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Apollo 9 | First through fifth days (March 3–7) | First through fifth days (March 3–7)
thumb|upright|alt=A rocket blasts off|Apollo9 launches from Kennedy Space Center, March 3, 1969
Originally scheduled to launch on February 28, 1969, the liftoff of Apollo9 was postponed because all three astronauts had colds, and NASA did not want to risk that the mission might be affected. Around-the-clock labor shifts were required to keep the spacecraft in readiness; the delay cost $500,000. The rocket launched from KSC at 11:00:00 EST (16:00:00 GMT) on March 3. This was well within the launch window, which would have remained open for another three and a quarter hours. Present in the firing control room was Vice President Spiro Agnew on behalf of the new Nixon administration.Brooks, et al. 1979, Chapter 12.5: "Apollo 9: Earth orbital trials" ()
McDivitt reported a smooth ride during the launch, although there was some vibration and the astronauts were surprised to be pushed forward when the Saturn V's first stage stopped firing, before its second stage took over, when they were pushed back into their couches. Each of the first two stages slightly underperformed; a deficiency made up, more or less, by the S-IVB third stage. Once the third stage cut out at 00:11:04.7 into the mission, Apollo9 had entered a parking orbit of .
The crew began their first major orbital task with the separation of the CSM from the S-IVB at 02:41:16 into the mission, seeking to turn around and then dock with the LM, which was on the end of the S-IVB, after which the combined spacecraft would separate from the rocket. If it was not possible to make such a docking, the lunar landing could not take place. It was Scott's responsibility to fly the CSM, which he did to a successful docking, as the probe-and-drogue docking assembly worked properly. After McDivitt and Schweickart inspected the tunnel connecting the CM and LM, the assembled spacecraft separated from the S-IVB. The next task was to demonstrate that two docked spacecraft could be maneuvered by one engine. The five-second burn took place at 05:59.01.1 into the mission, accomplished with the SM's Service Propulsion System (SPS), after which Scott excitedly reported the LM was still in place. Thereafter, the S-IVB was fired again, and the stage was sent into solar orbit.
thumb|500px|left|alt=labeled drawing of two docked spacecraft|Apollo spacecraft configuration with CSM (right) and LM docked
I - Lunar module descent stage; II - Lunar module ascent stage; III - Command module; IV - Service module.
1 LM descent engine skirt; 2 LM landing gear; 3 LM ladder; 4 Egress platform; 5 Forward hatch; 6 LM reaction control system quad; 7 S-band inflight antenna (2); 8 Rendezvous radar antenna; 9 S-band steerable antenna; 10 Command Module crew compartment; 11 Electrical power system radiators; 12 SM reaction control system quad; 13 Environmental control system radiator; 14 S-band steerable
From 09:00:00 to 19:30:00, a sleep period was scheduled. The astronauts slept well, but complained of being woken by non-English transmissions. Scott theorized that they were possibly in Chinese. The highlight of the second day in orbit (March 4) was three SPS burns. The initial burn, at 22:12:04.1, lasted 110 seconds, and including swiveling or "gimbaling" the engine to test whether the autopilot could dampen the induced oscillations, which it did within five seconds. Two more SPS burns followed, lightening the SM's fuel load. The spacecraft and engine passed every test, sometimes proving more robust than expected. The performance of the CSM in remaining stable while the engine was being gimbaled would in 1972 help cause McDivitt, by then manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program, to approve the continuation of Apollo 16 when its CSM was experiencing an unstable gimbal after separation from its LM in lunar orbit.
The flight plan for the third day in space was to have the commander and lunar module pilot enter the LM to check out its systems and use its descent engine to move the entire spacecraft. The descent engine was the backup to the SPS; the ability to use it in this manner would prove critical on Apollo 13. The flight plan was thrown into question when Schweickart, suffering from space adaptation sickness, vomited, while McDivitt felt queasy as well. They had been avoiding sudden physical motions, but the contortion-like maneuvers to don their space suits for the LM checkout caused them to feel ill. The experience would teach the doctors enough about the sickness to have the astronauts avoid it on the lunar landings, but at the time Schweickart feared his vomiting might endanger Kennedy's goal. They were well enough to continue with the day's plan, and entered the LM, thus transferring between vehicles for the first time in the US space program, and making the first ever transfer without needing to spacewalk, as Soviet cosmonauts had. The hatches were then closed, though the modules remained docked, showing that Spider communications and life support systems would work in isolation from those of Gumdrop. On command, the landing legs sprang into the position they would assume for landing on the Moon.
thumb|right|alt=Spacesuited man in orbit by spacecraft|Schweickart during his EVA, photographed by Scott standing up in the command module hatch
In the LM, Schweickart vomited again, causing McDivitt to request a private channel to the doctors in Houston. The first episode had not been reported to the ground because of its brief nature, and when the media learned what had happened to Schweickart, there were "repercussions and a spate of unfriendly stories". They finished the LM checkout, including the successful firing of the descent engine, and returned to Scott in Gumdrop. The burn lasted 367 seconds and simulated the throttle pattern to be used during the landing on the Moon. After they returned, a fifth firing of the SPS was made, designed to circularize Apollo9's orbit in preparation for the rendezvous. This took place at 54:26:12.3, raising the craft's orbit to .
The fourth day's program (March 6) was for Schweickart to exit the hatch on the LM and make his way along the outside of the spacecraft to the CM's hatch, where Scott would stand by to assist, demonstrating that this could be done in the event of an emergency. Schweickart was to wear the life support backpack, or PLSS, to be worn on the lunar surface EVAs. This was the only EVA scheduled before the lunar landing, and thus the only opportunity to test the PLSS in space. McDivitt initially canceled the EVA due to Schweickart's condition, but with the lunar module pilot feeling better, decided to allow him to exit the LM, and once he was there, to move around the LM's exterior using handholds. Scott stood in the CM's hatch; both men photographed each other and retrieved experiments from the exterior of their vehicles. Schweickart found moving around easier than it had been in simulations; both he and Scott were confident that Schweickart could have completed the exterior transfer if called upon to do so, but considered it unnecessary.Brooks, et al. 1979, Chapter 12.4: "The mission and the men" (). During the EVA, Schweickart used the call sign "Red Rover", a nod to the color of his hair.
thumb|left|alt=The LM in flight, Earth seen|Apollo 9 LM Spider
On March 7, the fifth day, came "the key event of the entire mission: the separation and rendezvous of the lunar module and the command module". The lunar module lacked the capability to return the astronauts to Earth; this was the first time space travelers had flown in a vehicle that could not take them home. McDivitt and Schweickart entered the LM early, having obtained permission to do so without wearing their helmets and gloves, making it easier to set up the LM. When Scott in Gumdrop pushed the button to release the LM, it initially hung on the latches at the end of the docking probe, but he hit the button again and Spider was released. After spending about 45 minutes near Gumdrop, Spider went into a slightly higher orbit, meaning that over time, the two craft would separate, with Gumdrop ahead. Over the next hours, McDivitt fired the LM's descent engine at several throttle settings; by the end of the day the LM was thoroughly test-flown. At a distance of , Spider fired to lower its orbit and thus begin to catch up with Gumdrop, a process that would take over two hours, and the descent stage was jettisoned.
thumb|right|alt=Inside view of CM|The interior of Gumdrop
The approach and rendezvous were conducted as near as possible to what was planned for the lunar missions. To demonstrate that rendezvous could be performed by either craft, Spider was the active party during the maneuver. McDivitt brought Spider close to Gumdrop, then maneuvered the LM to show each side to Scott, allowing him to inspect for any damage. Then, McDivitt docked the craft. Due to glare from the Sun, he had trouble doing this and Scott guided him in. During the later missions, the job of docking the two spacecraft in lunar orbit would fall to the command module pilot. After McDivitt and Schweickart returned to Gumdrop, Spider was jettisoned, its engine fired to fuel depletion remotely by Mission Control as part of further testing of the engine, simulating an ascent stage's climb from the lunar surface. This raised Spider to an orbit with apogee of over . The only major lunar module system not fully tested was the landing radar, as this could not be done in Earth orbit. |
Apollo 9 | Sixth through eleventh days (March 8–13) | Sixth through eleventh days (March 8–13)
thumb|left|alt=Spaceship descends over ocean with parachutes|Apollo 9 approaches splashdown in the Atlantic Ocean, March 13, 1969
Apollo 9 was to remain in space for about ten days to check how the CSM would perform over the period of time required for a lunar mission. Most major events had been scheduled for the first days so that they would be accomplished if the flight needed to be ended early. The remaining days in orbit were to be conducted at a more leisurely pace. With the main goals of the mission accomplished, the hatch window was used for special photography of Earth, using four identical Hasselblad cameras, coupled together and using film sensitive to different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Such photography allowed different features of the Earth's surface to appear, for example, tracking of water pollution as it exits mouths of rivers into the sea, and the highlighting of agricultural areas using infrared. The camera system was a prototype, and would pave the way for the Earth Resources Technology Satellite, predecessor to the Landsat series. The photography was successful, as the ample time in orbit meant the crew could wait to allow cloud cover to pass, and would inform Skylab's mission planning.
Scott used a sextant to track landmarks on the Earth, and turned the instrument to the skies to observe the planet Jupiter, practicing navigation techniques that were to be used on later missions. The crew was able to track the Pegasus 3 satellite (launched in 1965) as well as the ascent stage of Spider. The sixth burn of the SPS engine took place on the sixth day, though it was postponed one orbit as the reaction control system (RCS) thruster burn needed to settle the reactants in their tanks was not properly programmed. The SPS burn lowered the perigee of Apollo9's orbit, allowing for improved RCS thruster deorbit capability as a backup to the SPS.
thumb|right|alt=A spacecraft is lifted in the air onto a ship|Gumdrop is hoisted aboard the USS Guadalcanal
Considerable testing of the CSM took place, but this was principally Scott's responsibility, allowing McDivitt and Schweickart leisure to observe the Earth; they alerted Scott if anything particularly noteworthy was upcoming, letting him leave his work for a moment to look at Earth too. The seventh burn of the SPS system took place on the eighth day, March 10; its purpose was again to aid RCS deorbit capability, as well as extending Gumdrop orbital lifetime. It shifted the apogee of the orbit to the Southern Hemisphere, allowing for a longer free-fall time to entry when Apollo9 returned to Earth. The burn was extended to allow for testing of the propellent gaging system, which had been behaving anomalously during earlier SPS burns. Once it was accomplished, Apollo9's RCS thrusters could have returned it to Earth and still allowed it to land in the primary recovery zone had the SPS engine failed. The eighth and final SPS burn, to return the vehicle to Earth, was accomplished on March 13, less than an hour after the ten-day mark of the mission, after which the service module was jettisoned. The landing was delayed one orbit because of unfavorable weather in the primary landing zone some ESE of Bermuda. Instead, Apollo9 splashed down east of the Bahamas, about from the recovery carrier, the USS Guadalcanal, after a mission lasting 10 days, 1hour, 54 seconds. Apollo9 was the last spacecraft to splash down in the Atlantic Ocean for a half century, until the Crew Dragon Demo-1 mission in 2019, and last crewed splashdown in the Atlantic until Inspiration4 in 2021. |
Apollo 9 | Hardware disposition | Hardware disposition
thumb|alt=CM in museum exhibit|Gumdrop at the San Diego Air & Space Museum
The Apollo9 Command Module Gumdrop (1969-018A) is on display at the San Diego Air & Space Museum. Gumdrop was formerly displayed at the Michigan Space and Science Center, Jackson, Michigan, until April 2004, when the center closed. The service module, jettisoned shortly after the deorbit burn, reentered the atmosphere and disintegrated.
The ascent stage of LM-3 Spider (1969-018C) reentered on October 23, 1981. The descent stage of LM-3 Spider (1969-018D) reentered on March 22, 1969, landing in the Indian Ocean near North Africa.
The S-IVB (1969-018B) was sent into solar orbit, with initial aphelion of , perihelion of and orbital period of 245 days. It remains in solar orbit . |
Apollo 9 | Appraisal and aftermath | Appraisal and aftermath
thumb|upright|alt=The Moon in partial phase|Image of the Moon taken from Apollo9
As NASA Associate Administrator George Mueller put it, "Apollo9 was as successful a flight as any of us could ever wish for, as well as being as successful as any of us have ever seen." Gene Kranz called Apollo9 "sheer exhilaration". Apollo Program Director Samuel C. Phillips stated, "in every way, it has exceeded even our most optimistic expectations." Apollo11 astronaut Buzz Aldrin stood in Mission Control as Spider and Gumdrop docked after their separate flights, and with the docking, according to Andrew Chaikin, "Apollo9 had fulfilled all its major objectives. At that moment, Aldrin knew Apollo10 would also succeed, and that he and Armstrong would attempt to land on the Moon. On March 24, NASA made it official."
Although he might have been offered command of an Apollo lunar landing mission, McDivitt chose to leave the Astronaut Corps after Apollo9, becoming manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program later in 1969. Scott was soon given another spaceflight assignment as backup commander of Apollo 12, and then was made mission commander of Apollo 15, landing on the Moon in 1971. Schweickart volunteered for medical investigation of his spacesickness, but was unable to shake its stigma, and was never again assigned to a prime crew. He took a leave of absence from NASA in 1977 that eventually became permanent. Eugene Cernan, commander of Apollo 17, stated that when it came to understanding spacesickness, Schweickart "paid the price for them all".
