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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 72-year-old man is being transported by emergency medical services to the emergency department for a stroke code. He was found on the ground by his daughter earlier today, and he was last known to be without neurological deficits two hours prior to presentation. His temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 185/105 mmHg, pulse is 102/min, and respirations are 18/min. A non-contrast head CT is performed, which demonstrates a hypodense lesion affecting the left medial frontal and parietal lobe. Which of the following will most likely be found on physical exam? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Contralateral hemiparesis B) Contralateral lower extremity weakness C) Hemineglect D) Wernicke aphasia ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 33-year-old G1P0 at 39 weeks gestation is admitted to the labor and delivery floor for induction of labor. She feels well and is no acute distress. She is accompanied by her husband. Her past medical history is notable for major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. She takes sertraline. Her temperature is 99.2°F (37.3°C), blood pressure is 120/75 mmHg, pulse is 95/min, and respirations are 18/min. To initiate labor induction, the obstetrician injects the patient with a hormone that is endogenously made in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary. This medication is associated with an increased risk of which of the following complications? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Placental abruption B) Vasa previa C) Placenta accreta D) Preeclampsia ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 57-year-old Caucasian male presents to your office with heart palpitations and shortness of breath. On exam, he is tachycardic and his rhythm is irregularly irregular. He fails standard pharmacologic therapy and you refer to cardiology, where he is started on an antiarrhythmic medication. The action of this agent results in a longer action potential duration, an increased effective refractory period, and a longer QT interval. Which drug has been prescribed? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Flecanide B) Mexiletine C) Diltiazem D) Sotalol ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 2-year-old girl is brought to the physician because of abdominal distention and twitching of her feet, which her mother noticed a week ago. The patient has also had a low-grade fever for 5 days. She has not had a bowel movement in 3 days. She was born at term and has been healthy since. She is at the 40th percentile for height and 20th percentile for weight. Her temperature is 38.1°C (100.6°F), pulse is 128/min, and blood pressure is 135/82 mm Hg. Examination shows an irregular palpable mass that crosses the midline of the abdomen. The liver is palpated 3 cm below the right costal margin. There are erratic movements of the eyes. A 24-hour urine collection shows elevated homovanillic acid and vanillylmandelic acid levels. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Hodgkin lymphoma B) Hepatoblastoma C) Nephroblastoma D) Neuroblastoma ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 53-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his wife after the sudden onset of dizziness, nausea, and left-sided weakness. His blood pressure is 165/95 mm Hg. Neurological examination shows decreased muscle tone and hyperreflexia in the right upper and lower extremities. His gait is unsteady, and he falls to the left when attempting to walk. Finger-to-nose testing shows dysmetria on the left side. A CT scan of the head shows a small lesion in the left lateral pons that involves the nucleus of a cranial nerve that exits the brain at the middle cerebellar peduncle. Which of the following additional findings is most likely in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Ptosis and inability to look up with the right eye B) Winging of the left scapula and weakness turning the head to the right C) Difficulty chewing and deviation of the jaw to the left D) Inability to smell vanilla or coffee ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 38-year-old African American female presents to her primary care physician with uveitis, cough, and arthralgias in her ankles and legs. Bloodwork reveals elevated angiotensin converting enzyme levels, and skin PPD testing shows no observable induration after 48 hours. The patient demonstrates reduced FEV1 and FVC upon spirometry. FEV1/FVC is 85%. Which of the following would you expect to see upon chest X-ray: ---- <<Choices:>> A) Enlarged hilar lymph nodes B) Kerley B Lines C) Bilateral diaphragmatic elevation. D) Fluid in alveolar walls ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A previously healthy 41-year-old man comes to the physician for evaluation of a 1-month history of painless, intermittent bleeding on defecation, which he discovered while wiping. His younger sister was recently diagnosed with endometrial cancer, and his mother was diagnosed with gastric cancer at 58 years of age. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Test of the stool for occult blood is positive. Colonoscopy shows a tumor in the ascending colon. Histopathologic examination of the tumor shows a mucinous, poorly-differentiated adenocarcinoma. A mutation of which of the following genes is most likely responsible for this patient's condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) MLH1 B) TP53 C) DCC D) KRAS ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 49-year-old woman presents to her pulmonologist for a follow-up visit. She reports a longstanding history of chronic dyspnea and fatigue. Her past medical history is notable for asthma. She has a known mutation in the BMPR2 gene. She was recently trialed on nifedipine but stopped due to severe lower extremity edema. She does not smoke and does not drink alcohol. Her temperature is 99.4°F (37.4°C), blood pressure is 135/80 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, and respirations are 20/min. Physical examination reveals an increased P2 on cardiac auscultation. Her physician recommends starting a medication to slow the patient’s clinical worsening that requires regular monitoring of liver function tests. This medication has which of the following mechanisms of action? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Endothelin-1 receptor antagonist B) Beta-2-adrenergic receptor agonist C) Phospholipase A2 antagonist D) Phosphodiesterase type 5 antagonist ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 14-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her mother for the evaluation of recurrent episodes of nose bleeding for several months. The episodes occur unexpectedly and stop after a few minutes by elevating the upper body and bending the head forward. Menses occur at regular 27-day intervals with heavy flow. Her last menstrual period was 3 weeks ago. Vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 11 g/dL Hematocrit 34% Leukocyte count 7,000/mm3 Platelet count 180,000/mm3 Prothrombin time 13 sec Partial thromboplastin time 45 sec Fibrin split products negative The bleeding time is 10 minutes. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in treatment?" ---- <<Choices:>> A) Oral prednisone B) Intravenous immunoglobulins C) Tranexamic acid D) Desmopressin ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 29-year-old G3P2 undergoes a cesarean section at 38 weeks gestation and delivers a boy weighing 4570 g with Apgar scores of 5 and 8 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. The current pregnancy was complicated by gestational diabetes with poor glycemic control. The newborn’s heart rate is 122/min, the respiratory rate is 31/min, and the temperature 36.4℃ (97.5℉). On examination, the newborn is pale, lethargic, diaphoretic, and has poor muscular tone. The liver is 2 cm below the right costal margin. Which of the following is the most probable cause of the newborn’s condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Microangiopathy B) Hyperinsulinemia C) Hyperglycemia D) Polycythemia ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 19-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by ambulance after experiencing a first-time seizure. She as preparing for an exam at her college’s library, in her normal state of health and collapsed. When she regained consciousness she was surrounded by students and staff. The emergency personnel assessed her condition and brought her in. Past medical history is significant for major depressive disorder. Her primary care physician prescribed a medication for her depression, but she has not taken it for several days because she was concerned about weight gain. Family medical history is insignificant for neurological disorders. Instead, for the past 10 days, she has been taking her roommate’s antidepressant medication instead. Today her blood pressure is 100/80 mm Hg, pulse 102/min, respirations 12/min and he BMI is 15 kg/m2. Physical examination reveals pale and dry mucosa and conjunctiva, and lanugo on her arms and legs. What medication is the patient most likely taking? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Bupropion B) Gabapentin C) Selegiline D) Amitriptyline ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 59-year-old man with long-standing hypertension is brought to the emergency department because of vomiting and headache for 2 hours. He reports that he has been unable to refill the prescription for his antihypertensive medications. His blood pressure is 210/120 mm Hg. Fundoscopy shows bilateral optic disc swelling. An ECG shows left ventricular hypertrophy. Treatment with intravenous fenoldopam is begun. Which of the following intracellular changes is most likely to occur in renal vascular smooth muscle as a result of this drug? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Increased activity of protein kinase C B) Increased activity of guanylate cyclase C) Increased production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate D) Increased intracellular concentration of calcium ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 4-year-old boy is referred to the transfusion clinic with malaise, fever, bilateral conjunctivitis, erythema of the oral mucosa, macular rash of the trunk, and inguinal lymphadenopathy following several days of loose stool. The boy was born at 39 weeks gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery. He is up to date on all vaccines and is meeting all developmental milestones. Kawasaki’s disease is suspected and therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin is initiated. Later that day, the patient develops trouble breathing, facial flushing, and rapidly evolving pruritic abdominal rash. He is rushed to the emergency department where his blood pressure is 85/48 mm Hg, heart rate is 120/min, respiratory rate is 26/min, and temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F). On physical examination, the patient has severe facial edema and severe stridor, which can be heard without a stethoscope. A complete blood count is normal. Of the following options, which underlying condition could cause this reaction? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Bruton's agammaglobulinemia B) IgA deficiency C) Hyper-IgM syndrome D) Hyper-IgD syndrome ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 19-year-old man presents to the physician due to progressively worsening weakness. He also notes that he has been getting tired easily and frequently feels short of breath. Additionally, he notes a protuberant belly that he cannot seem to reduce with diet and exercise. His past medical history is significant for easy bruising since he was very young, requiring at least one transfusion when he was younger. He takes no medications. His blood pressure is 125/92 mm Hg, pulse is 90/min, respiratory rate 12/min, and temperature is 36.6°C (97.9°F). Physical examination reveals hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. Several bruises can be seen on the inside of his arms and legs. Laboratory testing shows: Hematocrit 23% Erythrocyte count 2.2 million/mm3 Thrombocyte count 25,000/mm3 A bone marrow biopsy shows decreased trilineage hematopoiesis and macrophages with a crinkled tissue-paper appearance. What is the mode of inheritance for this patient's disease? