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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 34-year-old pregnant woman, gravida 2, para 0, at 28 weeks of gestation presents to the physician for a prenatal visit. She has not had regular prenatal care. Her most recent abdominal ultrasound was at 20 weeks of gestation, and it confirmed accurate fetal dates and appropriate fetal development. She takes levothyroxine for hypothyroidism. She used to work as a nurse before she emigrated from Brazil 13 years ago. She lost her immunization records during the move and cannot recall all of her vaccinations. She appears well. Her vital signs are within normal limits. The physical examination reveals a fundal height of 26 cm. No abnormalities are found during the physical exam. An ELISA test conducted for HIV is negative. Serology test results for hepatitis B surface antibody and hepatitis C antibody are positive for both. The laboratory test results for hepatitis B core antibody, hepatitis B surface antigen, and hepatitis A antibody are negative. The polymerase chain reaction analysis of hepatitis C RNA is positive for genotype 1. Which of the following is the most appropriate recommendation at this time? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Hepatitis A vaccination B) Plan to formula feed the newborn C) Start combination therapy with interferon α and ribavirin D) Undergo liver biopsy ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 36-year-old man presents with a 3-week history of fever, enlarged lymph nodes, fatigue, and a dry cough. The patient’s wife says she has noticed that he lost a lot of weight over the last 6 months and seems very pale. Over the last week, he has noticed a worsening non-productive cough and night sweats. His blood count shows anemia and low lymphocyte count. He tells the physician that he had multiple unprotected sexual relationships with women other than his wife about 6 years ago and is fearful this may be related to his current health concerns. A test is performed which screens for the cause of this patient's immunodeficiency. Which of the following does this screening test detect? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Anti-HCV antigen B) Lactic dehydrogenase C) p24 antigen D) CCR5 mutation ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> Seven days after initiation of induction chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia, a 56-year-old man develops leukopenia. He feels well. He has no history of serious cardiopulmonary disease. His temperature is 36.7°C (98.1°F), blood pressure is 110/65 mm Hg, pulse is 72/min, and respiratory rate is 14/min. Examination of the skin, head and neck, heart, lungs, abdomen, and perirectal area reveals no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 9 g/dL Leukocyte count 1,500/mm3 Percent segmented neutrophils 50% Platelet count 85,000/mm3 To reduce the likelihood of complications, it is most appropriate to administer which of the following? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Ciprofloxacin B) Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor C) Vancomycin D) No pharmaco-prophylaxis at this time ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 40-year-old man undergoes an elective cholecystectomy for repeated attacks of cholelithiasis over the last 5 years. In the operating room, rapid sequence intubation is performed using a certain muscle relaxant to prevent aspiration of gastric contents. During the procedure, atracurium is administered to maintain muscle relaxation and, 1.5 hours after the operation, the anesthesiologist administers neostigmine to reverse the paralysis. The patient, however, continues to remain paralyzed and cannot be extubated. Which of the following drugs most likely caused prolonged muscle paralysis in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Midazolam B) Pancuronium C) Succinylcholine D) Tubocurarine ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 12-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by ambulance after he was struck by a car while crossing the road. He is found to have a femur fracture and multiple bruises on presentation, but he is alert and hemodynamically stable. He says that the car "came out of nowhere" and that he has had multiple similar near misses in recent months. He has no past medical history but says that he has been having headaches that he describes as dull and continuous. He has also noticed that he has been waking up at night several times to go to the restroom. Otherwise, he has been healthy with no major concerns. A basic metabolic panel shows mild hypernatremia. The most likely pathology underlying this patient's symptoms is derived from which of the following embryonic layers? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Mesoderm B) Neural crest C) Neuroectoderm D) Surface ectoderm ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 40-year-old man presents with left hip pain. He says that symptoms started a month ago and have progressively worsened. He says the pain has rendered him unable to report to work for the last 2 weeks. The pain was initially 4/10 in intensity, dull with no radiation and was aggravated to 5/10 in intensity upon weight-bearing. Initially, it improved with rest and Tylenol. He initially attributed it to heavy work and took a few days off work, but he did not seek medical attention. However, it worsened over time to its present 8/10 intensity and does not respond to Tylenol anymore. The patient denies any history of injury, weight loss, change in appetite, or recent travel. His past medical history is significant for Crohn's disease, managed with a combination of prednisone and mesalamine and presently in remission. On physical examination, there is limited flexion and extension at the left hip. The rest of the examination, including a complete neurological examination, is unremarkable. On abdominal imaging of the left hip joint, a transcervical fracture is noted in the left hip with surrounding bony sclerosis. A DEXA scan shows a T-score of -2.5 at the hips and -1.5 at the lumbar spine (normal T-score ≥ -1.0). Which of the following is most likely to be the underlying cause for the fracture in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Trauma B) Chronic steroid use C) Metastatic lesion D) Sciatica ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 78-year-old woman with a history of breast cancer, status-post bilateral mastectomy, presents to the emergency department with progressive difficulty breathing, worsening fatigue, and 5 pounds of unintended weight loss over the past month. A portable chest x-ray reveals a massive right pleural effusion. The ED resident performs thoracentesis with chest tube placement and admits her to the floor. Overnight, the patient requests multiple pain medications for right upper abdominal pain and is found to have increasingly sanguinous drainage. Where was the thoracentesis needle most likely placed? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Lower border of the 10th rib at the right midaxillary line B) Lower border of the 9th rib at the right midaxillary line C) Upper border of the 7th rib at the right midclavicular line D) Upper border of the 10th rib at the right midaxillary line ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> While studying the metabolism of a novel drug, the researcher identifies a molecule that inhibits its metabolism by binding with enzyme E. Molecule A inhibits the enzyme E by reversibly binding at the same active site on the enzyme where the drug binds. Which of the following statements best describes the effects of molecule A on Vmax and Km on the metabolic reactions of the novel drug? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Value of Vmax is unchanged but value of Km is increased B) Value of Vmax is decreased but value of Km is unchanged C) Values of both Vmax and Km are unchanged D) Value of Vmax is unchanged but value of Km is decreased ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 70-year-old man presents to a physician’s office with shortness of breath for 1 month. He is “easily winded” and is unable to keep up with his grandchildren when playing in the park. Over the last few weeks, he had to increase the number of pillows under his head to sleep comfortably. He denies a cough and fever. The medical history includes hypercholesterolemia and hypertension. His current medications are aspirin, carvedilol, and rosuvastatin. The vital signs are as follows: blood pressure 150/90 mm Hg, pulse 90/min, and respiratory rate 14/min. The physical examination reveals distended jugular veins, bilateral pitting edema of the lower limbs, and fine crackles at the base of the lungs. An echocardiogram reveals an ejection fraction of 40%. Inhibition of which of the following hormones would be most beneficial for this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Angiotensin II B) Prostaglandin E1 C) Aldosterone D) Epinephrine ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 51-year-old man comes to the physician because of severe pain while urinating for 4 days. He has also had to urinate more often than usual. Three weeks ago, he underwent surgery for an incarcerated hernia. While recovering, he developed septic shock and was treated in the intensive care unit. He was discharged 6 days ago. He has a history of hypertension. Current medications include amlodipine and oxycodone. He appears anxious. His temperature is 37.8°C (100°F), pulse is 96/min, and blood pressure is 122/80 mm Hg. Examination shows tenderness to palpation in the suprapubic area; no guarding is present. There is a well-healed surgical scar in the right inguinal region. There is no costovertebral angle tenderness. Urinalysis shows: Blood 1+ Protein 1+ Nitrite positive Leukocyte esterase positive RBC 1–2/hpf WBC 20–25/hpf Which of the following would have most likely prevented this complication?" ---- <<Choices:>> A) Intermittent catheterization B) Prophylactic oral ciprofloxacin C) Topical mupirocin application D) Screening for bacteriuria ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 40-year-old woman with HIV infection comes to the emergency department because of a 4-week history of progressively worsening fatigue and headache. On mental status examination, the patient is somnolent and oriented only to person. Her CD4+ lymphocyte count is 80/mm3 (N ≥ 500). Analysis of this patient's cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shows a leukocyte count of 30/mm3 (60% lymphocytes), a protein concentration of 52 mg/dL, and a glucose concentration of 37 mg/dL. An India ink stain of the CSF is shown. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy for this patient's neurological symptoms? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, and folinic acid B) Isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol C) Amphotericin B and flucytosine D) Fluconazole ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 64-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 2-week history of intermittent epigastric discomfort. He reports that his urine has been very dark, and his stools have been pale for the past week. His appetite has decreased, and he has had a 4.5-kg (10-lb) weight loss during this period. He has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for 30 years. He drinks a few shots of vodka daily. He has no history of severe illness. He has chronic left knee pain, for which he takes acetaminophen. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows jaundice of the skin and scleral icterus. There are scratch marks on the extremities. Abdominal examination shows a nontender, palpable mass in the right upper quadrant. The remainder of the examination is normal. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 11.6 g/dL Leukocyte count 8,700/mm3 Platelet count 172,000/mm3 Serum Urea nitrogen 17 mg/dL Creatinine 1.1 mg/dL Bilirubin Total 6 mg/dL Direct 5.2 mg/dL Alkaline phosphatase 220 IU/L Ultrasonography shows dilated extrahepatic and pancreatic ducts and a distended gall bladder. Which of the following is the most likely cause of these findings?" ---- <<Choices:>> A) Malignant biliary tract obstruction B) Acetaminophen-induced liver injury C) Hemolysis D) Chronic pancreatitis ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 27-year-old woman is brought to the physician after passing out at home. Her husband reports that she suddenly lost consciousness for approximately 30 seconds while shoveling snow in the driveway. Immediately before the episode, she felt light-headed and short of breath. Two months ago, she experienced a similar episode while running in her yard with her children. She has no history of serious illness. Her father died of sudden cardiac death at the age of 44 years. Vital signs are within normal limits. Cardiac examination shows a systolic ejection murmur best heard along the left sternal border that decreases with hand grip. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Septal myectomy B) Amlodipine C) Cardiac pacemaker D) Metoprolol ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 7-month-old male infant is brought to the physician because of a 2-month history of fatigue and weakness. His mother reports that he has difficulty feeding. He is at the 20th percentile for height and 3rd percentile for weight. Physical examination shows an enlarged tongue. Crackles are heard at both lung bases. The liver is palpated 1 cm below the right costal margin. Neurologic examination shows decreased muscle tone in the extremities. Serum glucose is 105 mg/dL. An x-ray of the chest shows cardiomegaly. The patient most likely has a deficiency of which of the following enzymes? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Acid maltase B) Iduronate sulfatase C) Glucose-6-phosphatase D) Alpha-galactosidase ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 43-year-old man presents to a medical office for follow-up of hypertension. He was recently diagnosed and has been managing his condition with diet modification and moderate-intensity exercise. Today, he brings a list of his recent at-home morning blood pressure readings. The systolic blood pressure readings over the last 5 days are as follows: Day 1: 130 mm Hg Day 2: 132 mm Hg Day 3: 128 mm Hg Day 4: 132 mm Hg Day 5: 128 mm Hg What is the standard deviation for the systolic blood pressure readings? ---- <<Choices:>> A) 1 mm Hg B) 1.5 mm Hg C) 2 mm Hg D) 2.5 mm Hg ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> An 11-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother because of worsening fatigue. His mother reports that he seems to have trouble keeping up with his older brothers when playing outside. Physical examination shows conjunctival pallor. A hemoglobin electrophoresis is performed. This patient's results are shown in comparison to those of a patient with known sickle cell anemia and a child with normal hemoglobin. Based on this electrophoresis, which of the following types of hemoglobin are dominant in this patient's blood? ---- <<Choices:>> A) HbA and HbC B) HbS only C) HbA only D) HbS and HbC ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 55-year-old African American man presents to the emergency department with central chest pressure. His symptoms started 1 day before. The pain was initially intermittent in nature but has become constant and radiates to his jaw and left shoulder. He also complains of some difficulty breathing. The patient was diagnosed with essential hypertension 1 year ago, but he is not taking any medications for it. The patient denies smoking, alcohol, or drug use. Family history is unremarkable. His blood pressure is 230/130 mm Hg in both arms, the temperature is 36.9°C (98.4°F), and the pulse is 90/min. ECG shows diffuse T wave inversion and ST depression in lateral leads. Laboratory testing is significant for elevated troponin. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Hypertensive urgency B) Hypertensive emergency C) Aortic aneurysm D) Malignant hypertension ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 38-year-old woman comes to the physician for the evaluation of progressive weakness and numbness for 3 months. The symptoms started in her lower legs and gradually moved to her upper legs and arms. During the last 5 days, she has also had bilateral facial weakness with headaches. She has hepatitis B and Graves' disease. She is sexually active with one male partner and they use condoms inconsistently. Her current medications include methimazole and a multivitamin. Vital signs are within normal limits. She is alert and fully oriented. She has bilateral upper and lower facial paralysis. There is generalized weakness of the muscles. Sensation to light touch is decreased throughout and is absent in her fingertips and toes. Deep tendon reflexes are 1+ bilaterally. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following findings? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Positive GM1 ganglioside autoantibodies B) Positive Lyme ELISA test C) Low vitamin B12 level D) Elevated TSH and decreased FT4 levels ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 32-year-old G2P1 at 32 weeks gestation presents to the emergency department with complaints of severe abdominal pain, fatigue, and nausea. Physical examination is significant for profound jaundice and tenderness to palpation of the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. The patient returned 2 weeks ago from a 1 month-long trip to India. She received sporadic pre-natal care while traveling and reports no known complications in her current pregnancy to date. She denies any past medical problems and states that her prior pregnancy proceeded as a normal vaginal birth without any complications. Infection with which of the following organisms would portend the worst prognosis with the highest mortality rate for this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Hepatitis A B) Hepatitis B C) Hepatitis D D) Hepatitis E ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 42-year-old woman comes to the physician because of an episode of coughing with bloody sputum. Over the past 5 months, she has had a persistent nonproductive cough, excessive fatigue, and a 5.6-kg (12.3-lb) weight loss. She does not smoke. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. An x-ray of the chest shows a 2.0-cm nodule with irregular borders at the upper lobe of the left lung. A CT-guided biopsy of the lung nodule is performed. Pathologic examination of the biopsy specimen is most likely to show which of the following? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Small cell lung carcinoma B) Large cell lung carcinoma C) Bronchial carcinoid tumor D) Adenocarcinoma ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A group of researchers is conducting a prospective study to examine if dietary fiber intake is protective against coronary heart disease. Specifically, they are looking at the frequency of coronary heart incidents in a group of middle-aged men taking various daily amounts of water-insoluble fiber. The Pearson correlation coefficient that was obtained regarding the relationship between the amount of daily water-insoluble fiber intake and the frequency of coronary heart incidents in their study was 0.11 with a p-value of 0.006. Which of the following statements is correct regarding this study result? ---- <<Choices:>> A) There is a significant correlation between the daily fiber intake and the frequency of coronary heart incidents because the correlation coefficient is significant. B) There is a significant correlation between fiber intake and the frequency of coronary heart incidents because the correlation coefficient is not significant. C) There is a significant correlation between fiber intake and the frequency of coronary heart incidents because the value of the correlation coefficient shows a very good and robust correlation. D) There is no correlation between fiber intake and the frequency of coronary heart incidents because the correlation coefficient is significant. ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 24-year-old man comes to the physician because of a painful swelling above his buttocks for 1 week. He is unable to sit for extended periods because of the pain. He has obstructive sleep apnea and type 2 diabetes mellitus. His only medication is metformin. He appears anxious. He is 175 cm (5 ft 9 in) tall and weighs 114 kg (251 lb); BMI is 37 kg/m2. His temperature is 38.1°C (100.6°F), pulse is 96/min and blood pressure is 124/86 mm Hg. Examination shows facial acne. A cyst is seen above the natal cleft. There is tenderness to palpation at the cyst and surrounding tissue. The skin around the cyst is warm and erythematous. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Coccygectomy B) Incision and drainage C) Retinoid therapy D) Surgical resection and primary wound closure ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 17-year-old girl comes to the physician because of a 3-year history of acne on her face and chest. She has no itching or scaling. She is concerned about the possibility of facial scarring and has never sought treatment. She has no history of serious illness. She takes no medications. She is 160 cm (5 ft 3 in) tall and weighs 58 kg (130 lb); BMI is 23 kg/m2. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows several open comedones on the face and chest. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial treatment? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Oral antibiotics B) Topical benzoyl peroxide C) Topical antibiotic D) Oral isotretinoin ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 12-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his mother because he has been having difficulty breathing. He started having symptoms about 3 days ago when he started experiencing persistent coughing, runny nose, and a low grade fever. Since then he has been experiencing dyspnea that grew worse until he felt that he could no longer breathe. His mom says that this has happened many times before. On presentation, physical exam reveals an anxious, thin boy who is using his accessory muscles to breathe. Prolonged expiratory wheezes are heard on auscultation of his lungs bilaterally. During stabilization, he is prescribed a drug for treatment of his condition. The patient's mother recognizes the drug since her father, a 40-pack-year smoker, also takes the medication and she is told that the drug is able to beneficially inhibit a receptor on smooth muscle in both cases. Which of the following drugs most likely has a similar mechanism of action as the drug prescribed to this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Cortisol B) Glycopyrrolate C) Theophylline D) Zileuton ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 35-year-old taxi driver presents to his physician with complaints of itchy, watery eyes and excessive sneezing that have become more severe with the change of the seasons. He has previously taken an over-the-counter medication in the past with moderate relief of his symptoms, but it made him very drowsy. He asks to switch to a medication that will not cause drowsiness that may impair his driving. Which of the following medications would you prescribe for this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Cetirizine B) Chlorpheniramine C) Diphenhydramine D) Hydroxyzine ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 19-year-old female college student comes to the physician for a sudden loss of visual acuity of her right eye. She noticed that she was unable to read the time on the alarm clock when she woke up in the morning. When she closes her right eye, she is able to see sharply. When she closes her left eye, she has blurry double vision. She does not recall trauma to her eye but has been working long nights on her honors thesis. She has a history of occasional shoulder luxation. She is 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) tall, and weighs 62 kg (136 lbs); her BMI is 19.1 kg/m2. Her vital signs are within normal limits. On physical examination, slender and long fingers are noted. She has several flat, demarcated brownish nevi on her left cheek. Ocular examination shows upward temporal subluxation of her right lens. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Joint hypermobility syndrome B) Sturge-Weber syndrome C) Ehlers-Danlos syndrome D) Marfan syndrome ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 62-year-old man presents to his primary care provider complaining of abdominal pain. He reports a 6-month history of gradually progressive epigastric pain and 10 pounds of unexpected weight loss. He has also noticed that his skin feels itchier than usual. His past medical history is notable for gout, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. He takes allopurinol, enalapril, and glyburide. He has a 10-pack-year smoking history and a distant history of cocaine abuse. His temperature is 100.1°F (37.8°C), blood pressure is 135/85 mmHg, pulse is 100/min, and respirations are 20/min. On exam, he has notable hepatomegaly and a palpable gallbladder. A right upper quadrant ultrasound reveals an irregular extrahepatic mass originating from the gallbladder wall. Which of the following serum markers is most likely elevated in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Bombesin B) CA-125 C) CA 19-9 D) S-100 ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 4-year-old girl from a recently immigrated family presents to the emergency department with episodes of severe coughing lasting up to several minutes followed by vomiting. She had a low grade fever and runny nose over the last 2 weeks but these coughing episodes just began one day prior to presentation. A complete blood count shows a lymphocytic infiltrate and Gram stain reveals a gram-negative coccobacillus. The emergency department physician explains that this organism causes disease by toxin-mediated inactivation of an inhibitory signaling molecule. Which of the following could be used to culture the most likely cause of this disorder? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Charcoal yeast with iron and cysteine B) Eaton agar C) Loffler medium D) Regan-Lowe medium ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 28-year-old man presents with episodic abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea for the past week. He says that the abdominal pain is diffusely localized to the periumbilical region and is dull and cramping in character. He also reports episodes of painful, bloody diarrhea up to 7 times per day. A colonoscopy is performed and shows continuous erythema, superficial ulcers, and pseudopolyps in the rectum and sigmoid colon. A biopsy is taken and sent for histological evaluation. One of the slides from the biopsy is shown in the image below. Which of the following histopathologic findings characteristic of this patient’s most likely diagnosis is marked by the yellow circle? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Goblet cell hyperplasia B) Paneth cells metaplasia C) Crypt abscess D) Enterocyte dysplasia ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 14-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department because of a 2-day history of fatigue. He reports that during this time he has had occasional palpitations and shortness of breath. He has sickle cell disease. Current medications include hydroxyurea and folic acid. He appears fatigued. His temperature is 38.3°C (100.9°F), pulse is 120/min, respirations are 24/min, and blood pressure is 112/74 mm Hg. Examination shows pale conjunctivae. Cardiac examination shows a midsystolic ejection murmur. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 6.4 g/dl Leukocyte count 6,000/mm3 Platelet count 168,000/mm3 Mean corpuscular volume 84 μm3 Reticulocyte count 0.1% Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of these findings?" ---- <<Choices:>> A) Parvovirus B19 B) Medication-induced hemolysis C) Defect in erythrocyte membrane proteins D) Hemolytic crisis ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 44-year-old woman comes to the office because of 4 episodes of loss of consciousness over the past 2 weeks. She recovered immediately and was not confused following the episodes. For the past 6 months, she has also had increased shortness of breath, palpitations, and chest tightness that resolves with rest. She immigrated with her family from India 10 years ago. Pulse is 115/min and irregular and blood pressure is 108/70 mm Hg. Cardiac examination shows an accentuated and split S2. There is an opening snap followed by a low-pitched diastolic murmur in the fifth left intercostal space at the midclavicular line. An ECG shows atrial fibrillation and right axis deviation. Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism of these findings? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Increased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure B) Increased central venous pressure C) Increased oxygenated blood in the right ventricle D) Increased mean arterial pressure ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 43-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department because of severe central chest pain, mild shortness of breath, and one episode of coughing up blood since waking up that morning. The pain worsens on inspiration, and she describes it as 8 out of 10 in intensity. Three months ago, she underwent a left modified radical mastectomy for invasive ductal carcinoma. Her temperature is 37.8°C (100°F), pulse is 103/min, respirations are 20/min, and blood pressure is 102/74 mm Hg. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 93%. The lungs are clear to auscultation. Cardiac examination shows no abnormalities. The left lower extremity is swollen and erythematous. Laboratory studies show a normal complete blood count, creatinine of 1.0 mg/dL, and a creatinine clearance of 81 mL/min (N = 75–115). Arterial blood gas analysis on room air shows: pH 7.49 PCO2 29 mm Hg PO2 69 mm Hg HCO3- 22 mEq/L An x-ray of the chest shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?" ---- <<Choices:>> A) CT pulmonary angiography B) D-dimer levels C) Catheter embolectomy D) Low molecular weight heparin therapy ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 58-year-old Caucasian male with a history of peripheral vascular disease is admitted to the hospital with a painful, pulseless foot. He is prescribed antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs. Which of the following matches a drug with its correct characteristic? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Warfarin: directly inhibits thrombin B) Heparin: activates antithrombin 3 C) Aspirin: reversibly inhibits COX-1 D) Prasugrel: reduced risk of bleeding compared to other drugs in its class ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 64-year-old woman comes to the physician because of several episodes of dizziness during the last month. The episodes last between 30–40 seconds and during the episodes she feels as though she is spinning. Episodes usually occur immediately after lying down or suddenly sitting up from a reclined position. They also sometimes happen when she suddenly turns her head to look at something. She has no nausea. Last month, she had an upper respiratory tract infection that resolved spontaneously. She has hypertension treated with hydrochlorothiazide. Otoscopic examination shows no abnormalities. There is no lateralization when a vibrating 512 Hz tuning fork is placed in the middle of the forehead. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo B) Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness C) Meniere disease D) Acoustic neuroma ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 31-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician because she has been experiencing diarrhea over the last several days. She returned from a cruise ship vacation 3 days ago and has recently been to many countries in Central and South America. After returning, she developed bloody diarrhea, nausea, and right-upper quadrant abdominal pain. Stool examination shows blood and neutrophils and imaging reveals abscesses in the liver. Which of the following findings would most likely be seen in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Acid fast cysts B) Motile bacteria C) Non-invasive trophozoites D) Ulcers that are flask-shaped ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 35-year-old woman that is currently being treated for chronic hepatitis C comes to the physician because of progressive fatigue for 10 days. Examination shows pale conjunctivae. Her hemoglobin concentration is 10.1 g/dL, serum total bilirubin concentration is 1.9 mg/dL, and LDH is 259 U/L (N = 45–90 U/L). Which of the following mechanisms most likely contributes to the efficacy of this patient's pharmacotherapy? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Activation of leukocytes B) Inhibition of reverse transcriptase C) Inhibition of RNA polymerase D) Decreased GMP synthesis ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 7-year-old boy is brought to a pediatrician by his parents. The parents say that the patient accidentally instilled a drop from a bottle of medicated eye drops into his right eye. According to them, the patient’s grandfather uses the eye drops which were prescribed for him by an ophthalmologist. The parents have brought the eye drops with them. The pediatrician notes that the eye drops contain an α1 adrenergic agonist drug. He examines the patient’s eye and finds that the eye drops have produced their expected effects. He reassures the parents about the self-limited effect of the drug and the absence of any risk of long-term complications. Which of the following effects are most likely to have occurred in this child’s eye from these eye drops? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Contraction of the pupillary dilator muscle with no effect on the ciliary muscle B) Relaxation of the pupillary dilator muscle with no effect on the ciliary muscle C) Relaxation of the pupillary sphincter muscle with contraction of the ciliary muscle D) Contraction of the pupillary dilator muscle with contraction of the ciliary muscle ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 21-year-old female comes to the physician’s office because of insomnia. For the past 9 months, the patient has been having a hard time falling asleep because she “can’t turn her mind off.” She is a student in a nearby university and spends hours at the end of each day worrying about her classes as well as her upcoming tests. When she doesn’t have tests, she worries about her family and her boyfriend even though admits she has no specific concerns about them. This constant worrying has led to insomnia and an inability to focus in class. She has also been fatigued and hasn’t had the energy to go the gym as she usually does. The most effective medication for her disorder has what mechanism of action? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Inhibit reuptake of serotonin B) Inhibition of monoamine oxidase C) Increase norepinephrine and dopamine D) Block dopamine receptors ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 7-year-old girl is brought to the physician because of a slightly itchy rash that first appeared 3 days ago. Her mother says she has also been complaining of headaches and achy muscles since yesterday evening. The girl went on a camping trip for school 10 days ago. She recalls being bitten several times by mosquitoes. She has a history of atopic dermatitis. She lives in Massachusetts with both parents and her 4-year-old sister. Her temperature is 39°C (102.2°F). Physical examination shows a 3-cm, nontender rash on her left upper torso. A photograph of the rash is shown. There are also multiple 5 to 8-mm erythematous papules over the lower legs and forearms. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Amoxicillin B) Ceftriaxone C) Penicillin G D) Azithromycin ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 45-year-old man presents to the clinic for the third time in the past 3 weeks asking for an MRI of his lower back. He had initially gone to the gym as advised by his wife and had started doing some back exercises. The next day, he developed soreness in his lower back and spent the whole day online trying to figure out what was wrong with him. He has been to the emergency department a few times and subsequently has been redirected to the clinic where each time he was thoroughly examined and investigated for all the possible causes. The patient still exhibits worry and would like to get an MRI to make sure everything is ‘okay.’ Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Illness anxiety disorder B) Somatic symptom disorder C) Factitious disorder D) Munchausen syndrome ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 25-year-old woman presents to the urgent care clinic for cough for the past five days. She recently moved to the area and has not yet established a primary care doctor. She has noticed worsening runny nose with congestion, sneezing, and tearing over the past few days. She initially thought that it was just due to dust from moving boxes into her new apartment, but her symptoms did not improve after cleaning her belongings and vacuuming her floor. She feels some relief after splashing her face with cold water, but her symptoms recur within ten minutes. She has no pets and does not take any medications. Her physical exam reveals examples of findings shown in Figures A-C. No rales or wheezes are appreciated on lung auscultation, but bronchial breath sounds are heard at the bases. The patient states that she will need to drive back home after this visit. What is the best initial step in management? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Oral loratadine B) Intranasal corticosteroids C) Sublingual oseltamivir D) Oral montelukast ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 73-year-old woman with atrial fibrillation presents to your clinic to discuss the need for anticoagulation. Her PMH is significant for high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus type II, osteoporosis, and depression. She previously smoked but quit about 16 years ago. She has never had a stroke or TIA. Her physical examination is remarkable for an irregular heart rate. She has a blood pressure of 136/94 mm Hg and a heart rate of 74/min. What is her CHADS2 score? ---- <<Choices:>> A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) Too little information to tell ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 26-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital because of a 3-day history of tingling and weakness in the lower extremities. Neurologic examination shows areflexia of the ankle and knee joints bilaterally. Motor strength is 1/5 in both lower legs. Over the next 3 weeks, the patient's condition progresses to involve both upper extremities, and she requires ventilatory support. Six weeks after admission, deep tendon reflexes are 1+ in the ankles, and she is able to wiggle her toes. Which of the following is most likely responsible for the improvement in this patient's neurological status? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Synthesis of monoamine neurotransmitters B) Remyelination of peripheral nerves C) Replication of oligodendrocyte precursor cells D) Lymphocytic infiltration in the endoneurium " ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 42-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for fatigue and blurry vision. She is a refugee from Syria who arrived in the United States 1 week ago. She has lived for the last 8 months in a refugee camp. She worked at a grocery store in Syria before being displaced from her home. She has one son who is 9 years old and was seen by a pediatrician the day prior. She reports that while she was in the refugee camp, she ate very little and gave most of her food to her son to ensure that he stayed healthy. She denies any past medical history and takes no medications. She does not smoke or drink alcohol. Her temperature is 97.8°F (36.6°C), blood pressure is 108/68 mmHg, pulse is 102/min, and respirations are 18/min. On exam, she appears fatigued but is fully cooperative with the examination. There are fissures at the corners of her mouth. A funduscopic examination reveals corneal vascularization in both eyes. Her tongue is darkly erythematous. This patient is most likely deficient in a vitamin that has which of the following functions? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Cofactor for homocysteine methyltransferase B) Cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme C) Precursor to FAD and FMN D) Constituent of NAD+ and NADP+ ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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<<Question:>> A 70-year-old man was first evaluated for an enlarging neck mass with complaints of night sweats, fever, and weight loss. Excisional biopsy confirms the diagnosis of Burkitt lymphoma. The patient is started on a CODOX-M/IVAC chemotherapy regime. The physician notes a marked improvement, but is concerned about a common complication of chemotherapy. The patient is prescribed rasburicase in response to this complication. Which of the following statements describing the patient’s current state is most accurate? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Rasburicase is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor B) This complication only occurs in response to radiation C) Rasburicase converts uric acid to allantoin, increasing its secretion D) Hypophosphatemia is expected to develop in this patient ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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<<Question:>> A previously healthy 41-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after collapsing at home. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is attempted for 10 minutes without success. A photograph of sections of the heart obtained at autopsy is shown. The patient's condition is most likely associated with which of the following pathophysiologic changes? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Retrograde blood flow from the aorta into the left ventricle B) Fixed obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract C) Marked noncompliance of the left ventricular wall D) Severe narrowing of the left anterior descending artery ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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<<Question:>> A 68-year-old woman comes to the physician with increasing fatigue and shortness of breath for 2 weeks. She has only passed very small amounts of urine over the past few days. During this time, she has also noticed that her feet appear unusually puffy for a few hours every morning. Three weeks ago, she had a sore throat that resolved spontaneously after several days without antibiotic therapy. She has a 6-month history of lower back and thoracic pain, for which she takes ibuprofen daily. Her only other medication is a laxative for constipation, which she first experienced 8 months ago. Her sister has systemic lupus erythematosus. Her temperature is 37.9°C (98.9°F), pulse is 110/min, respirations are 22/min, and blood pressure is 150/100 mm Hg. Examination shows pedal edema and conjunctival pallor. There is tenderness to palpation over the lumbar spine and the 8th rib on the right. Cardiac examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 9.8 mg/dL Serum Urea nitrogen 50 mg/dL Creatinine 2.8 mg/dL Calcium 12.9 mg/dL Urine Protein negative Blood negative Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's symptoms?" ---- <<Choices:>> A) Renal deposition of AL amyloid B) Immunoglobulin light chains C) Decreased cardiac ejection fraction D) Anti-streptococcal antibodies ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 13-month-old male needs to have surgery for an undescended testicle. The child lives with his 16-year-old mother only. His 19-year-old father is not involved. From whom should the surgeon get consent for the procedure? ---- <<Choices:>> A) The mother B) The father C) A grandparent D) The hospital's medical ethics committee ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 7-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department after he was bitten by a dog. The patient was at a friend's house, and he was bitten when he pulled the dog's tail while it was eating. The patient is currently doing well and has a dog bite on his right distal forearm. His temperature is 98.2°F (36.8°C), blood pressure is 100/60 mmHg, pulse is 123/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. The wound is thoroughly irrigated in the emergency department. Which of the following is the best next step in management? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Closure of the wound via sutures B) Euthanasia of the animal C) Quarantine and observe the animal D) Rabies vaccine and rabies immunoglobulin ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 35-year-old woman, otherwise healthy, presents with frequent nosebleeds and bruising on her legs. She says that her symptoms started about 6 months ago and have not improved. She remembers that her 8-year-old son had similar symptoms about a month ago following a viral respiratory infection, but his symptoms quickly resolved without treatment. No significant past medical history and no current medications. Family history is significant for her father dying at age 65 of myocardial infarction. Review of systems is significant for her last period 2 weeks ago being a bit heavier than usual. Her vital signs include: temperature 37.0°C (98.6°F), blood pressure 100/75 mm Hg, pulse 98/min, respirations 15/min, and oxygen saturation 99% on room air. On physical examination, the patient is alert and cooperative. Cardiac exam is normal. Lungs are clear to auscultation. There is non-palpable purpura present on the lower extremities bilaterally. Which of the following set of laboratory results and peripheral blood smear findings would most likely be seen in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Platelets: Decreased | Bleeding time: Increased | PT: Normal | PTT: Normal | Blood smear: Schistocytes present B) Platelets: Decreased | Bleeding time: Increased | PT: Increased| PTT: Increased | Blood smear: Schistocytes present C) Platelets: Increased | Bleeding time: Decreased| PT: Normal| PTT: Normal | Blood smear: Schistocytes absent D) Platelets: Decreased | Bleeding time: Increased | PT: Normal| PTT: Normal| Blood smear: Schistocytes absent ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 65-year-old woman comes to the physician because of urinary straining and delayed flow of urine for 1 month. She has a medical history significant for long-standing asthma. Recently, she has been taking albuterol more frequently on an as-needed basis. She was diagnosed with major depression last year. Currently, her symptoms of depression are under control. Her medications include inhaled salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and oral amitriptyline, the dose of which was increased recently due to uncontrolled depressive symptoms. The vital signs include: temperature 37.1°C (99.8°F), pulse rate 80/min, respiratory rate 14/min, and blood pressure 110/70 mm Hg. On examination, she has dry oral mucous membranes. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate modification in this patient’s drug therapy? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Adding ipratropium bromide inhaler B) Reducing the dose of albuterol C) Switching amitriptyline to fluoxetine D) No change is required at this time ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> An 8-year-old girl is brought by her mother to her pediatrician’s office for a follow-up visit. She was diagnosed with asthma about 4 years ago and has been on medications ever since. She came into the doctor’s office about a month ago with an escalation of her symptoms. She told her doctor that she has been struggling to breathe almost every single day. This difficulty increased when she played outdoors with her friends. She said that she used to wake up at least 3 times a week from sleep to use her inhaler. She uses a short-acting β-agonist inhaler to control her symptoms. At the previous visit, her doctor had started her on a small dose of fluticasone (inhaled) as well as a long-acting β-agonist inhaler. She has some improvement in her symptoms. On physical examination, she doesn’t seem to be in distress, and currently, the lungs are clear on auscultation. Her forced expiratory volume in one second is about 70% of the predicted value. Based on the description of these patients symptoms and current treatment regime, which of the following categories describes the severity of this child’s symptoms? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Mild intermittent B) Mild persistent C) Moderate persistent D) Severe persistent ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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<<Question:>> An 18-year-old woman presents with recurrent headaches. The pain is usually unilateral, pulsatile in character, exacerbated by light and noise, and usually lasts for a few hours to a full day. The pain is sometimes triggered by eating chocolates. These headaches disturb her daily routine activities. The physical examination was within normal limits. She also has essential tremors. Which drug is suitable in her case for the prevention of headaches? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Ergotamine B) Verapamil C) Valproic D) Propranolol ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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<<Question:>> A 26-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by the police after threatening to harm his roommate earlier today. He reports that someone on the radio told him to do so. His family reports that, during the past two years, the patient has become increasingly more withdrawn from family and friends. He states that he has spent the majority of the last year alone in his room “working on a project at home to save the earth from an evil alien power.” There is no family history of serious illness. He has smoked marijuana on a daily basis since he was thirteen. Vital signs are within normal limits. On mental status examination, he has a flat affect and his speech is disorganized. An MRI scan of the head is most likely to show which of the following? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Periventricular plaques and white matter lesions B) Ring-enhancing lesion C) Hyperintense temporal lobe lesion D) Enlarged cerebral ventricles ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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<<Question:>> A 46-year-old anesthesiologist is found placing several syringes of amobarbital in his backpack prior to leaving the hospital. When confronted, the anesthesiologist admits that he began abusing the medication the previous year, after his divorce was finalized. He has been using it on a daily basis since then, and his most recent usage was 8 hours ago. Which of the following is the most life-threatening complication of amobarbital withdrawal? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Internal bleeding B) Respiratory depression C) Cardiovascular collapse D) Self-inflicted violence ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 55-year-old man is brought to the emergency department for 1 episode of bloody emesis. He reports feeling lightheaded this morning and shortly after breakfast, he felt nauseous and had an episode of bloody emesis. He denies any trauma, fever, abnormal ingestions, or recent infections. He endorses black stools over the past few days. His past medical history is significant for alcohol abuse and cirrhosis. A physical examination demonstrates mild jaundice and ascites. What is the mechanism of action of the medication that can be used in the management of this patient’s condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Antagonists of ß1 and ß2 adrenergic receptors B) Reversible block of histamine H2 receptors C) Somatostatin analog leading to constriction of the splanchnic vessels D) Stimulation of cGMP production leading to vascular smooth muscle relaxation ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> Shortly after undergoing a bipolar prosthesis for a displaced femoral neck fracture of the left hip acquired after a fall the day before, an 80-year-old woman suddenly develops dyspnea. The surgery under general anesthesia with sevoflurane was uneventful, lasting 98 minutes, during which the patient maintained oxygen saturation readings of 96–100% on 8 L of oxygen. She has a history of hypertension, osteoporosis, and osteoarthritis of her right knee. Her medications include ramipril, naproxen, ranitidine, and a multivitamin. She appears cyanotic, drowsy, and is oriented only to person. Her temperature is 38.6°C (101.5°F), pulse is 135/minute, respirations are 36/min, and blood pressure is 155/95 mm Hg. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 81%. There are several scattered petechiae on the anterior chest wall. Laboratory studies show a hemoglobin concentration of 10.5 g/dL, a leukocyte count of 9,000/mm3, a platelet count of 145,000/mm3, and a creatine kinase of 190 U/L. An ECG shows sinus tachycardia. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Fat embolism B) Thyrotoxic crisis C) Malignant hyperthermia D) Meningitis " ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 34-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician complaining of weakness and rash for the past 2 months. She says her symptoms had a gradual onset at first, but over the past 2 weeks she has grown more concerned as she now has difficulty going up and down the stairs in her apartment. Her rash is nonpruritic and confined to her knuckles. She denies fever, chills, and changes in bowel habits, cough, or shortness of breath. Up until the onset of her symptoms she had been an avid hiker in upstate New York. Temperature is 98.0°F (36.7°C) blood pressure is 110/72 mmHg, pulse is 88/min, and respirations are 20/min. Physical examination demonstrates 4-/5 strength in the proximal lower extremities. The patient's cutaneous findings are demonstrated in figure A. Laboratory studies will most likely demonstrate the following in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Anti-histidyl tRNA synthetase antibodies B) Anti-histone antibodies C) Anti-HMG CoA reductase antibodies D) Anti-mitochondrial antibodies ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 4-day-old, full-term infant born by uncomplicated vaginal delivery is brought to a pediatrician by his mother, who notes that her son's skin appears yellow. She reports that the child cries several times per day, but sleeps 7-8 hours at night, uninterrupted. She has been breastfeeding exclusively and feels that he has been feeding well. He has been having a bowel movement on average once every 3 days. Which of the following is the most likely etiology of the patient's presentation? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Breastfeeding jaundice B) Breast milk jaundice C) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency D) Hepatitis A ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 23-year-old female comes to the office because of a 3-week history of vaginal discharge and itching despite cleaning her genitals with a vaginal douche. Her last menstrual period was one week ago. She is sexually active with her new boyfriend. She has an intrauterine device and does not use barrier protection. She was treated for a sore throat infection one month ago. Speculum examination shows erythema around the vaginal introitus and copious white discharge. Vaginal pH is 4.3 and a KOH test shows multiple pseudohyphae on microscopy. Which of the following is the strongest predisposing factor for this patient's condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Suppression of vaginal bacterial flora B) Increased vaginal pH C) Intrauterine device D) Unprotected sexual intercourse ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 3-year-old boy who has no known past medical or family history is brought by his parents to his pediatrician for new symptoms. Specifically, his parents state that he has suffered from a fever associated with diarrhea and conjunctivitis over the past week or so. His parents note that he has never had an episode of diarrhea like this previously, but that several other children at his daycare had been ill recently. The blood pressure is 112/70 mm Hg, heart rate is 94/min, respiratory rate is 14/min, and temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F). The physical exam is significant for preauricular adenopathy. Which of the following interventions would have been most effective to prevent this condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Appropriate immunization B) Better hand-washing practices C) Keeping all food stored in the refrigerator D) Avoiding undercooked seafood ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 24-year-old woman with no past medical history presents to her PCP for a routine checkup. She feels generally healthy but has noticed a new vaginal discharge that has a strange odor. The patient has been in a long-term relationship and denies any new sexual partners. She denies vaginal itching, abnormal menstruation, or dyspareunia. Vital signs are within normal limits. The physical exam reveals thin, greyish-white vaginal discharge but is otherwise unremarkable. A sample of this discharge is collected. What would be the most likely finding on wet mount? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Motile, flagellated protozoans B) Long, branching filamentous structures C) Epithelial cells with stippling D) Large mucoid capsules ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 50-year-old African-American woman comes to the physician because of right elbow pain for the past 12 hours. The pain is currently at 7 out of 10 in intensity. She has not had any trauma to the right elbow. She also reports general malaise. She had a miscarriage at the age of 37 years. One year ago, she had carpal tunnel syndrome that was treated with a volar splint. Three months ago, she was diagnosed with thrombophlebitis, which responded well to treatment with ibuprofen and compression therapy. She runs 5 km (3.1 miles) per week. She works as an accountant. She drinks 1–2 glasses of wine on weekends. She is 171 cm (5 ft 7 in) tall and weighs 70 kg (154 lbs); BMI is 23.9 kg/m2. Her pulse is 110/min, blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg, and temperature is 38.3°C (101°F). On physical examination, the skin above her right elbow is erythematous and severely tender to palpation. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 13.5 g/dL Leukocyte count 9,520/mm3 Platelet count 853,000/mm3 Serum Na+ 136 mEq/L K+ 3.7 mEq/L Cl- 96 mEq/L Ca2+ 11.0 mg/dL HCO3- 25 mEq/L Glucose 102 mg/dL Creatinine 1.0 mg/dL Uric acid 10.5 mg/dL Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Mutation in Janus kinase 2 gene B) Howell-Jolly bodies C) Antibodies against citrullinated peptides D) Anti-phospholipid antibodies ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 64-year-old man is brought to his primary care physician by his daughter for forgetfulness. The patient’s daughter reports that over the past 2 weeks the patient has become more confused. He did not remember to pick up his car from the body shop last week, and yesterday, he did not show up to his grandson’s birthday party. When she went over to the patient’s house to check on him, she noticed the mailbox was stuffed with unopened letters. The patient says “I’m fine. I just have a headache.” The patient’s daughter adds, “I just hope you’re not drinking again dad. Your neighbor saw you fall outside the house a few weeks ago, and the other day you said you were nauseous and vomited.” The patient’s medical history is significant for a history of alcohol abuse, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and atrial fibrillation. He takes aspirin, amlodipine, metoprolol, atorvastatin, and warfarin. He smokes cigars, but denies alcohol use since he started psychotherapy 7 months ago. The patient’s temperature is 97°F (36.1°C), blood pressure is 144/92 mmHg, and pulse is 82/min. On physical examination, there is a 3 cm ecchymosis on the right scalp. No focal neurological deficits are appreciated. Gait is normal. An initial complete blood count shows normocytic anemia. The patient’s INR is 2.5. Imaging is pending. Which of the following is a treatment option for the patient’s most likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Alteplase B) Burr hole C) Donepezil D) Thiamine supplementation ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 60-year-old man presents to the physician for a follow-up examination. During the previous visit, splenomegaly was detected on the abdominal exam, which has been confirmed by abdominal ultrasound. He has no complaints other than fatigue for several months. There is no history of serious illness. His only medication is acetaminophen for knee pain. The temperature is 36.7℃ (98.1℉), pulse is 68, respirations are 12/min, and blood pressure is 125/70 mm Hg. On physical examination, the spleen size on percussion is 16 cm (6.2 in). Otherwise, the physical examination shows no abnormalities. The laboratory test results are as follows: Hemoglobin 10 g/dL Mean corpuscular volume 90 μm3 Leukocyte count 80,000/mm3 Platelet count 450,000/mm3 The peripheral blood smear shows a predominance of neutrophils and the presence of band cells, myelocytes, promyelocytes, and blasts (< 5%). The cytogenetic study shows t(9;22). Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Acute lymphoid leukemia B) Chronic myeloid leukemia C) Hairy cell leukemia D) Burkitt lymphoma ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 55-year-old man comes to the physician because of balance problems. He follows a vegan diet and does not eat meat, eggs, or dairy. Physical examination shows pale oral mucosa and conjunctivae. Neurologic examination shows normal strength in all extremities and decreased sense to vibration in his lower extremities bilaterally. A peripheral blood smear is shown. Which of the following enzymes is most likely impaired? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Succinate dehydrogenase B) Propionyl-CoA carboxylase C) Pyruvate carboxylase D) Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 32-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for generalized fatigue. She states that she is doing well but that she always feels tired. She started exercising to have more energy, finds that she tires easily, and has not felt motivated to return to the gym. She is doing well and is excelling at her job. She recently started a vegan diet in order to try and become healthy. She is currently struggling with dating and is unable to find a compatible mate and feels hopeless about this. The patient has a past medical history of uterine leiomyomas. Her temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 100/68 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 14/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Laboratory values are ordered as seen below. Hemoglobin: 10 g/dL Hematocrit: 32% MCV: 78 µm^3 Ferritin: 10 mg/mL Total iron binding capacity: 620 mcg/dL Leukocyte count: 6,500/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 190,000/mm^3 Serum: Na+: 141 mEq/L Cl-: 102 mEq/L K+: 4.1 mEq/L HCO3-: 24 mEq/L BUN: 20 mg/dL Glucose: 99 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.1 mg/dL Ca2+: 10.2 mg/dL TSH: 4.7 mIU/mL AST: 12 U/L ALT: 10 U/L Which of the following is the next best step in management? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Vitamin B9 B) Vitamin B12 C) Iron D) Assess for depression ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 28-year-old woman, gravida 1, para 0, at 24 weeks' gestation comes to the physician for a prenatal visit. She feels well. She has no history of medical illness and takes no medications. Her fasting serum glucose is 91 mg/dL. One hour after drinking a concentrated glucose solution, her serum glucose concentration is 94 mg/dL. The hormone responsible for the observed laboratory changes most likely increases glucose transport into which of the following types of cells? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Spermatocytes B) Islet cells C) Adipocytes D) Placental cells ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 27-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with weakness of her legs which has progressed to an inability for her to stand. The patient works as a school teacher in Alaska and regularly goes hiking and camping. She recently returned from a camping trip where she hiked through tall brush and drank from mountain streams. The patient was also involved in a motor vehicle accident 2 days ago but did not seek treatment. The patient has a medical history that is unremarkable and is currently taking multivitamins and other than a recent bout of diarrhea is generally healthy. Her temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 120/68 mmHg, pulse is 120/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for a very anxious woman with 1/5 strength of the patient’s lower extremities and 2/5 strength of her trunk muscles with diminished sensation. Laboratory studies are ordered as seen below. Hemoglobin: 15 g/dL Hematocrit: 43% Leukocyte count: 6,500/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 194,000/mm^3 Serum: Na+: 138 mEq/L Cl-: 102 mEq/L K+: 4.4 mEq/L HCO3-: 24 mEq/L BUN: 20 mg/dL Glucose: 120 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.0 mg/dL Ca2+: 10.2 mg/dL pH: 7.44 PaCO2: 10 mmHg PaO2: 90 mmHg AST: 12 U/L ALT: 10 U/L The patient complains about difficulty breathing. Repeat laboratory values are notable for the findings below. pH: 7.35 PaCO2: 30 mmHg PaO2: 80 mmHg The patient is intubated and sent to the MICU. Which of the following risk factors is associated with the most likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Female sex living in a Northern latitude B) Hiking in tick-infested woods C) Consuming meats cooked over a campfire D) Central cervical spine trauma ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> An 18-year-old male presents to the emergency room smelling quite heavily of alcohol and is unconscious. A blood test reveals severe hypoglycemic and ketoacidemia. A previous medical history states that he does not have diabetes. The metabolism of ethanol in this patient's hepatocytes resulted in an increase of the [NADH]/[NAD+] ratio. Which of the following reaction is favored under this condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Pyruvate to acetyl-CoA B) Citrate to isocitrate C) Oxaloacetate to malate D) Oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A previously healthy 7-year-old girl is brought to the physician for a well-child examination. She feels well. She emigrated from India 3 months ago. There is no family history of serious illness. Her immunizations are up-to-date. She is at 60th percentile for height and weight. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 26/min. Examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 13.2 g/dL Leukocyte count 8900/mm3 Platelet count 310,000/mm3 Serum Hepatitis B surface antigen negative Hepatitis B antibody positive Interferon-γ release assay positive An x-ray of the chest shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?" ---- <<Choices:>> A) Perform acid-fast stain on induced sputum B) Administer isoniazid C) Perform tuberculin skin test D) Administer isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> Please refer to the summary above to answer this question An 8-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother for a well-child examination at a clinic for low-income residents. Although her son's elementary school offers free afterschool programming, her son has not been interested in attending. Both the son's maternal and paternal grandmothers have major depressive disorder. The mother is curious about the benefits of afterschool programming and asks for the physician's input. Based on the study results, which of the following statements best addresses the mother's question?" ---- <<Choices:>> A) The patient's family history of psychiatric illness prevents any conclusions from being drawn from the study. B) High-quality afterschool programming for low-income 8-year-olds may correlate with decreased bipolar disorder risk in adults. C) High-quality afterschool programming should be free of charge for low-income children to improve adult mental health. D) High-quality afterschool programming for low-income 8-year-olds may correlate with decreased ADHD risk in adults. " ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> Two days after delivery, a 2450-g (5-lb 6-oz) male newborn has three episodes of green vomitus. He has passed urine twice a day, but has not yet passed stool. He was born at 34 weeks' gestation. He appears irritable. His temperature is 37.3°C (99.1°F), pulse is 161/min, respirations are 56/min, and blood pressure is 62/44 mm Hg. Examination shows a distended abdomen; there is diffuse tenderness to palpation over the abdomen. Bowel sounds are decreased. Digital rectal examination is unremarkable. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. An x-ray of the abdomen shows dilated bowel loops. Contrast enema demonstrates inspissated meconium plugs in the distal ileum and microcolon. Which of the following is the child most likely to develop? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Infertility B) Alzheimer's disease C) Asthma D) Necrotizing enterocolitis ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 6-week-old boy is brought to see his pediatrician. His mother says that he has not been feeding well and forcefully vomited after every feed over the past 4 days. The infant was born at 39 weeks gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery. He is up to date on all vaccines and is meeting all developmental milestones. However, a week after delivery he developed a respiratory infection involving an aggressive cough followed by a high-pitched intake of breath. Respiratory cultures were positive for a gram-negative coccobacilli for which he received erythromycin. Since then he has remained healthy until now. On examination, the infant’s vitals are normal but he appears lethargic and mildly dehydrated with depressed fontanelles and decreased skin turgor. A firm non-tender mass is palpated in the epigastric region. Which of the following is most likely a cause of this baby’s symptoms? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Deficiency of nitric oxide synthase B) Antibiotic use C) Inadequate myenteric plexus innervation D) Telescoping of the proximal bowel into a distal segment ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 67-year-old man presents to his primary care physician because he has been feeling increasingly short of breath. Specifically, after retirement he has been going on daily morning walks with his wife; however, over the last year he feels that his endurance has decreased. His medical history is significant for well-controlled hypertension but is otherwise unremarkable. When asked, he reveals that he worked in a variety of industries throughout his life. Testing demonstrates decreased forced vital capacity (FVC) and a normal forced expiratory volume (FEV) to FVC ratio. Pathology demonstrates changes primarily in the upper lobes where macrophages can be seen with dark round ingested particles. Which of the following is most likely associated with the cause of this patient's symptoms? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Increased risk of lung cancer B) Increased risk of tuberculosis C) Mesothelioma D) Lung rheumatoid nodules ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 75-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department because of vomiting, abdominal pain, and constipation for the past 2 days. She has urinated frequently over the past week and has become excessively thirsty during this time. She has no significant past medical history. She is a 30-pack-year smoker. She appears confused. Her blood pressure is 95/70 mm Hg, pulse is 110/min, respirations are 25/min, and temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F). She has dry oral mucosa. Lung auscultation shows rhonchi and wheezing localized to the right middle lobe area. An electrocardiogram (ECG) shows a shortened QT interval. A computed tomography scan is shown. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s recent condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Adenocarcinoma B) Bronchoalveolar carcinoma C) Large-cell carcinoma D) Squamous cell carcinoma ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 23-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a painless lesion on the arm that first appeared 5 days after she visited a petting zoo. The lesion began as a small papule and then became a blister that has since ulcerated. Her temperature is 38.3°C (101°F). Examination shows a black eschar with edematous borders on the left upper arm. There is axillary lymphadenopathy. The virulence factor responsible for the edema seen in this patient has a mechanism of action similar to which of the following enzymes? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Adenylate cyclase B) Catalase C) Guanylate cyclase D) SNARE protein ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 54-year-old man with a history of hypertension presents 6 days after being admitted for new-onset atrial fibrillation with the rapid ventricular rate with a painful lesion on his left leg. He says his heart rate has been well-controlled since starting metoprolol and warfarin in the hospital but says he has developed a painful lesion on his left leg. His blood pressure is 114/78 mm Hg, the heart rate is 84/min, and the respiratory rate is 15/min. On physical examination, there is a large, dark lesion on his left leg that feels cold (see image). A genetic defect, in which of the following proteins is most likely responsible for this patient’s condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Factor V B) Factor XII C) Protein C D) Factor VIII ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 35-year-old patient presents to the dermatologist with a new skin rash. The patient has noticed new bumps on her arm over the past 1 month. The bumps are about 0.5 cm in diameter and are filled with a clear fluid. They extend on both arms but are not in her mouth or torso. The lesions do not pop with pressure but remain tense. Her skin does not slough off with rubbing. The patient denies any other symptoms including joint pain or fever. The patient has no other medical history. The patient’s condition is most likely caused by antibodies against which of the following compounds? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Desmoglein B) Hemidesmosomes C) Double-stranded DNA D) U1 ribonucleotide polypeptide ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 59-year-old woman presents to the emergency department because of shortness of breath. She has been experiencing an increasing inability to breathe following strenuous activity. This includes climbing stairs and walking a few blocks down the street. During the day, her breathing becomes more pronounced when she takes her a nap or lies down to sleep at night. Another concerning symptom is the increased swelling in her legs. She has a history of few episodes of syncope. Her past medical history is otherwise unremarkable. The vital signs include: blood pressure 110/70 mm Hg, pulse 90/min, and respiratory rate 18/min. An electrocardiogram (ECG) shows low voltage. Echocardiography shows granular speckling with concentric thickening of the ventricular walls, more prominently of the right wall. Which of the following confirmatory tests is most appropriate? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Pulmonary function test B) Biopsy of cardiac tissue C) Chest X-ray D) No further testing required ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 30-year-old previously healthy male presents to your office with complaints of facial pressure and rhinorrhea for the past 3 weeks. The patient reports that several weeks prior, he had a “common cold” which resolved. However, he has since developed worsening facial pressure, especially over his cheeks and forehead. He reports over 1 week of green tinged rhinorrhea. His temperature is 100.1 deg F (37.8 deg C), blood pressure is 120/70 mmHg, pulse is 85/min, and respirations are 15/min. Nasal exam reveals edematous turbinates and purulent discharge. What is the most likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Acute viral rhinosinusitis B) Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis C) Allergic rhinitis D) Chronic rhinosinusitis ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 25-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after he was involved in a motorcycle collision. Physical examination shows a deep laceration on the volar surface of the distal left forearm. Neurological examination shows loss of abduction and opposition of the left thumb. The radial and ulnar pulses are palpable. Based on these findings, which of the following nerves is most likely injured in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Posterior interosseous nerve B) Axillary nerve C) Median nerve D) Ulnar nerve ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 70-year-old man presents to the emergency department after several episodes of bloody stools that started 6 hours ago. The patient denies nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. On examination, he is pale and cachectic. The patient’s abdomen is nontender to palpation on the exam. His heart rate is 120/min and blood pressure is 80/60 mm Hg. A stool sample from the patient shows stools with bright red blood, and a hemoccult test is positive. Which of the following is the most likely location of his intestinal bleeding? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Ascending colon B) Sigmoid colon C) Stomach D) Ileum ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 48-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 4-month history of persistent cough productive of white phlegm. He coughs consistently throughout the day, and he has not noticed any particular triggers that make it worse. He has also recently experienced some shortness of breath with exertion. He has not had any weight loss, fever, or chills. He had similar symptoms last year, which lasted about 6 months. He has hypertension, for which he takes amlodipine. He has worked in construction for the past 10 years. He has smoked a pack of cigarettes per day for 30 years. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows an end-expiratory wheeze throughout all lung zones. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Asbestosis B) Hypersensitivity pneumonitis C) Asthma D) Chronic bronchitis ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 26-year-old female with no significant past medical history presents to the emergency department complaining of chest pain. She states that she was visiting her boyfriend in the hospital and, approximately 10 minutes ago, she developed chest pain associated with sweating, palpitations, nausea, and chills. She appears very nervous and states that she is scared that she is dying. Vital signs reveal tachycardia, hypertension, and tachypnea. An EKG is obtained that is unremarkable besides tachycardia. TSH and free T4 are within normal limits. A urine drug screen is obtained and it is negative. What is the best immediate treatment for this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Morphine, oxygen, nitrogylcerin, aspirin, beta blockers, ACE inhibitor, and heparin B) Alprazolam, reassurance, encouraging patient to slow breathing C) Albuterol breathing treatment D) Cognitive behavioral therapy ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 36-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her sister 1 hour after she was found unconscious at home. She appears lethargic. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 80/min, respirations are 5/min, and blood pressure is 120/70 mm Hg. Urine toxicology screening is positive for alcohol, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates. The patient's condition improves with supportive treatment, and she is admitted for psychiatric evaluation. Three days later, a physician colleague approaches the physician who treated the patient in the lobby of the hospital and states, “I just want to know what happened. I'm her neighbor and childhood friend, and I'm worried about her.” Which of the following responses by the treating physician is the most appropriate? ---- <<Choices:>> A) """Why don't you go ahead and ask her directly? She is currently in the psychiatric ward.""" B) """Her urine toxicology screening was positive for alcohol, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates.""" C) """I'm not the right person to ask. Please ask her primary care physician.""" D) """I understand your concern, but I am unable to provide information about this situation.""" ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 40-year-old man presents to a clinic for a regular follow-up. He was diagnosed with Wilson’s disease 20 years ago and underwent a human leukocyte antigen–matched liver transplant 15 years ago. Today he is feeling fine and has no complaints except for a new, mild jaundice that his wife noticed a few weeks ago. He denies any changes in stool or urine color and is not having any abdominal pain. On physical examination, his vital signs are within normal limits, and only mild scleral icterus is noticed. Which of the following best describes the mechanism of rejection that happened in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Donor allogeneic MHC molecules are taken up by recipient APCs and processed into peptides, and then the peptides are presented by recipient MHC molecules to donor T cells. B) Donor allogeneic MHC molecules are taken up by donor APCs and processed into peptides, and then the peptides are presented by unprocessed donor allogeneic MHC molecules to recipient T cells. C) Donor allogeneic MHC molecules are taken up by recipient APCs and processed into peptides, and then the peptides are presented by recipient MHC molecules to recipient T cells. D) Recipient MHC molecules are taken up by donor APCs and processed into peptides, and then the peptides are presented by donor allogeneic MHC molecules to recipient T cells. ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 6-year-old boy is brought to his pediatrician due to increased shortness of breath. His mother is particularly disturbed because her son wakes up breathless one or 2 nights every week. He was diagnosed with asthma 2 years ago. Over the past few months, he has not been able to participate in any sport and is also using his inhaler more than 3 times a week. On examination, the patient appears to be in slight distress and seems pale and fatigued. There are slight expiratory wheezes and crackles in both lungs. The pediatrician starts him on a low dose of another inhaler which needs to be taken once daily. She asks his mother to avoid any conditions that might aggravate her son’s symptoms and make it difficult for him to breathe. Three months later, the mother is back with her son at the same pediatrician’s office. She is concerned about a painless white plaque on his tongue. When the physician scrapes the lesion it reveals a red base with minimal bleeding. A photograph of the lesion is shown. Which of the following was most likely prescribed during the previous visit? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Inhaled beclomethasone B) Inhaled ipratropium bromide C) Nebulized theophylline D) Inhaled salmeterol ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 25-year-old medical student enrolls in an exercise research study. Spirometry testing, along with arterial and venous blood gases, are performed immediately before and after 15 minutes of exercising on a stationary bicycle. How do you expect the venous pH, arterial pCO2, and venous pCO2 to respond? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Venous pH decreases, arterial pCO2 decreases, venous pCO2 decreases B) Venous pH increases, arterial pCO2 decreases, venous pCO2 increases C) Venous pH increases, arterial pCO2 increases, venous pCO2 increases D) Venous pH decreases, arterial pCO2 stays the same, venous pCO2 increases ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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<<Question:>> A 38-year-old imprisoned man is brought to the physician after going on a hunger strike for 36 hours. During this time, he has only had two cups of water. Physical examination shows dry mucous membranes. His serum glucose concentration is 70 mg/dL. Which of the following enzymes contributes most to maintaining a normal serum glucose level in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase B) Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase C) Glycogen phosphorylase D) Phosphofructokinase-1 ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 27-year-old man presents to the emergency department with a chief concern of abdominal pain and diarrhea. The patient states that for the past 4 days he has experienced abdominal pain, diarrhea, weakness and a subjective fever. He also endorses a weight loss of 11 pounds during this time. The patient has a past medical history of celiac disease, constipation, and depression. His current medications include fish oil, a multivitamin, sodium docusate, and fluoxetine. His temperature is 98.5°F (36.9°C), blood pressure is 110/75 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 13/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for a young man in mild distress. Cardiac and pulmonary exams are within normal limits. Abdominal exam is notable for generalized tenderness and increased bowel sounds. Oral exam is notable for multiple shallow painful ulcers. Laboratory values are ordered as seen below: Hemoglobin: 12 g/dL Hematocrit: 36% Leukocyte count: 8,000 cells/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 227,500/mm^3 Serum: Na+: 141 mEq/L Cl-: 101 mEq/L K+: 4.5 mEq/L HCO3-: 24 mEq/L BUN: 17 mg/dL Glucose: 82 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.0 mg/dL Ca2+: 10.1 mg/dL AST: 12 U/L ALT: 11 U/L A stool guaiac test is performed which returns positive. The patient is started on IV fluids and morphine. Which of the following best describes the most likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) ANCA positivity B) ASCA positivity C) Dilated vascular structure in the anal canal D) Mucosal disruption ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A previously healthy 31-year-old man is rushed to the emergency department after an all-night binge that included smoking, alcohol, and cocaine. He complains of chest fluttering, fatigue, and lightheadedness. His past medical and family history are noncontributory. Social history is positive for occasional smoking and social drinking. At the hospital, the blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg and the heart rate of 160/min and regular. The electrocardiogram (ECG) is shown. A physical maneuver involving massage of the neck is attempted without improvement. The patient is given the appropriate medication that improves his heart rate and returns his ECG to normal. Which of the following is the mechanism of action of the medication? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor agonist B) Slowing of the atrioventricular (AV) node conduction time C) Blocking of sodium/potassium adenosine triphosphatase pump D) Prolongation of repolarization phase of cardiac action potential ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A scientist is studying how animals regulate their blood pressure in response to various stimuli. In particular, she is interested in how much a novel compound that binds to both alpha-1 and beta-1 adrenergic receptors will affect blood pressure. She studies this question in non-human primates, but finds that her results are confounded by the fact that the animals' heart rates start to decrease several minutes after administration of this novel compound. She therefore decides to pretreat these animals with a drug that is known to prevent this decrease in heart rate. Which of the following drugs would most likely achieve the desired effect? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Dobutamine B) Hexamethonium C) Metoprolol D) Scopolamine ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A hepatologist has learned about the survival benefit of Noxbinle (tumorolimus) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients from a fellow physician. She is looking at a list of HCC patients on her hospital's hepatology consult service and trying to identify candidates who might derive more survival benefits from Noxbinle as opposed to Metalimus. Based on the information provided in the drug advertisement, which of the following patients with HCC would be an appropriate treatment candidate and benefit the most from treatment with Noxbinle 100 mg in comparison to Metalimus 100 mg? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Non-cirrhotic patient with a history of hepatitis B and alcohol dependence B) Alcoholic patient with severe cirrhosis on immunosuppressive therapy C) Patient with severe cirrhosis, history of hepatitis C, and kidney stones D) Patient with severe cirrhosis, history of hepatitis C, and asthma ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> An error occurs during the embryologic development of the kidney. It is found that the fetus lacks proper ureters, major and minor calyces, and renal pelvises. In this fetus, what other renal structure would be expected to be absent? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Collecting ducts B) Ductus deferens C) Distal convoluted tubule D) Bowman's capsule ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> An investigator is studying the effects of tissue hypoxia on skeletal muscles. Skeletal muscle hypoxia is induced by decreasing oxygen delivery to peripheral tissues. Which of the following is most likely to achieve this desired effect? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Decrease the serum 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate concentration B) Increase the serum hydrogen ion concentration C) Increase the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide D) Increase the serum temperature ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 48-year-old woman presents to the doctor’s office complaining of frequent episodes of severe heartburn and chest pain. It feels like food is getting stuck in her throat somewhere. She wakes up at night in fits of coughing and in pain. Antacids and other over the counter remedies do not improve the discomfort. The physician feels that the patient has acid reflux and recommends upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and a trial of omeprazole. Several biopsies are taken during the endoscopy: one from the distal esophagus, one from the gastroesophageal junction, and one from the body of the stomach. Which histological finding would place her at the highest risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma in the near future? ---- <<Choices:>> A) The presence of inflammatory cells in the body of the stomach B) The presence of metaplasia at the Z line C) The presence of goblet cells at the Z line D) The presence of high grade dysplasia at the Z line ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 26-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 3-week history of malaise and recurrent fever. He has also had a 4.5-kg (10-lb) weight loss over the past 3 months. He came back from his honeymoon in Kenya 6 months ago. He appears ill. His temperature is 39°C (102.2°F). He is alert and oriented to person, time, and place. Physical examination shows generalized lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly. Laboratory studies show a hemoglobin concentration of 9.1 g/dL, leukocyte count of 2,900/mm3, and platelet count of 108,000/mm3. Which of the following is the most likely vector of this patient's condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Tsetse fly B) Sand fly C) Freshwater snail D) Anopheles mosquito ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 68-year-old Caucasian male presents to your office complaining of urinary hesitancy and decreased urinary flow. His blood pressure is measured to be 168/95. You prescribe prazosin. Which best describes the principal action(s) of prazosin? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Relaxation of urinary sphincter and reduction of peripheral vascular resistance B) Relaxation of urinary sphincter and suppression of renin release C) Contraction of urinary bladder wall smooth muscle and suppression of renin release D) Contraction of urinary bladder wall smooth muscle and reduction of peripheral vascular resistance ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 4-year-old boy is referred to the infectious disease clinic for recurrent pneumonia. Although he has had several previous hospital admissions and received multiple courses of antibiotic therapy, he continues to get sick. On his most recent hospital admission, the boy presented with mild fever, right-sided chest pain, and yellow-colored sputum. He had difficulty breathing and diminished breath sounds on the right side of the chest. A CT scan of the thorax revealed multiple right-sided ground-glass opacities. Sputum cultures grew Aspergillus galactomannan. The boy’s medical history is significant for neonatal sepsis and recurrent episodes of pyoderma and otitis media. His younger brother had recurrent purulent skin infections before he died of an otogenic brain abscess at the age of 2. His mother says that skin infections are common in the male members of her family. The patient’s HIV status is negative and his complete blood count, T cell and B cell counts, immunoglobulin profile, and complement tests are within normal limits. Which of the following is the next best step in the management of this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) CD4+ cell count B) Bone marrow biopsy C) Dihydrorhodamine (DHR) test D) Adenosine deaminase levels ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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