Following the success of Apollo 9, NASA did not conduct the "E mission" (further testing in medium Earth orbit), and even considered skipping the "F mission", the dress rehearsal for the lunar landing, going straight to the landing attempt. As the spacecraft designated for the first landing attempt were still being assembled, this was not done. NASA officials also felt that given the past difficulties with the LM, there was a need for a further test flight before the actual landing attempt, and that orbiting the Moon would give them the opportunity to study mass concentrations there, which had affected Apollo8's orbit. According to French and Burgess in their study of the Apollo program, "Apollo9's success had ensured that the next Apollo mission would go back to the moon." |
Apollo 9 | See also | See also
List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965–1999 |
Apollo 9 | Notes | Notes |
Apollo 9 | References | References |
Apollo 9 | Bibliography | Bibliography
|
Apollo 9 | External links | External links
NASA reports
"Apollo 9 flight plan AS-504/CSM-104/LM-3 Final Report" (PDF) by J. V. Rivers, NASA, February 1969
"Apollo Program Summary Report" (PDF), NASA, JSC-09423, April 1975
Multimedia
Apollo 9: Three to Make Ready Official NASA documentary film (1969)
Apollo 9 16mm onboard film part 1, part 2—Raw footage taken from Apollo 9
Apollo 9: The Space Duet of Spider & Gumdrop, —Official NASA documentary film (1969)
Apollo 9 images () at NASA'S Kennedy Space Center
Category:1969 in the United States
Apollo 09
Category:David Scott
Category:Extravehicular activity
Category:Human spaceflights
Category:James McDivitt
Category:March 1969
Category:Rusty Schweickart
Category:Spacecraft launched by Saturn rockets
Category:Spacecraft launched in 1969
Category:Spacecraft which reentered in 1969
Category:Successful space missions |
Apollo 9 | Table of Content | Short description, Mission background, Framework, Crew and key Mission Control personnel, Mission insignia, Planning and training, Hardware, Launch vehicle, Spacecraft, equipment and call signs, Life Support System backpack, Mission highlights, First through fifth days (March 3–7), Sixth through eleventh days (March 8–13), Hardware disposition, Appraisal and aftermath, See also, Notes, References, Bibliography, External links |
Arthritis | Short description | Arthritis is a general medical term used to describe a disorder that affects joints. Symptoms generally include joint pain and stiffness. Other symptoms may include redness, warmth, swelling, and decreased range of motion of the affected joints. In certain types of arthritis, other organs such as the skin are also affected. Onset can be gradual or sudden.
There are several types of arthritis. The most common forms are osteoarthritis (most commonly seen in weightbearing joints) and rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoarthritis usually occurs as an individual ages and often affects the hips, knees, shoulders, and fingers. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder that often affects the hands and feet. Other types of arthritis include gout, lupus, and septic arthritis. These are inflammatory based types of rheumatic disease.
Early treatment for arthritis commonly includes resting the affected joint and conservative measures such as heating or icing. Weight loss and exercise may also be useful to reduce the force across a weightbearing joint. Medication intervention for symptoms depends on the form of arthritis. These may include anti-inflammatory medications such as ibuprofen and paracetamol (acetaminophen). With severe cases of arthritis, joint replacement surgery may be necessary.
Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis affecting more than 3.8% of people, while rheumatoid arthritis is the second most common affecting about 0.24% of people. In Australia about 15% of people are affected by arthritis, while in the United States more than 20% have a type of arthritis. Overall arthritis becomes more common with age. Arthritis is a common reason people are unable to carry out their work and can result in decreased ability to complete activities of daily living. The term arthritis is derived from arthr- (meaning 'joint') and -itis (meaning 'inflammation'). |
Arthritis | Classification | Classification
There are several diseases where joint pain is the most prominent symptom. Generally when a person has "arthritis" it means that they have one of the following diseases:
Hemarthrosis
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Gout and pseudo-gout
Septic arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Still's disease
Psoriatic arthritis
Joint pain can also be a symptom of other diseases. In this case, the person may not have arthritis and instead have one of the following diseases:
Psoriasis
Reactive arthritis
Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
Iron overload
Hepatitis
Lyme disease
Sjögren's disease
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Celiac disease
Non-celiac gluten sensitivity
Inflammatory bowel disease (including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis)
Henoch–Schönlein purpura
Hyperimmunoglobulinemia D with recurrent fever
Sarcoidosis
Whipple's disease
TNF receptor associated periodic syndromesubscription needed
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (and many other vasculitis syndromes)
Familial Mediterranean fever
Systemic lupus erythematosus
An undifferentiated arthritis is an arthritis that does not fit into well-known clinical disease categories, possibly being an early stage of a definite rheumatic disease. |
Arthritis | Signs and symptoms | Signs and symptoms
Extra-articular features of joint disease Cutaneous nodules Cutaneous vasculitis lesions Lymphadenopathy Oedema Ocular inflammation Urethritis Tenosynovitis (tendon sheath effusions) Bursitis (swollen bursa) Diarrhea Orogenital ulceration
Pain in varying severity is a common symptom in most types of arthritis. Other symptoms include swelling, joint stiffness, redness, and aching around the joint(s). Arthritic disorders like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis can affect other organs in the body, leading to a variety of symptoms including:
Inability to use the hand or walk
Stiffness in one or more joints
Rash or itch
Malaise and fatigue
Weight loss
Poor sleep
Muscle aches and pains
Tenderness
Difficulty moving the joint |
Arthritis | Causes | Causes
Several factors contribute to the development of arthritis, differing on the type of arthritis.
Osteoarthritis occurs from damage to joint cartilage from prior injury or long-term wear-and-tear, resulting in bone-to-bone contact and grinding. The resulting arthritis can occur over years, or be worsened by further injury or infection. If joint cartilage is severely damaged, inflammation and swelling may add to the extent and pain of osteoarthritis.
In rheumatoid arthritis, the immune system itself, which normally serves to protect against infection and diseases, attacks the lining of the joint capsule, causing inflammation and swelling.
Gout is a form of arthritis caused by excessive uric acid production, resulting in urate crystals depositing in joints, particularly in extremities, such as toes. Urate levels in the blood may increase from consuming purine-rich foods or from body factors affecting urate clearance from the blood, a topic remaining under study.
Arthritis types may also include ankylosing spondylitis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and reactive arthritis, among others. |
Arthritis | Risk factors | Risk factors
There are common risk factors that increase a person's chance of developing arthritis later in adulthood. Some of these are modifiable while others are not.
Some common risk factors that can increase the chances of developing osteoarthritis include obesity, prior injury to the joint, type of joint, and muscle strength.
The risk factors with the strongest association for developing inflammatory arthritis (such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus arthritis) are the female sex, a family history, age, obesity, joint damage from a previous injury, and exposure to tobacco smoke.
Smoking has been linked to an increased susceptibility of developing arthritis, particularly rheumatoid arthritis. |
Arthritis | Diagnosis | Diagnosis
thumb|right|Osteoarthritis in the left hand index finger of a 63-year-old woman
Diagnosis is made by clinical examination from an appropriate health professional, and may be supported by tests such as radiologic imaging and blood tests, depending on the type of suspected arthritis. Pain patterns may vary depending on the type of arthritis and the location. Rheumatoid arthritis is generally worse in the morning and associated with stiffness lasting over 30 minutes. On the other hand, with osteoarthritis, the pain tends to initially be related to activity and then becomes more constant over time.
Important features to look out for include the following:
Rate of onset of symptoms
Pattern of joint involvement
Symmetry of symptoms
Early morning stiffness
Associated tenderness around the joint
Locking of joint with inactivity
Aggravating and relieving factors, and/or
Presence of systemic symptoms
Physical examination may include observing the affected joints, evaluating gait, and examining the skin for findings that could be related to rheumatological disease or pulmonary inflammation. Physical examination may confirm the diagnosis or may indicate systemic disease. Chest radiographs are often used to follow progression or help assess severity.
Screening blood tests for suspected arthritis include: rheumatoid factor, antinuclear factor (ANF), extractable nuclear antigen, and specific antibodies.
Rheumatoid arthritis patients often have elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR, also known as sed rate) or C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, which indicates the presence of an inflammatory process in the body. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies and rheumatoid factor (RF) are two more common blood tests when assessing for rheumatoid arthritis.
Imaging tests like X-rays are commonly utilized to diagnose and monitor arthritis. Other imaging tests for rheumatoid arthritis that may be considered include computed tomography (CT) scanning, positron emission tomography (PET) scanning, bone scanning, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). |
Arthritis | Osteoarthritis | Osteoarthritis
thumb|Bilateral medial joint space narrowing with osteophytes in varus knees with osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis. It affects humans and other animals, notably dogs, but also occurs in cats and horses. It can affect both the larger (ie. knee, hip, shoulder, etc.) and the smaller joints (ie. fingers, toes, foot, etc.) of the body. The disease is caused by daily wear and tear of the joint. This process can progress more rapidly as a result of injury to the joint. Osteoarthritis is caused by the break down of the smooth surface between two bones, known as cartilage, which can eventually lead to the two opposing bones coming in direct contact and eroding one another. OA symptoms typically begin with minor pain during physical activity, but can eventually progress to be present at rest. The pain can be debilitating and prevent one from doing activities that they would normally do as part of their daily routine. OA typically affects the weight-bearing joints, such as the back, knee and hip due to the mechanical nature of this disease process. Unlike rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis is most commonly a disease of the elderly. The strongest predictor of osteoarthritis is increased age, likely due to the declining ability of chondrocytes to maintain the structural integrity of cartilage. More than 30 percent of women have some degree of osteoarthritis by age 65. One of the primary tools for diagnosing OA are X-rays of the joint. Findings on X-ray that are consistent with OA include those with joint space narrowing (due to cartilage breakdown), bone spurs, sclerosis, and bone cysts. |
Arthritis | Rheumatoid arthritis | Rheumatoid arthritis
thumb|Bone erosions by rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disorder in which the body's own immune system starts to attack body tissues specifically the cartilage at the end of bones known as articular cartilage. The attack is not only directed at the joint but to many other parts of the body. RA often affects joints in the fingers, wrists, knees and elbows, is symmetrical (appears on both sides of the body), and can lead to severe progressive deformity in a matter of years if not adequately treated. RA usually onsets earlier in life than OA and commonly effects people aged 20 and above. In children, the disorder can present with a skin rash, fever, pain, disability, and limitations in daily activities. With earlier diagnosis and appropriate aggressive treatment, many individuals can obtain control of their symptoms leading to a better quality of life compared to those without treatment.
One of the main triggers of bone erosion in the joints in rheumatoid arthritis is inflammation of the synovium (lining of the joint capsule), caused in part by the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL), a cell surface protein present in Th17 cells and osteoblasts. Osteoclast activity can be directly induced by osteoblasts through the RANK/RANKL mechanism.
thumb|160x160px|This is a malar ("butterfly") skin rash that is commonly seen in patients with Lupus. |
Arthritis | Lupus | Lupus
Lupus is an autoimmune collagen vascular disorder that can be present with severe arthritis. In fact, about 90% of patients with Lupus have musculoskeletal involvement. Symptoms in these patients can often mimic those of rheumatoid arthritis with similar stiffness and pain patterns. Joints in the fingers, wrist, and knee tend to be the most affected. Other features commonly seen in patients with Lupus include a skin rash (pictured on the right), extreme photosensitivity, hair loss, kidney problems, and shortness of breath secondary to scarring that occurs in the lungs. |
Arthritis | Gout | Gout
thumb|Gout most commonly affects the big toe, leading to swelling, redness, and warmth around that area.
In the early stages of gout, usually only one joint is affected; however over time, many joints can become affected. Gout most commonly occurs in joints located in the big toe, knee, and/or fingers. During a gout flare, the affected joints often become swollen with associated warmth and redness. The resulting pain can be significant and potentially debilitating. When one of these flares occurs, management involves the use of anti-inflammatories, such as NSAIDs, colchicine, or glucocorticoids. In between gout flares, it is recommended that patients take medications that decrease the production of uric acid (i.e. allopurinol, febuxostat) or increase the elimination of uric acid from the body (i.e. probenecid).
Gout has been associated with excessive intake of alcohol and food, such as red meat. Thus, it is also recommended that patients with gout adhere to a diet rich in fiber, vegetables, and whole grains, while limiting the intake of alcohol and fatty foods.
There is also an uncommon form of gout that is known as pseudogout, which is caused by the formation of calcium pyrophosphate crystals in the joint. Unlike gout, no targeted treatments are currently available. At this time, management is aimed at decreasing inflammation in order to reduce the intensity and frequency of flares. |
Arthritis | Comparison of types | Comparison of types
+ Comparison of some major forms of arthritisUnless otherwise specified in table box, the reference is: Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Gouty arthritis Speed of onset Months-Years Weeks-monthsDiagnosis lag time of median 4 weeks, and median diagnosis lag time of 18 weeks, taken from: Hours for an attack Main locations Weight-bearing joints (such as knees, hips, vertebral column) and hands Hands (proximal interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joint) wrists, ankles, knees and hips Great toe, ankles, knees and elbows Inflammation May occur, though often mild compared to inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis Yes Yes Radiologic changes Narrowed joint space
Osteophytes
Local osteosclerosis
Subchondral cysts Narrowed joint space
Bone erosions "Punched out" bone erosions Laboratory findings None Anemia, elevated ESR and C-reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor, anti-citrullinated protein antibody Crystal in jointsOther features No systemic signs
Bouchard's and Heberden's nodes Extra-articular features are common
Ulnar deviation, swan neck- and Boutonniere deformity of the hand Tophi
Nephrolithiasis |
Arthritis | Other | Other
Infectious arthritis is another severe form of arthritis that is sometimes referred to as septic arthritis. It typically occurs when a patient is ill or has an infection. Common symptoms include the sudden onset of chills, fever, and joint pain. The condition is caused by bacteria that spread through the blood stream from elsewhere in the body. This bacteria can travel to specific joints and start to erode cartilage. Infectious arthritis must be rapidly diagnosed and treated promptly in order to prevent irreversible joint damage. Only about 1% of cases of infectious arthritis are a result of viruses. Within recent years, the virus SARS-CoV-2, which causes Covid-19, has been added to this list. SARS-CoV-2 tends to cause reactive arthritis rather than local septic arthritis.
