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Afro-Spaniards – Ethnic group in Spain |
Notes |
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References |
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External links |
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Profile at the FC Barcelona website |
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Profile at the Royal Spanish Football Federation website (in Spanish) |
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Lamine Yamal – UEFA competition record (archive) |
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TITLE: Fernando_Mendoza |
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Fernando Mendoza V (born October 1, 2003) is an American college football quarterback for the Indiana Hoosiers. He previously played for the California Golden Bears. Mendoza won the Heisman Trophy as a member of the Hoosiers in 2025, becoming the first winner in program history. |
Early life |
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Mendoza was born October 1, 2003, in Boston, Massachusetts, and was raised in Miami, Florida. |
Mendoza attended Christopher Columbus High School in Miami. As a quarterback on the football team, Mendoza completed 133 of his 203 pass attempts for 1,396 yards and 16 touchdowns with four interceptions, while also adding 137 yards and a touchdown on the ground. He originally committed to play college football at Yale University before deciding to flip to the University of California, Berkeley. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in business administration from Berkeley's Haas School of Business in 2025. |
College career |
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California |
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Mendoza redshirted during the 2022 season. He earned his first career start in week six of the 2023 season against Oregon State. Mendoza completed 21 of 32 pass attempts for 207 yards and two touchdowns with an interception in a loss to the Beavers. The following week, he went 10 of 17 passing for 149 yards, two touchdowns and an interception in a loss to Utah. Mendoza was named the team's starting quarterback heading forward. In eight starts as a redshirt freshman, he completed 63 percent of his passes for 1,708 yards and 14 touchdowns, leading the Golden Bears to a 6-7 record and an Independence Bowl appearance. |
Entering the 2024 season, Mendoza won the starting quarterback job for Cal, beating graduate transfer Chandler Rogers. In week two against Auburn, Mendoza completed 25 of 36 passes for 233 yards and two touchdowns, leading the Bears to an upset win over the Tigers. Mendoza was named ACC quarterback of the week in back-to-back games against Oregon State and Wake Forest, setting career highs in passing yards and completions. His 56 passing attempts against Wake Forest were the most by a Cal quarterback since 2016. On December 11, 2024, Mendoza announced he would be entering the NCAA transfer portal. |
Indiana |
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On December 23, 2024, Mendoza announced his decision to transfer to play for the Indiana Hoosiers. In the 2025 season opener against the Old Dominion Monarchs, Mendoza completed 18 of 31 passes for 193 yards and scored a touchdown on a five-yard rush as Indiana won 27–14. He completed 18 of 25 passes for 245 yards and four touchdowns against the Kennesaw State Owls, leading the Hoosiers to a 56–9 win. Against the Indiana State Sycamores, Mendoza completed 19 of 20 passes for 270 yards five touchdowns and rushing for an additional touchdown in a 73–0 win; he did not return to the game after halftime. He threw for a career-high five passing touchdowns against the No. 9 Illinois Fighting Illini on 21 of 23 passing with 267 yards. In a 20–15 win against the Iowa Hawkeyes, Mendoza completed 13 of 23 passes for 233 yards, two touchdowns, and one interception. He completed 20 of 31 passes for 215 yards, one touchdown, and one interception in a 30–20 upset win on the road against the No. 3 Oregon Ducks. Mendoza threw for a season-high 332 yards on 24 of 28 passing while defeating the Michigan State Spartans 38–13. He led the Hoosiers to a 56–6 win against the UCLA Bruins, completing 15 of 22 passes for 168 yards, three touchdowns, and one interception, adding a rushing touchdown; he left the game in the third quarter. Mendoza completed 14 of 21 passes for 201 yards, one touchdown, and one interception, with one rushing touchdown, as the Hoosiers defeated the Maryland Terrapins, 55–10. In a 27–24 road win against the Penn State Nittany Lions, Mendoza completed 19 of 30 passes for 218 yards, one touchdown, and one interception, adding a rushing touchdown; the passing touchdown, to receiver Omar Cooper Jr., came in the final moments of the game to take the lead and was widely described as a "Heisman moment". Against the Wisconsin Badgers, he threw his 30th touchdown pass of the season, eclipsing the Indiana single-season program record set by Kurtis Rourke the previous season; Mendoza finished the game 22 of 24 passing for 299 yards and four touchdowns in a 31–7 win. In the final game of the regular season, the Old Oaken Bucket rivalry game against the Purdue Boilermakers, Mendoza completed 8 of 15 passes for 177 yards and two touchdowns, with one rushing touchdown, before leaving the game in the third quarter; Indiana won 56–3 to seal the program's first perfect regular season in the coldest game ever played at Ross-Ade Stadium. In the 2025 Big Ten Championship Game against the No. 1 Ohio State Buckeyes, he threw for 222 yards and a touchdown, leading Indiana to a 13–10 victory and their first Big Ten title since 1967. He was named the game's MVP for his performance. |
