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Alkali metal | Melting and boiling points | Melting and boiling points
The melting point of a substance is the point where it changes state from solid to liquid while the boiling point of a substance (in liquid state) is the point where the vapour pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid Section 17.43, page 321 and all th... |
Alkali metal | Density | Density
The alkali metals all have the same crystal structure (body-centred cubic) and thus the only relevant factors are the number of atoms that can fit into a certain volume and the mass of one of the atoms, since density is defined as mass per unit volume. The first factor depends on the volume of the atom and th... |
Alkali metal | Compounds | Compounds
The alkali metals form complete series of compounds with all usually encountered anions, which well illustrate group trends. These compounds can be described as involving the alkali metals losing electrons to acceptor species and forming monopositive ions. This description is most accurate for alkali halide... |
Alkali metal | [[Hydroxides]] | Hydroxides
thumb|right|alt=A large orange-yellow explosion|A reaction of 3 pounds (≈ 1.4 kg) of sodium with water
All the alkali metals react vigorously or explosively with cold water, producing an aqueous solution of a strongly basic alkali metal hydroxide and releasing hydrogen gas. This reaction becomes more vigo... |
Alkali metal | Intermetallic compounds | Intermetallic compounds
thumb|right|Liquid NaK alloy at room temperature
The alkali metals form many intermetallic compounds with each other and the elements from groups 2 to 13 in the periodic table of varying stoichiometries, such as the sodium amalgams with mercury, including Na5Hg8 and Na3Hg. Some of these have i... |
Alkali metal | Compounds with the group 13 elements | Compounds with the group 13 elements
The intermetallic compounds of the alkali metals with the heavier group 13 elements (aluminium, gallium, indium, and thallium), such as NaTl, are poor conductors or semiconductors, unlike the normal alloys with the preceding elements, implying that the alkali metal involved has lo... |
Alkali metal | Compounds with the group 14 elements | Compounds with the group 14 elements
Lithium and sodium react with carbon to form acetylides, Li2C2 and Na2C2, which can also be obtained by reaction of the metal with acetylene. Potassium, rubidium, and caesium react with graphite; their atoms are intercalated between the hexagonal graphite layers, forming graphite... |
Alkali metal | Nitrides and pnictides | Nitrides and pnictides
thumb|Unit cell ball-and-stick model of lithium nitride. On the basis of size a tetrahedral structure would be expected, but that would be geometrically impossible: thus lithium nitride takes on this unique crystal structure.
Lithium, the lightest of the alkali metals, is the only alkali metal ... |
Alkali metal | Oxides and chalcogenides | Oxides and chalcogenides
All the alkali metals react vigorously with oxygen at standard conditions. They form various types of oxides, such as simple oxides (containing the O2− ion), peroxides (containing the ion, where there is a single bond between the two oxygen atoms), superoxides (containing the ion), and man... |
Alkali metal | Halides, hydrides, and pseudohalides | Halides, hydrides, and pseudohalides
The alkali metals are among the most electropositive elements on the periodic table and thus tend to bond ionically to the most electronegative elements on the periodic table, the halogens (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine), forming salts known as the alkali meta... |
Alkali metal | Coordination complexes | Coordination complexes
Alkali metal cations do not usually form coordination complexes with simple Lewis bases due to their low charge of just +1 and their relatively large size; thus the Li+ ion forms most complexes and the heavier alkali metal ions form less and less (though exceptions occur for weak complexes). L... |