Psoriasis can develop into psoriatic arthritis. With psoriatic arthritis, most individuals first develop skin symptoms (such as scaly patches and itchiness) and then begin to experience joint related symptoms. They typically experience continuous joint pain, stiffness and swelling like other forms of arthritis. This disease can go into remission, but there is currently no known cure for the disorder. Treatment current revolves around decreasing autoimmune attacks with immune suppressive medications. A small percentage of patients with psoriatic arthritis can develop a severely painful and destructive form of arthritis which destroys the small joints in the hands and sometimes lead to permanent disability and loss of hand function. |
Arthritis | Treatment | Treatment
There is no known cure for arthritis and rheumatic diseases. Treatment options vary depending on the type of arthritis and include physical therapy, exercise and diet, orthopedic bracing, and oral and topical medications. Joint replacement surgery may be required to repair damage, restore function, or relieve pain. |
Arthritis | Physical therapy | Physical therapy
In general, studies have shown that physical exercise of the affected joint can noticeably improve long-term pain relief. Furthermore, exercise of the arthritic joint is encouraged to maintain the health of the particular joint and the overall body of the person.
Individuals with arthritis can benefit from both physical and occupational therapy. In arthritis the joints become stiff and the range of movement can be limited. Physical therapy has been shown to significantly improve function, decrease pain, and delay the need for surgical intervention in advanced cases. Exercise prescribed by a physical therapist has been shown to be more effective than medications in treating osteoarthritis of the knee. Exercise often focuses on improving muscle strength, endurance and flexibility. In some cases, exercises may be designed to train balance. Occupational therapy can provide assistance with activities. Assistive technology is a tool used to aid a person's disability by reducing their physical barriers by improving the use of their damaged body part, typically after an amputation. Assistive technology devices can be customized to the patient or bought commercially. |
Arthritis | Medications | Medications
There are several types of medications that are used for the treatment of arthritis. Treatment typically begins with medications that have the fewest side effects with further medications being added if insufficiently effective.
Depending on the type of arthritis, the medications that are given may be different. For example, the first-line treatment for osteoarthritis is acetaminophen (paracetamol) while for inflammatory arthritis it involves non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen. Opioids and NSAIDs may be less well tolerated. However, topical NSAIDs may have better safety profiles than oral NSAIDs. For more severe cases of osteoarthritis, intra-articular corticosteroid injections may also be considered.
The drugs to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA) range from corticosteroids to monoclonal antibodies given intravenously. Due to the autoimmune nature of RA, treatments may include not only pain medications and anti-inflammatory drugs, but also another category of drugs called disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). csDMARDs, TNF biologics and tsDMARDs are specific kinds of DMARDs that are recommended for treatment. Treatment with DMARDs is designed to slow down the progression of RA by initiating an adaptive immune response, in part by CD4+ T helper (Th) cells, specifically Th17 cells. Th17 cells are present in higher quantities at the site of bone destruction in joints and produce inflammatory cytokines associated with inflammation, such as interleukin-17 (IL-17). |
Arthritis | Surgery | Surgery
A number of surgical interventions have been incorporated in the treatment of arthritis since the 1950s. The primary surgical treatment option of arthritis is joint replacement surgery known as arthroplasty. Common joints that are replaced due to arthritis include the shoulder, hip, and knee. Arthroscopic surgery for osteoarthritis of the knee provides no additional benefit to patients when compared to optimized physical and medical therapy. Joint replacement surgery can last anywhere from 15-30 years depending on the patient. Following joint replacement surgery, patients can expect to get back to several physical activities including those such as swimming, tennis, and golf. |
Arthritis | Adaptive aids | Adaptive aids
People with hand arthritis can have trouble with simple activities of daily living tasks (ADLs), such as turning a key in a lock or opening jars, as these activities can be cumbersome and painful. There are adaptive aids or assistive devices (ADs) available to help with these tasks, but they are generally more costly than conventional products with the same function. It is now possible to 3-D print adaptive aids, which have been released as open source hardware to reduce patient costs. Adaptive aids can significantly help arthritis patients and the vast majority of those with arthritis need and use them. |
Arthritis | Alternative medicine | Alternative medicine
Further research is required to determine if transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for knee osteoarthritis is effective for controlling pain.
Low level laser therapy may be considered for relief of pain and stiffness associated with arthritis. Evidence of benefit is tentative.
Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy (PEMFT) has tentative evidence supporting improved functioning but no evidence of improved pain in osteoarthritis. The FDA has not approved PEMFT for the treatment of arthritis. In Canada, PEMF devices are legally licensed by Health Canada for the treatment of pain associated with arthritic conditions. |
Arthritis | Epidemiology | Epidemiology
Arthritis is predominantly a disease of the elderly, but children can also be affected by the disease. Arthritis is more common in women than men at all ages and affects all races, ethnic groups and cultures. In the United States, a CDC survey based on data from 2013 to 2015 showed 54.4 million (22.7%) adults had self-reported doctor-diagnosed arthritis, and 23.7 million (43.5% of those with arthritis) had arthritis-attributable activity limitation (AAAL). With an aging population, this number is expected to increase. Adults with co-morbid conditions, such as heart disease, diabetes, and obesity, were seen to have a higher than average prevalence of doctor-diagnosed arthritis (49.3%, 47.1%, and 30.6% respectively).
Disability due to musculoskeletal disorders increased by 45% from 1990 to 2010. Of these, osteoarthritis is the fastest increasing major health condition. Among the many reports on the increased prevalence of musculoskeletal conditions, data from Africa are lacking and underestimated. A systematic review assessed the prevalence of arthritis in Africa and included twenty population-based and seven hospital-based studies. The majority of studies, twelve, were from South Africa. Nine studies were well-conducted, eleven studies were of moderate quality, and seven studies were conducted poorly. The results of the systematic review were as follows:
Rheumatoid arthritis: 0.1% in Algeria (urban setting); 0.6% in Democratic Republic of Congo (urban setting); 2.5% and 0.07% in urban and rural settings in South Africa respectively; 0.3% in Egypt (rural setting), 0.4% in Lesotho (rural setting)
Osteoarthritis: 55.1% in South Africa (urban setting); ranged from 29.5 to 82.7% in South Africans aged 65 years and older
Knee osteoarthritis has the highest prevalence from all types of osteoarthritis, with 33.1% in rural South Africa
Ankylosing spondylitis: 0.1% in South Africa (rural setting)
Psoriatic arthritis: 4.4% in South Africa (urban setting)
Gout: 0.7% in South Africa (urban setting)
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: 0.3% in Egypt (urban setting) |
Arthritis | History | History
Evidence of osteoarthritis and potentially inflammatory arthritis has been discovered in dinosaurs. The first known traces of human arthritis date back as far as 4500 BC. In early reports, arthritis was frequently referred to as the most common ailment of prehistoric peoples. It was noted in skeletal remains of Native Americans found in Tennessee and parts of what is now Olathe, Kansas. Evidence of arthritis has been found throughout history, from Ötzi, a mummy () found along the border of modern Italy and Austria, to the Egyptian mummies .
In 1715, William Musgrave published the second edition of his most important medical work, De arthritide symptomatica, which concerned arthritis and its effects. Augustin Jacob Landré-Beauvais, a 28-year-old resident physician at Salpêtrière Asylum in France was the first person to describe the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. Though Landré-Beauvais' classification of rheumatoid arthritis as a relative of gout was inaccurate, his dissertation encouraged others to further study the disease.
John Charnley completed the first hip replacement (total hip arthroplasty) in England to treat arthritis in the 1960s. |
Arthritis | Society and culture | Society and culture
Arthritis is the most common cause of disability in the United States. More than 20 million individuals with arthritis in the United States have severe limitations in function on a daily basis. Absenteeism and frequent visits to the physician are common in individuals who have arthritis. Arthritis can make it difficult for individuals to be physically active and some become home bound. It is estimated that the total cost of arthritis cases is close to $100 billion of which almost 50% is from lost earnings. |
Arthritis | Terminology | Terminology
The term is derived from arthr- (from ) and -itis (from , , ), the latter suffix having come to be associated with inflammation.
The word arthritides is the plural form of arthritis, and denotes the collective group of arthritis-like conditions. |
Arthritis | See also | See also
Antiarthritics
Arthritis Care (charity in the UK)
Arthritis Foundation (US not-for-profit)
Knee arthritis
Osteoimmunology
Weather pains |
Arthritis | References | References |
Arthritis | External links | External links
American College of Rheumatology – US professional society of rheumatologists
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases - US National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
The Ultimate Arthritis Diet Arthritis Foundation
Category:Aging-associated diseases
Category:Inflammations
Category:Rheumatology
Category:Wikipedia neurology articles ready to translate
Category:Skeletal disorders
Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate |
Arthritis | Table of Content | Short description, Classification, Signs and symptoms, Causes, Risk factors, Diagnosis, Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Lupus, Gout, Comparison of types, Other, Treatment, Physical therapy, Medications, Surgery, Adaptive aids, Alternative medicine, Epidemiology, History, Society and culture, Terminology, See also, References, External links |
April 2 | pp-pc1 | |
April 2 | Events | Events |
April 2 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
1513 – Having spotted land on March 27, Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León comes ashore on what is now the U.S. state of Florida, landing somewhere between the modern city of St. Augustine and the mouth of the St. Johns River. |
April 2 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1725 – J. S. Bach's cantata Bleib bei uns, denn es will Abend werden, BWV 6, is first performed in Leipzig on Easter Monday.
1755 – Commodore William James captures the Maratha fortress of Suvarnadurg on the west coast of India.
1792 – The Coinage Act is passed by Congress, establishing the United States Mint.
1800 – Ludwig van Beethoven leads the premiere of his First Symphony in Vienna.
1801 – French Revolutionary Wars: In the Battle of Copenhagen a British Royal Navy squadron defeats a hastily assembled, smaller, mostly-volunteer Dano-Norwegian Navy at high cost, forcing Denmark out of the Second League of Armed Neutrality.
1863 – American Civil War: The largest in a series of Southern bread riots occurs in Richmond, Virginia.
1865 – American Civil War: Defeat at the Third Battle of Petersburg forces the Army of Northern Virginia and the Confederate government to abandon Richmond, Virginia.
1885 – Canadian Cree warriors attack the village of Frog Lake, killing nine. |
April 2 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1902 – Dmitry Sipyagin, Minister of Interior of the Russian Empire, is assassinated in the Mariinsky Palace, Saint Petersburg.
1902 – "Electric Theatre", the first full-time movie theater in the United States, opens in Los Angeles.
1911 – The Australian Bureau of Statistics conducts the country's first national census.
1912 – The ill-fated begins sea trials.
1917 – American entry into World War I: President Wilson asks the U.S. Congress for a declaration of war on Germany.
1921 – The Autonomous Government of Khorasan, a military government encompassing the modern state of Iran, is established.
1930 – After the mysterious death of Empress Zewditu, Haile Selassie is proclaimed emperor of Ethiopia.
1954 – A 19-month-old infant is swept up in the ocean tides at Hermosa Beach, California. Local photographer John L. Gaunt photographs the incident; 1955 Pulitzer winner "Tragedy by the Sea".
1956 – As the World Turns and The Edge of Night premiere on CBS. The two soaps become the first daytime dramas to debut in the 30-minute format.
1964 – The Soviet Union launches Zond 1.
1969 – LOT Polish Airlines Flight 165 crashes into the Polica mountain near Zawoja, Poland, killing 53.
1972 – Actor Charlie Chaplin returns to the United States for the first time since being labeled a communist during the Red Scare in the early 1950s.
1973 – Launch of the LexisNexis computerized legal research service.
1975 – Vietnam War: Thousands of civilian refugees flee from Quảng Ngãi Province in front of advancing North Vietnamese troops.
1976 – Prince Norodom Sihanouk resigns as leader of Cambodia and is placed under house arrest.
1979 – A Soviet bio-warfare laboratory at Sverdlovsk accidentally releases airborne anthrax spores, killing 66 plus an unknown amount of livestock.
1980 – United States President Jimmy Carter signs the Crude Oil Windfall Profits Tax Act.
1982 – Falklands War: Argentina invades the Falkland Islands.
1986 – Alabama governor George Wallace, a former segregationist, best known for the "Stand in the Schoolhouse Door", announces that he will not seek a fifth four-year term and will retire from public life upon the end of his term in January 1987.
1989 – Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev arrives in Havana, Cuba, to meet with Fidel Castro in an attempt to mend strained relations.