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Autosomal dominant B) X-linked recessive C) Autosomal recessive D) X-linked dominant ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 1-day-old boy is brought to the emergency room by his parents for difficulty breathing. He was delivered at home via vaginal birth with no complications. The mom received minimal prenatal care as she wanted the most natural process for her child. The mom reports that he has been relatively healthy expect for when he feeds he gets a little fussy. However, these episodes self-resolve after he curls up his legs. A physical examination demonstrates a baby in acute distress with subcostal retractions and cyanosis at the distal extremities. A 5/6 systolic ejection murmur is heard at the left upper sternal border. What is the best next step in terms of managing this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Administer warming blankets B) Give prostaglandin E1 C) Immediate surgical repair D) Obtain lumbar puncture for CSF analysis ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 40-year-old woman schedules an appointment for a routine medical check-up. She admits to being careless about her health, but is motivated to improve. She is working with a personal trainer at the gym and is following a weight reduction diet plan. Despite a 20 kg (44 lb) weight loss over the last year, she still feels that she is fat. She was a frequent binge drinker, but now she has reduced her alcohol consumption to a single glass of wine with dinner and an occasional beer on the weekend. She also has a 15 pack-year smoking history, but quit 6 months ago after she developed a cough and shortness of breath that later improved. She admits to trying various recreational drugs in the past. On her last visit, she was started on rosuvastatin for an elevated cholesterol level. She is sexually active with her partner and they have 2 children. She is uncertain about her family history as she was raised in foster care. The vital signs include: pulse 80/min, respirations 16/min, and blood pressure 122/80 mm Hg. The physical examination reveals a visibly overweight woman with a body mass index (BMI) of 34 kg/m2. The remainder of the examination yields no significant findings. An electrocardiogram (ECG) and chest X-ray are both normal. Lab tests show the following: Serum glucose (fasting) 95 mg/dL Serum electrolytes: Sodium 140 mEq/L Potassium 3.8 mEq/L Chloride 101 mEq/L Serum creatinine 0.8 mg/dL Blood urea nitrogen 10 mg/dL Cholesterol, total 180 mg/dL HDL-cholesterol 42 mg/dL LDL-cholesterol 70 mg/dL Triglycerides 365 mg/dL Urinalysis: Glucose negative Ketones negative Leucocytes negative Nitrites negative RBC negative Casts negative Which medication would most likely further improve her lipid profile? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Niacin B) Orlistat C) Fenofibrate D) Ezetimibe ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 59-year-old man presents to the emergency department with abdominal pain. He states that it seemed to come on abruptly, though he does endorse feeling pain the past several days. He has been experiencing bloody diarrhea as well as a subjective fever. His past medical history is notable for an ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated 1 year ago, an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) treated 1 week ago, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, obesity, hypertension, stroke treated 5 years ago, an atrial arrhythmia, diabetes, constipation, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). His temperature is 102.0°F (39°C), blood pressure is 197/128 mmHg, pulse is 135/min, respirations are 22/min, and oxygen saturation is 92% on room air. On physical exam, you note an obese man in distress. Cardiopulmonary exam is notable for bilateral wheezes and a systolic murmur. There is bilateral lower extremity pitting edema and venous stasis ulcers. Abdominal exam reveals diffuse tenderness which the patient describes as 10/10 in severity. Laboratory values are ordered as seen below. Hemoglobin: 14 g/dL Hematocrit: 42% Leukocyte count: 15,500/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 199,000/mm^3 Serum: Na+: 139 mEq/L Cl-: 100 mEq/L K+: 4.4 mEq/L HCO3-: 22 mEq/L BUN: 32 mg/dL Glucose: 189 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.9 mg/dL Ca2+: 10.2 mg/dL Lactate: 4.5 mg/dL AST: 12 U/L ALT: 10 U/L Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this patient's presentation? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Abdominal aortic aneurysm repair complication B) Atrial fibrillation C) Obstruction of the small bowel D) Ruptured appendix ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> An investigator is studying an experimental treatment for HIV infection that inhibits the maturation of new HIV virions. Patients who are taking the drug are observed for several years and side effects are recorded. A correlation is established between the drug and the development of impaired glucose tolerance. In addition, a significant portion of the patients who take the drug for several years shows increased fat accumulation in the neck with loss of subcutaneous fat in the face and extremities. Which of the following processes is most likely targeted by this drug? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Viral entry into host cell B) Viral polypeptide cleavage C) Viral budding from host cells D) Reverse transcription of viral RNA ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 30-year-old G1P1 woman gives birth to a healthy infant at 39 weeks gestation. The mother attended all her prenatal visits and took all her appropriate prenatal vitamins. Her past medical history is notable for diabetes mellitus, for which she takes metformin. Apgar scores were 8 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. The infant's temperature is 99.2°F (37.3°C), blood pressure is 65/40 mmHg, pulse is 110/min, and respirations are 22/min. On exam, the child has ambiguous genitalia. A karyotype analysis demonstrates the presence of a Y chromosome. Further workup reveals internal testes with normal levels of serum luteinizing hormone and testosterone. Which of the following additional findings would most likely be seen in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Decreased androgen receptor responsiveness B) Impaired sense of smell C) Long extremities D) Testosterone-to-dihydrotestosterone ratio > 20 ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> An investigator is studying the pharmacokinetic properties of two novel inhalational anesthetics and reports the following findings. Blood-gas partition coefficient Minimum alveolar concentration Drug A 0.42 3.20% Drug B 2.31 7.45% Which of the following statements best describes the properties of drug A when compared to drug B?" ---- <<Choices:>> A) More blood soluble and faster induction of anesthesia B) More potent and slower recovery from anesthesia C) More lipid-soluble and faster recovery from anesthesia D) Less potent and faster induction of anesthesia ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 56-year-old man presents to an initial visit to his primary care physician complaining of excessive fatigue, weight loss, and increased abdominal girth. He drinks about 2–4 glasses of wine with dinner and recalls having abnormal liver enzymes in the past. He has a remote history of intravenous drug use. Physical examination reveals shifting dullness, firm liver, and splenomegaly. The skin lesion in this photo is present in on the face, arms, and upper trunk of the patient. Which of the following best describes the mechanism of development of these skin lesions in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Anastomoses between portal vein tributaries and the arterial system B) Hormonal imbalance C) Coagulation defects D) Increase in serum ammonia ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 44-year-old man presents to the emergency department due to sudden chest pain and difficulty breathing for the past 3 hours. The pain is felt in the retrosternal area and radiates up to his left shoulder and arm; it worsens on inspiration, and is relieved when he is leaning forward. His heart rate is 61/min, respiratory rate is 16/min, temperature is 36.5°C (97.7°F), and blood pressure is 115/78 mm Hg. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Pericardial friction rub is heard on auscultation. Laboratory results show elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. An ECG is performed. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Acute pericarditis B) Aortic stenosis C) Infective endocarditis D) Myocardial infarction ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 27-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a rash and headache. She recently returned from a camping trip in North Carolina. She has a severe allergy to doxycycline. Her temperature is 38.2°C (100.8°F). Physical examination shows a blanching erythematous rash and petechiae over both ankles and the soles of her feet. A drug is prescribed that can cause fatal aplastic anemia. The bacteriostatic effect of this drug is most likely due to which of the following mechanisms? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Inhibition of initiation complex formation at the 30S ribosomal subunit B) Inactivation of prokaryotic topoisomerase II and IV C) Inhibition of tRNA binding site at the 30S ribosomal subunit D) Inactivation of bacterial peptidyltransferase at the 50S ribosomal subunit ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> The research of an academic physician helps to discover a novel small molecule that improves outcomes after myocardial infarction in animal models due to decreasing the severity of reperfusion injury. A pharmaceutical company then approached the university of this physician in order to sign an agreement allowing the molecule to proceed to clinical trials. After several years of work, the physician has obtained a wealth of new data from human trials and has published several high profile papers. A major national conference then invites this physician to give a keynote presentation on his work with the novel small molecule. In order to prepare for this speech, the pharmaceutical company offers: 1. A speaking honorarium 2. Compensation for travel expenses 3. Help with preparing slides for the speech Which of these benefits can the physician ethically accept? ---- <<Choices:>> A) 1 only B) 1 and 2 C) 1 and 3 D) 1, 2, and 3 ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 6-year-old boy is brought to the pediatrician with swelling around the eyes, lower extremity edema, and abdominal distension for the past 3 days. There is no history of hematuria or decreased urine output. His temperature is 36.9°C (98.4°F), pulse rate is 88/min, blood pressure is 98/70 mm Hg, and respiratory rate is 20/min. On physical examination, 2+ pitting edema is present in the lower limbs and the periorbital region. The abdomen is distended with a positive fluid wave. Laboratory studies show: Serum creatinine 0.8 mg/dL Serum albumin 1.5 g/dL Serum cholesterol 260 mg/dL Serum C3 and C4 Normal Urine protein/creatinine ratio 3.1 mg/mg The patient is diagnosed with minimal change disease. Which of the following options best describes the pathogenesis of edema in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure B) Increased capillary permeability C) Increased interstitial oncotic pressure D) Decreased oncotic pressure gradient across capillary ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 73-year-old woman is brought to the physician by her son because of a 2-year history of increasing forgetfulness. She does not remember her children's names; she cannot go outside the house unaccompanied because she forgets where she is and what she is supposed to do. Her son reports that over the past year, she has withdrawn herself from social gatherings and avoids making conversation. Mental status examination shows both impaired short- and long-term memory. She is oriented only to person. Her abstract reasoning is impaired. She appears indifferent about her memory lapses and says this is normal for someone her age. This patient's condition is most likely associated with decreased production of which of the following substances? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Gamma-aminobutyric acid B) Acetylcholine C) Norepinephrine D) Dopamine ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> During an emergency room shift, you encounter a disheveled looking man claiming that he is President Kennedy’s love child and the FBI is out to get him. He also endorses that the aliens are responsible for his fathers death and that the aliens implanted a chip in his head to constantly speak to him. Upon review of his medical record, you notice that he made a previous visit to the ER for a similar episode about 8 months ago. Besides his eccentric demeanor and disorganized speech, his vitals and physical exam are all within in normal range. No illicit substances were identified following a urinary toxicology screening. What type of medication would be best long-term for our patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Quetiapine B) Lithium C) Fluoxetine D) Chlorpromazine ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 20-year-old man presents to an outpatient clinic with complaints of fever and sweating for 2 months. He says that he does not have the same appetite as before. He lost 2.7 kg (6.0 lb) in the last 2 months. He also complains of pleuritic chest pain and difficulty breathing, which is not nocturnal and is unrelated to position. He has had a mild cough for several months. On examination, the patient is afebrile with normal auscultatory findings. A chest X-ray reveals a right upper lobe homogeneous density. Ziehl-Neelsen staining of sputum shows Mycobacterium tuberculosis. What is the most likely pathological process seen in this type of infection? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Caseous necrosis B) Liquefactive necrosis C) Fat necrosis D) Fibrinoid necrosis ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 19-year-old man presents with a 10-day history of progressive lower back pain and leg weakness, followed by severe lower abdominal pain for the past 12-hours. He describes the back pain as moderate in intensity which radiates to both legs. The weakness has progressively increased, and he cannot ambulate without support. He is also complaining of fever but never checks it. He is a captain of the college basketball team and the back pain and lower limb weakness is preventing him from participating in practices or games. Past medical history is significant for schizophrenia and a suicide attempt. His vital signs include: blood pressure 128/84 mm Hg, temperature 38.8°C (101.8°F). A mass is palpable in the lower abdomen. Strength is 5 out of 5 in the upper limbs bilaterally and 3 out of 5 in the lower limbs bilaterally. Deep tendon reflexes are 2+ in the upper limbs while they are reduced in the lower limbs. Sensitivity to pinprick is absent from below the umbilicus. 1270 mL of urine is collected after placing a Foley catheter. Which of the following is the next best step in the management of this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Nerve conduction studies B) Psychiatric consultation C) Spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) D) Ultrasound of kidneys, ureters, and bladder ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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<<Question:>> A 72-year-old man is diagnosed with multiple myeloma. His blood work shows mild anemia and urinalysis detects proteinuria at a level of 670 mg/24 h. A kidney biopsy is performed. Which of the following deposits would most likely be detected on the renal biopsy in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Аβ amyloid B) Calcitonin C) AL amyloid D) Mutated transthyretin ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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<<Question:>> A 29-year-old woman, gravida 1, para 0 at 11 weeks' gestation, comes to the physician because of a 2-day history of left lower-extremity pain and swelling. Her temperature is 37.9°C (100.2°F). She denies any trauma but says she has not been ambulating due to swelling and the pain in her lower extremities. Physical examination shows diffuse pain on palpation and swelling of the left leg, as well as warmth and tenderness. Compression ultrasound shows poor compressibility of the femoral vein. Which of the following options would be most appropriate for the management of this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Aspirin B) Dipyridamole C) Heparin D) Warfarin ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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<<Question:>> A 65-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with a new-onset seizure. The patient was at home watching television when she suddenly began jerking her limbs and not responding according to her partner. The patient works as a gardener is often dehydrated but drinks large volumes of water to compensate for her work. She does not wear protective gear or sunscreen while working. She has smoked 1.5 packs of cigarettes per day for the past 40 years. She drinks liquor before bed every night. The patient has a past medical history of hypertension and diabetes and recently lost 9 pounds. Physical exam is within normal limits. Which of the following is the most likely underlying diagnosis in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Glioblastoma multiforme B) Infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast C) Primary seizure disorder D) Small cell carcinoma of the lung ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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<<Question:>> A 32-year-old man presents to the emergency department after puncturing his foot while working on his garage last week. His past medical history is significant for bronchial asthma and seasonal allergies. On examination, the patient’s jaw seems rigid, and his temperature is 38.3°C (100.9°F). The puncture on the sole of his foot is 2 cm deep and 0.5 cm long. The patient is immediately given tetanus immunoglobulin. What is inoculation of the tetanus vaccine able to stimulate the production of? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Anti-tetanus antibodies B) Allotype antibodies C) Hypersensitive reaction type III D) Idiotype antibodies ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 28-year-old woman presents to the clinic with 2 months of palpitations, tremor, heat intolerance, insomnia, and loose bowel movements. She has lost 20 kg (44 lb). A physical examination indicates that the body temperature is 37.8°C (100.0°F), the heart rate is 120/min, and the blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg. The examination also reveals that a moderately-sized diffuse goiter and a bruit were present. She was agitated and experienced a fine tremor with warm moist palms; she also had increased deep tendon reflexes. No exophthalmos was noted. The laboratory tests revealed TSH < 0.01 mIU/L (normal: 0.5–4.0 mIU/L), T4: 57 pmol/L (normal: 10–25 pmol/L), T3: 24 pmol/L (normal 3.1–5.4 pmol/L). Complete blood count was normal. A thyroid scan demonstrated diffusely increased uptake. A high level of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin antibodies was detected. Which of the following explains these findings? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Exogenous thyroxine intake B) Graves’ disease C) Hashimoto’s thyroiditis D) Pregnancy ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 45-year-old woman comes to the physician because of fatigue and irregular menstrual cycles for the past year. She also complains of recurrent sinus infections. During the past 6 months, she has had increased urinary frequency and swelling of her feet. She has also had difficulty lifting her 3-year-old niece for the past 3 weeks. She was recently diagnosed with depression. She works as a medical assistant. The patient has smoked one half-pack of cigarettes daily for 25 years and drinks four beers on the weekends. Her only medication is escitalopram. She is 160 cm (5 ft 3 in) tall and weighs 79 kg (175 lb); BMI is 31 kg/m2. She appears tired. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 80/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 140/82 mm Hg. Physical examinations shows neck obesity and an enlarged abdomen. Examination of the skin shows multiple bruises on her arms and legs. There is generalized weakness and atrophy of the proximal muscles. Laboratory studies show: Serum Na+ 150 mEq/L K+ 3.0 mEq/L Cl- 103 mEq/L HCO3- 30 mEq/L Urea nitrogen 19 mg/dL Creatinine 0.9 mg/dL Glucose 136 mg/dL A 1 mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test shows a serum cortisol of 167 nmol/L (N < 50) and a 24-hour urinary cortisol is 425 μg (N < 300 μg). Serum ACTH is 169 pg/mL (N = 7–50). Subsequently, a high-dose dexamethasone suppression test shows a serum cortisol level of 164 nmol/L (N < 50). Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's symptoms?" ---- <<Choices:>> A) Adrenal carcinoma B) Hypothyroidism C) Small cell lung cancer D) Adrenal adenoma ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 39-year-old woman, gravida 3, para 2, at 39 weeks' gestation is admitted to the hospital with leakage of fluid and contractions. She noticed the fluid leak about an hour ago and has no associated bleeding. Contractions have been about 20 minutes apart. On admission, she is dilated 2 cm, 50% effaced, and at -2 station. Spontaneous rupture of membranes is confirmed and she is monitored by external tocodynamometer. Repeat evaluation after 2 hours shows dilation of 6 cm , 70% effacement, and -1 station. Four hours later, her pelvic exam shows no changes and she has 4 strong contractions every 10 minutes. The fetal heart rate is 120/min, with moderate accelerations and no late or variable decelerations. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Cesarean delivery B) Assisted vaginal delivery C) Amnioinfusion D) Intrauterine pressure catheter " ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 32-year-old homeless man presents to the emergency department with dyspnea, left-sided chest pain, chills, and a productive cough over the last week or so. He does not have medical insurance and has not seen a doctor for many years. His chest pain increases with inspiration. The pain does not radiate or worsen with movement. He states that has a productive cough with yellow sputum with flecks of blood. He drinks 6 beers a night and does not smoke or take illicit drugs. Temperature is 37.8°C (100.0°F), blood pressure is 124/90 mm Hg, pulse is 92/min, and respiration rate is 16/min. On physical examination, tactile fremitus is increased and there is a dullness to percussion over the lower part of the left lung. No murmurs are heard. Oral examination reveals poor dentition. Chest X-ray reveals a large left lobar opacification with extensive pleural effusion. Which of the following is the best initial management for this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Supplemental oxygen B) IV antibiotics and thoracentesis C) Inhaled bronchodilators D) Upper endoscopy ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 43-year-old woman presents with left calf pain. She denies any previous episodes of such pain. Past medical history is significant for cervical carcinoma treated with cryosurgery with no evidence of recurrence. Current medications are an estrogen-containing oral contraceptive and a multivitamin. The patient reports a 40-pack-year smoking history, but no alcohol or recreational drug use. The patient is afebrile and her vital signs are within normal limits. On physical examination, her left calf is swollen, erythematous, and tender to palpation. A D-dimer level is positive. Which of the following is the most likely etiology of this patient’s condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Fibromyalgia B) Oral contraceptives C) Protein C deficiency D) Protein S deficiency ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 53-year-old woman with hypertension and hyperlipidemia comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of progressively worsening shortness of breath. Her pulse is 92/min, respirations are 22/min, and blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg. Cardiac examination shows a grade 3/6 holosystolic murmur at the apex that radiates to the axilla and an extra heart sound during early diastole. Assuming all other parameters remain constant, which of the following is most likely to decrease the volume of retrograde blood flow in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Increase in atrioventricular orifice size B) Increase in left ventricular inotropy C) Decrease in systemic vascular resistance D) Increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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<<Question:>> A 66-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with abdominal pain in the setting of progressively worsening constipation. He complains of epigastric pain that waxes and wanes, and expressed concern that he has not defecated for the past 5 days. Upon further questioning, he relates that he has been taking three of his wife's multivitamins each day for the past three weeks to "combat a cold." Vital signs are within normal limits. Physical exam reveals an abdomen with nonspecific tenderness to deep palpation without rebound tenderness, hyperpercussion, or flank tenderness. What is the most likely cause of his symptoms? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Magnesium overdose B) Iron overdose C) Potassium overdose D) Folic acid overdose ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> Two days after undergoing transsphenoidal removal of a pituitary macroadenoma, a 35-year-old woman reports increased thirst and frequent urination. The surgery was uncomplicated. Neurologic examination shows no abnormalities. Her serum sodium concentration is 153 mEq/L and serum glucose concentration is 92 mg/dL. Which of the following findings in the nephron best describes the tubular osmolality, compared with serum, in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Distal ascending loop of Henle is hypertonic B) Proximal convoluted tubule is hypertonic C) Collecting duct is hypotonic D) Distal convoluted tubule is hypertonic ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 67-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 5-day history of episodic abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. She has coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. She takes aspirin, metoprolol, and metformin. She is 163 cm (5 ft 4 in) tall and weighs 91 kg (200 lb); her BMI is 34 kg/m2. Her temperature is 38.1°C (100.6°F). Physical examination shows dry mucous membranes, abdominal distension, and hyperactive bowel sounds. Ultrasonography of the abdomen shows air in the biliary tract. This patient's symptoms are most likely caused by obstruction at which of the following locations? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Third part of the duodenum B) Distal ileum C) Proximal jejunum D) Pancreatic duct ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 47-year-old man presents to his ophthalmologist for abnormal vision. The patient was discharged from the hospital 2 weeks ago after a motor vehicle accident where he was given 1L of blood. He also underwent several surgical procedures including enucleation of the right globe and exploratory abdominal laparotomy to stop internal bleeding. Currently, he states that he has noticed decreased vision in his left eye. The patient has a past medical history of poorly controlled diabetes, asthma, and atopic dermatitis. His temperature is 98.9°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 167/108 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 14/min, and oxygen saturation is 97% on room air. Physical exam is notable for 20/200 vision in the patient's left eye, which is worse than usual. The patient's left eye appears red and irritated. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Anterior uveitis B) Normal post-operative visual adaptations C) Seasonal allergies D) Sympathetic ophthalmia ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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<<Question:>> A 26-year-old female presents to her primary care physician with several months of mood swings, which she feels are affecting her work and personal relationships. She states that on roughly a quarter of days each month, she feels highly irritable, sensitive to criticism and rejection, and easily saddened. She also feels that her appetite varies greatly, and on the days when she is particularly emotional, she also feels especially hungry. As a result of these symptoms, her performance at work has suffered, and her boyfriend has been complaining that she is difficult to live with. She is anxious that she cannot “get my mood under control.” The patient has no past medical history, regular periods every 28 days, and no obstetric history. She uses condoms for contraception. Her mother has major depressive disorder, and her father has hypertension and coronary artery disease. At this visit, the patient’s temperature is 98.4°F (36.9°C), pulse is 75/min, blood pressure is 130/76 mmHg, and respirations are 13/min. She appears slightly anxious but has overall normal affect and is pleasantly conversational. Physical exam is unremarkable. Which of the following is the best next step in management? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor B) Combined oral contraceptive therapy C) Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor D) Cognitive behavioral therapy ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 63-year-old male presents to the emergency department complaining of worsening nausea. He reports that the nausea began several months ago and is accompanied by occasional bloating and heartburn. He reports that he frequently feels full even after eating only a little at each meal, and occasionally he will vomit if he eats too much. The vomit is non-bloody and contains bits of undigested food. A review of systems is notable for occasional headaches, tingling in his distal extremities, and constipation. His medical history is significant for Parkinson’s disease diagnosed 3 years ago, hypertension diagnosed 8 years ago, and type II diabetes mellitus diagnosed 10 years ago. The patient reports that he was given prescriptions for both his blood pressure and diabetes medications, but he has not taken either for months because one of them was causing erectile dysfunction. He reports he regularly takes his levodopa. An endoscopy is performed, which rules out cancer. In addition to restarting medications for his hypertension and diabetes, what of the following is most appropriate treatment for the patient’s symptoms? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Ondansetron B) Scopolamine C) Proton-pump inhibitor D) Erythromycin ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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<<Question:>> A 27-year-old Japanese man presents to the emergency department with diarrhea. The patient states that whenever he goes out to eat he experiences bloating, flatulence, abdominal cramps, and watery diarrhea. Today, his symptoms started after he went out for frozen yogurt. The patient is otherwise healthy and is not currently taking any medications. His temperature is 98.0°F (36.7°C), blood pressure is 122/80 mmHg, pulse is 81/min, respirations are 13/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Physical exam demonstrates a nontender abdomen and an unremarkable rectal exam with guaiac-negative stools. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Hydrogen breath test B) Lactose-free diet C) Loperamide D) Stool osmotic gap ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 29-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician with worsening fatigue and lightheadedness over the past several months. She states that she has felt easily fatigued and has experienced several falls during this time frame as well. She drinks 5 to 8 drinks per day and works as a waitress. Her temperature is 98.2°F (36.8°C), blood pressure is 114/64 mmHg, pulse is 98/min, respirations are 12/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Laboratory studies are ordered as seen below. Hemoglobin: 9.0 g/dL Hematocrit: 29% Leukocyte count: 6,700/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 199,400/mm^3 Methylymalonic acid: 1.0 umol/L (normal < 0.40 umol/L) Which of the following is the most likely etiology of this patient's symptoms? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Alcohol use B) Folate deficiency C) Iron deficiency D) Vitamin B12 deficiency ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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<<Question:>> A 32-year-old man from the Czech Republic is brought to the emergency department by his girlfriend with a 2-day history of yellowing of the skin. His girlfriend also reports a several-week history of anorexia, nausea without vomiting, and diffuse low-grade abdominal pain. He is a frequent injection drug user. His temperature is 38.1°C (100.6°F). He is grossly confused and somnolent. Physical examination is notable for scleral icterus and diffuse jaundice; when asked to hold his hands in wrist extension, a flapping movement is observed. Liver function tests show alanine aminotransferase 1,830 U/L, aspartate aminotransferase 1,377 U/L, and direct bilirubin 15 mg/dL. Coagulation studies reveal an international normalized ratio of 3.8. On serological testing, HBsAg is positive, and HBsAb is negative. Which of the following laboratory tests should be performed in this patient prior to initiating treatment? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Hepatitis D serologies B) HIV ELISA C) PPD skin test D) Lumbar puncture ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 63-year-old woman with a history of adult polycystic kidney disease and COPD presents to her optometrist after having difficulty watching a movie. She has no other complaints. She is accompanied by her daughter, who notes that her mother hasn’t been able to look at her since the previous day. On exam, her right eye has full range of motion, but her left eye is fixed in a down and outward position. What is the most likely cause of her symptoms? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Vascular abnormality B) Seizure C) Demyelinating disease D) Impaired dopaminergic neurons ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> An 11-year-old boy presents to the office with his mother for the evaluation of weight loss, rash, and several weeks of bloating and diarrhea. The mother states that the patient’s father had similar symptoms at his age. On physical examination, the patient is pale with dry mucous membranes. There is a vesicular rash on the bilateral lower extremities which he says is ‘very itchy’. Which of the following laboratory findings would confirm the most likely diagnosis in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) HLA-DQ2 B) Anti-tTG or gliadin antibodies C) Anti-lactase antibodies D) HLA-B27 ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 23-year-old African American G1P0 woman at 18 weeks estimated gestational age presents with fatigue and lethargy. She says the symptoms onset gradually about 1 week ago and have progressively worsened. She has been otherwise healthy. Past medical history is unremarkable. She denies smoking, drug or alcohol use. The patient is afebrile and vital signs are within normal limits. Her physical examination is unremarkable. Her blood count shows the following: Hemoglobin 10.8 g/dL Red blood cell count 5.7 million/mm3 Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) 76 μm3 Red cell distribution width 12.4% (ref: 11.5–14.5%) She is empirically started on ferrous gluconate tablets. Five weeks later, she shows no improvement in her hemoglobin level. Hemoglobin electrophoresis is normal. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Iron deficiency anemia B) Beta-thalassemia trait C) Alpha-thalassemia trait D) Folate deficiency anemia ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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<<Question:>> A 26-year-old woman comes to the physician for a follow-up examination 1 week after undergoing rotator cuff repair surgery. Physical examination of the right shoulder shows decreased sensation to pinprick and light touch over the lateral shoulder. There is normal passive range of motion of the shoulder, but she has difficulty externally rotating and abducting her right arm. Which of the following structures was most likely injured during the surgery? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Upper trunk of the brachial plexus B) Axillary nerve C) Lower trunk of the brachial plexus D) Long thoracic nerve ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 25-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with complaints of coughing up blood in his sputum and dark-colored urine for 1 week. There are streaks of blood intermixed with phlegm. He also expresses concerns about his urine being grossly dark brown. He denies any history of major bleeding from minor injuries. He is currently not taking any medications. His family history is negative for bleeding disorders. The vital signs include blood pressure 160/100 mm Hg, pulse 88/min, temperature 36.8°C (98.2°F), and respiratory rate 11/min. On physical examination, there are no significant clinical findings. The urinalysis results are as follows: pH 6.7 Color dark brown Red blood cell (RBC) count 12–14/HPF White blood cell (WBC) count 3–4/HPF Protein absent Cast RBC and granular casts Glucose absent Crystal none Ketone absent Nitrite absent 24 hours of urine protein excretion 1 g His renal function test showed: Sodium 136 mEq/L Potassium 5.1 mEq/L Chloride 101 mEq/L Bicarbonate 22 mEq/L Albumin 3.5 mg/ dL Urea nitrogen 28 mg/dL Creatinine 2.5 mg/dL Uric Acid 6.8 mg/ dL Calcium 8.7 mg/ dL Glucose 111 mg/dL HPF: high-power field A kidney biopsy is obtained and the immunofluorescence shows linear immunoglobulin G (IgG) deposition in the glomeruli. Which of the following antibodies is most likely responsible for this patient’s condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (c-ANCA) B) Anti-phospholipid antibody C) Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody (anti-GBM) D) Anti-dsDNA antibody ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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<<Question:>> The lung of a 45-year-old Caucasian male who died from Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection reveals the following at autopsy (Image A). Of the steps leading to the formation of this structure, which occurs first? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Th1 cell activation B) Bacterium-mediated inhibition of phagosome-lysosome fusion C) Formation of epithelioid cells D) Formation of giant cells ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 57-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of bloating and nausea after eating food. He has also had episodic abdominal pain during this period. He has osteoarthritis of the left knee. There is no family history of serious illness. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 21 years. He drinks two to three beers daily. Current medications include ibuprofen. He is allergic to amoxicillin and latex. Vital signs are within normal limits. The lungs are clear to auscultation. Cardiac examination shows no abnormalities. The abdomen is soft; there is mild tenderness to palpation over the epigastrium. Rectal examination shows no abnormalities. An esophagogastroduodenoscopy is performed and shows 3 shallow ulcers of the gastric mucosa. Biopsy shows chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa and Helicobacter pylori. He is prescribed a 2-week course of antibiotics and omeprazole to treat the H. pylori infection. Which of the following recommendations is most appropriate at this time? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Avoid drinking alcohol for the next 2 weeks B) Begin prophylactic steroid therapy for anaphylaxis C) Check liver enzymes in 2 weeks D) Perform urea breath test in 2 weeks ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 72-year-old man presents to his physician’s office with difficulty breathing and chronic fatigue. Over the past few months, he has felt that it is difficult to retain his energy throughout the day. He is disturbed because he has to skip many social events because of his inability to participate. He also says that lately, he has had difficulty catching his breath after walking for just a few blocks. Other than well-controlled diabetes, his past medical history is insignificant. On physical examination, moderate conjunctival pallor is noted. His recent blood count shows a hemoglobin level of 10.3 g/dl, hematocrit of 24%, serum ferritin level of 10 ng/ml, and a red cell distribution width of 16.5%. Which of the following would be the best next step in the management of this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Colonoscopy B) Vitamin B12 levels C) Endoscopy D) Iron supplementation ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 17-year-old rugby player limped into the emergency room and says he “rolled his ankle” while running during a game. You conclude that the mechanism involved ankle plantar flexion and inversion. There is no medial or lateral malleolus point tenderness. Anterior drawer test of the ankle is positive. Talar tilt test is negative. What is the most likely injury? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) sprain B) Deltoid ligament sprain C) Tibia fracture D) Fibula fracture ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> Which of the following statements concerning positive predictive value (PPV) is correct? ---- <<Choices:>> A) PPV is the proportion of tests that are true positives; if disease prevalence is low, then PPV will be low. B) PPV is the proportion of tests that are true positives; disease prevalence has no effect on PPV. C) PPV is the proportion of tests that are false positives; if disease prevalence is low, then PPV will be low. D) PPV is the proportion of tests that are false positives; if disease prevalence is high then PPV will be low. ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 32-year-old man presents to the emergency department with fever, weight loss, and right upper quadrant pain. He says that he started experiencing nausea and fatigue after he returned from a honeymoon trip to Asia with his wife. Notably, she is 5 months pregnant with their first child. On presentation, his temperature is 100.8°F (38.2°C), blood pressure is 118/79 mmHg, pulse is 81/min, and respirations are 14/min. Physical exam reveals a jaundiced patient with a palpable liver edge as well as splenomegaly. Labs are sent in order to confirm the diagnosis. After confirmation, the patient's wife is immediately tested as well because she is at a much higher risk of fatal complications from this infection. The organism that is most likely responsible for this patient's symptoms has which of the following structures? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Enveloped dsDNA virus B) Enveloped (-) RNA virus C) Enveloped (+) RNA virus D) Non-enveloped (+) RNA hepevirus ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 59-year-old man presents to the emergency room with shortness of breath and swelling of his feet and legs. He denies any past medical problems, surgeries, medications, or illicit drug use. He reports drinking a few beers each night. He is diagnosed with a first episode of congestive heart failure and is admitted to the hospital. The next day, the nurse notices that his hands are shaky when he extends his arms. The patient says that he couldn’t sleep the night before and that he feels restless, anxious, and slightly nauseated. On the second night of admission the patient becomes agitated. He is disoriented, cannot remember where he is, and appears globally confused. His pulse is 125/min, blood pressure is 170/110 mmHg, and temperature is 101.7°F (38.7°C). He is diaphoretic and his hands are shaking at rest. He cries out in fear reporting voices whispering in his room and strange shadows passing over the walls. What medication should be administered to this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Flumazenil B) Benzodiazepines C) Dantrolene D) Fomepizole ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 49-year-old woman otherwise healthy presents to the outpatient department with swelling of the neck. Family history is negative for any thyroid disorders. Physical examination shows a nontender thyroid gland with a nodule on the right side. The thyroid gland is mobile on deglutition. Cervical lymphadenopathy is present. Fine needle aspiration and cytology show empty appearing nuclei with central clearing, nuclear grooves and branching structures interspersed with calcific bodies. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Follicular carcinoma B) Papillary carcinoma C) Anaplastic carcinoma D) Follicular adenoma ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 33-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-year history of intermittent episodes of pain in all her fingers bilaterally. The episodes are worse during the winter. The fingers become white when exposed to cold weather, then severely painful and numb once they warm up. She has started wearing gloves at all times to prevent these episodes. She has generalized anxiety disorder. Her mother has systemic lupus erythematosus. Current medications include lorazepam and fluoxetine. She appears anxious. Her temperature is 37.3°C (99.1°F), pulse is 92/min, and blood pressure is 116/72 mm Hg. Examination of both hands shows no abnormalities. Allen's test is negative. Her hemoglobin concentration is 14.4 g/dL, leukocyte count is 9,800/mm3, and platelet count is 156,000/mm3. Serum electrolyte concentrations are within normal limits. Nailfold capillary microscopy is normal. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Oral aspirin B) Oral nifedipine C) Oral epoprostenol D) Oral prednisone ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 43-year-old man comes to the physician because of redness and swelling of his right leg. He reports that it is very painful to touch. He has had fever and chills. He has no chest pain or shortness of breath. He has a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and underwent saphenous vein stripping and ligation in his right leg 3 years ago. He works as a security guard. He does not smoke or drink alcohol. His medications include metformin and sitagliptin. His temperature is 38.7°C (101.7°F), pulse is 99/min, and blood pressure is 138/72 mm Hg. Examination shows an 8-cm, indurated, tender, warm, erythematous skin lesion with sharply demarcated margins. There is no inguinal lymphadenopathy. Toe web intertrigo is noted. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Oral cephalexin therapy B) Intravenous cefazolin therapy C) Intravenous ciprofloxacin therapy D) Subcutaneous heparin injection ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 52-year-old thoracic surgeon presents to his primary care physician with an eczematous dermatitis overlying his hands and forearms. He notes that he has recently started using a new type of surgical gloves. He notes that he washes his hands frequently, but he has never had issues with skin irritation before. On physical examination, there are erythematous plaques with areas of vesicles on his bilateral hands and dorsal forearms. Of the following options, which is the next best step in patient management? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Patch testing B) KOH examination C) Skin biopsy D) Radioallergosorbent test ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 43-year-old woman presents to a new primary care physician complaining of anxiety. She has been worrying non-stop recently about the possibility that her husband will lose his job as a teacher. Her husband, who is present, assures the physician that his job is entirely secure and states that she has "fretted" for their entire marriage, though the exact topic causing her anxiety varies over time. She also worries excessively about everyday tasks, such as whether she will catch the train on time and whether their house in Southern California is sufficiently earthquake-proof. She has no way to overcome these worries. She endorses other symptoms including poor sleep (associated with racing thoughts about her various worries), fatigue, and impaired concentration at work, all of which have been present for at least the past year. Her vital signs are within normal limits and there are no abnormalities on physical exam. What is the most likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Social phobia B) Agoraphobia C) Posttraumatic stress disorder D) Generalized anxiety disorder ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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<<Question:>> A 60-year-old woman comes to the physician because of palpitations and a 5.4-kg (11.9-lb) weight loss over the past 3 months. She appears anxious. Her pulse is 104/min and blood pressure is 148/101 mm Hg. Physical examination shows warm skin, mild tremor, and an enlarged thyroid gland. A thyroid scintigraphy scan shows several focal areas with increased uptake. A biopsy of one of these areas of affected thyroid tissue is most likely to show which of the following? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Sheets of parafollicular cells surrounded by amyloid stroma B) Follicle destruction with lymphocytic infiltrate and germinal center formation C) Patches of enlarged follicular cells distended with colloid D) Crowded follicular cells with scalloped colloid ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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<<Question:>> A 47-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 1 hour after his neighbor found him collapsed on his front porch in a pool of vomitus. On arrival, he is oriented only to self. His pulse is 103/min and respirations are 30/min. Neurologic examination shows muscle spasms in the arms and jaw. Serum studies show: Na+ 137 mEq/L Cl- 99 mEq/L HCO3- 8 mEq/L Osmolality 328 mOsm/kg The difference between the calculated and observed serum osmolality is 32 mOsm/kg. Urinalysis shows oxalate crystals. This patient is most likely experiencing toxicity from which of the following substances?" ---- <<Choices:>> A) Methanol B) Ethylene glycol C) Parathion D) Aspirin ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 13-year-old boy presents to the clinic for evaluation of pain, swelling, and redness in the left knee. This began a month ago and has been progressively worsening. He thinks his pain is due to playing soccer. He is frustrated that the pain does not respond to Tylenol. History is non-contributory. The vital signs are unremarkable. On examination, there is tenderness and warmth present over the knee with limitation of movement. The laboratory values show a normal white blood cell (WBC) count and elevated alkaline phosphatase. A radiograph of the knee shows mixed lytic and blastic lesions. Which of the following is the most probable cause of his complaints? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Osteomyelitis B) Osteosarcoma C) Ewing’s sarcoma D) Chondrosarcoma ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 55-year-old woman presents to the emergency department because of palpitations and generalized weakness. She has a history of type 2 diabetes, for which she has been receiving medication for the past 15 years. Consequently, her recent medical history involves diabetic retinopathy as well as end-stage renal disease. She is advised dialysis; however, she does not attend her regular dialysis sessions. The physical examination shows motor strength of 3/5 in the upper limbs and 4/5 in the lower limbs. Cranial nerve capacity is intact. Her electrocardiogram (ECG) is shown. Medical management is initiated for the patient. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this patient’s clinical findings? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Skipped dialysis appointment B) Insulin supplementation C) Administration of α-agonist D) Alkalosis ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 59-year-old man presents to the emergency department with diffuse abdominal pain that radiates to his back, nausea, and vomiting. The vital signs include: temperature 36.7°C (98.0°F), blood pressure 126/74 mm Hg, heart rate 74/min, and respiratory rate 14/min. The laboratory evaluation on admission is significant for a serum glucose 241 mg/dL, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 321 IU/dL, and leukocyte count 21,200/mL. Within 3 days of admission with supportive care in the intensive care unit, the patient’s clinical condition begins to improve. Based on Ranson’s Criteria, what is this patient’s overall risk of mortality, assuming all other relevant factors are negative? ---- <<Choices:>> A) 20% B) 40% C) 80% D) 100% ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 68-year-old male presents to your office for his annual physical exam. He has no complaints at this time and his chronic hypertension is well controlled. You notice a .5cm papule on the patient's eyelid that has a pink pearly appearance, rolled borders, and overlying telangiectasias. On further questioning, you find out the patient was a door-to-door salesman and spent a lot of time outdoors, and he did not wear sunscreen. He has fair skin and blonde hair. The patient states that he first noticed the lesion about 6 months prior, and it has grown slightly since then. What is the most likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Squamous cell carcinoma B) Keratoacanthoma C) Verrucous carcinoma D) Basal cell carcinoma ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 67-year-old woman is brought to the emergency room after complaining of back pain with a gradual loss of sensation in her lower extremities. She was recently diagnosed with radiosensitive metastatic breast cancer and was scheduled to receive chemotherapy and palliative surgery. Her temperature is 99.0°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 133/81 mmHg, pulse is 82/min, respirations are 15/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for decreased sensation bilaterally over the patient's lower extremities. She demonstrates 2/5 strength of leg extension on the left and 1/5 on the right which is slightly worse than her baseline neurological exam taken 2 months ago. Pain to her lumbar region worsens with coughing. An initial CT scan of the spine does not demonstrate any unstable fractures of the spine. A MRI of the spine is ordered and pending. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Biopsy B) Chemotherapy C) Radiation therapy D) Surgical decompression ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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<<Question:>> An obese 50-year-old woman presents to the emergency department of a rural hospital due to chest pain for the last 12 hours. The pain is substernal, crushing in nature, radiating into her neck, and accompanied by profuse sweating. Her history is significant for hypertension, and she admits poor compliance with her medications. An ECG done at the clinic confirmed the presence of STEMI, and the patient was given aspirin. The ambulance was in an accident on the way to the hospital and by the time the patient reached the angiography suite, the cardiologist decided intervention should be delayed due to the late presentation. Also, the patient’s pain has improved. The patient is admitted and is stable for 3 nights with no dyspnea or edema. Her blood pressure is kept under control while in the hospital. On the fourth night, the patient becomes quite agitated and soon thereafter she is unresponsive. Her pulse cannot be palpated. She has an elevated JVP and upon auscultation, heart sounds are distant. What is the most likely diagnosis for this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Acute pericarditis B) Left ventricular free wall rupture C) Papillary muscle rupture D) Pulmonary embolism ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 20-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with painful swelling in the middle of her neck for the past 3 days. She is not experiencing pain during swallowing, difficulty in breathing, or changes in her voice. On examination, a red, 5 x 5 cm, exquisitely tender, non-pulsatile, fluctuating mass is present in the midline on the anterior aspect of the neck. The patient is prepared for an incision and drainage of the neck abscess. Which of the following is responsible for the exact mechanism of diapedesis that allows for inflammatory cells to enter the tissue space of this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Adhesion B) Margination C) Transmigration and chemotaxis D) Rolling ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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<<Question:>> A 45-year-old G2P2 presents with episodes of urgency accompanied by an involuntary passage of urine. These symptoms take place during the day and night. The symptoms are not linked with physical exertion, laughing, or coughing. Her occupation does not involve weight lifting, but she says that sometimes it is very stressful for her. She denies any other genitourinary symptoms. She had 1 vaginal delivery and 1 cesarean section. She does not have a history of genitourinary or neurologic disorders. The weight is 91 kg (200.6 lb) and the height is 172 cm (5 ft 60 in). The vital signs are as follows: blood pressure, 128/75 mmHg; heart rate, 77/min; respiratory rate, 13/min; and temperature, 36.6℃ (97.9℉). The physical examination shows no abdominal masses and no costovertebral angle or suprapubic tenderness. On gynecologic examination, there are no vulvar lesions. The external urethral orifice appears normal. A Q-tip test is negative. The cervix is normally positioned, non-tender, movable, and without visible lesions. The uterus is not enlarged and the ovaries are not palpable. A