Alkali metal | Ammonia solutions | Ammonia solutions
The alkali metals dissolve slowly in liquid ammonia, forming ammoniacal solutions of solvated metal cation M+ and solvated electron e−, which react to form hydrogen gas and the alkali metal amide (MNH2, where M represents an alkali metal): this was first noted by Humphry Davy in 1809 and rediscovere... |
Alkali metal | Organometallic | Organometallic |
Alkali metal | Organolithium | Organolithium
thumb|upright=1.15|Structure of the octahedral n-butyllithium hexamer, (C4H9Li)6. The aggregates are held together by delocalised covalent bonds between lithium and the terminal carbon of the butyl chain.Elschenbroich, C. "Organometallics" (2006) Wiley-VCH: Weinheim. . There is no direct lithium–lithiu... |
Alkali metal | Heavier alkali metals | Heavier alkali metals
Unlike the organolithium compounds, the organometallic compounds of the heavier alkali metals are predominantly ionic. The application of organosodium compounds in chemistry is limited in part due to competition from organolithium compounds, which are commercially available and exhibit more conv... |
Alkali metal | Representative reactions of alkali metals | Representative reactions of alkali metals |
Alkali metal | Reaction with oxygen | Reaction with oxygen
Upon reacting with oxygen, alkali metals form oxides, peroxides, superoxides and suboxides. However, the first three are more common. The table below"Inorganic Chemistry" by Gary L. Miessler and Donald A. Tar, 6th edition, Pearson shows the types of compounds formed in reaction with oxygen. The co... |
Alkali metal | Reaction with sulfur | Reaction with sulfur
With sulfur, they form sulfides and polysulfides."The chemistry of the Elements" by Greenwood and Earnshaw, 2nd edition, Elsevier
2Na + 1/8S8 → Na2S + 1/8S8 → Na2S2...Na2S7
Because alkali metal sulfides are essentially salts of a weak acid and a strong base, they form basic solutions.
S2- + H2O → ... |
Alkali metal | Reaction with nitrogen | Reaction with nitrogen
Lithium is the only metal that combines directly with nitrogen at room temperature.
3Li + 1/2N2 → Li3N
Li3N can react with water to liberate ammonia.
Li3N + 3H2O → 3LiOH + NH3 |
Alkali metal | Reaction with hydrogen | Reaction with hydrogen
With hydrogen, alkali metals form saline hydrides that hydrolyse in water.
2 Na \ + H2 \ ->[\ce{\Delta}] \ 2 NaH
2 NaH \ + \ 2 H2O \ \longrightarrow \ 2 NaOH \ + \ H2 \uparrow |
Alkali metal | Reaction with carbon | Reaction with carbon
Lithium is the only metal that reacts directly with carbon to give dilithium acetylide. Na and K can react with acetylene to give acetylides."Inorganic Chemistry" by Cotton and Wilkinson
2 Li \ + \ 2 C \ \longrightarrow \ Li2C2
2 Na \ + \ 2 C2H2 \ ->[\ce{150 \ ^{o}C}] \ 2 NaC2H \ + \ H2
2 Na \ + \... |
Alkali metal | Reaction with water | Reaction with water
On reaction with water, they generate hydroxide ions and hydrogen gas. This reaction is vigorous and highly exothermic and the hydrogen resulted may ignite in air or even explode in the case of Rb and Cs.
Na + H2O → NaOH + 1/2H2 |
Alkali metal | Reaction with other salts | Reaction with other salts
The alkali metals are very good reducing agents. They can reduce metal cations that are less electropositive. Titanium is produced industrially by the reduction of titanium tetrachloride with Na at 400 °C (van Arkel–de Boer process).
TiCl4 + 4Na → 4NaCl + Ti |
Alkali metal | Reaction with organohalide compounds | Reaction with organohalide compounds
Alkali metals react with halogen derivatives to generate hydrocarbon via the Wurtz reaction.
2CH3-Cl + 2Na → H3C-CH3 + 2NaCl |
Alkali metal | Alkali metals in liquid ammonia | Alkali metals in liquid ammonia
Alkali metals dissolve in liquid ammonia or other donor solvents like aliphatic amines or hexamethylphosphoramide to give blue solutions. These solutions are believed to contain free electrons.