1991 – Rita Johnston becomes the first female Premier of a Canadian province when she succeeds William Vander Zalm (who had resigned) as Premier of British Columbia.
1992 – In New York, Mafia boss John Gotti is convicted of murder and racketeering and is later sentenced to life in prison.
1992 – Forty-two civilians are massacred in the town of Bijeljina in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
2002 – Israeli forces surround the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, into which armed Palestinians had retreated.
2004 – Islamist terrorists involved in the 11 March 2004 Madrid attacks attempt to bomb the Spanish high-speed train AVE near Madrid; the attack is thwarted.
2006 – Over 60 tornadoes break out in the United States; Tennessee is hardest hit with 29 people killed.
2011 – India wins the Cricket World Cup for the second time in history under the captaincy of MS Dhoni.
2012 – A mass shooting at Oikos University in California leaves seven people dead and three injured.
2012 – UTair Flight 120 crashes after takeoff from Roshchino International Airport in Tyumen, Russia, killing 33 and injuring 10. Translated article (Note: this translation was made automatically from the original (in Russian) and has low technical quality, lends itself only to specific queries).
2014 – A spree shooting occurs at the Fort Hood army base in Texas, with four dead, including the gunman, and 16 others injured.
2015 – Gunmen attack Garissa University College in Kenya, killing at least 148 people and wounding 79 others.
2015 – Four men steal items worth up to £200 million from an underground safe deposit facility in London's Hatton Garden area in what has been called the "largest burglary in English legal history."
2020 – COVID-19 pandemic: The total number of confirmed cases reach one million.
2021 – At least 49 people are killed in a train derailment in Taiwan after a truck accidentally rolls onto the track.
2021 – A Capitol Police officer is killed and another injured when an attacker rams his car into a barricade outside the United States Capitol.
2024 – Viertola school shooting: A 12-year-old pupil is killed and two others injured by a shooter of the same age in Vantaa, Finland. |
April 2 | Births | Births |
April 2 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
181 – Emperor Xian of Han, Chinese emperor (d. 234)
747 – Charlemagne, Frankish king (d. 814)
1473 – John Corvinus, Hungarian noble (d. 1504)
1545 – Elisabeth of Valois (d. 1568)
1565 – Cornelis de Houtman, Dutch explorer (d. 1599)
1586 – Pietro Della Valle, Italian traveler (d. 1652) |
April 2 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1602 – Mary of Jesus of Ágreda, Franciscan abbess (d. 1665)
1618 – Francesco Maria Grimaldi, Italian mathematician and physicist (d. 1663)
1647 – Maria Sibylla Merian, German-Dutch botanist and illustrator (d. 1717)
1653 – Prince George of Denmark (d. 1708)
1696 – Francesca Cuzzoni, Italian operatic soprano (d. 1778)
1719 – Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim, German poet (d. 1803)
1725 – Giacomo Casanova, Italian explorer and author (d. 1798)
1755 – Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin, French lawyer and politician (d. 1826)*
1788 – Francisco Balagtas, Filipino poet and author (d. 1862)
1788 – Wilhelmine Reichard, German balloonist (d. 1848)
1789 – Lucio Norberto Mansilla, Argentinian general and politician (d. 1871)
1792 – Francisco de Paula Santander, Colombian general and politician, 4th President of the Republic of the New Granada (d. 1840)
1798 – August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben, German poet and academic (d. 1874)
1805 – Hans Christian Andersen, Danish novelist, short story writer, and poet (d. 1875)
1814 – Henry L. Benning, American general and judge (d. 1875)
1814 – Erastus Brigham Bigelow, American inventor (d. 1879)
1827 – William Holman Hunt, English soldier and painter (d. 1910)
1835 – Jacob Nash Victor, American engineer (d. 1907)
1838 – Léon Gambetta, French lawyer and politician, 45th Prime Minister of France (d. 1882)
1840 – Émile Zola, French novelist, playwright, journalist (d. 1902)
1841 – Clément Ader, French engineer, designed the Ader Avion III (d. 1926)
1842 – Dominic Savio, Italian Catholic saint, adolescent student of Saint John Bosco (d. 1857)
1861 – Iván Persa, Slovenian priest and author (d. 1935)
1862 – Nicholas Murray Butler, American philosopher and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1947)
1869 – Hughie Jennings, American baseball player and manager (d. 1928)
1870 – Edmund Dwyer-Gray, Irish-Australian politician, 29th Premier of Tasmania (d. 1945)R. P. Davis, 'Dwyer-Gray, Edmund John Chisholm (1870–1945)' , Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 8, Melbourne University Press, 1981, pp 390–391.
1875 – Walter Chrysler, American businessman, founded Chrysler (d. 1940)
1875 – William Donne, English cricketer and captain (d. 1942)
1884 – J. C. Squire, English poet, author, and historian (d. 1958)
1888 – Neville Cardus, English cricket and music writer (d. 1975)
1891 – Jack Buchanan, Scottish entertainer (d. 1957)
1891 – Max Ernst, German painter, sculptor, and poet (d. 1976)
1891 – Tristão de Bragança Cunha, Indian nationalist and anti-colonial activist from Goa (d. 1958)
1896 – Johnny Golden, American golfer (d. 1936)
1898 – Harindranath Chattopadhyay, Indian poet, actor and politician (d. 1990)
1898 – Chiungtze C. Tsen, Chinese mathematician (d. 1940)
1900 – Roberto Arlt, Argentinian journalist, author, and playwright (d. 1942)
1900 – Anis Fuleihan, Cypriot-American pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1970)
1900 – Alfred Strange, English footballer (d. 1978) |
April 2 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1902 – Jan Tschichold, German-Swiss graphic designer and typographer (d. 1974)
1902 – Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the seventh Lubavitcher Rebbe (d. 1994)
1903 – Lionel Chevrier, Canadian lawyer and politician, 27th Canadian Minister of Justice (d. 1987)
1906 – Alphonse-Marie Parent, Canadian priest and educator (d. 1970)
1907 – Harald Andersson, American-Swedish discus thrower (d. 1985)
1907 – Luke Appling, American baseball player and manager (d. 1991)
1908 – Buddy Ebsen, American actor and dancer (d. 2003)
1910 – Paul Triquet, Canadian general, Victoria Cross recipient (d. 1980)
1910 – Chico Xavier, Brazilian spiritual medium (d. 2002)
1914 – Alec Guinness, English actor (d. 2000)
1919 – Delfo Cabrera, Argentinian runner and soldier (d. 1981)
1920 – Gerald Bouey, Canadian lieutenant and civil servant (d. 2004)
1920 – Jack Stokes, English animator and director (d. 2013)
1920 – Jack Webb, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1982)
1922 – John C. Whitehead, American banker and politician, 9th United States Deputy Secretary of State (d. 2015)
1923 – Gloria Henry, actress (d. 2021)
1923 – Johnny Paton, Scottish footballer, coach, and manager (d. 2015)
1923 – G. Spencer-Brown, English mathematician, psychologist, and author (d. 2016)
1924 – Bobby Ávila, Mexican baseball player (d. 2004)
1925 – George MacDonald Fraser, Scottish author and screenwriter (d. 2008)
1925 – Hans Rosenthal, German radio and television host (d. 1987)
1926 – Jack Brabham, Australian race car driver (d. 2014)
1926 – Rudra Rajasingham, Sri Lankan police officer and diplomat (d. 2006)
1927 – Carmen Basilio, American boxer and soldier (d. 2012)
1927 – Howard Callaway, American soldier and politician, 11th United States Secretary of the Army (d. 2014)
1927 – Rita Gam, American actress (d. 2016)
1927 – Billy Pierce, American baseball player and sportscaster (d. 2015)
1927 – Kenneth Tynan, English author and critic (d. 1980)
1928 – Joseph Bernardin, American cardinal (d. 1996)
1928 – Serge Gainsbourg, French singer-songwriter, actor, and director (d. 1991)
1928 – Roy Masters, English-American radio host (d. 2021)
1928 – David Robinson, Northern Irish horticulturist and academic (d. 2004)
1929 – Ed Dorn, American poet and educator (d. 1999)
1930 – Roddy Maude-Roxby, English actor
1931 – Keith Hitchins, American historian (d. 2020)
1931 – Vladimir Kuznetsov, Russian javelin thrower (d. 1986)
1932 – Edward Egan, American cardinal (d. 2015)
1933 – György Konrád, Hungarian sociologist and author (d. 2019)
1934 – Paul Cohen, American mathematician and theorist (d. 2007)
1934 – Brian Glover, English wrestler and actor (d. 1997)
1934 – Carl Kasell, American journalist and game show host (d. 2018)
1934 – Richard Portman, American sound engineer (d. 2017)
1934 – Dovid Shmidel, Austrian-born Israeli rabbi
1936 – Shaul Ladany, Serbian-Israeli race walker and engineer
1937 – Dick Radatz, American baseball player (d. 2005)
1938 – John Larsson, Swedish 17th General of The Salvation Army (d. 2022)
1938 – Booker Little, American trumpet player and composer (d. 1961)
1938 – Al Weis, American baseball player
1939 – Marvin Gaye, American singer-songwriter (d. 1984)
1939 – Anthony Lake, American academic and diplomat, 18th United States National Security Advisor
1939 – Lise Thibault, Canadian journalist and politician, 27th Lieutenant Governor of Quebec
1940 – Donald Jackson, Canadian figure skater and coach
1940 – Mike Hailwood, English motorcycle racer (d. 1981)
1940 – Penelope Keith, English actress
1941 – Dr. Demento, American radio host
1941 – Sonny Throckmorton, American country singer-songwriter
1942 – Leon Russell, American singer-songwriter and pianist (d. 2016)
1942 – Roshan Seth, Indian-English actor
1943 – Michael Boyce, Baron Boyce, South African-English admiral and politician, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (d. 2022)
1943 – Caterina Bueno, Italian singer (d. 2007)
1943 – Larry Coryell, American jazz guitarist (d. 2017)
1943 – Antonio Sabàto, Sr., Italian actor (d. 2021)
1944 – Bill Malinchak, American football player
1945 – Jürgen Drews, German singer-songwriter
1945 – Guy Fréquelin, French race car driver
1945 – Linda Hunt, American actress
1945 – Reggie Smith, American baseball player and coach
1945 – Don Sutton, American baseball player and sportscaster (d. 2021)
1945 – Anne Waldman, American poet
1946 – Richard Collinge, New Zealand cricketer
1946 – David Heyes, English politician
1946 – Sue Townsend, English author and playwright (d. 2014)
1946 – Kurt Winter, Canadian guitarist and songwriter (d. 1997)
1947 – Paquita la del Barrio, Mexican singer, songwriter and actress (d. 2025)
1947 – Tua Forsström, Finnish writer
1947 – Emmylou Harris, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1947 – Camille Paglia, American author and critic
1948 – Roald Als, Danish author and illustrator
1948 – Dimitris Mitropanos, Greek singer (d. 2012)
1948 – Daniel Okrent, American journalist and author
1948 – Joan D. Vinge, American author
1949 – Paul Gambaccini, American-English radio and television host
1949 – Bernd Müller, German footballer
1949 – Pamela Reed, American actress
1949 – David Robinson, American drummer
1950 – Lynn Westmoreland, American politician
1951 – Ayako Okamoto, Japanese golfer
1952 – Lennart Fagerlund, Swedish cyclist
1952 – Will Hoy, English race car driver (d. 2002)
1952 – Leon Wilkeson, American bass player and songwriter (d. 2001)
1953 – Jim Allister, Northern Irish lawyer and politician
1953 – Rosemary Bryant Mariner, 20th and 21st-century U.S. Navy aviator (d. 2019)
1953 – Malika Oufkir, Moroccan Berber writer
1953 – Debralee Scott, American actress (d. 2005)
1953 – James Vance, American author and playwright (d. 2017)
1954 – Gregory Abbott, American singer-songwriter and producer
1954 – Donald Petrie, American actor and director
1955 – Michael Stone, Northern Irish loyalist paramilitary
1957 – Caroline Dean, English biologist and academic
1957 – Hank Steinbrenner, American businessman (d. 2020)
1958 – Stefano Bettarello, Italian rugby player
1958 – Larry Drew, American basketball player and coach
1959 – Gelindo Bordin, Italian runner
1959 – David Frankel, American director, producer, and screenwriter
1959 – Juha Kankkunen, Finnish race car driver
1959 – Yves Lavandier, French director and producer
1959 – Badou Ezzaki, Moroccan footballer and manager
1960 – Linford Christie, Jamaican-English sprinter
1960 – Brad Jones, Australian race car driver
1960 – Pascale Nadeau, Canadian journalist
1961 – Buddy Jewell, American singer-songwriter
1961 – Christopher Meloni, American actor
1961 – Keren Woodward, English singer-songwriter
1962 – Pierre Carles, French director and producer
1962 – Billy Dean, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1962 – Clark Gregg, American actor
1963 – Karl Beattie, English director and producer
1963 – Mike Gascoyne, English engineer
1964 – Pete Incaviglia, American baseball player and coach
1964 – Jonathon Sharkey, American wrestler
1965 – Rodney King, American victim of police brutality (d. 2012)
1966 – Bill Romanowski, American football player and actor
1966 – Teddy Sheringham, English international footballer and coach
1967 – Greg Camp, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1967 – Phil Demmel, American guitarist and songwriter
1969 – Ajay Devgn, Indian actor, director, and producer
1971 – Edmundo Alves de Souza Neto, Brazilian footballer
1971 – Jason Lewry, English cricketer
1971 – Todd Woodbridge, Australian tennis player and sportscaster
1972 – Eyal Berkovic, Israeli footballerBob Wechsler (2008). Day by day in Jewish sports history
1972 – Remo D'Souza, Indian choreographer and dancer
1972 – Calvin Davis, American sprinter and hurdler (d. 2023)
1972 – Zane Lamprey, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter
1973 – Dmitry Lipartov, Russian footballer
1973 – Roselyn Sánchez, Puerto Rican-American actress
1973 – Aleksejs Semjonovs, Latvian footballer
1974 – Tayfun Korkut, Turkish football manager and former player
1975 – Nate Huffman, American basketball player (d. 2015)
1975 – Randy Livingston, American basketball player
1975 – Katrin Rutschow-Stomporowski, German rower
1975 – Pattie Mallette, Canadian author and film producer
1975 – Pedro Pascal, Chilean and American actor
1976 – Andreas Anastasopoulos, Greek shot putter
1976 – Rory Sabbatini, South African golfer
1977 – Per Elofsson, Swedish skier
1977 – Michael Fassbender, German-Irish actor and producer
1977 – Hanno Pevkur, Estonian lawyer and politician, Estonian Minister of Justice
1980 – Avi Benedi, Israeli singer and songwriter
1980 – Adam Fleming, Scottish journalist
1980 – Gavin Heffernan, Canadian director and screenwriter
1980 – Ricky Hendrick, American race car driver (d. 2004)
1980 – Wairangi Koopu, New Zealand rugby league player
1980 – Carlos Salcido, Mexican international footballer
1981 – Michael Clarke, Australian cricketer
1981 – Kapil Sharma, Indian stand-up comedian, television presenter and actor
1982 – Marco Amelia, Italian footballer
1982 – David Ferrer, Spanish tennis player
1983 – Arthur Boka, Ivorian footballer
1983 – Maksym Mazuryk, Ukrainian pole vaulter
1984 – Engin Atsür, Turkish basketball player
1984 – Nóra Barta, Hungarian diver
1984 – Jérémy Morel, French footballer
1984 – Miguel Ángel Moyá, Spanish footballer
1985 – Thom Evans, Zimbabwean-Scottish rugby player
1985 – Stéphane Lambiel, Swiss figure skater
1986 – Ibrahim Afellay, Dutch footballer
1986 – Andris Biedriņš, Latvian basketball player
1987 – Pablo Aguilar, Paraguayan footballer
1987 – Shane Lowry, Irish Professional Golfer, winner of the 2019 Open Championship and European Team Member for the 2021 and 2023 Ryder Cups
1988 – Jesse Plemons, American actor
1990 – Yevgeniya Kanayeva, Russian gymnast
1990 – Miralem Pjanić, Bosnian footballer
1990 – Amr El Solia, Egyptian footballer
1991 – Quavo, American rapper
1993 – Keshorn Walcott, Trinidadian javelin thrower
1993 – Bruno Zuculini, Argentine footballer
1994 – Pascal Siakam, Cameroonian basketball player
1995 – Zack Steffen, American soccer player
1996 – Zach Bryan, American singer-songwriter
1996 – André Onana, Cameroonian footballer
1997 – Dillon Bassett, American race car driver
1997 – Abdelhak Nouri, Dutch footballer
1997 – Austin Riley, American baseball player
2000 – Rodrigo Riquelme, Spanish footballer
2002 – Emma Myers, American actress
2004 – Diana Shnaider, Russian tennis player
2007 – Brenda Fruhvirtová, Czech tennis player |
April 2 | Deaths | Deaths |
April 2 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
670 – Hasan ibn Ali the second Shia Imam (b. 624)Hasan b. 'Ali b. Abi Taleb , Encyclopedia Iranica.