For the 2025 season, Mendoza was named the AP College Football Player of the Year, the winner of the Chicago Tribune Silver Football, and the Walter Camp Player of the Year. He was also the winner of both the Maxwell Award and the Davey O’Brien Award. He was also named Big Ten Offensive Player of the Year, Big Ten Quarterback of the Year, and first-team All-Big Ten. He was announced to be one of the four Heisman Trophy finalists, along with Julian Sayin, Diego Pavia, and Jeremiyah Love. He won the Heisman Trophy in 2025. |
Statistics |
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Personal life |
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Mendoza has a younger brother, Alberto, who serves as backup quarterback behind him for Indiana. He is outspoken about his Catholic faith, and incorporates daily Mass in his game day routine, as well as coordinating team Bible studies during his time at Indiana, crediting them for building camaraderie among him and his teammates. |
Mendoza is a fan of Tom Brady, calling him his "football idol". Mendoza is of Cuban descent, with all four of his grandparents being born and raised in Cuba. His grandparents moved from Cuba to Miami in 1959 following the events of the Cuban Revolution. Mendoza cites his Cuban heritage as a major factor for his and his brother's passion as football players, saying in a 2025 interview with Indiana University Bloomington news website Peegs.com "Alberto and I play football not for ourselves, not for fulfillment and satisfaction of ourselves—we have a lot of whys why we do it for. One of the whys is our mom. Another why is our entire family. Our entire family comes from a Cuban background. All of our grandparents were born and raised in Cuba, and that's something we always take deeply to heart.” |
External links |
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Heisman Trophy profile |
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Indiana Hoosiers profile |
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California Golden Bears profile |
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TITLE: Ottoman_Empire |
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The Ottoman Empire, also known as the Turkish Empire, controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th century to the early 20th century. It also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe between the early 16th and early 18th centuries. |
The empire emerged from a beylik, or principality, founded in northwestern Anatolia in c. 1299 by the Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. His successors conquered much of Anatolia and expanded into the Balkans by the mid-14th century, transforming their petty kingdom into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed II. With its capital at Constantinople and control over a significant portion of the Mediterranean Basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the Middle East and Europe for six centuries. Ruling over so many peoples, the empire granted varying levels of autonomy to its many confessional communities, or millets, to manage their own affairs per Islamic law. During the reigns of Selim I and Suleiman the Magnificent in the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire became a global power. |
While the Ottoman Empire was once thought to have entered a period of decline after the death of Suleiman the Magnificent, modern academic consensus posits that the empire continued to maintain a flexible and strong economy, society and military into much of the 18th century. The Ottomans suffered military defeats in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, culminating in the loss of territory. With rising nationalism, a number of new states emerged in the Balkans. Following Tanzimat reforms over the course of the 19th century, the Ottoman state became more powerful and organized internally. In the 1876 revolution, the Ottoman Empire attempted constitutional monarchy, before reverting to a royalist dictatorship under Abdul Hamid II, following the Great Eastern Crisis. |
Over the course of the late 19th century, Ottoman intellectuals known as Young Turks, sought to liberalize and rationalize society and politics along Western lines, culminating in the Young Turk Revolution of 1908 led by the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), which reestablished a constitutional monarchy. However, following the disastrous Balkan Wars, the CUP became increasingly radicalized and nationalistic, leading a coup d'état in 1913 that established a dictatorship. |
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction and in the Russian Empire resulted in large-scale loss of life and mass migration into modern-day Turkey from the Balkans, Caucasus, and Crimea. The CUP joined World War I on the side of the Central Powers. It struggled with internal dissent, especially the Arab Revolt, and engaged in genocide against Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks. In the aftermath of World War I, the victorious Allied Powers occupied and partitioned the Ottoman Empire, which lost its southern territories to the United Kingdom and France. The successful Turkish War of Independence, led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk against the occupying Allies, led to the emergence of the Republic of Turkey and the abolition of the sultanate in 1922. |
Etymology |
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