Na + xNH3 → Na+ + e(NH3)x−
Due to the presence of solvated electrons, these solutions are ver... |
Alkali metal | Extensions | Extensions
thumb|upright=1.12|Empirical (Na–Cs, Mg–Ra) and predicted (Fr–Uhp, Ubn–Uhh) atomic radius of the alkali and alkaline earth metals from the third to the ninth period, measured in angstroms
Although francium is the heaviest alkali metal that has been discovered, there has been some theoretical work predictin... |
Alkali metal | Pseudo-alkali metals | Pseudo-alkali metals
Many other substances are similar to the alkali metals in their tendency to form monopositive cations. Analogously to the pseudohalogens, they have sometimes been called "pseudo-alkali metals". These substances include some elements and many more polyatomic ions; the polyatomic ions are especiall... |
Alkali metal | Hydrogen | Hydrogen
The element hydrogen, with one electron per neutral atom, is usually placed at the top of Group 1 of the periodic table because of its electron configuration. But hydrogen is not normally considered to be an alkali metal. Metallic hydrogen, which only exists at very high pressures, is known for its electric... |
Alkali metal | Ammonium and derivatives | Ammonium and derivatives
thumb|right|Similarly to the alkali metals, ammonia reacts with hydrochloric acid to form the salt ammonium chloride.
The ammonium ion () has very similar properties to the heavier alkali metals, acting as an alkali metal intermediate between potassium and rubidium, and is often considered a ... |
Alkali metal | Cobaltocene and derivatives | Cobaltocene and derivatives
Cobaltocene, Co(C5H5)2, is a metallocene, the cobalt analogue of ferrocene. It is a dark purple solid. Cobaltocene has 19 valence electrons, one more than usually found in organotransition metal complexes, such as its very stable relative, ferrocene, in accordance with the 18-electron rule... |
Alkali metal | Thallium | Thallium
thumb|right|Very pure thallium pieces in a glass ampoule, stored under argon gas
Thallium is the heaviest stable element in group 13 of the periodic table. At the bottom of the periodic table, the inert-pair effect is quite strong, because of the relativistic stabilisation of the 6s orbital and the decreasi... |
Alkali metal | Copper, silver, and gold | Copper, silver, and gold
The group 11 metals (or coinage metals), copper, silver, and gold, are typically categorised as transition metals given they can form ions with incomplete d-shells. Physically, they have the relatively low melting points and high electronegativity values associated with post-transition metal... |
Alkali metal | Production and isolation | Production and isolation
The production of pure alkali metals is somewhat complicated due to their extreme reactivity with commonly used substances, such as water. From their silicate ores, all the stable alkali metals may be obtained the same way: sulfuric acid is first used to dissolve the desired alkali metal ion... |
Alkali metal | Applications | Applications
Lithium, sodium, and potassium have many useful applications, while rubidium and caesium are very notable in academic contexts but do not have many applications yet. Lithium is the key ingredient for a range of lithium-based batteries, and lithium oxide can help process silica. Lithium stearate is a thic... |
Alkali metal | Biological role and precautions | Biological role and precautions |
Alkali metal | Metals | Metals
Pure alkali metals are dangerously reactive with air and water and must be kept away from heat, fire, oxidising agents, acids, most organic compounds, halocarbons, plastics, and moisture. They also react with carbon dioxide and carbon tetrachloride, so that normal fire extinguishers are counterproductive when ... |
Alkali metal | Ions | Ions
thumb|right|Lithium carbonate
The bioinorganic chemistry of the alkali metal ions has been extensively reviewed.
Solid state crystal structures have been determined for many complexes of alkali metal ions in small peptides, nucleic acid constituents, carbohydrates and ionophore complexes.