870 – Æbbe the Younger, Frankish abbess
872 – Muflih al-Turki, Turkish general
968 – Yuan Dezhao, Chinese chancellor (b. 891)
991 – Bardas Skleros, Byzantine general
1118 – Baldwin I, king of Jerusalem
1244 – Henrik Harpestræng, Danish botanical and medical author
1272 – Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall, English husband of Sanchia of Provence (b. 1209)
1335 – Henry of Bohemia (b. 1265)
1412 – Ruy González de Clavijo, Spanish explorer and author
1416 – Ferdinand I, king of Aragon (b. 1379)
1502 – Arthur, prince of Wales (b. 1486)
1507 – Francis of Paola, Italian friar and saint, founded the Order of the Minims (b. 1416)
1511 – Bernard VII, Lord of Lippe, German nobleman (b. 1428) |
April 2 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1640 – Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski, Polish author and poet (b. 1595)
1657 – Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1608)
1657 – Jean-Jacques Olier, French priest, founded the Society of Saint-Sulpice (b. 1608)
1672 – Pedro Calungsod, Filipino missionary and saint (b. 1654)
1672 – Diego Luis de San Vitores, Spanish Jesuit missionary (b. 1627)
1720 – Joseph Dudley, English politician, Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay (b. 1647)
1742 – James Douglas, Scottish physician and anatomist (b. 1675)
1747 – Johann Jacob Dillenius, German-English botanist and mycologist (b. 1684)
1754 – Thomas Carte, English historian and author (b. 1686)
1787 – Thomas Gage, English general and politician, Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay (b. 1719)
1791 – Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau, French journalist and politician (b. 1749)
1801 – Thomas Dadford, Jr., English engineer (b. 1761)
1803 – Sir James Montgomery, 1st Baronet, Scottish judge and politician (b. 1721)
1817 – Johann Heinrich Jung, German author and academic (b. 1740)
1827 – Ludwig Heinrich Bojanus, German physician and educator (b. 1776)
1845 – Philip Charles Durham, Scottish admiral and politician (b. 1763)
1865 – A. P. Hill, American general (b. 1825)
1872 – Samuel Morse, American painter and academic, invented the Morse code (b. 1791)
1891 – Albert Pike, American lawyer and general (b. 1809)
1891 – Ahmed Vefik Pasha, Greek playwright and politician, 249th Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1823)
1894 – Achille Vianelli, Italian painter and academic (b. 1803)
1896 – Theodore Robinson, American painter and academic (b. 1852) |
April 2 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1914 – Paul Heyse, German author, poet, and translator, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1830)
1917 – Bryn Lewis, Welsh international rugby player (b. 1891)
1923 – Topal Osman, Turkish colonel (b. 1883)
1928 – Theodore William Richards, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1868)
1930 – Zewditu I of Ethiopia (b. 1876)
1933 – Ranjitsinhji, Indian cricketer (b. 1872)
1936 – Jean Baptiste Eugène Estienne, French general (b. 1860)
1942 – Édouard Estaunié, French novelist (b. 1862)
1948 – Sabahattin Ali, Turkish journalist, author, and poet (b. 1907)
1953 – Hugo Sperrle, German field marshal (b. 1885)
1954 – Hoyt Vandenberg, US Air Force general (b. 1899)
1966 – C. S. Forester, English novelist (b. 1899)
1972 – Franz Halder, German general (b. 1884)
1972 – Toshitsugu Takamatsu, Japanese martial artist and educator (b. 1887)
1974 – Georges Pompidou, French banker and politician, 19th President of France (b. 1911)
1977 – Walter Wolf, German academic and politician (b. 1907)
1987 – Buddy Rich, American drummer, songwriter, and bandleader (b. 1917)
1989 – Manolis Angelopoulos, Greek singer (b. 1939)
1992 – Juanito, Spanish footballer and manager (b. 1954)
1992 – Jan van Aartsen, Dutch politician (b. 1909)
1994 – Betty Furness, American actress, consumer advocate, game show panelist, television journalist and television personality (b. 1916)
1994 – Marc Fitch, British historian and philanthropist (b. 1908)
1995 – Hannes Alfvén, Swedish physicist and engineer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1908)
1997 – Tomoyuki Tanaka, Japanese director and producer (b. 1910)
1998 – Rob Pilatus, American-German singer-songwriter (b. 1965)
2001 – Charles Daudelin, Canadian sculptor and painter (b. 1920)
2002 – Levi Celerio, Filipino composer and songwriter (b. 1910)
2002 – John R. Pierce, American engineer and author (b. 1910)
2003 – Edwin Starr, American singer-songwriter (b. 1942)
2004 – John Argyris, Greek computer scientist, engineer, and academic (b. 1913)
2005 – Lillian O'Donnell, American crime novelist (b. 1926)
2005 – Pope John Paul II (b. 1920)
2006 – Lloyd Searwar, Guyanese anthologist and diplomat (b. 1925)
2007 – Henry L. Giclas, American astronomer and academic (b. 1910)
2008 – Yakup Satar, Turkish World War I veteran (b. 1898)
2009 – Albert Sanschagrin, Canadian bishop (b. 1911)
2009 – Bud Shank, American saxophonist and flute player (b. 1926)
2010 – Chris Kanyon, American wrestler (b. 1970)
2011 – John C. Haas, American businessman and philanthropist (b. 1918)
2012 – Jesús Aguilarte, Venezuelan captain and politician (b. 1959)
2012 – Elizabeth Catlett, American-Mexican sculptor and illustrator (b. 1915)
2012 – Mauricio Lasansky, American graphic designer and academic (b. 1914)
2013 – Fred, French author and illustrator (b. 1931)
2013 – Jesús Franco, Spanish director, screenwriter, producer, and actor (b. 1930)
2013 – Milo O'Shea, Irish-American actor (b. 1926)
2014 – Urs Widmer, Swiss author and playwright (b. 1938)
2015 – Manoel de Oliveira, Portuguese actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1908)
2015 – Robert H. Schuller, American pastor and author (b. 1926)
2015 – Steve Stevaert, Belgian businessman and politician, Governor of Limburg (b. 1954)
2016 – Gallieno Ferri, Italian comic book artist and illustrator (b. 1929)
2016 – Robert Abajyan, Armenian sergeant (b. 1996)
2017 – Alma Delia Fuentes, Mexican actress (b. 1937)
2021 – Simon Bainbridge, British composer (b. 1952)
2022 – Estelle Harris, American actress and comedian (b. 1928)
2024 – Jerry Abbott, American country music songwriter and record producer (b. 1942)
2024 – John Barth, American writer (b. 1930)
2024 – Maryse Condé, Guadeloupean novelist, critic, and playwright (b. 1934)
2024 – Christopher Durang, American playwright (b. 1949)
2024 – Larry Lucchino, American attorney and baseball executive (b. 1945)
2024 – John Sinclair, American poet (b. 1941)
2024 – Juan Vicente Pérez, Venezuelan supercentenarian (b. 1909)
2025 – Khamtai Siphandone, Laotian politician, 4th President of Laos (b. 1924) |
April 2 | Holidays and observances | Holidays and observances
Christian feast day:
Abundius of ComoWatkins 2015, p. 3
Amphianus of Lycia
Æbbe the Younger
Bronach of Glen-Seichis (Irish martyrology)
Francis of Paola
Francisco Coll GuitartWatkins 2015, p. 423
Henry Budd (Anglican Church of Canada)
Nicetius of Lyon
Pedro Calungsod
Theodosia of Tyre
Urban of Langres
April 2 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
International Children's Book Day (International)
Thai Heritage Conservation Day (Thailand)
Unity of Peoples of Russia and Belarus Day (Belarus)
World Autism Awareness Day (International)
Malvinas Day (Argentina) |
April 2 | References | References |
April 2 | Bibliography | Bibliography
|
April 2 | External links | External links
BBC: On This Day
Historical Events on April 2
Category:Days of April |
April 2 | Table of Content | pp-pc1, Events, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Births, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Deaths, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Holidays and observances, References, Bibliography, External links |
Acetylene | Short description | Acetylene (systematic name: ethyne) is the chemical compound with the formula and structure . It is a hydrocarbon and the simplest alkyne. This colorless gas is widely used as a fuel and a chemical building block. It is unstable in its pure form and thus is usually handled as a solution. Pure acetylene is odorless, but commercial grades usually have a marked odor due to impurities such as divinyl sulfide and phosphine.Compressed Gas Association (1995) Material Safety and Data Sheet – Acetylene
As an alkyne, acetylene is unsaturated because its two carbon atoms are bonded together in a triple bond. The carbon–carbon triple bond places all four atoms in the same straight line, with CCH bond angles of 180°.Whitten K. W., Gailey K. D. and Davis R. E. General Chemistry (4th ed., Saunders College Publishing 1992), pp. 328–329, 1046. . |
Acetylene | Discovery | Discovery
Acetylene was discovered in 1836 by Edmund Davy, who identified it as a "new carburet of hydrogen".Edmund Davy (August 1836) "Notice of a new gaseous bicarburet of hydrogen" , Report of the Sixth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science ..., 5: 62–63. It was an accidental discovery while attempting to isolate potassium metal. By heating potassium carbonate with carbon at very high temperatures, he produced a residue of what is now known as potassium carbide, (K2C2), which reacted with water to release the new gas. It was rediscovered in 1860 by French chemist Marcellin Berthelot, who coined the name acétylène.Bertholet (1860) "Note sur une nouvelle série de composés organiques, le quadricarbure d'hydrogène et ses dérivés" (Note on a new series of organic compounds, tetra-carbon hydride and its derivatives), Comptes rendus, series 3, 50: 805–808. Berthelot's empirical formula for acetylene (C4H2), as well as the alternative name "quadricarbure d'hydrogène" (hydrogen quadricarbide), were incorrect because many chemists at that time used the wrong atomic mass for carbon (6 instead of 12). Berthelot was able to prepare this gas by passing vapours of organic compounds (methanol, ethanol, etc.) through a red hot tube and collecting the effluent. He also found that acetylene was formed by sparking electricity through mixed cyanogen and hydrogen gases. Berthelot later obtained acetylene directly by passing hydrogen between the poles of a carbon arc.Berthelot (1862) "Synthèse de l'acétylène par la combinaison directe du carbone avec l'hydrogène" (Synthesis of acetylene by the direct combination of carbon with hydrogen), Comptes rendus, series 3, 54: 640–644.Acetylene . |
Acetylene | Preparation | Preparation |
Acetylene | Partial combustion of hydrocarbons | Partial combustion of hydrocarbons
Since the 1950s, acetylene has mainly been manufactured by the partial combustion of methane in the US, much of the EU, and many other countries:
It is a recovered side product in production of ethylene by cracking of hydrocarbons. Approximately 400,000 tonnes were produced by this method in 1983. Its presence in ethylene is usually undesirable because of its explosive character and its ability to poison Ziegler–Natta catalysts. It is selectively hydrogenated into ethylene, usually using Pd–Ag catalysts.Acetylene: How Products are Made |
Acetylene | Dehydrogenation of alkanes | Dehydrogenation of alkanes
The heaviest alkanes in petroleum and natural gas are cracked into lighter molecules which are dehydrogenated at high temperature:
This last reaction is implemented in the process of anaerobic decomposition of methane by microwave plasma. |
Acetylene | Carbochemical method | Carbochemical method
The first acetylene produced was by Edmund Davy in 1836, via potassium carbide.
