vitro, in cells and in whole organisms. Click here for a description of CRISPR/Cas applications already on the market! The efficiency of specific gene editing using CRISPR/Cas systems holds great promise for understanding basic gene structure and function, for determining the genetic basis of disease, and for accelerating the search for gene therapies. Here are just a few examples of how CRISPR/Cas approaches are being applied.
- One can engineer an sgRNA with desired mutations targeting specific sites in chromosomal DNA. Then clone sgRNA into the CRISPR/Cas9 array on a plasmid. After transformation of appropriate cells, the engineered CRISPR/Cas9 forms a complex with target DNA sequences. Following nicking of both strands of the target DNA, DNA repair can insert the mutated guide sequences into the target DNA. The result is loss or acquisition of DNA sequences at specific, exact sites, or Precision Gene Editing. It is the ability to do this in living cells that has excited the basic and clinical research communities.
- Before transforming cells, engineer the CRISPR/Cas9 gene array on the plasmid to eliminate both endonuclease activities from the Cas protein. Upon transcription of the array in transformed cells, the CRISPR/Cas9-sgRNA still finds an sgRNA-targeted gene. However, lacking CAS protein endonuclease activities, the complex that forms just sits there blocking transcription. This technique is sometimes referred to as CRISPRi (CRISPER interference), by analogy to RNAi. Applied to organisms (and not just in vitro or to cells), it mimics the much more difficult knockout mutation experiments that have been used in studies of behavior of cells or organisms rendered unable to express a specific protein.
- There are now several working CRISPR/Cas systems capable of Precision Gene Editing. They are exciting for their speed, precision, their prospects for rapid, targeted gene therapies to fight disease, and their possibilities to alter entire populations (called Gene Drive). By inserting modified genes into the germline cells of target organisms, gene drive can render harmless entire malarial mosquito populations, to eliminate pesticide resistance in e.g. insects, eliminate herbicide resistance in undesirable plants, or genetically eliminate invasive species. For more information, click Gene drive; for an easy read about this process and the controversies surrounding applications of CRISPR technologies to mosquitoes in particular, check out J. Adler, (2016) A World Without Mosquitoes. Smithsonian, 47(3) 36-42, 84.
- It is even possible to delete an entire chromosome from cells. This bit of global genetic engineering relies on identifying multiple unique sequences on a single chromosome and then targeting these sites for CRISPR/Cas. When the system is activated, the chromosome is cut at those sites, fragmenting it beyond the capacity of DNA repair mechanisms to fix the situation. Click here to learn more.
If for no other reason than its efficiency and simplicity, precision gene editing with CRISPR/Cas techniques has raised ethical issues. Clearly, the potential exists for abuse, or even for use with no beneficial purpose at all. It is significant that, as in all discussions of biological ethics, scientists are very much engaged in the conversation. Despite the controversy, we will no doubt continue to edit genes with CRISPR/Cas, and we can look for a near future Nobel Prize for its discovery and application! If you still have qualms, maybe RNA editing will be the answer. Check out the link at Why edit RNA? for an overview of the possibilities!
Finally, “mice and men” (and women and babies too) have antibodies to Cas9 proteins, suggesting prior exposure to microbial CRISPR/Cas9 antigens. This observation may limit clinical applications of the technology! See Uncertain Future of CRISPR-Cas9 Technology.
C. The Small RNAs: miRNA and siRNA in Eukaryotes
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are found in C. elegans, a small nematode (roundworm) that quickly became a model for studies of cell and molecular biology and development. The particular attractions C. elegans are that (a) its genome has ~21,700 genes, comparable to the ~25,000 genes in a human genome!; (b) it uses the products of these genes to produce an adult worm consisting of just 1031 cells organized into all of the major organs found in higher organisms; (c) It is possible to trace the embryonic origins of every single cell in its body! C. elegans is illustrated below.
1. Small Interfering RNA (siRNA)
siRNA was first found in plants as well as in C. elegans. However, siRNAs (and miRNAs) are common in many higher organisms. siRNAs were so-named because they interfere with the function of other RNAs foreign to the cell or organism. Their action was dubbed RNA interference (RNAi). For their discovery of siRNAs, A. Z. Fire and C. C. Mello shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The action of siRNA targeting foreign DNA is illustrated below.