Lithium naturally only... |
Alkali metal | Notes | Notes |
Alkali metal | References | References
A
Category:Groups (periodic table)
Category:Periodic table
Category:Articles containing video clips |
Alkali metal | Table of Content | short description, History, Occurrence, In the Solar System, On Earth, Properties, Physical and chemical, Lithium, Francium, Nuclear, Periodic trends, Atomic and ionic radii, First ionisation energy, Reactivity, Electronegativity, Melting and boiling points, Density, Compounds, [[Hydroxides]], Intermetallic compounds, ... |
Alphabet | Short description | An alphabet is a standard set of letters written to represent particular sounds in a spoken language. Specifically, letters largely correspond to phonemes as the smallest sound segments that can distinguish one word from another in a given language. Not all writing systems represent language in this way: a syllabary a... |
Alphabet | Etymology | Etymology
The English word alphabet came into Middle English from the Late Latin word , which in turn originated in the Greek ; it was made from the first two letters of the Greek alphabet, alpha (α) and beta (β). The names for the Greek letters, in turn, came from the first two letters of the Phoenician alphabet: a... |
Alphabet | History | History |
Alphabet | Alphabets related to Phoenician | Alphabets related to Phoenician |
Alphabet | Ancient Near Eastern alphabets | Ancient Near Eastern alphabets
The Ancient Egyptian writing system had a set of some 24 hieroglyphs that are called uniliterals, which are glyphs that provide one sound. These glyphs were used as pronunciation guides for logograms, to write grammatical inflections, and, later, to transcribe loan words and foreign nam... |
Alphabet | European alphabets | European alphabets
The Greek alphabet, in Euboean form, was carried over by Greek colonists to the Italian peninsula giving rise to many different alphabets used to write the Italic languages, like the Etruscan alphabet. One of these became the Latin alphabet, which spread across Europe as the Romans expanded their ... |
Alphabet | Asian alphabets | Asian alphabets
Many phonetic scripts exist in Asia. The Arabic alphabet, Hebrew alphabet, Syriac alphabet, and other abjads of the Middle East are developments of the Aramaic alphabet.
Most alphabetic scripts of India and Eastern Asia descend from the Brahmi script, believed to be a descendant of Aramaic.
European... |
Alphabet | Other alphabets | Other alphabets |
Alphabet | Hangul | Hangul
In Korea, Sejong the Great created the Hangul alphabet in 1443. Hangul is a unique alphabet: it is a featural alphabet, where the design of many of the letters comes from a sound's place of articulation, like P looking like the widened mouth and L looking like the tongue pulled in. The creation of Hangul was p... |
Alphabet | Bopomofo | Bopomofo
Bopomofo, also referred to as zhuyin, is a semi-syllabary used primarily in Taiwan to transcribe the sounds of Standard Chinese. Following the proclamation of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and its adoption of Hanyu Pinyin in 1956, the use of bopomofo on the mainland is limited. Bopomofo developed f... |
Alphabet | Types | Types
The term "alphabet" is used by linguists and paleographers in both a wide and a narrow sense. In a broader sense, an alphabet is a segmental script at the phoneme level—that is, it has separate glyphs for individual sounds and not for larger units such as syllables or words. In the narrower sense, some scholar... |
Alphabet | Alphabetical order | Alphabetical order
Alphabets often come to be associated with a standard ordering of their letters; this is for collation—namely, for listing words and other items in alphabetical order. |
Alphabet | Latin alphabets | Latin alphabets
The ordering of the Latin alphabet (A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z), which derives from the Northwest Semitic "Abgad" order, is already well established. Although, languages using this alphabet have different conventions for their treatment of modified letters (such as the French ... |
Alphabet | Early alphabets | Early alphabets
It is unknown whether the earliest alphabets had a defined sequence. Some alphabets today, such as the Hanuno'o script, are learned one letter at a time, in no particular order, and are not used for collation where a definite order is required. However, a dozen Ugaritic tablets from the 14th century B... |
Alphabet | Acrophony | Acrophony
In Phoenician, each letter got associated with a word that begins with that sound. This is called acrophony and is continuously used to varying degrees in Samaritan, Aramaic, Syriac, Hebrew, Greek, and Arabic. Notice the "Names of the Letters" Section.