Acetylene was historically produced by hydrolysis (reaction with water) of calcium carbide:
This reaction was discovered by Friedrich Wöhler in 1862,Wohler (1862) "Bildung des Acetylens durch Kohlenstoffcalcium" (Formation of actylene by calcium carbide), Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, 124: 220. but a suitable commercial scale production method which allowed acetylene to be put into wider scale use was not found until 1892 by the Canadian inventor Thomas Willson while searching for a viable commercial production method for aluminum.
As late as the early 21st century, China, Japan, and Eastern Europe produced acetylene primarily by this method.
The use of this technology has since declined worldwide with the notable exception of China, with its emphasis on coal-based chemical industry, as of 2013. Otherwise oil has increasingly supplanted coal as the chief source of reduced carbon.
Calcium carbide production requires high temperatures, ~2000 °C, necessitating the use of an electric arc furnace. In the US, this process was an important part of the late-19th century revolution in chemistry enabled by the massive hydroelectric power project at Niagara Falls. |
Acetylene | Bonding | Bonding
In terms of valence bond theory, in each carbon atom the 2s orbital hybridizes with one 2p orbital thus forming an sp hybrid. The other two 2p orbitals remain unhybridized. The two ends of the two sp hybrid orbital overlap to form a strong σ valence bond between the carbons, while on each of the other two ends hydrogen atoms attach also by σ bonds. The two unchanged 2p orbitals form a pair of weaker π bonds.Organic Chemistry 7th ed. by J. McMurry, Thomson 2008
Since acetylene is a linear symmetrical molecule, it possesses the D∞h point group. |
Acetylene | Physical properties | Physical properties |
Acetylene | Changes of state | Changes of state
At atmospheric pressure, acetylene cannot exist as a liquid and does not have a melting point. The triple point on the phase diagram corresponds to the melting point (−80.8 °C) at the minimal pressure at which liquid acetylene can exist (1.27 atm). At temperatures below the triple point, solid acetylene can change directly to the vapour (gas) by sublimation. The sublimation point at atmospheric pressure is −84.0 °C.Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (60th ed., CRC Press 1979–80), p. C-303 in Table Physical Constants of Organic Compounds (listed as ethyne). |
Acetylene | Other | Other
At room temperature, the solubility of acetylene in acetone is 27.9 g per kg. For the same amount of dimethylformamide (DMF), the solubility is 51 g. At
20.26 bar, the solubility increases to 689.0 and 628.0 g for acetone and DMF, respectively. These solvents are used in pressurized gas cylinders. |
Acetylene | Applications | Applications |
Acetylene | Welding | Welding
Approximately 20% of acetylene is supplied by the industrial gases industry for oxyacetylene gas welding and cutting due to the high temperature of the flame. Combustion of acetylene with oxygen produces a flame of over , releasing 11.8 kJ/g. Oxygen with acetylene is the hottest burning common gas mixture. Acetylene is the third-hottest natural chemical flame after dicyanoacetylene's and cyanogen at . Oxy-acetylene welding was a popular welding process in previous decades. The development and advantages of arc-based welding processes have made oxy-fuel welding nearly extinct for many applications. Acetylene usage for welding has dropped significantly. On the other hand, oxy-acetylene welding equipment is quite versatile – not only because the torch is preferred for some sorts of iron or steel welding (as in certain artistic applications), but also because it lends itself easily to brazing, braze-welding, metal heating (for annealing or tempering, bending or forming), the loosening of corroded nuts and bolts, and other applications. Bell Canada cable-repair technicians still use portable acetylene-fuelled torch kits as a soldering tool for sealing lead sleeve splices in manholes and in some aerial locations. Oxyacetylene welding may also be used in areas where electricity is not readily accessible. Oxyacetylene cutting is used in many metal fabrication shops. For use in welding and cutting, the working pressures must be controlled by a regulator, since above , if subjected to a shockwave (caused, for example, by a flashback), acetylene decomposes explosively into hydrogen and carbon.ESAB Oxy-acetylene welding handbook – Acetylene properties .
thumb|200px|Acetylene fuel container/burner as used in the island of Bali |
Acetylene | Chemicals | Chemicals
Acetylene is useful for many processes, but few are conducted on a commercial scale.
One of the major chemical applications is ethynylation of formaldehyde.
Acetylene adds to aldehydes and ketones to form α-ethynyl alcohols:
300px
The reaction gives butynediol, with propargyl alcohol as the by-product. Copper acetylide is used as the catalyst.
In addition to ethynylation, acetylene reacts with carbon monoxide, acetylene reacts to give acrylic acid, or acrylic esters. Metal catalysts are required. These derivatives form products such as acrylic fibers, glasses, paints, resins, and polymers. Except in China, use of acetylene as a chemical feedstock has declined by 70% from 1965 to 2007 owing to cost and environmental considerations. In China, acetylene is a major precursor to vinyl chloride. |
Acetylene | Historical uses | Historical uses
Prior to the widespread use of petrochemicals, coal-derived acetylene was a building block for several industrial chemicals. Thus acetylene can be hydrated to give acetaldehyde, which in turn can be oxidized to acetic acid. Processes leading to acrylates were also commercialized. Almost all of these processes became obsolete with the availability of petroleum-derived ethylene and propylene. |
Acetylene | Niche applications | Niche applications
In 1881, the Russian chemist Mikhail Kucherov described the hydration of acetylene to acetaldehyde using catalysts such as mercury(II) bromide. Before the advent of the Wacker process, this reaction was conducted on an industrial scale.
The polymerization of acetylene with Ziegler–Natta catalysts produces polyacetylene films. Polyacetylene, a chain of CH centres with alternating single and double bonds, was one of the first discovered organic semiconductors. Its reaction with iodine produces a highly electrically conducting material. Although such materials are not useful, these discoveries led to the developments of organic semiconductors, as recognized by the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2000 to Alan J. Heeger, Alan G MacDiarmid, and Hideki Shirakawa.
In the 1920s, pure acetylene was experimentally used as an inhalation anesthetic.
Acetylene is sometimes used for carburization (that is, hardening) of steel when the object is too large to fit into a furnace.
Acetylene is used to volatilize carbon in radiocarbon dating. The carbonaceous material in an archeological sample is treated with lithium metal in a small specialized research furnace to form lithium carbide (also known as lithium acetylide). The carbide can then be reacted with water, as usual, to form acetylene gas to feed into a mass spectrometer to measure the isotopic ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12.
Acetylene combustion produces a strong, bright light and the ubiquity of carbide lamps drove much acetylene commercialization in the early 20th century. Common applications included coastal lighthouses, street lights, and automobileGrainger, D., (2001). By cars' early light: A short history of the headlamp: 1900s lights bore port and starboard red and green lenses. National Post. [Toronto Edition] DT7. and mining headlamps. In most of these applications, direct combustion is a fire hazard, and so acetylene has been replaced, first by incandescent lighting and many years later by low-power/high-lumen LEDs. Nevertheless, acetylene lamps remain in limited use in remote or otherwise inaccessible areas and in countries with a weak or unreliable central electric grid. |
Acetylene | Natural occurrence | Natural occurrence
The energy richness of the C≡C triple bond and the rather high solubility of acetylene in water make it a suitable substrate for bacteria, provided an adequate source is available. A number of bacteria living on acetylene have been identified. The enzyme acetylene hydratase catalyzes the hydration of acetylene to give acetaldehyde:
Acetylene is a moderately common chemical in the universe, often associated with the atmospheres of gas giants. One curious discovery of acetylene is on Enceladus, a moon of Saturn. Natural acetylene is believed to form from catalytic decomposition of long-chain hydrocarbons at temperatures of and above. Since such temperatures are highly unlikely on such a small distant body, this discovery is potentially suggestive of catalytic reactions within that moon, making it a promising site to search for prebiotic chemistry. |
Acetylene | Reactions | Reactions |
Acetylene | Vinylation reactions | Vinylation reactions
In vinylation reactions, H−X compounds add across the triple bond. Alcohols and phenols add to acetylene to give vinyl ethers. Thiols give vinyl thioethers. Similarly, vinylpyrrolidone and vinylcarbazole are produced industrially by vinylation of 2-pyrrolidone and carbazole.
300px
The hydration of acetylene is a vinylation reaction, but the resulting vinyl alcohol isomerizes to acetaldehyde. The reaction is catalyzed by mercury salts. This reaction once was the dominant technology for acetaldehyde production, but it has been displaced by the Wacker process, which affords acetaldehyde by oxidation of ethylene, a cheaper feedstock. A similar situation applies to the conversion of acetylene to the valuable vinyl chloride by hydrochlorination vs the oxychlorination of ethylene.
Vinyl acetate is used instead of acetylene for some vinylations, which are more accurately described as transvinylations. Higher esters of vinyl acetate have been used in the synthesis of vinyl formate. |
Acetylene | Organometallic chemistry | Organometallic chemistry
Acetylene and its derivatives (2-butyne, diphenylacetylene, etc.) form complexes with transition metals. Its bonding to the metal is somewhat similar to that of ethylene complexes. These complexes are intermediates in many catalytic reactions such as alkyne trimerisation to benzene, tetramerization to cyclooctatetraene, and carbonylation to hydroquinone:
240px
240px
at basic conditions (50–, 20–).
Metal acetylides, species of the formula , are also common. Copper(I) acetylide and silver acetylide can be formed in aqueous solutions with ease due to a favorable solubility equilibrium. |
Acetylene | Acid-base reactions | Acid-base reactions
Acetylene has a pKa of 25, acetylene can be deprotonated by a superbase to form an acetylide:
Various organometallic and inorganic reagents are effective.
thumb|The new acetylene plant of BASF, commissioned in 2020 |
Acetylene | Hydrogenation | Hydrogenation
Acetylene can be semihydrogenated to ethylene, providing a feedstock for a variety of polyethylene plastics. Halogens add to the triple bond. |
Acetylene | Safety and handling | Safety and handling
Acetylene is not especially toxic, but when generated from calcium carbide, or CaC2, it can contain toxic impurities such as traces of phosphine and arsine, which gives it a distinct garlic-like smell. It is also highly flammable, as are most light hydrocarbons, hence its use in welding. Its most singular hazard is associated with its intrinsic instability, especially when it is pressurized: under certain conditions acetylene can react in an exothermic addition-type reaction to form a number of products, typically benzene and/or vinylacetylene, possibly in addition to carbon and hydrogen. Consequently, acetylene, if initiated by intense heat or a shockwave, can decompose explosively if the absolute pressure of the gas exceeds about . Most regulators and pressure gauges on equipment report gauge pressure, and the safe limit for acetylene therefore is 101 kPagage, or 15 psig. It is therefore supplied and stored dissolved in acetone or dimethylformamide (DMF), contained in a gas cylinder with a porous filling, which renders it safe to transport and use, given proper handling. Acetylene cylinders should be used in the upright position to avoid withdrawing acetone during use.
Information on safe storage of acetylene in upright cylinders is provided by the OSHA, Compressed Gas Association, United States Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA),Special Hazards of Acetylene UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Mine Safety and Health Administration – MSHA. EIGA, and other agencies.
Copper catalyses the decomposition of acetylene, and as a result acetylene should not be transported in copper pipes.
Cylinders should be stored in an area segregated from oxidizers to avoid exacerbated reaction in case of fire/leakage. Acetylene cylinders should not be stored in confined spaces, enclosed vehicles, garages, and buildings, to avoid unintended leakage leading to explosive atmosphere. In the US, National Electric Code (NEC) requires consideration for hazardous areas including those where acetylene may be released during accidents or leaks. Consideration may include electrical classification and use of listed Group A electrical components in US. Further information on determining the areas requiring special consideration is in NFPA 497. In Europe, ATEX also requires consideration for hazardous areas where flammable gases may be released during accidents or leaks. |
Acetylene | References | References |
Acetylene | External links | External links
Acetylene Production Plant and Detailed Process
Acetylene at Chemistry Comes Alive!