urinalysis, urine culture, and ultrasound examination of the bladder were all normal. Cystometric studies show the following findings: Measured value Normal range Residual volume 10 ml < 50 ml Sensation-of-fullness volume 190 ml 200–225 ml Urge-to-void volume 700 ml 400–500 ml Involuntary contractions present absent Which of the following treatment strategies would be most appropriate for this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Instillation of the urethral mesh sling B) Topical estrogen therapy C) Augmentation cystoplasty D) Start her on a muscarinic antagonist ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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<<Question:>> A 4-year-old girl is brought to the physician with progressively worsening fever, malaise, and a sore throat. Her parents say “Our daughter has not received vaccinations because her body has to learn how to fight infections.” Her temperature is 38.5˚C (101.3 F). Physical examination shows marked cervical lymphadenopathy. There are gray-white membranes over the tonsils and posterior pharynx that bleed when scraped off. The patient's symptoms are most likely caused by disruption of which of the following steps in protein synthesis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Folding of completed proteins B) Translocation of the ribosome along the mRNA C) Binding of tRNA to the A site D) Release of completed protein from ribosome ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 56-year-old man presents to his family physician for issues with his back that have persisted since he was in his 20’s. For the last 6 months, his neck has been very stiff and he has been unable to tilt his head backwards. He also has severe kyphosis and feels limited in his range of motion. He tries to get at least 8 hours of sleep each night, but he says he rarely feels rested. On examination, the patient has no pain on active and passive movements. His cervical spine is moderately stiff; limitations are in extension, flexion, and rotation. There is also evidence of mild swelling of his wrist joints. The patient is sent for an X-ray of his lumbar spine. Unfortunately, he did not seek medical care for years due to financial hardships. Which of the following therapies would have been first line for improving this patient’s symptoms early in the course of this disease? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Infliximab B) Indomethacin C) Methotrexate D) Sulfasalazine ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 24-year-old woman visits the health services of her university for vaginal itching, dysuria, pelvic discomfort, and foul-smelling vaginal discharge. She states this is the eighth time she has had such symptoms within the last year, for which she and her sexual partners have received multiple courses of doxycycline and ceftriaxone or azithromycin and ceftriaxone. A pelvic examination showed a mucopurulent cervical discharge with cervical friability. A vaginal wet-mount showed an elevated number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. What is the most likely cause of this patient’s cervicitis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Chlamydia trachomatis B) Mycoplasma hominis C) Mycoplasma genitalium D) Neisseria gonorrhoeae ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A previously healthy 11-month-old boy is brought to the emergency department for the evaluation of abdominal pain and vomiting. His mother states that over the past 6 hours he has been having intermittent episodes of inconsolable crying, during which he “grabs his abdomen and draws up his legs.” These episodes have been accompanied by nonbloody, nonbilious vomiting and reddish, mucoid bowel movements. He appears sleepy. His temperature is 38.1°C (100.6°F), blood pressure 100/60 mm Hg, pulse is 110/min, and respirations are 24/min. He cries when his abdomen is palpated. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. A complete blood count shows a leukocyte count of 12,000/mm3. Serum electrolyte levels are within normal limits. An abdominal x-ray shows no free air. An abdominal ultrasonography is shown. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Air enema B) Appendectomy C) Technetium-99m pertechnetate scan D) Pyloromyotomy ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 68-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 4-month history of bad breath and progressive difficulty swallowing solid food. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. An upper endoscopy is performed and a photomicrograph of a biopsy specimen obtained from the mid-esophagus is shown. Which of the following best explains the findings in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Atrophy and fibrosis of the esophageal smooth muscle B) Metaplastic transformation of esophageal mucosa C) Neoplastic proliferation of squamous epithelium D) Eosinophilic infiltration of the esophageal walls " ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 43-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of progressive muscle pain and stiffness that worsens with exercise. She also has difficulty climbing stairs, getting out of chairs, and putting things on shelves or in cupboards. She has had constipation, occasional headaches, and a 9-kg (20-lb) weight gain during the past year. She has hypertension controlled with atenolol and amlodipine. She has used calamine lotion for the past 6 months for dry skin. Her pulse is 80/min and her blood pressure is 138/76 mm Hg. Physical examination shows weakness of the proximal muscle groups. She has delayed tendon reflex relaxation, with a mounding of the muscle surface occurring just before relaxation. Creatine kinase level is 3,120 U/L. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Serum TSH levels B) Acetylcholine receptor antibody testing C) Serum potassium levels D) Temporal artery biopsy ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 34-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a rapidly growing lump in her right breast. Eight months ago, she underwent excision of a liposarcoma from the dorsum of her right forearm. Her brother was diagnosed with osteosarcoma of the maxilla at the age of 22 years. Her mother died at the age of 43 years from complications of acute myeloid leukemia. She has smoked a pack of cigarettes daily for 7 years. Examination shows a fixed, firm mass in the right breast with axillary lymphadenopathy. A biopsy of the mass confirms the diagnosis of invasive ductal carcinoma. Which of the following genetic principles is most likely responsible for this patient's condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Loss of heterozygosity in tumor suppressor gene B) Methylation of a previously normal gene copy C) Oncogenic transformation of a previously normal gene D) Chronic exposure to carcinogenic material ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 31-year-old woman comes to the doctor because of episodic nosebleeds and gingival bleeding for the past 2 weeks. She has no history of serious illness and takes no medications. She is sexually active with two male partners and uses condoms inconsistently. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows punctate, non-blanching macules on the chest. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. The hemoglobin concentration is 13.1 g/dL, leukocyte count is 6600/mm3, and platelet count is 28,000/mm3. A peripheral blood smear shows reduced platelets with normal morphology. HIV test is negative. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Blood cultures B) D-dimer testing C) Hepatitis C antibody testing D) Anti-platelet antibody testing ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 40-year-old woman presents to the clinic for hair loss. She was in her usual state of health until earlier this month when she started noticing more and more hair on her pillow in the morning. The problem has only been getting worse since then; she's even started pulling out clumps of hair when she shampoos in the morning. She has no other symptoms, and her past medical history is unremarkable. The physical exam is notable for smooth, circular, non-scarring, hairless patches across her scalp. A firm tug on a bundle of hair causes almost all of the hair to be removed. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Alopecia areata B) Secondary syphilis C) Tinea capitis D) Trichotillomania ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 2-day-old girl born at 32 weeks gestation to a 42-year-old woman is being examined by a resident. The examination reveals a very small head circumference with low set ears, a prominent occiput, and a comparatively small mandible. A picture of the infant’s fist is given below. A bilateral foot deformity is present. Which of the following is the most likely karyotype abnormality in this infant? ---- <<Choices:>> A) 47, XXX B) Trisomy 21 C) Trisomy 18 D) 47, XXY ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 44-year-old male is brought to the physician by his father. Over the past year, the patient has become progressively forgetful and withdrawn. He frequently has trouble remembering names of acquaintances, and has been requiring increasing amounts of assistance with getting dressed, cooking, and personal hygiene. He was diagnosed with a genetic disorder during infancy. Physical examination shows prominent epicanthal folds, low-set small ears, and a protruding tongue. Mental examination shows significant deficits in short- and long-term memory. This patient's cognitive symptoms are most likely the result of which of the following neuropathologic changes? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Intracellular aggregations of alpha-synuclein B) Multifocal deposition of excess copper C) Synaptic build-up of abnormal prion protein D) Extracellular accumulation of amyloid plaques ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A previously healthy 75-year-old man comes to the physician with a 6-month history of fatigue, weight loss, and abdominal pain. He drinks 2 oz of alcohol on the weekends and does not smoke. He is retired but previously worked in a factory that produces plastic pipes. Abdominal examination shows right upper quadrant tenderness; the liver edge is palpable 2 cm below the ribs. A liver biopsy specimen shows pleomorphic spindle cells that express PECAM-1 on their surface. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Cavernous hemangioma B) Kaposi sarcoma C) Angiosarcoma D) Cholangiocarcinoma " ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 28-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 20 minutes after being involved in a bicycling accident. He complains of severe pain over the front of his right shoulder. He refuses to move his right arm. Physical examination shows supraclavicular swelling and bruising. The shoulder's range of motion is limited by pain. An x-ray of the shoulder shows a fracture of the middle third of the clavicle with complete superior displacement of the medial clavicular segment. Which of the following muscles is responsible for the displacement of this segment? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Trapezius B) Subclavius C) Pectoralis major D) Sternocleidomastoid ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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<<Question:>> A 49-year-old woman presents to her oncologist with progressive difficulty breathing at rest, decreased exercise tolerance, and ankle swelling bilaterally for the past 2 weeks. She was diagnosed with breast cancer 4 years ago which was treated with radical mastectomy, radiation, and aggressive chemotherapy. She does not smoke or drink alcohol. Her family history is positive for breast cancer in her elder sister. Vital signs include: blood pressure 85/50 mm Hg, temperature 36.7°C (98.1°F), and a regular pulse of 110/min. The physician notices that, with inspiration, the radial pulse becomes weak. On physical examination, she looks anxious and tachypneic. Jugular venous pressure is 14 cm and heart sounds are distant. Lungs are clear and 1+ pedal edema is noted. Her chest X-ray is shown in the exhibit. Echocardiography of this patient will most likely show which of the following? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Rapid early diastolic filling and impaired late diastolic filling B) Impairment of both early and late diastolic filling with respiratory variation of ventricular filling C) Abnormal myocardial texture, and restrictive diastolic dysfunction D) Dilated left and/or right ventricle and low ejection fraction ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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<<Question:>> A 5-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of high-grade fever and generalized fatigue for 5 days. Two days ago, he developed a rash on his trunk. He returned from a family hiking trip to Montana 1 week ago. His immunization records are unavailable. His temperature is 39.8°C (103.6°F), pulse is 111/min, and blood pressure is 96/60 mm Hg. Examination shows injection of the conjunctivae bilaterally. The tongue and pharynx are erythematous. Tender cervical lymphadenopathy is present on the left. There is a macular rash over the trunk and extremities. Bilateral knee joints are swollen and tender; range of motion is limited by pain. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome B) Juvenile idiopathic arthritis C) Granulomatosis with polyangiitis D) Kawasaki disease " ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 61-year-old female presents to the emergency room for a headache and vision loss. She reports a 3-hour history of acute-onset dull headache. She also says she cannot see out of part of her eye. Her past medical history is notable for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and a prior myocardial infarction. She takes enalapril, atorvastatin, aspirin, and metoprolol. On exam, she is alert and oriented to person, place, and time. She has 5/5 strength and full sensation to light touch in her bilateral upper and lower extremities. Her brachioradialis, triceps, patellar, and Achilles reflexes are symmetric and 2+ bilaterally. Fundoscopic examination reveals a normal retina. Visual field examination demonstrates an inability to see in the superior right visual field. This patient’s condition is likely due to a lesion in which of the following locations? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Optic nerve B) Pituitary gland C) Parietal lobe D) Temporal lobe ---- <<Answer:>>
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D
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<<Question:>> A 37-year-old G2P1001 presents to her obstetrician’s office at 31 weeks gestation for decreased fetal movement over the last day. She states that although she occasionally feels some movement, it is decreased from baseline. She denies any gush of fluid, vaginal bleeding, or painful contractions. This pregnancy has been complicated by gestational diabetes for which the patient was prescribed insulin. She reports not always taking postprandial fingersticks; therefore, she infrequently uses her insulin. She also had a urinary tract infection in the first trimester that was successfully treated with nitrofurantoin. The patient has a past medical history of obesity and rosacea, and she had an uncomplicated spontaneous vaginal delivery six years ago. At this visit, the patient’s temperature is 98.6°F (37.0°C), blood pressure is 148/71 mmHg, pulse is 75/min, and respirations are 14/min. The patient appears comfortable and has a fundal height of 33 centimeters. An initial attempt with Doppler ultrasound is unable to detect fetal heart tones. Which of the following is the best next step in management? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Non-stress test B) Biophysical profile C) Contraction stress test D) Cervical exam ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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<<Question:>> A 59-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his wife because of fever, chills, night sweats, and generalized fatigue for 2 weeks. His temperature is 39.1°C (102.4°F). He appears ill. Physical examination shows a grade 3/6 mid-diastolic murmur at the left sternal border, and crackles at both lung bases. A transesophageal echocardiography shows a 12 mm vegetation on the aortic valve. Blood cultures show gram-positive, catalase-negative, gamma-hemolytic cocci in chains that are unable to grow in a 6.5% NaCl medium. Which of the following is the most likely predisposing factor for this patient’s current condition? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Periodontal disease B) Colon cancer C) Valve replacement D) Urinary tract infection ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 65-year-old woman presents to her family doctor to reestablish care since her retirement from her corporate job and loss of her employer-sponsored health insurance. She states that she has not had time for regular check-ups. She exercises 3-4 times a week and consumes red meat sparingly. She drank and smoked cigarettes socially with coworkers but never at home or on vacation. She wakes up with achy wrists and elbows that she suspects is from years of using a computer keyboard. She completed menopause at age 52. Her family history is notable for coronary artery disease on her father's side and colon cancer on her mother's side. She last had a colonoscopy 5 years ago that revealed no abnormal findings. Her vital signs are within normal limits and her physical exam is grossly unremarkable. What diagnostic test should this patient receive? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Chest radiograph B) Colonoscopy C) Mammography D) Pelvic ultrasound ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 52-year-old woman comes to the physician because of mild fatigue and dizziness for the past 2 days. She has not been to work since yesterday due to her symptoms. She says she has ""very high blood sugar” and has had similar episodes often in the past 2 years, for which she has visited multiple doctors around the city. She has also purchased a home glucose monitoring device, which she uses daily. Since the symptoms began, she has become socially withdrawn and spends much of her time at home researching diabetes on the internet. One week ago, she took a day off work because of her symptoms. She is not on any treatment. She has had 3 laboratory test reports that all show normal fasting and post-meal blood glucose levels. Her father and brother have diabetes mellitus type 2. She appears anxious. Vital signs are normal. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Random serum glucose is 128 mg/dL. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this patient's symptoms?" ---- <<Choices:>> A) Somatic symptom disorder B) Unipolar major depression C) Illness anxiety disorder D) Impaired glucose homeostasis ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 4800 g (10.6 lb) male newborn is delivered at term to a 35-year-old woman, gravida 1, para 1. Significant lateral neck traction is required during delivery. Apgar scores are 9 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. Vital signs are within normal limits. At rest, his right shoulder is adducted and internally rotated. The baby cries with passive movement of the arm. Laboratory studies show: Hematocrit 66% Leukocyte count 9000/mm3 Serum Na+ 142 mEq/L Cl- 103 mEq/L K+ 5.1 mEq/L HCO3- 20 mEq/L Urea nitrogen 8 mg/dL Glucose 34 mg/dL Creatinine 0.6 mg/dL Which of the following is most likely to have prevented this infant's condition?" ---- <<Choices:>> A) Avoidance of soft cheeses B) Administration of insulin C) Abstinence from cocaine D) Avoidance of cat feces ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 30-year-old woman comes to the physician for evaluation of successful conception. She and her husband are trying to conceive, and they have had frequent sexual intercourse over the past month. Her menstrual cycles occur at regular 28-day intervals, and her last menstrual period began 25 days ago. Which of the following is the most sensitive test for diagnosing pregnancy at this time? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Serum testing B) Transvaginal ultrasound C) Transabdominal Doppler ultrasound D) Urine testing ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 25-year-old healthy man presents to the physician for an annual checkup. He doesn’t have any concerns and feels completely healthy. He recently started a new job and has been working out at a gym regularly. He does not smoke cigarettes, drinks occasionally, and does not use illicit substances. His vital signs include: pulse 80/min, respirations 14/min, and blood pressure 120/80 mm Hg. Physical examination is significant for a splitting of the second heart sound heard on inspiration but not on expiration. Which of the following is also most likely associated with the auscultatory findings in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Decreased venous return B) Increased intrapleural pressure C) Increased right ventricular output D) Increased systemic blood pressure ---- <<Answer:>>
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C
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 79-year-old man presents to his primary care physician complaining of progressive shortness of breath on exertion for the past 2 months. He was first aware of having to catch his breath while gardening, and he is now unable to walk up the stairs in his house without stopping. He has had type 2 diabetes mellitus for 30 years, for which he takes metformin and sitagliptin. His blood pressure is 110/50 mm Hg, the temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), and the radial pulse is 80/min and regular. On physical examination, there is a loud systolic murmur at the right upper sternal border with radiation to the carotid arteries. Which of the following will increase the intensity of this patient’s murmur? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Squatting B) Standing up from a sitting position C) Diuretics D) Volume depletion ---- <<Answer:>>
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A
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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:
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<<Question:>> A 47-year-old woman presents with intermittent throbbing headaches. She says that she has had at least 1–2 every week for the last 3 months. She describes the pain as severe, pulsatile, and localized to the right frontotemporal and periorbital areas. She says the headaches usually last for several hours and are made worse by the presence of light. She endorses nausea with occasional vomiting during the most severe episodes. She denies any seizures, loss of consciousness, or focal neurologic deficits. Her past medical history is significant for myocardial infarction (MI) 1 year ago, status post percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty complicated by residual angina, and severe asthma, managed medically. The patient is afebrile, and the vital signs are within normal limits. A physical examination is unremarkable. A noncontrast computed tomography (CT) scan of the head appears normal. Which of the following is the best prophylactic treatment for this patient’s most likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Amitriptyline B) Valproic acid C) Propranolol D) Ibuprofen ---- <<Answer:>>
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B
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