Acrophony was abandoned in Latin. It referred to the l... |
Alphabet | Orthography and pronunciation | Orthography and pronunciation
When an alphabet is adopted or developed to represent a given language, an orthography generally comes into being, providing rules for spelling words, following the principle on which alphabets get based. These rules will map letters of the alphabet to the phonemes of the spoken languag... |
Alphabet | See also | See also
Abecedarium
Alphabet book
Alphabet effect
Fingerspelling
Pangram
Letter symbolism |
Alphabet | References | References |
Alphabet | Bibliography | Bibliography
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Alphabet | External links | External links
"Language, Writing and Alphabet: An Interview with Christophe Rico", Damqātum 3 (2007)
Michael Everson's Alphabets of Europe
How the Alphabet Was Born from Hieroglyphs—Biblical Archaeology Review
An Early Hellenic Alphabet
Museum of the Alphabet
The Alphabet, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Eleanor ... |
Alphabet | Table of Content | Short description, Etymology, History, Alphabets related to Phoenician, Ancient Near Eastern alphabets, European alphabets, Asian alphabets, Other alphabets, Hangul, Bopomofo, Types, Alphabetical order, Latin alphabets, Early alphabets, Acrophony, Orthography and pronunciation, See also, References, Bibliography, Exter... |
Atomic number | Short description | The atomic number or nuclear charge number (symbol Z) of a chemical element is the charge number of its atomic nucleus. For ordinary nuclei composed of protons and neutrons, this is equal to the proton number (np) or the number of protons found in the nucleus of every atom of that element. The atomic number can be used... |
Atomic number | Notation | Notation
thumb|300px|An explanation of the superscripts and subscripts seen in AZE notation. Atomic number is the number of protons, and therefore also the total positive charge, in the atomic nucleus.|alt=This is a diagram that explains AZE notation. On the left is a model of an atom, with a nucleus in the middle co... |
Atomic number | History | History
In the 19th century, the term "atomic number" typically meant the number of atoms in a given volume.Leopold Gmelin (1848). Hand-book of Chemistry, p. 52: "...the specific gravity divided by the atomic weight gives the Atomic number, that is to say, the number of atoms in a given volume.James Curtis Booth, Cam... |
Atomic number | The periodic table and a natural number for each element | The periodic table and a natural number for each element
thumb|upright|Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev, creator of the periodic table.
The periodic table of elements creates an ordering of the elements, and so they can be numbered in order.
Dmitri Mendeleev arranged his first periodic tables (first published on Marc... |
Atomic number | The Rutherford-Bohr model and van den Broek | The Rutherford-Bohr model and van den Broek
thumb|right|300px|The Rutherford–Bohr model of the hydrogen atom () or a hydrogen-like ion (). In this model, it is an essential feature that the photon energy (or frequency) of the electromagnetic radiation emitted (shown) when an electron jumps from one orbital to anothe... |
Atomic number | Moseley's 1913 experiment | Moseley's 1913 experiment
thumb|upright|Henry Moseley in his lab.
The experimental position improved dramatically after research by Henry Moseley in 1913.Ordering the Elements in the Periodic Table , Royal Chemical Society Moseley, after discussions with Bohr who was at the same lab (and who had used Van den Broek's ... |
Atomic number | Missing elements | Missing elements
After Moseley's death in 1915, the atomic numbers of all known elements from hydrogen to uranium (Z = 92) were examined by his method. There were seven elements (with Z < 92) which were not found and therefore identified as still undiscovered, corresponding to atomic numbers 43, 61, 72, 75, 85, 87 an... |
Atomic number | The proton and the idea of nuclear electrons | The proton and the idea of nuclear electrons
In 1915, the reason for nuclear charge being quantized in units of Z, which were now recognized to be the same as the element number, was not understood. An old idea called Prout's hypothesis had postulated that the elements were all made of residues (or "protyles") of the... |