Movie explaining acetylene formation from calcium carbide and the explosive limits forming fire hazards
Calcium Carbide & Acetylene at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham)
CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Acetylene
Category:Alkynes
Category:Fuel gas
Category:Industrial gases
Category:Synthetic fuel technologies
Category:Explosive gases |
Acetylene | Table of Content | Short description, Discovery, Preparation, Partial combustion of hydrocarbons, Dehydrogenation of alkanes, Carbochemical method, Bonding, Physical properties, Changes of state, Other, Applications, Welding, Chemicals, Historical uses, Niche applications, Natural occurrence, Reactions, Vinylation reactions, Organometallic chemistry, Acid-base reactions, Hydrogenation, Safety and handling, References, External links |
Alfred | wiktionary | Alfred may refer to: |
Alfred | Arts and entertainment | Arts and entertainment
Alfred J. Kwak, Dutch-German-Japanese anime television series
Alfred (Arne opera), a 1740 masque by Thomas Arne
Alfred (Dvořák), an 1870 opera by Antonín Dvořák
"Alfred (Interlude)" and "Alfred (Outro)", songs by Eminem from the 2020 album Music to Be Murdered By |
Alfred | Business and organisations | Business and organisations
Alfred, a radio station in Shaftesbury, England
Alfred Music, an American music publisher
Alfred University, New York, U.S.
The Alfred Hospital, a hospital in Melbourne, Australia |
Alfred | People | People
Alfred (name) includes a list of people and fictional characters called Alfred
Alfred the Great (848/49 – 899), or Alfred I, a king of the West Saxons and of the Anglo-Saxons |
Alfred | Places | Places |
Alfred | Antarctica | Antarctica
Mount Alfred (Antarctica) |
Alfred | Australia | Australia
Alfredtown, New South Wales
County of Alfred, South Australia |
Alfred | Canada | Canada
Alfred and Plantagenet, Ontario
Alfred, Ontario, a community in Alfred and Plantagenet
Alfred Island, Nunavut
Mount Alfred, British Columbia |
Alfred | United States | United States
Alfred, Maine, a New England town
Alfred (CDP), Maine, the main village in the town
Alfred, New York, a town
Alfred (village), New York, within the town of Alfred
Alfred, North Dakota
Alfred, Texas
Lake Alfred, Florida |
Alfred | Other uses | Other uses
HMS Alfred, the name of several ships of the Royal Navy
USS Alfred, launched in 1774 as Black Prince
Alfred (software), an application launcher for macOS
ALFRED (nuclear reactor), lead-cooled fast reactor demonstrator
Allele Frequency Net Database (AlFreD), an electronic database of genetic alleles
Cyclone Alfred, several tropical cyclones in the Australian region |
Alfred | See also | See also
Alfredo (disambiguation)
HMS King Alfred
HMS Royal Alfred (1864) |
Alfred | Table of Content | wiktionary, Arts and entertainment, Business and organisations, People, Places, Antarctica, Australia, Canada, United States, Other uses, See also |
August 28 | pp-move | |
August 28 | Events | Events |
August 28 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
475 – The Roman general Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his capital city, Ravenna.
489 – Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, defeats Odoacer at the Battle of Isonzo, forcing his way into Italy.
632 – Fatimah, daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, dies, with her cause of death being a controversial topic among the Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims.
663 – Silla–Tang armies crush the Baekje restoration attempt and force Yamato Japan to withdraw from Korea in the Battle of Baekgang.
1189 – Third Crusade: The Crusaders begin the Siege of Acre under Guy of Lusignan.
1521 – Ottoman wars in Europe: The Ottoman Turks occupy Belgrade.
1524 – The Kaqchikel Maya rebel against their former Spanish allies during the Spanish conquest of Guatemala.
1542 – Turkish–Portuguese War: Battle of Wofla: The Portuguese are scattered, their leader Christovão da Gama is captured and later executed.
1565 – Pedro Menéndez de Avilés sights land near St. Augustine, Florida and founds the oldest continuously occupied European-established city in the continental United States. |
August 28 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1609 – Henry Hudson discovers Delaware Bay.
1619 – Election of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor.
1640 – Second Bishop's War: King Charles I's English army loses to a Scottish Covenanter force at the Battle of Newburn.
1648 – Second English Civil War: The Siege of Colchester ends when Royalists Forces surrender to the Parliamentary Forces after eleven weeks.
1709 – Meidingnu Pamheiba is crowned King of Manipur.
1789 – William Herschel discovers a new moon of Saturn: Enceladus.
1810 – Napoleonic Wars: The French Navy accepts the surrender of a British Royal Navy fleet at the Battle of Grand Port.
1830 – The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's new Tom Thumb steam locomotive races a horse-drawn car, presaging steam's role in U.S. railroads.
1833 – The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 receives royal assent, making the purchase or ownership of slaves illegal in the British Empire with exceptions.
1845 – The first issue of Scientific American magazine is published.
1849 – Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire: After a month-long siege, Venice, which had declared itself independent as the Republic of San Marco, surrenders to Austria.
1850 – Richard Wagner’s Lohengrin premieres at the Staatskapelle Weimar.
1859 – The Carrington event is the strongest geomagnetic storm on record to strike the Earth. Electrical telegraph service is widely disrupted.
1861 – American Civil War: Union forces attack Cape Hatteras, North Carolina in the Battle of Hatteras Inlet Batteries which lasts for two days.
1862 – American Civil War: The Second Battle of Bull Run, also known as the Battle of Second Manassas, begins in Virginia. The battle ends on August 30 with another Union defeat.
1867 – The United States takes possession of the (at this point unoccupied) Midway Atoll.
1879 – Anglo-Zulu War: Cetshwayo, last king of the Zulus, is captured by the British.
1898 – Caleb Bradham's beverage "Brad's Drink" is renamed "Pepsi-Cola". |
August 28 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1901 – Silliman University is founded in the Philippines. It is the first American private school in the country.
1909 – A group of mid-level Greek Army officers launches the Goudi coup, seeking wide-ranging reforms.
1913 – Queen Wilhelmina opens the Peace Palace in The Hague.
1914 – World War I: The Royal Navy defeats the German fleet in the Battle of Heligoland Bight.
1916 – World War I: Germany declares war on Romania.
1916 – World War I: Italy declares war on Germany.
1917 – Ten suffragists, members of the Silent Sentinels, are arrested while picketing the White House in favor of women's suffrage in the United States.
1921 – Russian Civil War: The Red Army dissolves the Makhnovshchina after driving the Revolutionary Insurgent Army out of Ukraine.
1924 – The Georgian opposition stages the August Uprising against the Soviet Union.
1936 – Nazi Germany begins its mass arrests of Jehovah's Witnesses, who are interned in concentration camps.
1937 – Toyota Motors becomes an independent company.
1943 – Denmark in World War II: German authorities demand that Danish authorities crack down on acts of resistance. The next day, martial law is imposed on Denmark.
1944 – World War II: Marseille and Toulon are liberated.
1946 – The Workers' Party of North Korea, predecessor of the ruling Workers' Party of Korea, is founded at a congress held in Pyongyang, North Korea.
1955 – Black teenager Emmett Till is lynched in Mississippi for whistling at a white woman, galvanizing the nascent civil rights movement.
1957 – U.S. Senator Strom Thurmond begins a filibuster to prevent the United States Senate from voting on the Civil Rights Act of 1957; he stopped speaking 24 hours and 18 minutes later, the longest filibuster ever conducted by a single Senator.
1963 – March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom: Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. gives his I Have a Dream speech.
1964 – The Philadelphia race riot begins.
1968 – Police and protesters clash during 1968 Democratic National Convention protests as protesters chant "The whole world is watching".
1973 – Norrmalmstorg robbery: Stockholm police secure the surrenders of hostage-takers Jan-Erik Olsson and Clark Olofsson, defusing the Norrmalmstorg hostage crisis. The behaviours of the hostages later give rise to the term Stockholm syndrome.
1988 – Ramstein air show disaster: Three aircraft of the Frecce Tricolori demonstration team collide and the wreckage falls into the crowd. Seventy-five are killed and 346 seriously injured.
1990 – Gulf War: Iraq declares Kuwait to be its newest province.
1990 – An F5 tornado strikes the Illinois cities of Plainfield and Joliet, killing 29 people.
1993 – NASA's Galileo probe performs a flyby of the asteroid 243 Ida. Astronomers later discover a moon, the first known asteroid moon, in pictures from the flyby and name it Dactyl.
1993 – Singaporean presidential election: Former Deputy Prime Minister Ong Teng Cheong is elected President of Singapore. Although it is the first presidential election to be determined by popular vote, the allowed candidates consist only of Ong and a reluctant whom the government had asked to run to confer upon the election the semblance of an opposition.
1993 – The autonomous Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia in Bosnia and Herzegovina is transformed into the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia.
1993 – A Tajikistan Airlines Yakovlev Yak-40 crashes during takeoff from Khorog Airport in Tajikistan, killing 82.
1996 – Chicago Seven defendant David Dellinger, antiwar activist Bradford Lyttle, Civil Rights Movement historian Randy Kryn, and eight others are arrested by the Federal Protective Service while protesting in a demonstration at the Kluczynski Federal Building in downtown Chicago during that year's Democratic National Convention.
1998 – Pakistan's National Assembly passes a constitutional amendment to make the "Qur'an and Sunnah" the "supreme law" but the bill is defeated in the Senate.
1998 – Second Congo War: Loyalist troops backed by Angolan and Zimbabwean forces repulse the RCD and Rwandan offensive on Kinshasa.
1999 – The Russian space mission Soyuz TM-29 reaches completion, ending nearly 10 years of continuous occupation on the space station Mir as it approaches the end of its life.
2003 – In "one of the most complicated and bizarre crimes in the annals of the FBI", Brian Wells dies after becoming involved in a complex plot involving a bank robbery, a scavenger hunt, and a homemade explosive device.Drew Griffin and David Fitzpatrick (August 8, 2011) New details revealed in 'pizza collar bomb' heist, CNN.com, accessed 13 May 2018
2009 – NASA's Space Shuttle Discovery launches on STS-128.
2016 – The first experimental mission of ISRO's Scramjet Engine towards the realisation of an Air Breathing Propulsion System is successfully conducted from Satish Dhawan Space Centre SHAR, Sriharikota.
2017 – China–India border standoff: China and India both pull their troops out of Doklam, putting an end to a two-month-long stalemate over China's construction of a road in disputed territory.China and India Agree to Ease Tensions in Border Dispute , The New York Times, 28 August 2017.