When cells recognize foreign double-stranded RNAs (e.g., some viral RNA genomes) as alien, the DICER a nuclease called hydrolyzes them. The resulting short double-stranded hydrolysis products (the siRNAs) combine with RNAi Induced Silencing Complex, or RISC proteins. The antisense siRNA strand in the resulting siRNA-RISC complex binds to complementary regions of foreign RNAs, targeting them for degradation. Cellular use of RISC to control gene expression in this way may have derived from the use of RISC proteins by miRNAs as part of a cellular defense mechanism, to be discussed next.
Custom-designed siRNAs have been used to disable expression of specific genes in order to study their function in vivo and in vitro. Both siRNAs and miRNAs are being investigated as possible therapeutic tools to interfere with RNAs whose expression leads to cancer or other diseases.
For an example check out a Youtube video of unexpected results of an RNAi experiment at this link. In the experiment described, RNAi was used to block embryonic expression of the orthodenticle (odt) gene that is normally required for the growth of horns in a dung beetle. The effect of this knock-out mutation was, as expected, to prevent horn growth. What was unexpected however, was the development of an eye in the middle of the beetle’s head (‘third eye’ in the micrograph).
The 3rd eye not only looks like an eye, but is a functional one. This was demonstrated by preventing normal eye development in odt-knockout mutants. The 3rd eye appeared…, and was responsive to light! Keep in mind that this was a beetle with a 3rd eye, not Drosophila! To quote Justin Kumar from Indiana University, who though not involved in the research, stated that “…lessons learned from Drosophila may not be as generally applicable as I or other Drosophilists, would like to believe … The ability to use RNAi in non-traditional model systems is a huge advance that will probably lead to a more balanced view of development.”
2. Micro RNAs (miRNA)
miRNAs target unwanted endogenous cellular RNAs for degradation. They are transcribed from genes now known to be widely distributed in eukaryotes. The pathway from pre-miRNA transcription through processing and target mRNA degradation is illustrated on the next page.
As they are transcribed, pre-miRNAs fold into a stem-loop structure that is lost during cytoplasmic processing. Like SiRNAs, mature miRNAs combine with RISC proteins. The RISC protein-miRNA complex targets old or no-longer needed mRNAs or mRNAs damaged during transcription.
An estimated 250 miRNAs in humans may be sufficient to H-bond to diverse target RNAs; only targets with strong complementarity to a RISC protein-miRNA complex will be degraded.
D. Long Non-Coding RNAs
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a yet another class of eukaryotic RNAs. They include transcripts of antisense, intronic, intergenic, pseudogene and retroposon DNA. Retroposons are one kind of transposon, or mobile DNA element; pseudogenes are recognizable genes with mutations that make them non-functional. While some lncRNAs might turn out to be incidental transcripts that the cell simply destroys, others have a role in regulating gene expression.
A recently discovered lncRNA is XistAR that, along with the Xist gene product, is required to form Barr bodies. Barr bodies form in human females when one of the X chromosomes in somatic cells is inactivated. For a review of lncRNAs, see Lee, J.T. (2012. Epigenetic Regulation by Long Noncoding RNAs; Science 338, 1435-1439).
An even more recent article (at lncRNAs and smORFs) summarizes the discovery that some long non-coding RNAs contain short open reading frames (smORFs) that are actually translated into short peptides of 30+ amino acids! Who knows? The human genome may indeed contain more than 21,000-25,000 protein-coding genes!
E. Circular RNAs (circRNA)
Though discovered more than 20 years ago, circular RNAs (circRNAs) are made in different eukaryotic cell types. Click Circular RNAs (circRNA) to learn more about this peculiar result of alternative splicing. At first circRNAs were hard to isolate. When they were isolated, circRNAs contained “scrambled” exonic sequences and were therefore thought to be nonfunctional errors of mRNA splicing.
In fact, circRNAs are fairly stable. Their levels can rise and fall in patterns suggesting that they are functional molecules. Levels of one circRNA, called circRims1, rise specifically during neural development. In mice, other circRNAs accumulate during synapse formation, likely influencing how these neurons will ultimately develop and function. Thus, circRNAs do not seem to be ‘molecular mistakes’. In fact, errors in their own synthesis may be correlated with disease! Speculation on the functions of circRNAs also includes roles in gene regulation, particularly the genes or mRNAs from which they themselves are derived.