Atomic number | Discovery of the neutron makes ''Z'' the proton number | Discovery of the neutron makes Z the proton number
All consideration of nuclear electrons ended with James Chadwick's discovery of the neutron in 1932. An atom of gold now was seen as containing 118 neutrons rather than 118 nuclear electrons, and its positive nuclear charge now was realized to come entirely from a co... |
Atomic number | Chemical properties | Chemical properties
Each element has a specific set of chemical properties as a consequence of the number of electrons present in the neutral atom, which is Z (the atomic number). The configuration of these electrons follows from the principles of quantum mechanics. The number of electrons in each element's electron ... |
Atomic number | New elements | New elements
The quest for new elements is usually described using atomic numbers. As of , all elements with atomic numbers 1 to 118 have been observed. The most recent element discovered was number 117 (tennessine) in 2009. Synthesis of new elements is accomplished by bombarding target atoms of heavy elements with i... |
Atomic number | See also | See also
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Atomic number | References | References
Category:Chemical properties
Category:Nuclear physics
Category:Atoms
Category:Dimensionless numbers of chemistry
Category:Numbers |
Atomic number | Table of Content | Short description, Notation, History, The periodic table and a natural number for each element, The Rutherford-Bohr model and van den Broek, Moseley's 1913 experiment, Missing elements, The proton and the idea of nuclear electrons, Discovery of the neutron makes ''Z'' the proton number, Chemical properties, New element... |
Anatomy | short description | thumb|350px|One of the large, detailed illustrations in Andreas Vesalius's De humani corporis fabrica 16th century, marking the rebirth of anatomy
Anatomy () is the branch of morphology concerned with the study of the internal structure of organisms and their parts. Anatomy is a branch of natural science that deals wi... |
Anatomy | Etymology and definition | Etymology and definition
thumb|A dissected body, lying prone on a table, by Charles Landseer
Derived from the Greek anatomē "dissection" (from anatémnō "I cut up, cut open" from ἀνά aná "up", and τέμνω témnō "I cut"),O.D.E. 2nd edition 2005 anatomy is the scientific study of the structure of organisms including th... |
Anatomy | Animal tissues | Animal tissues
right|thumb|Stylized cutaway diagram of an animal cell (with flagella)
The kingdom Animalia contains multicellular organisms that are heterotrophic and motile (although some have secondarily adopted a sessile lifestyle). Most animals have bodies differentiated into separate tissues and these animals ar... |
Anatomy | Connective tissue | Connective tissue
Connective tissues are fibrous and made up of cells scattered among inorganic material called the extracellular matrix. Often called fascia (from the Latin "fascia," meaning "band" or "bandage"), connective tissues give shape to organs and holds them in place. The main types are loose connective tissu... |
Anatomy | Epithelium | Epithelium
thumb|right|Gastric mucosa at low magnification (H&E stain)
Epithelial tissue is composed of closely packed cells, bound to each other by cell adhesion molecules, with little intercellular space. Epithelial cells can be squamous (flat), cuboidal or columnar and rest on a basal lamina, the upper layer of the ... |
Anatomy | Muscle tissue | Muscle tissue
right|thumb|Cross section through skeletal muscle and a small nerve at high magnification (H&E stain)
Muscle cells (myocytes) form the active contractile tissue of the body. Muscle tissue functions to produce force and cause motion, either locomotion or movement within internal organs. Muscle is formed of... |
Anatomy | Nervous tissue | Nervous tissue
Nervous tissue is composed of many nerve cells known as neurons which transmit information. In some slow-moving radially symmetrical marine animals such as ctenophores and cnidarians (including sea anemones and jellyfish), the nerves form a nerve net, but in most animals they are organized longitudinall... |
Anatomy | Vertebrate anatomy | Vertebrate anatomy
thumb|upright|Mouse skull. The neck and most of the forelimbs are also seen.