2022 – 2022 Phoenix shooting: A man opens fire on pedestrians outside of a hotel in Phoenix, Arizona, resulting in the deaths of 3 people, including the perpetrator. |
August 28 | Births | Births |
August 28 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
1023 – Go-Reizei, emperor of Japan (d. 1068)
1366 – Jean Le Maingre, marshal of France (d. 1421)
1476 – Kanō Motonobu, Japanese painter (d. 1559)
1481 – Francisco de Sá de Miranda, Portuguese poet (d. 1558)
1582 – Taichang, emperor of China (d. 1620)
1591 – John Christian of Brieg, duke of Brzeg (d. 1639)
1592 – George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, English courtier and politician (d. 1628) |
August 28 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1612 – Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn, Dutch linguist and scholar (d. 1653)
1667 – Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, queen of Denmark and Norway (d. 1721)
1691 – Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1750)
1714 – Anthony Ulrich, duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1774)
1728 – John Stark, American general (d. 1822)
1739 – Agostino Accorimboni, Italian composer (d. 1818)
1749 – Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, German novelist, poet, playwright, and diplomat (d. 1832)
1774 – Elizabeth Ann Seton, American nun and saint, co-founded the Sisters of Charity Federation in the Vincentian-Setonian Tradition (d. 1821)
1801 – Antoine Augustin Cournot, French mathematician and philosopher (d. 1877)
1814 – Sheridan Le Fanu, Irish author (d. 1873)
1816 – Charles Sladen, English-Australian politician, 6th Premier of Victoria (d. 1884)
1822 – Graham Berry, English-Australian politician, 11th Premier of Victoria (d. 1904)
1827 – Catherine Mikhailovna, Russian grand duchess (d. 1894)
1833 – Edward Burne-Jones, English artist of the Pre-Raphaelite movement (d. 1898)
1837 – Francis von Hohenstein, duke of Teck (d. 1900)
1840 – Alexander Cameron Sim, Scottish-Japanese pharmacist and businessman, founded Kobe Regatta & Athletic Club (d. 1900)
1853 – Vladimir Shukhov, Russian architect and engineer, designed the Adziogol Lighthouse (d. 1939)
1859 – Matilda Howell, American archer (d. 1938)
1859 – Vittorio Sella, Italian mountaineer and photographer (d. 1943)
1867 – Umberto Giordano, Italian composer and academic (d. 1948)
1878 – George Whipple, American physician and pathologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1976)
1884 – Peter Fraser, Scottish-New Zealand journalist and politician, 24th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1950)
1885 – Vance Palmer, Australian author, playwright, and critic (d. 1959)
1887 – August Kippasto, Estonian-Australian wrestler and poet (d. 1973)
1887 – István Kühár, Slovenian priest and politician (d. 1922)
1888 – Evadne Price, Australian actress, astrologer, and author (d. 1985)
1891 – Benno Schotz, Estonian-Scottish sculptor and engineer (d. 1984)
1894 – Karl Böhm, Austrian conductor and director (d. 1981)
1896 – Firaq Gorakhpuri, Indian author, poet, and critic (d. 1982)
1898 – Charlie Grimm, American baseball player, manager, and sportscaster (d. 1983)
1899 – Charles Boyer, French-American actor, singer, and producer (d. 1978)
1899 – Andrei Platonov, Russian author and poet (d. 1951)
1899 – James Wong Howe, Chinese American cinematographer (d. 1976) |
August 28 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1903 – Bruno Bettelheim, Austrian-American psychologist and author (d. 1990)
1904 – Secondo Campini, Italian-American engineer (d. 1980)
1904 – Leho Laurine, Estonian chess player (d. 1998)
1905 – Cyril Walters, Welsh-English cricketer (d. 1992)
1906 – John Betjeman, English poet and academic (d. 1984)
1908 – Roger Tory Peterson, American ornithologist and author (d. 1996)
1910 – Morris Graves, American painter and academic (d. 2001)
1910 – Tjalling Koopmans, Dutch-American mathematician and economist Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1985)
1911 – Joseph Luns, Dutch politician and diplomat, 5th Secretary General of NATO (d. 2002)
1913 – Robertson Davies, Canadian journalist, author, and playwright (d. 1995)
1913 – Jack Dreyfus, American businessman, founded the Dreyfus Corporation (d. 2009)
1913 – Lindsay Hassett, Australian cricketer and sportscaster (d. 1993)
1913 – Robert Irving, English conductor and director (d. 1991)
1913 – Terence Reese, English bridge player and author (d. 1996)
1913 – Richard Tucker, American tenor and actor (d. 1975)
1915 – Max Robertson, Bengal-born English sportscaster and author (d. 2009)
1915 – Tasha Tudor, American author and illustrator (d. 2008)
1916 – Hélène Baillargeon, Canadian singer and actress (d. 1997)
1916 – C. Wright Mills American sociologist and author (d. 1962)
1916 – Jack Vance, American author (d. 2013)
1917 – Jack Kirby, American author and illustrator (d. 1994)
1918 – L. B. Cole, American illustrator and publisher (d. 1995)
1919 – Godfrey Hounsfield, English biophysicist and engineer Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2004)
1921 – John Herbert Chapman, Canadian physicist and engineer (d. 1979)
1921 – Fernando Fernán Gómez, Spanish actor, director, and playwright (d. 2007)
1921 – Nancy Kulp, American actress and soldier (d. 1991)
1921 – Lidia Gueiler Tejada, the first female President of Bolivia (d. 2011)
1924 – Janet Frame, New Zealand author and poet (d. 2004)
1924 – Tony MacGibbon, New Zealand cricketer and engineer (d. 2010)
1924 – Peggy Ryan, American actress and dancer (d. 2004)
1924 – Zalman Schachter-Shalomi, Ukrainian-American rabbi and author (d. 2014)
1925 – Billy Grammer, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2011)
1925 – Donald O'Connor, American actor, singer, and dancer (d. 2003)
1925 – Philip Purser, English author and critic (d. 2022)
1928 – F. William Free, American businessman (d. 2003)
1928 – Vilayat Khan, Indian sitar player and composer (d. 2004)
1929 – István Kertész, Hungarian conductor (d. 1973)
1929 – Roxie Roker, American actress (d. 1995)
1930 – Windsor Davies, British actor (d. 2019)
1930 – Ben Gazzara, American actor (d. 2012)
1931 – Tito Capobianco, Argentinian director and producer (d. 2018)
1931 – Cristina Deutekom, Dutch soprano and actress (d. 2014)
1931 – Ola L. Mize, American colonel, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 2014)
1931 – John Shirley-Quirk, English actor, singer, and educator (d. 2014)
1931 – Roger Williams, English hepatologist and academic (d. 2020)
1932 – Yakir Aharonov, Israeli academic and educator
1932 – Andy Bathgate, Canadian ice hockey player, coach, and manager (d. 2016)
1933 – Philip French, English journalist, critic, and producer (d. 2015)
1933 – Patrick Kalilombe, Malawian bishop and theologian (d. 2012)
1935 – Melvin Charney, Canadian sculptor and architect (d. 2012)
1935 – Gilles Rocheleau, Canadian businessman and politician (d. 1998)
1935 – Sonny Shroyer, American actor
1936 – Don Denkinger, American baseball player and umpire (d. 2023)
1936 – Warren M. Washington, American atmospheric scientist
1938 – Marla Adams, American actress (d. 2024)
1938 – Maurizio Costanzo, Italian journalist and academic (d. 2023)
1938 – Bengt Fahlström, Swedish journalist (d. 2017)
1938 – Marcello Gandini, Italian automotive designer (d. 2024)
1938 – Paul Martin, Canadian lawyer and politician, 21st Prime Minister of Canada
1939 – John Kingman, English mathematician and academic
1940 – William Cohen, American lawyer and politician, 20th United States Secretary of Defense
1940 – Ken Jenkins, American actor
1940 – Roger Pingeon, French cyclist (d. 2017)
1941 – Michael Craig-Martin, Irish painter and illustrator
1941 – Toomas Leius, Estonian tennis player and coach
1941 – John Stanley Marshall, English drummer (d. 2023)
1941 – Paul Plishka, American opera singer
1942 – Wendy Davies, Welsh historian and academic
1942 – Jorge Urosa, Venezuelan cardinal (d. 2021)
1943 – Jihad Al-Atrash, Lebanese actor and voice actor
1943 – Surayud Chulanont, Thai general and politician, 24th Prime Minister of Thailand
1943 – Robert Greenwald, American director and producer
1943 – Shuja Khanzada, Pakistani colonel and politician (d. 2015)
1943 – Lou Piniella, American baseball player and manager
1943 – David Soul, American actor and singer (d. 2024)
1944 – Marianne Heemskerk, Dutch swimmer
1945 – Bob Segarini, American-Canadian singer-songwriter (d. 2023)
1947 – Emlyn Hughes, English footballer (d. 2004)
1947 – Debra Mooney, American actress
1947 – Liza Wang, Hong Kong actress and singer
1948 – Vonda N. McIntyre, American author (d. 2019)
1948 – Murray Parker, New Zealand cricketer and educator
1948 – Heather Reisman, Canadian publisher and businesswoman
1948 – Danny Seraphine, American drummer and producer
1948 – Elizabeth Wilmshurst, English academic and jurist
1949 – Hugh Cornwell, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
1949 – Svetislav Pešić, Serbian basketball player and coach
1950 – Ron Guidry, American baseball player and coach
1950 – Tony Husband, English cartoonist (d. 2023)
1951 – Colin McAdam, Scottish footballer (d. 2013)
1951 – Wayne Osmond, American singer-songwriter and actor (d. 2025)
1951 – Keiichi Suzuki, Japanese singer-songwriter
1952 – Jacques Chagnon, Canadian educator and politician
1952 – Rita Dove, American poet and essayist
1952 – Wendelin Wiedeking, German businessman
1953 – Ditmar Jakobs, German footballer
1953 – Tõnu Kaljuste, Estonian conductor and journalist
1954 – Katharine Abraham, American feminist economist
1954 – George M. Church, American geneticist, chemist, and engineer
1954 – John Dorahy, Australian rugby player and coach
1954 – Ravi Kanbur, Indian-English economist and academic
1956 – Luis Guzmán, Puerto Rican-American actor and producer
1956 – John Long, American basketball player
1956 – Steve Whiteman, American singer-songwriter
1957 – Greg Clark, English businessman and politician, Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government
1957 – Ivo Josipović, Croatian lawyer, jurist, and politician, 3rd President of Croatia
1957 – Daniel Stern, American actor and director
1957 – Ai Weiwei, Chinese sculptor and activist
1958 – Scott Hamilton, American figure skater
1959 – Brian Thompson, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter
1960 – Emma Samms, English actress
1961 – Kim Appleby, English singer-songwriter and actress
1961 – Cliff Benson, American football player
1961 – Jennifer Coolidge, American actress
1961 – Ian Pont, English cricketer and coach
1961 – Deepak Tijori, Indian actor and director
1962 – Paul Allen, English footballer
1962 – Craig Anton, American actor and screenwriter
1962 – David Fincher, American director and producer
1963 – Maria Gheorghiu, Romanian folk singer-songwriter
1963 – Regina Jacobs, American runner
1964 – Lee Janzen, American golfer
1964 – Kaj Leo Johannesen, Faroese footballer and politician, 12th Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands
1965 – Dan Crowley, Australian rugby player
1965 – Sonia Kruger, Australian television host and actress
1965 – Satoshi Tajiri, Japanese video game developer; created Pokémon
1965 – Amanda Tapping, British-Canadian actress and director
1965 – Shania Twain, Canadian singer-songwriter
1966 – Priya Dutt, Indian social worker and politician
1967 – Jamie Osborne, English jockey and trainer
1968 – Billy Boyd, Scottish actor and singer
1969 – Jack Black, American actor and comedian
1969 – Mary McCartney, English photographer and activist
1969 – Jason Priestley, Canadian actor, director, and producer
1969 – Sheryl Sandberg, American business executive
1969 – Pierre Turgeon, Canadian-American ice hockey player
1970 – Melina Aslanidou, German-Greek singer-songwriter
1970 – Rick Recht, American singer-songwriter
1971 – Shane Andrews, American baseball player
1971 – Todd Eldredge, American figure skater and coach
1971 – Janet Evans, American swimmer
1971 – Daniel Goddard, Australian-American actor
1971 – Raúl Márquez, Mexican-American boxer and sportscaster
1972 – Ravindu Shah, Kenyan cricketer
1972 – Jay Witasick, American baseball player and coach
1973 – J. August Richards, American actor
1974 – Johan Andersson, Swedish game designer and programmer
1974 – Takahito Eguchi, Japanese pianist and composer
1974 – Carsten Jancker, German footballer and manager
1975 – Jamie Cureton, English footballer
1975 – Gareth Farrelly, Irish footballer and manager
1975 – Hamish McLachlan, Australian television personality
1975 – Royce Willis, New Zealand rugby player
1976 – Federico Magallanes, Uruguayan footballer
1978 – Karine Turcotte, Canadian weightlifter
1979 – Shaila Dúrcal, Spanish singer-songwriter
1979 – Robert Hoyzer, German footballer and referee
1979 – Kristen Hughes, Australian netball player
1979 – Markus Pröll, German footballer
1979 – Ruth Riley, American basketball player
1980 – Antony Hämäläinen, Finnish singer-songwriter
1980 – Debra Lafave, American sex offender and former teacher
1980 – Ryan Madson, American baseball player
1980 – Jaakko Ojaniemi, Finnish decathlete
1980 – Carly Pope, Canadian actress and producer
1980 – Jonathan Reynolds, English lawyer and politician
1981 – Kezia Dugdale, Scottish politician
1981 – Daniel Gygax, Swiss footballer
1981 – Raphael Matos, Brazilian race car driver
1981 – Jake Owen, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1981 – Ahmed Talbi, Moroccan footballer
1981 – Agata Wróbel, Polish weightlifter
1982 – Anderson Silva de França, Brazilian footballer
1982 – Kevin McNaughton, Scottish footballer
1982 – Thiago Motta, Brazilian-Italian footballer
1982 – Carlos Quentin, American baseball player
1982 – LeAnn Rimes, American singer-songwriter and actress
1983 – Lasith Malinga, Sri Lankan cricketer
1983 – Luke McAlister, New Zealand rugby player
1983 – Lilli Schwarzkopf, German heptathlete
1984 – Will Harris, American baseball player
1985 – Kjetil Jansrud, Norwegian skier
1986 – Jeff Green, American basketball player
1986 – Armie Hammer, American actor
1986 – Tommy Hanson, American baseball player (d. 2015)
1986 – Simon Mannering, New Zealand rugby league player
1986 – Gilad Shalit, Israeli soldier and hostage
1986 – Florence Welch, English singer-songwriter
1987 – Caleb Moore, American snowmobile racer (d. 2013)
1988 – Shalita Grant, American actress
1988 – Rosie MacLennan, Canadian trampoline gymnast
1989 – César Azpilicueta, Spanish footballer
1989 – Valtteri Bottas, Finnish race car driver
1989 – Jo Kwon, South Korean singer and dancer
1989 – Cassadee Pope, American singer-songwriter
1990 – Katie Findlay, Canadian actor
1990 – Bojan Krkić, Spanish footballer
1991 – Felicio Brown Forbes, German footballer
1991 – Samuel Larsen, American actor and singer
1991 – Kyle Massey, American actor
1991 – Andreja Pejić, Bosnian model
1992 – Bismack Biyombo, Congolese basketball player
1992 – Max Collins, American-Filipino actress and model
1992 – Gabriela Drăgoi, Romanian gymnast
1993 – Jakub Sokolík, Czech footballer
1994 – Manon Arcangioli, French tennis player
1994 – Ons Jabeur, Tunisian tennis player
1996 – Kim Se-jeong, South Korean actress and singer
1998 – Weston McKennie, American soccer player
2001 – Kamilla Rakhimova, Russian tennis player
2003 – Quvenzhané Wallis, American actress |