F. "Junk DNA" in Perspective
Not long ago, we thought that less than 5% of a eukaryotic genome was transcribed (i.e., into mRNA, rRNA and tRNA), and that much of the non-transcribed genome served a structural function… or no function at all. The latter, labeled junk DNA, included non-descript intergenic sequences, pseudogenes, ‘dead’ transposons, long stretches of intronic DNA, etc. Thus, junk DNA was DNA we could do without. Junk DNAs were thought to be accidental riders in our genomes, hitchhikers picked up on the evolutionary road.
While miRNA genes are a small proportion of a eukaryotic genome, their discovery, and that of more abundant lnc RNAs suggest a far greater amount of functional DNA in the genome. Might there be in fact, no such thing as “junk DNA”? The debate about how much of our genomic DNA is a relic of past evolutionary experiments and without genetic purpose continues. Read all about it at Junk DNA - not so useless after all and Only 8.2% of human DNA is functional.
Perhaps we need to re-think what it means for DNA to be “junk” or to be without “genetic purpose”. Maintenance of more than 90% of our own DNA with no known genetic purpose surely comes at an energy cost. At the same time, all of that DNA is grist for future selection, a source of the diversity required for long-term survival. The same natural selection that picks up ‘hitchhiker’ DNA sequences, as we have seen, can at some point, put them to work!
G. The RNA Methylome
Call this an RNA epi-transcriptome if you like! Recall that methyl groups direct cleavage of ribosomal RNAs from eukaryotic 45S pre-RNA transcripts. tRNAs among other transcripts, are also post-transcriptionally modified. Known since the 1970s, such modifications were thought to be non-functional. But are they?
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Subtle as a sledgehammer, elegant as a power drill, this adjectival shorthand characterizes the stars in a manner that is, in theory, verboten in mainstream reporting.
And so we have this week's 'National Enquirer' bring us "serial sleaze Matt Lauer," "hot mess Heather Locklear," "bad boy Ben" Affleck, "Diva Duchess Meghan" Markle, "acid-tongued Sharon Osbourne," "red-hot mama Kelly Clarkson," and "booty-shakers Jennifer Lopez and Shakira."
There's "twisted killer Phil Spector," "spendthrift Lori Loughlin," "train wreck Matthew Perry," "NASCAR hottie Danica Patrick," "NFL stud Aaron Rodgers," "desperate diva Madonna," and "doting dad Mark Consuelos."
The 'Globe' brings us "troubled Aaron Carter," "henpecked" Prince Harry, "bony beauty Angelina Jolie," "makeup mogul Kylie Jenner," "jailed sex creep Bill Cosby," "man-magnet Miranda Lambert," and "real-life ladykiller Phil Spector."
Such subjective labelling, as balanced as weighted dice, deliberately tilts readers toward the angle being promulgated by the story, seemingly reinforcing the veracity of otherwise questionable reporting.
There may be a thousand ways to describe Taylor Swift – talented, successful, multi-millionaire, beautiful, empowering, inspirational – but the 'Enquirer' opts for "Cat lover Taylor Swift' in its story about her "Cats-tastrophe" role in the panned movie musical 'Cats.'
"Sticky-fingered actress Olivia Wilde" earns this distinctive soubriquet in a 'Globe' story about her taking a stage prop – a book – from the set of 'Saturday Night Live.'
"Bad-tempered 'Real Housewives of Orange County' alum Vicki Gunvalson" warrants this psychological analysis for a 'Globe' story about her alleged fury with producers of a reunion TV show.
Country singer Garth Brooks is planning to tour with Miranda Lambert, but in pushing a dubious romance story the 'Globe' brands him "Smitten Garth Brooks."
And Ricky Gervais is many things, but after his completely anticipated insult-fest hosting the Golden Globe Awards, the 'Globe' calls him "boring, talentless," which might be going a tad far even for them.
All the more shocking, then, to find that the 'Globe' actually got one right this week – even when it got it wrong.
"Harry & Meghan Moving to Canada!" screams the headline in its "World Exclusive," published just hours before the Duke and Duchess of Sussex announced their surprise plan to move to Canada.
But while the world's media spent Wednesday reporting how the British Royal Family were blindsided by the unexpected announcement, and how it's a move propelled by Harry and Meghan's frustrations with life within the confines and claustrophobic protocol of the Royal Family, the 'Globe' has the motivation all wrong.
"Harry & Meghan Exiled to Canada!" claims the rag, which quotes a "high-level palace insider" claiming that it was the Queen who "exiled them on a permanent basis."
The 'Globe' will doubtless herald its own brilliance for the scoop, but the fact remains that they got the headline right but the story wrong, just as they did with virtually every other story the 'Globe' has run on the Royals for the past couple of years. With so much fantastical thinking at work, the law of averages suggests that they had to accidentally get one story right eventually.