All vertebrates have a similar basic body plan and at some point in their lives, mostly in the embryonic stage, share the major chordate characteristics: a stiffening rod, the notochord; a dorsal hollow tube of nervous ma... |
Anatomy | Fish anatomy | Fish anatomy
thumb|left|Cutaway diagram showing various organs of a fish
The body of a fish is divided into a head, trunk and tail, although the divisions between the three are not always externally visible. The skeleton, which forms the support structure inside the fish, is either made of cartilage, in cartilaginou... |
Anatomy | Amphibian anatomy | Amphibian anatomy
thumb|left|alt=Frog skeleton|Skeleton of Surinam horned frog (Ceratophrys cornuta)
thumb|upright|Plastic model of a frog
Amphibians are a class of animals comprising frogs, salamanders and caecilians. They are tetrapods, but the caecilians and a few species of salamander have either no limbs or the... |
Anatomy | Reptile anatomy | Reptile anatomy
thumb|left|Skeleton of a western diamondback rattlesnake
Reptiles are a class of animals comprising turtles, tuataras, lizards, snakes and crocodiles. They are tetrapods, but the snakes and a few species of lizard either have no limbs or their limbs are much reduced in size. Their bones are better os... |
Anatomy | Bird anatomy | Bird anatomy
thumb|Part of a wing. Albrecht Dürer,
Birds are tetrapods but though their hind limbs are used for walking or hopping, their front limbs are wings covered with feathers and adapted for flight. Birds are endothermic, have a high metabolic rate, a light skeletal system and powerful muscles. The long bone... |
Anatomy | Mammal anatomy | Mammal anatomy
Mammals are a diverse class of animals, mostly terrestrial but some are aquatic and others have evolved flapping or gliding flight. They mostly have four limbs, but some aquatic mammals have no limbs or limbs modified into fins, and the forelimbs of bats are modified into wings. The legs of most mamma... |
Anatomy | Human anatomy | Human anatomy
thumb|left|Sagittal sections of the head as seen by a modern MRI scan
upright|thumb|In humans, dexterous hand movements and increased brain size are likely to have evolved simultaneously.
Humans have the overall body plan of a mammal. Humans have a head, neck, trunk (which includes the thorax and abdomen... |
Anatomy | Invertebrate anatomy | Invertebrate anatomy
thumb|Head of a male Daphnia, a planktonic crustacean
Invertebrates constitute a vast array of living organisms ranging from the simplest unicellular eukaryotes such as Paramecium to such complex multicellular animals as the octopus, lobster and dragonfly. They constitute about 95% of the animal ... |
Anatomy | Arthropod anatomy | Arthropod anatomy
Arthropods comprise the largest phylum of invertebrates in the animal kingdom with over a million known species.Britannica Concise Encyclopaedia 2007
Insects possess segmented bodies supported by a hard-jointed outer covering, the exoskeleton, made mostly of chitin. The segments of the body are or... |
Anatomy | Other branches of anatomy | Other branches of anatomy
Surface anatomy is important as the study of anatomical landmarks that can be readily seen from the exterior contours of the body. It enables medics and veterinarians to gauge the position and anatomy of the associated deeper structures. Superficial is a directional term that indicates that... |
Anatomy | History | History |
Anatomy | Ancient | Ancient
thumb|upright=1.05|Image of early rendition of anatomy findings
In 1600 BCE, the Edwin Smith Papyrus, an Ancient Egyptian medical text, described the heart and its vessels, as well as the brain and its meninges and cerebrospinal fluid, and the liver, spleen, kidneys, uterus and bladder. It showed the blood v... |
Anatomy | Medieval to early modern | Medieval to early modern
left|thumb|Anatomical study of the arm, by Leonardo da Vinci, (about 1510)
thumb|upright|Anatomical chart in Vesalius's Epitome, 1543
thumb|right|Michiel Jansz van Mierevelt – Anatomy lesson of Dr. Willem van der Meer, 1617
Anatomy developed little from classical times until the sixteenth c... |
Anatomy | Late modern | Late modern
left|thumb|Anatomy teaching with female students, 1891–1893
Medical schools began to be set up in the United States towards the end of the 18th century. Classes in anatomy needed a continual stream of cadavers for dissection, and these were difficult to obtain. Philadelphia, Baltimore, and New York were ... |
Anatomy | See also | See also
Anatomical model
Outline of human anatomy
Plastination
Evelyn tables
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Anatomy | References | References |
Anatomy | External links | External links
Anatomy, In Our Time. BBC Radio 4. Melvyn Bragg with guests Ruth Richardson, Andrew Cunningham and Harold Ellis.
"Anatomy of the Human Body". 20th edition. 1918. Henry Gray
Anatomia Collection: anatomical plates 1522 to 1867 (digitized books and images)
Lyman, Henry Munson. The Book of Health (18... |
Anatomy | Sources | Sources
Category:Anatomical terminology
Category:Branches of biology
Category:Morphology (biology) |