The Royals naturally get the tawdry tabloid treatment in the 'Enquirer' as well, which reports: "Royal Feud Explodes. Meghan attacks Kate! Meghan Trashes Kate & Her Kids!"
Duchess Kate supposedly extended an olive branch to Meghan, who "warned her to butt out of their lives."
A "high-level palace source" – my, they're everywhere this week – claims that Meghan banned William and Kate from seeing son Archie. Apparently Kate and William's offspring play in the yard and climb trees, and Meghan "will not let those 'dirty kids' anywhere near her son!" Expect next week's story to reveal that Duchess Meghan is a germaphobe.
"Restaurant bans Harry & diva bride," reports another 'Enquirer' story. The Deep Cove Chalet restaurant on Canada's Vancouver Island allegedly turned away Harry & Meghan because "they couldn't accommodate the couple's security needs." Which is not quite the same as banning them.
The 'Enquirer 'cover is devoted to TV's 'Jeopardy' host, with the headline: "New Cancer Miracle Drug Will Save Alex Trebek." Or it won't. That's how new cancer miracles drugs often go.
The 'Globe' persists in watching every morsel that passes the lips of Angelina Jolie, and claims: "100-lb Angelina Refusing to Eat!" An unnamed "snitch" – presumably someone too loathsome to be dubbed a "source" or "insider" or "pal" – alleges that: "nobody can remember the last time she ate a full meal!" So clearly they remember her eating part of a meal, which means she isn't refusing to eat. QED.
Thankfully we have the crack investigative team at 'Us' magazine to tell us that Emilia Clarke wore it best, that TV's 'Bachelor' Peter Weber's "favorite food is Cuban," that actress Jennifer Coolidge carries her father's Harvard ski club medallion, body bath and a "bedazzled Mace" canister in her Escama Studio purse made from recycled soda pop pull rings, and that the stars are just like us: they buy flowers, get mani-pedis, grab a slice of pizza to go, and cook healthy meals. Well, which is it? Do they grab a slice or cook healthy? So confusing, these celebrities.
Onwards and downwards . . .
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GET INTO IT! EPISODE #46
JASON HOOK'S PUNK/HARDCORE/METAL PODCAST BEAMED DIRECT FROM THE SOUTH SHORE OF MA!
JASON HOOK'S PUNK/HARDCORE/METAL PODCAST BEAMED DIRECT FROM THE SOUTH SHORE OF MA!
Warthog by Warthog A bit of the ol’ WARTHOG from a little ways back via STATIC SHOCK/TOXIC STATE. The stream of EPs…
A record whose bite is considerably worse than its bark. It’s condensed, fierce, and charged with as much socially pointed savagery as…
DAN SHEA is the Director of the 501(c)(3) non-profit BRAIN Arts Org and fills many roles in helping run its many projects (this website,…
One of the most hyped bands of 2014, Ajax follows up their Bleach For Breakfast demo with a self-titled five song 7”…
Iron Lung Records has been on fire in 2014, with new releases from S.H.I.T. and Warthog, the debut album by Demonbrother, an…
Pregnancy Scares’ Mind Control EP is another hit in a year of great punk albums coming out on Canada’s Deranged Records, who…
NYC has been a busy place, pumping out more punk and hardcore bands than non-locals can easily keep up with, from…
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2024-12-11T11:50:20Z
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Related tags: Nltk Nlp Gensim
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|
<urn:uuid:e86690cb-a1d4-43f4-9fba-4fcb2563fb50>
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CC-MAIN-2024-51
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https://cheatography.com/tag/smu/?sort=date_new
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2024-12-11T11:45:07Z
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by-nc-sa
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2.0
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| 0.999193
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芝麻 zhīma
zhīma
noun
sesame
Domain: Modern Chinese 现代汉语
, Subdomain: Food and Drink
, Concept: Condiments 作料
Notes: (CC-CEDICT '芝麻'; Guoyu '芝麻'; Mathews 1931 '芝麻', p. 130; Wikipedia '芝麻')
Contained in
- 陈谷子烂芝麻(陳谷子爛芝麻) stale grain, overcooked sesame; the same boring old gossip
- 芝麻酱(芝麻醬) sesame paste
- 芝麻官 low ranking official; petty bureaucrat
- 芝麻秸 sesame straw
- 芝麻饼(芝麻餅) sesame biscuit
- 芝麻油 sesame oil
- 芝麻绿豆(芝麻綠豆) trivial; minute (size)
- 芝麻小事 trivial matter; trifle
- 捡了芝麻丢了西瓜(撿了芝麻丟了西瓜) to let go of the big prize while grabbing at trifles
- 芝麻包 sesame bun
Word is mentioned most frequently in
Truncated for common words
- 卷四十二 本紀第四十二: 順帝五 Volume 42 Annals 42: Shundi 5 History of Yuan 元史 — count: 2
- 卷一百三十八 列傳第二十五: 康里脫脫 燕鐵木兒 伯顏 馬札兒台 脫脫 Volume 138 Biographies 25: Kanglituotuo, El Temür, Bayan, Mazhaertai, Toqto'a History of Yuan 元史 — count: 2
- 卷四十三 志第二十四: 輿服上 天子車輅、皇后妃嬪車輦、皇太子車制、王公以下車制及鞍勒飾 輿服中 天子袞冕 視朝之服 皇后冠服 皇太子冠服 宗室及外戚並一品命婦 臣下朝服 祭服 公服 輿服下 衣服通制 Volume 43 Treatises 24: Carriages and Clothing 1 - Emperor's Carriages, Empress' and Consorts' Carriages; Crown Prince's Carriages; Princes, Dukes, and below Carriages and Saddlery; Carriages and Clothing 2 - Emperors' Robes and Crowns; Clothing for those Accompanying the Emperor; Empresses' Crown and Clothing; Crown Princes' Crown and Clothing; Dress for the Imperial Clan, Families of Imperial Consorts, and Titled Nobility; Court Dress for Officials; Ceremonial Clothing; Official Clothing; Carriages and Clothing 3 - Tailoring History of Jin 金史 — count: 2
- 卷一百三十四 列傳第二十二 何文輝 葉旺 馬雲 繆大亨 蔡遷 王銘 甯正 金興旺 花茂 丁玉 郭雲 Volume 134 Biographies 22: He Wenhui, Ye Wang, Ma Yun, Miao Daheng, Cai Qian, Wang Ming, Ning Zheng, Jin Xingwang, Hua Mao, Ding Yu, Guo Yun History of Ming 明史 — count: 1
- 卷八十四 志第六十 河渠二 Volume 84 Treatises 60: Rivers and Canals 2 History of Ming 明史 — count: 1
- 卷一百八十三 列傳第七十: 王守誠 王思誠 李好文 孛朮魯翀 李泂 蘇天爵 Volume 183 Biographies 70: Wang Shoucheng, Wang Sicheng, Li Haowen, Bei Pailuchong, Li Jiong, Su Tianjue History of Yuan 元史 — count: 1
- 卷一百四十二 列傳第二十九: 答失八都魯 慶童 也速 徹里帖木兒 納麟 Volume 142 Biographies 29: Dashibadoulu, Qingtong, Yesu, Chelitiemuer, Nalin History of Yuan 元史 — count: 1
- 第七十回 Chapter 70 Journey to the West 西遊記 — count: 1
- 卷三百十二 列傳第二百 四川土司二 Volume 312 Biographies 200: Sichuan Tribal Headmen 2 History of Ming 明史 — count: 1
- 第三回 Chapter 3 Water Margin 水滸傳 — count: 1
Collocations
- 芝麻李 (芝麻李) 李二號芝麻李 — History of Yuan 元史, 卷四十二 本紀第四十二: 順帝五 Volume 42 Annals 42: Shundi 5 — count: 7
- 芝麻罗 (芝麻羅) 七品服緋芝麻羅 — History of Jin 金史, 卷四十三 志第二十四: 輿服上 天子車輅、皇后妃嬪車輦、皇太子車制、王公以下車制及鞍勒飾 輿服中 天子袞冕 視朝之服 皇后冠服 皇太子冠服 宗室及外戚並一品命婦 臣下朝服 祭服 公服 輿服下 衣服通制 Volume 43 Treatises 24: Carriages and Clothing 1 - Emperor's Carriages, Empress' and Consorts' Carriages; Crown Prince's Carriages; Princes, Dukes, and below Carriages and Saddlery; Carriages and Clothing 2 - Emperors' Robes and Crowns; Clothing for those Accompanying the Emperor; Empresses' Crown and Clothing; Crown Princes' Crown and Clothing; Dress for the Imperial Clan, Families of Imperial Consorts, and Titled Nobility; Court Dress for Officials; Ceremonial Clothing; Official Clothing; Carriages and Clothing 3 - Tailoring — count: 3
- 芝麻糖 (芝麻糖) 芝麻糖 — The Scholars 儒林外史, 第十四回 Chapter 14 — count: 2
|
<urn:uuid:6241022f-b30d-4d6a-ae2f-d76ecb7a41ee>
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CC-MAIN-2024-51
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https://chinesenotes.com/words/7081.html
|
2024-12-11T13:43:48Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066083790.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20241211112917-20241211142917-00689.warc.gz
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by
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4.0
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Become a Coalition member
If your organization is interested in becoming a member, please review the information on membership on our website and complete the Membership Request Form. For questions, please contact us. We review membership applications quarterly. Applications received after 15 September 2023 will be processed in early 2024.
By submitting this form, you confirm that your organization wishes to become a member organization of the Coalition for the International Criminal Court and thereby agrees to :
- Make an active commitment to promoting world-wide ratification and implementation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC);
- Work to maintain the integrity of the Rome Statute; and
- Ensure that the ICC will be fair, effective, and independent.
In addition, on behalf of your organization, by submitting this form, you confirm that you have read and agree to the following Coalition membership policy:
- A Coalition member organization is allowed to state that it is a member of the Coalition for the International Criminal Court; however, it may not state that it is an official representative of the Coalition. Individual members may endorse or take a position on situations before the Court, but not on behalf of the Coalition.
- The Coalition does not take a position on potential and current situations before the Court or situations under analysis (see the Coalition’s official situations policy).
- If a Coalition member wishes to form a national and/or regional coalition, it must be done in conjunction with the Coalition Secretariat. Any use of the Coalition logo by a member organization requires the express permission of the Coalition Secretariat.
- You may not use the name National Coalition for the International Criminal Court, or [your country/region] Coalition for the International Criminal Court without express permission of the Coalition. To obtain such permission, please contact the Coalition Secretariat.
|
<urn:uuid:fb7e822a-3f1b-4c9f-aa7e-6d42f848a784>
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CC-MAIN-2024-51
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https://coalitionfortheicc.org/become-coalition-member
|
2024-12-11T13:52:02Z
|
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|
by-nc-sa
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4.0
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|
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| 0.989948
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<colette/> stands for „Computational Thinking Learning Environment for Teachers in Europe“ and is co-founded by the European Union. It is part of the Erasmus+ Programme, Key Action 2 – Strategic Partnerships under the number: 2020-1-DE03-KA201-077363.
We are looking forward to three years of innovation and dissemination of Computational Thinking into schools.
The project is located in
- KA2 – Cooperation for innovation and the exchange of good practices
- KA201 – Strategic Partnerships for school education
|
<urn:uuid:d6a162ce-7e25-45a0-a11c-89dc42b5cebd>
|
CC-MAIN-2024-51
|
https://colette-project.eu/
|
2024-12-11T12:17:54Z
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066083790.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20241211112917-20241211142917-00689.warc.gz
|
by-nc-nd
|
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|
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| 0.991905
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Values-Enacted Leadership
The themes of the 2022 Honors Leadership Conference were: Building Community, Being a Scholar, and Presenting Yourself. In my opening remarks to our first-year honors students, I focused on values-enacted leadership and the importance of…
Christopher LongMarch 20, 2022
|
<urn:uuid:48b9dec3-ea72-40a1-887a-203635e9d62b>
|
CC-MAIN-2024-51
|
https://cplong.org/tag/ethical-imagination/
|
2024-12-11T13:27:44Z
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066083790.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20241211112917-20241211142917-00689.warc.gz
|
by
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4.0
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|
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| 0.986968
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PRAYERS FOR PEACEMAKERS, Dec. 08, 2010
Pray for Palestinian students in the Old City of Hebron.
Daily, on their way to school, they face harassment, and then the risk of
intrusion into their classrooms, by Israeli soldiers, police and settlers.
Doug Pritchard
Christian Peacemaker Teams
Toronto, Canada
|
<urn:uuid:774b2697-a1b2-416e-9500-a0dff9801950>
|
CC-MAIN-2024-51
|
https://cpt.org/2010/12/08/prayers-peacemakers-dec-08-2010
|
2024-12-11T11:53:55Z
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066083790.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20241211112917-20241211142917-00689.warc.gz
|
by-nc
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4.0
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Latn
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